title: Interpretation of urine results used to assess chemical exposure with emphasis on creatinine adjustments: a review.
abstract: This paper reviews the process of elimination of creatinine (CRE), and the limitations presented when using it to express urine concentrations. This literature review leads to three conclusions: (1) CRE excretion is subject to wide fluctuations due to specific internal and external factors; (2) the use of CRE to correct chemical concentrations in urine will not necessarily improve the correlation to the exposure dose for all chemicals (it may, in fact, worsen the result); and (3) other means of expressing urine concentration may offer greater accuracy towards estimating individually absorbed dose.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Boeniger
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Lowry
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001824:Body Constitution; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine*; D004032:Diet; D004231:Diuresis; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine