title: Thermometry of interstitial hyperthermia given as an adjuvant to brachytherapy for the treatment of carcinoma of the prostate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recurrence in the prostatic gland remains a significant problem in the management of locally advanced prostatic cancer. Transperineal thermobrachytherapy has been utilized in an attempt to improve local tumor control. The purpose of this study was to quantitate the temperature distributions obtained in carcinoma of the prostate treated with interstitial radiofrequency-induced hyperthermia given in conjunction with 192Ir brachytherapy in a Phase I study.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1987 until 1992, 36 patients (5 with locally recurrent, 15 with Stage B, and 16 Stage C prostate cancers) were treated with interstitial brachytherapy implants supplemented with radiofrequency-induced hyperthermia. An array of 7-32 stainless steel trocar electrodes (outer diameter = 1.5 mm, interelectrode spacing = 8 mm) were implanted into the prostate gland through a perineal approach utilizing a specially designed template. Each trocar was electrically insulated along the length which traversed surrounding normal tissues. One to three additional plastic catheters were implanted for automated temperature mapping. Thirty-four of these procedures were performed following lymph node sampling. However, the last two removable interstitial hyperthermic prostate implants were done by the transperineal route under ultrasound guidance. A hyperthermia treatment (goal of 43 degrees C for 45 minutes) was given immediately prior to the insertion and immediately following the removal of the 192Ir. A computer-controlled radiofrequency-based generator (freq. 0.5 MHz) implementing electrode multiplexing was used to induce and maintain elevated temperatures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transient local pain was the most common treatment limiting factor. The average values of the measured minimum, mean, and maximum temperatures were 38.9 degrees C, 41.9 degrees C, and 45.7 degrees C in tumor, and 37.7 degrees C, 39.8 degrees C, and 42.9 degrees C in surrounding normal tissue, respectively. The percentages of mapped temperatures exceeding 41 degrees C, 42 degrees C, and 43 degrees C were 67%, 46%, and 27% in tumor, and 26%, 11%, and 4% in normal surrounding tissue, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From this study we conclude that heterogeneous temperature distributions were induced in the prostate; significant normal tissue protection was realized in part through the selective insulation of sections of each electrode; and interstitial radiofrequency-induced hyperthermia of the prostate is feasible and well tolerated, with further technical developments warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305.
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Prionas
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kapp
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Goffinet
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ben-Yosef
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fessenden
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bagshaw
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D000368:Aged; D001918:Brachytherapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013821:Thermometers
chemical_list: D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes