title: Repression of cyclin D1: a novel function of MYC.
abstract: Constitutive expression of human MYC represses mRNA levels of cyclin D1 in proliferating BALB/c-3T3 fibroblasts. We expressed a series of mutant alleles of MYC and found that downregulation of cyclin D1 is distinct from previously described properties of MYC. In particular, we found that association with Max is not required for repression of cyclin D1 by MYC in vivo. Conversely, the integrity of a small amino-terminal region (amino acids 92 to 106) of MYC is critical for repression of cyclin D1 but dispensable for transformation of established RAT1A cells. Runoff transcription assays showed that repression occurs at the level of transcription initiation. We cloned the promoter of the gene for human cyclin D1 and found that it lacks a canonical TATA element. Transcription starts at an initiator element similar to that of the adenovirus major late promoter; this element can be directly bound by USF in vitro. Expression of MYC represses the cyclin D1 promoter via core promoter elements and antagonizes USF-mediated transactivation. Taken together, our data define a new pathway for gene regulation by MYC and show that the cyclin D1 gene is a target gene for repression by MYC.
authors.affiliation: Zentrum für Molekularbiologie Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Philipp
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Väsrik
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Finke
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Beach
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alitalo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eilers
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D019938:Cyclin D1; D016213:Cyclins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D017931:DNA Primers; D015870:Gene Expression; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D016259:Genes, myc; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016296:Mutagenesis; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
chemical_list: D016213:Cyclins; D017931:DNA Primers; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019938:Cyclin D1