title: The etiology of late lower arch crowding alternative to mesially directed forces: a review.
abstract: The causes of late crowding in the lower arch alternative to mesially directed forces are reviewed under the headings: late mandibular growth, skeletal structure and complex growth pattern, soft tissue maturation, periodontal forces, tooth structure, occlusal factors, and connective tissue changes. A multifactorial basis for late lower arch crowding seems likely.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Department of Orthodontics, School of Clinical Dentistry, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Richardson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D003724:Dental Arch / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D003769:Dental Occlusion, Traumatic / Q000150:complications; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000209:etiology*; D008334:Mandible / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D008644:Mesial Movement of Teeth; D014070:Tooth / Q000033:anatomy & histology