title: Ultrasound in squamous cell carcinoma of the penis; a useful addition to clinical staging? A comparison of ultrasound with histopathology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As part of the staging procedure in squamous cell carcinoma of the penis, we assessed the role of ultrasound examination, in particular its role in assessing the extent and the invasion into the corpora.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1988 until 1992, all patients referred for primary treatment underwent ultrasound assessment with a 7.5 MHz linear array small parts transducer as part of the clinical workup. All ultrasound images were reviewed by one radiologist, without knowledge of the clinical outcome and were compared with the results obtained at histopathologic examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 16 patients the primary tumor and in 1 patient a recurrent cancer after primary therapy were examined. All tumors were identified as hypoechoic lesions. Ultrasound examination in the region of the glans was not able to differentiate between invasion of the subepithelial tissue and invasion into the corpus spongiosum, but absence or presence of invasion into the tunica albuginea of the corpus cavernosum was clearly demonstrated. Accurate measurement by ultrasound of maximum tumor thickness was seen in seven of sixteen examinations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While ultrasound examination is inexpensive and easily done, it is not accurate enough for staging small penile cancers located at the glans penis. However, for larger tumors ultrasound can be a useful addition to physical examination by delineating reliably the anatomic relations of the tumor to structures such as the tunica albuginea, corpus cavernosum, and urethra.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoekhuis, Amsterdam.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Horenblas
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kröger
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Gallee
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Newling
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Tinteren
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010412:Penile Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D010413:Penis / Q000473:pathology*; D014463:Ultrasonography