title: Immune function in offspring of nonhuman primates (Macaca nemestrina) exposed weekly to 1.8 g/kg ethanol during pregnancy: preliminary observations.
abstract: A preliminary investigation of immune host response was conducted in a group of fetal alcohol-exposed nonhuman primates (Macaca nemestrina) who were part of a broader ongoing study of ethanol teratogenicity. The mothers of the offspring received weekly oral doses of ethanol (1.8 g/kg) for the first 3 or 6 or the entire 24 weeks of gestation. A control group received sucrose solution weekly throughout pregnancy. Four of the 18 ethanol-exposed animals (22%) died or were euthanized after infectious disease or failure to thrive during the first year of life; none of the seven control animals died. This imbalance in survival prompted the present review of immune function in the remaining offspring. Parameters assessed included: (1) white blood cell count (WBC), (2) peripheral blood leucocyte subsets (CD4+, CD8+, CD20+, and CD11c+), (3) T-cell proliferation after activation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB), and tetanus toxoid (TT), (4) phagocytic activity of monocytes, and (5) serum immunoglobulin levels and serum antibody titers after TT vaccination. Mean T-cell proliferation to TT was significantly decreased (p = 0.01) in all ethanol-exposed animals relative to controls, with near-significant decreases (p = 0.06) in response to SEB in the ethanol-exposed animals. Lymphocyte proliferation in response to PHA was not altered. Ethanol-exposed animals had significantly lower TT titers than controls after initial vaccination and booster. WBC, leukocyte subsets, serum immunoglobulins, and monocyte phagocytic activity were not significantly different from control values. These preliminary observations suggest that T-cell proliferation and antigen-specific memory responses may be altered in offspring exposed to weekly doses of ethanol in utero and warrant further evaluation for confirmation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98195.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grossmann
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Astley
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Liggitt
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Clarren
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shiota
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Thouless
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maggio-Price
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000431:Ethanol / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D063647:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Q000276:immunology*; D007958:Leukocyte Count / Q000187:drug effects*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D008254:Macaca nemestrina; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000276:immunology; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D011247:Pregnancy; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol