Reward and reinforcement produced by drinking water: role of opioids and dopamine receptor subtypes.
The conditioned place preference procedure was used to evaluate the reinforcing properties of drinking in water-deprived rats. Subjects were allowed to drink for 8 min and were then transferred to place preference cages. In Experiment 1, the effects of naloxone and pimozide on drinking-induced place preference were analyzed. Animals treated with naloxone, 16 mg/kg, before the conditioning sessions showed a place aversion instead of the place preference found in saline-treated animals. Naloxone also reduced drinking. It was proposed that naloxone induced a state of frustrative nonreward. Pimozide, 1 mg/kg, blocked place preference and somewhat reduced drinking. In Experiment 2, doses of 1 and 4 mg/kg naloxone were used. Both doses blocked place preference. A dose of 4 mg/kg had a marginal effect on drinking, while 1 mg/kg lacked effect on this behavior. Thus, naloxone may block the establishment of place preference without modifying drinking. The effects of the dopamine D1 antagonist SCH23390 and the D2 antagonist raclopride were studied in Experiment 3. SCH23390 blocked place preference and reduced drinking at doses of 0.25 and 0.125 mg/kg. A dose of 0.06 mg/kg did not affect drinking but inhibited place preference. Raclopride, 0.25 mg/kg, had the same effects as SCH23390 at the same dose while 0.125 mg/kg blocked place preference without affecting drinking. It appears that the effects of a D1 and a D2 antagonist are similar. Because the effects of these latter drugs also are similar to those obtained with naloxone, it is suggested that both dopamine and opioids are important for water-induced reinforcement. Possible interactions between these two neurotransmitter systems are discussed.
Agmo
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A
Department of Psychology, Universidad Anáhuac, Mexico City, Mexico, D.F.
Federman
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I
Navarro
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Padua
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M
Velazquez
G
G
D000818:Animals; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000494:pharmacology; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003463:Cues; D065127:Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists; D004327:Drinking Behavior / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004723:Endorphins / Q000502:physiology*; D004777:Environment; D008297:Male; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D010868:Pimozide / Q000494:pharmacology; D020891:Raclopride; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine / Q000502:physiology*; D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012201:Reward; D012457:Salicylamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D014867:Water
D001552:Benzazepines; D065127:Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists; D004723:Endorphins; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine; D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1; D012457:Salicylamides; D014867:Water; D010868:Pimozide; D009270:Naloxone; D020891:Raclopride