title: Dystonia, hyperintense basal ganglia, and high whole blood manganese levels in Alagille's syndrome.
abstract: Hyperintensity of the globus pallidus on T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been reported in patients with chronic liver disease. This abnormality has been associated with the severity of liver disease and tremor, but its cause is unknown. Similar MRI signal abnormalities have been reported in experimental models of manganese neurotoxicity. This case report describes a child with Alagille's syndrome and end-stage liver disease who developed dystonia and tremor associated with an elevated whole blood manganese level and symmetric hyperintense globus pallidi and subthalamic nuclei on T1-weighted but not T2-weighted MRI. Liver transplantation was performed; 2 months later, neurological function was improved, manganese levels were normal, and the MRI signal abnormality had completely resolved. This child had neurological findings described in manganese neurotoxicity with compatible laboratory and radiological findings. Manganese is excreted by the liver in bile, and toxicity may have resulted from the inadequacy of this mechanism, subsequently corrected by liver transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center and Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Devenyi
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Barron
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Mamourian
mesh_terms: D016738:Alagille Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D004421:Dystonia / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008345:Manganese / Q000097:blood*; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D009498:Neurotoxins; D008345:Manganese