title: Cardioverter-defibrillator systems implanted without thoracotomy: radiographic findings.
abstract: Ventricular arrhythmias are the primary cause of sudden death from heart disease in the United States. In the past decade, management of these arrhythmias has been revolutionized by the development of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). Earlier devices required thoracotomy for implantation (Fig. 1). Complications associated with the earlier devices include pneumothorax, pleural effusion, mediastinal infection, and, notably, crinkling of the patch and migration. The morbidity of median sternotomy has led to the development of ICDs that can be implanted without thoracotomy. We illustrate the normal radiographic appearance and complications of two recently developed ICD lead systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Presbyterian Medical Center of Philadelphia, PA 19104.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Chmielewski
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Zegel
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Freiman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D005548:Foreign-Body Migration / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013908:Thoracotomy