title: Differences in DNA-methylation are associated with a paramutation phenomenon in transgenic petunia.
abstract: The transgenic petunia line 17-R contains one copy of the maize A1 gene which mediates brick-red pelargonidin pigmentation of the flower. A white derivative, 17-W, was isolated from homozygous progeny of this line in which no pelargonidin pigmentation was observed. In 17-W the 35S promoter driving the A1 gene was hypermethylated, in contrast to its hypomethylated state in 17-R. Progeny plants carrying both the 17-R and 17-W allele did not show the expected A1 phenotype. Predominantly white progeny and variable plants were observed which showed a continuous change in pattern and intensity of pelargonidin pigmentation. This reduction of A1 activity argues for a semidominant effect of the 17-W allele which inhibits the activity of its homologue, 17-R. This system shows striking similarities to some paramutation phenomena in plants which represent a heritable change in gene function of a paramutable allele directed by a paramutagenic homologue. The analysis of the methylation patterns of the A1 alleles suggests that interactions between differentially methylated alleles are responsible for the paramutation-like effect which is mediated by somatic pairing. The analogy of this system to other phenomena based on homology-dependent interlocus trans-inactivation supports the assumption that those may be based on a related mechanism which includes an interaction between ectopic homologues.
authors.affiliation: Max-Delbrück-Laboratorium in der MPG, Köln, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Heidmann
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Niedenhof
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001483:Base Sequence; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008540:Meiosis / Q000235:genetics; D008745:Methylation; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D003313:Zea mays / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004247:DNA