title: A series of penicillin derived C2-symmetric inhibitors of HIV-1 proteinase: synthesis, mode of interaction, and structure-activity relationships.
abstract: The C2-symmetric diester 1 was identified by random screening as a novel inhibitor of HIV-1 proteinase. This led to the preparation of a series of related more potent amides from readily accessible penicillins. Many of the compounds showed potent antiviral activity in HIV-1-infected MT-4 cells and an ability to inhibit syncytia formation in infected C8166 cells, with no evidence of cytotoxicity. The compounds showed no activity against other aspartyl proteinases (renin, pepsin, and cathepsin D). Structure-activity relationships support a symmetrical interaction with the enzyme. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of the ethylamide 3 revealed it was subject to rapid plasma clearance and had low oral bioavailability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Glaxo Group Research Ltd., Greenford, Middlesex, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Humber
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bamford
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bethell
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cammack
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cobley
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hann
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Orr
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saunders
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001665:Binding Sites; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004285:Dogs; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000737:chemistry; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010406:Penicillins / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051381:Rats; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D010406:Penicillins; D016333:HIV Protease