title: Development of a new intensive therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children at increased risk of early relapse. The Memorial Sloan-Kettering-New York-II protocol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Improved survival of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has made it more difficult to develop new protocols to further improve results. The authors report the pilot experience with the Memorial Sloan-Kettering-New York-II (MSK-NY-II) protocol, based on the New York regimen with changes made in an attempt to improve efficacy while reducing toxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four of 46 consecutive patients were randomized to one of four regimens varying only in the sequence and mode of administration of the drugs during the first 48 hours of therapy, while the kinetics of the disappearance of the leukemic cells from the bone marrow was monitored with bone marrow aspirates and biopsies on days 0, 2, 7, and 14.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two high-risk and 12 average-risk patients were randomized. The marrow contained less than 25% blasts in 74.4% and 92.9% by day 7 and 14, respectively. Ninety-three percent achieved remission. Regimens beginning with daunorubicin achieved a greater and more rapid reduction in leukemic cells than those starting with cyclophosphamide. Daunorubicin infusion produced a more rapid cytoreduction than daunorubicin bolus. Two of 41 patients who achieved remission relapsed, and there was one death in remission. With a median follow-up of 54+ months, the event-free survival (EFS) rate was 86% +/- 10%. Disease-free survival (DFS) rate at 48 months was 93%. The estimated 4-year EFS rate for the high-risk and average-risk patients were 83 +/- 14% and 93 +/- 10%, respectively. Four of 18 patients given daunorubicin bolus and 0 of 18 patients given daunorubicin infusion who were monitored with serial echocardiograms had significant decrease in cardiac function (P = 0.10). The major toxicity of the therapy was infections, with 35% of patients developing serious infections during induction and consolidation. Half the patients had an episode of bacteremia from the venous catheter during the 2 years of maintenance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Close monitoring of kinetics of cytoreduction can rapidly distinguish between similar therapies, and the surrogate end-point may reduce the need for the long follow-up periods that may still be required to demonstrate differences in EFS. Continuous infusion of daunorubicin had less cardiotoxicity with faster antileukemic activity than bolus infusion. The MSK-NY-II protocol with a 86% 4-year EFS rate and a 95% DFS rate was a promising new regimen for the treatment of average-risk and high-risk ALL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Steinherz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Redner
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Steinherz
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meyers
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D001856:Bone Marrow Examination; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003630:Daunorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D011241:Prednisone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011379:Prognosis; D012074:Remission Induction; D012306:Risk; D015996:Survival Rate; D014750:Vincristine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D014750:Vincristine; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D011241:Prednisone; D003630:Daunorubicin