title: Quantitative ultrasonic detection of parenchymal structural change in diffuse renal disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors determined whether quantitative ultrasound could be useful in the evaluation of diffuse renal disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Digitized radiofrequency ultrasound data were acquired from the kidneys of patients with biopsy-proven diffuse renal disease and transplant rejection (37 patients plus 18 normal volunteers). The results of the quantitative analysis were compared with histology results to determine if microscopic renal structure could be correlated with quantitative features such as scatterer size and scatterer spacing. The results also were analyzed using receiver operating characteristic analysis to determine if diffuse disease could be detected reliably using quantitative methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three most useful features in the native kidneys were mean scatterer spacing (MSS), sigma's, and average scatterer size (D). Using these features, it was possible to detect diffuse renal disease causing a decrease in renal function with an area under the ROC curve (Az) of 0.93. The feature D corresponded closely to histologically measured average glomerular diameters. For normals, D = 216 microns and glomerular diameter = 211 microns. No histologic correlate was found for scatterer spacing. In transplants, MSS and integrated backscatter were most useful for detecting rejection (Az = 0.87), and D in rejection was similar to the values for normal kidney and normally functioning transplants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The D value corresponds to glomerular diameter, and glomerular enlargement can be detected readily using quantitative ultrasound. Combinations of two to four quantitative features can detect diffuse renal disease and transplant rejection reliably.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007-2197.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Garra
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Insana
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Sesterhenn
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rotellar
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Winchester
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Zeman
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D012372:ROC Curve; D014463:Ultrasonography