title: Increased methotrexate resistance and dhfr gene amplification as a consequence of induced Ha-ras expression in NIH 3T3 cells.
abstract: Oncogene activation and loss of tumor suppressor genes are known to play a role in tumor initiation as well as its progression. The potential roles of these genes in perturbation of genome stability has become a major interest. To better understand the relationship between expression of an oncogene and genetic instability, we have studied a cell line expressing an activated human Ha-ras under the control of bacterial lactose operon regulatory elements for changes in methotrexate resistance and dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) gene amplification following mutant Ha-ras induction. In these cells mutant Ha-ras is directed by an inducible SV40 promoter containing a bacterial lac operator sequence which is repressed due to constitutive expression of bacterial lac repressor gene. The expression of this Ha-ras is specifically induced by the addition of isopropyl-1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside (IPTG), a lactose analogue, to the culture medium. During single-step methotrexate selection, these cells showed an increased frequency of methotrexate resistance in the presence of IPTG. More than 60% of the methotrexate-resistant colonies showed a 2-6-fold amplification of the dhfr gene. One clone with rearranged dhfr had about 100-fold amplification of the gene. The increased capacity to amplify DNA in response to mutant Ha-ras induction was not locus specific since cells also displayed an increased frequency of resistance to N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartic acid in the presence of ITPG. Four of the methotrexate-resistant clones with amplified dhfr gene were cultured further in the presence or absence of IPTG and subsequently compared for their ability to grow in soft agar as a measure of transformation. In medium containing methotrexate but no IPTG, the clones were unable to grow in soft agar, indicating that methotrexate resistance due to gene amplification is separable from transformation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio 45267-0521.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wani
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Stambrook
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D005784:Gene Amplification; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000502:physiology*; D007544:Isopropyl Thiogalactoside / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D010746:Phosphonoacetic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D007544:Isopropyl Thiogalactoside; C013195:sparfosic acid; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase; D010746:Phosphonoacetic Acid; D008727:Methotrexate