title: Measuring oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production in critically ill patients using a standard blood gas analyzer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The measurement of oxygen uptake and CO2 production in critically ill patients requires invasive monitoring or complex analysis equipment. This study investigates the hypothesis that oxygen uptake and CO2 production can be accurately determined by measuring oxygen and CO2 concentrations in samples from inspiratory and expiratory ventilator circuitry, using a standard blood gas analyzer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective comparison of CO2 production and oxygen uptake measurements determined by use of a blood gas analyzer vs. a mass spectrometer.
  
  
  METHODS
  University teaching hospital medical and surgical intensive care units (ICUs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Critically ill patients (n = 46) receiving mechanical ventilation in the ICUs.
  
  
  METHODS
  PO2 and PCO2 were obtained with two new techniques and compared simultaneously with measurements on a mass spectrometer in critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients. Two methods were evaluated: a) arterial blood gas analyzer measurements of PO2 and PCO2 from fluid collected in traps on the inspiratory and expiratory limbs of the ventilator circuitry; b) PO2 and PCO2 measurements of inspiratory and expiratory gas samples collected in bags and injected directly into an arterial blood gas analyzer. Oxygen consumption and CO2 production were compared, using both methods of gas measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Direct injection of gas samples collected in a bag from inspiratory and expiratory limbs of a breathing circuit into the arterial blood gas analyzer correlated very closely with mass spectrometer measurements for all variables (n = 32 sample measurements in 25 patients): fractional oxygen (r2 = .99, slope = 1.02, bias = 0.37%, precision = 0.54), fractional expired CO2 (r2 = .90, slope = 0.86, bias = -0.10%, precision = 0.15), oxygen uptake (r2 = .87, slope = 0.99, bias = 21.6 mL/min, precision = 38.0), and CO2 production (r2 = .98, slope = 0.95, bias = 7.90 mL/min, precision = 15.3). In contrast, although fractional oxygen and CO2 concentrations were approximated by analysis of fluid collected from inspiratory and expiratory traps, the values did not correlate well enough with mass spectrometer values to yield reasonable oxygen uptake or CO2 production results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have demonstrated that direct Fick oxygen uptake and CO2 production can be accurately determined in mechanically ventilated patients, using direct injection of collected gas samples into standard blood gas analyzers. This simple, inexpensive technique can be performed using equipment readily available in any hospital.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange 92668.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zenger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brenner
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haruno
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood*; D016638:Critical Illness; D006801:Humans; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D016014:Linear Models; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen