title: Identification of main risk factors for tubal infertility.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relationship between some reproductive variables and infertility caused by tubal obstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective, case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A tertiary care university hospital that is a referral center for infertility patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were interviewed between March 1990 and December 1991. Cases were 215 consecutively recruited infertile women with either evidence of tubal obstruction found at laparoscopy or hydrosalpinx diagnosed by hysterosalpingography. Women with a history of surgical sterilization were excluded. Controls, selected in the same hospital, were women in the puerperium who had no history of infertility. Two controls were matched by age at the time of tubal obstruction diagnosis to each case.
  
  
  RESULTS
  History of pelvic surgery and use of alcohol were significantly associated with the risk of infertility caused by tubal obstruction. The use of barrier, oral, and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) contraceptives was associated with a protective effect. When only women with secondary infertility were analyzed, history of pelvic surgery and number of lifetime sexual partners were significant risk factors, and the previous use of oral contraceptives was the only protective factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  History of pelvic surgery was the most important risk factor for tubal infertility. All precautions must be taken to avoid infection and adhesion formation when pelvic surgery is performed. In addition, women can be protected from tubal infertility by using barrier, oral, or MPA contraceptive methods.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Pesquisas e Controle das Doencas Materno-Infantis, Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bahamondes
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Bueno
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vera
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pimentel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D005184:Fallopian Tube Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000209:etiology; D010388:Pelvis / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012747:Sexual Partners
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral