title: Subarachnoid morphine and fentanyl for labor analgesia. Efficacy and adverse effects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study was designed to compare analgesic efficacy and associated adverse effects between a group of parturients receiving subarachnoid opioids via the combined spinal-epidural (CSE) technique with a group receiving epidural analgesia alone for labor.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors studied 59 healthy parturients admitted for labor and delivery. Group 1 consisted of 26 consecutive patients who received the CSE technique, initially receiving subarachnoid morphine sulfate 0.25 mg, and fentanyl 25 micrograms, for labor analgesia. If patients requested additional analgesia, epidural analgesia was initiated. Group 2 was comprised of 33 consecutive patients who received conventional epidural analgesia. All patients were monitored for the occurrence and treatment of peripartum nausea and vomiting (N/V), pruritus, postdural puncture headache, and respiratory depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Additional analgesia was requested by 20/26 (76%) patients in group 1. Group 1 reported more N/V (50% versus 15%, P = .01) and required more therapy for N/V (31% versus 0%, P < .01) than group 2. Furthermore, group 1 reported having more pruritus (50% versus 3%, P < .01), and required more treatment for pruritus (35% versus 3%, P < .01), than group 2. No patient developed significant respiratory depression. Only one patient in group 1 developed a postdural puncture headache, following unintentional dural puncture with the 18 gauge Tuohy needle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of subarachnoid morphine 0.25 mg and fentanyl 25 micrograms, when used for labor analgesia as part of the CSE technique, was associated with a higher incidence of clinically significant nausea and vomiting and pruritus, compared to conventional epidural anesthesia. Furthermore, the combination of subarachnoid morphine and fentanyl proved ineffective in providing adequate pain relief for the duration of labor and delivery for the majority of patients. The authors recommend that subarachnoid morphine and fentanyl serve a limited role in the treatment of labor pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco 94143.
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Caldwell
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Shnider
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects; D016362:Analgesia, Obstetrical; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007743:Labor, Obstetric; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D013346:Subarachnoid Space
chemical_list: D009020:Morphine; D005283:Fentanyl