title: Induction of tamoxifen-4-hydroxylation by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), beta-naphthoflavone (beta NF), and phenobarbital (PB) in avian liver: identification of P450 TCDDAA as catalyst of 4-hydroxylation induced by TCDD and beta NF.
abstract: Tamoxifen has been found to be metabolized by liver primarily into three metabolites, tamoxifen-N-oxide, formed by the flavin-containing monooxygenase, and N-desmethyl- and 4-hydroxytamoxifen, formed by cytochrome P450. The N-demethylation was demonstrated to be catalyzed by P4503A in rat and human liver; however, the P450s catalyzing the 4-hydroxylation have not been identified. Although 4-hydroxytamoxifen exhibits more potent estrogen agonist/antagonist activity than tamoxifen, the relative contributions of the parent drug and its 4-hydroxy metabolite(s) to the activity of tamoxifen in vivo have not been established. We report here that the rate of tamoxifen 4-hydroxylation is higher in livers of adult chicken and chick embryos than in livers of mammalian species. Tamoxifen 4-hydroxylation was increased by treatment of chick embryos with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), beta-naphthoflavone (beta NF), and to a lesser extent by phenobarbital (PB). The major effect of PB treatment was an increase in tamoxifen N-demethylation. Tamoxifen 4-hydroxylase activity of reconstituted purified chicken P450s was highest for TCDDAA, a P450 active in arachidonate epoxygenation and estradiol 2-hydroxylation, and one of the two major P450s induced by TCDD and beta NF in chick embryo liver. The second P450, TCDDAHH, which is active in aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and 7-ethoxyresorufin deethylase was inactive in tamoxifen 4-hydroxylation. Anti-TCDDAA IgG immunoinhibited tamoxifen 4-hydroxylation in microsomes from beta NF-treated embryos by over 80%, but was ineffective against this reaction in the controls. The immunochemical findings together with the reconstitution data identify TCDDAA as the P450 responsible for TCDD/beta NF-induced tamoxifen 4-hydroxylation in chick liver. In PB-treated livers, a P450 fraction containing CYP2H1/H2, the major PB-induced P450s, had the highest tamoxifen 4-hydroxylase and N-demethylase activities, a finding compatible with one or both of those P450s being responsible for the PB-induced tamoxifen 4-hydroxylation and N-demethylation. The findings reported here raise the possibility that exposure of women undergoing tamoxifen therapy to agents that induce human CYP1A2 or CYPB1/2 analogues may produce increased levels of 4-hydroxytamoxifen and that this may affect the therapeutic potency of tamoxifen.
authors.affiliation: Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts 01545.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kupfer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mani
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Rifkind
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene / Q000494:pharmacology; D001571:Benzoflavones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002642:Chick Embryo; D002645:Chickens; D006224:Cricetinae; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006900:Hydroxylation; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000494:pharmacology; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008647:Mesocricetus; D051379:Mice; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D010634:Phenobarbital / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013045:Species Specificity; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism*; D019324:beta-Naphthoflavone
chemical_list: D001571:Benzoflavones; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; D013629:Tamoxifen; C016601:afimoxifene; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene; C011512:alpha-naphthoflavone; D019324:beta-Naphthoflavone; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D010634:Phenobarbital