title: The spectrum of patients strongly influences the usefulness of diagnostic tests for pneumonia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the influence of the spectrum of patients on the usefulness of five clinical cues, "very annoying dyspnoea", "strong lateral chest pain", crackles, C-reactive protein analysis, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the diagnosis of pneumonia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Evaluating the diagnostic properties of the cues against radiographic pneumonia at four steps in the diagnostic process, associated with increasing prevalence of pneumonia: 1. in all the 581 patients included, 2. in 402 of these patients who underwent physical chest examination, 3. in 188 patients classified by the doctors as having a lower respiratory tract infection, and 4. in 79 patients referred for radiography by the doctors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The municipal emergency clinic in Tromsø, Norway.
  
  
  METHODS
  581 adult patients with respiratory tract infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sensitivity, specificity, Likelihood Ratio, and Positive predictive value.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A tendency of decreasing specificity and Likelihood Ratio with increasing prevalence of pneumonia was demonstrated for all test, except for C-reactive protein analysis. This tendency may be explained either by the emphasis laid on the tests by the doctors when selecting patients for the diagnostic steps, or by an association between the evaluated tests and those emphasized by the doctors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As the diagnostic value of symptoms and signs are strongly influenced by selection, caution should be shown when transferring diagnostic values from one clinical setting to another.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, Breivika, Norway.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Melbye
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Straume
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001314:Auscultation; D015982:Bias; D001799:Blood Sedimentation; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000209:etiology; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005194:Family Practice / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011859:Radiography; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000209:etiology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein