title: Selective cellular acidification and toxicity of weak organic acids in an acidic microenvironment.
abstract: The mean extracellular pH (pHe) within solid tumours has been found to be lower than in normal tissues. Agents which cause intracellular acidification at low pHe might have selective toxicity towards cells in tumours. Weak acids (or their anions) with pKa values in the range of 4-6 have a higher proportion of molecules in the uncharged form at low pHe and can diffuse more rapidly into cells. The effects of organic acids including succinate, monomethyl succinate and malonate to acidify cells have been evaluated under conditions of different pHe in the acidic range. These weak acids caused intracellular acidification of murine EMT-6 and human MGH-U1 cells in a concentration and pHe dependent fashion. At concentrations of 10 mM and above, these acids also caused in vitro cytotoxicity to these cells at low pHe (< 6.5). The rate and extent of cellular acidification caused by these weak acids, and their cytotoxicity at low pHe, were enhanced by exposure to amiloride and 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride (EIPA), agents which inhibit Na+/H+ exchange, and hence the regulation of intracellular pH. Acid dependent cytotoxicity was also investigated in a murine solid tumour using the endpoints of growth delay and colony formation in vitro following treatment in vivo. Agents were tested alone or with 15 Gy X-rays to select a population of hypoxic (and presumably acidic) cells. Achievable serum concentrations of succinate were about 1 mM and no antitumour activity of succinate was detected when used in this way. It is concluded that weak acids are selectively taken up into cells, and can cause selective cellular acidification and toxicity, at low pHe in culture. Weak acids that are normal cellular metabolites are not toxic in vivo, but weak acids carrying cytotoxic groups offer the potential for selective uptake and toxicity under the conditions of low pHe that exist in many solid tumours.
authors.affiliation: Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Karuri
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dobrowsky
authors.forename: I F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Tannock
mesh_terms: D000584:Amiloride / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002087:Butyrates / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D020148:Butyric Acid; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005452:Fluoresceins; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration / Q000187:drug effects; D008314:Malonates / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D011422:Propionates / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D012513:Sarcoma, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism*; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013386:Succinates / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D019802:Succinic Acid; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002087:Butyrates; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D005452:Fluoresceins; D008314:Malonates; D011422:Propionates; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers; D013386:Succinates; D020148:Butyric Acid; C057433:2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester; D000584:Amiloride; C030290:malonic acid; D019802:Succinic Acid; C029658:propionic acid; C039614:ethylisopropylamiloride; C041105:monomethyl succinate