title: Childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: antiphospholipid antibodies in 37 patients and their first-degree relatives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are noted with increased frequency in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The main manifestations found to be associated with aPL are arterial and venous thrombotic events, thrombocytopenia, and recurrent pregnancy loss. This study is an attempt to define the incidence of aPL in patients with childhood-onset SLE and in their relatives and to correlate their presence with clinical manifestations, and especially, to evaluate the risk of thrombosis in aPL-positive subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 37 unrelated patients and 107 of their first-degree relatives. VDRL, IgG and IgM anticardiolipin, and IgG antiphosphatidylethanolamine antibodies were studied in all probands during periods of clinical remission and in first-degree relatives at the time of interview. Lupus anticoagulant had only been studied in probands during an SLE flare-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-eight percent of probands and 19% of relatives were positive for at least one aPL, with little overlap between the different aPL studied. -No aPL-negative proband developed thrombosis. Two of the aPL-positive probands had thrombotic events before testing, and a third one showed thrombosis after testing. Only two probands had high levels of IgG aCL and showed thrombosis. The occurrence of aPL positivity in relatives was not always related to its presence in probands. None of the aPL-positive relatives had had thrombosis, but recurrent fetal loss was noted in one aPL-positive mother with SLE. Although there was a high frequency of SLE, SLE-like disease, auto-immune disorders or positive serological findings for lupus in first-degree relatives, many of these relatives did not test positive for aPL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high levels of IgG aCL may be considered a risk factor for thrombosis. Findings in relatives suggest a multifactorial origin for autoimmune disease and antibody production.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology Kaiser Permanente, Cleveland, OH.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Molta
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dosquet
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montes de Oca
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Babron
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Danon
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clémenceau
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Castellano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Levy
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000276:immunology; D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid / Q000032:analysis*; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000235:genetics; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000032:analysis; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000276:immunology; D013924:Thrombophlebitis / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M