title: Renal cell carcinoma in pregnancy: report of three cases and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Renal cell carcinoma is a potentially fatal tumor that occasionally presents during pregnancy. Based on our experience with three patients and a review of the recent cases in the literature, we believe there has been a change in presentation of this lesion over that described in previous reviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two of three women with renal cell carcinoma found during pregnancy had symptoms suggesting recurrent urinary tract infection. The renal tumors were all discovered by ultrasound. In addition, magnetic resonance imaging was used for preoperative, intragestational staging of one patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Renal cell carcinoma should be considered in women of childbearing age who present with recurrent or refractory urinary tract symptoms, flank pain, or a palpable flank mass. Ultrasound appears to be the imaging procedure of choice for evaluating the urinary system in pregnant women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Francis Scott Key Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Beggs
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lanigan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011252:Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis