title: Open laparoscopic cholecystectomy in pregnancy.
abstract: Since the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 1989, surgeons worldwide have become familiar with the basic techniques involved. Pregnancy has previously been considered an absolute contraindication to laparoscopic cholecystectomy; however, we present three cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in pregnancy. If conservative management fails, this method, far from being absolutely contraindicated, should be the procedure of choice in pregnancy, as it has already become in nonpregnant patients. Transvaginal ultrasound allows continuous monitoring of fetal heart rate in all stages of pregnancy after the 7th week. The open (Hasson) technique should be strongly considered if accidental uterine puncture and potential fetal damage are to be avoided.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska.
authors.forename: R O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tamadon
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Fitzgibbons
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fleming
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000379:methods*; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005323:Fetal Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000601:surgery*