title: Effects of veneering and glazing on the strength of heat-pressed ceramics.
abstract: A newly developed press-type all-ceramic crown system, the IPS-Empress system (Ivoclar), has recently been introduced. Two methods may be used to obtain the desired shade: surface staining and glazing; veneer technique. The purpose of this study was to determine whether these two methods affected flexure strength of Empress glass ceramic. Eight groups of test bars were pressed. In groups 1 and 2, one surface was stained and glazed. The bars were placed face down (1) or up (2) for testing. For comparison, group 3 was heat-treated only (simulating stain and glaze firing). In groups 4-7, one surface of the bars was either veneered with porcelain on the bottom (4) or top surface (5) and then subsequently glazed (6 and 7). Group 8 was just heat-treated (simulating veneer and glaze firings). The results showed that there were no significant differences in strength between groups 2, 5 and 7 compared to the reference groups 3 and 8 (159 +/- 28 and 175 +/- 32 MPa, respectively), indicating that, from the mechanical point of view, the two surface techniques can be equally used on Empress ceramic. If the porcelain veneer supported the ceramic (4), the strength was significantly decreased. The highest mean value was obtained in group 1 (220 +/- 34 MPa).
authors.affiliation: Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lüthy
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wohlwend
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schärer
mesh_terms: D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry*; D003442:Crowns; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry; D003801:Dental Veneers; D005898:Glass; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007284:Inlays; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D003776:Dental Porcelain