title: Effects on intestinal microflora, gastrointestinal tolerability and antiinflammatory efficacy of diclofenac and nitrofenac in adjuvant arthritic rats.
abstract: Since it is known that nitric oxide plays an important protective role in maintaining the tissue integrity and is cytotoxic for invasive micro-organisms, diclofenac and a new original diclofenac-derivate, nitrofenac (containing the nitric oxide group), was administered at doses of 0.3 and 3 mg kg-1 per os to adjuvant arthritic rats. At the 14th, 21st and 28th days after arthritis induction, the antiinflammatory efficacy and the effects on intestinal microflora of the two drugs were evaluated; moreover, at the end of the study period, the gastrointestinal tract was examined macroscopically for any presence of lesions. Daily oral administration of diclofenac and nitrofenac at 3 mg kg-1 markedly and significantly inhibited arthritis development until the end of the study period. Some significant changes were observed in anaerobic and Gram-negative bacterial flora, particularly the total disappearance, in all treated rats, of Escherichia coli 1, also 7 days after the last drug administration. Finally, no ulcers or severe damage were observed macroscopically with either drug, even if some alterations in the mucosa and haemorrhagic effusions were more evident in rats treated with diclofenac at 3 mg kg-1. In conclusion, in this chronic model a similar therapeutic efficacy of diclofenac and nitrofenac is shown in arthritic rats. The better gastrointestinal tolerability observed in nitrofenac-treated rats could be attributed to the release of nitric oxide.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacology, University of Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cuzzolin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Conforti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Donini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adami
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Del Soldato
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Benoni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D010438:Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004008:Diclofenac; C087608:nitrofenac