title: Delayed tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade attenuates pulmonary dysfunction and metabolic acidosis associated with experimental gram-negative sepsis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To ascertain the effect of delayed tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) on the evolution of systemic and pulmonary injury after the onset of sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anesthetized swine were made septic with a 1-hour infusion of live Pseudomonas aeruginosa, following which a treatment group received an infusion of anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody (5 mg/kg). Control animals received 0.9% saline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Delayed anti-TNF-alpha treatment had no effect on septic pulmonary hypertension or decline in cardiac output. Late recovery in systemic arterial hypotension was associated with a reversal of arterial acidosis (P < .05 by t test and analysis of variance with Tukey's Studentized Range Test) compared with unprotected septic animals. Septic animals had a significant increase in mean (+/- SEM) plasma lactate levels at 5 hours compared with baseline values (3.8 +/- 0.7 vs 2 +/- 0.4, P < .05), but remained unchanged from baseline following anti-TNF-alpha treatment (1.5 +/- 0.1 vs 1.6 +/- 0.2, not significant). Characteristic septic neutropenia was dramatically reversed by anti-TNF-alpha treatment and was associated with downregulation (P < .05 by t test and analysis of variance) of polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) leukocyte CD18 adhesion receptors and reduction (P < .05 by t test and analysis of variance) in lung PMN sequestration measured by myeloperoxidase activity. The mean (+/- SEM) decrease in bronchoalveolar lavage protein indicated an attenuated permeability injury in anti-TNF-alpha animals (septic animals at 5 hours compared with baseline value, 1044 +/- 270 vs 149 +/- 28 micrograms/mL; control animals at 5 hours compared with baseline value, 217 +/- 83 vs 129 +/- 19 micrograms/mL; P < .05 by t test and analysis of variance).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show that delayed anti-TNF-alpha treatment reversed metabolic acidosis associated with sepsis. Furthermore, anti-TNF-alpha treatment reversed septic neutropenia, reduced PMN sequestration, and was associated with attenuated lung injury in a model of fulminant sepsis. This supports evidence of PMN-mediated tissue injury in sepsis and suggests mechanisms for potential therapeutic benefit of anti-TNF-alpha treatment in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Windsor
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Mullen
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Blocher
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jesmok
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Sugerman
mesh_terms: D000140:Acidosis, Lactic / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000276:immunology; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000209:etiology; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013552:Swine; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha