title: Endemic fluorosis of the skeleton: radiographic features in 127 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A wide range of radiographic appearances have been reported in skeletal fluorosis, but little has been written about the spectrum of radiographic features. We evaluated the spectrum of radiographic appearances in this disorder to help with its diagnosis and differentiation from other metabolic skeletal disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred twenty-seven patients with clinically proved endemic fluorosis had radiographs of the chest, spine, pelvis, elbow, forearm, and knee obtained. The radiographic findings were classified as osteosclerosis, osteopenia, intermittent growth lines, diaphyseal widening, or soft-tissue ossification. Two different osteopenic patterns were defined: an osteoporotic pattern with overall decreased bone density and an osteomalacic pattern that combines the features of osteoporosis with bone deformity. Soft-tissue ossification included involvement of ligaments, tendons, and interosseous membranes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-eight of the patients (89% of the adults) had some evidence of calcification and/or ossification of the attachments of ligaments, tendons, muscles, and interosseous membranes. Osteosclerosis was seen in 54 patients (43%), and osteopenia was seen in 51 patients (40%). Of the patients with osteopenia, the osteoporotic pattern was seen in 28 and the osteomalacic pattern in 23. Growth lines were found in 89 patients (70%). Metaphyseal osteomalacic zones were found in children. Diaphyseal widening was present in 35 patients (28%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endemic skeletal fluorosis can have a wide variety of radiographic appearances, including calcification and/or ossification of the attachments of soft-tissue structures to bone, osteosclerosis, osteopenia, growth lines, and metaphyseal osteomalacic zones.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Ji Shui Tan Hospital, Beijing Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Gilula
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005458:Fluoride Poisoning / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008022:Ligaments / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009999:Ossification, Heterotopic / Q000139:chemically induced; D010026:Osteosclerosis / Q000139:chemically induced; D011859:Radiography; D014881:Water Supply