title: Emotional qualities of odors and their influence on the startle reflex in humans.
abstract: Recent human and animal research suggests that the startle reflex might serve as a psychophysiological indicator of the emotional valence of foreground stimulation. The present experiment was designed to evaluate the emotional effects of positive and negative odorant stimuli. We examined the effects of continuous hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and vanillin stimulation on the magnitude of the acoustic startle reflex (measured at the M. orbicularis oculi) and on ratings of subjective valence in 16 healthy subjects. In accordance with the view that odors have emotional qualities, we found that H2S, a presumed negative foreground stimulus, significantly enhanced the startle-reflex amplitude relative to neutral air stimulation, whereas vanillin, a positive foreground stimulus, tended to reduce the reflex amplitude compared with neutral air stimulation. Both odorant stimuli were rated as equally intense by the subjects, and heart rate and electrodermal activity were not affected differentially by the two odorants.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Medizinische Psychologie und Verhaltensneurobiologie, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Miltner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matjak
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Diekmann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brody
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D001547:Benzaldehydes / Q000494:pharmacology; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects; D004576:Electromyography / Q000187:drug effects; D004585:Electrooculography / Q000187:drug effects; D004644:Emotions / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005421:Flavoring Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000187:drug effects; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009812:Odorants; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001547:Benzaldehydes; D005421:Flavoring Agents; C100058:vanillin; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide