title: The efficacy of psychoanalysis for children with disruptive disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper describes a chart review of 763 cases of child psychoanalysis and psychotherapy at the Anna Freud Centre, and illustrates its usefulness by examining predictors of treatment outcome in children with disruptive disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  135 children and adolescents with a principal diagnosis of disruptive disorder were individually matched with others suffering from emotional disorders. Outcome was indicated by diagnostic change and change in overall adaptation (clinically significant improvement or return to normal functioning).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Improvement rates were significantly higher for the emotional than for the disruptive group. Within the disruptive group, significant improvement was more frequent among children with oppositional defiant disorder (56%) than those with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (36%) or conduct disorder (23%). However, 31% of the children terminated treatment within 1 year. Of those disruptive children who remained in treatment more than 1 year, 69% were no longer diagnosable on termination. Fifty-eight percent of the variance in outcome ratings could be accounted for within this group. The crucial variables in predicting attrition and symptomatic improvement were found to be quite different in the disruptive and emotional groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the study has several methodological limitations, it does suggest demographic, clinical, and diagnostic characteristics of those disruptive children most likely to benefit from intensive and nonintensive psychodynamic treatment.
authors.affiliation: Freud Memorial Professor of Psychoanalysis, University College London, U.K.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fonagy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Target
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010552:Personality Assessment; D011575:Psychoanalytic Therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome