title: Protein-ligand interactions in the lysine-binding site of plasminogen kringle 4 are different in crystal and solution. Electrostatic interactions studied by site-directed mutagenesis exclude Lys35 as an important acceptor in solution.
abstract: Three amino acid residues previously reported to establish the interactions between lysine-like derivatives and plasminogen kringle 4 have been replaced by other residue types using the methods of site-directed mutagenesis. The effect of these modifications on the binding constant have been measured. The residues are Lys35, Asp57, and Arg71, according to the sequence numbering scheme adapted from the plasminogen kringle 5 domain. The plasminogen kringle 4 derivatives where Lys35 of the native molecule is replaced with isoleucine and methionine residues, respectively, were seen to bind the ligands, respectively, with association constants similar to those of the unmodified recombinant kringle 4 domain. The modification of Asp57 to asparagine was shown to eliminate the ability to bind to the lysine affinity column used to purify the protein. Similarly the site-directed mutagenesis for Arg71 to glutamine resulted in a 12-19-fold decrease in binding of each of the two ligands. In addition, the effect of ionic strength on the binding of 6-aminohexanoic acid to the recombinant plasminogen kringle 4 and the three single substituted derivatives was examined. For the unmodified kringle domain as well as for the two derivatives modified only at the position of Lys35, an ionic strength of 0.5 M reduced the binding constant by a factor of 3 to 0.12 x 10(5) M-1. The derivative modified at the position of Arg71 was not effected by the ionic strength and maintained a rather low binding constant of 0.02 x 10(5) M-1. The observations suggest that the carboxylate of Asp57 and the guanidino group of Arg71 provide the electrostatic interaction in the binding site for the epsilon-amino group and the alpha-carboxylate of a C-terminal lysine residue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Carlsberg Laboratorium, Department of Chemistry, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Einer-Jensen
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Holtet
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Poulsen
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Thøgersen
mesh_terms: D001120:Arginine / Q000737:chemistry; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D001665:Binding Sites; D003461:Crystallography; D006801:Humans; D018082:Kringles; D008024:Ligands; D008239:Lysine / Q000737:chemistry; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D010958:Plasminogen / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D012996:Solutions; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D008024:Ligands; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D012996:Solutions; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D010958:Plasminogen; D001120:Arginine; D008239:Lysine