title: Temperature modulates calcium homeostasis and ventricular arrhythmias in myocardial preparations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to evaluate the effect of temperature on reoxygenation induced ventricular arrhythmias in isolated hearts, on delayed afterdepolarisations and Iti current in Purkinje fibres, and on sarcoplasmic reticular function and Ca2+ handling of single cardiac myocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isolated guinea pig hearts were retrogradely perfused at 37 degrees C with a hypoxic medium for 15 min and reoxygenated for 10 min either at 33 degrees C or at 37 degrees C. Intracellular microelectrodes were used to assess the presence of delayed afterdepolarisations and triggered activity in sheep Purkinje fibres exposed to strophanthidin at different temperatures. Iti current was evaluated in voltage clamp experiments. In rat cardiomyocytes, loaded with the fluorescent Ca2+ dye, indo-1, the sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+ content was assessed at 30 degrees C and at 37 degrees C, either by a caffeine spritz puffed onto a cell from a patch pipette or by a post-rest contraction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypothermic reoxygenation reduced the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in isolated hearts (30%, n = 10, at 33 degrees C and 75%, n = 30, at 37 degrees C, p < 0.05). In Purkinje fibres, hypothermia decreased the amplitude of delayed afterdepolarisations. Moreover, at 32 degrees C, the amplitude of Iti current was decreased to 59.2(SEM 2.6)% of the normothermic value [27.5(6.7) nA, n = 4, p < 0.005] and time to peak increased to 159.7(10.2)% [value at 37 degrees C = 470(41) ms, n = 4, p < 0.01]. In cardiac cells, sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+ release induced by caffeine spritz or by post-rest contraction was increased at 30 degrees C. However, following a pacing period at 1 Hz, hypothermia prolonged the time to onset of the first spontaneous Ca2+ oscillation [59(14) s at 30 degrees C and 27(9) s at 37 degrees C, n = 5, p < 0.05] and reduced the oscillation frequency [1.1(0.4) min-1 at 30 degrees C and 3.1(0.9) min-1 at 37 degrees C, n = 5, p < 0.05].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mild hypothermia increases sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+ content but decreases the likelihood of spontaneous Ca2+ release. This may explain the reduction of delayed afterdepolarisations and Iti current amplitude in Purkinje fibres and it could represent a mechanism for the protection provided by hypothermia against ventricular arrhythmias.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gambassi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cerbai
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pahor
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Capogrossi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carbonin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mugelli
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism*; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D048429:Cell Size / Q000502:physiology; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000166:cytology; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D010477:Perfusion; D011690:Purkinje Fibers / Q000502:physiology; D012756:Sheep; D013327:Strophanthidin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine; D013327:Strophanthidin; D002118:Calcium