title: Neural mechanisms underlying melodic perception and memory for pitch.
abstract: The neural correlates of music perception were studied by measuring cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes with positron emission tomography (PET). Twelve volunteers were scanned using the bolus water method under four separate conditions: (1) listening to a sequence of noise bursts, (2) listening to unfamiliar tonal melodies, (3) comparing the pitch of the first two notes of the same set of melodies, and (4) comparing the pitch of the first and last notes of the melodies. The latter two conditions were designed to investigate short-term pitch retention under low or high memory load, respectively. Subtraction of the obtained PET images, superimposed on matched MRI scans, provides anatomical localization of CBF changes associated with specific cognitive functions. Listening to melodies, relative to acoustically matched noise sequences, resulted in CBF increases in the right superior temporal and right occipital cortices. Pitch judgments of the first two notes of each melody, relative to passive listening to the same stimuli, resulted in right frontal-lobe activation. Analysis of the high memory load condition relative to passive listening revealed the participation of a number of cortical and subcortical regions, notably in the right frontal and right temporal lobes, as well as in parietal and insular cortex. Both pitch judgment conditions also revealed CBF decreases within the left primary auditory cortex. We conclude that specialized neural systems in the right superior temporal cortex participate in perceptual analysis of melodies; pitch comparisons are effected via a neural network that includes right prefrontal cortex, but active retention of pitch involves the interaction of right temporal and frontal cortices.
authors.affiliation: McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Zatorre
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Meyer
mesh_terms: D001307:Auditory Perception; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007245:Inferior Colliculi / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D009146:Music; D009474:Neurons / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D009622:Noise; D010104:Oxygen Radioisotopes; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D010104:Oxygen Radioisotopes