title: Classical and nonclassical furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines as novel antifolates: synthesis and biological activities.
abstract: Classical antifolate analogues containing a novel furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine ring system which include N-[4-[N-[(2,4-diaminofuro[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5- yl)methyl]amino]benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid (1) and its N-9 methyl analogue 2 were synthesized as potential dual inhibitors of thymidylate synthase (TS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and as antitumor agents. Four nonclassical antifolates, 2,4-diamino-5-(anilinomethyl)furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines 3-6 with 3,4,5-trimethoxy, 3,4,5-trichloro, 3,4-dichloro, and 2,5-dimethoxy substituents, respectively, in the phenyl ring, were also synthesized as potential inhibitors of DHFRs including those from Pneumocystis carinii and Toxoplasma gondii, which are organisms responsible for opportunistic infections in AIDS patients. The classical and nonclassical analogues were obtained via nucleophilic displacements of the key intermediate 2,4-diamino-5-(chloromethyl)furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine with the appropriate (p-aminobenzoyl)-L-glutamate or substituted aniline. The key intermediate was in turn synthesized from 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine and 1,3-dichloroacetone. The final compounds were tested in vitro against rat liver, (recombinant) human, P. carinii, T. gondii, and Lactobacillus casei DHFRs. The classical analogues showed moderate to good DHFR inhibitory activity (IC50 10(-6)-10(-8) M) with the N-CH3 analogue 2 about twice as potent as 1. The nonclassical analogues were inactive with IC50S > 3 x 10(-5) M. The classical analogues were also evaluated as inhibitors of TS (L. casei, (recombinant) human and human CCRF-CEM), glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase, and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase and were found to be inactive against these enzymes. The classical analogues (particularly 2) were significantly cytotoxic toward a variety of tumor cell lines in culture. The nonclassical analogues were marginally active. Both classical compounds were good substrates for human folylpolyglutamate synthetase. Further evaluation of the cytotoxicity of 1 and 2 in CCRF-CEM cells and its sublines, having defined mechanisms of methotrexate (MTX) resistance, demonstrated that the analogues utilize the reduced folate/MTX-transport system and primarily inhibit DHFR and that poly-gamma-glutamylation was crucial to their mechanism of action. Protection studies in the FaDu squamous cell carcinoma cell line indicated that inhibition was completely reversed by leucovorin or the combination of thymidine plus hypoxanthine. Furthermore, for compounds 1 and 2, in contrast to MTX, the FaDu cells were better protected by thymidine alone than hypoxanthine alone, suggesting a predominantly antithymidylate effect.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gangjee
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Devraj
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: McGuire
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Kisliuk
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Queener
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Barrows
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D000818:Animals; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005493:Folic Acid Antagonists / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000494:pharmacology; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D011010:Pneumocystis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D051381:Rats; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D005493:Folic Acid Antagonists; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C086906:N-(4-(N-((2,4-diaminofuro(2,3-d)pyrimidin-5-yl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)glutamic acid; C086907:N-(4-(N-((2,4-diamino-furo(2,3-d)pyrimidin-5-yl)methyl)methylamino)benzoyl)glutamic acid; D005492:Folic Acid; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase; D008727:Methotrexate