title: Botulinum A like type B and tetanus toxins fulfils criteria for being a zinc-dependent protease.
abstract: Although botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) types A and B and tetanus toxin (TeTx) are specific inhibitors of transmitter release whose light chains contain a zinc-binding motif characteristic of metalloendoproteases, only the latter two proteolyse synaptobrevin. Chelation of zinc or its readdition at high concentration hindered blockade of neuromuscular transmission by BoNT/A and B, indicating that type A also acts via a zinc-dependent mechanism. Such treatments prevented proteolysis of synaptobrevin II in rat brain synaptic vesicles by BoNT/B and TeTx but only the activity of the latter was antagonised appreciably by ASQFETS, a peptide spanning their cleavage site. The toxin's neuroparalytic activities were attenuated by phosphoramidon or captopril, inhibitors of certain zinc requiring proteases. However, these agents were ineffective in reducing the toxins' degradation of synaptobrevin except that a high concentration of captopril partially blocked the activity of TeTx but not BoNT/B, as also found for these drugs when tested on synaptosomal noradrenaline release. These various criteria establish that a zinc-dependent protease activity underlies the neurotoxicity of BoNT/A, a finding confirmed at motor nerve endings for type B and TeTx. Moreover, the low potencies of captopril and phosphoramidon in counteracting the toxins' effects necessitate the design of improved inhibitors for possible use in the clinical treatment of tetanus or botulism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine, London, England.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Paiva
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ashton
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Foran
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schiavo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Montecucco
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Dolly
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000378:metabolism*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D002216:Captopril / Q000494:pharmacology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000378:metabolism; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D007700:Kinetics; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases / Q000633:toxicity*; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009411:Nerve Endings / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism*; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D013572:Synaptic Vesicles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D013574:Synaptosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D013744:Tetanus Toxin / Q000633:toxicity*; D015032:Zinc / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D009842:Oligopeptides; D013744:Tetanus Toxin; D002216:Captopril; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases; D001905:Botulinum Toxins; D015032:Zinc; D000109:Acetylcholine; D009638:Norepinephrine