title: Death and adverse cardiac events after carotid endarterectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated operative mortality rate and adverse cardiac events after carotid endarterectomy. Efficacy of preoperative cardiac evaluation was studied and stroke mortality rate was determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective review of 562 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy at a 740-bed community hospital. Data were analyzed with chi 2 analysis, logistic regression analysis, and Goldman criteria for cardiac risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mortality rate was 1.6% (nine patients). There were 10 myocardial infarctions (1.8%). Six of these (1.1%) were fatal. The Goldman Index allowed us to classify 530 patients in a low-risk group (Goldman classes I and II, operative mortality rate = 1.1%) and 32 patients in a high-risk group (Goldman classes III and IV, mortality rate = 9.4%). Independent risk variables were identified for myocardial infarction and overall operative death. These variables were then used to develop a probability model for prediction of operative death and adverse cardiac events. The stroke rate in the 562 patients was 0.7% (four patients). For the 345 patients with symptoms, the stroke rate was 0.6% (two patients); for the 217 symptom-free patients, it was 0.9% (two patients). The combined stroke mortality rate was 2.3%. For patients with symptoms, it was 2.9%; for symptom-free patients, it was 1.4%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Independent clinical variables can help determine patients at increased risk for perioperative myocardial infarction or operative death. Patients in Goldman classes III and IV are at increased risk for adverse events. Carotid surgery can be performed safely in our medical community.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Lehigh Valley Hospital, Allentown, PA 18105.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Musser
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Nicholas
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Reed
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002423:Cause of Death; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors