title: The pain drawing and Waddell's nonorganic physical signs in chronic low-back pain.
abstract: Pain drawings were obtained from a group of 651 patients who had chronic low-back pain. Pain drawings were rated in four grades according to the degree of organic and nonorganic pain. Experienced and inexperienced evaluators were used. The reliability was excellent with an interevaluator reliability between 73% and 78%. A correlation between pain drawings and Waddell's nonorganic physical signs demonstrated that a large proportion of patients with high Waddell scores had nonorganic pain drawings. No significant differences were noted in the distribution of Waddell scores and pain drawings based on patient gender or payment status (i.e., medicolegal or workers' compensation). Pain drawings afford an important adjunct in the physician's assessment of chronic low-back pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ilstrup
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kunselman
authors.forename: P I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: O'Neill
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results