title: Characterization of particle- and vapor-phase organic fraction emissions from a heavy-duty diesel engine equipped with a particle trap and regeneration controls.
abstract: The effects of a ceramic particle trap on the chemical and biological character of the exhaust from a heavy-duty diesel engine have been studied during steady-state operation and during periods of trap regeneration. Phase I of this project involved developing and refining the methods using a Caterpillar 3208 engine, and Phase II involved more detailed experiments with a Cummins LTA10-300 engine, which met Federal 1988 particulate matter standards, and a ceramic particle trap with built-in regeneration controls. During the Phase I experiments, samples wee collected at the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)* steady-state mode 4 (50% load at intermediate speed). Varying the dilution ratio to obtain a constant filter-face temperature resulted in less variability in total particulate matter (TPM), particle-associated soluble organic fraction (SOF), solids (SOL), and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels than sampling with a constant dilution ratio and allowing filter-face temperature to vary. A modified microsuspension Ames assay detected mutagenicity in the SOF samples, and in the semivolatile organic fraction extracted from XAD-2 resin (XAD-2 resin organic component, XOC) with at least 10 times less sample mass than the standard plate incorporation assay. Measurement techniques for PAH and nitro-PAH in the SOF and XOC also were developed during this portion of the project. For the Phase II work, two EPA steady-state rated speed modes were selected: mode 11 (25% load) and mode 9 (75% load). With or without the trap, filter-face temperatures were kept at 45 degrees +/- 2 degrees C, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels less than 5 parts per million (ppm), and sampling times less than 60 minutes. Particle sizes were determined using an electrical aerosol analyzer. Similar sampling methods were used when the trap was regenerated, except that a separate dilution tunnel and sampling system was designed and built to collect all of the regeneration emissions. The SOF and XOC were extracted from their collection media with dichloromethane. Levels of 12 PAH and nitro-PAH compounds with known biological effects were determined using high-pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Two additional dinitro-PAHs were analyzed semi-quantitatively, and several representative SOF and XOC samples were screened for three additional PAH compounds. Mutagenicity was assessed using the modified Ames microsuspension assay.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton 49931.
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Bagley
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Gratz
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Leddy
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards / Q000633:toxicity; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005648:Fuel Oils / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000032:analysis; D010316:Particle Size; D011083:Polycyclic Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D014186:Transportation
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D002273:Carcinogens; D005648:Fuel Oils; D009153:Mutagens; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D011083:Polycyclic Compounds