title: The sepsis syndrome in a Dutch university hospital. Clinical observations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most studies of the cause of sepsis syndrome focus on patients hospitalized in intensive care units. In this study, we analyzed the incidence, cause, and outcome of the sepsis syndrome in all hospitalized patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and microbiologic data were obtained for 382 patients (5.6% of all patients admitted) from whom blood was drawn for culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of the sepsis syndrome was 13.6 per 1000 patients admitted (1.06 per 1000 hospital days), while the incidence of septic shock was 4.6 per 1000. The respiratory tract was the predominant infection site. Of all patients with sepsis syndrome, 38% (n = 35) had positive blood cultures. More than half of these cultures (13 [57%]) were caused by gram-positive microorganisms (excluding patients receiving selective decontamination of the digestive tract and those with intravascular device-related bacteremias). The mortality for patients with sepsis syndrome without shock was 28% (17/61), while for patients with septic shock, it was 55% (17/31). Patients with cardiovascular diseases had a significantly (P < .005) greater risk of dying during a sepsis syndrome episode than patients with other predisposing factors. Multivariate analysis of factors influencing outcome identified the development of shock and an immunocompromised state as being significantly associated with outcome in patients with sepsis syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients fulfilling the criteria for the sepsis syndrome are at great risk of developing septic shock or multiple-organ failure and subsequently dying. In our hospital, the majority of bacteremic episodes were associated with gram-positive microorganisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kieft
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Hoepelman
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rozenberg-Arska
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Struyvenberg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verhoef
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D015984:Causality; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006746:Hospital Bed Capacity, 500 and over; D006785:Hospitals, University / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D013577:Syndrome; D016896:Treatment Outcome