title: Trends in primary medical care related services and expenditure in New Zealand 1983-93.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse recent trends in primary medical care (PMC) related expenditure, general medical services (GMS), pharmaceuticals, laboratory, Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) and other categories, as a basis for general practitioners, other primary health care providers and regional health authorities becoming better positioned to make more effective decisions about the use of this expenditure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the Department of Health, Accident Compensation Corporation and other sources of this expenditure over the period 1983-93 were obtained and analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Primary medical care related expenditure between 1982-3 and 1990-1 increased annually at an inflation adjusted rate of 6.1% to a total of $1006.2M. In 1991-2 there was a slight inflation adjusted decrease in overall primary medical care related expenditure of 0.5% although maternity benefits increased by 20.7%. An overall increase of 2.7% occurred in 1992-3 with a 10.1% increase in laboratory benefits and 16.4% in maternity benefits. Price, volume, mix and other factors were analysed to explain these increases. The overriding determinants of the cost increases are the volume of primary medical care related services such as pharmaceuticals, laboratory and maternity services and the mix effect ie, more expensive drugs, tests, etc.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alternative strategies for control of primary medical care related service utilisation costs are discussed. It is suggested that the most effective strategy is some form of general practitioner or community based budget holding within which general practitioners and/or communities are empowered to make decisions about their priorities in achieving the best possible quality and quantity of primary health care.
authors.affiliation: Wellington School of Medicine.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Malcolm
mesh_terms: D005380:Financing, Government / Q000639:trends; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D009520:New Zealand; D010821:Physicians, Family / Q000600:supply & distribution; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D016526:Workload