title: Visualization of flow by vector analysis of multidirectional cine MR velocity mapping.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We describe a noninvasive method for visualization of flow and demonstrate its application in a flow phantom and in the great vessels of healthy volunteers and patients with aortic and pulmonary arterial disease. The technique uses multidirectional MR velocity mapping acquired in selected planes. Maps of orthogonal velocity components were then processed into a graphic form immediately recognizable as flow.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cine MR velocity maps of orthogonal velocity components in selected planes were acquired in a flow phantom, 10 healthy volunteers, and 13 patients with dilated great vessels. Velocities were presented by multiple computer-generated streaks whose orientation, length, and movement corresponded to velocity vectors in the chosen plane.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The velocity vector maps allowed visualization of complex patterns of primary and secondary flow in the thoracic aorta and pulmonary arteries. The technique revealed coherent, helical forward blood movements in the normal thoracic aorta during midsystole and a reverse flow during early diastole. Abnormal flow patterns with secondary vortices were seen in patients with dilated arteries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The potential of MR velocity vector mapping for in vitro and in vivo visualization of flow patterns is demonstrated. Although this study was limited to two-directional flow in a single anatomical plane, the method provides information that might advance our understanding of the human vascular system in health and disease. Further developments to reduce the acquisition time and the handling and presenting of three-directional velocity data are required to enhance the capability of this method.
authors.affiliation: Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton National Heart and Lung Hospital, London, England.
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Mohiaddin
authors.forename: G Z
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kilner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001011:Aorta / Q000503:physiopathology; D017545:Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic / Q000503:physiopathology; D001017:Aortic Coarctation / Q000503:physiopathology; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000503:physiopathology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008961:Models, Structural; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000503:physiopathology