title: Number of pregnancies and the subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whether increasing parity or gravidity is a risk factor for coronary heart disease has been debated, but the question remains unresolved.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested the association between the number of pregnancies and a variety of cardiovascular end points in two groups of women who had completed childbearing. One group comprised 2357 women who were followed for 28 years through the Framingham Heart Study, and the other 2533 women followed for at least 12 years through the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey National Epidemiologic Follow-up Study (NHEFS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rates of coronary heart disease were higher among multigravid women than among women who had never been pregnant, in both the Framingham Heart Study and the NHEFS, but in both studies, the higher rates were statistically significant only in women with six or more pregnancies. For the women in the Framingham Study, the rate ratio adjusted for age and educational level in the group with six or more pregnancies (as compared with women who had never been pregnant) was 1.6 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 2.2). For the women in the NHEFS, the same adjusted rate ratio was 1.5 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 1.9). Adjustments for other known cardiovascular risk factors, including weight, did not markedly alter this risk. The rate of total cardiovascular disease was also significantly higher among multigravid women in the Framingham Study than in the women who had never been pregnant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In two prospective American studies, having six or more pregnancies was associated with a small but consistent increase in the risk of coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease. Whether gravidity itself or some other unmeasured factor accounts for the increase in risk that we observed requires further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Epidemiology Unit, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Ness
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cobb
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Flegal
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Kelsey
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Balanger
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Stunkard
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: D'Agostino
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors