title: Genetic and environmental contributions to dimensions of personality disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors estimated the heritability of the basic dimensions of personality disorder and the relative proportions of the variance attributable to genetic and environmental sources.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were 175 volunteer twin pairs (90 monozygotic and 85 dizygotic) from the general population. Each twin completed the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology, a questionnaire that assesses 18 dimensions of personality disorder. The questionnaire was developed on the basis of factor analytic studies that identified a stable structure underlying personality disorders in clinical and nonclinical subjects. Structural equation model-fitting methods were used to estimate the influence of additive genetic, common environmental, and unique environmental effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimates of broad heritability ranged from 0%, for conduct problems, to 64%, for narcissism. Behaviors associated with submissiveness and attachment problems had low heritability. For most dimensions, the best-fitting model was one that specified additive genetic and unique environmental effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results are similar to those reported for normal personality and suggest a continuity between normal and disordered personality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Livesley
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Vernon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010551:Personality / Q000235:genetics; D010552:Personality Assessment; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic / Q000235:genetics; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000235:genetics