title: Active compression-decompression resuscitation: analysis of transmitral flow and left ventricular volume by transesophageal echocardiography in humans. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Working Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to test the hypothesis that active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation increases transmitral flow and end-decompression left ventricular volume over levels achieved with standard manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Recently, cardiopulmonary resuscitation incorporating active compression and decompression of the chest has been demonstrated to improve hemodynamic status in a canine model and in humans after cardiac arrest.
  
  
  METHODS
  The active compression-decompression device was applied midsternum in five consecutive patients and results compared sequentially (in random order) with those of standard manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Both techniques were performed at 80 compressions/min with a 1.5- to 2-in. (3.8 to 5.1 cm) compression depth and a 50% duty cycle. Transesophageal echocardiographic data obtained in each patient included the velocity-time integral of transmitral pulsed Doppler recordings and two-dimensional images of the left ventricle in the long-axis view. Planimetric volume measurements of the left ventricle were obtained at both end-compression and end-decompression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No difference was observed in end-compression volume between the two techniques (p = 0.81). Increased end-decompression volume (active compression-decompression technique 81.3 +/- 12.5 vs. standard technique 69.4 +/- 10.8, p < 0.05), stroke volume (active compression-decompression technique 32.6 +/- 6.8 vs. standard technique 17.6 +/- 5.2, p < 0.05) and velocity-time integral of transmitral flow (active compression-decompression technique 15.8 +/- 4.3 vs. standard technique 7.8 +/- 2.3, p < 0.05) were found in the active compression-decompression group. The transmitral velocity-time integral was highly correlated with left ventricular stroke volume (r = 0.90).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improved transmitral flow, end-decompression left ventricular volume and stroke volume are seen with active compression-decompression resuscitation, suggesting a biphasic cardiothoracic cycle of flow. Active decompression of the chest appears to be a beneficial adjunct to standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Redberg
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Schiller
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006336:Heart Massage / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013997:Time Factors