title: [A comparison of the two anticholinergic agents atropine and glycopyrrolate during antagonism of a muscle relaxation with pyridostigmine].
abstract: Central, peripheral and cardiac side-effects of both anticholinergic drugs atropine and glycopyrrolate were compared during the antagonism of muscle relaxation with pyridostigmine. In a randomized, double-blind fashion 50 patients were given 10 micrograms/kg of atropine and 50 were given 5 micrograms/kg of glycopyrrolate with 125 micrograms/kg pyridostigmine intravenously. Continuous Holter ECG-monitoring over 3 hours was performed. The procedure was divided into the following phases: control (5 minutes before application of antagonists), phase I (application of antagonists and the following 5 minutes), phase II (subsequent 30 minutes), phase III (until 3 hours had passed). The first 32 minutes were subdivided into periods of 4 minutes. Analysed were: 1st: The number of patients with supraventricular, junctional and ventricular beats, 2nd: The mean heart rate per period, 3rd: The incidence of central-anticholinergic syndromes and the peripheral antimuscarinic side-effects. Supraventricular beats were found after atropine in 42 patients and after glycopyrrolate in 18 patients (p < 0.001). The differences mainly occurred during phase I (atropine 15 vs. glycopyrrolate 4 p < 0.05) and III (atropine 38 vs. glycopyrrolate 18, p < 0.01). Junctional beats were found after both drugs (atropine 7 vs. glycopyrrolate 10), above all during phase III. Ventricular beats were observed after atropine (21) and glycopyrrolate (18). Atropine as well as glycopyrrolate caused an increased heart rate within the first 4 minutes (atropine 47% vs. glycopyrrolate 27%, p < 0.01). During phase III after atropine, the heart rate decreased below the control value (p < 0.05). None of the patients showed central anticholinergic syndromes after either drug.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Institut für Anästhesiologie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg.
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schywalsky
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wölfel
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Danner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Albert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D001285:Atropine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006024:Glycopyrrolate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000187:drug effects*; D011729:Pyridostigmine Bromide / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D001285:Atropine; D011729:Pyridostigmine Bromide; D006024:Glycopyrrolate
vernacular_title: Vergleich der beiden Anticholinergika Atropin und Glycopyrrolat bei der Antagonisierung einer Muskelrelaxation mit Pyridostigmin.