title: The impact of cardiac index on cerebral hemodynamics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Current noninvasive testing allows accurate assessment of cerebrovascular hemodynamics. The cardiovascular influence on the noninvasive assessment of cerebrovascular studies has not been defined. This study was designed to determine the effect of cardiac index (CI) on cerebral blood flow velocities, ocular pulse amplitude, ophthalmic systolic pressure, and ocular blood flow (OBF) as currently estimated by noninvasive laboratories.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on a retrospective study of 181 patients, we prospectively evaluated 45 patients undergoing right heart catheterization for hemodynamic monitoring to correlate the relation between CI, transcranial Doppler sonography, and ocular pneumoplethysmography. Patients with hemodynamic instability, severe carotid stenoses, massive cerebral infarct, or sepsis were ineligible for the study. Simultaneous recordings of systemic blood pressure, ophthalmic systolic pressure, heart rate, ocular pulse amplitude, middle cerebral artery blood flow velocities, and cardiac output were obtained on all patients. OBF was calculated from the heart rate and ocular pulse amplitude.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The relation between OBF and CI is expressed by the equation CI = 2.36 + 0.61 x OBF (r = .47, P = .0010). The middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocities and CI had a correlation of .36 (P = .0181). The equation, derived from the linear relation between OBF and CI, was then validated on a sample of 15 patients. With the apparent linear relation between OBF and CI, we used the derived equation to predict CI from OBF. The OBF determination predicted CI within 30% in all patients and within 20% in 53.3% of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrated that OBF and middle cerebral artery systolic velocity decrease with diminishing CI. Our findings suggest that CI may be potentially estimated in selected patients by noninvasive assessment of OBF using ocular pneumoplethysmography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Lehigh Valley Hospital, Allentown, Pa.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saha
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Muppala
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Castaldo
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gee
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Morris
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002302:Cardiac Output; D002536:Cerebral Arteries; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D004453:Echoencephalography; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012171:Retinal Vessels; D012189:Retrospective Studies