title: Concerns with low-level ionizing radiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the effects of ionizing radiation and to dispel fear associated with the use of radioactivity in medical diagnosis and therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies of populations in geographic areas of increased cosmic radiation and high natural background radiation, radiation-exposed workers, patients with medical exposure to radioactivity, and accidental exposure are reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No reproducible evidence shows harmful effects associated with increases in background radiation of 3 to 10 times the usual levels. American military personnel who participated in nuclear testing had no increase in leukemia or other cancers. Among 22,000 patients with hyperthyroidism treated with 131I (mean dose, 10 rem), no increased incidence of leukemia was found in comparison with 14,000 similar patients who received other treatment. A 20-year follow-up of 35,000 patients who underwent 131I uptake tests for evaluation of thyroid function revealed that those studied for other than a suspected tumor had only 60% of the thyroid cancers expected in a control group. Although early studies showed that high exposures to miners to radon and its daughters resulted in a substantial increase in lung cancer, no evidence exists for an increase in lung cancer among nonsmokers exposed to increased radon levels in the home.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perhaps the association of radiation with the atomic bomb has created a climate of fear about the possible dangers of radiation at any level; however, no evidence indicates that current radiation exposures associated with medical usage are harmful.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Yalow
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational; D001417:Background Radiation; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006801:Humans; D009688:Nuclear Reactors; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011830:Radiation Effects; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000009:adverse effects; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D011886:Radon; D014455:Ukraine
chemical_list: D011868:Radioisotopes; D011886:Radon