title: Inflammatory markers: superior predictors of adverse outcome in blunt trauma patients?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether variables reflective of early metabolic responses to injury are predictors of outcome in critically ill trauma patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical inception cohort study comparing conventional measures of injury severity with early host response markers for the correlation of each with outcome. These data are prospectively collected in a group of patients being evaluated in a nutritional support investigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intensive care unit (ICU) of a major Level I trauma center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen blunt trauma patients, aged 18 to 60 yrs with an Injury Severity Score of > or = 15, requiring early mechanical ventilation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood and urine samples were routinely obtained from patients undergoing nutritional support by one of three routes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Conventional assessment was consistent with moderate severity and variation: Injury Severity Score, 41 +/- 15; Glasgow Coma Score, 11 +/- 4; admission circulating lactate concentration, 4.8 +/- 2.2 mmol/L; and first 24-hr transfusion requirement, 3.1 +/- 2.9 L. The mean concentrations of inflammatory marker during the first week were: cholesterol, 2.67 +/- 0.80 mmol/L (103.2 +/- 31 mg/dL); C-reactive protein, 23 +/- 11 mg/dL; transferrin, 1.44 +/- 0.47 g/L; glucose, 9.21 +/- 2.27 mmol/L (166 +/- 41 mg/dL); albumin, 26 +/- 5 g/L; and nitrogen loss, 24 +/- 9 g/d. Hospital outcome variables were: ventilator days, 17 +/- 7; ICU days, 26 +/- 10; hospital days, 38 +/- 15; occurrence rate of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 35%; infections, 82%; multiple organ failure, 71%; and total of hospital plus professional charges, $125,000 +/- $56,000. A significant (p < .05), but weak, correlation existed between all seven outcome variables and the inflammatory markers: ventilator days with cholesterol and C-reactive protein; ICU days with transferrin; total stay with cholesterol; ARDS with C-reactive protein; infections with glucose, cholesterol, and nitrogen loss; multiple organ failure with albumin and C-reactive protein; and financial charges with glucose. However, a significant correlation existed between only two of seven outcome variables and conventional measures of severity: multiple organ failure with lactate and financial charges with transfusion requirement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Readily obtainable inflammatory marker measurements may better reflect the summation effects of the early perfusion deficit and tissue injury in the blunt trauma patient compared with conventional measures of injury severity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, MIEMSS Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, MD 21201.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Dunham
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Frankenfield
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Belzberg
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Wiles
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cushing
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007773:Lactates / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D014193:Trauma Centers / Q000191:economics; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007773:Lactates; D009584:Nitrogen