title: Quality standard for assurance of measles immunity among health care workers. The Infectious Diseases Society of America.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this quality standard is to prevent nosocomial transmission of measles by assuring universal measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination of all health care workers who lack immunity to measles. Although the primary emphasis is on health care workers in hospitals, those at other sites, such as clinics, nursing homes, and schools, are also included. It will be the responsibility of designated individuals at these institutions to implement the standard.
  
  
  METHODS
  We considered advocating the use of measles vaccine rather than MMR but chose the latter because it also protects against mumps and rubella and because it is more readily available.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The desired outcome is a reduction in the nosocomial transmission of measles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Although direct comparative studies are lacking, nosocomial outbreaks of measles have been reported (as recently as 1992) in institutions where measles immunization of nonimmune health care workers is not universal, whereas such outbreaks have not been reported in institutions with universal immunization. VALUES AND VALIDATION: We consulted more than 50 infectious-disease experts in epidemiology, government, medicine, nursing, obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, and surgery. In light of disagreement regarding the implementation of the standard, we used group discussions to reach a consensus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The consequences of the transmission of measles (and of mumps and rubella) in a health care institution include not only the morbidity and mortality attributable to the disease, but also the significant cost of evaluating and containing an outbreak and the serious disruption of regular hospital routines when control measures are instituted. The potential harm to health care workers after the implementation of the standard consists of untoward effects of MMR vaccine, although the reactions of vaccines should be minimal with adherence to recommended vaccination procedures. Implementation of the standard should entail no expense to health care workers; the precise cost to institutions is unknown, but the expense would be mitigated by prevention of measles outbreaks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We recommend MMR vaccination of all health care workers who lack immunity to measles.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The Quality Standards Subcommittee of the Clinical Affairs Committee of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) developed the standard. The subcommittee was composed of representatives of the IDSA (Drs. Gross and McGowan), the Society for Hospital Epidemiology of America (Dr. Wenzel), the Surgical Infection Society (Dr. Dellinger), the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (Dr. Krause), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Dr. Martone), the Obstetrics and Gynecology Infectious Diseases Society (Dr. Sweet), and the Association of Practitioners of Infection Control (Ms. Barrett). Funding was provided by the IDSA and the other cooperating organizations. The standard is endorsed by the IDSA.
authors.affiliation: University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Dellinger
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Martone
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: McGowan
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sweet
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Wenzel
mesh_terms: D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D017757:Infectious Disease Transmission, Professional-to-Patient / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008457:Measles / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D008458:Measles Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D022542:Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; D009108:Mumps Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012411:Rubella Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014611:Vaccination / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D008458:Measles Vaccine; D022542:Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; D009108:Mumps Vaccine; D012411:Rubella Vaccine