"Just right" perceptions associated with compulsive behavior in Tourette's syndrome.
OBJECTIVE
Tourette's syndrome is a chronic disorder of childhood onset that is characterized by motor and phonic tics and a broad range of associated behavior including obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Less well appreciated are the sensory and other perceptually tinged mental phenomena associated with both tic and compulsive behavior. This cross-sectional study evaluated the "just-right" phenomena commonly associated with compulsive behavior in subjects with tic disorders.


METHODS
A total of 134 subjects with tic disorders, aged 9 to 71 years, completed a questionnaire concerning their current and past tic symptoms. Subjects were also asked to describe their "just right" perceptions. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale was used to assess severity of current obsessive-compulsive symptoms.


RESULTS
Eight-one percent of the subjects with both Tourette's syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder (N = 31) and 56% of the subjects with Tourette's syndrome and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (N = 61) reported being aware of a need to perform compulsions until they were "just right." This awareness most commonly referred to visual or tactile (as opposed to auditory) features of the compulsive act or its consequences. Three-quarters of the subjects with these perceptions reported that they usually were aware of them immediately before or concurrently with the initiation of compulsions.


CONCLUSIONS
While epidemiological studies of tic disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder have yet to incorporate questions concerning "just right" perceptions, these results suggest that such perceptions may be commonplace in adolescent and adult subjects with both obsessive-compulsive disorder and tic disorders. They also implicate brain regions involved in the processing of sensorimotor information in the pathobiology of tic disorders.
Leckman
J F
JF
Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-7900.
Walker
D E
DE
Goodman
W K
WK
Pauls
D L
DL
Cohen
D J
DJ
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D001364:Awareness; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D003192:Compulsive Behavior / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009770:Obsessive Behavior / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D010465:Perception; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012677:Sensation; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology