title: Decreased immune reactivity and neuroendocrine alterations related to chronic stress in spinal cord injury and stroke patients.
abstract: Both natural and adaptive immune responses were found to be strikingly decreased 2 weeks after injury in 54 spinal cord injury and stroke patients, i.e., 28 quadriplegics, 21 paraplegics and 5 stroke patients, compared with those of age-matched controls. All values are expressed as means. Natural-killer (NK)-cell function decreased to 21.0% 2 weeks after spinal cord injury compared with 48.6% in controls. At 2 weeks, plasma ACTH values increased to 17.0 pg/ml in patients compared with 11.2 pg/ml in controls, and urine free cortisol levels were elevated to 162.4 micrograms/24 h in patients compared with 53.6 micrograms/24 h in controls. T-cell function decreased to 40.2% of normal (lymphocyte transformation) by 3 months after injury. T-cell activation (IL-2R) was diminished, i.e., 183.4 micrograms/ml compared with 328.2 micrograms/ml in controls. With rehabilitation therapy, NK-cell function increased to 41.6% by 7 months after injury. NK-cell-mediated lysis diminished sharply between 7 and 9 months, decreasing to 22.8% at 10 months and ultimately returning to the level seen 2 weeks after injury. Rehabilitation therapy contributed to the restoration of T-cell function to 92.0% of normal by 6 months after injury where it remained for 6+ months. IL-2R values improved in parallel with lymphocyte transformation. Whereas NK-cell-induced lysis remained depressed, i.e., 11.8% at 6 months and 11.4% at 12+ months in patients not receiving therapy, the restoration of NK-cell function at 6 months to 40.6% in rehabilitated patients decreased to 23.0% with cessation of treatment. NK-cell-mediated lysis values in cervical injury patients were significantly less than those in the thoracic injury group. Functional independence measurement (FIM) scores of the two paralleled their NK-cell function. With rehabilitation therapy, NK-cell-mediated lysis in the cervical group increased from 15.2 to 28.4%, whereas it improved in the thoracic group with therapy from 26.8 to 43.7%. With rehabilitation therapy, lymphocyte transformation in the cervical group increased from 37.3 to 85.6% and improved in the thoracic group from 48.4 to 88.9%. With rehabilitation therapy, FIM scores improved from 49.7 to 74.0 in the cervical group and from 79.8 to 97.3 in thoracic patients compared with 126 in controls. NK-cell-mediated lysis was depressed to 28.9% in 5 stroke patients and improved to 38.0% following rehabilitation therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson 39216.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cruse
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Kliesch
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gaitan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Britt
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000652:urine; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007116:Immunization, Passive; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000276:immunology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone