title: Blood flow increase in the orofacial area of humans induced by painful stimulation.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate if painful stimulation produces blood flow changes in the tooth pulp and the facial skin in humans. Also, we attempted to find out if the possible blood flow changes induced by painful stimulation could be explained by central sympathetic and parasympathetic reflex mechanisms, by an antidromic activation of nociceptive axons (axon reflex), or by a change in central cardiovascular parameters. Laser Doppler flowmeter was used to assess the blood flow changes. Electrical tooth pulp stimulation at painful intensities induced a blood flow increase in the ipsilateral lip adjacent to the stimulus site, and vice versa. Nonpainful stimulation had no effects. Painful thermal stimulation of the upper lip also produced an increase in the blood flow of the ipsilateral upper incisor. The blood flow changes in the lip produced by dental stimulation were not correlated with changes in systemic blood pressure or heart rate. Painful electrical stimulation of the hand did not induce any changes in the pulpal blood flow, whereas painful dental stimulation produced a blood flow decrease in the finger but no change in the contralateral lip or cheek. In monkey experiments a regional block of the central conduction of the inferior alveolar nerve at the level of the mandibular foramen produced varying results: the blood flow increase in the lower incisor produced by noxious thermal stimulation of the ipsilateral lower lip was not abolished in two experiments but was abolished in other two experiments. It is concluded that painful stimulation can induce significant increases in the blood flow of the orofacial regions in humans. This increase is predominantly restricted to the region adjacent to the stimulus site and cannot be explained by changes in the central cardiovascular parameters. Central neuronal reflex mechanisms and an axon reflex may both underlie these blood flow increases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kemppainen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Leppänen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jyväsjärvi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pertovaara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000502:physiology; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005145:Face / Q000098:blood supply*; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008046:Lip / Q000502:physiology; D008251:Macaca; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009055:Mouth / Q000098:blood supply*; D009407:Nerve Block; D009431:Neural Conduction; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply