title: The neonatal heart has a relatively high content of total collagen and type I collagen, a condition that may explain the less compliant state.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the extent of the collagen network in neonatal heart muscle and whether the type I/type III collagen ratio is the same as in the adult heart.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The functional integrity and the stress-strain relation of heart muscle depends largely on the extracellular collagen matrix. The question therefore arises whether the altered compliance of the neonatal heart could relate to the developmental state of collagen and, in particular, the distribution of types I and III collagen. Type I collagen mainly provides rigidity and type III collagen elasticity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Specimens from the left lateral wall of the left ventricle of human hearts (immature to full term, n = 23; 3 weeks to 12 years, n = 17) were used to determine the total collagen amount, using the hydroxyproline assay. Similar left ventricular specimens of human hearts (fetal to mature, n = 20; 2 months to 1.5 years, n = 6) were fixed in formalin, paraffin embedded and stained with Sirius red F3BA for total collagen. The ratio of total collagen to total protein was quantified spectrophotometrically. Frozen sections of left ventricular myocardium (immature to mature, n = 17; 4 months to 12 years, n = 10) were stained with antibodies raised against types I and III collagen. Antibody titration was done on human leiomyoma tissue with a known type I/type III collagen ratio. The endomysial collagen types were quantified using a spectrophotometer and expressed as a ratio. Adult human myocardium (n = 10) was used as reference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study showed that the total amount of collagen increases with age. However, the ratio of total collagen to total protein and the ratio of type I to type III collagen were very high in hearts of the very young. During development, a gradual decrease occurred, with the total collagen/total protein ratio reaching normal levels at approximately 5 months after birth and the type I/type III collagen ratio stabilizing at a much later age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the relative high content of collagen, related to the myocytes, and the high ratio of type I to type III collagen provide the substrate for a rigid, less compliant heart in neonates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Pathology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Marijianowski
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: van der Loos
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Mohrschladt
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D003094:Collagen / Q000032:analysis*; D003187:Compliance; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003094:Collagen