title: RTOG #89-06: a phase I study to evaluate intraoperative radiation therapy and the hypoxic cell sensitizer etanidazole in locally advanced malignancies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the maximum tolerated dose of the oxygen mimetic radiation sensitizer Etanidazole in the setting of surgery and intraoperative radiation therapy. 12 grams/meter2 was the maximum chosen target dose based on tolerance from other trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  42 patients were entered in an escalating dose scheme, 5.5, 7.5, 9, 10.5, and 12.0 grams/meter2. Etanidazole was given via intravenous infusion over 15 minutes, followed within 20 to 30 minutes by intraoperative radiation therapy. Multiple tissue samples from tumor, tumor bed, and/or normal tissue were obtained with simultaneous plasma samples. Etanidazole concentrations in tissue and serum were determined in 33 of the 42 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median time to maximum serum concentration was 25 minutes. Median time to maximum tissue concentration was 40 minutes. Tissue concentrations began falling approximately one hour after infusion. Acute drug toxicities were minimal. Toxicities reported during follow-up related to surgery and/or radiation, not to drug. The concentration of sensitizer in tumor/tumor bed tissues was ten-fold greater than in previous trials. A sensitizer enhancement ratio for the hypoxic cells of 2 to 2.5 is projected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the basis of tissue biopsy information, intraoperative radiation therapy will be given 40 minutes after the start of the 15 minute infusion allowing time for maximum intracellular uptake into tumor cells. In view of these findings, a Phase III trial testing etanidazole with intraoperative radiation therapy will be conducted. The tolerable single dose level of 12 grams/meter2 has potential with other high-dose radiation settings such as brachytherapy or stereotactic radiosurgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Halberg
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cosmatis
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Gunderson
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Noyes
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Hanks
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Buswell
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Nagorney
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Coleman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000187:drug effects; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D017341:Etanidazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D017341:Etanidazole