title: WHO Neuropsychiatric AIDS study, cross-sectional phase I. Study design and psychiatric findings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most available studies on the psychiatric, neuropsychological, and neurological complications of HIV-1 infection and AIDS have been conducted in Western countries, on samples of well-educated, mostly white, homosexual men. Concerns about generalizability of the results of those investigations prompted the WHO to implement the cross-cultural venture called WHO Neuropsychiatric AIDS study.
  
  
  METHODS
  This project aims to assess the prevalence and natural history of HIV-1-associated psychiatric, neuropsychological, and neurological abnormalities in representative subject samples enrolled in the five geographic areas predominantly affected by the HIV-1 epidemic. Assessment is made by a data collection instrument including six modules. The intercenter and intracenter reliability in the use of each module has been formally evaluated. The study consists of a cross-sectional phase and a longitudinal follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cross-sectional phase was completed in five centers. This paper reports on the results of psychiatric assessment, which revealed a significantly higher prevalence of current mental disorders in symptomatic seropositive persons compared with seronegative controls among intravenous drug users in Bangkok and homosexuals/bisexuals in São Paulo. The mean global score on the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale was significantly higher in symptomatic seropositive individuals than in matched seronegative controls in all centers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the significance of the psychopathological complications of symptomatic HIV-1 infection may have been underestimated by previous studies conducted on self-selected samples of well-educated, middle-class, mostly white, homosexual men.
authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health and Global Programme on AIDS World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maj
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Starace
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaudig
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Satz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sughondhabirom
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Luabeya
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Riedel
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ndetei
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Calil
mesh_terms: D015526:AIDS Dementia Complex / Q000453:epidemiology; D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000328:Adult; D001727:Bisexuality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015023:Democratic Republic of the Congo / Q000453:epidemiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000453:epidemiology; D006716:Homosexuality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D014944:World Health Organization