New and old in prognosis determination.
Many factors have been identified for the prediction of prognosis in human breast cancer. In this overview the old and recent available prognostic factors are discussed. The prognostic markers widely used are clinical factors (tumor size, age of the patient, etc.), serum markers (CEA, CA 15-3, MSA, CA 125, TK, MCA), pathological factors (histologic differentiation grade, lymph node status) and steroid receptors. More recently molecular biological studies suggest that amplification and overexpression of some oncogenes may play a role in breast cancer prognosis, such as allele deletions of onco-suppressor genes (p53). DNA ploidy status and proliferation markers (S-phase fraction, Ki67 and TLI) may also be useful as prognostic markers.
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Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy.
D000328:Adult; D015295:Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate / Q000032:analysis; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D002455:Cell Division; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008598:Menstruation; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D009857:Oncogenes; D011379:Prognosis; D011987:Receptors, Steroid / Q000032:analysis
D015295:Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011987:Receptors, Steroid