title: Simple electromyographic biofeedback treatment for chronic pediatric constipation/encopresis: preliminary report.
abstract: Pediatric constipation/encopresis is thought to be due, in part, to paradoxical constriction of the external anal sphincter (EAS) muscle during attempted defecation. This inappropriate contraction can lead to delayed, impacted, painful, and infrequent bowel movements. Standard Medical Care (SMC) involves disimpaction with enemas, followed by laxative therapy and diet modification, to maintain frequent soft stools. Using the case control method, the efficacy of SMC alone was compared with SMC plus EAS electromyographic biofeedback aimed at eliminating paradoxical contraction. Thirteen consecutive chronically constipated children received SMC plus biofeedback, and were compared with 13 age- and sex-matched children who received only SMC. Biofeedback subjects demonstrated post-treatment elimination of EAS paradoxical constriction. At 16 months follow-up parents of biofeedback children reported significantly greater improvement in constipation, encopresis, laxative use, and painful bowel movements compared to SMC.
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Medicine Center, Blue Ridge Hospital, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22901.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sutphen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Borowitz
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Dickens
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Singles
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Whitehead
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000502:physiology; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003248:Constipation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D004576:Electromyography; D004688:Encopresis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male