title: In vitro feeding of instars of the ixodid tick Amblyomma variegatum on skin membranes and its application to the transmission of Theileria mutans and Cowdria ruminatium.
abstract: An in vitro feeding method using rabbit or cattle skin membranes, applied successfully to all stages (larvae, nymphae and adults) of the ioxodid tick, Amblyomma variegatum, is described. The feeding apparatus consisted of a blood container with a membrane placed on top of a tick containment unit. A carbon dioxide atmosphere of between 5 and 10% and a temperature of 37 degrees C were used as stimulants for the attachment of the ticks. High CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere improved the feeding success of all instars. The effect of anticoagulation methods for the bloodmeal was investigated, and heparinized blood was found to be the most suitable for tick feeding. When the bloodmeal was replaced by tissue culture medium for feeding nymphs the subsequent moulting success was reduced. Adult ticks of both sexes remained attached for up to 16 days, until completion of their bloodmeals. All stages of the tick fed on whole blood in the artificial feeding system and all reached engorged weights less than those achieved by control ticks fed on experimental animals. A large proportion of ticks, fed artificially on whole blood, moulted or laid eggs successfully. The method was successfully applied for the transmission of Theileria mutans and Cowdria ruminantium to cattle.
authors.affiliation: International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Voigt
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Mwaura
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Nyaga
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Njihia
authors.forename: F N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Mwakima
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Morzaria
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D002417:Cattle; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D016995:Ehrlichia ruminantium / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006357:Heartwater Disease / Q000635:transmission*; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D007814:Larva / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology; D009758:Nymph / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology; D011817:Rabbits; D013696:Temperature; D013801:Theileriasis / Q000635:transmission*; D013987:Ticks / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D004492:Edetic Acid