title: Should carbogen and nicotinamide be given throughout the full course of fractionated radiotherapy regimens?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tumor radiosensitization with carbogen and nicotinamide (CON) was compared when both agents were given throughout fractionated radiotherapy with the sensitization observed when administered with only half of the fractions. The effect of overall treatment time on the local control of tumors irradiated in air or with CON was also investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Local tumor control of a rodent adenocarcinoma, CaNT, was studied using eight different 20-fraction x-ray regimens. An overall time of either 10 or 20 days was used and CON was given with all, the first half or last half of the treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to air, all six sensitizer combinations gave a large and significant increase in sensitization (p << 0.00001). Enhancement ratios were 1.9 and 2.1 when CON was given with all 20 fractions in either 10 or 20 days, respectively. For both overall times, enhancement ratios were reduced by 15-25% when CON was given with only half of the fractions. In air, reducing the treatment time from 20 to 10 days gave a small but significant decrease in the isoeffective doses. When CON was administered with either all or part of a schedule, varying the treatment time had little or no effect on local tumor control. No toxic side-effects were encountered when the sensitizers were administered 10 or 20 times, either once or twice per day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CON is an effective and non-toxic tumor radiosensitizer. In CaNT tumors, a significantly greater effect is seen when CON is given with every fraction of the schedule. The sensitizers reduced or abolished the sparing effect of overall time.
authors.affiliation: CRC Gray Laboratory, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex, UK.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rojas
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Johns
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Fiat
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D051379:Mice; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000379:methods; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D009536:Niacinamide; C011700:carbogen; D010100:Oxygen