title: Clinical characteristics of patients with concurrent major depressive disorder and panic disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to test the hypothesis that patients with both major depressive disorder and panic disorder exhibit more clinical symptoms and have a more protracted course of illness than patients with major depressive disorder only.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors compared standardized clinical evaluations (from Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia interviews) of 119 patients with major depressive disorder only and 57 patients with major depressive disorder and concurrent panic disorder. Clinical and demographic variables were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients with both disorders reported symptoms of major depressive disorder earlier in life and also required treatment and hospital admission earlier in life. Many clinical features during the index episode were significantly more severe in the patients with both disorders. A logistic regression identified a "panic index" consisting of the symptoms of somatic anxiety, phobia, indecisiveness, and feelings of inadequacy. Scores on this index allowed proper classification of patients to either of the two diagnostic groups with high reliability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In major depressive disorder, the presence of panic disorder is suggestive of a more severe and precocious form of illness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grunhaus
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Pande
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Greden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index