title: Withdrawal akathisia: case reports and a proposed classification of chronic akathisia.
abstract: Two patients with akathisia developing only after neuroleptic dosage reduction or withdrawal are described. The literature dealing with tardive or chronic akathisia is reviewed with an emphasis on the existence of variants including the occurrence of symptoms upon withdrawal of the causative drug. A classification of tardive or chronic akathisia syndrome is proposed.
authors.affiliation: Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Center, Toronto Hospital, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Lang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017109:Akathisia, Drug-Induced / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000187:drug effects; D010868:Pimozide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D010868:Pimozide; D006220:Haloperidol