title: Percutaneous embolotherapy of adolescent varicocele: results and long-term follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors evaluated the technical success and immediate and long-term results of percutaneous varicocele embolotherapy in the adolescent population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-nine adolescent patients were referred for outpatient spermatic venography and possible varicocele embolotherapy. Embolization was attempted with use of detachable balloons, coils, "sandwiched" dextrose, or a combination of these techniques. Data regarding follow-up were obtained through telephone interviews or mailed questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The technical success rate for spermatic vein occlusion was 90%. Follow-up, obtained in 79% of the patients, ranged from 6 months to 8.75 years (mean, 4 years). Thirty-nine of 42 patients (93%) reported disappearance (n = 31) or only a slight, asymptomatic residual varicocele (n = 8). Three patients reported a recurrence of their varicocele. Complications occurred in three of 59 cases (5%), none had any long-term sequelae. In six cases, embolization was not feasible because of multiple collateral vessels or venous spasm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the convenience of performing the procedure on an outpatient basis, the rapid recovery time, and long-term success and complication rates comparable to those with surgical ligation, we believe spermatic venography and percutaneous embolization is the treatment modality of choice for adolescent varicocele.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Diagnostic Laboratory, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Md.
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Trerotola
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Venbrux
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Savader
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Peppas
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gearhart
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Osterman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010690:Phlebography; D014646:Varicocele / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*