title: Insulin resistance and insulin secretory dysfunction as precursors of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Prospective studies of Pima Indians.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relative roles of obesity, insulin resistance, insulin secretory dysfunction, and excess hepatic glucose production in the development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) are controversial. We conducted a prospective study to determine which of these factors predicted the development of the disease in a group of Pima Indians.
  
  
  METHODS
  A body-composition assessment, oral and intravenous glucose-tolerance tests, and a hyperinsulinemic--euglycemic clamp study were performed in 200 non-diabetic Pima Indians (87 women and 113 men; mean [+/- SD] age, 26 +/- 6 years). The subjects were followed yearly thereafter for an average of 5.3 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetes developed in 38 subjects during follow-up. Obesity, insulin resistance (independent of obesity), and low acute plasma insulin response to intravenous glucose (with the degree of obesity and insulin resistance taken into account) were predictors of NIDDM: The six-year cumulative incidence of NIDDM was 39 percent in persons with values below the median for both insulin action and acute insulin response, 27 percent in those with values below the median for insulin action but above that for acute insulin response, 13 percent in those with values above the median for insulin action and below that for acute insulin response, and 0 in those with values originally above the median for both characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Insulin resistance is a major risk factor for the development of NIDDM: A low acute insulin response to glucose is an additional but weaker risk factor.
authors.affiliation: Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Ariz. 85016.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lillioja
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Mott
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spraul
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ferraro
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ravussin
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Knowler
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bogardus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001130:Arizona; D001823:Body Composition; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D005947:Glucose