title: Cardiorespiratory effects of intravenous bolus administration and infusion of ketamine-midazolam in dogs.
abstract: Twelve healthy dogs were used to determine the cardiorespiratory effects of i.v. administered ketamine (10 mg/kg of body weight) and midazolam (0.5 mg/kg). Half the dogs received a ketamine-midazolam combination (K-M) as a bolus over 30 seconds and the other half received the K-M as an infusion over 15 minutes. Induction of anesthesia by use of K-M was good in all dogs. Ketamine-midazolam combination as a bolus or infusion induced minimal cardiorespiratory effects, except for significant (P < 0.05) increases in mean heart rate and rate-pressure product. The increase in heart rate was greater in dogs of the infusion group. Mild and transient respiratory depression was observed in dogs of both groups immediately after administration of K-M, but was greater in dogs of the bolus group than in dogs of the infusion group. Duration of action of K-M for chemical restraint was short. Salivation and defecation were observed in a few dogs. Extreme muscular tone developed in 1 dog after K-M bolus administration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hartsfield
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D007649:Ketamine; D008874:Midazolam; D010100:Oxygen