title: A piglet model of status epilepticus: comparison of cardiorespiratory and metabolic changes with two methods of pentylenetetrazol administration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Impaired cardiac and respiratory responses during active tonic-clonic convulsions (ictal periods) may contribute to complications during seizures. This study characterized physiologic parameters in two pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizure models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve spontaneously breathing piglets.
  
  
  METHODS
  Under ketamine anesthesia, a tracheostomy was performed, and an arterial catheter and epidural electrodes were inserted. Piglets received a PTZ bolus (100 mg/kg), with (six; 5 mg/kg/min) or without (six) an infusion of PTZ for 20 minutes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Arterial blood gases, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, tidal volume, and EEG waveforms were measured. Ictal periods had high-amplitude, synchronized EEG activity; interictal periods had EEG suppression. Seizure duration (24 +/- 3.5 versus 11 +/- 3.8 minutes; mean +/- SD) was significantly increased in the infusion group (P < .05). Significant increases in heart rate, minute ventilation, and base deficit plus decreases in pH occurred in both groups during seizures compared with baseline (P < .05). The duration and severity of metabolic acidosis were greater in the infusion group. During the first ten minutes of seizures, ten-second epochs were compared: beginning of ictal period, end of same ictal period, beginning of accompanying interictal period, and end of same interictal period. Respiratory rate decreased during initial interictal (65 +/- 40) more than latter ictal more than latter interictal period, compared with initial ictal period (194 +/- 65; P < .001). Tidal volume increased during latter ictal more than latter interictal more than initial ictal period (33 +/- 11), but the greatest increases occurred during initial interictal period (140 +/- 55; P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This model demonstrates significant increases in the duration and various measures of seizure severity in piglets given a PTZ infusion compared with those receiving a bolus alone. Systematic alterations in respiratory but not cardiac responses occur during ictal-interictal cycling of PTZ-induced seizures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, State University of New York Health Science Center at Syracuse.
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Terndrup
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Starr
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Fordyce
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D010433:Pentylenetetrazole / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D010433:Pentylenetetrazole