title: Prenatal gender preference of mothers of feminine and masculine boys: relation to sibling sex composition and birth order.
abstract: A mother's (prenatal) wish for a girl has, at times, been implicated as an etiological factor for boyhood femininity or its DSM-III-R diagnostic equivalent, the Gender Identity Disorder of Childhood. In one sample of 52 feminine and 52 nonclinical control boys from Los Angeles, the proportion of mothers who recalled a wish for a girl during the pregnancy did not differ significantly between groups (26.9% vs. 19.2%, respectively); however, in both groups, the maternal wish for a girl was significantly more common in sibships in which all of the proband's older siblings were male. In a second sample of 103 feminine boys from Toronto, the maternal wish for a girl was significantly higher than that found in the Los Angeles sample (43.7% vs. 26.9%), but a control group was not available; as in the Los Angeles sample, the maternal wish for a girl was significantly more common in sibships in which all of the proband's older siblings were male. Implications of these findings for further study of maternal influences on boyhood femininity are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Child and Adolescent Gender Identity Clinic, Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Zucker
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Garofano
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Rebach
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Sullivan
mesh_terms: D001722:Birth Order; D002648:Child; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006716:Homosexuality / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D010552:Personality Assessment; D011247:Pregnancy; D011606:Psychosexual Development; D012744:Sex Ratio; D012801:Sibling Relations; D012931:Social Environment