title: Access to coronary catheterisation: fair shares for all?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of patient's sex and area's material deprivation on utilisation rates of coronary catheterisation and angiography in the investigation of ischaemic heart disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of routinely collected hospital statistics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Acute hospitals throughout Northern Ireland.
  
  
  METHODS
  24,179 episodes of patients discharged from hospital with a primary diagnosis of ischaemic heart disease and 1270 episodes relating to patients with an underlying diagnosis of ischaemic heart disease who had either coronary catheterisation or angiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Age standardised admission rates for heart disease and age standardised utilisation rates for catheterisation or angiography, or both, for 566 electoral wards ranked by Townsend "deprivation" scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Catheterisation-angiography rates in men were over fivefold those of women, ranging from 85.5/100,000 v 16/100,000 in patients from "well off" areas to 123/100,000 v 22/100,000 for patients from deprived areas. After admission rates for heart disease were controlled for, the overall rate ratio for women was 0.48 (95% confidence interval 0.38 to 0.60). After differential admission rates for heart disease and other potential clinical confounders were controlled for, the investigation rates of patients from the least and most "deprived" areas were not significantly different (rate ratio 1.04 (0.87 to 1.25)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although investigation rates were significantly lower in women than in men, further clinical data would be required before labelling this underutilisation as evidence of bias. There was no significant difference in invasive investigation rates for heart disease in areas of varying deprivation or affluence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Queen's University, Belfast.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kee
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gaffney
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Currie
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: O'Reilly
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009660:Northern Ireland; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018579:Patient Selection; D011204:Poverty Areas; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D017062:Small-Area Analysis; D016387:Women's Health