title: Percutaneous fluoroscopically guided removal of dysfunctioning ureteral stents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present the authors' experience with fluoroscopically guided percutaneous removal of dysfunctioning ureteral stents and to discuss the technique and instrumentation used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over 6 years, stent or stent fragment extraction procedures were performed in 20 patients. Indications included stent misplacement or migration, stent fracture, difficult retrograde exchange, stent occlusion, and removal prior to percutaneous ureteroscopy. Twelve extractions were performed as two-stage procedures and eight as one-stage procedures. A rigid forceps passed through a 12-F sheath was the preferred instrument for extraction. Other instruments used successfully included snares and flexible forceps.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen procedures were successful: Eight stents were removed with rigid forceps, seven with flexible forceps, and two with snares. Three procedures were unsuccessful: In two, the stent could not be grasped because there was intervening renal pelvic mucosa, and in one, clotted blood surrounded the stent. There were no undue complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This procedure is highly successful when appropriate technique and instruments are used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: E Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carmody
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Thurston
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects; D014513:Ureter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging