title: Exhaled nitric oxide as a marker for organic nitrate tolerance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was designed to demonstrate the development of biochemical tolerance to organic nitrates by measuring levels of exhaled gaseous nitric oxide (NO) in lambs given intravenous (IV) nitroglycerin or sodium nitroprusside.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IV injections of nitroglycerin or sodium nitroprusside produced dose-dependent and sustained increases in the exhaled levels of nitric oxide measured by chemiluminescence in awake lambs with tracheostomies. After a 6-hour IV infusion of 25 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 nitroglycerin, peak exhaled NO levels were significantly reduced (-53.6 +/- 4.9%, mean +/- SEM, P < .001) and systemic hypotensive responses were attenuated (-52.6 +/- 5.9%, P < .001) after an IV challenge of nitroglycerin but not sodium nitroprusside. After a subsequent 12-hour nitroglycerin-free period, there was complete recovery of NO excretion in exhaled breath and a return to baseline of systemic hypotensive changes on administration of IV nitroglycerin boluses. For IV sodium nitroprusside challenges, pulmonary NO excretion and systemic hypotensive responses remained constant throughout the study. Challenges with IV nitroglycerin but not sodium nitroprusside during a 12-hour nitroglycerin-free period resulted in delayed biochemical recovery with various exhaled NO levels and systemic hypotensive responses to challenges with IV nitroglycerin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measurements of exhaled NO provide in vivo, noninvasive evidence for the development of biochemical tolerance to nitroglycerin. There was reduced NO release into exhaled gas from the pulmonary vasculature concomitant with evidence of tolerance to nitroglycerin vasodilation in the systemic circulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Husain
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Adrie
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ichinose
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kavosi
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Zapol
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001944:Breath Tests; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D009599:Nitroprusside; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D005996:Nitroglycerin