title: D2 dopamine receptor alleles do not influence severity of Tourette's syndrome. Results from four large kindreds.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the recently proposed hypothesis that the A1 allele of the Taq I polymorphic system at the D2 dopamine receptor gene (DRD2) influences the severity of Tourette's syndrome (TS). We have previously demonstrated that DRD2 is not linked to TS, establishing that it cannot be the major locus determining the susceptibility to develop TS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied alleles at the DRD2 A system in patients with TS or chronic multiple tics in four extended kindreds segregating TS. If this allelic system at DRD2 is associated with severity of TS, then among affected family members, those with the A1 allele should have more severe disease than those without it. Severity of disease was compared in affected members of the kindreds with A1 alleles and in those without A1 alleles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluated disease severity in two ways. First, we evaluated 17 individuals from two families using a derivative of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale composed of subscales concerning number, frequency, and severity of motor and phonic tics, rated separately. We divided this sample (n = 17, nine with TS and eight with chronic multiple tics) by genotype at the A1/A2 system. The heterozygotes (n = 7) had an average severity score of 11.3; the A2 homozygotes had an average severity score of 14.2. (There were no A1 homozygotes.) Second, we evaluated 47 individuals from two different families (all with TS) using the TS symptomatology evaluation. We compared severity scores for these individuals by genotype at the A1/A2 system. The heterozygotes (n = 24) had a mean severity score of 3.0, and the A2 homozygotes (N = 21) had a mean severity score of 3.7.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data do not support alleles at the A system of DRD2 as a factor associated with severity of TS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, West Haven Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Conn.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gelernter
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Pauls
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leckman
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Kidd
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kurlan
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D006579:Heterozygote; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2