title: Multiple myocardial hamartomas causing ventricular tachycardia in young children: combined surgical modification and medical treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe two cases of incessant ventricular tachycardia caused by multiple myocardial hamartomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two infants, 13 and 14 months old, who had had multiple episodes of symptomatic tachycardia were referred to our institution. Incessant ventricular tachycardia was diagnosed. Initially, the patients received pharmacologic therapy. The recurrent tachycardia resulted in notable hemodynamic instability. No structural abnormalities were detected on the echocardiograms. In one patient, an electrophysiologic study revealed that the site of ventricular ectopic beats was in the anterolateral wall of the left ventricle, midway between the apex and the base. In the other patient, a preoperative electrophysiologic study was not undertaken because of the inability to obtain central venous access.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diffuse hamartomas were found throughout the ventricular myocardium in both patients. Surgical resection and cryoablation of the lesions in combination with medical therapy helped control the tachyarrhythmia. At 7 and 17 months postoperatively, the patients were in normal sinus rhythm and were receiving medication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In young children who have incessant ventricular tachycardia but no lesion evident on echocardiography, angiography, or other imaging modalities, a myocardial tumor should be suspected, and pharmacologic therapy should be instituted. If the medical regimen fails, surgical intervention should be undertaken, directed at areas localized by inspection and by preoperative and intraoperative electrophysiologic studies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Arizona.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gharagozloo
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Tazelaar
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Danielson
mesh_terms: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001706:Biopsy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005260:Female; D006222:Hamartoma / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D012008:Recurrence; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents