title: Risk factors for complications of chronic anticoagulation. A multicenter study. Warfarin Optimized Outpatient Follow-up Study Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define risk factors for complications that occur during warfarin therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five anticoagulation clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine hundred twenty-eight consecutive patients receiving 1103 courses of warfarin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hemorrhagic and thromboembolic complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 1950 patient-years of follow-up, there were 1332 bleeding events (4 were classified as fatal, 31 as life-threatening, 226 as serious, and 1071 as minor). The cumulative incidence of fatal bleeding was 1% at 1 year and 2% at 3 years. The cumulative incidences of first episodes of life-threatening and serious bleeding at 1, 2, 4, and 8 years were 1%, 2%, 5%, and 9% and 12%, 20%, 28%, and 40%, respectively. Of 156 patients who had a serious or life-threatening hemorrhage, 32% suffered a recurrence, typically within 1 year. Independent predictors of a first episode of serious bleeding included a mean prothrombin time ratio (PTR) of 2.0 or more during the course of treatment (relative risk, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.9 to 4.7); recent initiation of warfarin therapy (relative risk during the first 3 months compared with the rest of the first year, the second year, and anytime thereafter, 1.9 [CI, 1.3 to 3.0], 3.0 [CI, 1.8 to 4.8], and 5.9 [CI, 3.8 to 9.3], respectively); variability of the PTR over time (relative risk for the highest compared with the lowest tertile, 1.6 [CI, 1.2 to 2.7]); and the presence of 3 or more comorbid conditions (RR, 1.4 [CI, 1.1 to 2.5]). Age, reason for anticoagulation, use of interfering drugs, and hypertension were not associated with risk for bleeding. The risk for a thromboembolic complication at a PTR of less than 1.3 was 3.6 (CI, 2.1 to 6.4) times higher than at a PTR of 1.3 to 1.5.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of warfarin-associated bleeding may be reduced by attending to modifiable risk factors (that is, highly variable PTRs and values greater than 2.0), frequent monitoring early in treatment, and careful patient selection. Older age, in and of itself, is not a risk factor.
authors.affiliation: Health Services Research and Development Field Program, Seattle Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington.
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Fihn
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McDonell
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Henikoff
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vermes
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kent
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011517:Prothrombin Time; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014859:Warfarin