title: The influence of tracer localization on the electron dose rate delivered to the cell nucleus.
abstract: The radiation dose rate delivered by electron emissions of 99mTc, 123I, 111In, 67Ga and 201Tl was evaluated at the subcellular level.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spherical models of sources were used to simulate various cellular localizations of radionuclides. These models were applied to large lymphocytes, assuming uniform distributions of radioactivity throughout the nucleus, the cytoplasm or the cell membrane surface.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The graphs of the absorbed dose rate plotted according to the distance from the center of the cell show that the dose rate strongly depends on the subcellular distribution of the radioisotope. The absorbed dose rate D(0) at the center of the cell delivered by a constant cellular radioactivity of 99mTc, 123I, 111In, 67Ga and 201Tl is respectively 94, 21, 18, 74 and 76 times higher if the radioactivity is localized within the cell nucleus than if it is situated only on the cell membrane. D(0) for subcellular localizations was compared to D(0) obtained by assuming uniform distribution of radioactivity throughout the cell. This latter assumption may underestimate the dose rate from 2.8- to 3.2-fold if the tracer is exclusively localized within the nucleus or overestimate from 4.3- to 30-fold if the tracer is localized within the cytoplasm or on the cell membrane, depending on the radionuclide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Such findings show that the localization of radiopharmaceuticals at the subcellular level plays a crucial role in determining the actual dose delivered to the cell nucleus in diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures.
authors.affiliation: Nuclear Medicine Department, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faraggi
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gardin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Labriolle-Vaylet
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Moretti
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Bok
mesh_terms: D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000528:radiation effects; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000528:radiation effects; D004583:Electrons; D005710:Gallium Radioisotopes; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008961:Models, Structural; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011868:Radioisotopes; D013667:Technetium; D013794:Thallium Radioisotopes
chemical_list: D005710:Gallium Radioisotopes; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D011868:Radioisotopes; D013794:Thallium Radioisotopes; D013667:Technetium