title: Noninvasive assessment of cardiac diabetic neuropathy by carbon-11 hydroxyephedrine and positron emission tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the sympathetic nervous system of the heart by positron emission tomographic (PET) imaging in patients with diabetes mellitus with and without diabetic autonomic neuropathy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The clinical assessment of cardiac involvement in diabetic autonomic neuropathy has been limited to cardiovascular reflex testing. With the recent introduction of radiolabeled catecholamines such as carbon (C)-11 hydroxyephedrine, the sympathetic innervation of the heart can be specifically visualized with PET imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Positron emission tomographic imaging was performed with C-11 hydroxyephedrine and rest myocardial blood flow imaging with nitrogen-13 ammonia. Three patient groups were studied, including healthy volunteers as control subjects, diabetic patients with normal autonomic function testing and diabetic patients with varying severity of autonomic neuropathy. Homogeneity of cardiac tracer retention as well as absolute tracer retention was determined by relating myocardial tracer retention to an arterial C-11 activity input function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Abnormal regional C-11 hydroxyephedrine retention was seen in seven of eight patients with autonomic neuropathy. Relative tracer retention was significantly reduced in apical, inferior and lateral segments. The extent of the abnormality correlated with the severity of conventional markers of autonomic dysfunction. Absolute myocardial tracer retention index measurements showed a 45 +/- 21% decrease in distal compared with proximal myocardial segments in autonomic neuropathy (0.069 +/- 0.037 min-1 vs. 0.13 +/- 0.052 min-1, p = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates a heterogeneous pattern of neuronal abnormalities in patients with diabetic cardiac neuropathy. The extent of this abnormality correlated with the severity of neuropathy assessed by conventional tests. Future studies in larger groups of patients are required to define the relative sensitivity of this imaging approach in detecting cardiac neuropathy and to determine the clinical significance of these scintigraphic findings in comparison with conventional markers of autonomic innervation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Allman
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Wieland
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Hutchins
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwaiger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; C065363:3-hydroxyephedrine; D004809:Ephedrine