title: Compliance and diameter in the human abdominal aorta--the influence of age and sex.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Females develop cardiovascular diseases and abdominal aortic aneurysms later in life than males. In this study we investigated the diameter and compliance of the distal abdominal aorta in healthy females of varying ages. The results were compared with those obtained previously from healthy males in order to assess potential sex-related differences in the aging process of the abdominal aorta.
  
  
  METHODS
  An ultrasound phase-locked echo-tracking system was used to determine differences in diameter and pulsatile diameter change of the distal abdominal aorta in 69 Caucasian females from 4 to 74 years. Pressure strain elastic modulus (Ep) and stiffness (beta) were calculated from diameter, pulsatile diameter change and blood pressure obtained by the auscultatory method. Compliance was defined as the inverse of Ep and beta. The pressure dependence of Ep and beta was evaluated in 10 females with intraarterial blood pressure measurement at rest and during isometric exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The diameter of the distal abdominal aorta increased not only in the period between the ages of 5 and 25 years, but also by about 24% between 25 and 70 years (p < 0.0001). From about the age of 25 years the diameter was smaller in females than in males (p < 0.01). Ep and beta increased nearly linearly with advancing age in females from 0.18 x 10(5) to 1.17 x 10(5) N/m2 (Ep) and from 1.85 to 8.51 (beta). In males the increase in Ep and beta was greater and exponential in nature (p < 0.001). Ep but not beta increased significantly during blood pressure increase (p < 0.05). Stiffness (beta) may therefore be a more useful index of arterial compliance than Ep.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This investigation demonstrates age and sex-related differences in diameter and compliance in the normal human abdominal aorta and implies that degenerative changes appear later in females than in males.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Lund University, Malmö General Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sonesson
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stale
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Länne
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001012:Aorta, Abdominal / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D017544:Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal / Q000453:epidemiology; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000502:physiology