title: Carotid endarterectomy in awake patients: its safety, acceptability, and outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of performing carotid endarterectomy procedures with the patient receiving cervical block anesthetic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over the last 14 years, 654 carotid endarterectomy procedures were performed with patients receiving regional anesthetic. Intraluminal shunts were placed on demand, if neurologic changes with clamping of the carotid artery developed in the patient. During the same period, 419 cases were done with the patients receiving general anesthetic. Choice of anesthetic was based on surgeon and patient preference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the regional anesthetic group the indications for operation included transient ischemic attack (311), asymptomatic hemodynamically significant stenosis (146), amaurosis fugax (106), stroke (86), restenosis (3), and aneurysm (2). Shunts were used in 46 of 654 cases (7%). Conversion from regional to general anesthetic was required in seven patients (1.1%). The operative mortality rate was 0.76% (5 of 654). Permanent nonfatal neurologic deficits occurred in 0.76% (5 of 654), and temporary neurologic deficits occurred in 1.07% (7 of 654).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the basis of these results, we believe regional cervical block anesthetic is an acceptable option to the routine use of shunts performed with the patient receiving general anesthetic during carotid endarterectomy. In addition, the ability to continuously assess the awake patient receiving cervical block may contribute to a decrease in perioperative stroke and mortality rates while simplifying functional cerebral monitoring during carotid endarterectomy.
authors.affiliation: Vascular Surgery Department, Albany Medical College, NY 12208.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Darling
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Bock
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Paty
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Leather
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009518:New York; D012449:Safety; D013503:Surgery Department, Hospital / Q000592:standards*; D016896:Treatment Outcome