title: Lack of association of human immunodeficiency virus seroconversion with visits to foreign ports in US Navy personnel.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The US Navy visits ports on all continents and many islands of the world, many of which are reported to have a high endemicity of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The objective of this study was to determine whether visits to foreign ports by active-duty navy personnel were associated with increased risk of HIV infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Naval Health Research Center in San Diego, Calif, maintains records of all HIV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot tests given in the navy. This information, along with career histories and ship movement data, was used in a nested case-control design to examine the relationship between visits to the 100 foreign ports most frequently visited by the navy and risk of HIV seroconversion. All visits to a port and total time in each port during the study period were examined. A total of 813 seroconverters were matched to 6993 seronegative active-duty controls by age, race, sex, occupational group, home port, and year of test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Estimated relative risks of seroconversion associated with visits to foreign ports showed no statistically significant excess risk of HIV infection for navy personnel after visits to any foreign port.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results do not imply that an individual's risk of acquisition of HIV would be less in a foreign port if the individual engaged in high-risk activity there. Rather, they imply that despite the mobility of the US Navy and the large variation in HIV seroprevalence rates throughout the world, navy personnel generally do not appear to be acquiring HIV infections abroad.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences and Epidemiology, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, Calif.
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Garland
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Garland
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Gorham
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Cunnion
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Balazs
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015153:Blotting, Western; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014195:Travel; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology