title: Assessment of left ventricular performance by on-line pressure-area relations using echocardiographic automated border detection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate left ventricular performance by on-line pressure-area relations using echocardiographic automated border detection in the in situ canine heart in a manner similar to pressure-volume analyses.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Echocardiographic automated border detection can measure ventricular cavity area as an index of volume and may be interfaced with pressure to construct pressure-area loops on-line.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight anesthetized open chest dogs had simultaneous measurement of ventricular pressure, aortic flow and midventricular short-axis area. Pressure-area loops were constructed by a computer workstation interfaced with the ultrasound system. Stroke area (Maximal area--Minimal area) and stroke force (integral of P dA [P = pressure; A = area]) values during inferior vena cava (n = 8) and aortic (n = 4) occlusions were compared with stroke volume and estimates of stroke work, respectively. Inotropic modulation was induced with dobutamine infusion (2 to 5 micrograms/kg body weight per min), followed by propranolol infusion (2 to 5 mg). End-systolic and maximal elastance and preload recruitable stroke force (stroke force versus end-diastolic area) were derived for each period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Changes in stroke area and stroke force were significantly correlated with changes in stroke volume and estimates of stroke work during caval occlusion (n = 8) (r = 0.87 +/- 0.02, SEE = 8 +/- 1% and r = 0.90 +/- 0.03, SEE = 8 +/- 2%, respectively). In dogs with aortic occlusion (n = 4), changes in stroke area significantly correlated with changes in stroke volume for pooled data (r = 0.84, SEE = 8%, y = 1.0x + 3). Ventricular performance increased with dobutamine infusion (n = 7): end-systolic elastance 30 +/- 11 to 67 +/- 24 mm Hg/cm2 (p < 0.02 vs. control values); maximal elastance 37 +/- 11 to 82 +/- 26 mm Hg/cm2 (p < 0.02 vs. control values); preload recruitable stroke force 81 +/- 24 to 197 +/- 92 mm Hg (p < 0.02 vs. control values). Decreases occurred with propranolol infusion (n = 5) end-systolic elastance 20 +/- 4 to 13 +/- 4 mm Hg/cm2 (p < 0.002 vs. control values); maximal elastance 29 +/- 8 to 15 +/- 5 mm Hg/cm2 (p < 0.002 vs. control values); preload recruitable stroke force 66 +/- 14 to 40 +/- 9 mm Hg (p < 0.002 vs. control values).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On-line pressure-area relations are a potentially useful means to assess left ventricular performance in a manner that is quantitatively similar to the predicted responses of pressure-volume relations.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gorcsan
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Romand
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Mandarino
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Deneault
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Pinsky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004280:Dobutamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004285:Dogs; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D011433:Propranolol / Q000494:pharmacology; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D017725:Ventricular Pressure
chemical_list: D004280:Dobutamine; D011433:Propranolol