title: Precipitated abstinence in the diazepam-dependent rat.
abstract: Physical dependence was produced in the rat by exposure to continuous release of diazepam from silastic capsule implants (recrystallized diazepam) or by dosing through a gastric fistula. The precipitated abstinence syndrome induced by the IV infusion of flumazenil was characterized by clonic and tonic-clonic seizures, retropulsion, digging, rearing, head, limb and body tremors, twitches and jerks of the body, and ear twitches. This abstinence syndrome differed both qualitatively and quantitatively from the milder syndrome induced in previous experiments by the intragastric administration of flumazenil in the diazepam-dependent gastric fistula rat. Capsule-implanted rats had free plasma and extraneuronal brain levels of diazepam, oxazepam, and nordiazepam in the 10(-3) and 10(-4) mg/ml range, and their brain: plasma ratios were not significantly different from 1. The diazepam capsules had a sustained release of over 28 days. These studies show that the capsule implantation technique is an efficacious way of maintaining plasma levels of diazepam and its metabolites, and producing a high level of physical dependence in the rat.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington 40536.
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Sloan
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Wala
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D003975:Diazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004343:Drug Implants; D004830:Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic / Q000139:chemically induced; D005260:Female; D005442:Flumazenil / Q000494:pharmacology; D017551:Microdialysis; D010316:Particle Size; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000523:psychology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D004343:Drug Implants; D005442:Flumazenil; D003975:Diazepam