title: Treatment of intracranial ependymomas of children: review of a 15-year experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There are still major controversies in the optimal management of children with intracranial ependymomas. To assess the impact of tumor site, histology, and treatment, the outcome of children treated at the Institut Gustave Roussy was reviewed retrospectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1975 and 1989, 80 children aged 4 months to 15.8 years were seen at the Institut Gustave Roussy for postoperative management of an intracranial ependymoma. Location of tumor was infratentorial in 63 cases and supratentorial in 17. Surgical treatment consisted of complete resection in 38, incomplete resection in 38 and biopsy only in 4. Postoperative irradiation was done in 65 patients and chemotherapy in 33. Surviving patients have been followed from 12-197 months with a median of 54 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 5-year actuarial survival and event-free survival are 56% and 38%, respectively. Thirty-four patients relapsed from 3-72 months after diagnosis (median 25 months). In 20 patients, the only site of failure was the original tumor site. Three patients failed locally and at distance, while 10 others failed only at distance. Survival at 5 years was significantly better for patients who had complete resection of the tumor (75% vs. 41%, p = 0.001) and for those who received radiation therapy (63% vs. 23%, p = 0.003). Event-free survival at 5 years was superior in patients with complete resection of the tumor (51% vs. 26%, p = 0.002) and in patients who received radiation therapy (45% vs. 0%, p < 0.001). Sex and tumor site had no impact on survival or event-free survival. There was no difference in survival, event-free survival, or pattern of failure between patients treated with local field, whole brain or craniospinal irradiation, while severe longterm sequelae were noted predominantly in the latter two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering that failures were predominantly local and that there was no apparent benefit from prophylactic irradiation, we recommend local field irradiation with doses above 50.0 Gy for all children with intracranial ependymomas, without meningeal dissemination at diagnosis. Special considerations are necessary for children < 3 years of age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology (Pediatric Unit), Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rousseau
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Habrand
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sarrazin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kalifa
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Terrier-Lacombe
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rekacewicz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004806:Ependymoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D015996:Survival Rate