title: Prospective study on the occurrence of withdrawal in critically ill children who receive fentanyl by continuous infusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the occurrence of narcotic withdrawal in critically ill children who receive continuous infusions of fentanyl.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university hospital pediatric intensive care unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three children, aged 1 wk to 22 months (mean 6 months), who required assisted mechanical ventilation and who received continuous infusions of fentanyl for > 24 hrs.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total fentanyl dose received, length of infusion, and peak infusion rate were recorded. Patients were evaluated for narcotic withdrawal by the Neonatal Abstinence Scoring System of Finnegan. Children with scores of > or = 8 were considered to have narcotic withdrawal. Withdrawal was observed in 13 (57%) of 23 infants. Total fentanyl dose (2.96 +/- 4.10 vs. 0.53 +/- 0.37 mg/kg, p < .005) and length of fentanyl infusion (13.1 +/- 11.3 vs. 3.8 +/- 1.5 days, p < .0001) were significantly greater in those infants with narcotic withdrawal than in those infants with no withdrawal, respectively. Peak fentanyl infusion rate (9.9 +/- 7.8 vs. 9.2 +/- 4.4 micrograms/kg/hr) did not differ significantly between the two groups. A total fentanyl dose of > 2.5 mg/kg or a duration of infusion of > 9 days was 100% predictive of withdrawal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Continuous infusions of fentanyl produce a high occurrence rate of narcotic withdrawal when administered to critically ill children. This effect is both dose- and duration-dependent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, College of Pharmacy and School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque 87107.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hsi
mesh_terms: D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D016638:Critical Illness; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005283:Fentanyl