title: Emergency vehicle intervals versus collapse-to-CPR and collapse-to-defibrillation intervals: monitoring emergency medical services system performance in sudden cardiac arrest.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare emergency vehicle response intervals with collapse-to-intervention intervals to determine which of these system data better correlated with survival after prehospital sudden cardiac arrest.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 22-month case series, collected prospectively, of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. Times of collapse, dispatch, scene arrival, CPR, and initial defibrillation were determined from dispatch records, recordings of arrest events, interviews with bystanders, and hospital records.
  
  
  METHODS
  Southwestern city (population, 400,000; area, 390 km2) with a two-tiered basic life support-advanced life support emergency medical services system. Emergency medical technician-firefighters without electrical defibrillation capability comprised the first response tier; firefighter-paramedics were the second tier.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred eighteen cases of witnessed, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in adults with initial ventricular fibrillation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survival was defined as a patient who was discharged alive from the hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen of 118 patients (15%) survived. Survivors did not differ significantly from nonsurvivors in age, sex, or basic life support or advanced life support response intervals. Survivors had significantly (P < .05) shorter intervals from collapse to CPR (1.7 versus 5.2 minutes) and to defibrillation (7.4 versus 9.5 minutes).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collapse-to-intervention intervals, not emergency vehicle response intervals, should be used to characterize emergency medical services system performance in the treatment of sudden cardiac death.
authors.affiliation: Arizona Emergency Medicine Research Center, Tucson.
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Valenzuela
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Spaite
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Meislin
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Ewy
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001130:Arizona; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac; D004554:Electric Countershock; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000592:standards*; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy