title: Combined inotropic effects of amrinone and epinephrine after cardiopulmonary bypass in humans.
abstract: Amrinone, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, and epinephrine, an alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor agonist, are inotropic drugs used during cardiac surgery to reverse myocardial depression after cardiopulmonary bypass. However, these drugs have not been compared separately, or in combination, in this patient population. We hypothesized that the combination might have complementary actions in improving myocardial function. We, therefore, compared amrinone, epinephrine, and the combination of amrinone and epinephrine in a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled study in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Forty patients with ejection fractions > 0.45 were studied. Right ventricular ejection fraction pulmonary artery catheters and radial arterial catheters were inserted before fentanyl-midazolam anesthesia. After separation from bypass, patients received either a placebo (n = 20) or amrinone bolus (1.5 mg/kg, n = 20) at time 0 and a placebo (n = 20) or epinephrine (30 ng.kg-1.min-1, n = 20) infusion at time 5 min. This resulted in four study groups, n = 10 in each group. Data were collected every 2.5 min for 10 min. Epinephrine, amrinone, and the combination of both drugs significantly increased cardiac output, stroke volume, O2 delivery, and left ventricular stroke work. The increase in stroke volume (P < 0.05) was 12 +/- 6, 16 +/- 4, and 30 +/- 4 mL/beat with epinephrine, amrinone, and the combination of amrinone and epinephrine, respectively. The amrinone-epinephrine combination increased stroke volume as much as the sum of amrinone and epinephrine given separately. Systemic vascular resistance and pulmonary vascular resistance decreased with amrinone and amrinone-epinephrine, but not with epinephrine. Epinephrine increased mean arterial and mean pulmonary arterial pressures. Right ventricular ejection fraction did not significantly increase (P = 0.09) with epinephrine, but increased significantly with amrinone (0.45 to 0.53, P = 0.01), and with the combination (0.43 to 0.55, P = 0.006). These data indicate that amrinone and epinephrine effectively increase myocardial performance during cardiac surgery. Right ventricular function especially was improved with amrinone and the combination of amrinone and epinephrine. The combined effects of amrinone and epinephrine may be useful in patients recovering from the ischemia and reperfusion injury resulting from coronary artery bypass grafting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1009.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Royster
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Butterworth
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Prielipp
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Zaloga
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Lawless
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Spray
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Kon
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Wallenhaupt
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Cordell
mesh_terms: D000676:Amrinone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D000676:Amrinone; D004837:Epinephrine