title: Patient counseling in community pharmacy and its relationship with prescription payment methods and practice settings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether patient counseling activities in community pharmacies are related to payment method and practice setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomly selected pharmacists voluntarily performed self-data collection (39 percent participation rate) of counseling activities for 40 hours. Observational data were also collected by trained observers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community pharmacies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-seven pharmacists in national chain pharmacies and 26 in independent pharmacies collected data on 3766 counseling events. Patient counseling rates, defined as percentage of patients counseled per prescription per pharmacist, were significantly higher (p < 0.05) for self-pay (median 12.9 percent) and Medicaid (median 13.0 percent) than for capitation patients (median 7.9 percent). Rates were somewhat higher (p = 0.06) for chain (median 17.7 percent) than for independent pharmacists (10.7 percent). Although there was no difference in terms of pharmacist-initiated counseling, chain pharmacists had higher rates of patient-initiated counseling per prescription (median 4.3 percent) than independent pharmacists (median 2.7 percent) (p < 0.01). Counseling information was related to payment method and practice setting. A significantly higher percentage (p < 0.01) of counseling events for capitation patients pertained to chronic therapies (33.6 percent) compared with counseling events involving patients using other payment methods (21.8-24.8 percent). A strong correlation between observational data and self-reported data was found (Pearson r = 0.696, p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The finding that pharmacists counsel capitation patients less frequently may be attributable to financial incentives or to pharmacists' perception that these patients do not need to be counseled. Independent pharmacists' higher number of capitation patients and increased workloads may have affected their counseling activities. These findings have implications for pharmacy service reimbursement programs, practice conditions, and continuing education programs.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico.
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Raisch
mesh_terms: D002204:Capitation Fee; D003376:Counseling; D003625:Data Collection; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000191:economics*; D005252:Fees, Pharmaceutical; D006801:Humans; D007349:Insurance, Health, Reimbursement; D007356:Insurance, Pharmaceutical Services; D008484:Medicaid; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010594:Pharmacies / Q000145:classification; D010595:Pharmacists; D014481:United States