title: Visual acuity and pupillary responses to spatial structure in infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the age of onset of the pupil grating response (PGR). To compare estimates of resolution acuity obtained by pupillometric and behavioral methods in early infancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dynamic infrared pupillometry was undertaken on 19 newborn infants while they fixated a uniform background upon which a 0.1 c/deg sine wave grating was briefly presented. Pupillary responses were also recorded to an increment in luminance of a spatially homogeneous target. Longitudinal measurements of PGRs were obtained from a subset of eight infants between 3.5 and 38 weeks of age. In this group, behavioral estimates of visual resolution obtained using the acuity card procedure were compared with the highest spatial frequency grating to elicit a PGR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When presented with the pattern stimulus, newborn infants did not show any pupil reaction indicative of a PGR. This finding could not be attributed to immaturity of pupillomotor function: All infants showed marked pupillary construction to diffuse light stimulation. By 1 month of age, pupillary responses to pattern stimuli were reliably present. For these and older infants, the spatial frequency of the finest grating to elicit a PGR was comparable to the behaviorally determined resolution threshold: mean difference (+/- 95% confidence interval) = 0.28 +/- 0.23 octaves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A PGR could not be detected in newborn infants. From 1 month of age, responses to spatial structure can provide objective estimates of visual acuity comparable to those determined by established methods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Cocker
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Moseley
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Bissenden
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Fielder
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008027:Light; D011680:Pupil / Q000502:physiology*; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D014787:Vision Tests / Q000379:methods; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*