title: Acoustic-reflex responses in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) are especially susceptible to microangiopathic complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy. Microangiopathic changes are also the most important findings in histopathologic studies of the inner ear and central nervous systems in diabetic subjects. No previous studies have measured acoustic-reflex latencies (ARL) or amplitudes (ARA) in patients with IDDM. ARL and ARA reflect the function of the acoustic-reflex arch. Furthermore, possible changes in the tympanic membrane, ossicular chain, and stapedius muscle may affect the shape of acoustic-reflex.
  
  
  METHODS
  Acoustic-reflex thresholds, latencies, and amplitudes were studied in 53 patients with IDDM and 42 randomly selected nondiabetic control subjects, aged between 20 and 40 years, using the Madsen Model ZO 73 Impedance Bridge (Madsen Electronics, Copenhagen, Denmark). Subjects with an abnormal tympanic membrane, conductive hearing loss, and known cause for hearing impairment eg, noise damage, were excluded from the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no differences between control and diabetic subjects in the contralateral acoustic-reflex thresholds. In contrast, patients with IDDM had longer ARLs and decreased ARAs compared with those of control subjects. ARA amplitude had linear correlation with the amplitude of tympanogram, whereas ARL had no linear correlation with auditory brainstem latencies in the same study subjects. Acoustic-reflex responses in insulin-dependent diabetic patients were not associated with the duration of diabetes, metabolic control, microangiopathy, or neuropathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prolonged ARLs and decreased ARAs in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes are probably caused more by the stiff middle ear system than disturbances in the brainstem.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Virtaniemi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laakso
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nuutinen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karjalainen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vartiainen
mesh_terms: D000158:Acoustic Impedance Tests; D000328:Adult; D001309:Auditory Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000503:physiopathology; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000503:physiopathology; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012022:Reflex, Acoustic / Q000502:physiology*; D012026:Reflex, Stretch / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin