title: Pseudo low penetrance in retinoblastoma. Fortuitous familial aggregation of sporadic cases caused by independently derived mutations in two large pedigrees.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The disparate occurrence of few cases of retinoblastoma in the same extended pedigree confronts us with the unsolved problem of a low-penetrant autosomal-dominant trait vs fortuitous familial aggregation of sporadic cases. Determination as to whether the disease arises from a common inherited mutation or sporadic mutations has important implications for genetic counseling. This is illustrated in this report of two presumed low-penetrant retinoblastoma pedigrees characterized by two distantly affected relatives connected through apparently healthy carriers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We mathematically modeled the inheritance patterns and calculated the a priori relative probabilities of heredity with low penetrance vs chance occurrence of independent mutations for each pedigree. The derived odds clearly show that the disease, which occurred twice in each family, most likely resulted from unrelated mutations. To prove this, extensive DNA testing was conducted, including determination of intragenic RB1 DNA sequence polymorphisms and screening for mutation using the polymerase chain reaction coupled with single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  All living key members from both pedigrees were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consistent with our initial expectation, there was no common intragenic haplotype or common germ-line mutation that segregated with the disease phenotype in either of these two families.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We therefore conclude that collateral incidence of retinoblastoma in these two pedigrees occurred by chance and not according to autosomal-dominant inheritance with low penetrance. Furthermore, our data provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, that related individuals may have independent mutations involving an identical gene locus, giving rise to an artefactual inheritance pattern.
authors.affiliation: Division of Ophthalmology, Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles, Calif.
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Munier
authors.forename: M X
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Spence
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Thonney
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Balmer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pescia
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Donoso
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Murphree
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D005134:Eye Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D016161:Genes, Retinoblastoma; D008040:Genetic Linkage / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009154:Mutation; D010375:Pedigree; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011336:Probability; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm