title: Management of atrial flutter after the Fontan procedure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to review the management of atrial flutter occurring after the Fontan procedure.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Atrial flutter occurs frequently after the Fontan procedure and is often hemodynamically poorly tolerated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patients' charts were reviewed for relevant information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 1984 and 1992, 18 patients had atrial flutter after the Fontan procedure. The underlying heart defect was tricuspid atresia in nine, mitral atresia in six and double inlet left ventricle in three. All but three patients had undergone previous palliative surgery. The time interval from Fontan operation to atrial flutter was < 1 day to 16 years (mean 3.7 years). Seven had early atrial flutter before leaving the hospital. Electrophysiologic study in 15 showed sinus node dysfunction in 12. Atrial flutter was inducible in all patients, and 13 had > 1 flutter configuration. Digoxin and a variety of other antiarrhythmic agents (mean 2.7 drugs/patient) were tried with poor results. Only digoxin, amiodarone, flecainide and propafenone showed some benefit when used alone or in combination. Antitachycardia pacemakers were implanted in 16 patients (endocardial 14, epicardial 2) and, with drugs, were useful in 8 (50%). Because atrial flutter was resistant to treatment, right atriectomy was performed in three patients (with benefit in two, one death), successful radiofrequency catheter His bundle ablation in one patient and catheter ablation of atrial flutter in three patients (two failed, one partial success). One patient underwent heart transplantation, and two died suddenly. Another died of complications after an elective epicardial pacemaker replacement procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Atrial flutter after the Fontan procedure is difficult to control. Aggressive drug and antitachycardia pacemaker therapy help about half of the patients. When these measures fail, other options, such as atriectomy, His bundle ablation or catheter ablation of atrial flutter, need consideration. The risk of sudden death justifies the use of such aggressive treatment methods.
authors.affiliation: South Carolina Children's Heart Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425-0682.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Balaji
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Sade
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Case
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Gillette
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001282:Atrial Flutter / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents