title: Aminophylline fails to improve the outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation from prolonged ventricular fibrillation: a placebo-controlled, randomized, blinded experimental study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate systematically the effects of the adenosine antagonist aminophylline on resuscitation outcome in a canine model of postcardioversion nonperfusing rhythm.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Theoretic considerations and experimental studies indicate that myocardial adenosine accumulation during prolonged ventricular fibrillation might play a significant role in postcardioversion asystole and electromechanical dissociation. A recent uncontrolled clinical trial has suggested that the adenosine antagonist aminophylline might improve the outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation from refractory bradyasystolic cardiac arrest.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two placebo-controlled, randomized, blinded experimental studies were performed. In protocol 1 (20 dogs), ventricular fibrillation was induced and maintained for 7.5 min. Sixty seconds before cardioversion, dogs received 1 mg of epinephrine followed by 250 mg of aminophylline or placebo. In protocol 2 (20 dogs), dogs were cardioverted to electromechanical dissociation after 5 min of unsupported ventricular fibrillation. Sixty seconds later, all dogs received 1 mg of epinephrine followed by 250 mg of aminophylline or placebo. In both experiments, resuscitation efforts were continued until return of spontaneous circulation, or up to 30 min. The primary end point was survival to 1 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In protocol 1, 4 of 10 dogs survived in the aminophylline group, whereas 7 of 10 dogs survived in the placebo group, a nonsignificant trend toward unfavorable outcome from aminophylline. Pretreatment with aminophylline increased the number of cardioversion applications required to terminate ventricular fibrillation. In protocol 2, 5 of 10 and 6 of 10 dogs survived in the aminophylline and placebo groups, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that aminophylline fails to improve the outcome of resuscitation from prolonged ventricular fibrillation. It does not reverse established electromechanical dissociation and may in fact increase the number of cardioversion applications required to terminate ventricular fibrillation. The rationale for conducting clinical trials with aminophylline during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is questionable.
authors.affiliation: Laser and Applied Technologies Laboratory, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina 28232.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Littmann
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Ashline
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kempler
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Raymond
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Svenson
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Tuntelder
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Tatsis
mesh_terms: D000628:Aminophylline / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D004285:Dogs; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000628:Aminophylline; D004837:Epinephrine