title: Epidemiology of salmonellosis in the live sheep export industry.
abstract: Salmonellosis in sheep was studied on 7 commercial voyages from Australia to the Middle East and in one animal house study. Faecal excretion of salmonellas was not a good indicator of pathological changes in the gastrointestinal tract. The ratio of the proportion of sheep excreting salmonellas to the proportion with histological lesions of salmonellosis ranged from 1:1 to 23:1. Increasing excretion rates in our studies indicated that most sheep would be exposed to infection, although deaths from salmonellosis were not spatially or temporally clustered as would be expected if challenge alone was a sufficient cause. We considered that inappetence predisposed to death from salmonellosis, and that sheep with inappetence were likely to be randomly distributed aboard ship. In the animal house study, histological lesions of salmonellosis were exclusively in inappetent sheep although almost all sheep excreted salmonellas in faeces. Lesions of salmonellosis were found only in sheep that were seriously ill or had died, which suggested that, under the conditions of lot-feeding and sea transport, most sheep with enteric lesions are likely to die. Lesions were not found in feeding controls. Adrenal gland weights, an indicator of stress duration and severity, were used to examine the temporal sequence of events in the development of salmonellosis. Weights were greater in sheep that died of inanition than in controls, suggesting that inappetent sheep were already stressed for that reason. The presence of enteric lesions of salmonellosis was associated with further increases in adrenal gland weights.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Animal Health Division, Department of Agriculture, South Perth, Western Australia.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Higgs
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Richards
mesh_terms: D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D000855:Anorexia / Q000150:complications / Q000662:veterinary; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D008877:Middle East; D009929:Organ Size; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012475:Salmonella / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D012767:Ships; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000150:complications / Q000662:veterinary*; D014904:Western Australia / Q000453:epidemiology