title: Type of fall and risk of hip and wrist fractures: the study of osteoporotic fractures. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the causes of hip or wrist fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control analysis nested in a prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four clinical centers in Baltimore, Maryland, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Portland, Oregon, and Monessen, Pennsylvania.
  
  
  METHODS
  Non-black women age 65 and older living in the community.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured bone density, arm strength, and anthropometric characteristics at a baseline examination. Those who subsequently suffered hip (n = 130) or wrist (n = 294) fractures as a result of a fall and a consecutive sample of those who fell without a fracture (n = 467) were interviewed about their falls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In multivariate analyses, those who suffered hip fractures were more likely to have fallen sideways or straight down (odds ratio 3.3; 95% confidence interval 2.0 to 5.6) and to have landed on or near the hip (32.5; 9.9, 107.1) than women who fell without a fracture. Among women who fell on the hip, those with hip fractures were taller (1.5; 1.2, 2.2 per SD increase), less likely to have landed on a hand (0.3; 0.1 to 0.6) or to break the fall by grabbing or hitting an object (0.4; 0.2, 0.9), had weaker triceps (1.7; 1.2, 2.5 per SD decrease), and were more likely to land on a hard surface (2.8; 1.4, 5.5) than those without fractures. Women with wrist fractures were more likely to have fallen backward (2.2; 1.3, 3.8) and to have landed on a hand (20.4; 11.5, 36.0) than those who fell without a fracture. Among women who fell on the hand, those with wrist fractures were taller (1.4; 1.1, 1.8 per SD increase) and less likely to break the fall by grabbing or hitting an object (0.4; 0.2, 0.7). Among women who fell on their hip or hand, the risk of fracturing that site more than doubled for each standard deviation decrease in bone density at the site of fracture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The nature of the fall determines the type of fracture, while bone density and factors that increase or attenuate the force of impact of the fall determine whether a fracture will occur when a faller lands on a particular bone. These findings have important implications for prevention of fractures in older women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0886.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Nevitt
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Cummings
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000886:Anthropometry; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015519:Bone Density; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015984:Causality; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014954:Wrist Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*