title: Mechanical blood traumatization by tubing and throttles in in vitro pump tests: experimental results and implications for hemolysis theory.
abstract: Blood has become essential as a test fluid to evaluate hemolysis and biocompatibility of blood pumps in vitro. The blood is usually pumped from a blood bag into a circuit against elevated pressure. A throttle or a length of tubing is used to produce the pressure head. Blood damage caused by the shear stress in these pressure-reducing devices should be minimal. It is not known whether the high but short-lasting shear stress in a throttle is more or less damaging to the blood than the low but long-lasting stress in tubing. In this study, throttles (width 11 mm, minimal height 0.9 mm, length 30 mm; shear stress = 136 N/m2 lasting for 3.23 ms); and tubing (inner diameter 9.5 mm, length 4.5 m, shear stress = 4.5 N/m2 lasting for 3.5 s) were compared at a flow of 5 L/min and a pressure drop of 150 mm Hg. Experiments (n = 10) with bovine blood were performed in two parallel setups using Bio-Medicus pumps BP80. Free hemoglobin in plasma (fHb) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) were measured. After 6 h, the fHb increase was 31.9 +/- 19.1 mg% for the throttle setup and 32.3 +/- 16.2 for the tubing setup. The TXB2 release was 296 +/- 70 and 305 +/- 54 pg/0.1 ml respectively after 4 h. In summary, no significant differences between the two setups for either fHb or TXB2 could be detected. So the use of a throttle, which requires far less priming volume and a smaller blood-contacting surface while also offering a wider range of adjustment, seems preferable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Surgery, University of Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schima
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsangaris
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gheiseder
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schlusche
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Losert
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thoma
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wolner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001243:Assisted Circulation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002417:Cattle; D006461:Hemolysis; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D013314:Stress, Mechanical