title: Local control in medically inoperable lung cancer: an analysis of its importance in outcome and factors determining the probability of tumor eradication.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For patients who are medically unable to tolerate a surgical resection for technically resectable non-small-cell lung carcinoma, radiation therapy is an acceptable alternative. We report on the effect of achieving local control of the primary tumor on survival end-points, and analyze factors that may influence local control.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the records of 152 patients with medically inoperable non-small-cell lung carcinoma treated at our institutions. All patients had technically resectable lesions and no evidence of metastatic disease. Treatment was delivered using megavoltage irradiation to doses ranging from 45 to 75 Gy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For patients with tumors 3 cm or less, locally controlling the tumor significantly improved survival (p = .0371). Patients with T1 tumors had a higher probability of survival and disease-free-survival than patients with larger tumors if the primary tumor was locally controlled, but this survival advantage disappeared if the tumor was not controlled. Overall, patients with smaller tumors had a lower incidence of distant spread, but this association was maintained only when the primary tumor was controlled (36 month risk of 10%, 23%, and 57% for tumors < 3 cm, 3-4.9 cm, 5 cm or greater, respectively, p = .0027). For patients whose tumors were not controlled, there was no significant difference in the risk of distant dissemination by tumor size. Higher radiation doses influenced local control and metastatic spread. We observed no influence of the initial field size in the risk of local control and in the probability of survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radical radiation therapy is an effective treatment for small (T1 or < 3 cm) tumors when treated to doses of 65 Gy or more, and should be offered as an alternative to surgery in elderly or infirm patients. New therapeutic strategies to improve the local control rate should be considered for larger tumors, through the use of hyperfractionated treatment, endobronchial "boost" irradiation, and sensitizing chemotherapy agents.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Therapy Regional Center, Fort Myers, FL 33908.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Dosoretz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Galmarini
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Rubenstein
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Katin
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Blitzer
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Salenius
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Dosani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rashid
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mestas
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hannan
mesh_terms: D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D011336:Probability; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D015996:Survival Rate