title: Monitoring normal and aberrant electrocardiographic activity from an endotracheal tube: comparison of the surface, esophageal, and tracheal electrocardiograms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We designed an endotracheal (ET) tube with orthogonally spaced ECG cuff electrodes. This ET tube was evaluated in dogs and sheep to determine (1) whether ECGs recorded from our tube were sufficient to make accurate clinical decisions concerning heart rate and rhythm; and (2) whether metallic cuff electrodes in direct contact with the trachea could induce mucosal burn injury during episodes of defibrillation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using experimental animals, we obtained ECGs from their tracheae and compared our findings with ECGs obtained from surface and esophageal electrodes. The electrical activity of the heart was modified by increasing the depth of anesthesia, occluding the left coronary artery, and administering beta-adrenergic drugs. Before the dogs were euthanized, they were subjected to episodes of transthoracic and intrathoracic defibrillation at energy levels of 200 to 400 J. A postmortem pathological examination of the trachea was performed to determine the incidence of mucosal burn injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tracheal electrocardiography provided valid information on heart-rate monitoring and certain morphology profiles. The R-R, PR, QRS, and QT intervals measured from the trachea had a correlation of 1.0, 0.96, 0.83, and 0.98, respectively, when compared with the same intervals obtained from surface electrodes. Two tracheae subjected to intrathoracic defibrillation at > 300 J revealed evidence of minor burn injury. Some localized epithelium loss was displayed in all tracheae; we attributed this to tracheal intubation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tracheal electrocardiography may be useful in trauma patients who require intubation where injury precludes placement of chest ECG electrodes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin 78712.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Craven
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012756:Sheep; D014132:Trachea / Q000473:pathology