title: The role of sulfation and/or acetylation in the metabolism of the cooked-food mutagen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine in Salmonella typhimurium and isolated rat hepatocytes.
abstract: Mutagenic activity of the cooked-food mutagen/carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo-[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) is highly dependent upon cytochrome P450 activation to the N-hydroxylated intermediate. In the present study the bioactivation pathways of PhIP were investigated in Salmonella typhimurium and isolated rat hepatocyte preparations. In the Ames/S. typhimurium assay, the acetyltransferase and sulfotransferase enzyme inhibitors pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol (DCNP) were used to modulate mutagenicity. DCNP, but not PCP, produced a concentration-dependent decrease in mutagenic activity of 2-(hydroxyamino)-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (N-hydroxy-PhIP). In rat hepatocyte preparations, PCP and DCNP, as well as the cytochrome P450 IA1 and IA2 inhibitor alpha-naphthoflavone (ANF), were used to modulate metabolite, protein adduct, and DNA adduct formation. Incubations of [3H]PhIP (100 microM) with Aroclor 1254-induced or uninduced hepatocytes resulted in the formation of several metabolites, including 4'-(2-amino-1-methylimidazo[4,5-b]pyrid-6-yl)phenyl sulfate (4'-PhIP-sulfate), 2-amino-1-methyl-4'-hydroxy-6- phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (4'-hydroxy-PhIP), a glucuronide conjugate of 2-(hydroxyamino)-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, and other uncharacterized metabolites. While PCP or DCNP pretreatment produced a significant decline in sulfate-dependent conjugation of 4'-hydroxy-PhIP to 4'-PhIP-sulfate, these inhibitors produced only slight decreases in PhIP-dependent covalent binding to proteins in hepatocytes derived from either Aroclor 1254-induced or uninduced rats. PhIP DNA adduct levels were relatively unchanged by PCP or DCNP pretreatment of Aroclor 1254-induced hepatocytes. DNA adducts from hepatocytes dosed with N-hydroxy-PhIP, however, resulted in a decrease in adduct levels from cells pretreated with PCP or DCNP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Biology and Biotechnology Research PRogram, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Malfatti
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Buonarati
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Turteltaub
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Felton
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D000123:Acetyltransferases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000378:metabolism*; D009596:Nitrophenols / Q000494:pharmacology; D010416:Pentachlorophenol / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000378:metabolism*; D013431:Sulfates / Q000378:metabolism; D015238:Sulfotransferases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D009153:Mutagens; D009596:Nitrophenols; D013431:Sulfates; C015802:2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol; C049584:2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine; D010416:Pentachlorophenol; D000123:Acetyltransferases; D015238:Sulfotransferases