title: An immunohistochemical study of the innervation of the ureterovesical junction in infancy and childhood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use histological and immunohistochemical methods to study the structure and innervation of the human ureterovesical junction (UVJ).
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of 24 post-natal specimens taken from patients ranging in age from 1 month to 6 years were examined. Routine histological slides were stained with Masson's trichrome. In addition, an indirect immunohistochemical method was used to study the occurrence and distribution of nerves immunoreactive for the neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Immunoreactivity to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine-B-hydroxylase (DBH) and to protein gene product (PGP) 9.5, a general nerve marker, were also studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The UVJ comprised a ureteric muscle component (the intramural ureter) and a detrusor component (the immediately adjacent region of the urinary bladder). In the majority of specimens a third or intermediate layer was also present. This additional component consisted of tightly-packed smooth muscle cells which formed an incomplete layer that partially surrounded the juxta-vesical and intramural parts of the ureter. Numerous PGP-, VIP-, NPY, DBH- and TH- like immunoreactive (-LIR) nerves were associated with the smooth muscle bundles which comprised the intramural ureter. Such nerves ran in the connective tissue separating ureteric smooth muscle bundles and rarely coursed amongst individual smooth muscle cell comprising each bundle. SP- and CGRP- containing nerves were rarely observed in association with the intramural ureter and none were detected in the ureteric submucosa. The intermediate muscle layer was richly innervated by PGP-, TH-, DBH- and NPY- containing nerves which ran amongst the smooth muscle cells comprising this layer. VIP-, SP- and CGRP-LIR nerves were not observed within the intermediate layer. The detrusor component of the UVJ was innervated by PGP-, NPY- and VIP-LIR nerves which frequently extended between the smooth muscle cells forming the detrusor muscle bundles. TH-, DBH-, SP- and CGRP-LIR nerve fibres were rarely encountered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that noradrenergic nerves play a major role in the control of the ureteric component of the UVJ. In addition, the present results form baseline morphological data with which to compare the results of future studies on the structure of the UVJ in cases of vesicoureteric reflux.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Canning
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gearhart
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gosling
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000032:analysis; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000737:chemistry / Q000294:innervation; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000032:analysis; D013869:Thiolester Hydrolases / Q000032:analysis; D043222:Ubiquitin Thiolesterase; D014513:Ureter / Q000737:chemistry / Q000294:innervation*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000737:chemistry / Q000294:innervation*
chemical_list: D009479:Neuropeptides; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; D013869:Thiolester Hydrolases; D043222:Ubiquitin Thiolesterase