title: Effect of the K+/H+ ionophore nigericin on response of A549 cells to photodynamic therapy and tert-butylhydroperoxide.
abstract: The K+/H+ ionophore nigericin dramatically increases killing of V79 cells and A549 cells by photodynamic therapy (PDT) sensitized by chloroaluminum phthalocyanine. Previous studies suggested that the interaction between PDT and nigericin is related to the ability of this ionophore to reduce intracellular pH (pHi). The present study was undertaken to test the possibility that nigericin, by lowering pHi, inhibits reductive detoxification of PDT-produced peroxides by enzymes of the glutathione (GSH) redox cycle and the pentose cycle. To test this possibility we examined the effects of nigericin on the toxicity and metabolism of a model peroxide, tert-butylhydroperoxide (tert-BOOH), in A549 cells, a cell line in which the GSH redox cycle is known to be the principal pathway for reduction and detoxification of tert-BOOH. We found that nigericin equilibrates pHi of A549 cells with extracellular pH (pHe) in a time-dependent manner. It increases the toxicity of tert-BOOH toward A549 cells, inhibits loss of tert-BOOH from the buffer overlying the cells, and reduces the rate of 14CO2 release from radiolabelled glucose, which is a measure of pentose cycle activity. These effects are significantly greater at pHe 6.40 than at 7.40. Monensin, a Na+/H+ ionophore which does not reduce pHi, does not enhance the toxicity of tert-BOOH and has only a minimal effect on tert-BOOH reduction. These data suggest that nigericin-induced inhibition of peroxide detoxification is at least a plausible mechanism by which the ionophore might interact with PDT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Varnes
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Bayne
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Menegay
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Tuttle
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008985:Monensin / Q000097:blood; D009550:Nigericin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010427:Pentose Phosphate Pathway; D010545:Peroxides / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D020122:tert-Butylhydroperoxide
chemical_list: D010545:Peroxides; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D008985:Monensin; D020122:tert-Butylhydroperoxide; D005978:Glutathione; D005947:Glucose; D009550:Nigericin