title: Psychiatric and medical effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid use. A controlled study of 160 athletes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We sought to expand on preliminary findings suggesting that anabolic-androgenic steroids produce psychiatric effects in some athletes who use them.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared 88 athletes who were using steroids with 68 nonusers, using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R to diagnose psychiatric syndromes occurring in association with steroid use (if applicable) and in the absence of steroid use. Demographic, medical, and laboratory measures were also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Steroid users displayed more frequent gynecomastia, decreased mean testicular length, and higher cholesterol-high-density lipoprotein ratios than nonusers. Most strikingly, 23% of steroid users reported major mood syndromes--mania, hypomania, or major depression--in association with steroid use. Steroid users displayed mood disorders during steroid exposure significantly more frequently than in the absence of steroid exposure (P < .001) and significantly more frequently than nonusers (P < .01). Users rarely abused other drugs simultaneously with steroids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Major mood disturbances associated with anabolic-androgenic steroids may represent an important public health problem for athletes using steroids and sometimes for the victims of their irritability and aggression.
authors.affiliation: Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass.
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Pope
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Katz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D001284:Atrophy; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D004300:Doping in Sports; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006177:Gynecomastia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008777:Methyltestosterone / Q000009:adverse effects; D015995:Prevalence; D013178:Sports Medicine; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D013737:Testis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D013739:Testosterone / Q000009:adverse effects; D014891:Weight Lifting
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D013739:Testosterone; D008777:Methyltestosterone