title: Evaluation of several adjuvants as alternatives to the use of Freund's adjuvant in rabbits.
abstract: In three experiments we evaluated several types of adjuvants as an alternative to Freund's adjuvant (FA). In the first experiment three adjuvant preparations (a water-in-oil emulsion (Specol), a combination preparation of monophosphoryl lipid A + trehalose dimycolate + cell wall skeleton and a non-ionic block polymer surfactant (TiterMax)) were evaluated. The adjuvants were combined with three different types of weak immunogenic antigens (synthetic peptide, glycolipid and particulate antigen) and administered following the intramuscular and subcutaneous route. The evaluation was based on clinical, pathological and immunological parameters. The animals did not appear to be severely or chronically impaired by the experiment. After injection of the RIBI adjuvant, side effects of the same severity as with FA were induced, while low antibody titers were produced. TiterMax caused few side effects, while antibody responses were very low. In comparing Specol and FA, Specol had far fewer adverse effects than FA. However, Specol had immunostimulating properties of the same level as FA. In the second experiment, the effect of injected volume of FA on side effects and antibody titer was studied. Immunization of rabbits with a total of 0.5 ml FA at different sites does not seem to increase the immune response when compared with the immune response seen after injection of 0.5 ml FA at one site. However side effects were seen in all the animals. In the third experiment, the side effects following intradermal (i.d.) injection of the adjuvants were studied. After i.d. injection of FA or RIBI, undesirable effects were found. No side effects occurred after i.d. injection of Specol or TiterMax. From the studies it is concluded that Specol is an alternative to FA for hyperactivation of the immune response in rabbits.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands.
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Leenaars
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Hendriksen
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Angulo
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Koedam
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Claassen
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000276:immunology; D000941:Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D017358:Cell Wall Skeleton / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D003311:Cord Factors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D007114:Immunization / Q000379:methods; D008050:Lipid A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008899:Mineral Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D011060:Poloxalene; D011136:Polysorbates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D011817:Rabbits; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000941:Antigens; D017358:Cell Wall Skeleton; D003311:Cord Factors; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D008050:Lipid A; D011136:Polysorbates; C075897:Ribi adjuvant; C077974:Specol; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; C086752:TiterMax; D008899:Mineral Oil; D011060:Poloxalene; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant