title: Predictors of microalbuminuria in individuals with IDDM. Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationships between microalbuminuria and the development of overt diabetic nephrology, elevated blood pressure, and a more atherogenic lipid profile; and to identify risk factors for the development of microalbuminuria in individuals with IDDM. Microalbuminuria has been associated with the subsequent development of overt diabetic nephropathy in individuals with IDDM. It is associated with elevated blood pressure and a more atherogenic lipid profile, but the temporal relationship between the development of microalbuminuria and the changes in these factors is unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline characteristics were examined in 256 individuals with IDDM who had normal albumin excretion (urinary AER < or = 20 micrograms/min in > or = 2 timed urine collections) and were re-examined 2 yr later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At follow-up, 24 had developed microalbuminuria (AER 20-200 micrograms/min in > or = 2 timed urine collections) and 1 had developed overt nephropathy (AER > 200 micrograms/min). Overall, the significant independent predictors of microalbuminuria were HbA1 (P < 0.001), low-density lipoprotein (P < 0.01), duration of IDDM (P < 0.05), and systolic blood pressure (P = 0.05). Sex-specific analyses showed HbA1, age, and baseline AER were particularly important for men; whereas, for women, the main predictors were duration of IDDM and triglycerides. Duration-specific analyses showed that HbA1 was an important predictor both for individuals with < and > 20-yr duration. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was more important for subjects with shorter durations; whereas triglycerides were important for those with longer durations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that glycemic control, age or duration of IDDM, disturbed lipids, and possibly elevated blood pressure all may contribute to the development of microalbuminuria; and, further, that the adverse cardiovascular risk profile seen in individuals with overt nephropathy may begin to develop even before the detection of microalbuminuria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Coonrod
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Bunker
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Kelsey
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Drash
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Kuller
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Orchard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000378:metabolism; D016633:Apolipoprotein A-II / Q000378:metabolism; D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D016633:Apolipoprotein A-II; D001055:Apolipoproteins B; D015415:Biomarkers; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D005340:Fibrinogen; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D014280:Triglycerides