title: Inhibition of activin receptor signaling promotes neuralization in Xenopus.
abstract: Expression of a truncated activin type II receptor, which blocks signaling by activin, neuralizes explants of embryonic cells that would otherwise become epidermal cells. This neuralization is direct and does not require the presence of mesoderm. The induced neural tissue expresses general molecular markers of the central nervous system as well as an array of neural markers along the anteroposterior axis. In the context of the whole embryo, expression of this truncated activin receptor diverts prospective ectoderm and endoderm to a neural fate. We propose that inhibition of the activin type II receptor signaling causes the cells of Xenopus embryos to adopt a neural fate. These results, along with previous experiments performed in Drosophila, suggest that the formation of the nervous system in vertebrates and invertebrates occurs by a common strategy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hemmati-Brivanlou
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Melton
mesh_terms: D029404:Activin Receptors; D028341:Activins; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001757:Blastomeres / Q000502:physiology; D015816:Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal / Q000032:analysis; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000737:chemistry / Q000196:embryology*; D004627:Embryonic Induction; D005855:Germ Layers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000528:radiation effects; D007265:Inhibins / Q000502:physiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D014404:Tubulin / Q000032:analysis; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D015816:Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor; D014404:Tubulin; D028341:Activins; D007265:Inhibins; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D029404:Activin Receptors