title: Transvenous and subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillators: radiographic assessment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess chest radiograph configurations in 102 patients following total or partial transvenous and subcutaneous insertion of a non-thoracotomy lead implantable cardioverter defibrillator (NTL-ICD) device.
  
  
  METHODS
  The four overlapping system types reviewed were the Endotak (49 patients), PCD (32 patients), Res-Q (10 patients), and hybrid combinations of NTL-ICD and surgically inserted pericardial and epicardial automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator (AICD) devices (15 patients).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Abnormalities were detected on radiographs both at the time of implantation and at early follow-up. NTL-ICD electrodes partially replaced or augmented AICD systems in 11 patients (10.7%) because of sensing lead or defibrillation failure or infection. Defibrillation failure necessitated augmentation of NTL-ICD systems with AICD pericardial patches in four patients (3.9%). Catheter displacement, lead fracture, or pneumothorax was detected in eight patients (7.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complex radiographic appearances may be seen and important abnormalities may be detected after insertion of these devices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Hospitals, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Daly
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Cascade
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hummel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kalbfleisch
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Strickberger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Langberg
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Morady
mesh_terms: D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects; D004868:Equipment Failure; D006801:Humans; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic