title: Sex differences in susceptibility to etiologic factors for peripheral atherosclerosis. Importance of plasma fibrinogen and blood viscosity.
abstract: Cardiovascular risk factors in men, such as cigarette smoking, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension, also increase risk in women, but the relative susceptibility to risk factors between the sexes is not established. Our aim was to investigate a wide range of possible etiologic factors in a single population study and identify those that were more strongly related to peripheral atherosclerosis in men or women. We studied personal factors (age and social class), lifestyle factors (smoking, exercise, alcohol intake, and dietary nutrients), and intermediary factors (obesity, diabetes, serum lipids, coagulation, and rheological factors). In the Edinburgh Artery Study in 1988 we measured cardiovascular risk factors in a random population sample of 1592 men and women aged 55 to 74 years. The ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI), which is inversely related to the degree of peripheral atherosclerosis, was assessed in each subject. Lifetime cigarette smoking was correlated with a lower ABPI equally in men and women (r = -.27, P < .001). Dietary nutrients and alcohol intake were not related differently between the sexes with ABPI. However, recall of strenuous and moderate leisure time exercise during the age range of 35 to 45 years was related more strongly to a higher ABPI in men than in women (P < .05). Plasma fibrinogen, plasma viscosity, and blood viscosity were the only intermediary factors that had stronger univariate correlations with lower ABPI in men than in women. On multivariate analysis, the sex differences persisted for plasma fibrinogen (P < .05) and blood viscosity (P < .001); high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was related to ABPI in men only (sex difference, P < .1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Scotland.
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Fowkes
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pell
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Donnan
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Housley
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Riemersma
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Prescott
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D000842:Ankle / Q000098:blood supply; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology*; D001809:Blood Viscosity; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis; D006487:Hemostasis; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D005340:Fibrinogen