title: Emergency intubation of the pediatric medical patient: use of anesthetic agents in the emergency department.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To delineate the diagnoses of children who required emergency intubation, to ascertain which medications were used, and to describe the complications of intubation and their association with the choice of medications. DESIGN, SETTING, AND TYPE OF PARTICIPANTS: Three-year retrospective study of 60 intubations of critically ill pediatric patients by pediatric emergency physicians in the emergency department setting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical complications were noted for intubations with neuromuscular paralysis and intubations initially attempted without a paralyzing agent. Intubations attempted without neuromuscular paralysis resulted in a higher rate of complications (53% versus 26%) and a greater risk of more than one complication per intubation. This finding appeared to be independent of physicians' clinical experience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rapid-sequence protocols with paralysis facilitate intubations in the complex pediatric patient in the ED setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine/Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital, MO.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gnauck
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lungo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scalzo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peter
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002983:Clinical Competence; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D016638:Critical Illness; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004363:Drug Utilization; D004630:Emergencies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012769:Shock / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents