title: Mortality among a cohort of United Kingdom steel foundry workers with special reference to cancers of the stomach and lung, 1946-90.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to describe cause specific mortality among steel foundry workers and to determine if any part of the experience may be due to occupation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Historical prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine steel foundries in England and one in Scotland.
  
  
  METHODS
  10,438 male production employees first employed in the period 1946-65 and with a minimum period of employment of one year.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observed and expected numbers of deaths for the period 1946-90.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the general population of England and Wales, standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for all causes and all neoplasms were 115 (observed deaths (Obs) 3976) and 119 (Obs 1129) respectively. Statistically significant excesses were found for cancer of the stomach (Obs 124, expected deaths (Exp) 92.5, SMR 134, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 111-160) and cancer of the lung (Obs 551, Exp 378.3, SMR 146, 95% CI 134-158). A raised SMR (153) was also found for non-malignant diseases of the respiratory system. Classifications of jobs attracting either higher dust or higher fume exposures did not usefully predict these increased SMRs. Poisson regression was used to investigate risks of mortality from all cancers, cancer of the stomach, cancer of the lung, and non-malignant diseases of the respiratory system associated with duration of employment in the foundry area, the fettling shop, the foundry area/fettling shop, and the industry in general. Monotonic dose-response relations were not found, although there were positive trends for lung cancer and employment in the foundry area/fettling shop (1.0, 1.21, 1.44, 1.26) and for diseases of the respiratory system and employment in the fettling shop (1.0, 1.37, 1.18, 1.35).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Confident interpretation of the causes of the raised SMRs was not possible. There was limited evidence of an occupational role in the excesses of lung cancer and diseases of the respiratory system. Smoking history was shown, in an indirect way, to be an unlikely explanation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sorahan
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Faux
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cooke
mesh_terms: D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008669:Metallurgy; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013232:Steel; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D013232:Steel