title: Integrated care for diabetes: clinical, psychosocial, and economic evaluation. Diabetes Integrated Care Evaluation Team.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate integrated care for diabetes in clinical, psychosocial, and economic terms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pragmatic randomised trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital diabetic clinic and three general practice groups in Grampian.
  
  
  METHODS
  274 adult diabetic patients attending a hospital clinic and registered with one of three general practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Random allocation to conventional hospital clinic care or integrated care. Integrated care patients seen in general practice every three or four months and in the hospital clinic annually. General practitioners were given written guidelines for integrated care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Metabolic control, psychosocial status, knowledge of diabetes, beliefs about control of diabetes, satisfaction with treatment, disruption of normal activities, numbers of consultations and admissions, frequency of metabolic monitoring, costs to patients and NHS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A higher proportion of patients defaulted from conventional care (14 (10%)) than from integrated care (4 (3%), 95% confidence interval of difference 2% to 13%). After two years no significant differences were found between the groups in metabolic control, psychosocial status, knowledge, beliefs about control, satisfaction with treatment, unscheduled admissions, or disruption of normal activities. Integrated care was as effective for insulin dependent as non-insulin dependent patients. Patients in integrated care had more visits and higher frequencies of examination. Costs to patients were lower in integrated care (mean 1.70 pounds) than in conventional care (8 pounds). 88% of patients who experienced integrated care wished to continue with it.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This model of integrated care for diabetes was at least as effective as conventional hospital clinic care.
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D005194:Family Practice / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010348:Patient Care Team