title: Positron emission tomographic imaging of cardiac sympathetic innervation using 6-[18F]fluorodopamine: initial findings in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the safety, efficacy and validity of 6-[18F]fluorodopamine positron emission tomographic scanning of cardiac sympathetic innervation and function in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Positron emission tomography (PET) scans, arterial blood and urine were obtained after a 3-min intravenous infusion of 6-[18F]fluorodopamine (1 to 4 mCi, 188 to 809 mCi/mmol) in healthy volunteers, with or without pretreatment with oral desipramine to inhibit neuronal uptake of catecholamines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  6-[18F]Fluorodopamine PET scanning visualized the left ventricular myocardium. Blood pressure increased slightly and transiently. The estimated absorbed radiation dose to the main target organ, the wall of the urinary bladder, was 0.8 to 1.0 rad/mCi of injected 6-[18F]fluorodopamine. By 24 h after the injection, the main 6F-compound in urine was 6F-vanillymandelic acid, a metabolite of 6F-norepinephrine. Desipramine attenuated accumulation of myocardial 6-[18F]fluorodopamine-derived radioactivity and plasma 6F-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  6-[18F]Fluorodopamine produces negligible hemodynamic effects and acceptable radiation exposure at doses that visualize the left ventricular myocardium. Sympathetic nerves take up 6-[18F]fluorodopamine, which is translocated from the axoplasm into storage vesicles, where is it beta-hydroxylated to the fluorinated analogue of the sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine. Therefore, the basis for visualization of myocardium after 6-[18F]fluorodopamine injection in humans is radiolabeling by 6-[18F]fluorodopamine and 6-[18F]fluoronorepinephrine of vesicles in sympathetic terminals. 6-[18F]Fluorodopamine PET scanning provides a novel means for assessing sympathetic innervation and function noninvasively in the human heart.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eisenhofer
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Armando
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lenders
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bacharach
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Adams
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003891:Desipramine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004298:Dopamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D015507:Drugs, Investigational; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000294:innervation*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011292:Premedication; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D015507:Drugs, Investigational; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; C029253:6-fluorodopamine; D003891:Desipramine; D004298:Dopamine