title: Fentanyl for epidural intravascular test dose in obstetrics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although dizziness and drowsiness may be produced with either intravenous or epidural fentanyl, their occurrence after an intravenous injection is more rapid and relatively more pronounced. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not the difference between routes of administration would be a reliable method of detecting an accidental intravascular injection.
  
  
  METHODS
  In part 1, using a double-blinded protocol, we prospectively assessed in laboring women the incidence of dizziness, drowsiness, or both associated with intravenous fentanyl (100 micrograms). In random order, subjects received two peripheral intravenous injections: 2 ml of fentanyl and 2 ml of saline, separated by a 3-minute observation period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In group 1 (18/18) and group 2 (22/22), all subjects reported a response to intravenous fentanyl within the one-minute assessment. In part 2, we evaluated in laboring patients the frequency of dizziness, drowsiness, or both to epidural fentanyl (100 micrograms). The study design was identical to part 1; however, the subjects received 2 ml of fentanyl and 2 ml of saline via a functional epidural catheter. In group 3 (1/18) and group 4 (1/22), one subject reported a response to epidural fentanyl within the 3-minute observation period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, the responses to intravenous fentanyl (40/40) occurred in a remarkably more consistent fashion when compared to epidural fentanyl (2/40). Thus, the results suggest that in laboring patients, intravenous fentanyl produces predictable and easily detectable changes that may be useful in identifying an epidural catheter unintentionally placed intravascularly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048.
authors.forename: W Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Yoshii
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Rottman
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Kotelko
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Rasmus
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Rosen
mesh_terms: D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods; D016362:Analgesia, Obstetrical / Q000379:methods; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods*; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical / Q000379:methods*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007268:Injections, Epidural; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D005283:Fentanyl; D002045:Bupivacaine