Hypoglycemia-induced autonomic failure in IDDM is specific for stimulus of hypoglycemia and is not attributable to prior autonomic activation.
We hypothesized, first, that recent antecedent hypoglycemia causes reduced autonomic responses to subsequent hypoglycemia in patients with well-controlled insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and that the reduced responses are specific for the stimulus of hypoglycemia while the responses to other stimuli are unaltered and, second, that reduced autonomic responses, specifically sympathochromaffin, so-induced are not simply the result of prior activation of the system. To test the first hypothesis, eight patients with IDDM, selected for HbA1c levels < 8.0% and the absence of classic diabetic autonomic neuropathy, were studied twice. On one occasion, clamped hypoglycemia (approximately 2.8 mM) was produced at 1400-1600 on days 2 and 3; on the other occasion clamped euglycemia (approximately 5.6 mM) was produced at those times. On both occasions, autonomic responses to hypoglycemia (approximately 2.8 mM) were determined the morning of day 3 and those to standing, exercise, and a formula meal the morning of day 4. Following afternoon hypoglycemia, 1) the adrenomedullary epinephrine (EPI) response to hypoglycemia was reduced (P = 0.0397) but that to standing, exercise, and a meal were unaltered; 2) the sympathetic neural norepinephrine (NE) response to standing and to exercise was unaltered; and 3) the partially parasympathetic neural-mediated pancreatic polypeptide response to a meal was unaltered. To test the second hypothesis, seven nondiabetic subjects were studied twice, once with cycle exercise (60% peak VO2 x 60 min) and once without exercise 90 min before clamped hypoglycemia (approximately 2.8 mM). Prior exercise had no effect on the EPI, NE, or pancreatic polypeptide responses to hypoglycemia. We conclude, first, that the phenomenon of hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure can be induced in patients with well-controlled IDDM and is specific for the stimulus of hypoglycemia and, second, that this is not simply the result of prior activation of the system.
Rattarasarn
C
C
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.
Dagogo-Jack
S
S
Zachwieja
J J
JJ
Cryer
P E
PE
D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; D000328:Adult; D000409:Alanine / Q000097:blood; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood*; D005215:Fasting; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates / Q000097:blood; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D007773:Lactates / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010191:Pancreatic Polypeptide / Q000097:blood; D005082:Physical Exertion; D011187:Posture; D012016:Reference Values; D013997:Time Factors
D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates; D007328:Insulin; D007773:Lactates; D010191:Pancreatic Polypeptide; D013006:Growth Hormone; D005934:Glucagon; D000409:Alanine; D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine