title: Laparoscopic capacitance: a mystery measured. Experiments in pigs with confirmation in the engineering laboratory.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to determine whether capacitive currents induced in operative laparoscopes during endoscopic electrosurgery can cause unintentional injury and to measure these currents in the laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  In five anesthetized live pigs we tested whether capacitive currents generated in operative laparoscopes by unipolar instruments cause serosal injury. These currents were then measured in the clinical engineering laboratory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the setting examined by us serosal injury by capacitive currents occurred only with high generator output power. In the laboratory the maximum power of these capacitive currents measured 2.5 W.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Capacitive coupling between unipolar instruments and 10 mm operating laparoscopes requires relatively high generator output to cause serosal injury. Lower generator output settings may cause injury with electrosurgical generators capable of higher voltages than the units used in this study (Valleylab SSE2L and Force 2).
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599-7570.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Grosskinsky
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ryder
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Pendergrass
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hulka
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000293:injuries; D000818:Animals; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004556:Electric Injuries / Q000209:etiology*; D004598:Electrosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D004869:Equipment Safety; D007422:Intestines / Q000293:injuries; D020706:Laparoscopes; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013552:Swine