title: Embryo survival after pronuclear microinjection and trophectoderm biopsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to compare murine embryo development after pronuclear microinjection of a gene construct, followed by trophectoderm biopsy at the blastocyst state, with development after a single micromanipulation, and with cultured controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  alpha-Myosin heavy-chain gene sequence was microinjected into the murine embryo pronucleus and cultured to blastocyst. After trophectoderm biopsy the embryos were allowed to re-expand. Re-expanded embryos were transferred to pseudopregnant females; implantation and live birth rates were recorded. In this study group the rates were compared with three control groups of embryos simultaneously cultured after (1) pronuclear microinjection only, (2) trophectoderm biopsy only, and (3) non-micromanipulated, culture only.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1222 embryos were divided among the four groups. In the study group 472 embryos underwent pronuclear microinjection and trophectoderm biopsy. Of these, 203 (43%) reached the blastocyst stage and underwent biopsy; 183 (38.8%) re-expanded after biopsy. Of 275 pronuclear microinjected only (control 1) embryos, 113 (41.1%) reached the blastocyst stage. Of 336 embryos 148 (44.0%) reached the blastocyst stage and underwent trophectoderm biopsy only (control 2); 129 (39.2%) survived biopsy. The cultured only group (control 3) consisted of 139 pronuclear embryos; 67 (48.2%) developed to the blastocyst stage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Murine embryos can survive two micro-manipulations, pronuclear microinjection followed by trophectoderm micro-biopsy. Although there is minimal effect of these procedures on embryonic development in vitro, the live birth rate is tenuous.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163.
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Burwinkel
authors.forename: H N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Buster
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Minhas
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Carson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001706:Biopsy; D004475:Ectoderm / Q000473:pathology*; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D005260:Female; D051379:Mice; D008845:Microinjections; D008846:Micromanipulation; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D011247:Pregnancy; D014162:Transfection