title: Diagnosis and prediction of cervical vertebral malformation in thoroughbred foals based on semi-quantitative radiographic indicators.
abstract: Over a period of 5 years on a central Kentucky Thoroughbred stud farm 132 foals were evaluated for the presence of cervical vertebral malformation (CVM). Lateral cervical vertebral radiographs were obtained on 70 standing foals. These radiographs were evaluated semi-quantitatively and scored numerically for the presence of stenosis of the vertebral canal, enlarged physeal growth plates, caudal extension of the dorsal border of the orifice of the vertebral canal, angular fixation, delayed ossification of bone and degenerative joint disease. From these scores a total CVM score was given for each set of radiographs. All foals were repeatedly examined for clinical signs of neurological disease. Foals with no clinical signs of CVM had maximal total CVM scores (mean +/- sd) of 5.7 +/- 2.8 and foals affected with CVM had maximal total CVM scores of 17.0 +/- 2.8. Determination of the total CVM score was non-invasive, inexpensive and a very accurate procedure for predicting and diagnosing the presence of CVM in Thoroughbred foals up to 1 year of age.
authors.affiliation: Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK.
authors.forename: I G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Mayhew
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Donawick
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Galligan
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Osborne
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses / Q000002:abnormalities*; D007738:Kyphosis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D010007:Osteochondritis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D011859:Radiography; D013117:Spinal Cord Compression / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary; D013130:Spinal Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary