title: Intrathecal midazolam reduces isoflurane MAC and increases the apnoeic threshold in rats.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the anaesthetic requirement of intrathecal midazolam in a dose-response fashion in isoflurane-anaesthetized, tracheostomized rats, and to evaluate the apnoeic threshold after each intrathecal midazolam dose. Intrathecal midazolam, 5, 10, 20, and 30 micrograms, was administered to 25 anaesthetized tracheotomized rats. Isoflurane MAC was determined by the tail-clamp method. The effect of intrathecal midazolam on the apnoeic threshold was evaluated, and light and electron microscopy studies were performed on cervical, thoracic and lumbar sections of the spinal cord to investigate possible midazolam-induced neurotoxic effects. Intrathecal midazolam 5, 10, 20 and 30 micrograms decreased isoflurane MAC by 16%, 31%, 42%, and 53% respectively (P < 0.05). The apnoeic threshold was increased by midazolam 5 micrograms (from a PaCO2 of 4.25 +/- 0.55 to 5.28 +/- 0.76 kPa, P < 0.05) when compared with baseline values, but not further by additional doses. Light and electron microscopy studies on sections taken from the spinal cord of four animals did not show any morphological changes suggestive of midazolam-induced neurotoxicity when compared with similar preparations obtained from controls. These data suggest that intrathecal midazolam possesses dose-dependent antinociceptive properties which, associated with the ceiling effect of the apnoeic threshold obtained at the lowest midazolam dose and the lack of neurotoxic effects, may potentiate inhalational anaesthesia without producing marked respiratory depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Schwieger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jorge-Costa
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Pizzolato
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Forster
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Morel
mesh_terms: D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal; D000818:Animals; D001049:Apnea / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D007530:Isoflurane; D008874:Midazolam