title: Enhanced expression of transforming growth factor beta isoforms in pancreatic cancer correlates with decreased survival.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transforming growth factor beta s (TGF-beta s) constitute a family of bifunctional polypeptide growth factors that either inhibit or stimulate cell proliferation. Perturbations in TGF-beta expression and function may lead to loss of negative constraints on cell growth. In this study, we examined TGF-beta expression in human pancreatic cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The distribution of TGF-beta isoforms in 60 human pancreatic cancers was examined using immunohistochemical, Northern blot, and in situ hybridization techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunohistochemical analysis showed the presence of TGF-beta 1 (47% of tumors), TGF-beta 2 (42% of tumors), and TGF-beta 3 (40% of tumors) in the cancer cells. The presence of TGF-beta 2 was associated with advanced tumor stage (P < 0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between the absence of TGF-beta s in the tumors and longer postoperative survival. Northern blot analysis indicated that, by comparison with the normal pancreas, pancreatic adenocarcinomas showed 11- (P < 0.001), 7- (P < 0.05), and 9-fold (P < 0.001) increases in the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels encoding TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 2, and TGF-beta 3, respectively. By in situ hybridization, these mRNA moieties colocalized with their respective proteins in the cancer cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings show that human pancreatic cancers show increased levels of TGF-beta isoforms and enhanced TGF-beta mRNA expression and suggest that the presence of TGF-beta s in pancreatic cancer cells may contribute to disease progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Friess
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamanaka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Büchler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ebert
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Beger
authors.forename: L I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Korc
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000737:chemistry; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002455:Cell Division; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000401:mortality; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000032:analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta