title: An evaluation of two methods of anatomical alignment of radiotherapy portal images.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Two techniques have been developed at our institution to allow anatomical registration of digitized portal images to a simulation film. Accuracy of the portal image alignment methods is tested and single intrauser and multiple interuser variation is examined using each technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Method one requires the identification of anatomical fiducial points on a simulation image and its corresponding portal image. The parameters required to align the corresponding points are calculated by a least squares fit algorithm. Method two uses an anatomical template generated from the simulation image and superimposing it upon a portal image. The template is then adjusted by a computer mouse to obtain the best subjective anatomical fit on the portal image. Megavoltage portal images of a skull phantom with various known shifts and eight clinical image files were aligned by each method. Each data set was aligned several times by both a single user and multiple users.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alignment of the anatomical phantom portal images demonstrates an accuracy of less than 0.8 +/- 0.9 mm and 0.7 +/- 1.0 degrees with either method. As out of plane rotation increased from 0 to 5 degrees, simulating out of plane malpositioning, alignment orthogonal to the plane of rotation worsened to 1.5 +/- 1.1 mm with the point method and 2.4 +/- 1.6 mm with the template method. Alignment parallel to the axis of the gantry rotation was insensitive to this change and remained constant as did the rotational alignment parameters. For the clinical image files the magnitude of variation for a single user is typically less than +/- 1 mm or +/- 1 degree. The magnitude of variation of alignment increased when multiple users aligned the same image files. The variation was dependent upon anatomical site and to a lesser degree the method of alignment used. The root mean square deviation of translational shifts range from +/- 0.68 mm when using the template method in the pelvis to as high as +/- 2.94 mm with the template method to align abdominal portal images. In the thorax and pelvis translational alignments along the horizontal axis were more precise than along the vertical axis. Multiple user variability was in part due to poor image quality, user experience, non rigidity of the anatomical features, and the difficulty in locating an exact point on a continuous anatomical structure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In well controlled phantom studies both the fiducial point and template method provide similar and adequate results. The phantom studies show that alignment error and variance increase with distortion in anatomical features secondary to out of plane rotations. In clinical situations intrauser variation is small, however, multiple interuser variation is larger. The magnitude of variation is dependent upon the anatomical site aligned.
authors.affiliation: Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Michalski
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Bosch
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Gerber
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Low
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Valicenti
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Piephoff
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009928:Organ Specificity; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*