title: A distributional approach to characterizing low-dose cancer risk.
abstract: Since cancer risk at very low doses cannot be directly measured in humans or animals, mathematical extrapolation models and scientific judgment are required. This article demonstrates a probabilistic approach to carcinogen risk assessment that employs probability trees, subjective probabilities, and standard bootstrapping procedures. The probabilistic approach is applied to the carcinogenic risk of formaldehyde in environmental and occupational settings. Sensitivity analyses illustrate conditional estimates of risk for each path in the probability tree. Fundamental mechanistic uncertainties are characterized. A strength of the analysis is the explicit treatment of alternative beliefs about pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The resulting probability distributions on cancer risk are compared with the point estimates reported by federal agencies. Limitations of the approach are discussed as well as future research directions.
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Programs in Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sielken
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000145:classification; D003663:Decision Trees; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011336:Probability; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States; D014484:United States Environmental Protection Agency; D014489:United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens