title: Use of antifungal therapy in hospitalized patients. II. Results after the marketing of fluconazole.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prescribing patterns of antifungal agents in the hospital setting after the introduction of fluconazole, a new broad-spectrum bis-triazole antifungal agent. Also compared are the prescribing patterns of antifungal agents prior to (phase I) and following (phase II) fluconazole marketing.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort of hospitalized patients prescribed topical or systemic antifungal agents. Data were collected from December 1990 to April 1991.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-seven hospitals ranging in size from 100 to more than 500 beds. Sixty-three percent are affiliated with medical schools.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participating pharmacists consecutively identified 15 patients receiving systemic antifungal therapy and 5 patients receiving topical antifungal therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational data on patient antifungal therapy, risk factors for fungal infections, comorbidities, concurrent medications, and culture data were collected.
  
  
  METHODS
  Differences in prescribing patterns before and after the marketing of fluconazole were assessed using t-tests and chi-square tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 818 patients studied, 615 (75.2 percent) received systemic antifungal therapy. Five hundred forty-six patients received a single antifungal agent; 348 (63.7 percent) received fluconazole, 105 (19.2 percent) received ketoconazole, 92 (16.8 percent) received amphotericin B, and 1 (0.2 percent) received flucytosine. Sixty-nine patients received two or more systemic agents either concurrently or consecutively. The use of parenteral amphotericin B, alone or in combination with flucytosine and/or an azole, declined from 56.8 percent in the phase I study to 24.2 percent in the current study. The use of parenteral therapy also declined from 56.8 to 40.2 percent. Ketoconazole was used in more than 90 percent of the oral and esophageal infections in the phase I study, but its use declined to only 33 percent in this study. Fluconazole was used most frequently across all sites of presumed or documented infections, with the exception of fungemia. Of the presumed or proven systemic or blood infections, amphotericin B was used alone or in combination in 48.4 percent of the patients and fluconazole was used exclusively in 39.0 percent of the patients. Fluconazole was used more often than amphotericin B (22 vs. 3 patients, respectively) for prophylaxis of systemic infections. The overall use of antifungal prophylaxis also increased from the phase I (9.5 percent) to phase II (13.7 percent).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The introduction of fluconazole had a major impact on the prescribing patterns of antifungal therapy. Although amphotericin B remained the preferred agent for treatment of suspected or proven systemic, central nervous system, or blood infections, use of fluconazole for these indications approached nearly 40 percent. Further studies are needed to address the role of fluconazole in the prophylaxis and treatment of systemic mycoses.
authors.affiliation: Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research, State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo.
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Grasela
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Pasko
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Goodwin
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Walawander
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Blackwelder
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Bruder-Holt
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006761:Hospitals / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D009181:Mycoses / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010595:Pharmacists; D011358:Product Surveillance, Postmarketing; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D015725:Fluconazole