title: The effects of disease progression and zidovudine therapy on semen quality in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seropositive men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of disease progression and zidovudine antiretroviral therapy on semen parameters in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) seropositive men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis of semen parameters of 166 HIV-1 seropositive men in various stages of disease progression as defined by peripheral CD4+ cell count. Clinical symptoms and zidovudine therapy status were obtained from medical records and clinical interviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seropositive men participating in clinical studies at the Fenway Community Health Center (Boston, MA), the University of San Francisco (San Francisco, CA), and Brown University (Providence, RI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ejaculate volume; sperm concentration, motility, forward progression, morphology, total sperm count; seminal immature germ cell; and white blood cell (WBC) concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seropositive men that were not on zidovudine therapy and were in early disease stage (> 200 CD4+ cells/mm3) had normal semen parameters as defined by World Health Organization criteria. In contrast untreated men in advanced disease stage (< or = 200 CD4+ cells/mm3) had significant reductions in sperm concentration and total sperm count and an increased percentage of abnormal sperm forms. Men receiving zidovudine antiretroviral therapy, regardless of disease stage, had normal semen parameters similar to those of untreated early disease stage patients. Seminal WBC concentrations were not affected significantly by disease progression but were reduced in patients receiving zidovudine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most HIV-1-infected men in this study had semen parameters consistent with fertility. Disease progression was associated with reduced semen quality, but this effect appeared to be abrogated by zidovudine therapy. Zidovudine was also associated with a significant reduction of WBC numbers in semen. As seminal WBC are principal HIV-1 host cells in ejaculates of HIV-1-infected men, this effect could explain recent laboratory and epidemiological evidence that zidovudine therapy is associated with a reduced prevalence of HIV-1 in semen and a lower rate of sexual transmission.
authors.affiliation: Fearing Research Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Politch
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012661:Semen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013076:Sperm Count / Q000187:drug effects; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D015215:Zidovudine