title: Cryptococcal ventricular-peritoneal shunt infection: clinical and epidemiological evaluation of two closely associated cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the cause of meningitis associated with Cryptococcus neoformans in two patients with recent ventricular-peritoneal (VP) shunt placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of materials, records, and concurrent cases of VP shunt procedures. Isolates of C neoformans from each patient were submitted for analysis by colony morphology, biochemical testing, and karyotyping by pulsed-field electrophoresis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two 400-bed community hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two immunocompetent patients presented with symptoms of progressive hydrocephalus in August 1991. Each received a VP shunt on the same day by the same surgeon using materials from a common vendor and hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both patients presented within six to eight weeks with symptoms of fever, headache, rash, and cultures of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that yielded C neoformans. Each patient recovered after therapy with amphotericin B and flucytosine followed by several months of fluconazole, although one required replacement of the VP shunt for cure. Review of each patient's history and CSF characteristics at the time of shunt placement suggested reactivation of a preexisting infection. Isolates of C neoformans from each patient were submitted for analysis by colony morphology, biochemical testing, and karyotyping by pulsed-field electrophoresis. Each isolate was found to be unique by chromosomal karyotyping.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data and previous reports suggest that cryptococcal VP shunt infections appear to be a complication of shunts placed in previously infected persons rather than nosocomial transmission of cryptococcus during placement.
authors.affiliation: Raleigh Infectious Diseases Associates, North Carolina 27607.
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Ingram
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Haywood
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Perfect
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D016919:Meningitis, Cryptococcal / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt / Q000009:adverse effects*