title: Screening surgeons for HIV infection: assessment of a potential public health program.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a model to assess the impact of a program of testing surgeons for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on the risk of HIV acquisition by their patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Monte Carlo simulation model of physician-to-patient transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection using three different rates of physician-to-patient transmission per percutaneous exposure event (0.15%, 0.3%, 0.6%). Data from the model were developed from a review of the medical literature and from subjective probability estimates when data were not available. We used this model to estimate on a national basis the annual number of cases of HIV transmission from surgeons to patients with and without surgeon testing and practice limitations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The annual number of transmitted cases would range from 0.5 (+/- 0.3), assuming a surgeon HIV prevalence of 0.1% and a surgeon-to-patient transmission rate of 0.15%, to 36.9 (+/- 11.6), assuming a surgeon HIV prevalence of 2% and a surgeon-to-patient transmission rate of 0.6%. After one screening cycle, a mandatory screening program would be expected to reduce the annual transmissions to 0.05 (+/- 0.03) and 3.1 (+/- 1.1), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients are at low risk of acquiring HIV infection from an infected physician during an invasive procedure. The potential costs of such a program extended beyond the costs of testing and counseling. In communities with high HIV prevalence, screening surgeons and limiting their practices may decrease patient access to care. A disability insurance program also would be required to protect surgeons and trainees performing invasive procedures. Screening surgeons for HIV infection would be a costly undertaking that would reduce but not completely eliminate this risk.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Economics Research Unit, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Schulman
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Lynn
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Christakis
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D015492:AIDS Serodiagnosis / Q000191:economics; D003815:Dentists; D013502:General Surgery; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D006291:Health Policy / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D017757:Infectious Disease Transmission, Professional-to-Patient / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States; D035141:Voluntary Programs