title: History and evolution of stomas.
abstract: This article, describes the evolution of stoma formation from earliest times to current innovative procedures. Surgeons are continually trying to develop new procedures so that they can offer less socially incapacitating alternatives to the abdominal stoma.
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Black
mesh_terms: D004766:Enterostomy / Q000266:history* / Q000379:methods; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D014547:Urinary Diversion / Q000266:history* / Q000379:methods