title: Tailored low-dose fluoroscopic voiding cystourethrography for the reevaluation of vesicoureteral reflux in girls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Radionuclide voiding cystography is generally advocated for the reevaluation of proved vesicoureteral reflux. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of tailored low-dose fluoroscopic voiding cystourethrography for this purpose.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five girls (2 years 9 months to 19 years 7 months old; mean, 7.4 years) who had proved reflux were examined with tailored low-dose voiding cystourethrography. The technique used a low-dose fluoroscopic system and a computer-based video frame grabber that produced frame-averaged digital video fluoroscopic hard copies. A tailored voiding cystourethrographic protocol was designed to minimize ovarian radiation dose. Digital images were compared with standard 105-mm spot films in a similar group of 25 children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The tailored low-dose fluoroscopic technique produced diagnostically adequate images in all patients that were comparable in quality to standard spot films. The ovarian dose was 1.7-5.2 mrad (0.017-0.052 mGy) with a mean of 2.9 mrad (0.029 mGy). This compared favorably with the lowest reported doses with the radionuclide technique.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tailored low-dose fluoroscopic voiding cystourethrography is an attractive and practical alternative to the radionuclide technique in girls with proved vesicoureteral reflux.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01655.
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Kleinman
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Diamond
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karellas
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Spevak
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nimkin
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Belanger
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D010053:Ovary / Q000528:radiation effects; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods; D014521:Urethra / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014554:Urination; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*