Distinct effects of glutathione disulphide on the nuclear transcription factor kappa B and the activator protein-1.
Oxidative conditions potentiate the activation of the nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF kappa B) and the activator protein-1 (AP-1) in intact cells, but inhibit their DNA binding activity in vitro. We now show that both the activation of NF kappa B and the inhibition of its DNA binding activity is modulated in intact cells by the physiological oxidant glutathione disulphide (GSSG). NF kappa B activation in human T lineage cells (Molt-4) by 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate was inhibited by dithiothreitol, and this was partly reversed by the glutathione reductase inhibitor 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) or by hydrogen peroxide, indicating that GSSG may be required for NF kappa B activation. These effects of BCNU and hydrogen peroxide were not seen in glutathione-depleted cells. However, NF kappa B and AP-1 activation were potentiated by dithiothreitol if added to cell cultures 1 h after the phorbol ester, indicating that a shift of redox conditions may support optimal oxidative activation with minimal inhibition of DNA binding. The elevation of intracellular GSSG levels by BCNU before stimulation suppressed the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase expression dependent on NF kappa B but increased that dependent on AP-1. This selective suppression of NF kappa B was also demonstrable by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. In vitro, GSSG inhibited the DNA binding activity of NF kappa B more effectively than that of AP-1, while AP-1 was inhibited more effectively by oxidized thioredoxin.
Galter
D
D
Division of Immunochemistry, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany.
Mihm
S
S
Dröge
W
W
D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001483:Base Sequence; D002330:Carmustine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D015778:Minor Histocompatibility Antigens; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051818:Replication Protein C; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D013859:Thiocarbamates / Q000494:pharmacology; D013879:Thioredoxins / Q000494:pharmacology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects
D000975:Antioxidants; C096816:BCL2-related protein A1; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C096063:MATA1 protein, S cerevisiae; D015778:Minor Histocompatibility Antigens; D016328:NF-kappa B; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D013859:Thiocarbamates; C020972:pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid; D013879:Thioredoxins; D004247:DNA; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase; D051818:Replication Protein C; D005978:Glutathione; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D002330:Carmustine; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide