title: Melanocyte-specific gene expression: role of repression and identification of a melanocyte-specific factor, MSF.
abstract: For a gene to be transcribed in a tissue-specific fashion, expression must be achieved in the appropriate cell type and also be prevented in other tissues. As an approach to understanding the regulation of tissue-specific gene expression, we have analyzed the requirements for melanocyte-specific expression of the tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP-1) promoter. Positive regulation of TRP-1 expression is mediated by both an octamer-binding motif and an 11-bp element, termed the M box, which is conserved between the TRP-1 and other melanocyte-specific promoters. We show here that, consistent with its ability to activate transcription in a non-tissue-specific fashion, the M box binds the basic-helix-loop-helix factor USF in vitro. With the use of a combination of site-directed mutagenesis and chimeric promoter constructs, additional elements involved in regulating TRP-1 expression were identified. These include the TATA region, which appears to contribute to the melanocyte specificity of the TRP-1 promoter. Mutational analysis also identified two repressor elements, one at the start site, the other located at -240, which function both in melanoma and nonmelanoma cells. In addition, a melanocyte-specific factor, MSF, binds to sites which overlap both repressor elements, with substitution mutations demonstrating that binding by MSF is not required for repression. Although a functional role for MSF has not been unequivocally determined, the location of its binding sites leads us to speculate that it may act as a melanocyte-specific antirepressor during transcription of the endogenous TRP-1 gene.
authors.affiliation: Eukaryotic Transcription Laboratory, Marie Curie Research Institute, Oxted, Surrey, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Yavuzer
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Goding
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D008544:Melanocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes; D011506:Proteins; D010088:Oxidoreductases; C489799:TYRP1 protein, human; C079621:Tyrp1 protein, mouse; C064056:tyrosinase-related protein-1; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase