title: IL-1 and transforming growth factor-beta regulation of fibroblast-derived IL-11.
abstract: IL-11 and IL-6 are fibroblast-derived cytokines with overlapping biologic properties. To determine whether IL-11 and IL-6 are similarly regulated, we characterized the effects of rIL-1 and TGF-beta (beta 1 and beta 2) on human lung fibroblast IL-11 production and compared this regulation with that of IL-6. Unstimulated fibroblasts did not produce significant amounts of IL-11, whereas rIL-1 alpha and TGF-beta were dose-dependent stimulators of IL-11 protein production, mRNA accumulation, and gene transcription. rIL-1 alpha and TGF-beta also interacted in a synergistic fashion to further increase IL-11 protein production and mRNA accumulation. The effects of rIL-1 and TGF-beta individually were not altered by the cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase inhibitor HA1004, protein kinase C (PKC) inhibition with staurosporine, or chronic phorbol ester preincubation, or the calmodulin antagonists W7 and TFP. The effects of rIL-1 alpha and TGF-beta in combination were also unaltered by HA1004, staurosporine, and chronic phorbol ester exposure. A23187, however, did induce IL-11 mRNA accumulation and W7 and TFP did reverse the synergistic stimulation caused by rIL-1 and TGF-beta in combination. In contrast with the regulation of IL-11, TGF-beta did not effectively stimulate IL-6 mRNA accumulation, rIL-1 alpha was a more potent stimulator of IL-6 than IL-11 production, and rIL-1-induced IL-6 mRNA accumulation was augmented by W7 and TFP. These studies demonstrate that: 1) rIL-1, TGF-beta, and agents that increase intracellular calcium stimulate lung fibroblast IL-11; 2) the IL-11 stimulatory effects of rIL-1 and TGF-beta are, at least partially, transcriptionally mediated and are the result of signal transduction pathways that are largely PKC, cyclic nucleotide, and calmodulin independent; and 3) rIL-1 and TGF-beta interact in a synergistic fashion to further increase fibroblast IL-11 production and that this synergy is mediated by a largely PKC- and cyclic nucleotide-independent and calmodulin-dependent activation pathway. Importantly, they also demonstrate that rIL-1 and TGF-beta stimulate lung fibroblast IL-6 and IL-11 production via distinct and differentially regulatable activation pathways.
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Elias
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Whiting
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Trow
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Merrill
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zitnik
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Alderman
mesh_terms: D000001:Calcimycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017370:Interleukin-11 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010042:Ouabain / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D015290:Second Messenger Systems; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D017370:Interleukin-11; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D000001:Calcimycin; D010042:Ouabain; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate