title: Relation between infection with Helicobacter pylori and living conditions in childhood: evidence for person to person transmission in early life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To relate the prevalence of infection with Helicobacter pylori in adults to their living conditions in childhood to identify risk factors for infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence study of IgG antibodies to H pylori (> 10 micrograms IgG/ml, determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)) and reported living conditions and other socioeconomic factors in childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three factories in Stoke on Trent.
  
  
  METHODS
  471 male volunteers aged 18 to 65 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seroprevalence and variables in childhood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seroprevalence of H pylori increased with age (22/74 (29.7%) at < 30 years v 29/46 (63%) at 55-65 years; P < 0.001 for trend) and was related to manual occupation (14/65 (21.5%) for non-manual v 162/406 (39.9%) for manual; P = 0.003). After data were adjusted for age and occupation subjects from large families, whose childhood homes were crowded or who regularly shared a bed in childhood, were significantly more likely to be seropositive (adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) 2.15 (1.41 to 3.30) for crowding and 2.13 (1.38 to 3.30) for sharing a bed), but there was no relation with possession of a bathroom, inside toilet, refrigerator, or household pets in childhood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Close person to person contact in childhood is an important determinant of seroprevalence of H pylori in adulthood, suggesting that the infection is transmitted directly from one person to another and may be commonly acquired in early life.
authors.affiliation: Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Greaves
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Newell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Elder
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Forman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis*; D003441:Crowding; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005192:Family Health; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000635:transmission; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000276:immunology*; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D007074:Immunoglobulin G