title: HIV surveillance by testing saliva from injecting drug users: a national study in New Zealand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the prevalence of HIV infection among injecting drug users in New Zealand has remained low since the introduction of a needle and syringe exchange scheme in May 1988.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anonymous survey of intravenous drug users attending outlets of the exchange scheme, based on questionnaires and saliva testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve pharmacies and community outreach organisation in six cities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Altogether 620 people provided saliva specimens and completed questionnaires. These represented 73% of those who visited exchange scheme outlets during a three month period in 1992.
  
  
  METHODS
  Saliva was tested for antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2 using an IgG-capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (GACELISA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 591 specimens eligible for inclusion, only three (0.5%) were repeatedly reactive in the GACELISA test, while two of these were also positive in a Western blot test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although surveys show that sharing of needles and syringes was common in New Zealand until recently, the prevalence of HIV infection in intravenous drug users has remained low. This can probably be attributed to the success of educational campaigns and legislative action to allow a needle and syringe exchange scheme to be set up.
authors.affiliation: AIDS Epidemiology Group, University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Dickson
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Sharples
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Skegg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D005260:Female; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000032:analysis; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016485:Needle Sharing; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012463:Saliva / Q000276:immunology; D012737:Sex Factors; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D015483:HIV Antibodies