title: Executive impairment among the functionally dependent: comparisons between schizophrenic and elderly subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Executive deficits have traditionally been associated with frontal lobe brain damage. They are relevant to a variety of disabling mental conditions, including schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. To measure these deficits, the authors developed the Executive Interview, a 25-item, 15-minute interview. It has been validated among elderly subjects across a wide range of functional impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty young, chronically ill schizophrenic residents of a state mental health facility and 104 elderly residents, representing three levels of care, of a comprehensive retirement community were tested with the Executive Interview and the Mini-Mental State.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When age, gender, education, and number of prescribed medications were controlled, cognitive impairment on the Executive Interview and Mini-Mental State rose with level of care. The Executive Interview alone discriminated between subjects at each level of care, and it was more sensitive to cognitive impairment than the Mini-Mental State. Executive Interview scores correlated the strongest with level of care. Mini-Mental State scores, number of prescribed medications, and age also correlated significantly. Schizophrenic patients showed as much executive impairment on the Executive Interview as elderly subjects at the same level of care despite significant differences in age, sex, and neuroleptic use. Executive Interview and Mini-Mental State scores were highly correlated among the elderly but less so among the schizophrenic patients. Cross-group differences were also found in the pattern of failure on selected Executive Interview items despite similar total Executive Interview scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing executive dyscontrol is associated with the need for increasing levels of care and supervision. This finding is neither age nor disease specific. Cross-group differences on selected Executive Interview items suggest the existence of disease-specific patterns of failure. Their recognition could prove useful in the identification of anatomically or pathophysiologically distinct subgroups among patients with executive dyscontrol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 78284-7792.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Royall
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Mahurin
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: True
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: I P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Freeburger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009735:Nursing Homes; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012112:Residential Facilities; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index