title: Thiopental sodium cerebral protection during carotid endarterectomy: perioperative disease and death.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study reports our experience with thiopental sodium (Pentothal) cerebral protection, without intraluminal shunting, during carotid endarterectomy. Only those complications that occurred during surgery or within 30 days of operation have been addressed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, unselected, consecutive series of 621 carotid endarterectomies was done during a 7-year period, with electroencephalography-monitored, high-dose Pentothal for cerebral protection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five ischemic strokes (0.8%), completion of two strokes-in-evolution (0.3%) and four strokes caused by cerebral hemorrhage (0.6%) occurred in 11 patients in the perioperative (30-day) period, for a combined cerebral morbidity-mortality rate of 1.7%. Four reversible ischemic neurologic deficits (0.6%) and two transient ischemic attacks (0.3%) in six patients produced a transient deficit rate of 0.9%. Symptomatic coronary artery disease coexisted in 37% of the patients but resulted in only five acute myocardial infarctions (0.7%), one of which was fatal (0.1%). Other perioperative complications in 10 patients (1.5%) were associated with the operative procedure. There were no complications directly attributable to the high-dose Pentothal. Prospective data collection has allowed definition of the disease and cause of all cerebral complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The complications in this series have been related to surgical and clinical management problems rather than failure of cerebral protection. Cerebral protection with high-dose Pentothal under electroencephalographic control has been effective and complication free.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Prince Henry and Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Frawley
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Hicks
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Horton
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Niesche
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Matheson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000601:surgery; D004569:Electroencephalography; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D009017:Morbidity; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013874:Thiopental / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D013874:Thiopental