title: Carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts. The University of California at San Francisco experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors investigated the combined experience of a single institution in treating bile duct carcinoma during the modern era.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Bile duct carcinomas are notoriously difficult to cure, with locoregional recurrence the rule, even after radical resection. Adjuvant efforts have included various radiation modalities, with limited success. Recently, charged-particle radiotherapy has also been used in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors performed a retrospective chart analysis of 129 patients with bile duct adenocarcinomas treated between 1977 and 1987 through the University of California at San Francisco, including 22 patients treated at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory with the charged particles helium and neon. The minimum follow-up was 5 years. Survival, outcome, and complication results were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-two patients were treated with surgery alone (S), 45 patients received conventional adjuvant x-ray radiotherapy (S + X), and 22 were treated with charged particles (S + CP). The median survival times were 6.5, 11, and 14 months, respectively, for the entire group, and 16, 16, and 23 months in patients treated with curative intent. There was a survival difference in patients undergoing total resection compared with debulking (p = 0.05) and minor resections (p = 0.0001). Patients with microscopic residual disease had increased median survival times when they were treated with adjuvant irradiation, most markedly after CP (p = 0.0005) but also with conventional X (p = 0.0109). Patients with gross residual disease had a less marked but still statistically significant extended survival (p = 0.05 for S + X and p = 0.0423 for S + CP) after irradiatio
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mainstay of bile duct carcinoma management was maximal surgical resection in these patients. Postoperative radiotherapy gave patients with positive microscopic margins a significant survival advantage and may be of value in selected patients with gross disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at San Francisco.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schoenthaler
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Efird
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Better
authors.forename: L W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Way
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*; D017734:Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic / Q000601:surgery; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate