title: Plasma endotoxin and cytokine concentrations in patients with hemorrhagic shock.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The roles of cytokines and endotoxin in hemorrhagic shock, particularly the translocation of endotoxin and bacteria during hemorrhagic shock, were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Critical care and emergency center of a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine patients with hemorrhagic shock and 20 healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serial blood samples were collected from both study and control patients. Standard resuscitation techniques were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma levels of endotoxin and various cytokines were determined repeatedly during hemorrhagic shock. Endotoxin was measured using an endotoxin-specific assay in addition to a new perchloric acid method for pretreatment of plasma. Cytokines were measured by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Plasma endotoxin concentrations remained within the normal range for 7 days after admission. Although levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and several interleukins increased slightly in some patients, these cytokines did not reach the levels seen in septic shock.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Translocation of bacteria or endotoxin from the gastrointestinal tract into the bloodstream has been noted in animal experiments; however, translocation was not detected in our patients with hemorrhagic shock.
authors.affiliation: Critical Care and Emergency Center, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inada
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takakuwa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kasai
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakae
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ceska
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004731:Endotoxins