title: The long-term effects of copper surface area on menstrual blood loss and iron status in women fitted with an IUD.
abstract: The long-term effects of copper surface area on menstrual blood loss (MBL) and iron status (hemoglobin, hematocrit, red cell count and indices, and serum ferritin) were evaluated in 25 healthy women who were observed for a period of 3 years following insertion of an intrauterine device. MBL was determined objectively by the alkaline hematin method. The women (mean age 37.2 +/- 1.6 yr, range 27-46 yr) were fitted with a Multiload intrauterine device (IUD) with a copper surface area of either 250 mm2 (MLCu-250, n = 13) or 375 mm2 (MLCu-375, n = 12). MBL prior to IUD insertion was 55 +/- 8 ml for women subsequently fitted with a MLCu-250 and 59 +/- 9 ml for women fitted with a MLCu-375. An increase in MBL was recorded at all measurement points following IUD insertion (MLCu-250/MLCu-375: 3 months: 55/49%; 6 months: 58/49%; 12 months: 64/41%; 24 months: 55/49%; 36 months: 47/39%, NS). There were no significant differences in iron status parameters before IUD insertion between groups nor were there any significant changes recorded in any of these parameters after IUD insertion. Our findings that the increase in copper surface area from 250 mm2 to 375 mm2 had no effect on MBL were thus substantiated by the hematological findings. Based on the results of the present study, women from developed countries apparently tolerate an increased MBL of approximately 45% without developing anemia. Iron stores were unchanged indicating an adequate adaptive increase in intestinal iron absorption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, East Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Milsom
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jonasson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lindstedt
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rybo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007435:Intrauterine Devices, Copper / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood*; D008595:Menorrhagia / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D005293:Ferritins; D007501:Iron