title: Risk factors in the development of early renal cortical defects in children with urinary tract infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Defects seen on early cortical scintigrams of the renal cortex in children with urinary tract infection may represent acute inflammatory change or established scar. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between these defects and age, sex, the presence and grade of vesicoureteral reflux, and infective organism in a cohort of children examined after their first proved urinary tract infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively examined 193 consecutive patients less than 5 years old who were seen at the ambulatory pediatric department during a 3-year period and had a first proved urinary tract infection. Children with obstructed or solitary kidneys were excluded. All patients were imaged with scintigraphy of the renal cortex and radiographic voiding cystourethrography within 15 days of diagnosis. The association of age, sex, the presence and grade of vesicoureteral reflux, and infective organism with a defect (acute pyelonephritis or a renal scar) seen on a cortical renal scan was studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of cortical defects was greater in the kidneys of patients less than 2 years old (96/290, 33%) than in older children (16/96, 17%) and greater in those with vesicoureteral reflux (41/92, 45%) than in those without it (71/294, 24%). Vesicoureteral reflux was absent in 63% (71/112) of kidneys with a cortical defect. No association with sex or infective organism was established. As well as having a greater prevalence of cortical defects, 145 (75%) of the 193 urinary tract infections included in the study were in children less than 2 years old. The kidneys of these younger patients also had a greater severity and prevalence of vesicoureteral reflux (74/290, 26%) than did those of older children (18/96, 19%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early cortical defects are associated with an age less than 2 years and vesicoureteral reflux. However, the association of early defects with the presence and grade of vesicoureteral reflux is confounded by the declining prevalence and severity of reflux with age. A significant proportion of cortical defects occur in the absence of vesicoureteral reflux, and the contribution of reflux to scar formation might be less than previously considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ditchfield
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: de Campo
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grimwood
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sloane
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cahill
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007672:Kidney Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011704:Pyelonephritis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011859:Radiography; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000453:epidemiology*