title: Complementary DNA cloning and kinetic characterization of a novel intracellular serine proteinase inhibitor: mechanism of action with trypsin and factor Xa as model proteinases.
abstract: The full-length cDNA encoding a novel human intracellular serine proteinase inhibitor has been sequenced and found to encode a 376 amino acid protein (M(r) approximately 42.5K) that we designate as cytoplasmic antiproteinase. Analysis of the primary structure revealed that the cytoplasmic antiproteinase has the majority of structural motifs conserved among the greater superfamily of serine proteinase inhibitors, or serpins. On the basis of several criteria such as amino acid identity and the absence of a classical N-terminal signal peptide, the cytoplasmic antiproteinase represents a new member of the intracellular serpin family. Further inspection of the cytoplasmic antiproteinase amino acid sequence identified three potential N-glycosylation sites and Arg341-Cys342 as the reactive site P1-P1' residues, respectively. We have also employed the slow binding kinetic approach to detail the mechanism of bovine trypsin and human factor Xa inhibition by the novel cytoplasmic antiproteinase. Inhibition of trypsin by the cytoplasmic antiproteinase was preceded by a two-step mechanism corresponding to the formation of an initial loose complex, followed by an isomerization step to a more stable, tight complex. The binding of the cytoplasmic antiproteinase to trypsin occurred with a second-order association rate constant of 2.8 x 10(6) M-1 s-1 and an overall equilibrium constant of 22.5 pM, demonstrating that the factor is a potent inhibitor of this proteinase. Under the appropriate conditions, the tight complex between trypsin and the cytoplasmic inhibitor was reversible, indicated by an exponential regeneration of proteinase amidolytic activity from the preformed complex. Therefore, the tight complex appears to be stabilized predominantly by reversible bonds that form between trypsin and the cytoplasmic inhibitor. In contrast to the inhibition of trypsin, the inhibition of factor Xa amidolytic activity by the cytoplasmic antiproteinase followed a single-step binding mechanism. The apparent first-order rate constant for factor Xa inhibition was found to increase as a linear function of the inhibitor concentration range studied. Formation of the inhibitory complex between factor Xa and the cytoplasmic antiproteinase occurred with a second-order association rate constant of approximately 1.3 x 10(5) M-1 s-1 and a equilibrium constant of 3.7 nM. These findings suggests that the cytoplasmic inhibitor may initially encounter significant energy barriers for proper alignment with the substrate binding cleft of factor Xa. However, once aligned, the reaction proceeds rapidly to a tight factor Xa.inhibitor complex that dissociates at a slow rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque 87131.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Morgenstern
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sprecher
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Holth
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ching
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kisiel
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D003062:Codon; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D015951:Factor Xa / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006031:Glycosylation; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D007700:Kinetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010920:Placenta / Q000737:chemistry; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014108:Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone / Q000378:metabolism; D014357:Trypsin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003062:Codon; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors; C086428:cytoplasmic antiproteinase; D014108:Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone; D014357:Trypsin; D015951:Factor Xa