title: Modulation of human T cell responses by nitric oxide and its derivative, S-nitrosoglutathione.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of nitric oxide (NO) and its more stable derivative, S-nitrosoglutathione (SNO-GSH), on the response of activated T lymphocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of NO and SNO-GSH on DNA synthesis, interleukin-2 (IL-2) production, IL-2 receptor expression, and cGMP accumulation were determined in phytohemagglutinin-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and spleen T cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nitric oxide (half-life [T1/2] < 15 seconds) did not inhibit T cell proliferation. However, the derivative SNO-GSH (25 microM) (T1/2 > 2 hours) inhibited DNA synthesis by a mean +/- SD of 65 +/- 19.6% (P < 0.001) in PBMC and 75 +/- 15% (P < 0.001) in spleen cells. Macrophage depletion of PBMC did not abrogate the inhibition. SNO-GSH had no effect on IL-2 production or IL-2 receptor expression. NO (25 microM) increased the cGMP content of PBMC (0.65 +/- 0.15 pmoles/10(6) cells; P < 0.04), as did SNO-GSH (25 microM) in both PBMC (3.8 +/- 1; P < 0.001) and spleen T cells (5.2 +/- 1.2; P < 0.001). Methylene blue and hemoglobin, which are NO inhibitors, inhibited SNO-GSH-induced cGMP accumulation (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SNO-GSH inhibits T cell DNA synthesis independently of IL-2 production and in association with cGMP accumulation via a NO-dependent mechanism. We suggest that NO and its S-nitrosothiol derivatives may act as endogenous inhibitors of T cell-mediated inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, NY 10003.
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Merryman
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Clancy
authors.forename: X Y
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Abramson
mesh_terms: D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005978:Glutathione / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009603:Nitroso Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D026422:S-Nitrosoglutathione; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007376:Interleukin-2; D009603:Nitroso Compounds; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D026422:S-Nitrosoglutathione; D004247:DNA; D005978:Glutathione; D006152:Cyclic GMP