title: Early child health in Lahore, Pakistan: IX. Perinatal events.
abstract: In Pakistan there are a number of acute problems related to maternal and infant health in the perinatal period. There is also lack of reliable data needed for the formulation of action strategies. To provide a database 1490 women have been followed from the 5th month of pregnancy in four different areas at various levels of urbanization and socio-economic development. After adjusting for gestational age, the proportion of newborns with weight for length < -2SDS in relation to the Swedish National Standard was 12-31% for boys and 12-25% for girls, the figure being highest in the most deprived area. Preterm birth was infrequent compared with IUGR. The overall prevalence rate of birth defects was 21% out of which 8% were severe defects. The overall perinatal mortality rate was 56/1000 births, with rates of 60, 75, 36 and 33/1000 births for the village, periurban slum, urban slum and the upper middle class. Two thirds of the deaths were related to either a continuation of intrauterine disturbances or severe congenital defects incompatible with life. One third of the deaths were due to infection; mostly diarrhoea, clinical sepsis and ARI. Neonatal mortality was significantly related to birth length (< -2SDS, odds ratio 5.5) and length of gestation (< 37 weeks, odds ratio 5.6) and was to a lesser extent related to weight (< -2SDS, odds ratio 2.0) and weight for length (< -2SDS, odds ratio 1.3). Forty percent of the mothers had weight for height below -2SDS, 23-35% had height < -2SDS. Forty percent of mothers from a subset within the cohort had a hemoglobin < 10 gm/dl and 20% showed signs of pre-eclampsia. This presentation raises the issue of expanding the current Child Survival Programs into the perinatal period as well.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Preventive Pediatrics, King Edward Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jalil
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Lindblad
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yaqoob
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Karlberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D002423:Cause of Death; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000453:epidemiology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014507:Urbanization