title: Effectiveness of glucose monitoring systems modified for the visually impaired.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare three glucose meters modified for use by individuals with diabetes and visual impairment regarding accuracy, precision, and clinical reliability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten subjects with diabetes and visual impairment performed self-monitoring of blood glucose using each of the three commercially available blood glucose meters modified for visually impaired users (the AccuChek Freedom [Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, IN], the Diascan SVM [Home Diagnostics, Eatontown, NJ], and the One Touch [Lifescan, Milpitas, CA]). The meters were independently evaluated by a laboratory technologist for precision and accuracy determinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only two meters were acceptable with regard to laboratory precision (coefficient of variation < 10%)--the Accuchek and the One Touch. The Accuchek and the One Touch did not differ significantly with regard to laboratory estimates of accuracy. A great discrepancy of the clinical reliability results was observed between these two meters. The Accuchek maintained a high degree of reliability (y = 0.99X + 0.44, r = 0.97, P = 0.001). The visually impaired subjects were unable to perform reliable testing using the One Touch system because of a lack of appropriate tactile landmarks and auditory signals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to laboratory assessments of glucose meters, monitoring systems designed for the visually impaired must include adequate tactile and audible feedback features to allow for the acquisition and placement of appropriate blood samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, St. Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri 63104.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bernbaum
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brusca
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McGinnis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Mooradian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose