title: Interaction between central pattern generators for breathing and swallowing in the cat.
abstract: 1. We examined the interaction between central pattern generators for respiration and deglutition in decerebrate, vagotomized, paralysed and ventilated cats (n = 10), by recording activity from the following nerves: hypoglossal, phrenic, thyroarytenoid and triangularis sterni. Fictive breathing was spontaneous with carbon dioxide above the apnoeic threshold (end-tidal PCO2, 32 +/- 4 mmHg) and fictive swallowing was induced by stimulating the internal branch of the left superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) continuously (0.2 ms pulse duration, 10 Hz). 2. In all ten animals, SLN stimulation evoked short bursts of thyroarytenoid and hypoglossal nerve activity indicative of fictive swallowing. In two of ten animals, respiration was inhibited completely during deglutition. In the other eight animals, fictive breathing and swallowing occurred simultaneously. 3. With SLN stimulation below threshold for eliciting swallowing, the respiratory rhythm decreased, the duration of inspiration did not change but the duration of expiration, especially stage II, increased. Integrated nerve activities indicated that the rate of rise and peak of phrenic nerve activity decreased, stage I expiratory activity of the thyroarytenoid and especially that of the hypoglossal nerve increased and stage II expiratory activity of the triangularis sterni nerve was suppressed completely. However, if inspired carbon dioxide was increased, i.e. hypercapnic ventilation, stage II expiratory activity remained partially during continuous SLN stimulation. 4. Fictive-swallowing bursts occurred only at respiratory phase transitions. At the minimal stimulus intensity that evoked repetitive swallowing bursts, the pattern of interaction between breathing and swallowing central pattern generators was consistent for each animal (n = 7) but was different across animals. In four animals, fictive swallows occurred at the phase transition between stage II expiration and inspiration, at the transition between inspiration and stage I expiration in one animal; and in two other animals, at the transition between stage I and II of expiration. 5. The response to SLN stimulation accommodated during the stimulus train. Accommodation was evident in both the interswallow interval (ISI) which lengthened, and the interaction pattern which had fewer swallows per breath as the stimulus period progressed. In contrast to the ISI, characteristics of the fictive swallow did not accommodate. For example, duration of the swallow was constant, distributed over a narrow range throughout the stimulus train. 6. We conclude that the central pattern generators for swallowing and breathing interact. The pattern of interaction supports the three-phase theory of respiratory pattern generation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-5000.
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Dick
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oku
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Romaniuk
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Cherniack
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D003655:Decerebrate State / Q000503:physiopathology; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007823:Laryngeal Nerves / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D010609:Pharyngeal Muscles / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology*; D014628:Vagotomy