title: Control of peptide disulfide regioisomer formation by mixed cysteine-penicillamine bridges. Application to endothelin-1.
abstract: While incorporation of penicillamine residues (Pen; beta,beta-dimethyl cysteine) into a peptide can cause dramatic changes in biological activity, the tendency of Pen to form mixed disulfides should also allow the exploitation of the steric bulk of the beta-methyls as a synthetic device to control the production of disulfide isomers. That is, oxidation of a peptide containing an equal number of Cys and Pen residues should predominantly form products which contain mixed Cys-Pen disulfides. Endothelin (ET) is a 21 amino acid peptide which contains Cys at positions 1, 3, 11 and 15. While oxidation of ET tetrathiol has been reported to produce a 3:1 ratio of the natural 1-15, 3-11 to the unnatural 1-11, 3-15 isomers, we show that oxidation of ET analogs containing two cysteines and two penicillamines predominantly formed products containing Cys-Pen disulfides. Random oxidation (air, aqueous NH4OH) of the tetrathiols of [Pen1,11, Nle7]-ET-1 or [Pen3,15, Nle7]-ET-1 produced the correct 1-15, 3-11 isomer in > 12:1 and > 22:1 ratios, respectively. Oxidation of the tetrathiol of [Pen1,15, Nle7]-ET-1 favored the unnatural 1-11, 3-15 isomer by a 4:1 ratio, indicating that a normally contrathermodynamic disulfide isomer can become the favored product as a result of the driving force for penicillamine mixed disulfide formation. Disulfide isomers were identified using ion-spray mass spectrometry in conjunction with enzymatic and acid hydrolysis. [Pen1,11, Nle7]-ET-1 was a partial agonist at the ETA receptor (EC50 = 7.5 nM in rabbit carotid artery rings; Kd = 4.5 nM in rat A10 cell membranes) while [Pen3,15, Nle7]-ET-1 (EC50 = 0.9 nM; Kd = 0.7 nM) was a full agonist with similar potency to ET-1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Cardiovascular Agents, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: V G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moreland
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McMullen
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bolgar
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003545:Cysteine / Q000737:chemistry*; D004220:Disulfides / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D016232:Endothelins / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D007536:Isomerism; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010396:Penicillamine / Q000737:chemistry*; D010455:Peptides / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D004220:Disulfides; D016232:Endothelins; D010455:Peptides; D010396:Penicillamine; D003545:Cysteine