title: An experimental study and clinical pilot trials on yttrium-90 glass microspheres through the hepatic artery for treatment of primary liver cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Yttrium-90 (90-Y) glass microsphere is a new kind of radiation microsphere for internal radiation therapy of primary liver cancer (PLC). The study was carried out by administration of 35 microns nondegradable 90-Y glass microsphere through the hepatic artery for treatment of PLC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six rabbits were injected with 185-1480 megabecquerels (MBq) of 90-Y glass microspheres, and three rabbits were injected with 35-300 mg of 89-Y glass microspheres for the toxic test. Eighteen patients received 2442-5550 MBq of 90-Y glass microspheres for the treatment of PLC. Whole blood counts, liver function, and imaging examination were performed. Pathologic examinations were performed on all rabbits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All rabbits were apparently well after absorbing 114.1-845.2 Gy 90-Y glass microspheres in the liver but showed transient degeneration of hepatocytes and portal fibrosis histologically. The mean absorbed dose in liver tissue of patients with PLC was 30.33 Gy, whereas that in tumor tissue was 88 Gy and the highest in tumor tissue, 186.36 Gy. The mean tumor:liver tissue ratio was 3:1; the highest, 14:1. Fourteen patients were still alive after half a year's follow-up and 6 of these 14 were still alive after 1 year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rabbits could tolerate up to eight-fold of the upper limit of clinical dose (100 Gy). Good responses to the radiation therapy of 90-Y glass microspheres in patients with localized and hypervascular or vascular mass were achieved. Contraindications for the therapy were presence of massive hepatic arterioportal shunt and cancer emboli in the main portal vein. It is safe and applicable to deliver 90-Y glass microspheres in large doses through the hepatic artery for internal radiation treatment of PLC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Zhong Shan Hospital, Shanghai Medical University, China.
authors.forename: Z P
authors.initials: ZP
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: H Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Dong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005781:Gelatin Sponge, Absorbable / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005898:Glass; D006499:Hepatic Artery; D006801:Humans; D007269:Injections, Intra-Arterial; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D008863:Microspheres; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011817:Rabbits; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012074:Remission Induction; D015021:Yttrium Radioisotopes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D015021:Yttrium Radioisotopes