title: Transdermal nicotine in smoking cessation and involvement of non-specific influences.
abstract: The efficacy of a nicotine transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) (available size 10, 20 and 30 cm2; nicotine delivery rate = 0.7 mg/cm2/24 h) as an aid for smoking cessation, was evaluated in a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, monocenter study using 160 heavy-smokers (> 20 cigarettes/day), male and female, who were divided into two matched parallel groups. The nicotine replacement treatment lasted for 3 months and was carried out according to the manufacturers recommendations. Abstinence was defined as smoking no cigarette during the last week of each month and COHb-levels < or = 1.2%. Efficacy was assessed using abstinence rates, withdrawal symptoms and cigarette consumption. Although at the commencement of the study all subjects expressed a high motivation to stop smoking, about a third were lost to follow-up at 4 weeks. This was attributed mainly to the lack of counselling and group dynamics. The greatest effect on smoking cessation and cigarette consumption was attributable to a non-specific aspect of treatment, i.e. the motivation to stop smoking on application of the first patch. On an intention-to-treat basis (all subjects), abstinence rates were 24% and 18% after 1 month, 24% and 14% after 2 months and 14% and 6% after 3 months for the nicotine-TTS and placebo-TTS, respectively. Nicotine-TTS was at least twice as effective as placebo in maintaining nicotine abstinence. The superiority of the nicotine-TTS was supported by the trend to a higher craving-for-cigarettes score and significantly higher blood COHb and cigarette consumption in the non-abstainers treated with placebo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Merz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Keller-Stanislawski
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Woodcock
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rietbrock
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D002263:Carboxyhemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine; D002263:Carboxyhemoglobin