title: Managed care involvement by cardiovascular specialists: prevalence, attitudes and influence on practice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the involvement in and attitudes toward managed care by cardiovascular specialists and the influence of such programs on their practices.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  No in-depth study has measured the impact of managed care on cardiovascular specialists. Therefore, we conducted a mail survey to determine the prevalence of managed care arrangements among cardiovascular specialists and variations among pediatric and adult cardiologists and cardiovascular surgeons; the types of managed care arrangements in which cardiovascular specialists are engaged; the reasons why those not participating in managed care have chosen not to do so; and the general attitudes among cardiovascular specialists with regard to various aspects of managed care. In addition, we evaluated the impact of managed care among several aspects of cardiovascular practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire was mailed in the spring of 1993 to 4,577 practicing, domestic, American College of Cardiology (ACC) members selected at random from within each primary cardiovascular specialty group (adult cardiologists, pediatric cardiologists and cardiovascular surgeons). Additional data concerning practice characteristics were cross tabulated using results from the 1992 ACC membership profile survey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 1,961 of the 4,577 members responded to the survey, representing a 43% response rate. Of all survey respondents, 76% reported entering into at least one relationship with a health maintenance organization (HMO) or preferred provider organization (PPO). Of those not participating in managed care arrangements, the most frequently mentioned reason was "concern over the quality of care." This reason was cited by 51% of those not entering into HMO relationships and 41% of those not participating in PPOs. The majority of respondents indicated that they do not strongly object to the gatekeeper approach to managing nonemergent patients, although more than half indicated concern that gatekeepers may not be appropriate in the management of cardiac emergencies. In addition, cardiovascular specialists report that under managed care, referrals have not increased, income has decreased, and managed care formularies have not substantially affected their ability to prescribe appropriate medication to their patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite concerns over the quality of care and contract requirements and general philosophical opposition of cardiovascular specialists, most are becoming integrated into managed care environments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego Medical Center 92103-8411.
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: DeMaria
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Engle
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Judge
authors.forename: N T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Kouchoukos
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Ganslaw
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Seidman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002309:Cardiology / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011216:Practice Management, Medical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011243:Preferred Provider Organizations / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States