title: Cytotoxicity of menadione and related quinones in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes: effects on thiol homeostasis and energy charge.
abstract: The cytotoxic events in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes following exposure over 2 h to menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) and two closely related quinones, 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (DMNQ) and 1,4-naphthoquinone (NQ), were examined. These quinones differ in their arylation capacity (NQ > menadione >> DMNQ) and in their potential to induce redox cycling (NQ approximately menadione >> DMNQ) The glutathione status (reduced and oxidized glutathione) of the hepatocytes was determined using HPLC after derivatization with monobromobimane. Protein thiols were measured spectrophotometrically and the energy charge of the cells was determined with HPLC using ion pair chromatography. The leakage of lactate dehydrogenase was used as a marker for cell viability. All three quinones caused alterations of the glutathione status of the exposed cells but the effects were markedly different. Exposure to DMNQ resulted in a slow decrease of reduced glutathione and an increase of mixed disulfides. The other two quinones caused an almost complete depletion of reduced glutathione within 5 min. Hepatocytes exposed to NQ accumulated oxidized glutathione whereas menadione-exposed hepatocytes showed increased levels of mixed disulfides. We did not find any effects of DMNQ (200 microM) on protein thiols, energy charge or cell viability. There was a clear difference in the effects of menadione and NQ on protein thiols, energy charge and cell viability; exposure to NQ resulted in a more extensive decrease of protein thiols and energy charge and an earlier onset of lactate dehydrogenase leakage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Toxicology (RITOX), Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Toxopeus
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: van Holsteijn
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Thuring
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Blaauboer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Noordhoek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D009285:Naphthoquinones; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D014812:Vitamin K; D005978:Glutathione; C035342:1,4-naphthoquinone