title: Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging of the atrial septum: normal and pathologic anatomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the feasibility of producing three-dimensional gray scale ultrasound images of the atrial septum to demonstrate normal and pathologic anatomy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Two-dimensional echocardiography is the principal technique used for imaging the atrial septum. Although the diagnostic accuracy of two-dimensional echocardiography is high, its capability for displaying complex three-dimensional relations is limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional ultrasound images were reconstructed from tomographic images obtained during routine transesophageal echocardiographic examinations. Custom-made semi-automatic algorithms for image enhancement, interpolation and segmentation were used to produce volumetric gray scale images. Volume-rendered displays of the atrial septum were generated for analysis. Sequential three-dimensional images were generated through the cardiac cycle and displayed cinematographically to permit assessment of motion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three-dimensional images obtained from six patients clearly demonstrated normal and pathologic anatomy of the atrial septum, including atrial septal defects, atrial septal aneurysm and aortic valve ring abscess. The images could be manipulated electronically to demonstrate spatial relations and internal structural details.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-dimensional gray scale reconstruction of ultrasound images obtained by transesophageal echocardiography is feasible. These images clearly demonstrate anatomic details and spatial relations. The gray scale images may be interactively manipulated to optimize the clinician's visualization of the atrial septum and its associated pathologic conditions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Belohlavek
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Gerber
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Greenleaf
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Seward
mesh_terms: D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006322:Heart Aneurysm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006346:Heart Septum / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted