title: An anatomic, radiographic, and biomechanical assessment of extrapedicular screw fixation in the thoracic spine.
abstract: This study performed a thorough review of the pertinent thoracic spine anatomy to determine the appropriate landmarks for extrapedicular screw placement and indentified the anatomic structures at risk; assessed the safety and accuracy of the newly proposed screw insertion technique; determined the stability and strength of this new screw position through biomechanical testing; and analyzed the stability of this extrapedicular screw location with respect to bone mineral density of the vertebra.
authors.affiliation: University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dvorak
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Gurr
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Haddad
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015519:Bone Density; D001863:Bone Screws; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008488:Medical Illustration; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000379:methods; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013131:Spine / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D013909:Thorax; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed