title: Enhanced release of elastase is not concomitant with increased secretion of granulocyte-activating cytokines in whole blood from patients with sepsis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The proteolytic enzyme elastase released by granulocytes (polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMN]) in high concentrations during sepsis causes degradation of essential plasma proteins, endothelial damage, and tissue edema. This may result in organ dysfunction and organ failure during sepsis, since increased elastase plasma levels correlate with the mortality rate of patients with sepsis. In vitro studies demonstrated a regulatory role of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-alpha], interleukin 1 beta [IL-1 beta], IL-8]) upregulating protease release by PMN. In this light, the interactions between cytokine release by macrophages and altered elastase secretion during sepsis remain to be determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  An ex vivo model consisting of lipopolysaccharide stimulation of human whole blood as a relevant physiological milieu was used. Heparinized blood was obtained from 20 patients with sepsis syndrome (APACHE II [Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II] score 28.5 +/- 1.2 points [mean +/- SD]) on days 0 through 3, 5, 7, and 10 after sepsis diagnosis and from 20 control patients without infection. Blood was incubated with lipopolysaccharide (1 mg/L) for 8 hours. Plasma levels of elastase, TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-8 were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or bioassay (TNF-alpha), respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Elastase plasma levels in whole blood from patients with sepsis were increased up to 188% (P < .01) above normal, while the release of TNF-alpha (-87%), IL-1 beta (-91%), and IL-8 (-51%) was markedly (P < .01) decreased compared with control patients. Neutralization of TNF-alpha or IL-1 beta did not attenuate the increased release of elastase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate an increased release of elastase by PMN despite a reduced secretion of PMN-activating cytokines. Although priming effects of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-8 on protease secretion in vivo cannot be excluded completely, other mediators or mechanisms may be involved in the upregulation of detrimental protease release during sepsis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ertel
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jarrar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jochum
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Thiele
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kenney
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Faist
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Schildberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000502:physiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000276:immunology; D010196:Pancreatic Elastase / Q000097:blood*; D018805:Sepsis / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology*; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D016209:Interleukin-8; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D010196:Pancreatic Elastase; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase