title: The contractile mechanism as an approach to building left ventricular pump models.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to construct a model linking a simplified interpretation of the contractile process at the myofilament level to the mechanical behaviour of the left ventricle to improve the ability of elastic-resistive models to represent the pumping response of the left ventricle. The mechanical model, consisting of an elastic component connected in series with a contractile component and an elastic component parallel to both the series elastic and contractile components, is able to develop pressure by the binding of a structural substance T to an excitatory substance C, the behaviour of which is a simplification of miofibrillar Ca2+ kinetics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Theoretically, the model was validated for its ability to reproduce by computer simulation, experiments that described the pumping properties of the left ventricle--namely, elasticity, resistivity, deactivating and positive effect of ejection, and the behaviour of intracellular Ca2+. Experimentally, the model was tested to fit intraventricular pressure (P(t)) and volume (V(t)) of single ejective beats in nine open chest dogs fitted with a pressure microtransducer to measure intraventricular P(t) and an aortic flowprobe to measure ventricular outflow and calculate V(t). Parameters were estimated up to maximum negative dP/dt adjusting P(t) or V(t) data of the ejective beats, and the goodness of the fit was evaluated through the root mean square error normalised with respect to the corresponding mean P(t) or V(t) in the fitting interval (NE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Descriptive validation of the model showed that the mean NE for the ejective P(t) fit was 0.03(SD 0.005) and for the V(t) fit 0.014(0.003). Predictive validation of P(t) and V(t) data of beats with partial occlusion of the aorta was performed up to end ejection, with parameters estimated from the P(t) or V(t) fit of the preceding ejective beat. Results gave a mean NE equal to 0.05(0.02) for predicted P(t) and 0.02(0.007) for predicted V(t), from either source of estimated parameters. Explanative validation showed that all the estimated parameters were in the same range used in simulation and that derived indexes [isovolumic maximum pressure (Pmax) = 166(13) mm Hg, time to maximum pressure (TPmax) = 0.186(0.012) s and the slope of the end systolic pressure volume relation (Emax) = 5.45(1.5) mm Hg.ml-1] were within reported experimental values. Finally, the model responded to increased inotropic state [dobutamine (5-35 micrograms.kg-1.min-1)] causing the estimated Pmax and Emax to increase by 33% and 25%, respectively, and TPmax to decrease by 10%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This model represented an improvement over previous pump models because (1) the model was able to represent behaviours other than purely elastic-resistive ones, such as the deactivation and positive effect of ejection; (2) left ventricular properties were the response of model behaviour and not constitutive elements of its structure; and (3) it adequately fulfilled model validation procedures.
authors.affiliation: Fundación Favaloro, Departamento de Investigación y Docencia, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Negroni
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Lascano
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Barra
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Crottogini
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Pichel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004285:Dogs; D004548:Elasticity; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*