title: Effects of behavioral psychophysiological treatment on schoolchildren with migraine in a nonclinical setting: predictors and process variables.
abstract: Evaluated the outcome of a combined behavioral therapy, comprising relaxation training, temperature biofeedback, and cognitive training, administered in a school setting, at posttreatment, and 7-month follow-up, on a group of schoolchildren with migraine. Comparison between the experimental group (n = 32) and the waiting-list control group (n = 9) showed a treatment effect on headache frequency and duration but not on intensity. Using a 50% reduction in the headache activity as a criterion for clinical improvement, 45% of the children in the experimental group were clinically improved at the end of the treatment. The treated subjects were found to have maintained significant improvement at follow-up. Sex, headache history, age, and psychosomatic complaints before the training emerged as predictors of outcome. A decrease in state anxiety and an increase in the ability to relax during the sessions contributed to headache improvement. Finally, the acquired capacity to raise one's finger temperature during the biofeedback sessions was related to headache reduction after the training.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychophysiology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Osterhaus
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Passchier
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van der Helm-Hylkema
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Orlebeke
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: de Grauw
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Dekker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001143:Arousal; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D012064:Relaxation Therapy; D012881:Skin Temperature