title: Effects of nerve stimulation on blood flow in the urinary bladder, urethra and pelvic floor in the dog.
abstract: Pelvic organs have triple innervation from the pelvic, sympathetic and pudendal nerves. Peripheral effects can be studied by neurostimulation of the nerves, whereas the topography of the spinal cord neurons can be determined by horseradish peroxidase tracing. We have evaluated the neurophysiologic effects of the nerves at their target organs by intraoperative electric stimulation and compared the effects to the anatomical innervation areas. These zonal areas were determined by blood flow alterations, measured with nine different microspheres. Pelvic nerve stimulation showed bladder contraction with no significant blood flow changes during stimulation. Sympathetic nerve stimulation caused moderate detrusor contraction and pressure increase in the bladder neck and intraprostatic area. Regional blood flow showed a four-fold increase in the bladder neck area during neurostimulation. Pudendal nerve stimulation revealed an intraurethral pressure increase with a 3.5-fold increase of blood flow in the sphincteric area and in the pelvic floor musculature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Tanagho
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D008297:Male; D008863:Microspheres; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000294:innervation; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D011849:Radioactive Tracers; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D014521:Urethra / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000294:innervation; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000294:innervation; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D011849:Radioactive Tracers; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide