title: Detection of functional and dimeric activin A in human marrow microenvironment. Implications for the modulation of erythropoiesis.
abstract: Activin A, which was initially recognized as a gonadal protein, was implicated in the modulation of erythropoiesis through a paracrine control in the bone marrow microenvironment. Present studies demonstrate that, in contrast to T lymphocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts, human marrow stromal cells produce a functional and dimeric beta A beta A molecule (i.e., activin A). RT-PCR further indicates that both alpha and beta A mRNAs of inhibin A/activin A are produced in human stromal cells. The level of beta A subunit mRNAs, however, is in large excess over that of alpha subunit mRNAs, suggesting the predominant production of beta A beta A dimers, as well as some inhibin A (alpha beta A). It should be noted, however, that the beta A subunit can form dimeric proteins other than activin A, such as activin AB (beta A beta B) and inhibin A (alpha beta A). Hence, the presence of the beta A subunit may not necessarily indicate the production of the activin A molecule in any tissue. Therefore, a special quantitative sandwich ELISA assay specific for the dimeric beta A beta A molecule was developed for the measurement of activin A. With this assay, production of activin A in marrow stromal cells is found to be greatly enhanced by cytokines and inflammatory mediators such as TNF-alpha, IL-1 alpha, and lipopolysaccharide. These studies thus suggest that inflammatory cytokines are the inducers for activin A, probably serving a role of up-regulating activin A production locally in bone marrow microenvironment. At present, activin A is not known to play any role in inflammatory reaction; this study may thus raise the possibility that activin A performs more functions than are currently recognized. Alternatively, the enhanced production of this molecule in the bone marrow microenvironment may be regarded as a compensatory mechanism in host defenses, countering inflammatory mediators that are known to suppress erythropoiesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037.
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Frigon
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D028341:Activins; D001483:Base Sequence; D001681:Biological Assay; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology; D017931:DNA Primers; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004920:Erythropoiesis; D015870:Gene Expression; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D007265:Inhibins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D017931:DNA Primers; D006133:Growth Substances; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D028341:Activins; D007265:Inhibins