title: Surgical management of esophageal cancer. A decade of change.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine trends for use of transhiatal esophagectomy (THE) and to relate outcome variables to changes in use, controlling for preoperative risk.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  High operative morbidity and mortality rates are reported with conventional transthoracic esophagectomy (TTE). Transhiatal esophagectomy has been proposed as an alternative but is controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective study divided into early and late time periods, outcome variables were subjected to univariate and multivariate analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Use of THE increased significantly in the late period (p < 0.0001). Patients who had THE had significantly higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) risk scores (p < 0.001). By the late period, 92% of patients with ASA III/IV scores were resected by THE. Postoperative morbidity decreased significantly and operative mortality decreased from 15% to 0% (p < 0.01) between the early and late time periods. By multivariate analysis, ASA > or = III and TTE were associated with adverse surgical outcome. Pathologic stage determined disease-free survival, which was 37% at 3 years for all survivors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased use of THE results in better operative outcome and does not adversely affect disease-free survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Ochsner Medical Institutions, Jefferson, Louisiana.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bolton
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ochsner
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Abdoh
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate