title: The parabrachial region as a possible region modulating simultaneously pain and tonic immobility.
abstract: Unilateral microinjection of carbachol (1 microgram) into the dorsal parabrachial region (PBR) of conscious guinea pigs produced a 100% increase in the duration of restraint-induced tonic immobility (TI) episodes. In another group of animals with a subcutaneous electrode introduced into the thigh region, microinjections of equivalent doses of the same drug in similar sites also significantly reduced the motor defense and vocalization responses elicited by the application of a noxious electrical stimulus to the skin. Both effects were blocked by pretreatment with atropine. The possible simultaneous activation of mechanisms modulating TI and the response to a noxious stimulus may be of adaptive importance since analgesia may reinforce immobility to permit the use of other defense mechanisms in a situation of prey/predator confrontation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Menescal-de-Oliveira
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
mesh_terms: D000679:Amygdala / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002799:Cholinergic Fibers / Q000502:physiology; D004597:Electroshock; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology*; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000502:physiology; D008032:Limbic System / Q000502:physiology*; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000502:physiology; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000502:physiology*; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D011149:Pons / Q000502:physiology; D014828:Vocalization, Animal / Q000502:physiology