title: Reduced pain during baroreceptor stimulation in patients with symptomatic and silent myocardial ischaemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Baroreceptor activation has been shown to reduce pain, and the accumulation of such pain reduction has been implicated in the operant learning (under certain circumstances) of hypertension. The current study is an examination of differences in the pain dampening effects of baroreceptor activity in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic myocardial ischaemia. The objective was to determine whether there are differences between patients with symptomatic and silent myocardial ischaemia with respect to their antinociceptive response to baroreceptor stimulation, and, if so, whether these differences could be related to the absence of angina pectoris pain in patients with silent myocardial ischaemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sensory detection and electrical pain thresholds were compared in nine symptomatic and 10 asymptomatic patients with replicable myocardial ischaemia during PRES (phase related external suction) carotid baroreceptor manipulation in which the pressure inside a neck cuff was phase locked in time to the R wave of the ECG and negative pressure was applied during either systole or diastole. Tourniquet pain thresholds were also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was found that (1) external baroreceptor manipulation had no effect on detection thresholds; (2) painful stimuli were judged by both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients as less intense when delivered during maximum baroreceptor activity; (3) symptomatic and asymptomatic patients did not differ in their sensory detection thresholds; and (4) asymptomatic patients had significantly higher ischaemic (tourniquet) pain thresholds than symptomatic patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that baroreceptor activity can modify the intensity of painful stimuli. The degree to which baroreceptor manipulation affects pain does not appear to differ between patients with painful and silent myocardial ischaemia. Thus the baroreceptor dependent pain inhibition effects seems not to be responsible for the higher ischaemic pain threshold found in the silent myocardial ischaemia group.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Psychology and Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kardos
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rau
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Greenlee
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Droste
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brody
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Roskamm
mesh_terms: D004558:Electric Stimulation; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017288:Pain Threshold; D011311:Pressoreceptors / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011312:Pressure