title: Prevalence of affective disorder in the child and adolescent offspring of a single kindred: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study determined the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among the child and adolescent offspring of an extended family identified through a proband with bipolar affective disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  All of the not mentally retarded offspring (ages 6 to 17 years) of a single extended bipolar affective disorder pedigree were studied. Data regarding psychiatric diagnoses, intelligence, school achievement, temperament, and family functioning were collected using structured and standardized instruments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When the child and adolescent offspring were stratified by degree of genetic relationship to an adult with an affective disorder, there were no differences in demographic variables, IQ, school achievement, or most temperamental and family characteristics. In contrast, there were increases in the rates of affective disorders and disruptive behavior disorders in the offspring that correlated with the degree of genetic relationship to an affected adult.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of developing an early onset affective disorder is correlated with the degree of genetic relatedness to affected adults in this single, extended family. This pilot study demonstrates that the inclusion of extended relatives in high-risk studies can enhance the discrimination of genetic and environmental contributions to the development of affective disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Todd
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Reich
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reich
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010375:Pedigree; D010553:Personality Development; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012307:Risk Factors; D012931:Social Environment