title: Lupus nephritis: an analysis of 70 cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The influence of renal morphology and clinical factors at biopsy on the development of renal failure in patients with lupus nephritis remain controversial. We investigated the relation between renal histologic finding and clinical manifestations, and evaluated prognostic factors and short-term prognosis among patients with lupus nephritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy patients with lupus nephritis were enrolled in the study from 1982 to 1992 at the Tri-Service General Hospital. Renal biopsy specimens from these patients were assessed according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification, activity and chronicity indices, and clinical parameters. Survival was analyzed by using the day of renal biopsy as the starting point. The end point of renal survival was the date when patient started to receive regular hemodialysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In pathological finding, one patient was grouped as Class I (1.4%); 14, as Class II (20%); 15, as Class III (21.4%); 29, as Class IV (41.4%); 9, as Class V (12.9%), and 2, as Class VI (2.9%). The scores of activity indices were highest in Class IV. The blood levels of C3 and C4 in Class V were significantly higher than Class IV. The values of BUN and 24-hour urine protein in Class II were significant lower than Class IV. Patients who progressed to renal failure had significantly higher numbers of death, higher serum creatinine and chronicity index, less creatinine clearance, and higher numbers of hypertension at the time of biopsy. Nephrotic syndrome was not associated with renal failure. Patient and renal survivals did not differ among WHO classifications. The patient and renal survivals were 84%, 60% and 85%, 72% at one and five years, respectively. Seventeen patients (24.2%) progressed to end-stage renal disease and 21 patients (30%) died during the study period. The leading causes of death were sepsis and renal failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  WHO classification had little correlation with clinical and renal information. At the time of biopsy the elevated serum creatinine and hypertension were good predictors for end-stage renal disease. Poor patient and renal survivals were found in this study.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology-Immunology-Allergy, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Shieh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology*; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000145:classification / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D015996:Survival Rate