title: Innovations in pulse generators and lead systems: balancing complexity with clinical benefit and long-term results.
abstract: Technologic development of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) is now in an exponential growth phase, and many new concepts are being examined. Major innovations have occurred in pulse generators and in lead systems. This may increase ICD use for primary and secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death. Pulse generators now include hybrid pacemaker-defibrillators. Clinical data suggest a need for demand pacing in primary and secondary prevention applications, with antitachycardia pacing being most valuable in the latter group. Atrial leads will allow dual chamber sensing, pacing, and defibrillation. Low energy cardioversion with biphasic shocks can enhance shock efficacy in rapid monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and flutter. Modifications of lead design, biphasic shock waveforms, and optimal thoracic electrode location in axillary or pectoral regions will permit lower energy defibrillation and smaller pulse generators with lower maximum energy outputs of < or = 25 joules. Dual chamber sensing will improve detection of atrial flutter or fibrillation. Minimum data storage requirements for tachycardia events in ICDs still need to be defined. Intracardiac electrogram analysis is still in evolution, and better analytic methods are awaited. Lead system development is likely to support generic pacing and defibrillation catheter electrodes for atrial and ventricular application. Advances in thoracic electrode design are in progress, and a variety of intercostal electrodes are being tested. Improvements in lead design with further impact on defibrillation energy requirements have the potential to permit generator miniaturization. Significant technologic improvements in ICD devices are imminent and should improve clinical results, patient safety, and quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Arrhythmia and Pacemaker Service, University of Medicine and Dentistry-New Jersey Medical School.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saksena
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Krol
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Kaushik
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000639:trends*; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000379:methods*; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000628:therapy