title: The diagnosis of periodontal conditions associated with HIV infection.
abstract: Objective, reliable, and valid diagnostic criteria are required for studies of HIV-associated periodontal conditions. A set of diagnostic criteria were devised based on a literature review and the clinical experience of the authors. Validity was assessed by comparison with clinical photographs and the criteria were evaluated and refined for ease of use and objectivity. To assess the reliability of the criteria, 9 experienced examiners were shown 20 clinical photographs accompanied by brief vignettes of clinical information. Each examiner was asked to identify signs evident in a particular area of the photograph and to record a diagnosis. Five examiners were then trained and calibrated in the use of the criteria. Finally, all 9 examiners were shown the original 20 photographs and asked to identify signs and record diagnoses. The examiners showed only fair reliability in the recognition of clinical signs, made diagnoses intuitively, and had only fair agreement on the diagnosis of periodontal diseases. The inter-examiner reliability of examiners trained and calibrated in the use of the criteria increased and was greater than among untrained examiners. Rigid diagnostic criteria are essential in epidemiologic studies. Inter-examiner reliability will be increased if examiners are trained in their use and calibrated in the recognition of clinical signs. Diagnostic criteria should be modified as understanding of the diseases they classify increases. The proposed criteria will enhance the value of studies of HIV-associated periodontal changes and will contribute to that understanding.
authors.affiliation: University College Dental Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Winkler
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Westenhouse
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hilton
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Greenspan
mesh_terms: D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003663:Decision Trees; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D005892:Gingivitis, Necrotizing Ulcerative / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D015588:Observer Variation; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013223:Statistics as Topic