title: Trunk muscle activation. The effects of torso flexion, moment direction, and moment magnitude.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was performed to quantify the electromyographic trunk muscle activities in response to variations in moment magnitude and direction while in forward-flexed postures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recordings were made over eight trunk muscles in 19 subjects who maintained forward-flexed postures of 30 degrees and 60 degrees. In each of the two flexed postures, external moments of 20 Nm and 40 Nm were applied via a chest harness. The moment directions were varied in seven 30 degrees increments to a subject's right side, such that the direction of the applied load ranged from the upper body's anterior midsagittal plane (0 degree) to the posterior midsagittal plane (180 degrees).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical analyses yielded significant moment magnitude by moment-direction interaction effects for the EMG output from six of the eight muscles. Trunk flexion by moment-direction interactions were observed in the responses from three muscles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In general, the primary muscle supporting the torso and the applied load was the contralateral (left) erector spinae. The level of electromyographic activity in the anterior muscles was quite low, even with the posterior moment directions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lavender
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trafimow
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: I H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001415:Back; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D009132:Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*