title: Oral contraceptives and renal and retinal complications in young women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of oral contraceptives (OCs) as a possible risk factor for early diabetic renal and/or retinal complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university hospital diabetes clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-three diabetic women who used OCs for 1 year or longer (mean, 3.4 years; range, 1.0 to 7.0 years) were compared with a computer-matched control group of 43 diabetic women who never used OCs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hemoglobin A1c levels, albumin excretion rates, and mean retinopathy scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean +/- SEM age and duration of diabetes were 22.7 +/- 0.5 years (range, 17.1 to 30.5 years) and 13.8 +/- 0.8 years, respectively, for the study group. The mean longitudinal hemoglobin A1c values were similar for study subjects and control subjects. The final mean albumin excretion rates, reflecting diabetic renal damage, and the mean eye grades were not significantly different between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of OCs among young women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus does not pose an additional risk for the development of early diabetic retinopathy and/or nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Chase
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hoops
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D006801:Humans; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin