title: The factor structure of the Turkish version of the General Health Questionnaire.
abstract: The 60-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) was translated into Turkish and administered to a community sample of 437 Turkish-speaking immigrants resident in Melbourne, Australia. The factor structures of the 60-item and 28-item versions of the GHQ were examined to determine the cross-cultural validity of the four subscales of the 28-item GHQ "anxiety/insomnia", "social dysfunction", "severe depression" and "somatic complaints". Four-factor principal components analyses yielded factors which corresponded to similar underlying traits, but the pattern of symptom loadings differed in several ways. Insomnia was less closely associated with anxiety, and general illness ratings such as "not feeling perfectly well" were not uniquely associated with somatic symptoms. The "anxiety/insomnia" and "severe depression" factors overlapped, with many symptoms partially correlated with both factors. These factors appeared to be due to variations in the frequency of occurrence of these symptoms rather than a qualitative distinction between anxiety and depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Stuart
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klimidis
authors.forename: I H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Minas
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tuncer
mesh_terms: D000069:Acculturation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D001315:Australia; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012917:Social Adjustment; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D014421:Turkey / Q000208:ethnology