title: Skull-base foramina of the middle cranial fossa: reassessment of normal variation with high-resolution CT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate by means of high-resolution CT the anatomic variations of the middle cranial fossa foramen.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 123 CT studies of the temporal bone in patients with no evidence of disease that might alter foraminal anatomy. A checklist of known variants and suspected structures was used as each case was systematically examined for the presence or absence of these foramina; variations in size, shape, and location; and relationship of structures to each other. Inclusion criteria were established to eliminate error.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The foramen rotundum had a constant appearance. We identified the inferior rotundal canal in 16% of patients and the lateral rotundal canal in 8%. The foramen of Vesalius was present, at least unilaterally, in 80% of our cases. Asymmetry of the foramen of Vesalius did not indicate disease in our patient group. We did not find an inverse relationship between the size of the foramen of Vesalius and that of the ipsilateral foramen ovale. We found variations in the size and shape of the foramen ovale and its confluence with the foramen spinosum (n = 2) and the foramen of Vesalius (n = 8). We did not find an inverse relationship between the size of the foramen ovale and that of the foramen spinosum. The canaliculus innominatus for the lesser superficial petrosal nerve was identified in 16.3% of our patients. Variations of the foramen spinosum that we found include a medial bony defect (26.8%) and absence (3.2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although it is unlikely that well-formed foramen will be misinterpreted as diseased, it is nonetheless important to recognize foraminal variants and associated neurovascular anatomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Bowman Gray School of Medicine of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1088.
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Ginsberg
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Pruett
authors.forename: M Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Elster
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001158:Arteries; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003391:Cranial Nerves / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D003392:Cranial Sinuses / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D012016:Reference Values; D013100:Sphenoid Bone / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014276:Trigeminal Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology