Transcriptional regulation of the insulin receptor gene promoter.
The insulin receptor is a highly regulated promoter. A schematic of several of the elements so far identified is shown in Figure 4. The gene has a basic "housekeeping" promoter which controls low level expression in all cells. This promoter seems to be regulated by the transcription factor, Sp1 at several locations upstream. There are in addition several potential Sp1 binding sites in the first intron. Specific enhancers are present to allow increased expression in certain cell types or in response to hormones. Several potential enhancers have been identified including a potential GRE binding site, muscle specific binding protein, and adipocyte binding protein. Clearly additional elements need to be identified in order to elucidate the complexed interactions which are required for appropriate regulation of the insulin receptor.
McKeon
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Metabolic Diseases and Gene Therapy Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Kidney and Digestive Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.
D017667:Adipocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011972:Receptor, Insulin / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics*; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D016385:TATA Box; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
D005938:Glucocorticoids; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; D011972:Receptor, Insulin