title: In vivo skin penetration of acitretin in volunteers using three sampling techniques.
abstract: Etretinate and acitretin are given orally to treat psoriasis and various keratinization disorders. Acitretin, the main active metabolite of etretinate, has the pharmacokinetic advantage of being rapidly eliminated, but it shares etretinate's toxicologic profile. Thus a topical delivery of acitretin with no or reduced systemic adverse effects is desirable. To characterize the therapeutic potential of topically delivered acitretin, we quantitatively assessed its percutaneous penetration in healthy human volunteers. Additionally, three skin sampling techniques, the punch biopsy, the shave biopsy, and the suction blister technique, were validated to quantitate acitretin in the skin. The results suggest that topical delivery of acitretin renders skin concentrations which exceed those reported after oral administration of etretinate or acitretin. However, because of possible interlaminate drug contamination, drug localization within a particular skin compartment cannot be determined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0989.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Surber
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bermann
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Maibach
mesh_terms: D017255:Acitretin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection; D005050:Etretinate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012869:Skin Absorption
chemical_list: D005050:Etretinate; D017255:Acitretin