title: Circulatory effects of vasoconstrictors combined with local anesthetics.
abstract: Vasoconstrictors are clinically used as adjuvants to local anesthetics to improve anesthetic action and to minimize local bleeding. Accidental intravascular injection or rapid systemic absorption of vasoconstrictors can induce a number of potentially life-threatening circulatory risks, which are described in this paper.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Anesthesiology, University of Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jage
mesh_terms: D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000009:adverse effects; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000075202:Contraindications; D017742:Dental Care for Chronically Ill; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008619:Mepivacaine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D004338:Drug Combinations; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D008012:Lidocaine; D008619:Mepivacaine; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine