title: Sources of error with use of Goldmann-type tonometers.
abstract: There are many sources of error in the use of Goldmann-type applanation tonometers. In clinically normal corneas hypofluorescence of the precorneal tear film, accommodation, the Valsalva maneuver and vertical gaze are preventable causes of large tonometric errors. Repeated tonometry may induce a decline in the intraocular pressure (IOP). Variations in the corneal resistance to indentation between eyes cause significant errors. The most significant cause of error in clinically abnormal eyes is corneal epithelial edema, which causes a marked underestimation of IOP. Measurements obtained with Goldmann-type tonometers can be used with confidence to monitor changes in the IOP of an individual, but should not be relied on to determine the absolute manometric pressure within an eye or to compare the IOPs in eyes of different individuals.
authors.affiliation: Eye Foundation of Kansas City, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Whitacre
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D003261:Contact Lenses; D003315:Cornea / Q000502:physiology; D015715:Corneal Edema / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D015983:Selection Bias; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular / Q000379:methods*