title: The spatial arrangement of Allium triquetrum chain quadrivalents at metaphase I as reviewed by confocal microscopy.
abstract: We examined the three-dimensional arrangement of bivalents and, in particular, a chain of four chromosomes (chain quadrivalent) in the metaphase I spindle of pollen mother cells of Allium triquetrum by confocal microscopy. Firstly, we show by optical sectioning and three-dimensional image reconstruction that the cooriented pairs of centromeres of all seven bivalents lie virtually parallel to each other in the metaphase I spindle, parallel to the long axis of the spindle. Secondly, we likewise show that the four centromeres of the chain quadrivalent are aligned in the metaphase I spindle in, essentially, a two-dimensional array, not in a three-dimensional array, as proposed by some other authors. This two-dimensionality has its basis, we argue, in the principle that poleward directed spindle forces minimise centromere-to-pole distances and therefore align pairs of centromeres connected to opposite poles most axially (vertically) in the spindle. These distances are minimised for the quadrivalent as a whole only when it lies in two dimensions, i.e. in a plane parallel to the spindle axis.
authors.affiliation: BioCentrum Amsterdam, Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Oud
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Rickards
mesh_terms: D000490:Allium / Q000235:genetics*; D002503:Centromere; D008540:Meiosis; D008677:Metaphase; D011058:Pollen / Q000235:genetics