title: Multichannel stimulation of phrenic nerves by epineural electrodes. Clinical experience and future developments.
abstract: Between 1983 and 1992, 23 patients with complete ventilatory insufficiency of differing etiologies were treated with an eight channel implant (Medimplant Inc., Vienna) for fatigue free stimulation of both phrenic nerves. Data for 15 patients with high spinal cord lesions (ages: 9-51 years) are summarized: 1) level of lesion: C0, 3 patients; C1/C2, 4; C2/C3, 8; 2) time between incident and implantation: 3-14 months; 3) diaphragm training: 1-22 months; 4) chronic pacing: 5-83 months; 5) tracheostomy closed: 7 patients; 6) living permanently at home: 13 patients; 7) respiratory rate per minute: 12-17; 8) duration of inspiration: 1.0-1.3 sec; 9) tidal volume: 7-20 ml/kg body weight; 10) volume per minute: 121-198 ml/kg body weight; 11) pH: 7.39-7.42; 12) pCO2: 22.9-38.6 mmHg; 13) pO2: 81.2-104.5 mmHg; and 14) died by December 1992, 4 patients. All currently available implants for phrenic pacing need an external power supply and radio control. The authors have developed and tested the first fully implantable device. Features of this implant include an electronic circuit based on the microcontroller MC68HC705C8; surface mounted technology (SMD); eight channels; constant current source adjustable to 5 mA in 256 steps, impulse duration: 100-1000 musec, stimulation frequency: 1-33 Hz; and minimum lifetime: 3 years. The implant is programmed via bidirectional radio transmission using an IBM compatible computer. The dimensions, including battery, eight electrode connectors, and antenna, are 67 x 48 x 13 mm. The implant weights 58 g. This new device may improve patients' safety and quality of life in the near future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Wilhelminenspital, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mayr
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bijak
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Girsch
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holle
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lanmüller
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thoma
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zrunek
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008590:Meningoencephalitis / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D008875:Middle Aged; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012756:Sheep; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy