title: Antiphospholipid syndrome associated with immunotherapy for patients with melanoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immunotherapy for patients with cancer is associated with severe side effects, including the possible induction of autoantibodies. The latter was proven for antithyroid microsomal and antithyroglobulin antibodies.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was designed to evaluate antiphospholipid antibodies (APA) in 30 patients receiving three different forms of immunotherapy for disseminated melanoma using interleukin-2 (IL-2), alpha-interferon (alpha-interferon) or the combination of both.
  
  
  RESULTS
  APA were detected in none of 18 patients treated with IL-2 alone, 2 of 4 (50%) treated with alpha-interferon alone, and 3 of 8 (37.5%) treated with the combination of both. In the last group, increased concentrations of APA were observed, while the patients were still receiving alpha-interferon alone. APA levels were not detected in any of 10 patients with melanoma who were not treated with alpha-interferon or IL-2. In patients with increased APA, five of five (100%) had a prolongation of the partial thromboplastin time and 4 or five (80%) had deep venous thrombosis, which in one patient was followed by pulmonary embolism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high incidence of therapy-induced elevated APA concentrations suggests that these should be carefully monitored in all patients receiving immunotherapy with alpha-interferon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Winkler
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klingert
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Bröcker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D002308:Cardiolipins / Q000276:immunology; D002330:Carmustine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003606:Dacarbazine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid; D001323:Autoantibodies; D002308:Cardiolipins; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D007376:Interleukin-2; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013629:Tamoxifen; D003606:Dacarbazine; D002945:Cisplatin; D002330:Carmustine