title: Effects of epidural test dose volume on skin perfusion, temperature, and reflex vasoconstriction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors sought to define the effects of differing volumes of epidural test dose on skin perfusion, skin temperature, and reflex vasoconstriction to a maximal inspiration (inspiratory gasp vasoconstrictive response, IGVR).
  
  
  METHODS
  With informed consent and Institutional Review Board approval, the authors studied 40 patients undergoing epidural anesthesia. Skin perfusion was monitored in glabrous skin on the foot using laser Doppler. Inspiratory gasp vasoconstrictive response and temperature measurements were obtained at 1-minute intervals. After a baseline period, 5 patients received 60 mg intravenous lidocaine HCl; 5 received 5 mL normal saline, via epidural catheter; and 30 patients received 50 mg lidocaine HCl and 20 mcg epinephrine in 2.5, 5.0, or 7.5 mL normal saline (10 patients each). Inspiratory gasp vasoconstrictive response was defined as the percent change in perfusion from baseline produced by an inspiratory gasp. Perfusion was normalized by expressing each patient's value as a percentage of the respective baseline value.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant increases in perfusion, of up to 169% of baseline, were seen 12 minutes after the test dose. Inspiratory gasp vasoconstrictive response showed significant changes from baseline in all test groups. The temperature change was insignificant. Control groups did not show perfusion or IGVR changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Skin perfusion and IGVR changed significantly after epidural test dose; the minimal effect of volume appears to be 5 mL of lidocaine-epinephrine solution; the presence of IGVR or perfusion changes, or both, are positive predictors of successful placement of the catheter into the epidural space; and temperature changes as observed here were not reliable predictors of proper placement of epidural catheters.
authors.affiliation: United States Air Force Medical Corps, Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Lackland AFB, TX 78236.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Valley
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bourke
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Raja
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D012882:Skin Tests; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D008012:Lidocaine