title: Determination of the urinary metabolites of styrene: estimation of the method evaluation function and evaluation of reference values in Danish subjects.
abstract: A European study on styrene exposure was initiated in 1989 to evaluate the health effects of environmental and occupational exposure. A part of this study included the development of an analytical method for use in a biological monitoring program. The urinary metabolites of styrene, mandelic acid (MA) and phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA) were quantitated by a direct and convenient high-performance liquid chromatography method. Urine samples were diluted with eluent and analysed by HPLC with a C8 reversed-phase column and a buffer to acetonitrile (9:1) eluent with a counterion added. The detector used was a variable UV detector and the wavelength was lambda = 210 nm. The method was statistically evaluated by a method evaluation demonstrating no systematic error. The uncertainty was 23.8 mumol/l and 11.5 mumol/l for MA and PGA, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) of MA is 71.4 mumol/l and the LOD of PGA is 34.5 mumol/l, sufficiently low for the measurement of styrene exposure at a low exposure level. The present study indicates that reference values for MA and PGA are low. The fraction of reference values below LOD was 0.80 for MA and 0.66 for PGA; consequently, the reference values were described by a non-parametric one-sided tolerance interval. The 95% one-sided upper tolerance limits calculated for MA and PGA were 31.0 mumol/mmol creatinine and 20.1 mumol/mmol creatinine, respectively, with the coverage 0.95 +/- 0.045 for both metabolites. The method has been used for biological monitoring in several studies of environmentally and occupationally exposed subjects in concentrations up to 200 mumol/mmol creatinine for MA and 150 mumol/mmol creatinine for PGA.
authors.affiliation: Danish National Institute of Occupational Health, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Copenhagen.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Mürer
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Midtgaard
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006038:Glyoxylates / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D008333:Mandelic Acids / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012016:Reference Values; D020058:Styrene; D013343:Styrenes / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D006038:Glyoxylates; D008333:Mandelic Acids; D013343:Styrenes; C012482:phenylglyoxylic acid; D020058:Styrene; C037938:mandelic acid