title: Determinants of genital human papillomavirus infection in low-income women in Washington, D.C.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To confirm the risk factors for genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate risk factors for HPV detection independent of the correlated risk factors for cervical neoplasia, in a high-risk population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated 404 cytologically normal women attending medical assistance clinics in the Washington, D.C. area. Risk factor information was obtained and a cervicovaginal lavage was collected and used for HPV detection and typing by a PCR-based technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The point prevalence of HPV was 33.7%. This contrasts with the 17.7% and 44.3% observed in the companion reports published in this issue of the journal. HPV prevalence decreased with age and increased with greater numbers of sexual partners. Moreover, more recent sexual behavior was a better predictor of current HPV detection than lifetime number of sexual partners. Numbers of pregnancies and current pregnancy were positively associated with HPV prevalence and there was an indication that current oral contraceptive users had a higher prevalence of HPV compared to never users. Smoking was not associated with increased HPV prevalence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings support the sexual route of transmission of HPV and confirm the association of HPV detection with age, suggesting the host's ability to clear infection or the virus' ability to become latent.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Cetus Corporation, Emeryville, California.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hildesheim
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gravitt
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Schiffman
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Kurman
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Tchabo
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Brinton
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Copeland
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Epp
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D044383:Black People; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D004219:District of Columbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D027383:Papillomaviridae; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D002577:Uterine Cervical Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral