title: The framing effect of relative and absolute risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test whether a patient's perception of benefit is influenced by whether the benefit is presented in relative or absolute terms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaire-based study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A general medicine outpatient clinic at a rural tertiary care center associated with a medical school.
  
  
  METHODS
  470 of 511 consecutive patients who agreed to answer a questionnaire while waiting for their clinic visit. Mean age was 49.1 years, 62.1% were female, and 51.9% had at least one year of education beyond high school.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient response to the choice of two equally efficacious medications for the management of a hypothetical serious disease. The benefit of one medication was stated in relative terms, the other in absolute terms. Patients could choose either medication alone, indicate indifference to the choice of medication, or choose not to answer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  56.8% of the patients chose the medication whose benefit was in relative terms. 14.7% chose the medication whose benefit was in absolute terms. Only 15.5% were indifferent to the choice of medication. The patients preferred the medication whose benefit was in relative terms across a wide range of ages and educational levels. Further questioning suggested that the patients thought benefit was greater when expressed in relative terms because they ignored the underlying risk of disease and assumed it was one.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The "framing" of benefit (or risk) in relative versus absolute terms may have a major influence on patient preference.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Malenka
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Baron
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wahrenberger
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003657:Decision Making; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000523:psychology*; D012306:Risk; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires