title: Risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage in outpatients taking warfarin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the rational use of anticoagulants, especially among the elderly, balancing antithrombotic efficacy and risk for hemorrhage. Previous prospective studies have not provided powerful assessments of risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage, the dominant complication in reversing the anticoagulant decision.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large general hospital and its anticoagulant therapy unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  121 consecutive adult patients taking warfarin who were hospitalized with intracranial hemorrhage were each matched to three contemporaneous controls randomly selected from among outpatients managed by our hospital anticoagulant therapy unit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  77 patients had intracerebral hemorrhage (46% fatal) and 44 had subdural hemorrhage (20% fatal). The prothrombin time ratio (PTR) was the dominant risk factor for intracranial hemorrhage. For each 0.5 increase in PTR over the entire range, the risk for intracerebral hemorrhage doubled (odds ratio, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.4 to 2.9). For subdural hemorrhage, the risk was unchanged over the PTR range from 1.0 to 2.0 but rose dramatically above a PTR of 2.0 (approximate international normalized ratio, 4.0). Age was the only other significant independent risk factor for subdural hemorrhage (odds ratio, 2.0 per decade; CI, 1.3 to 3.1). For intracerebral hemorrhage, age was of borderline significance (odds ratio, 1.3 per decade; CI, 1.0 to 1.6) after controlling for PTR and the two other independent risk factors: history of cerebrovascular disease (odds ratio, 3.1; CI, 1.7 to 5.6) and presence of a prosthetic heart valve (odds ratio, 2.8; CI, 1.3 to 5.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results emphasize the importance of maintaining the prothrombin time ratios under 2.0 and the need for especially careful use of warfarin in the elderly.
authors.affiliation: General Internal Medicine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Hylek
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Singer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006408:Hematoma, Subdural / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011517:Prothrombin Time; D012307:Risk Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014859:Warfarin