title: Methods used for analyses of "environmentally" damaged nucleic acids.
abstract: In this review, we present various techniques, currently applied in many laboratories, which are useful in the detection of "environmentally"-induced damage to DNA. These techniques include: (a) chromatographic methods, which allow determination of chemical changes within DNA, be they formation of adducts with or oxidation of bases in DNA; (b) electrophoretic methods, which facilitate finding the site(s) in DNA where that chemical modification occurred; and (c) immunological assays, which help to detect DNA damage using externally produced antibodies that recognize the specific chemical changes in DNA or its fragments, as well as by detection of autoantibodies that develop in response to environmental exposures of animals and humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Medical Center, NY 10016-6451.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Frenkel
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002845:Chromatography / Q000379:methods*; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology; D004249:DNA Damage; D004586:Electrophoresis / Q000379:methods*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D009696:Nucleic Acids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D009696:Nucleic Acids; D004247:DNA