title: Transesophageal echocardiography during radiofrequency catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia.
abstract: Radiofrequency lesion formation requires stable catheter tip/endocardial contact. Energy delivery is limited when temperatures are > 100 degrees C due to coagulum formation at the catheter tip. Transesophageal echocardiographic imaging may be useful for monitoring catheter position and detecting boiling. Transesophageal echocardiographic images were recorded during production of 22 radiofrequency lesions in bovine myocardium in a saline bath. Lesion size, tissue temperature and appearance of echo contrast (bubbles) were assessed. In 11 patients, transesophageal echocardiography was used to guide catheter movement and detect boiling during radiofrequency ablation for ventricular tachycardia. In the tissue bath, the appearance of echo bubbles was associated with visual bubbling at the catheter tip, tissue temperatures > 60 degrees C and larger lesions (284 +/- 165 vs 30 +/- 54 mm3; p < 0.001). In humans, transesophageal images easily identified the catheter tip in either ventricle and enabled continuous observation of electrode-tissue contact during radiofrequency application. Transesophageal echocardiographic bubbles appeared in 59 of 217 radiofrequency applications (27%). Continued radiofrequency application after appearance of bubbles was followed by an increase in impedance. Prolonged placement of the probe in heavily sedated patients resulted in a mild sore throat, but no other complications. Transesophageal echocardiographic imaging enables continuous monitoring of catheter position during radiofrequency energy application. The abrupt appearance of echo bubbles indicates boiling and impending coagulum formation at the catheter tip.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, UCLA Medical Center.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Saxon
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Fonarow
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Middlekauff
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Yeatman
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Sherman
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Child
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D002036:Bundle of His / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D002037:Bundle-Branch Block / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D002417:Cattle; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods; D017097:Electric Impedance; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*