title: [Complications associated with nonfunctioning pacemaker electrodes retained within the cardiovascular system].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to evaluate the complications in patients with functionless pacing leads retained in the cardiovascular system.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively studied 39 patients: 31 underwent surgery for electrical or mechanical failure (group I) and eight for cutaneous pocket infection (group II). The follow-up was 45 +/- 34 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only one patient (3%) from group I presented infectious complications probably related to the retained pacing lead. Seven patients (87%) in group II presented recurrence of the infection with persistent fever and/or septicemia due to skin erosion and unnoticed pacing lead infection (p < 0.0005). Removal of the infected generator was performed in 8/39 (21%) of the patients. Thoracotomy to explant the infected retained leads was required in five of them (62%). No patient presented lead migration or venous thrombosis during the follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retained pacing leads in the cardiovascular system are well tolerated. However, in spite of adequate antibiotic treatment, patients with local and pacemaker system infection may present recurrence of the infection with persistent fever and/or septicemia. Early surgical pacemaker system removal is recommended in these patients due to the high morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department de Cardiologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Martí
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gurgui
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Padró
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oter
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004566:Electrodes / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018805:Sepsis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology
vernacular_title: Complicaciones asociadas con electrodos de marcapasos no funcionantes retenidos en el sistema cardiovascular.