title: Three-dimensional echocardiography: in vivo validation for right ventricular free wall mass as an index of hypertrophy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study tested the ability of three-dimensional echocardiography to reconstruct the right ventricular free wall and determine its mass in vivo using a system that automatically combines two-dimensional images with their spatial locations.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Right ventricular free wall thickness is limited as an index of right ventricular hypertrophy because right ventricular mass may increase by dilation without increased thickness and because trabeculations and oblique views can exaggerate thickness in individual M-mode and two-dimensional scans. Three-dimensional echocardiography may have potential advantages because it can integrate the entire free wall mass, uninfluenced by oblique views or geometric assumptions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The three-dimensional system was applied to 12 beating canine hearts to reconstruct the right ventricular free wall in intersecting views. The corresponding mass was compared with actual weights of the excised right ventricular free wall (15.5 to 78 g). For comparison, right ventricular sinus and outflow tract thickness were also measured by two-dimensional echocardiography, and the ability to predict mass from these values was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three-dimensional algorithm successfully reproduced right ventricular free wall mass, which agreed well with actual values: y = 1.04x + 0.02, r = 0.985, SEE = 2.7 g (5.7% of the mean value). The two-dimensional predictions showed increased scatter: The variance of mass estimation, based on thickness, was 9.5 to 12.5 (average 11) times higher than the three-dimensional method (p < 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the irregular crescentic shape of the right ventricle, its free wall mass can be accurately measured by three-dimensional echocardiography in vivo, providing closer agreement with actual mass than predictions based on wall thickness. This method, with the increased efficiency of the three-dimensional system, can potentially improve our ability to evaluate the presence and progression of right ventricular hypertrophy.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Vazquez de Prada
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Handschumacher
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Guererro
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Vlahakes
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Weyman
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Levine
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D017380:Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*