title: Salmonella typhimurium activates human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in chronically infected promonocytic cells by inducing tumor necrosis factor-alpha production.
abstract: The effect of phagocytosis of Salmonella typhimurium on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) production was investigated using a chronically infected promonocytic cell line (U1) that contains HIV-1 provirus but produces little or no HIV-1. The phagocytosis of virulent S. typhimurium by U1 cells resulted in an increased HIV-1 expression as evidenced by significant increase in HIV-1 p24 antigen in culture supernatants. In contrast, heat-killed S. typhimurium failed to induce HIV-1 expression. In addition, phagocytosis of virulent S. typhimurium and not of heat-killed S. typhimurium resulted in a significant induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA expression and secretion of TNF-alpha by U1 cells. Furthermore, anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody inhibited S. typhimurium-induced HIV-1 p24 antigen production. These data suggest that S. typhimurium induces HIV-1 expression in U1 cells via production of TNF-alpha.
authors.affiliation: Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Irvine 92717.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andreana
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gollapudi
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D015870:Gene Expression; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24 / Q000378:metabolism; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000254:growth & development*; D006801:Humans; D009000:Monocytes / Q000382:microbiology; D010587:Phagocytosis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D016655:HIV Core Protein p24; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha