title: A fourth human MEF2 transcription factor, hMEF2D, is an early marker of the myogenic lineage.
abstract: The transition from multipotent mesodermal precursor to committed myoblast and its differentiation into a mature myocyte involve molecular events that enable the cell to activate muscle-specific genes. Among the participants in this process is the myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) family of tissue-restricted transcription factors. These factors, which share a highly conserved DNA-binding domain including a MADS box, are essential for the expression of multiple muscle genes with cognate target MEF2 sites in cis. We report here a new human MEF2 factor, hMEF2D, which is unique among the members of this family in that it is present not only in myotubes but also in undifferentiated myoblasts, even before the appearance of myogenin. hMEF2D comprises several alternatively spliced products of a single gene, one of which is the human homolog of the Xenopus SRF-related factor SL-1. Like its relatives, cloned hMEF2D is capable of activating transcription via sequence-specific binding to the MEF2 site, recapitulating endogenous tissue-specific MEF2 activity. Indeed, while MEF2D mRNAs are ubiquitous, the protein is highly restricted to those cell types that contain this activity, implicating posttranscriptional mechanisms in the regulation of MEF2D expression. Alternative splicing may be important in this process: two alternative MEF2D domains, at least one of which is specifically included during myogenic differentiation, also correlate precisely with endogenous MEF2 activity. These findings provide compelling evidence that MEF2D is an integral link in the regulatory network for muscle gene expression. Its presence in undifferentiated myoblasts further suggests that it may be a mediator of commitment in the myogenic lineage.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Breitbart
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Smoot
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Laheru
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mahdavi
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nadal-Ginard
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000235:genetics*; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D026161:MADS Domain Proteins; D064326:MEF2 Transcription Factors; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000235:genetics; D009132:Muscles / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology*; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005819:Genetic Markers; D026161:MADS Domain Proteins; D064326:MEF2 Transcription Factors; C578043:MEF2D protein, human; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors