title: Fludarabine--present status and future developments in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and lymphoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fludarabine monophosphate (fludarabine) is an adenine nucleoside analogue active in indolent lymphoproliferative diseases which has an increasing role in studies incorporating combinations of agents which exploit biochemical modulation, inhibition of DNA repair, and radiosensitizing effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) treated at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) and reports in the literature form the basis of this report.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CLL has traditionally been treated with alkylating agents and corticosteroids. In this study, fludarabine has shown marked cytoreductive ability in both previously treated patients and untreated patients. In the former group, there has been a 55% response rate in 374 patients, and 79% in the untreated CLL group. Fludarabine has also been very active in the management of low-grade lymphomas, with two-thirds of patients with follicular lymphoma and half of those with other indolent lymphomas responding. Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia is also sensitive to the effects of fludarabine. Combination regimens were developed incorporating the substantial effectiveness of fludarabine and mitoxantrone where in the previously treated low-grade lymphoma group 25 of 28 patients (89%) responded. Fludarabine has the effect of increasing the triphosphate form of cytosine arabinoside in acute and chronic leukemic cells. This modulation has now been translated into therapy for acute leukemia and combined with cisplatinum in refractory CLL. Fludarabine inhibits DNA repair and enhances cross-linking of DNA by cisplatinum. The combination of fludarabine, ara-C, and cis-platinum is now being used in refractory CLL. Fludarabine is a radiation sensitizer, inhibiting repair of DNA damage. Studies are ongoing with this combination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fludarabine is a potent molecule with a wide range of biochemical effects. Optimal use of this drug alone and in combination is continuing to be explored.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Keating
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Plunkett
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gandhi
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gregoire
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cabanillas
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000477:Alkylating Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D017321:Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic; D017322:Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D006801:Humans; D015451:Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012074:Remission Induction; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014740:Vidarabine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008258:Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000477:Alkylating Agents; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D014740:Vidarabine; C024352:fludarabine