title: Pharmacokinetics relevant to the anti-carcinogenic and anti-tumor activities of glucarate and the synergistic combination of glucarate:retinoid in the rat.
abstract: Alone and in synergistic combination with retinoids, dietary glucarate inhibits both the chemical induction and growth of rat mammary tumors. To investigate the pharmacokinetics of glucarate, [14C]glucarate was synthesized, converted to the calcium salt, and administered to rats bearing primary mammary tumors. When given by gavage, [14C]glucarate, as the calcium salt, showed a biphasic response in the blood. After peaking within 1 hr of administration at a level of 0.4 mumol/mL (normal endogenous level is approximately 0.04 mumol/mL), its plasma concentration dropped to 0.1 mumol/mL at 3 hr. In the second phase, there was a semilog increase to 0.6 mumol/mL at 15 hr, followed by a slow rise to 0.75 mumol/mL at 24 hr. Of the 38% of the administered glucarate that was recovered, 38% was excreted in the urine, and 30% remained in the gastrointestinal tract at 24 hr. Glucarate was concentrated 3- to 4-fold in the liver and intestinal mucosa, compared to the level in serum. With minor exception, the pharmacokinetics of [14C]13-cis-retinoic acid administered by gavage to rats was similar or not the semipurified diets were supplemented with 64 mmol/kg of calcium glucarate. During the interval between 5 and 10 hr post-administration of [14C]13-cis-retinoid, there was a transient 35-50% rise in the plasma level in rats on the glucarate-supplemented diet. This rise had no observable effect on the level of retinoid in major organs or in the tumor. A glucarate-binding protein was detected in the tumor cytosol. This potential receptor had a Ka of 1.49 x 10(7) M-1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210.
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Pham-Nguyen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Darby
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Hamme
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D005937:Glucaric Acid / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011485:Protein Binding; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012176:Retinoids / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D012176:Retinoids; D005937:Glucaric Acid