title: Intravenous ketorolac as an adjuvant to pediatric patient-controlled analgesia with morphine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of a single intraoperative dose of intravenous (i.v.) ketorolac on postoperative opioid dose requirements, quality of analgesia as assessed by the patient, and frequency of opioid-related side effects during pediatric patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with morphine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, double-blind study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Operating rooms, postanesthesia care unit (PACU), and inpatient care units of a freestanding children's hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  50 ASA physical status I-II orthopedic surgical patients ages 8 to 16 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Either 0.8 mg/kg of i.v. ketorolac or no additional analgesic was administered at the time of wound closure. After surgery, all patients were placed on PCA with morphine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individual morphine use during the first 12 hours of PCA therapy was recorded. A visual analog scale (VAS) pain score was obtained from the patient at the time of discharge from the PACU and at 4, 8, and 12 hours postoperatively. Any vomiting, pruritus, or urinary retention occurring during the first 12 postoperative hours was noted. The morphine plus ketorolac group administered significantly less PCA with morphine during the first 12 postoperative hours than did the morphine only group (p = 0.002). The morphine plus ketorolac group also reported significantly lower overall VAS pain scores (p < 0.01). Although similar frequencies of vomiting and pruritus were observed, the morphine plus ketorolac group experienced significantly less urinary retention than did the morphine group (p = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A single intraoperative dose of i.v. ketorolac appears to be opioid dose sharing, to provide superior analgesia, and to decrease the frequency of urinary retention during the first 12 hours of postoperative pediatric PCA with morphine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Akron, OH.
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Vetter
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Heiner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D002648:Child; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D020910:Ketorolac; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011537:Pruritus / Q000209:etiology; D014046:Tolmetin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D016055:Urinary Retention / Q000209:etiology; D014839:Vomiting / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D004338:Drug Combinations; D009020:Morphine; D014046:Tolmetin; D005283:Fentanyl; D020910:Ketorolac