title: Fetal echocardiography: factors that influence imaging of the fetal heart during the second trimester of pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The four-chamber view of the heart is an important component of the ultrasonographic examination of the fetus. However, during the second trimester of pregnancy the fetal heart cannot always be imaged in every patient. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the rate of successful imaging of the fetal heart during the second trimester and to determine factors that may influence imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven hundred and nine second trimester fetuses were examined and an attempt was made to obtain the four-chamber and outflow tract views of the heart. Analysis included multiple logistic regression models of the main effects and interactions of ten candidate variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The four chambers and outflow tracts were imaged in 643 fetuses (90.7%) and not imaged in 66 (9.3%). Fifty-two of 709 patients (7.3%) had had previous surgery. In the 52 patients with a history of previous surgery, the heart could not be imaged in 18 (34%). Six hundred and fifty-seven patients (92.7%) did not have previous surgery. Of this group, the fetal heart could not be imaged in 48 (7.3%). In only one fetus in which the heart could not be imaged was it because of fetal position. Three independent risk factors that influenced imaging of the fetal heart were gestational age, maternal adipose tissue thickness, and previous lower abdominal surgery. Increasing gestational age increased the probability of imaging the heart, whereas increasing adipose tissue thickness and a history of previous surgery decreased the probability of imaging the heart.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When the fetal heart cannot be imaged during the second trimester, these factors should be identified. Using data from this study, the gestational age at which the highest probability of imaging the heart can be determined if the thickness of the adipose tissue and a history of lower abdominal surgery are known.
authors.affiliation: Genetics Institute Fetal Diagnostic Center, Pasadena, California.
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: DeVore
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Medearis
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Bear
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Horenstein
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Platt
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal