title: Use of refractometry to identify opioid-containing solutions.
abstract: The purpose of this laboratory study was to assess the value of refractometry in identifying the contents of a variety of opioid-containing solutions. A hand-held refractometer was used to document the refraction produced by the undiluted contents of alfentanil, fentanyl, morphine, sufentanil ampoules and by solutions of Ringer's lactate, 0.9% saline, 3.3% dextrose in 0.3% saline, and distilled water. Each opioid was then serially diluted in serial 1:2, 1:4, and 1:8 dilutions in each of these solutions and the refractions of each determined. Based on this information, blinded identification of various diluted opioid solutions was attempted. Refractometer values for undiluted fentanyl and sufentanil were identical with those for distilled water. Those for undiluted alfentanil and morphine were almost identical with each other and with 1:2 and 1:4 dilutions of either drug in Ringer's lactate or 0.9% saline. We conclude that refractometry is an unreliable screening method to detect tampering with opioid solutions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Foothills Hospital, University of Calgary, Alberta.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Eagle
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Maltby
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kryski
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hardy
mesh_terms: D015760:Alfentanil / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D004340:Drug Contamination; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D009020:Morphine / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D009294:Narcotics / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D012031:Refractometry; D000077325:Ringer's Lactate; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D012996:Solutions; D017409:Sufentanil / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D009294:Narcotics; D000077325:Ringer's Lactate; D012996:Solutions; D014867:Water; D015760:Alfentanil; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D009020:Morphine; D017409:Sufentanil; D005283:Fentanyl