title: Cardiac motion can alter proximal isovelocity surface area calculations of regurgitant flow.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study addressed the hypothesis that motion of the surface containing a regurgitant orifice relative to the Doppler ultrasound transducer can cause differences between actual flow rate and calculations based on the proximal flow convergence technique.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In vitro studies quantitating regurgitant flow rate by proximal flow convergence have been limited to stationary orifices. Clinically, however, valve leaflets generally move relative to the ultrasound transducer during the cardiac cycle and can move at velocities important relative to the measured color aliasing velocities. The transducer therefore senses the vector sum of actual flow velocity toward the orifice and orifice velocity relative to the transducer. This can cause potential overestimation or underestimation of true flow rate, depending on the direction of surface motion.
  
  
  METHODS
  The hypothesis was explored computationally and tested by pumping fluid at a constant flow rate through an orifice in a plate moving at 0 to 8 cm/s (velocities comparable to those described clinically for mitral and tricuspid annulus motion toward an apical transducer).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surface motion in the same direction as flow caused overestimation of the aliasing radius and calculated flow rate. Surface motion opposite to the direction of flow (typical for mitral and tricuspid regurgitation viewed from the apex or esophagus) caused underestimation of actual flow rate. The underestimation was greater for lower aliasing velocities (36 +/- 11% for 10 cm/s vs. 23 +/- 6% for 20 cm/s). Correcting for surface motion provided excellent agreement with actual values (y = 0.97x + 0.10, r = 0.99, SEE = 0.17 liters/min).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physiologic motion of the surface containing a regurgitant orifice can cause substantial differences between actual flow rate and that calculated by the proximal flow convergence technique. Los aliasing velocities used to optimize that technique can magnify this effect. Such errors can be minimized by using higher aliasing velocities (compatible with the need to measure the aliasing radius) or eliminated by correcting for surface velocity determined by an M-mode ultrasound scan.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh 15213.
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Cape
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Heinrich
authors.forename: R Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Grimes
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Muralidharan
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Broder
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schwammenthal
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Yoganathan
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Levine
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology*; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008432:Mathematical Computing; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D008961:Models, Structural; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology