title: The use of analgesics and sedatives in critically ill patients: physicians' orders versus medications administered.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the difference between the prescribed and actually administered dose of analgesic and sedative drugs in critically ill patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital surgical intensive care unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fifty consecutive adult patients admitted to a surgical intensive care unit over a 3-month period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were gathered on a daily basis. The sedation and analgesia given were compared with the daily physician orders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Narcotics and benzodiazepines were most commonly used. On average only 22% to 52% of the mean ordered dose of intravenous and intramuscular morphine was actually administered. Larger doses of morphine were administered to intubated patients than to nonintubated ones. Patients receiving intravenous fentanyl infusions generally were administered more than the ordered dose. The actual and prescribed doses of epidural fentanyl were well matched. Midazolam was the most frequently prescribed benzodiazepine. Like morphine, the amount administered was below the maximum ordered by the physicians.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physicians tended to write fairly nonspecific orders that were used by the nursing staff as very broad guidelines. A need exists to educate physicians as to what patients actually receive for sedation and analgesia and at the same time improve the dialogue between nurses and physicians as to what patients actually require.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weissman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000451:nursing*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000451:nursing; D010819:Physician's Role; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009020:Morphine; D005283:Fentanyl