title: The detection of fat embolism by transoesophageal echocardiography during reamed intramedullary nailing. A study of 24 patients with femoral and tibial fractures.
abstract: We performed transoesophageal echocardiography on 24 patients during reamed intramedullary nailing of 17 tibial and seven femoral fractures. In 14 patients there was only minimal evidence of emboli passing through the heart, but in six copious showers of small emboli (< 10 mm maximum dimension) were observed. In four other patients, there were also multiple large emboli (> 10 mm maximum dimension). Three of these patients developed fat embolism syndrome postoperatively and one died. Earlier nailing was associated with smaller quantities of emboli.
authors.affiliation: Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Pell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Christie
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Keating
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Sutherland
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D004620:Embolism, Fat / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000601:surgery*; D005594:Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000601:surgery*