title: Impaired startle prepulse inhibition and habituation in patients with schizotypal personality disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Information processing measures that serve as biological markers for schizophrenia can help to define the boundaries of schizophrenia. Prepulse inhibition and habituation of the blink reflex component of startle, which are thought to reflect an individual's ability to screen out or "gate" irrelevant sensory stimuli, are impaired in patients with schizophrenia. These deficits in sensorimotor gating and habituation in schizophrenic patients may lead to sensory overload and, secondarily, cognitive fragmentation, disorganization, and thought disorder. The goal of this study was to test two hypotheses: 1) patients with schizotypal personality disorder would show a loss of sensorimotor gating reflected by impaired prepulse inhibition of the human startle response and 2) patients with schizotypal personality disorder would show deficits in startle habituation consistent with the deficits seen in patients with schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prepulse inhibition and habituation were assessed in 12 men and four women who met DSM-III-R criteria for schizotypal personality disorder and in 22 normal comparison subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with schizotypal personality disorder had deficits in acoustic prepulse inhibition and habituation similar to the deficits observed in patients with schizophrenia. Although there were no differences between patients with schizotypal personality disorder and normal subjects in latency from acoustic startle stimuli to response, latency facilitation was produced by the prepulse in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This pattern of changes in amplitude and latency of the startle response suggests that subjects with schizotypal personality disorder perceive the prepulse stimuli but still demonstrate deficient sensorimotor gating of amplitude. These findings support the importance of startle prepulse inhibition and startle habituation as biological markers for schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0603.
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Cadenhead
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Geyer
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Braff
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology; D015415:Biomarkers; D001767:Blinking / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology*; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000502:physiology*; D012569:Schizotypal Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D014110:Touch / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers