title: Characterization of symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid plaques using high-resolution real-time ultrasonography.
abstract: High-resolution ultrasonography was used to classify carotid plaques into five different types in 72 patients with symptoms and in 49 without, and with stenosis of the origin of the internal carotid artery > 70 per cent. There were 72 plaques in the symptomatic group and 75 in the asymptomatic group. Type 1 plaques were uniformly echolucent, type 2 predominantly echolucent, type 3 predominantly echogenic, type 4 uniformly echogenic and type 5 consisted of plaques that could not be classified owing to heavy calcification and acoustic shadows. Type 1 plaque was found in 90 per cent of patients with symptoms and in 10 per cent of those without, type 2 plaque was found in 53 and 47 per cent, type 3 in 34 and 66 per cent, and type 4 in 5 and 95 per cent, respectively. The preponderance of echolucent plaques in symptomatic patients with stenosis > 70 per cent supports the hypothesis that this type of plaque is unstable and tends to embolize. In contrast, in patients without symptoms there is preponderance of echogenic plaques.
authors.affiliation: Irvine Laboratory, Academic Surgical and Vascular Unit, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, London, UK.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Geroulakos
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ramaswami
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nicolaides
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Labropoulos
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Belcaro
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holloway
mesh_terms: D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D006801:Humans; D014463:Ultrasonography