title: Manic-depressive (bipolar) disorder: the course in light of a prospective ten-year follow-up of 131 patients.
abstract: For a five-year period, 131 bipolar patients were followed every 6 months; for the next 5 years, they were followed yearly. Each patient was interviewed in a systematic way that gave information about episodes, hospitalizations, cycle lengths and the presence of alcoholism. Women and men were not significantly different in the number of follow-up manic or depressive episodes or hospitalizations. Chronicity from index episode to the end of the 10-year follow-up was uncommon (4%). Alcoholism, which was common in these patients, showed a great diminution at the end of 10 years. Contrary to expectation, cycle lengths showed no systematic decrease in length over the follow-up. In this naturalistic study, treatment intensity was not related to decreasing episodes or to changes in cycle length. The number of episodes in the first 5 years of follow-up was not correlated with the number of episodes in the last 5 years. Cycle lengths in the first 5 years of follow-up were similar in length to the last 5 years of follow-up. A family history of mania in these bipolar patients was associated with more episodes in follow-up than if such a family history were absent. The patients whose alcoholism predated the onset of their affective illness were less likely to have episodes in the follow-up than the patients in whom affective illness predated the onset of the alcoholism.
authors.affiliation: US National Institute of Mental Health, Collaborative Program on Psychobiology of Depression, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Winokur
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Coryell
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Akiskal
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Endicott
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mueller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000534:rehabilitation; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010359:Patient Readmission; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors