title: Positive and negative regulatory elements of the rabbit embryonic epsilon-globin gene revealed by an improved multiple alignment program and functional analysis.
abstract: The epsilon-globin genes of mammals are expressed in early embryos, but are silenced during fetal and adult erythropoiesis. As a guide to defining the regulatory elements involved in this developmental switch, we have searched the sequences of epsilon-globin genes from different mammals for highly conserved segments. The search was facilitated by the development of a new program, called yama, to generate a multiple alignment of very long sequences using an improved scoring scheme. This allowed us to generate a multiple alignment of sequences from a more divergent group than previously analyzed, as demonstrated here for representatives of four mammalian orders. In parallel experiments, we constructed a series of deletion mutations in the 5' flank of the rabbit epsilon-globin gene and tested their effect on an epsilon-globin-luciferase hybrid reporter gene. These results show that 121 bp of 5' flank, containing CACC, CCAAT and ATA motifs, is sufficient for expression in erythroid K562 cells. Both positive and negative cis-acting control sequences are located between 218 and 394 bp 5' to the cap site, in a region previously proposed to be a silencer. The positive regulatory sequence contains conserved binding sites for the nuclear protein YY1 adjacent to another highly conserved sequence. The negative element contains a conserved sequence followed by a purine-rich segment. This analysis maps the upstream control sequences more precisely and points to a very complex regulatory scheme for this gene.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hardison
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adamkiewicz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zeigler
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stojanovic
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D002460:Cell Line; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000235:genetics; D050981:Erythroid-Specific DNA-Binding Factors; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005809:Genes, Regulator; D005914:Globins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008322:Mammals; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011817:Rabbits / Q000235:genetics*; D016415:Sequence Alignment / Q000379:methods*; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D012984:Software; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D050986:YY1 Transcription Factor
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050981:Erythroid-Specific DNA-Binding Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors; D050986:YY1 Transcription Factor; C494698:YY1 protein, human; D005914:Globins; D004247:DNA