title: A novel heterodimerization partner for thyroid hormone receptor. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor.
abstract: Retinoid-like receptors play a central role in hormonal responses by forming heterodimers with other nuclear hormone receptors. In this study we have identified the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) as a new thyroid hormone receptor (THR) auxiliary nuclear protein, heterodimerizing with THR in solution. Although these heterodimers do not recognize a classical thyroid hormone response element (TRE) characterized by direct repeat separated by four nucleotides (DR+4), PPAR behaves as a dominant negative regulator of thyroid hormone (TH) action. However, a TH-dependent positive effect is elicited by selective interaction of the THR beta-PPAR but not the THR alpha-PPAR heterodimer with a novel TRE (DR+2). The critical region of THR beta was mapped to 3 amino acids in the distal box of the DNA binding domain. Hence, PPAR can positively or negatively influence TH action depending on TRE structure and THR isotype.
authors.affiliation: Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bogazzi
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Nikodem
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017931:DNA Primers; D006801:Humans; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D012156:Reticulocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D014157:Transcription Factors; D004247:DNA; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase