title: Vasoactive intestinal peptide and forskolin stimulate interleukin 6 production by rat cortical astrocytes in culture via a cyclic AMP-dependent, prostaglandin-independent mechanism.
abstract: In this study we analyzed the involvement of the cyclic AMP (cAMP)-protein kinase A system in the regulation of interleukin 6 production by cultured cortical astrocytes. Vasoactive intestinal peptide strongly increased, in a dose-dependent manner, interleukin 6 production. This effect was reduced when protein kinase A was blocked by KT-5720; it was not affected by calphostin C, a protein kinase C inhibitor. Forskolin caused a concentration-dependent increase in interleukin 6 release that was also inhibited by KT-5720. Because prostaglandins are believed to play a role in interleukin 6 production, we tried to determine whether the stimulatory effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide and forskolin on cytokine release might be mediated by stimulation of prostaglandin production in cortical astrocytes. Vasoactive intestinal peptide did not increase the production of either prostaglandin E2 or F2 alpha. Conversely, forskolin concentration-dependently stimulated the production of both prostaglandins, an effect that was blocked by indomethacin. Indomethacin did not affect either vasoactive intestinal peptide- or forskolin-stimulated interleukin 6 production. To exclude the possibility that prostaglandins participate in interleukin 6 production induced by forskolin, we tested prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha. The former was completely ineffective in eliciting the cytokine production, whereas prostaglandin F2 alpha slightly increased interleukin 6 production only at the highest concentrations. 8-Bromo-cAMP and dibutyryl-cAMP stimulated interleukin 6 production to a lesser extent than vasoactive intestinal peptide and forskolin. In conclusion, we provide evidence that vasoactive intestinal peptide increases interleukin 6 production by astrocytes through the stimulation of the cAMP-protein kinase A pathway, an effect that is reproduced by cAMP analogues.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienza delle Communicazioni Umane, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grimaldi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pozzoli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Navarra
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Preziosi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schettini
mesh_terms: D015124:8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D003994:Bucladesine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002227:Carbazoles; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000494:pharmacology; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000494:pharmacology; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism*; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000494:pharmacology; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002227:Carbazoles; D007211:Indoles; D015850:Interleukin-6; D011453:Prostaglandins; D011758:Pyrroles; D005576:Colforsin; D015124:8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; C057416:KT 5720; D003994:Bucladesine; D015237:Dinoprost; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D015232:Dinoprostone