title: Molecular regulation of the human IL-3 gene: inducible T cell-restricted expression requires intact AP-1 and Elf-1 nuclear protein binding sites.
abstract: Interleukin 3 (IL-3) is a hematopoietic stem-cell growth and differentiation factor that is expressed solely in activated T and NK cells. Studies to date have identified elements 5' to the IL-3 coding sequences that regulate its transcription, but the sequences that confer T cell-specific expression remain to be clearly defined. We have now identified DNA sequences that are required for T cell-restricted IL-3 gene transcription. A series of transient transfections performed with human IL-3-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter plasmids in T and non-T cells revealed that a plasmid containing 319 bp of 5' flanking sequences was active exclusively in T cells. Deletion analysis revealed that T cell specificity was conferred by a 49-bp fragment (bp -319 to -270) that included a potential binding site for AP-1 transcription factors 6 bp upstream of a binding site for Elf-1, a member of the Ets family of transcription factors. DNaseI footprint and electrophoretic mobility shift assay analyses performed with MLA-144 T cell nuclear extracts demonstrated that this 49-bp region contains a nuclear protein binding region that includes consensus AP-1 and Elf-1 binding sites. In addition, extracts prepared from purified human T cells contained proteins that bound to synthetic oligonucleotides corresponding to the AP-1 and Elf-1 binding sites. In vitro-transcribed and -translated Elf-1 protein bound specifically to the Elf-1 site, and Elf-1 antisera competed and super shifted nuclear protein complexes present in MLA-144 nuclear extracts. Moreover, addition of anti-Jun family antiserum in electrophoretic mobility shift assay reactions completely blocked formation of the AP-1-related complexes. Transient transfection studies in MLA-144 T cells revealed that constructs containing mutations in the AP-1 site almost completely abolished CAT activity while mutation of the Elf-1 site or the NF-IL-3 site, a previously described nuclear protein binding site (bp. -155 to -148) in the IL-3 promoter, reduced CAT activity to < 25% of the activity given by wild-type constructs. We conclude that expression of the human IL-3 gene requires the AP-1 and Elf-1 binding sites; however, unlike other previously characterized cytokine genes such as IL-2, the AP-1 and Elf-1 factors can bind independently in the IL-3 gene.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637.
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Gottschalk
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Giannola
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Emerson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D006922:Hylobates; D007377:Interleukin-3 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun / Q000378:metabolism*; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D007377:Interleukin-3; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun; D014157:Transcription Factors; D004247:DNA