title: Effects of reinforcement history on responding under progressive-ratio schedules of reinforcement.
abstract: The effects of experimental history on responding under a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement were examined. Sixteen pigeons were divided into four equal groups. Groups 1 to 3 were trained to peck a key for food under a fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, or differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate schedule of reinforcement. After training, these pigeons were shifted to a progressive-ratio schedule, later were shifted back to their original schedule (with decreased rates of reinforcement), and finally were returned to the progressive-ratio schedule. Pigeons in Group 4 (control) were maintained on the progressive-ratio schedule for the entire experiment. To test for potential "latent history" effects, pigeons responding under the progressive-ratio schedule were injected with d-amphetamine and given behavioral-momentum tests of prefeeding and extinction. Experimental histories affected responding in the immediate transition to the progressive-ratio schedule; response rates of pigeons with variable-ratio and fixed-ratio histories were higher than rates of pigeons with differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate and progressive-ratio-only histories. Pigeons with differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate histories, and to a lesser degree pigeons with variable-ratio and fixed-ratio histories, also had shorter postreinforcement pauses than pigeons with only a progressive-ratio history. No consistent long-term effects of prior contingencies on responding under the progressive-ratio schedule were evident. d-Amphetamine and resistance-to-change tests failed to reveal consistent latent history effects. The data suggest that history effects are sometimes transitory and not susceptible to latent influences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania 17815.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Kinney
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Myers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D010856:Columbidae; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological; D003913:Dextroamphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule
chemical_list: D003913:Dextroamphetamine