title: The nature and evolution of phenomenological empathy in nursing: an historical treatment.
abstract: This study is an historical analysis of the nature and evolution of phenomenological empathy in nursing covering the period from 1861 through 1981. Nursing archival data were analyzed beginning with the inception of modern American nursing during the Civil War. The categories patient cues, empathy, nursing interventions, and patient responses were applied to the qualitative data. Analysis generated 119 instances of phenomenological empathy. The findings showed that patient cues were not a factor in precipitating nurse empathy, whereas patient responses to nursing interventions showed positive outcomes. A conceptual model of phenomenological empathy comprised of four major constructs and 18 concepts was derived from the archival data.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas at Tyler.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sutherland
mesh_terms: D004645:Empathy; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D011568:Psychiatric Nursing / Q000266:history*; D014481:United States