title: Left ventricular function immediately after intravenous cocaine: a quantitative two-dimensional echocardiographic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We tested the hypothesis that intravenous cocaine, in doses commonly self-administered in nonmedical settings, causes acute myocardial ischemia and left ventricular dysfunction.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Cocaine-induced cardiac complications are responsible for a growing number of deaths in young people, but the mechanism by which cocaine induces these complications is unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed 12-lead electrocardiography and quantitative two-dimensional echocardiography in 20 subjects before and after single intravenous doses of high dose cocaine (1.2 mg/kg body weight), low dose cocaine (0.6 mg/kg) and placebo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 2 to 7 min after cocaine administration, the rate-pressure product was increased significantly from baseline (high dose 73%, low dose 63%, placebo 8%, p < 0.001 for either dose vs. placebo). During this time, electrocardiography demonstrated dose-related nonspecific changes (high dose in 14 of 20 subjects, low dose in 9 of 20 subjects, placebo in 2 of 20 subjects, p < 0.002 for either dose vs. placebo). In contrast, echocardiography showed that the frequency of hyperdynamic left ventricular wall segments doubled after high dose cocaine compared with placebo (34% [108 of 318] vs. 16% [51 of 319], respectively, p = 0.0001) but that there was no change in either left ventricular ejection fraction (high dose 66 +/- 9%, placebo 67 +/- 6%, p = NS) or wall motion score index (high dose 0.67 +/- 0.44, placebo 0.85 +/- 0.30, p = NS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that intravenous cocaine, in doses commonly self-administered in nonmedical settings, does not cause acute myocardial ischemia or left ventricular dysfunction. We speculate that cocaine-induced cardiac complications are caused by idiosyncratic coronary artery vasospasm, by exceptionally high dosages or by cocaine-induced coronary artery thrombosis.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco 94143.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Eisenberg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mendelson
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jue
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Schiller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004452:Echocardiography; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D013997:Time Factors; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine