title: Evaluation of creatine analogues as a new class of anticancer agents using freshly explanted human tumor cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The creatine kinase (CK) isozymes and their substrates, creatine and creatine phosphate, are believed to play a pivotal role in energy transduction in tissues with large, fluctuating energy demands, such as skeletal muscle, heart, and brain. This enzyme system may also be involved in the process of cellular transformation. Inhibition of tumor cell growth by creatine analogues has been observed and may be due to the ability of these analogues to impair cellular energy generation and utilization.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  An in vitro human tumor colony-forming assay was used to predict the clinical usefulness of creatine analogues as anticancer agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ability of cyclocreatine (1-carboxymethyl-2-iminoimidazolidine) and homocyclocreatine (1-carboxyethyl-2-iminoimidazolidine) to inhibit the growth of cells prepared from tumor samples taken directly from patients was evaluated by quantitative measurement of colony formation in a soft-agar cell culture assay system. Cyclocreatine was tested in this human tumor colony-forming assay at concentrations ranging from 0.067 to 20 mM against 128 tumor samples, 51 of which formed colonies in the assay and were considered evaluable. Homocyclocreatine was similarly tested at concentrations from 0.2 to 20 mM against 139 tumor samples; 54 were considered evaluable. The colony-forming assay was also used to compare the efficacy of the creatine analogues to representatives from the six major classes of standard chemotherapeutics (alkylating agents, antimetabolites, DNA intercalators, platinum compounds, topoisomerase inhibitors, and tubulin-interacting agents). In addition, CK levels were measured in 192 tumor samples that were taken from 166 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cyclocreatine and homocyclocreatine, at concentrations previously achieved in animal tissues (7-20 mM), had antitumor activity against 19% and 50%, respectively, of tumor samples that formed colonies in the assay. Cyclocreatine was effective against a subset of tumors sensitive to homocyclocreatine (P = .023; Fisher's exact test), which was the more potent creatine analogue in this assay (P < .001; McNemar's test). No relationships were seen between tumor samples sensitive to the creatine analogues and those sensitive to standard chemotherapeutics. Pairwise Wilcoxon rank sum tests indicated that CK activity was significantly higher in tumors with any growth in the colony assay compared with tumors that did not grow (P < .025).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The creatine analogues, cyclocreatine and homocyclocreatine, effectively reduced colony formation of freshly explanted human tumor cells. The mechanism of action or resistance to these compounds seems to differ from those of standard chemotherapeutics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Creatine analogues that may alter the energy status of the tumor cell potentially represent promising new anticancer agents that function through a unique mechanism.
authors.affiliation: AMIRA Inc., Cambridge, Mass. 02142.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Degen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wajima
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Von Hoff
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaddurah-Daouk
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D048289:Imidazolidines; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014410:Tumor Stem Cell Assay
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D048289:Imidazolidines; C012260:cyclocreatine; C037182:homocyclocreatine; D003404:Creatinine