title: Low-dose interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor individually stimulate insulin release but in combination cause suppression.
abstract: The macrophage-derived cytokines interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) have direct effects on pancreatic beta cells and have been hypothesized to play important roles in the autoimmune beta cell lesion of type I diabetes because of two major effects on beta cells: altered insulin secretion and beta cell cytotoxicity. High doses of IL-1 are cytotoxic to beta cells and strongly inhibit insulin release; high-dose IL-1 plus TNF acts synergically to suppress further the insulin release. In contrast, we observed that the predominant effect of low-dose IL-1 and TNF when administered separately was the stimulation of insulin release. We therefore asked whether the combination of low-dose IL-1 plus TNF would act synergistically to stimulate or suppress insulin release. Studies were performed on cultured rat islets and both insulin release and cytotoxicity (51Cr release) were measured. After 2 days of culture, increasing doses of IL-1-25, 50, 75 and 100 ng/l--caused progressively increased cytotoxicity and impaired insulin release. In contrast, the lowest dose of IL-1 tested, 10 ng/l, increased insulin release but was still slightly cytotoxic. Tumor necrosis factor at doses of 10, 25, 62.5, 75 and 100 micrograms/l also was slightly cytotoxic but increased insulin release. The augmented insulin release declined progressively with increasing TNF dose. However the combination of insulin stimulatory doses of IL-1 (10 ng/l) and TNF (62.5 micrograms/l) suppressed insulin release. The effects of these two cytokines on insulin release demonstrated a similar pattern after 4 and 6 days of culture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98108.
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Brooks-Worrell
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Palmer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D046508:Culture Techniques; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; D004347:Drug Interactions; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D007375:Interleukin-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha