title: Use-dependent effects of lidocaine on the upper limit of vulnerability in open chest dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was performed to test the hypothesis that sodium channel activity is important in determining ventricular vulnerability to electric shocks.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  It is unknown whether sodium channel activity determines the upper limit of vulnerability.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ventricles of 10 open chest dogs were paced at 300-, 500-, or 1,000-ms cycle lengths. The shock strength associated with a 50% probability of reaching the upper limit of vulnerability (ULV50) and the shock strength associated with a 50% probability of defibrillation (DFT50) were then determined by means of an up-down algorithm. Lidocaine (9.2-mg/kg body weight loading dose and 285-micrograms/kg per min maintenance dose) was then given, and the ULV50 and the DFT50 were redetermined after 1 h of stable infusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (+/- SD) lidocaine concentration was 11.9 +/- 2.4 micrograms/ml. At baseline, the ULV50 tested with each S1 cycle length was not significantly different from the DFT50. During lidocaine infusion, the ULV50 determined with cycle lengths of 300 and 500 ms (18.9 +/- 11.3 and 16.1 +/- 8.9 J, respectively) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those simultaneously determined for the DFT50 (11.2 +/- 4.1 and 10.9 +/- 5.6 J, respectively). However, when determined with an S1 cycle length of 1,000 ms, the ULV50 (10.4 +/- 4.1 J) was not found to be significantly different from the DFT50 (10.3 +/- 5.3 J). Lidocaine infusion increased (p < 0.05) QRS duration and the effective refractory periods for cycle lengths of 300 and 500 ms but not 1,000 ms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effect of lidocaine on the upper limit of vulnerability is use dependent. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that sodium channel activity is important in determining ventricular vulnerability to electrical shocks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego.
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D004285:Dogs; D004554:Electric Countershock; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015222:Sodium Channels; D008012:Lidocaine