title: Characterization of spatial patterns of flow within the reperfused myocardium by myocardial contrast echocardiography. Implications in determining extent of myocardial salvage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since myocardial blood flow changes dynamically after reperfusion and since both hyperemia and impairment in microvascular function exist within the acutely reperfused bed, we sought to investigate the role of myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) in (1) defining the temporal variability in perfusion patterns after reflow and relating these to microsphere-derived blood flow; (2) differentiating viable from infarcted tissue during different periods of reflow; and (3) defining spatial perfusion patterns within the infarct bed in response to exogenously induced maximal vasodilation and relating these to infarct size and extent of myocardial salvage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one dogs with 3 hours of left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion and 2 to 3 hours of reflow were studied. MCE was performed at 15 and 45 minutes and 2 and 3 hours after reflow. It was also performed at either 2 or 3 hours after reflow in the presence of 0.56 mg/kg of dipyridamole. Radiolabeled microsphere-derived blood flow was measured at 15 minutes and 2 and 3 hours after reflow and during dipyridamole effect. Infarct size was measured at the end of the experiment by use of triphenyl tetrazolium chloride. MCE data were processed with color-coding schemes that highlighted differences in myocardial videointensities in proportion to the concentration of microbubbles within the microvasculature. There was significant variability in MCE-defined perfusion patterns after reflow, with contrast defects noted mainly within the endocardium. There were fair and significant (P < .05) correlation (r = -.73 to r = -.55) between MCE defect size and normalized endocardial blood flow. Except at 15 minutes after reflow, there was poor correlation (r = .31 to r = .51) between MCE defect and infarct sizes. Even at 15 minutes after reflow, MCE defect size underestimated infarct size by 50%. In comparison, in the presence of dipyridamole, MCE defect size correlated strongly (r = .87, P < .001) with infarct size and reasonably well with normalized transmural blood flow (r = -.62, P = .04). Moreover, the topography of the MCE perfusion defect reflected the topography of the infarct.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MCE revealed striking temporal heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of myocardial perfusion during postischemia reflow and either significantly underestimated or did not correlate with infarct size during reperfusion. Because of abnormalities in coronary vascular reserve specific to infarcted tissue, MCE in conjunction with intravenous dipyridamole depicted, in vivo, the actual topography of the infarct with remarkable accuracy.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville 22908.
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Villanueva
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Glasheen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sklenar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaul
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D004176:Dipyridamole / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods; D008863:Microspheres; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004176:Dipyridamole