title: Nutritional status of nationally ranked elite bodybuilders.
abstract: The nutritional status of 11 female and 13 male elite bodybuilders at the first drug-tested USA Championship was examined through food records kept by subjects. Diets were repetitive and monotonous, and average daily energy and protein contents were relatively similar for men and women. Percent calories from protein, fat, and carbohydrate were 39%, 12%, and 48% for females, and 40%, 11%, and 49% for males, respectively. Females consumed 0% vitamin D, 52% calcium, 76% zinc (as percents of RDA) and below the Estimated Safe and Adequate Dietary Allowance amounts for copper and chromium. Males consumed 46% of vitamin D RDA. Although dietary magnesium intakes were above the RDA, serum magnesium levels in females were below reference values, which should be investigated. Serum zinc levels were high in men and women. Eighty-one percent of females reported recurrent contest-related amenorrhea for 2 +/- 1 months precontest. Dietary intakes of men were adequate but the restrictive intakes of women may place them at risk for calcium, copper, and chromium deficiencies.
authors.affiliation: Friedman-Kester and Kleiner, Gates Mills, OH 44040-0367.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kleiner
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Bazzarre
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Ainsworth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008597:Menstrual Cycle; D009752:Nutritional Status; D014891:Weight Lifting