title: Virus and bacteria enhance histamine production in middle ear fluids of children with acute otitis media.
abstract: Histamine levels were measured in 677 middle ear fluid (MEF) samples from 248 children (aged 2 months to 7 years) with acute otitis media (AOM); of these, 116 (47%) had documented viral infection. Histamine content was higher in bacteria-positive than in bacteria-negative MEF samples (P = .007) and higher in samples from patients with viral infection than in those from patients with no viral infection (P = .002). Bacteria and viruses together had an additive effect on histamine content in MEF. Histamine concentration in the initial MEF sample tended to be higher in patients with persistent otitis than in those with good response to treatment (P = .14). Results suggest that viruses, bacteria, or both induce histamine production, which leads to increased inflammation in the middle ear. Antihistaminic drugs may be beneficial. Large, prospective, controlled trials of the effects of antihistamine as an adjunct therapy in bacterial and viral AOM are required before recommendations can be made.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston 77555-0371.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chonmaitree
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lett-Brown
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Garofalo
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Howie
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006632:Histamine / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006632:Histamine