title: Use of constant time delay in teaching multiplication facts to students with learning disabilities.
abstract: This study investigated the effectiveness and efficiency of a constant time-delay procedure in teaching multiplication facts to three male and two female elementary school students, aged 9 years 6 months to 12 years 5 months, identified as learning disabled. The five students were taught unknown facts using a 4-second constant time-delay procedure. Data were collected on generalization to a paper-and-pencil task, to a horizontal display orientation, and to the reverse fact, as well as incidentally acquired ability to solve missing-factor problems. Results indicated that the near-errorless learning procedure was effective and efficient in teaching multiplication facts to students with learning disabilities. Learning generalized to a paper-and-pencil task, to a different presentation orientation, and to the reverse fact.
authors.affiliation: Danielsville Elementary School, Georgia.
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Koscinski
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Gast
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention; D002648:Child; D004519:Education, Special; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D011939:Mental Recall; D011340:Problem Solving; D011930:Reaction Time