title: Stressful life events, social rhythms, and depressive symptoms among the elderly: an examination of hypothesized causal linkages.
abstract: This study sought to determine possible causal linkages among stressful life events, social rhythms, and levels of depressive symptomatology for 81 elderly subjects (51 recently widowed, 30 healthy controls). We examined the associations among stressful life events (i.e., bereavement status at baseline or a severely threatening event occurring between baseline and followup), social rhythm stability, and the level of depressive symptoms. Results indicated that while stressful life events were not associated with significant changes in social rhythm stability, social rhythm stability was a significant negative correlate of both baseline and followup levels of depressive symptomatology; that is, lower levels of social rhythm stability at baseline were associated with high levels of depressive symptoms at baseline (rho = -0.33, n = 81, p < 0.001) and at followup (rho = -0.23, n = 81, p < 0.05). Bereavement was also a significant positive correlate of depressive symptomatology both at baseline (rho = 0.79, n = 81), p < 0.0001) and at followup (rho = 0.55, n = 81, p < 0.0001). It is likely that future research will benefit from social rhythm assessment obtained temporally closer to major life events and from the use of structured interviews to ascertain the presence of syndromal major depression at followup as well as the inclusion of subjects with a wider range of functional impairments. Nevertheless, these results represent a first step in disentangling possible causal connections among stressful life events, social rhythms, and depressive symptomatology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA.
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Prigerson
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kupfer
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Houck
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D001601:Bereavement; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D012919:Social Behavior; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*