title: Anticoagulation followed by elective carotid surgery in patients with repetitive transient ischemic attacks and high-grade carotid stenosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the results of preoperative heparin therapy followed by carotid surgery for patients with repetitive transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) and high-grade carotid stenoses.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 4-year prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oregon Health Science University Hospital and Portland (Ore) Veterans Affairs Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine consecutive patients with repetitive TIAs referable to 30 high-grade (> or = 70%) ipsilateral carotid stenoses were treated with short-term heparin anticoagulation, followed by cerebral angiography, routine preoperative evaluation, and subsequent carotid reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Heparin sodium anticoagulation was maintained for a mean of 5 days. Surgical management consisted of 24 standard endarterectomies, five bypasses to the internal carotid artery, and one external carotid endarterectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary outcome variables included perioperative hemorrhage, thrombocytopenia, stroke, and death. Secondary outcome variables included carotid occlusion and recurrent TIAs with heparin therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One symptomatic common carotid occlusion and one asymptomatic internal carotid occlusion occurred during preoperative heparin therapy. Thirteen patients had additional sporadic TIAs while receiving heparin. There were no preoperative cerebral infarcts, thrombocytopenia, or clinical bleeding associated with heparin therapy. There was one postoperative stroke and one death due to myocardial infarction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When necessary, heparin anticoagulation and delayed carotid reconstruction would appear to be an acceptable alternative to emergency carotid surgery in patients with high-grade carotid stenosis and acute repetitive TIAs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Nehler
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Moneta
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: McConnell
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Yeager
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Porter
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common; D002342:Carotid Artery, External; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002548:Cerebral Revascularization; D004691:Endarterectomy; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D005260:Female; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011292:Premedication; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006493:Heparin