title: Esophageal dysfunction as a cause of angina pectoris ("linked angina"): does it exist?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The differentiation between cardiac and esophageal causes of retrosternal chest pain is notoriously difficult. Theoretically, cardiac and esophageal causes may coexist. It has also been reported that gastroesophageal reflux and esophageal motor abnormalities may elicit myocardial ischemia and chest pain, a phenomenon called linked angina pectoris. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of esophageal abnormalities as a cause of retrosternal chest pain in patients with previously documented coronary artery disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty consecutive patients were studied, all of whom had undergone coronary arteriography. The patients were studied after they were admitted to the coronary care unit with an attack of typical chest pain. On electrocardiograms (ECGs) taken during pain, 15 patients (group I) had new signs of ischemia; the other 15 patients (group II) did not. In none of the patients were cardiac enzymes elevated. As soon as possible, but within 2 hours after admission, combined 24-hour recording of esophageal pressure and pH was performed. During chest pain, 12-lead ECG recording was carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In group I, all 15 patients experienced one or more pain episodes during admission, 25 of which were associated with ischemic electrocardiographic changes. The other two episodes were reflux-related. Only one of the 25 ischemia-associated pain episodes was also reflux-related, ie, it was preceded by a reflux episode. In group II, 19 chest pain episodes occurred in 11 patients. None of these was associated with electrocardiographic changes, but 8 were associated with reflux (42%) and 8 with abnormal esophageal motility (42%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Linked angina is a rare phenomenon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, St. Elisabeth of Groote Gasthuis, Haarlem, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dekker
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: van Berg Henegouwen
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Smout
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000209:etiology*; D015154:Esophageal Motility Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013223:Statistics as Topic