title: Bacterial contaminants of collected and frozen human milk used in an intensive care nursery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Use of human milk for preterm and high-risk neonates conveys many potential benefits but also poses practical difficulties. This prospective study examined the prevalence and degree of bacterial contamination of human milk used in the intensive care nursery.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred eight milk samples collected from 40 mothers were tested for contamination. Samples from mothers whose milk showed a high degree of contamination were retested after counseling on collection methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 12.5% of the samples showed no bacterial growth. Of the contaminated samples, 38% contained > 30,000 colony-forming units/ml. The most common contaminants were Staphylococcus epidermidis (82%) and Acinetobacter (9%), but other contaminants were also encountered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were not statistically identifiable common characteristics of mothers whose milk showed abundant bacterial contamination. Only 30% of these mothers showed improvement in the degree of contamination after counseling regarding techniques of milk collection.
authors.affiliation: George Washington University Hospital, Newborn Service, Washington, DC 20037.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: el-Mohandes
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Schatz
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Keiser
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000150:Acinetobacter / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000328:Adult; D004219:District of Columbia; D005260:Female; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005519:Food Preservation; D005615:Freezing; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000382:microbiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000302:isolation & purification