title: Regulated and constitutive activity by CDC25Mm (GRF), a Ras-specific exchange factor.
abstract: Serum stimulates cells to increase their proportion of Ras protein in the active GTP-bound state. We have recently identified four types (I to IV) of apparently full-length cDNAs from a single mammalian gene, called CDC25Mm or GRF, which is homologous to the Ras-specific exchange factor CDC25 of S. cerevisiae. The largest cDNA (type IV) is brain specific, with the other three classes, although they have distinct 5' ends, essentially representing progressive N-terminal deletions of this cDNA. When placed in a retroviral expression vector, all four types of cDNAs induced morphologic transformation of NIH 3T3 cells and an increase in the basal level of GTP.Ras. Serum stimulation of these transformants lead to a further increase in GTP.Ras only in cells expressing the type IV cDNA. Each type of GRF protein was found in cytosolic and membrane fractions, and the protein in each fraction could stimulate guanine nucleotide release from GDP.Ras in vitro. When NIH 3T3 cells and cells expressing the type IV protein were transfected with two versions of a mutant ras gene, one encoding membrane-associated Ras protein and the other encoding a cytosolic Ras protein, the basal levels of GTP bound to both forms of the mutant Ras protein were significantly higher in the cells expressing the type IV protein. However, serum increased the level of GTP bound to the membrane-associated mutant Ras protein in NIH 3T3 cells and in cells expressing the type IV protein but not in cells expressing the cytosolic version of the Ras protein. We conclude that each type of CDC25Mm induces cell transformation via the ability of its C terminus to stimulate guanine nucleotide exchange on Ras, the presence of N-terminal sequences is associated with a serum-dependent change in GTP.Ras, and the serum-dependent increase in GTP.Ras by exogenous CDC25Mm or by endogenous exchange factors probably requires membrane association of both Ras and the exchange factor.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cen
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Papageorge
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Vass
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lowy
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002452:Cell Count; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors; D006153:Guanosine Diphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics; D014170:Transformation, Genetic; D020663:ras Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors; D020666:ras-GRF1
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors; D011506:Proteins; D020663:ras Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors; D020666:ras-GRF1; D006153:Guanosine Diphosphate