title: The ovine fetal sympathoadrenal response to the maternal administration of methamphetamine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized that maternally administered methamphetamine would alter fetal sympathoadrenal activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six chronically catheterized near-term pregnant ewes received an intravenous bolus injection of methamphetamine (1.25 mg/kg). Maternal and fetal arterial blood gas values, glucose, insulin, lactate, and catecholamines were measured in the control period and at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes after methamphetamine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fetal PO2 decreased from 21.4 +/- 1.9 mm Hg at control measurement to 15.3 +/- 3.3 mm Hg after 60 minutes (p < 0.05). Fetal pH declined from 7.35 +/- 0.014 at control to 7.29 +/- 0.024 after 180 minutes. Fetal plasma glucose rose from 15.3 +/- 2.4 mg/dl at control to peak at 51.2 +/- 6.8 mg/dl at 120 minutes. Insulin levels increased from a control of 40.5 +/- 8.06 to a peak of 128 +/- 46 microIU/ml at 180 minutes (p < 0.05). Lactate levels increased from a baseline of 33.5 +/- 2.0 mg/dl to 92.3 +/- 22.8 mg/dl at 180 minutes. Fetal catecholamines rose from a baseline of 153 +/- 20.2 pg/ml for epinephrine and 226 +/- 18.5 pg/ml for norepinephrine to maximum values of 518 +/- 87.3 and 661 +/- 59.3 pg/ml at 15 minutes (p < 0.05), declining thereafter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal administration of methamphetamine is associated with a short-term increase in circulating fetal catecholamines followed by hyperglycemia, lactacidemia, and hyperinsulinemia. These findings suggest that the alteration of fetal sympathoadrenal activity may contribute to the various perinatal complications associated with methamphetamine use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Texas Medical School at Houston.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Dickinson
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Andres
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Parisi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006340:Heart Rate, Fetal / Q000187:drug effects*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007773:Lactates / Q000097:blood; D019344:Lactic Acid; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D007773:Lactates; D019344:Lactic Acid; D008694:Methamphetamine; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine