title: Bacterial endocarditis in patients with chronic liver disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although patients with cirrhosis have an increased susceptibility for bacterial infections, endocarditis complicating cirrhosis has been reported only infrequently. In this study, our objective was to determine whether, bacterial endocarditis is, in fact, a complicating factor in cirrhosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively studied all cases of bacterial endocarditis that occurred over the last 15 yr in patients with known cirrhosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten patients (three males, seven females) were identified, whose mean age was 55 yr (range 29-65 yr). Bacterial organisms included Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-positive (eight patients), Peptostreptococcus (one patient), and Enterococcus (one patient). Underlying liver disease consisted of alcoholism (five patients), autoimmune chronic active hepatitis (two), cryptogenic cirrhosis (two), and primary biliary cirrhosis (one). Distribution of heart valves affected were mitral valve (six), aorta (two), and there were two involving both mitral and aortic valves. Echocardiograms revealed vegetation in 50% of the patients. Laboratory studies were markedly abnormal, with mean values of albumin 2.4 mg/dl, creatinine 2.5 mg/dl, BUN 76.5 mg/dl, and total bilirubin 8.2 mg/dl. Potential associated sources of infection were upper gastrointestinal bleeding (four), pneumonia (two), and one each of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hip replacement, heart catheterization, and abdominal abscess. The outcome was poor, with death in eight of 10 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bacterial endocarditis may complicate cirrhosis, may be more frequent in females, typically involves the mitral valve, and probably is due to Staphylococcus aureus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Digestive Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: McCashland
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Sorrell
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Zetterman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004697:Endocarditis, Bacterial / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies