The antitumor immune response as a problem of self-nonself discrimination: implications for immunotherapy.
Much evidence now exists that tumors possess specific antigens recognizable by T cells. The goal of immunotherapy is to break tolerance to these antigens while preserving self-tolerance. Recently, newer approaches have been developed in animal systems that modify tumor cells genetically so that they express new antigens or secrete certain cytokines. Engineering tumor cells to secrete cytokines in a paracrine fashion can induce powerful local cytokine effects which, in addition to inducing local inflammation, can alter the presentation of tumor antigens or the activation of tumor-antigen-specific T lymphocytes, resulting in systemic antitumor immunity.
Golumbek
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P
Department of Oncology, Medicine and Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2196.
Levitsky
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Jaffee
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L
Pardoll
D M
DM
D000818:Animals; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000276:immunology; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C / Q000276:immunology; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation / Q000276:immunology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy; D015202:Protein Engineering; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D017634:Self Tolerance; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology; D014611:Vaccination
D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D016207:Cytokines; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D015847:Interleukin-4