title: Ultrasonographic assessment of the proximal digital annular ligament in the equine forelimb.
abstract: Ultrasonography was used with 6 normal cadaver forelimbs of Dutch Warmblood horses to delineate the ultrasonographic anatomy of the palmar pastern region, with emphasis on the proximal digital annular ligament. Using a 5.5 MHz sector scanner, the thin proximal digital annular ligament was not visible on offset sonograms. Only if the digital sheath in the normal limb was distended was the distal border of this ligament outlined. In all normal limbs the palmarodistal thickness of the combined skin-proximal digital annular ligament layer in the mid-pastern region was 2 mm. The flexor tendons and distal sesamoidean ligaments were easily identified as hyperechoic structures. Distension of the digital sheath in the normal limbs clearly outlined the anechoic digital sheath pouches. In 4 lame horses ultrasonography aided the diagnosis of functional proximal digital annular ligament constriction. In all 4 diseased forelimbs ultrasonography demonstrated thickening of the skin-proximal digital annular ligament layer and distension of the digital sheath. In one of these limbs the distended digital sheath was also thickened. The flexor tendons and distal sesamoidean ligaments were normal. There was no radiographic evidence of additional bone or joint lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Dik
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boroffka
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stolk
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D005552:Forelimb / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006736:Horses / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D007794:Lameness, Animal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography