title: Increased plasma activity of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) in two patients with Klinefelter's syndrome complicated by leg ulcers.
abstract: Klinefelter's syndrome is the most frequent major abnormality of sexual differentiation in men with two or more X-chromosomes, and affects one in 500 males. The syndrome is characterized by eunuchoid body proportions, scanty facial and body hair, gynaecomastia, and small firm testes. Leg ulcers, especially in combination with hyperpigmentation, have been reported in association with Klinefelter's syndrome. Thromboembolic processes are also frequently observed. The leg ulcers in patients with Klinefelter's syndrome are usually attributed to venous insufficiency. We describe two patients with Klinefelter's syndrome associated with recurrent ulcers and hyperpigmentation on both legs, in whom no venous or other underlying cause could be found. The patients were not taking any drugs, in particular no supplemental androgen therapy. Both had normal plasma testosterone values. We detected increased activity of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), with only a partial decrease upon venous occlusion. A possible role for this inhibitor of fibrinolysis in the pathogenesis of ulceration is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Academisch Ziekenhuis, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Veraart
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hamulyak
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Engelen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D017495:Hyperpigmentation / Q000150:complications / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D007713:Klinefelter Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D007871:Leg Ulcer / Q000150:complications / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood*; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1