title: A randomised controlled trial to test equivalence between retinyl palmitate and beta carotene for vitamin A deficiency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether beta carotene is therapeutically equivalent to retinyl palmitate in the formulation currently recommended by the World Health Organisation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised blind equivalence trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rural area in Senegal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children aged 2-15 years suffering from vitamin A deficiency as defined by abnormal results on eye cytology were randomly allocated treatment with retinyl palmitate (n = 256) and beta carotene (n = 254).
  
  
  METHODS
  Reversion to normal results on eye cytology as defined by the reappearance of goblet cells and normalisation of the epithelial cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven weeks after the supplement was given the percentages were 51.2% (124/242) children taking retinyl palmitate and 50.0% (123/246) of those taking beta carotene, who had reverted to normal eye cytology, a difference of 1.2% (95% confidence interval 6.2% to 8.6%) [corrected]. According to an equivalence testing procedure, the two treatments were statistically equivalent; the null hypothesis of non-equivalence was rejected (one tailed p value = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  beta Carotene supplementation seems to be a promising candidate for the alleviation of vitamin A deficiency. It could be given either as high dose capsule or through increased dietary intake. The challenge now is to improve dietary intake of vitamin A in programmes that are effective and sustainable at the community level.
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carlier
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coste
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Etchepare
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Périquet
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Amédée-Manesme
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004224:Diterpenes; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology; D000084562:Retinyl Esters; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D019207:beta Carotene
chemical_list: D004224:Diterpenes; D000084562:Retinyl Esters; D019207:beta Carotene; D014801:Vitamin A; C014794:retinol palmitate; D002338:Carotenoids