title: Acetylator phenotype, aminobiphenyl-hemoglobin adduct levels, and bladder cancer risk in white, black, and Asian men in Los Angeles, California.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a large body of epidemiologic and experimental data that have identified a number of arylamines as human bladder carcinogens. Metabolic activation is required to biotransform these arylamines into their carcinogenic forms, and N-hydroxylation, which is catalyzed by the hepatic cytochrome P4501A2 isoenzyme, is generally viewed as the first critical step. On the other hand, the N-acetylation reaction, catalyzed by the hepatic N-acetyltransferase enzyme, represents a detoxification pathway for such compounds. The N-acetyltransferase enzyme is coded by a single gene displaying two phenotypes, slow and rapid acetylators. In the United States, cigarette smoking is a major cause of bladder cancer in men, and carcinogenic arylamines present in cigarette smoke are believed to be responsible for inducing bladder cancer in smokers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to test the differences in three ethnic/racial groups for the prevalence of acetylator phenotypes and to ascertain whether slow acetylators actually have higher levels of activated arylamines in comparison with rapid acetylators.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred thirty-three male residents of Los Angeles County who were either white, black, or Asian (Chinese or Japanese) and over the age of 35 years were assessed for their acetylator phenotype and levels of 3- and 4-aminobiphenyl (ABP) hemoglobin adducts. Subjects were either lifetime nonsmokers (n = 72) or current cigarette smokers of varying intensity (n = 61).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of slow acetylators was highest among whites (54%), intermediate among blacks (34%), and lowest among Asians (14%). Similarly, geometric mean levels of both 3- and 4-ABP-hemoglobin adducts were highest in whites (1.80 and 49.2 pg/g hemoglobin [Hb], respectively), intermediate in blacks (1.54 and 38.5 pg/g Hb), and lowest in Asians (0.73 and 36.0 pg/g Hb). As expected, cigarette smokers had significantly higher mean levels of both 3- and 4-ABP-hemoglobin adducts relative to nonsmokers, and the levels increased with the number of cigarettes smoked per day (P < .0005 for both adducts). Slow acetylators consistently exhibited higher mean levels of ABP-hemoglobin adducts relative to rapid acetylators, independent of race and level of smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present cross-sectional survey supports acetylation phenotype as an important determinant of bladder cancer risk and a possible major factor in the varying bladder cancer risk among whites, blacks, and Asians.
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033-0800.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Skipper
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taghizadeh
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Tannenbaum
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000611:Aminobiphenyl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D001213:Asian / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics; D044383:Black People / Q000235:genetics; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015141:Los Angeles / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D000611:Aminobiphenyl Compounds; D006454:Hemoglobins