title: ESHAP--an effective chemotherapy regimen in refractory and relapsing lymphoma: a 4-year follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study attempted to determine the efficacy of the combination of etoposide (VP-16), methyl-prednisolone, and cytarabine (Ara-C) with or without cisplatin in relapsing and refractory adult lymphoma patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The first 63 patients were randomized to receive VP-16 40 mg/m2/d for 4 days, methylprednisolone 500 mg intravenously daily for 5 days, and Ara-C 2 g/m2 intravenously over 2 to 3 hours on day 5 with or without cisplatin 25 mg/m2 IV administered by 24-hour infusion for 4 days (ESHA +/- P). Markedly different responses between ESHA (33%) and ESHAP (75%) led to deletion of the ESHA arm. A total of 122 patients on the ESHAP regimen were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-five patients (37%) attained a complete remission (CR) and 33 (27%) attained a partial remission (PR), for a total response rate of 64%. The median duration of CR was 20 months, with 28% of remitters still in CR at 3 years. The overall median survival duration was 14 months; the survival rate at 3 years was 31%. Overall time to treatment failure (TTF) showed 10% of all patients to be alive and disease-free at 40 months. Response and survival rates were similar in patients with low-grade (n = 34), intermediate-grade (n = 67), transformed (n = 18), and high-grade (n = 3) lymphoma. The most significant factors for response and survival by multivariate analysis were the serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) level, tumor burden, and age (when analyzed as a continuous variable), while prior CR was highly significant by univariate analysis. A significant difference in survival was noted for patients with normal LDH levels and low- or intermediate-tumor burden or patients with low tumor burden and elevated LDH levels (55% 3-year survival rate) versus patients with elevated LDH levels and intermediate or high tumor burden (< 20%). Major toxicities included myelosuppression, with a median granulocyte count of 500/microL and platelet count of 70,000/microL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ESHAP was found to be an active, tolerable chemotherapy regimen for relapsing and refractory lymphoma. Applying a prognostic model based on tumor burden and serum LDH level shows significant differences in survival in this patient population.
authors.affiliation: Section of Lymphoma, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Velasquez
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: F B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hagemeister
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Swan
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Romaguera
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rubenstein
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cabanillas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008775:Methylprednisolone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012008:Recurrence; D012074:Remission Induction; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D003561:Cytarabine; D005047:Etoposide; D002945:Cisplatin; D008775:Methylprednisolone