title: Intracoronary air-filled albumin microspheres for myocardial blood flow measurement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to explore the possibility of quantifying coronary blood flow by myocardial contrast echocardiography with air-filled serum albumin microspheres (Albunex).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Air-filled albumin microspheres have been proposed as an intravascular tracer for the study of myocardial perfusion by contrast echocardiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  In six anesthetized open chest dogs, the left circumflex coronary artery was cannulated and perfused by a roller pump with blood from the femoral artery. Both air-filled albumin microspheres (0.4 ml, 2 x 10(8) spheres/ml) and technetium-99m-labeled albumin were injected as a bolus into the coronary cannula at baseline and after treatment with dipyridamole (0.56 mg/kg body weight intravenously for 4 min). Two-dimensional echographic images of the left ventricular short axis were digitized to generate myocardial time-intensity curves; myocardial radioactivity was measured by an external detector to generate radionuclide time-activity curves.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After dipyridamole, left circumflex coronary artery blood flow (as measured by both the pump and an electromagnetic flow meter) significantly increased (from 1.06 +/- 0.28 to 3.61 +/- 1.43 ml/min per g of myocardium). Peak intensity and rise time of contrast echo curves were able to differentiate baseline myocardial perfusion from coronary hyperemia but did not show any significant correlation with coronary blood flow. A weak inverse correlation with coronary blood flow was provided by myocardial mean transit time of air-filled albumin microspheres (r = 0.33). Conversely, a close inverse correlation with coronary blood flow was obtained by myocardial mean transit time of technetium-99m-labeled albumin (r = 0.95). Myocardial transit time of air-filled albumin microspheres (1.95 +/- 0.60 s) was also markedly shorter than that of labeled albumin (5.35 +/- 3.43 s, p < 0.001) and the measurements were less reproducible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this experimental study, coronary blood flow was not adequately quantified by myocardial contrast echocardiography with intracoronary injection of air-filled albumin microspheres.
authors.affiliation: C.N.R. Clinical Physiology Institute, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rovai
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ghelardini
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Trivella
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Björklund
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nevola
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Taddei
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Distante
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: L'Abbate
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins; D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D003287:Contrast Media; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D004176:Dipyridamole; D004285:Dogs; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008863:Microspheres; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; C060687:Albunex; D003287:Contrast Media; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin; D004176:Dipyridamole