title: Gasless laparoscopy and conventional instruments. The next phase of minimally invasive surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the capability of a retractor system that permits laparoscopic surgery without pneumoperitoneum and to determine if the system facilitates the use of conventional surgical instruments during minimally invasive surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective evaluation and data collection with review.
  
  
  METHODS
  University-affiliated county hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine male and 29 female subjects evaluated prospectively via 27 trauma-related and 31 elective procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-eight laparoscopic procedures were performed between July 1992 and February 1993 with a system consisting of an intra-abdominal fan retractor and an electrically powered mechanical arm using conventional surgical and laparoscopic instruments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gasless laparoscopy was used in the evaluation of 27 patients with abdominal trauma (11 gunshot wounds, 11 stab wounds, and five blunt injuries). The need for celiotomy was obviated in 20 (74%) of 27 cases. Three enterotomies, two diaphragmatic lacerations, and one gastric perforation were repaired with conventional instruments. Gasless laparoscopic techniques were also used in cholecystectomy (n = 26), diagnostic laparoscopy (n = 3), and appendectomy (n = 2). Exposure similar to that obtained by pneumoperitoneum was obtained in 30 (97%) of 31 cases. One major (trocar tip enterotomy) and two superficial wound infections occurred in this group. The ability to use conventional surgical instruments was advantageous in several cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comparable exposure was achieved in this cohort of patients with gasless laparoscopy. The use of conventional surgical instruments provides an advantage with this technique. Further improvements in abdominal wall lift systems and modification of existing surgical instruments may expand the role of gasless laparoscopy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis-East Bay.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Fry
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Tsoi
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Hirvela
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Koehler
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Brams
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Morabito
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Peskin
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D000328:Adult; D001062:Appendectomy / Q000379:methods; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D020706:Laparoscopes; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011446:Prospective Studies