title: Neuroprotection by excitatory amino acid antagonist augments the benefit of thrombolysis in embolic stroke in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effects of delayed thrombolysis with alteplase and neuroprotection with an excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist and their combination were tested in an embolic stroke model.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 61 rats the carotid artery territory was embolized with arterial-like fibrin-rich clots. Hemispheric cerebral blood flow before and after embolization was measured by intra-arterial 133Xe injection method. The animals were assigned to one of the following treatments: (1) vehicle-treated controls (n = 15); (2) dizocilpine 1 mg/kg i.v. 5 minutes after embolization (n = 16); (3) alteplase 20 mg/kg as an intravenous continuous infusion starting 2 hours after embolization (n = 16); and (4) both agents (n = 14). Carotid angiography displayed the site of occlusion of the cerebral arterial tree immediately after and 3 hours after embolization, and the clinical neurological score was assessed after the rats recovered from anesthesia and before the rats were killed. Brains were fixed after 2 days and evaluated neuropathologically; infarct volume affecting cortical and deep brain structures was measured separately.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both alteplase and dizocilpine reduced the total infarct volume (P = .05 and P = .04, respectively, Mann-Whitney tests). Dizocilpine reduced the incidence of cortical infarctions by 48% (P < .001, Fisher's test). Only the combined treatment significantly reduced deep brain infarctions (P = .03, Mann-Whitney test). The combined treatment also improved the clinical score by 83% compared with controls, by 75% compared with the group treated by dizocilpine alone, and by 50% compared with the group treated by alteplase alone. Sixty-seven percent of thrombolytic-treated animals recanalized completely compared with 39% of those given no thrombolytics (P = .05, Fisher's test). The clinical outcome correlated with infarct size (P < .01, Spearman test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results document comparable efficacy of delayed thrombolysis and excitatory amino acid receptor antagonism in this model and suggest that combination of these two therapeutic approaches may yield additional benefit in treatment of thromboembolic stroke, particularly in cases where deep brain (end-artery-supplied) structures are affected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Denmark.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sereghy
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Overgaard
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boysen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D002542:Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010313:Partial Pressure; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D013997:Time Factors; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D010100:Oxygen