title: [Pacemaker implantations in children with regard to the site of implantation].
abstract: We reviewed thirty eight children, ranged 3 days to 15 years (mean, 7.2 years) of age, who underwent permanent pacemaker implantations in our hospital. Long-term results including the site of generator pocket were discussed. They are alive and well except two early and three late deaths that were not related to the pacemaker implantation. Twenty-seven epicardial and 11 endocardial electrodes were implanted at the initial operations. Thirteen pulse generators implanted in subaxillar position had no complications, otherwise, 12 subcostal implantation resulted 4 skin necrosis and 3 lead fractures. Eleven anterior chest implantations used for relatively older children resulted in one skin necrosis. We recommend subaxillar implantation for children, especially for small infants. The replacements of pulse generators due to battery depletion were done between 1.7 to 5.5 years (mean 4.0 years). Because epicardial implanted electrodes often show higher stimulation threshold than epicardial ones, pacing rate should be as lowered as possible if the patient had no symptom. Stab-in leads placed on the atrial wall sometimes caused the elevation of stimulation threshold and undersensing. We conclude that the development of more reliable and stable electrode is desired to improve the long term results of pacemaker therapy in children although the improvement of pulse generator itself and the operative procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hyogo Kenritsu Amagasaki Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oda
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamanaka
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Otani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsuno
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Makino
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takechi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001365:Axilla; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D019736:Prostheses and Implants