title: Exercise electrocardiography and aortic Doppler velocimetry in asymptomatic identical twins discordant for type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the influence of insulin dependent diabetes on the prevalence of myocardial ischaemia and on global left ventricular systolic performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stress treadmill electrocardiograms and simultaneous Doppler measurement of aortic maximum acceleration were obtained during exercise on symptom free subjects. The electrocardiograms were scored blindly according to the Minnesota code.
  
  
  METHODS
  39 identical twin pairs (22 male) discordant for insulin dependent diabetes and 39 non-diabetic controls of similar age and sex were examined. The twins and controls had a mean age of 37 (range 25-69) with a mean (SD) duration of diabetes in the diabetic twin of 17 (7) years. Those selected were normotensive and had no renal impairment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Systolic blood pressure was significantly higher in the diabetic twins than in their non-diabetic cotwins both at rest (p < 0.05) and at peak exercise (p < 0.01). Electrocardiographic evidence of ischaemia was not correlated within twin pairs and was found in similar numbers of diabetic twins, their non-diabetic cotwins, and control subjects. Abnormal electrocardiograms were found in a similar number of diabetic twins (23%), non-diabetic cotwins (18%), and controls (15%). There was a significant correlation in Doppler measurements of global left ventricular systolic function within the identical twins; no significant difference was found for these Doppler measurements in the diabetic twins, non-diabetic cotwins, or controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exercise characteristics and cardiac function seem to be subject to shared genetic or shared environmental influences or both, whereas electrocardiographic features of ischaemia seem to be environmentally determined. In a selected cohort of diabetic identical twins without evidence of nephropathy there was no evidence that diabetes influenced the prevalence of myocardial ischaemia or global left ventricular systolic function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Academic Medicine, Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dubrey
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Akhras
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hardman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Travill
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hynd
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Noble
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Leslie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001011:Aorta / Q000503:physiopathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004200:Diseases in Twins; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*