title: Chloral hydrate side effects in young children: causes and management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the factors related to undesired effects of chloral hydrate in young children undergoing echocardiogram. Undesired effects studied were reaction to chloral hydrate before to sedation (ataxia, excitement), delayed sedation, light sleep during sedation, and behavioral changes after sedation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive, correlational design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Echocardiography laboratory in a pediatric teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  140 children aged 0 to 36 months who were undergoing diagnostic echocardiography. Severity of cardiac disease ranged from benign murmur to uncorrectable lesion. Thirty children (21%) had cyanotic cardiac disease. Children were sedated with chloral hydrate per routine (mean dose 87 mg/kg) and observed from time of sedation throughout the examination. Data were collected on child's age, food ingested before sedation, transcutaneous oxygen saturation, and daytime nap schedule.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence of paradoxical excitement before sedation, length of time until child reached deep sedation, depth of sleep during the examination, and behavioral changes after sedation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Paradoxical excitement before sedation occurred in 25 children (18%). Length of time until child reached deep sedation averaged 25 minutes. Three children never fell asleep. Proximity of sedation to naptime was positively correlated to the speed of sedation. Deep sedation was achieved in 131 children (94%). Depth of sleep during the examination was related to child's age, proximity of sedation to nap time, and recent food ingestions. Older children, who were due for a nap and who had refrained from eating before the examination were most likely to remain soundly asleep throughout the examination. Children with cyanotic defects were not adversely affected by deep sedation with chloral hydrate. Most children experienced motor and affective changes after sedation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this sample, chloral hydrate was an effective and safe sedative. Implications for nursing include changes in scheduling practices, limiting food ingestion before sedation, and information to provide parents about chloral hydrate sedation.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lipshitz
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Marino
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Sanders
mesh_terms: D017109:Akathisia, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002697:Chloral Hydrate / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011292:Premedication / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002697:Chloral Hydrate