title: Diet, alcohol, and physical activity as a function of smoking status in middle-aged women.
abstract: Diet, alcohol intake, and leisure-time physical activity were compared cross-sectionally in middle-aged female smokers, ex-smokers, and never smokers and were reassessed approximately 3 years later. At initial contact, there were no group differences in total caloric intake and very few differences in nutrient intake, but alcohol intake of current smokers and ex-smokers was at least 50% greater than that of never smokers, and current smokers reported less physical activity than did ex-smokers and never smokers. Prospective findings were similar: Compared with continuing smokers, ex-smokers did not change their dietary and alcohol intake but significantly increased physical activity. Thus, some adverse behaviors associated with smoking (e.g., alcohol intake) may be due to self-selection to history of smoking, whereas other behaviors (e.g., reduced physical activity) may be more directly related to smoking itself.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rohay
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Meilahn
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Wing
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Kuller
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D001294:Attitude to Health; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking; D014930:Women