title: Early child health in Lahore, Pakistan: V. Feeding patterns.
abstract: The feeding practices of children (n = 1476) from birth to 24 months, as determined in a longitudinal study, in Lahore, Pakistan, are presented. Four socioeconomic groups at various levels of urbanization were included; a village, periurban slum, urban slum and an upper middle class. Initiation of breastfeeding was delayed in all the neonates. Sixty-five percent of the periurban slum mothers and 45% of the village mothers had not started breastfeeding at 48 hours after the birth of the infant. Prelacteal feedings, especially of herb water and honey, were the norm. Breastfeeding was highly prevalent. Eighty-seven to 98% of the infants in all the areas were breastfed at one month of age. Exclusive breastfeeding was rare, with 9% at one month, declining rapidly with age and being highly influenced by season. Partial breastfeeding was the most common mode of feeding. Water in addition to human milk was given by 45-73% of the mothers living in the urban slum, village and periurban slum at one month of age. Fresh animal milk and/or commercial formula was already being given at 1 month by 22-64% of the mothers in all areas. Commercial formula was the preferred food in the upper middle class, while in the other three areas it was rare and fresh animal milk was mainly used. More than 50% of the mothers in the village and in the periurban slum gave diluted animal milk even beyond the age of 10-15 months. In the upper middle class 50% of the infants were fed semisolids at the age of four months, while in the village, the periurban and the urban slum at 6 months of age only 10%, 12% and 47% of the infants received semisolids. The results of this study indicate that breastfeeding was highly prevalent in the three poorest areas. However, in all the areas initiation of breastfeeding was delayed and prelacteal feeding was the norm. Exclusive breastfeeding was rare, feeding bottles were used by 82-100% of the mothers to feed supplements and human milk substitutes, in the four areas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Preventive Pediatrics, King Edward Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Ashraf
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jalil
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zaman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Karlberg
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Lindblad
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hanson
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D010154:Pakistan; D014507:Urbanization