title: Modulation of the mevalonate pathway and cell growth by pravastatin and d-limonene in a human hepatoma cell line (Hep G2).
abstract: Modulation of cell growth by a combination of pravastatin [a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor] and d-limonene (an inhibitor of protein isoprenylation) was studied using Hep G2, a human hepatoma-derived cell line. Pravastatin, at 0.1 mM, produced 85% inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in Hep G2 cells. The combination of 0.1 mM pravastatin and 1.0 mM d-limonene had no further effect on the reduction seen with pravastatin alone. Addition of 0.1 mM pravastatin or 1.0 mM d-limonene did not significantly suppress DNA synthesis by the cells, whereas the combination suppressed it to 50% of the control level. Production of m-p21ras was markedly decreased to 35% of the control level by the combination of these two inhibitors. Both the reduction by pravastatin of farnesylpyrophosphate as substrate for protein:farnesyl transferase and inhibition of protein farnesylation by d-limonene seem to be responsible for the profound suppression of m-p21ras formation in the cells. However, dolichol synthesis was not suppressed by the combination of these inhibitors. In human fibroblasts, the combination suppressed m-p21ras production but not DNA synthesis. These findings suggest that the combination of pravastatin and d-limonene acts on cancer cell growth through inhibition of the post-translational processing of cellular proteins including p21ras, rather than through the suppression of cholesterol and dolichol biosynthesis. Thus, the combination of an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and an inhibitor of protein isoprenylation offers potential as a new approach for cancer therapy.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka University Medical School, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawata
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagase
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yamasaki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishiguro
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsuzawa
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000096:biosynthesis; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D000077222:Limonene; D008113:Liver Neoplasms; D008798:Mevalonic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D017035:Pravastatin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017368:Protein Prenylation / Q000187:drug effects; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013729:Terpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D013729:Terpenes; D002784:Cholesterol; D000077222:Limonene; C501009:HRAS protein, human; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D017035:Pravastatin; D008798:Mevalonic Acid