title: Phase I trial of doxorubicin with cyclosporine as a modulator of multidrug resistance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of cyclosporine (CsA), a modulator of multidrug resistance (MDR), on the pharmacokinetics and toxicities of doxorubicin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen patients with incurable malignancies entered this phase I trial. Initially patients received doxorubicin alone (60 or 75 mg/m2) as a 48-hour continuous intravenous (i.v.) infusion. Patients whose tumors did not respond received CsA as a 2-hour loading dose of 6 mg/kg and a 48-hour continuous infusion of 18 mg/kg/d with doxorubicin. Target CsA levels were 3,000 to 4,800 ng/mL (2.5 to 4.0 mumol/L). Doxorubicin doses were reduced to 40% of the prior dose without CsA, and then escalated until myelosuppression equivalent to that resulting from doxorubicin alone was observed. Doxorubicin pharmacokinetics were analyzed with and without CsA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen patients received both doxorubicin alone and the combination of doxorubicin and CsA. Mean CsA levels were more than 2,000 ng/mL for all cycles and more than 3,000 ng/mL for 68% of cycles. Dose escalation of doxorubicin with CsA was stopped at 60% of the doxorubicin alone dose, as four of five patients at this dose level had WBC nadirs equivalent to those seen with doxorubicin alone. Nonhematologic toxicities were mild. Reversible hyperbilirubinemia occurred in 68% of doxorubicin/CsA courses. The addition of CsA to doxorubicin increased grade 1 and 2 nausea (87% v 47%) and vomiting (50% v 10%) compared with doxorubicin alone. There was no significant nephrotoxicity. Paired pharmacokinetics were studied in 12 patients. The addition of CsA increased the dose-adjusted area under the curve (AUC) of doxorubicin by 55%, and of its metabolite doxorubicinol by 350%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CsA inhibits the clearance of both doxorubicin and doxorubicinol. Equivalent myelosuppression was observed when the dose of doxorubicin with CsA was 60% of the dose of doxorubicin without CsA. Understanding these pharmacokinetic interactions is essential for the design and interpretation of clinical trials of MDR modulation, and should be studied with more potent MDR modulators.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA.
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Bartlett
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Lum
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Brophy
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Ehsan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Halsey
authors.forename: B I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Sikic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004317:Doxorubicin; D016572:Cyclosporine; C010013:adriamycinol