title: Effect of music therapy on state anxiety in patients undergoing flexible sigmoidoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patient anxiety related to flexible sigmoidoscopy can negatively affect acceptability and compliance with screening protocol, complicate and prolong procedure time, and potentially result in prematurely aborted procedures. Music has been recognized through research as a safe, inexpensive, and effective nonpharmaceutical anxiolitic agent.
  
  
  METHODS
  An experimental study was performed on 50 adults scheduled for outpatient sigmoidoscopy. The control group received standard sigmoidoscopy protocol. Subjects in the experimental group received the standard protocol with the addition of listening to music throughout the procedure. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) measurements were performed on all subjects before and postsigmoidoscopy. Physiologic recordings of heart rate and mean arterial pressure were recorded before and during the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients who listened to self-selected music tapes during the procedure had significantly decreased STAI scores (P < 0.002), heart rates (P < 0.03), and mean arterial pressures (P < 0.001) in comparison to the control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the study indicate that music is an effective anxiolitic adjunct to flexible sigmoidoscopy.
authors.affiliation: Cherry Point Naval Hospital, North Carolina.
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Palakanis
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: DeNobile
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Blankenship
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D001794:Blood Pressure; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009147:Music Therapy; D012812:Sigmoidoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D013732:Test Anxiety Scale; D013997:Time Factors