title: Crying wolf: false alarms in a pediatric intensive care unit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the predictive value of patient monitoring alarms as a warning system in a pediatric intensive care unit (ICU).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric ICU of a university affiliated children's hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a 7-day period, ICU staff were asked to record the type and number of alarm soundings. Alarms were recorded as false, significant (resulted in change in therapy), or induced (by staff manipulations; not significant).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-six percent of nursing shifts (928 patient hours of care) responded. There were 2,176 alarms soundings: 1,481 (68%) false, 119 (5.5%) significant, and 576 (26.5%) induced. Alarm origins were: 44% pulse oximeter, 1% end-tidal PCO2, 31% ventilator, and 24% electrocardiograph (EKG). The positive predictive value of alarms were: 7% pulse oximeter, 16% end-tidal PCO2, 3% ventilator, and 5% EKG. The negative predictive value of all alarms were > 97%. More alarms sounded during the 7:00 am to 3:00 pm shift than during the 3:00 pm to 11:00 pm or 11:00 pm to 7:00 am shifts (167 +/- 19 vs. 64 +/- 39 vs. 75 +/- 43, p < .05, respectively). When corrected for number of patients/shift, the occurrence of soundings differed only between day and night (11.4 +/- 1.5/patient/shift vs. 6.1 +/- 1.0, p < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Over 94% of alarm soundings in a pediatric ICU may not be clinically important. Present monitoring systems are poor predictors of untoward events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Anesthesia, Alfred I. duPont Institute, Wilmington, DE 19899.
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Lawless
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004868:Equipment Failure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015143:Philadelphia; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors