title: Foundations of problem-based learning: some explanatory notes.
abstract: The present article elaborates on cognitive effects of problem-based learning put forward by Schmidt, De Volder, De Grave, Moust & Patel (1989) and Norman & Schmidt (1992). Its purpose is to discuss, in some detail, the theoretical premises of this approach to learning and instruction. It is argued that problem-based learning, above all, promotes the activation of prior knowledge and its elaboration. Evidence is reviewed demonstrating that these processes actually occur in small-group tutorials and that the processing of new information is indeed facilitated by discussion of a relevant problem. These effects must be attributed to a reorganization taking place in the knowledge structures of students as a result of problem-oriented study. In addition, a cognitive process called epistemic curiosity (or intrinsic interest) is enabled. Some directions for further research are outlined. The contribution starts, however, with a discussion of the philosophical and pedagogical roots of problem-based learning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Development and Research, University of Limburg, Maastricht.
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D003071:Cognition; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D009426:Netherlands; D011340:Problem Solving; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods*