title: Mutational analysis of cis-acting packaging signals in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA.
abstract: We previously identified blocks of sequence near the 5' end of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) genome which conferred on RNA the ability to bind specifically to the HIV-1 Gag polyprotein, Pr55gag (J. Luban and S. P. Goff, J. Virol. 65:3203-3212, 1991; R. Berkowitz, J. Luban, and S. P. Goff, J. Virol. 67:7190-7200, 1993). Here we report the use of an RNase protection assay to quantify the effect of deletion of these sequences on RNA packaging into virions. First, we demonstrated with wild-type HIV-1 sequences that in comparison with spliced viral RNA, full-length viral genomic RNA is enriched 20-fold in virions. A previously described mutation with deletion of sequences between the major splice donor and the first codon of gag (A. Lever, H. Gottlinger, W. Haseltine, and J. Sodroski, J. Virol. 63:4085-4087, 1989) disrupted these ratios such that different HIV-1 RNA forms were packaged in direct proportion to cytoplasmic concentrations. The effect of deletion mutations preceding and within gag coding sequence on packaging was then tested in competition with RNAs containing wild-type packaging sequences. Using this system, we were able to demonstrate significant effects on packaging of RNAs with mutations immediately preceding the first codon of gag. The greatest reduction in packaging was seen with RNAs lacking the first 40 nucleotides of gag coding sequence, although sequences more 3' had slight additional effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luban
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Goff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D002460:Cell Line; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D015683:Gene Products, gag / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015684:Gene Products, pol / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015750:Genes, gag; D005821:Genetic Techniques; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008715:Methionine / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D021382:Protein Sorting Signals / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012326:RNA Splicing; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012260:Ribonucleases; D017384:Sequence Deletion
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D015683:Gene Products, gag; D015684:Gene Products, pol; D011498:Protein Precursors; D021382:Protein Sorting Signals; D012367:RNA, Viral; C059767:p55 gag precursor protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; D008715:Methionine; D012260:Ribonucleases