title: A phase II study of mitoxantrone combined with beta-interferon in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chemoimmunotherapy is being evaluated in the most common gastrointestinal tumors, but little data are available on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Considering the encouraging objective response rates and the absence of important side effects obtained with mitoxantrone in HCC, we tested the activity and feasibility of a schedule combining beta-interferon (beta-IFN) and mitoxantrone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty patients (ECOG Performance Status 0-1) with unresectable HCC received mitoxantrone (12 mg/m2 intravenously every 3 weeks) plus beta-IFN (3 x 10(6) U on days 1, 2, and 3; 6 x 10(6) from day 4 to day 60; and then 6 x 10(6) U three times a week for 10 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-eight patients were evaluable for response and toxicity with a median of four administered cycles (range, 2-10 cycles). Nine patients achieved a partial response (23%) (95% confidence interval, 11-40%) with a median duration of response of 4 months. In 15 cases, the disease was stable for at least 2 months; 14 patients had disease progression. The median survival time of the group as a whole was 8 months. Patients who were alpha-fetoprotein positive had a median survival time of 7 months; those who were alpha-fetoprotein negative had a median survival time of 9 months. The most common side effects were hematologic (World Health Organization Grade 3, 15 patients; Grade 4, 3 patients). Mild or moderate flu-like syndrome was present in 50% of treated patients, whereas 10 patients experienced mild or moderate nausea.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The schedule was active on advanced tumors with high alpha-fetoprotein values, and side effects were manageable. However, the addition of beta-IFN did not seem to improve significantly the response rate in HCC.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Oncology B, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura del Tumori, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Colleoni
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buzzoni
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bajetta
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bochicchio
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bartoli
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Audisio
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bonfanti
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nolè
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016461:Chemoembolization, Therapeutic; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007970:Leukopenia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008942:Mitoxantrone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012074:Remission Induction; D015996:Survival Rate; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D016899:Interferon-beta; D008942:Mitoxantrone