title: Emergence of drug-resistant pneumococcal infections in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate drug susceptibility patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae in selected hospitals in the United States and to characterize the epidemiology of invasive drug-resistant pneumococcal infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for a variety of commonly used antimicrobial drugs were determined for pneumococcal isolates submitted to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Risk factors for drug-resistant pneumococcal infection were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital laboratories in the United States submitting pneumococcal isolates to the CDC between October 1, 1991, and September 30, 1992.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 544 persons with pneumococci isolated from normally sterile sites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 13 hospitals in 12 states actively participated in an ongoing pneumococcal surveillance study. Resistance to penicillin was detected in 6.6% of isolates, including 1.3% of isolates with MICs of 2.0 micrograms/mL or more (compared with < 0.02% of isolates with MIC > or = 2.0 micrograms/mL identified by CDC surveillance from 1979 to 1987). A total of 16.4% were resistant to at least one of the following drugs or drug classes: penicillin, cephalosporins, macrolides, combination trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol. Six serotypes (6B, 23F, 14, 9V, 19A, and 19F) accounted for nearly 85% of strains resistant to at least one drug class. Children were more likely than adults to be infected with strains resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, or chloramphenicol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Emergence of drug-resistant pneumococcal infections will present critical challenges to clinicians for treating patients with pneumococcal disease. Widened and intensified surveillance is needed. These data suggest that current recommendations for use of 23-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccines should be aggressively promoted and that development and evaluation of new conjugate pneumococcal vaccines may be a crucial part of strategies for prevention.
authors.affiliation: Childhood and Respiratory Diseases Branch, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333.
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Breiman
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Tenover
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Facklam
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D012703:Serotyping; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents