title: Efficacy and cost of low-molecular-weight heparin compared with standard heparin for the prevention of deep vein thrombosis after total hip arthroplasty.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of low-molecular-weight heparin with standard heparin for the prevention of deep vein thrombosis after total hip arthroplasty.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were identified by MEDLINE search and review of bibliographies of retrieved articles. Hospital resources used in treating deep vein thrombosis and bleeding complications after total hip arthroplasty were estimated using retrospectively collected data from 447 patients who participated in a recently completed randomized controlled deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis trial at our center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trials directly comparing a low-molecular-weight heparin preparation with standard heparin for the prevention of deep vein thrombosis after total hip arthroplasty were potentially eligible for the meta-analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from eligible studies were extracted independently by two of the authors. Multiple regression analysis of data from the patient cohort was used to estimate the effect of deep vein thrombosis and bleeding on length of hospital stay. A hypothetical North American price for low-molecular-weight heparin was determined based on the ratio between low-molecular-weight heparin and standard heparin in France. Costs were based on weighted per-diem hospital expenditures and physician fees for procedures and reported in 1992 U.S. dollars.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Meta-analysis of six eligible trials determined that low-molecular-weight heparin was significantly more effective than standard heparin at preventing deep vein thrombosis after total hip arthroplasty (common odds ratio, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.95). However, this benefit was restricted to the prevention of proximal deep vein thrombosis (common odds ratio, 0.40; CI, 0.28 to 0.59). No significant differences were found in the rates of distal deep vein thrombosis or total, major, or minor bleeding between the two groups. Based on a 2.6 to 1 price ratio between low-molecular-weight heparin and standard heparin, use of low-molecular-weight heparin would save the health care system about $50,000 per 1000 patients treated. Sensitivity analysis shows that if the low-molecular-weight heparin/standard heparin price ratio exceeds 3.7 (the threshold value lies between 0.8 and 5.5 based on the extremes of the 95% CI of the common odds ratios for deep vein thrombosis and bleeding complications), use of low-molecular-weight heparin is more expensive. At a price ratio of 10, it would cost more than $250,000 to treat 1000 patients with low-molecular-weight heparin compared with standard heparin or about $5000 for each additional deep vein thrombosis prevented with low-molecular-weight heparin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-molecular-weight heparin is more effective and is at least as safe as standard heparin for the prevention of deep vein thrombosis after total hip arthroplasty. Based on the current French price ratio of low-molecular-weight heparin to standard heparin, the use of low-molecular-weight heparin in North America would result in overall savings in cost; however, the relative cost-effectiveness is critically dependent on the price ratio between the two drugs. Further research is needed to compare the cost-effectiveness of low-molecular-weight heparin with other prophylactic regimens and postoperative deep vein thrombosis management strategies.
authors.affiliation: McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hirsh
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016527:Drug Costs; D006493:Heparin / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006622:Hip Prosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; D006493:Heparin