title: Active and passive mechanisms of [fluorine-18] fluorodeoxyglucose uptake by proliferating and prenecrotic cancer cells in vivo: a microautoradiographic study.
abstract: In this study, [18F]FDG uptake mechanisms were investigated in neoplastic cells during cell proliferation and cell death.
  
  
  METHODS
  Detailed analysis was performed on mouse tumor models of different growth rates using [18F]FDG, [6-13H]thymidine [3H]Thd (a precursor of DNA synthesis) and [125I]bovine serum albumin ([125I]BSA) (a marker of diffusion) with autoradiographic and histopathologic techniques and electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three compounds, [18F]FDG, [3H]Thd and [125I]BSA, showed different heterogeneous patterns of distribution within tumor tissue sections in neoplastic and non-neoplastic cellular elements. The uptake of [18F]FDG by prenecrotic (or necrobiotic) tumor cells surrounding focal necrotic cell debris was 1.5 to 2.3 times higher than that of viable tumor cells. Prenecrotic cells did not retain trapped [18F]FDG; therefore, the uptake was considered to be nonmetabolic. Inconspicuous cell membrane, vesicular cytoplasmic organelles and condensed nuclear chromatin were remarkable findings in the prenecrotic cells. A comparison of viable tumor cells in tumors undergoing different growth rates showed that the ratio of [18F]FDG uptake was similar to that of [3H]Thd uptake in each S-phase cell. Fluorine-18-FDG showed a cell cycle dependency, with a higher uptake observed in cells in G0/G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle compared with the S and M phases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A passive mechanism of [18F]FDG uptake may exist in the necrobiotic/prenecrotic or hypoxic/anoxic cells in tumors. However, the discordance of [18F]FDG and [3H]Thd uptake may be the result of the different cell cycle dependency of tracer uptake in the same tumor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tada
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ido
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tamahashi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001345:Autoradiography; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002455:Cell Division; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D009336:Necrosis; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D013936:Thymidine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D003847:Deoxyglucose; D013936:Thymidine