title: Clinical signs of pneumonia in children attending a hospital outpatient department in Lesotho.
abstract: To determine the value of clinical findings for the diagnosis of pneumonia, we evaluated 950 children who presented with respiratory illness to the outpatient department of the Queen Elizabeth II Hospital, Maseru, Lesotho. Those children at high risk for pneumonia and a systematically selected 20% sample of children at low risk were examined in turn by a nurse, a general practitioner, and a paediatrician; a chest radiograph was recorded for each child. Pneumonia was defined as radiographic findings compatible with the disease as interpreted by a paediatric radiologist. A respiratory rate > or = 50 breaths/minute was a sensitive sign for pneumonia among infants (sensitivity range for the three examiners: 59-79%), but identified a progressively smaller proportion of children with pneumonia in older age groups. Adjusting the respiratory rate for age using a threshold of > or = 40 breaths/minute for children aged > or = 12 months improved the sensitivity, but identified < 30% of children with pneumonia aged > or = 24 months. No drop in sensitivity with age was found when respiratory rate thresholds were evaluated for children with more severe radiographic evidence of pneumonia.
authors.affiliation: Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Redd
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vreuls
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Metsing
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Mohobane
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Patrick
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moteetee
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007927:Lesotho; D008297:Male; D010808:Physical Examination; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011859:Radiography; D012119:Respiration; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity