title: Rectal complications in patients with carcinoma of the cervix treated with concomitant cisplatin and external beam irradiation with high dose rate brachytherapy: a dosimetric analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper reports a dosimetric study of 43 patients treated with a combination of concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy (cisplatin) for locally advanced carcinoma of the cervix with the aim of investigating the correlation between the radiation dose to the rectum and the incidence of late rectal complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radiotherapy consisted of 46 Gy external beam irradiation plus three high dose rate intracavitary treatments given weekly, concurrent with the last 3 weeks of external beam therapy, to a total dose of 30 Gy to point A. Cisplatin 30 mg/m2 was given weekly throughout the duration of the external beam irradiation. The brachytherapy irradiated volume was reconstructed from the orthogonal treatment radiographs to accurately locate the reference points defined by the International Commission of Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU), report 38. The doses calculated at these points were compared to in vivo dose measurements performed immediately prior to treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The group of patients who were calculated to have received a dose to the rectal reference point greater than the prescribed point A dose (9/13) had a significantly greater probability of development of late rectal complications compared to the group of patients who were calculated to have received less than the prescribed point A dose at this rectal point (7/30), p = 0.003. There was no correlation of rate of complication with the in vivo measured dose in the rectum, stage of disease, or age. At 40 months post treatment, the group of patients receiving the higher dose to the rectal reference point had an actuarial rate of serious (Grade 3 and 4) rectal complications of 46% compared to a rate of 14% in the remainder. In terms of survival, the group of patients receiving the higher dose to the rectal reference point have all survived, whereas the group of patients receiving the lower dose to the rectal reference point have a significantly different rate of survival of 72%, p = 0.046.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This investigation has revealed a significant correlation between the dose calculated at the rectal point defined by the ICRU and the incidence of late rectal complications in patients with carcinoma of the cervix undergoing concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Thus, this rectal reference point appears to be a useful prognostic indicator of late rectal complications in these patients and we recommend that the brachytherapy dose delivered to this rectal point be limited to the dose prescribed to point A for treatment regimens using three fractions of 8-10 Gy each, limiting the total dose to this point, including the external beam component, to 76 Gy. Further study will be required to determine whether this rule should be applied to patients receiving irradiation alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology (Division of Radiation Oncology), McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Souhami
authors.forename: T N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Roman
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pla
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012007:Rectum / Q000528:radiation effects*; D015996:Survival Rate; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*
chemical_list: D002945:Cisplatin