title: Health insurance status and ambulatory care for children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many children in the United States lack health insurance. We tested the hypothesis that these children are less likely than children with insurance to visit a physician when they have specific conditions for which care is considered to be indicated.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the association between whether children were covered by health insurance and whether they received medical attention from a physician for pharyngitis, acute earache, recurrent ear infections, or asthma. Data were obtained on the subsample of 7578 children and adolescents 1 through 17 years of age who were included in the 1987 National Medical Expenditures Survey, a national probability sample of the civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Uninsured children were more likely than children with health insurance to receive no care from a physician for all four conditions (unadjusted odds ratios, 2.38 for pharyngitis; 2.04 for acute earache; 2.84 for recurrent ear infections; and 1.87 for asthma). Multiple logistic-regression analysis was subsequently used to control for age, sex, family size, race or ethnic group, region of the country, place of residence (rural vs. urban), and household income. After adjustment for these factors, uninsured children remained significantly more likely than insured children to go without a visit to a physician for pharyngitis (adjusted odds ratio, 1.72; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.11 to 2.68), acute earache (1.85; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.15 to 2.99), recurrent ear infections (2.12; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.28 to 3.51), and asthma (1.72; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.05 to 2.83).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As compared with children with health insurance, children who lack health insurance are less likely to receive medical care from a physician when it seems reasonably indicated and are therefore at risk for substantial avoidable morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison 53792-4116.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Stoddard
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: St Peter
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Newacheck
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001249:Asthma / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004427:Ear Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy; D004433:Earache / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D017057:Medically Uninsured / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010612:Pharyngitis / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy; D014481:United States