title: Improved dose linearity of cyclosporine pharmacokinetics from a microemulsion formulation.
abstract: The pharmacokinetic dose proportionality and relative bioavailability of cyclosporine from a microemulsion formulation (Sandimmune Neoral) were compared to those of the commercial formulation (Sandimmune) over the dosage range 200 to 800 mg. Single oral administrations were given as soft gelatin capsules in an open randomized study with 48 healthy volunteers. Whole-blood cyclosporine concentrations were determined by a specific monoclonal radioimmunoassay. In comparison to Sandimmune, the absorption rate (maximum concentration) and systemic availability (area under the curve) of cyclosporine were greater for Sandimmune Neoral at all dose levels investigated. The area under the curve for Sandimmune increased in a less than proportional manner with respect to dose, whereas that for Sandimmune Neoral was consistent with linear pharmacokinetics. Because of this difference, no global assessment of relative bioavailability could be performed. The relative bioavailability of cyclosporine from Sandimmune Neoral ranged from 174 to 239% compared to Sandimmune, depending on the dose level. The improvements in oral bioavailability and dose linearity of cyclosporine exposure after administration as Sandimmune Neoral should facilitate more accurate dosage titration in the clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Pharmacology, Sandoz Pharma, Ltd., Basle, Switzerland.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kovarik
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: van Bree
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tetzloff
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grevel
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kutz
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D001682:Biological Availability; D002214:Capsules; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004655:Emulsions; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011863:Radioimmunoassay
chemical_list: D002214:Capsules; D004655:Emulsions; D016572:Cyclosporine