title: Biodegradable microspheres as controlled-release tetanus toxoid delivery systems.
abstract: Purified tetanus toxoid, a high-molecular-weight protein, was entrapped within poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(D,L-lactic/glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres prepared by either a solvent extraction or a solvent evaporation method carried out in a multiple emulsion system (water-in-oil-in-water). The physical integrity and antigenicity of the protein treated under different processing conditions were investigated. A reduction of antigenicity that was related to the percentage of aggregated protein was noticed under some experimental conditions. This partial loss of antigenicity was associated with the lyophilization process and affected by the nature of the organic solvent. All types of microspheres prepared with different molecular weight PLA and PLGA displayed a high protein-loading efficiency (> 80%) but their size was strongly influenced by polymer molecular weight (3000 versus 100,000). Protein release pattern was influenced by both polymer molecular weight and composition (PLA versus PLGA). A constant release pattern after an induction period of 10 days was observed for microspheres composed of high-molecular-weight polymers (PLA and PLGA). The release rate was lower from PLA microspheres than from PLGA microspheres. In contrast, a continuously increasing release rate preceded by a burst was observed for low-molecular-weight (3000) PLGA microspheres. Microencapsulated tetanus toxoid was significantly more immunogenic in mice than fluid toxoid as determined by IgG anti-tetanus antibody levels and neutralizing antibodies. However, the magnitude and duration of the antibody response did not differ significantly from a similar dose of aluminium phosphate-adsorbed toxoid. We conclude that microencapsulated tetanus toxoid shows significant adjuvant activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Siber
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Langer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002214:Capsules; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D007773:Lactates / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D019344:Lactic Acid; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011091:Polyesters; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D002214:Capsules; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D007773:Lactates; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; C033616:poly(lactide)