title: Ebstein's anomaly: presentation and outcome from fetus to adult.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to investigate the presentation and outcome of patients with Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Ebstin's anomaly may present at any age and has a highly variable clinical course. Previous natural history studies have been based on clinical and angiographic diagnosis and have included mainly older children and adults. Echocardiography, however, has facilitated fetal and neonatal diagnosis so that the natural history needs to be redefined.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed 220 cases of Ebstein's anomaly presenting from fetal to adult life between 1958 and 1991, with 1 to 34 years of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common presentation in each age group was abnormal routine prenatal scan for fetuses (86%), cyanosis for neonates (74%), heart failure for infants (43%), incidental murmur for children (63%) and arrhythmia for adolescents and adults (42%). Early presentation was frequently associated with other cardiac lesions, usually pulmonary stenosis or atresia. Surgery was undertaken at some stage in 86 (39%) of the 220 patients. Actuarial survival for all liveborn patients was 67% at 1 year and 59% at 10 years. There were 58 deaths, including 26 from heart failure, 19 perioperative and 8 sudden. Predictors of death included echocardiographic grade of severity at presentation (relative risk 2.7 for each increase in grade, 95% confidence limits 1.6 to 4.6), fetal presentation (6.9, confidence limits 1.6 to 16.5) and right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (2.1, confidence limits 1.1 to 4.4). Morbidity was mainly related to arrhythmias and late hemodynamic deterioration. Of 155 survivors, 129 (83%) were in functional class 1 and 104 (67%) were receiving no medical therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Ebstein's anomaly, fetal and neonatal presentation is associated with a poor outcome and can be predicted by the echocardiographic appearance and presence of associated lesions. In older children and adults, incidental findings and arrhythmia are common and the long-term outcome is superior.
authors.affiliation: Cardiothoracic Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, London, England.
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Celermajer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bull
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Till
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.forename: V P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Vassillikos
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Allan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nihoyannopoulos
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Somerville
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Deanfield
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004437:Ebstein Anomaly / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal