title: Combined laparoscopic and endoscopic management of cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis.
abstract: With the advent of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, optimal management of common duct stones remains controversial. Seven hundred six patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy in our institution from January 1990 through January 1992. From this group of patients, 50 were identified as having clinical or radiographic evidence of common duct stones. Thirty-one patients demonstrated preoperative risk factors for common duct stones and underwent preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The risk factors included jaundice (19%), pancreatitis (23%), elevated liver function tests (52%), and ultrasound evidence of choledocholithiasis (6%). Preoperative ERCP was performed in 94% of patients. There were two failures due to periampullary diverticula. Common duct stones were identified in 18 patients (62%) and successfully removed by endoscopic sphincterotomy in all of these patients. Nineteen patients were found to have unsuspected common duct stones on intraoperative cholangiography. Eighteen patients (95%) underwent successful ERCP and endoscopic sphincterotomy with stone extraction. Overall, major morbidity was 2% and included one patient who experienced endoscopic sphincteroplasty. The three endoscopic failures were managed by open common duct exploration, laparoscopic duct exploration, and combined laparoscopic and open common duct exploration. We conclude that combined laparoscopic and endoscopic therapy is a viable option for the management of cholelithiasis with choledocholithiasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Scott and White Clinic, Temple, Texas 76508.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Frazee
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Symmonds
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hendricks
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Custer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stoltenberg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Avots
mesh_terms: D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000601:surgery*; D042882:Gallstones / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016717:Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic