title: Treatment results of high dose rate brachytherapy in patients with carcinoma of the cervix.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The combination of external beam irradiation and low-dose-rate brachytherapy is known to be an effective form of treatment in carcinoma of the cervix and any change from this well-established therapeutic combination must be able to equal or improve the treatment results. Since 1984 we have been using high dose rate brachytherapy in conjunction with external beam irradiation for patients with carcinoma of the cervix. This paper reports our long term treatment results in terms of local disease control, survival, and complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1984 and December 1989, 187 previously untreated patients with carcinoma of the cervix underwent combined external beam irradiation and high dose rate brachytherapy. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage distribution of patients was as follows: I B = 15, II A = 35, II B = 68, III A = 9, III B = 54, IV A = 6. External beam irradiation to the whole pelvis was delivered by megavoltage irradiation with once-a-day fractionation, to a median dose of 4600 cGy. High dose rate brachytherapy was delivered by a high-dose-rate remote controlled afterloading unit, containing 20 spherical Cobalt 60 sources with a nominal activity of 19 GBq (0.5 Ci) at the time of installation, giving a typical dose rate to point A of 160 cGy/min, decreasing to about 80 cGy/min at the end of the 5-year study. One to 3 high dose rate brachytherapy treatments delivering 800 to 1000 cGy to point A were given weekly concurrently with the last 2 to 3 weeks of radiation therapy, or following its completion. Maximum rectal and bladder doses were routinely measured for each treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall 5-year actuarial survivals were as follows: I B = 72%, II A = 65%, II B = 66%, III A = 66%, III B = 45%. Five-year actuarial pelvic control rates were as follows: I B = 66%, II A = 83%, II B = 78%, III A = 88%, III B = 40%. At a median follow-up time of 54 months for patients at risk, 23 patients developed 25 complications attributable to radiotherapy (13 rectal, 3 bladder, 8 small bowel, 1 fistula) at a median time of 18 months following completion of treatment. Thirteen complications (7.6%) were grades 3 or 4. Patients with Stage II disease had a higher incidence of complications than patients with Stages I and III disease (p < 0.05). Rectal complications were significantly higher in patients who received a total rectal dose > 5400 cGy (p = 0.045).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-dose-rate brachytherapy treatment results are comparable to those obtained with low dose rate brachytherapy techniques. The use of three high dose rate brachytherapy insertions is a practical, economical, and safe treatment for patients with carcinoma of the cervix.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Selke
authors.forename: T N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Roman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Souhami
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pla
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Podgorsak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001918:Brachytherapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000532:radiotherapy*