title: The helix-loop-helix transcription factor USF (upstream stimulating factor) binds to a regulatory sequence of the human insulin gene enhancer.
abstract: Two important sequence elements, designated insulin enhancer binding site 1 (IEB1) or NIR and IEB2 or FAR, are involved in regulating expression of the rat insulin I gene. These elements bind a helix-loop-helix transcription factor, insulin enhancer factor 1 (IEF1). The IEB1 site is highly conserved among insulin genes but the IEB2 site is not conserved. To investigate the factors binding at the equivalent IEB1 and IEB2 sites in the human insulin gene enhancer, electrophoretic mobility shift assays were performed using a variety of cell extracts and probes specific for the homologous IEB1 and IEB2 sites. The results indicate that a factor with similar tissue distribution and binding characteristics to those of IEF1 binds to the IEB1 site in the human insulin gene, but that a separate factor, identified as the adenovirus major late transcription factor [MLTF, or upstream stimulating factor (USF)] binds to the IEB2 site.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, U.K.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Read
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Docherty
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D018257:Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000235:genetics*; D060850:LIM-Homeodomain Proteins; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D051720:Upstream Stimulatory Factors
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D007328:Insulin; D060850:LIM-Homeodomain Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D014157:Transcription Factors; C497181:USF1 protein, human; D051720:Upstream Stimulatory Factors; C063843:insulin gene enhancer binding protein Isl-1