title: Transdermal nicotine substitution: pharmacokinetics of nicotine and cotinine.
abstract: The use of tobacco has resulted in major health related problems worldwide. Nicotine replacement is one of the most promising strategies in smoking cessation. The in vivo delivery rate and the pharmacokinetic properties of a recently developed transdermal nicotine system (TNS) was investigated in three separate studies. Two sizes (16 cm2 and 24 cm2) of the patches were tested. Mean daily nicotine delivery, expressed by a first order kinetic, varied between 0.9 and 1.0 mg/cm2 patch. The different sizes of the patches led to linearly dose-related nicotine plasma Cmax- and AUC-values. The nicotine levels achieved were in the same range with those of other nicotine patches and the chewing gum. As a result of multiple dose kinetic, no significant accumulation of nicotine was observed. Mean elimination half-life of nicotine after removal of the patches (3.5 +/- 1.8 h for the larger patch and 4.5 +/- 1.9 h for the smaller patch) was longer than reported values after i.v. administration, which was reported to vary between 40 and 120 min.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Keller-Stanislawski
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Caspary
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Merz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bonn
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rietbrock
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003367:Cotinine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine; D003367:Cotinine