title: Changes in mitochondrial calcium concentration during the cardiac contraction cycle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to examine whether mitochondrial Ca2+ fluxes are high enough to change mitochondrial and cytosolic calcium concentration during the contraction cycle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isolated guinea pig ventricular myocytes were stimulated with paired voltage clamp pulses until contractions were maximal (2 mM [Ca2+]o, 36 degrees C). At defined times of diastole or systole, the cells were shock frozen. Electron-probe microanalysis measured the concentration of total calcium in mitochondria (sigma Ca(mito)) and surrounding cytosol (sigma Cac). Other experiments were performed to evaluate DNP sensitive mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake from depolarisation induced [Ca2+]c transients (K5indo-1 fluorescence).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At end of diastole, sigma Ca(mito) was 446 mumol.litre-1. During systole, sigma Ca(mito) increased with a 20 ms delay. A peak sigma Ca(mito) of 1050 mumol.litre-1 was measured 40 ms after start of systole, while 95 ms after start of systole sigma Ca(mito) had fallen to 530 mumol.litre-1. From the changes in sigma Ca(mito) the rates of net mitochondrial Ca2+ flux were estimated at 100 nmol.s-1 x mg-1 protein for Ca2+ influx and 36 nmol.s-1 x mg-1 protein for Ca2+ egress. Decay of sigma Ca(mito) was coupled to a rise in sigma Na(mito). sigma Cl(mito) and sigma K(mito) rose and fell in parallel with sigma Ca(mito), suggesting Ca2+ activation of mitochondrial anion and cation channels. Activation of the non-specific permeability can be excluded. Block of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake with DNP (100 microM) or FCCP (10 microM) increased the amplitude of the [Ca2+]c transients for 1-3 min by about 50%; evaluation of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake from DNP sensitive difference signals, however, was hampered by sequestration of mitochondrial Ca2+ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mitochondrial calcium content changes during each individual contraction cycle; a substantial amount of calcium is taken up during the systole and released during later systole and diastole.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Isenberg
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schiefer
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Wendt-Gallitelli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002259:Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone / Q000494:pharmacology; D003600:Cytosol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004140:Dinitrophenols / Q000494:pharmacology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D008433:Mathematics; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D004140:Dinitrophenols; D002259:Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone; D002118:Calcium