Risk factors for renal cell carcinoma in Denmark. I. Role of socioeconomic status, tobacco use, beverages, and family history.
Risk factors for renal cell carcinoma were examined in a population based case-control study in Denmark. A total of 368 cases and 396 age- and gender-matched controls were interviewed in their homes. Increased risk was associated with low socioeconomic status. For men, an increasing risk with decreasing socioeconomic status was seen (odds ratio [OR] = 2.2, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 1.0-4.6 for men in the lowest socioeconomic stratum cf the highest). For women, the risk was lower in the highest socioeconomic stratum compared with the rest (OR = 2.4, CI = 0.9-5.9 for the lowest strata cf the highest). Cigarette smoking was a risk factor in men with an OR = 2.3 (CI = 1.1-5.1) for cigarette smokers with a total consumption of more than 40 pack-years compared with nonsmokers. Family history of kidney cancer was associated with an increased risk in both genders (for men, OR = 4.1, CI = 1.1-14.9; for women, OR = 4.8, CI = 1.0-23). Observations were inconsistent regarding coffee and alcohol consumption, and we found no association with tea drinking. The association with socioeconomic status remained after adjustment for other factors.
Mellemgaard
A
A
Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen.
Engholm
G
G
McLaughlin
J K
JK
Olsen
J H
JH
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001628:Beverages / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003069:Coffee; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012923:Social Class; D013662:Tea
D003069:Coffee; D013662:Tea