title: Racial differences in myocardial ischemia and coronary flow reserve in hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Using invasive measurements of endothelium-independent coronary flow reserve and stress thallium testing with or without dipyridamole, this study investigated racial differences in ischemia and coronary reserve in hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  African Americans compared with Caucasian Americans appear to have a higher case fatality from coronary heart disease but lesser amounts of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. This paradox may be explainable by intrinsic or acquired racial differences in coronary arteriolar autoregulation and vasoreactivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study enrolled 91 African and 81 Caucasian Americans referred for cardiac catheterization because of suspected myocardial ischemia but found to have no significant coronary stenosis. Patients were stratified by degree of left ventricular hypertrophy for comparison purposes after calculation of indexed left ventricular mass by means of echocardiographic M-mode measurements. Coronary flow reserve measurements were made using the intracoronary Doppler catheter and hyperemic doses of intravenous dipyridamole in 100 patients and intracoronary papaverine and adenosine in 72 patients. Seventy-seven percent of patients underwent adequate stress thallium testing with or without dipyridamole.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In African Americans, mean (+/- SD) coronary flow reserve decreased from 4.4 +/- 2.3 for 38 without mass hypertrophy to 3.2 +/- 1.3 for 53 with hypertrophy (p = 0.005) to 2.7 +/- 1.1 for 12 with severe hypertrophy (p = 0.02). Thallium testing was abnormal in 31% of those without mass hypertrophy and 59% of those with hypertrophy. In Caucasian Americans, coronary flow reserve decreased from 4.1 +/- 2 for 58 without hypertrophy to 3.6 +/- 1.5 for 23 with hypertrophy (p = NS) to 3 +/- 1.5 for 6 with severe hypertrophy (p = NS). Thallium testing was abnormal in 36% without mass hypertrophy and in 39% with hypertrophy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study establishes that development of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension carries greater physiologic morbidity for African compared with Caucasian Americans, typified by marked reduction in endothelium-independent coronary flow reserve and increased frequency of abnormal thallium tests.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, New York 12208.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Houghton
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Prisant
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Flowers
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Frank
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D044383:Black People; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D013794:Thallium Radioisotopes; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D013794:Thallium Radioisotopes