Noninvasive acoustical detection of coronary artery disease: a comparative study of signal processing methods.
Previous studies have indicated heart sounds may contain information useful in the detection of occluded coronary arteries. During diastole, coronary blood flow is maximum, and the sounds associated with turbulent blood flow through partially occluded coronary arteries should be detectable. In order to detect such sounds, recordings of diastolic heart sound segments were analyzed by using four signal processing techniques; the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), the Autoregressive (AR), the Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA), and the Minimum-Norm (Eigen-vector) methods. To further enhance the diastolic heart sounds and reduce background noise, an Adaptive filter was used as a preprocessor. The power ratios of the FFT method and the poles of the AR, ARMA, and Eigen-vector methods were used to diagnose patients as diseased or normal arteries using a blind protocol without prior knowledge of the actual disease states of the patients to guard against human bias. Results showed that normal and abnormal records were correctly distinguished in 56 of 80 cases using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), in 63 of 80 cases using the AR, in 62 of 80 cases using the ARMA method, and in 67 of 80 cases using the Eigenvector method. Among all four methods, the Eigenvector methods showed the best diagnostic performance when compared with the FFT, AR, and ARMA methods. These results confirm that high frequency acoustic energy between 300 and 800 Hz is associated with coronary stenosis.
Akay
Y M
YM
Biomedical Engineering Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08855.
Akay
M
M
Welkowitz
W
W
Semmlow
J L
JL
Kostis
J B
JB
D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006326:Heart Auscultation / Q000379:methods*; D006347:Heart Sounds / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D014159:Transducers