title: Three-dimensional echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular volume in vitro: comparison with two-dimensional echocardiography and cineventriculography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to compare three-dimensional echocardiography, two-dimensional echocardiography and cineventriculography for the purpose of measuring left ventricular volume in vitro.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Three-dimensional echocardiographic systems have been shown to be highly accurate in measuring the volumes of balloon phantoms. However, three-dimensional techniques have not been compared with standard two-dimensional echocardiography in vitro or with cineventriculography, the clinical standard for left ventricular volume measurement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Excised porcine hearts were prepared with an internal latex sheath that could be filled and maintained with a known ("true") volume of liquid. Each heart was then imaged by cineventriculography, standard two-dimensional echocardiography and three-dimensional echocardiography. Left ventricular volumes were calculated from 15 hearts at 25 volumes ranging from 50 to 280 ml by the following methods: 1) biplane cineventriculography using the area-length method; 2) two-dimensional echocardiography by the apical biplane method using a summation of discs algorithm in 15 cases and the single-plane, four-chamber method using a summation of discs algorithm in 10 cases; and 3) three-dimensional echocardiography using a polyhedral surface reconstruction volume computation algorithm based on multiple nonparallel, nonevenly spaced short-axis cross sections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results were compared with true volume, and a nonparametric analysis of variance was performed. Both measurement bias (systematic error) and imprecision (random error) were assessed. All methods tended to underestimate the true volume (two-dimensional echocardiography -6.1 +/- 17.6%, three-dimensional echocardiography -4.7 +/- 5.0% and biplane cineventriculography -3.9 +/- 8.2%), although differences were not significant. Although there was a significant correlation between the magnitude of measurement bias and the size of the volume being measured for two-dimensional echocardiography and cineventriculography, the bias of three-dimensional echocardiography was fairly constant over the range of volumes. When bias was accounted for, two-dimensional echocardiography was significantly less precise than cineventriculography and three-dimensional echocardiography in terms of percent error (15.3 +/- 11.9%, 5.6 +/- 5.7% and 3.9 +/- 3.4%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-dimensional echocardiography using a polyhedral surface reconstruction algorithm for volume computation provides accuracy comparable to that of biplane cineventriculography in this in vitro model. Standard two-dimensional echocardiographic volume computation is significantly less accurate than the other two methods.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington 40536.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Sapin
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: DeMaria
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D015982:Bias; D002932:Cineangiography / Q000379:methods*; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D016014:Linear Models; D008433:Mathematics; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013552:Swine; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left