title: What can we learn about the need for transfusion from patients who refuse blood? The experience with Jehovah's Witnesses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A transfusion threshold of 7 g per dL (70 g/L) of hemoglobin has been proposed for patients, although scant human data are available to support this recommendation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical community's experience with Jehovah's Witnesses was examined, in order to assess the lowest tolerable hemoglobin concentration and the lower transfusion threshold of 7 g per dL (70 g/L) of hemoglobin. A MEDLINE search was conducted to capture medical and surgical reports involving Jehovah's Witnesses from 1970 through early 1993.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-one reports of untransfused Jehovah's Witnesses with hemoglobin concentrations < or = 8 g per dL (80 g/L) or hematocrits < or = 24 percent (0.24) were identified. Of 50 reported deaths, 23, as stated in the original reports, were primarily due to anemia. Except for three patients who died after cardiac surgery, all patients whose deaths were attributed to anemia died with hemoglobin concentrations < or = 5 g per dL (50 g/L). Twenty-five survivors were reported with hemoglobin < or = 5 g per dL (50 g/L).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data have significant limitations but suggest that survival, without transfusion, is possible at low hemoglobin concentrations, while mortality with an unknown incidence is encountered at hemoglobin concentrations below 5 g per dL (50 g/L).
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Viele
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Weiskopf
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000628:therapy; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D012068:Religion and Medicine