title: In vivo x-ray fluorescence measurements of cadmium and lead.
abstract: Information about the body burden of a metal is important in the evaluation of both exposure and risk. In vivo methods for determining cadmium and lead have become available in the last 20 years. Thus cadmium in kidney can be assessed by neutron activation or X-ray fluorescence analysis. The X-ray fluorescence technique allows kidney cadmium determinations even in subjects without occupational exposure. The level reflects the burden, long-term exposure, and the risk of toxic effects. Furthermore, in vivo determination of lead in finger bone, tibia, or calcaneus by X-ray fluorescence indicates long-term exposure and should become a valuable tool in epidemiologic studies, especially of chronic effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, Lund University, Malmö General Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Skerfving
mesh_terms: D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry*; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D007672:Kidney Cortex / Q000737:chemistry*; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead