title: Muscle cramping in phase I clinical trials of tirapazamine (SR 4233) with and without radiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tirapazamine (SR 4233) is a benzotriazine di-N-oxide which acts as a hypoxic cytotoxic agent and as a radiation enhancer when given shortly before or after radiation. Three Phase I clinical trials were designed to determine the maximum tolerated dose, toxicities, pharmacokinetics, and effects on irradiated tumors and normal tissues.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tirapazamine 9 mg/m2 to 21 mg/m2 was given i.v. 1/2 to 1 h prior to irradiation on a multiple dose schedule of 10 consecutive doses. This was later revised to a three times-per-week schedule for 12 doses. In a second clinical trial, tirapazamine was given in a single dose of 18 mg/m2 to 293 mg/m2 i.v. after irradiation. In a third trial, tirapazamine was administered without irradiation in single doses of 36 mg/m2 to 250 mg/m2, with an option for retreatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects reported muscle cramping of varying degrees of severity on all three dose schedules. One patient experienced Grade 3 cramping and treatment was discontinued. The most frequent site of cramping were the lower extremities. Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) values were elevated in three patients with associated muscle soreness in one patient. MB (cardiac) isoenzymes were elevated in one patient with no evidence of cardiac muscle damage, and returned to baseline at drug completion. No consistent abnormalities in clinical laboratory values were found. Stretching of the muscle was most effective in relieving the cramping.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Muscle cramping has been the most frequently reported toxicity in Phase I studies of tirapazamine, though it does not appear to be dose limiting. Dose escalation on the three clinical trials continues. In vitro studies to investigate the cramping are ongoing.
authors.affiliation: Joint Center for Radiation Therapy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Doherty
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hancock
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaye
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shulman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marquez
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mariscal
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rampling
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Senan
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Roemeling
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009120:Muscle Cramp / Q000139:chemically induced*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000077704:Tirapazamine; D014227:Triazines / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D014227:Triazines; D000077704:Tirapazamine