title: Characterization of the ocular phenotype of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dystrophin, the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene product, has been localized to the outer plexiform layer of normal human retina. The purpose of this study is to define completely the ocular phenotype associated with mutations at Xp21, the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene locus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one patients with a diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and five patients with Becker muscular dystrophy had ophthalmologic examinations, including electroretinograms (ERGs). Electroretinogram results were correlated with respect to patient DNA analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three (88%) patients had reduced scotopic b-wave amplitudes to bright-white flash stimulus, including nine with negative-shaped ERGs. Rod-isolated responses were reduced or not recordable above noise in 14 (67%) patients. Most isolated cone responses (92%) were normal. Flicker amplitudes were reduced in seven patients. Two of these patients with proximal (5' end) deletions had normal scotopic b-waves to dim blue and bright-white flash stimulus. Patients with deletions toward the middle of the gene had greater reductions in their scotopic b-wave amplitudes than patients with deletions located toward the 5' end. Most patients had normal color vision, extraocular muscle function, and Snellen visual acuity. Increased macular pigmentation was seen in 16 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most patients with Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy have evidence of abnormal scotopic ERGs. Patients with deletions in the central region of the gene had the most severe ERG changes. This study supports previous suggestions that dystrophin may play a role in retinal neurotransmission. The presence of increased macular pigmentation and normal photopic ERGs distinguishes patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy mutations from other X-linked retinal disorders with negative-shaped ERGs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Sigesmund
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Weleber
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Pillers
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Westall
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Panton
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Héon
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Murphey
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Musarella
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Ray
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003118:Color Perception; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D003867:Depth Perception; D004596:Electroretinography; D005260:Female; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009136:Muscular Dystrophies / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010641:Phenotype; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000503:physiopathology; D012160:Retina / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015348:Vision, Binocular; D014792:Visual Acuity
chemical_list: D004247:DNA