title: Outcome of depression and anxiety in primary care. A three-wave 3 1/2-year study of psychopathology and disability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We evaluated the long-term outcome of depression and anxiety and associated disability among primary-care attenders with common psychiatric disorders and symptoms (n = 201) using binary and multicategorical, interview-based outcome measures of psychiatric illness and disability.
  
  
  METHODS
  A two-stage design was used. In the first stage, 1994 consecutive attenders of 25 general practitioners were screened on psychiatric illness with the General Health Questionnaire and by their physicians. A stratified random sample (n = 292) with differing probabilities was selected for second-stage interview (Present State Examination and Groningen Disability Schedule). Patients with psychiatric symptoms (n = 201) were reassessed 1 (n = 182) and 3 1/2 (n = 154) years later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 1- and 3 1/2-year follow-ups, many cases no longer met the criteria of their baseline diagnosis and disability levels had substantially dropped. However, partial remission, not full recovery, was the rule, and was associated with residual disability. Depression had better outcomes than anxiety and mixed anxiety-depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We concluded that a multicategorical, rather than a binary, outcome measure better reflects patient outcomes, since it highlights partial remission, mild symptoms, and residual disability, and as such, stresses the need to supplement short-term treatment. A multicategorical caseness model may be advantageous for research and clinical practice. We suggest a dynamic-equilibrium model to account for residual symptoms and disability. This study is a follow-up to two earlier reports on the recognition, treatment, and 1-year course of common psychiatric illnesses in general practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ormel
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oldehinkel
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brilman
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: vanden Brink
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012917:Social Adjustment; D016896:Treatment Outcome