title: In vitro alteration of Schirmer's tear strip wetting by commonly instilled anesthetic agents.
abstract: The Schirmer's tear test is often performed with topical anesthesia to reduce reflex tearing. Fluress (Barnes-Hind, Sunnyvale, CA, U.S.A.) and Fluoracaine (Akorn, Abita Springs, LA, U.S.A.) are commonly used anesthetic-fluorescein preparations that contain viscous additives. Because the rate of Schirmer's strip wetting is dependent on capillary action, a property related to solution viscosity and surface tension, spurious results may be obtained if these agents are used for anesthesia. We report in vitro Schirmer's strip wetting rates for various concentrations of Fluress and Fluoracaine, as well as pure fluorescein solution using a tear substitute (Dacriose; IOLAB, Claremont, CA, U.S.A.) as a diluent. Results showed a direct concentration-dependent reduction of Schirmer's strip wetting with time for both Fluress and Fluoracaine dilutions compared with Dacriose alone (p < 0.001) or Dacriose-fluorescein solutions (p < 0.001). In addition, Schirmer's wetting with Dacriose-fluorescein solutions caused a separation of the Dacriose and fluorescein wetting fronts (p < 0.001) but did not affect the overall Dacriose wetting. These data have clinical implications concerning false-positive results when testing for dry eyes.
authors.affiliation: W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hodkin
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cartwright
authors.forename: U R
authors.initials: UR
authors.lastname: Kurumety
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions / Q000737:chemistry; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000379:methods; D013500:Surface Tension; D013666:Tears / Q000378:metabolism; D014783:Viscosity; D017155:Wettability
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions