title: Pharmacological and non-pharmacological smoking motives: a replication and extension.
abstract: Cigarette smokers (n = 387) completed a questionnaire measure of smoking motives, and subgroups of this sample provided external validation information. Seven factors emerged from a principal components' analysis: automatic, sedative, addictive, stimulation, psychosocial, indulgent and sensorimotor manipulation. A higher-order principal components analysis revealed the presence of two second-order factors. Inspection of the pattern of correlations between factor scores and criterion variables clearly indicated that the first four factors above and their underlying second-order factor are more closely related to nicotine pharmacology and mood-altering effects of nicotine than the latter three motives and their underlying second-order factor. Moreover, the positive correlations between these pharmacological motives and age, coupled with a negative relationship between age and the non-pharmacological motives, support the description of the smoking career as a progressive transfer of reward from non-pharmacological to pharmacological factors. These findings suggest that self-reported reasons for smoking represent more than bias in verbal report.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan Behavioral Medicine Program, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Tate
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Pomerleau
authors.forename: O F
authors.initials: OF
authors.lastname: Pomerleau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D003367:Cotinine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine; D003367:Cotinine