title: Birth weight and non-insulin dependent diabetes: thrifty genotype, thrifty phenotype, or surviving small baby genotype?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of diabetes in relation to birth weight in Pima Indians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Follow up study of infants born during 1940-72 who had undergone a glucose tolerance test at ages 20-39 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gila River Indian community, Arizona.
  
  
  METHODS
  1179 American Indians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (plasma glucose concentration > or = 11.1 mmol/l two hours after ingestion of carbohydrate).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence was greatest in those with the lowest and highest birth weights. The age adjusted prevalences for birth weights < 2500 g, 2500-4499 g, and > or = 4500 g were 30%, 17%, and 32%, respectively. When age, sex, body mass index, maternal diabetes during pregnancy, and birth year were controlled for, subjects with birth weights < 2500 g had a higher rate than those with weights 2500-4499 g (odds ratio 3.81; 95% confidence interval 1.70 to 8.52). The risk for subsequent diabetes among higher birthweight infants (> or = 4500 g) was associated with maternal diabetes during pregnancy. Most diabetes, however, occurred in subjects with intermediate birth weights (2500-4500 g).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relation of the prevalence of diabetes to birth weight in the Pima Indians is U shaped and is related to parental diabetes. Low birth weight is associated with non-insulin dependent diabetes. Given the high mortality of low birthweight infants selective survival in infancy of those genetically predisposed to insulin resistance and diabetes provides an explanation for the observed relation between low birth weight and diabetes and the high prevalence of diabetes in many populations.
authors.affiliation: Diabetics and Arthritis Epidemiology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona 85014.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: McCance
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Pettitt
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: L T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Jacobsson
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Knowler
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001130:Arizona / Q000453:epidemiology; D001724:Birth Weight; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors