title: Epidural clonidine treatment for refractory reflex sympathetic dystrophy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intraspinally administered alpha 2-adrenergic agonists may relieve pain in sympathetically maintained pain (SMP) syndromes, such as reflex sympathetically dystrophy (RSD), by spinal, peripheral, and central nervous system actions. This study examined analgesic efficacy and side effects of epidurally administered clonidine in patients with severe, refractory RSD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six patients with severe chronic pain consistent with RSD were studied in a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled design. Cervical or lumbar epidural catheters were inserted for patients with upper or lower extremity RSD, respectively, and patients received, in random order on three consecutive days, epidural injection of clonidine, 300 or 700 micrograms, or placebo. Pain (by visual analog score (VAS) and McGill Pain Questionnaire), sedation, blood pressure, and heart rate were monitored at specified intervals for 6 h after injection. Patients who responded to clonidine, but not placebo, then entered a trial of open-label, continuous epidural infusion of clonidine (10-50 micrograms/h).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clonidine, but not placebo, caused pain relief, sedation, and decreased blood pressure and heart rate after bolus epidural injection. The smaller clonidine dose (300 micrograms), produced pain relief and decreases in blood pressure and heart rate similar to those of the 700 micrograms dose, but with less sedation. Epidural clonidine was infused for a mean of 43 days in 19 patients at a mean rate of 32 micrograms/h for sustained analgesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transdermal clonidine has been demonstrated to produce analgesia in the area surrounding its application site in patients with SMP. The current study indicates that extensive analgesia may be obtained by epidural administration. Sedation and hypotension may limit bolus epidural clonidine administration for RSD. The role for chronic epidural infusion of clonidine has not yet been established.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Wake Forest University Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1009.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Rauck
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Eisenach
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Southern
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007268:Injections, Epidural; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D012019:Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D003000:Clonidine