title: Defense reaction in the pond snail Planorbis corneus. II. Central pattern generator.
abstract: 1. In the isolated CNS of the pond snail Planorbis corneus, spontaneous bursts of activity in the motor neurons (MNs) supplying the columellar muscle were occasionally observed. The biphasic pattern of this activity, with a shorter (3-5 s) initial burst and longer (20-40 s) subsequent burst, was similar to that of the motor output during the general ("whole-body") defense reaction. In preparations consisting of the CNS isolated with the columellar muscle or with the lung, spontaneous biphasic contractions of the muscle as well as openings of the pneumostome with a temporal pattern characteristic of the defense reaction were observed. These findings demonstrated that the efferent pattern of the defense reaction in the snail is, to a large extent, produced by a special neuronal mechanism (the central pattern generator, CPG) triggered by the sensory input, rather than generated by ongoing processing of sensory input. The CPG consists of two components responsible for generation of two phases of the defense reaction. A characteristic feature of the CPG is that the magnitude of its response depends in a graded fashion on the strength of the initial stimulus. 2. In the pleural ganglia there are at least two electrically connected interneurons (DRN1s) that play an important role in generation of the first phase of the defense reaction. Processes of the DRN1s form a ring passing through all (except pedal and buccal) ganglia. The DRN1s received an excitatory input when a peripheral nerve was stimulated. They generated action potentials of long (0.2-2 s) duration. The DRN1 from the right ganglion was studied in more detail.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Institute of Problems of Information Transmission, Academy of Sciences of Russia, Moscow.
authors.forename: Y I
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Arshavsky
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Deliagina
authors.forename: I L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Okshtein
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Orlovsky
authors.forename: Y V
authors.initials: YV
authors.lastname: Panchin
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Popova
mesh_terms: D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D004525:Efferent Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D017952:Ganglia, Invertebrate / Q000502:physiology; D007395:Interneurons / Q000502:physiology; D008046:Lip / Q000294:innervation; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology*; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009132:Muscles / Q000294:innervation*; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology*; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000502:physiology; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000294:innervation*; D011984:Sensory Receptor Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D012908:Snails / Q000502:physiology*