title: Helical and retrograde secondary flow patterns in the aortic arch studied by three-directional magnetic resonance velocity mapping.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Helical and retrograde secondary flows have been recorded in the aorta, but their origins and movements in relation to the arch have not been clarified. We set out to do this using magnetic resonance velocity mapping.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three-directional phase contrast cine magnetic resonance velocity mapping was used to map multidirectional flow velocities in the aortas of 10 healthy volunteers. Computer processing was used to visualize flow vector patterns in selected planes. Right-handed helical flows predominated in the upper aortic arch in late systole, being clearly recognizable in 9 of the 10 subjects. Nonaxial components of velocity in this region reached 0.29 m/s (+/- 0.05 m/s) as axial velocities declined from a peak of 1.0 m/s (+/- 0.1 m/s). Helical flow patterns in the upper descending aorta varied between subjects, apparently depending on arch curvature. End-systolic retrograde flow originated from regions of blood with low momentum, usually along inner wall curvatures. Flow studies in a curved tubular phantom showed right-handed helical flow in the upper "arch" when the inflow section was positioned to simulate ascending aortic curvature, and retrograde flow occurred along the inner wall at end systole during pulsatile flow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Helical and retrograde streams are consistent features of intra-aortic flow in healthy subjects that result, at least in part, from the curvature of the arch and the pulsatility of flow in it. They may have significance in relation to circulatory dynamics and the pathogenesis of atheroma in the arch.
authors.affiliation: Royal Brompton National Heart and Lung Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kilner
authors.forename: G Z
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Mohiaddin
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Firmin
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Longmore
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012212:Rheology / Q000379:methods*; D009626:Terminology as Topic