title: Refinement of a technique for thermocholecystectomy in an animal model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A modification of a thermal ablation system was tested for improved cystic duct occlusion and gallbladder mucosa ablation in an animal model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen domestic swine were included in group 1 with thermal treatment of the cystic duct to 75 degrees C for 15 minutes, followed by heating of the gallbladder lumen with a catheter/heating device to 54 degrees C for 30 minutes. One swine served as a control (group 2). A ligature was placed around the cystic duct without thermal treatment of the cystic duct and with the catheter/heating device placed into the gallbladder for 30 minutes without thermal treatment. All animals were killed after 3 weeks with histologic examination of the gallbladder, cystic duct, and surrounding organs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In group 1, technical failure due to catheter clogging occurred in the first three animals, which were killed immediately. Eleven animals were treated with a redesigned catheter system. Three weeks after treatment, 10 of the 11 animals had complete cystic duct occlusion and complete obliteration of the cystic duct mucosa. One of the 11 animals experienced partial cystic duct ablation. Nine of the 11 treated animals experienced complete mucosal ablation of the gallbladder. Five of the 11 animals had no residual lumen, whereas 6 of the 11 had a luminal volume that averaged 4 mL compared to 35 mL before treatment. In group 2, the control subject had a gallbladder volume of 50 mL and normal gallbladder and cystic duct mucosa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates improvement in both cystic duct occlusion and gallbladder mucosa ablation with standardization of the technique for thermocholecystectomy in an animal model. However, a better system is required to promote complete obliteration of the gallbladder lumen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento 95817.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: McGahan
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wisner
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Griffey
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Browning
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003549:Cystic Duct / Q000473:pathology; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000473:pathology; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D015642:Radiology, Interventional; D013552:Swine