title: Distribution of metastatic lymph nodes in colorectal cancer by the modified clearing method.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to clarify the distribution of lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer. We also examined the relationship between the primary tumor (T) and the regional node (N) categories of the TNM (primary tumor, regional nodes, metastasis) classification.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lymph nodes of surgical specimens in 311 consecutive patients with colorectal cancer were studied using the modified clearing method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lymph node metastasis was seen in 59.2 percent of the total cases. The upward metastasis rate was 30.7 percent. In the longitudinal spread, most of the lymph node metastasis was seen within 10 cm. On the oral side in rectal cancer, there was no metastasis beyond 4 cm. The lateral metastasis rate in rectal cancer was 8.8 percent and in the lower rectum, the rate of cancer within 6 cm from the anal verge or beyond pT3 was much higher.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the TNM classification, there was no significant difference between colon and rectal cancer except pT1 with rectal cancer. In the lower rectal cancer within 6 cm from the anal verge or beyond pT3, there is a high risk of lateral metastasis, and lateral lymph node dissection or radiation therapy should be performed.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Surgery, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Morikawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yasutomi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shindou
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hida
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kitaoka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
mesh_terms: D001005:Anus Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000556:secondary; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000556:secondary*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D012811:Sigmoid Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000556:secondary