title: Insulin sensitivity is decreased in normal women by doses of ethinyl estradiol used in oral contraceptives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined the independent effects of various doses of ethinyl estradiol used in oral contraceptives or norethindrone acetate, as well as their combination, on insulin sensitivity in normal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three normal ovulatory female volunteers were recruited for this study. Insulin tolerance tests were performed after carbohydrate loading to determine the kinetic disappearance of glucose and insulin. After initial testing the women were randomized into four groups: ethinyl estradiol 20 micrograms, 35 micrograms, and 50 micrograms and norethindrone 1 mg. Insulin tolerance tests were repeated after 1 month of treatment and again after a second month, when all ethinyl estradiol groups received the addition of norethindrone 1 mg to their doses of ethinyl estradiol. Plasma glucose and insulin were measured, and insulin sensitivity (K(itt) glucose) and the disappearance of insulin (K(itt) insulin) were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All groups were comparable at baseline, and no significant changes in fasting glucose and insulin were evident with treatment. After ingestion of 50 micrograms ethinyl estradiol the K(itt) glucose value decreased significantly (p < 0.03) and ingestion of 20 micrograms and 35 micrograms showed individual changes, but as groups the changes were not statistically significant. All ethinyl estradiol groups combined had a significant decrease in K(itt) glucose (p < 0.01). Norethindrone 1 mg alone did not change K(itt) glucose values, and after the addition of norethindrone to ethinyl estradiol, K(itt) glucose values normalized. K(itt) insulin values were also lower with treatment but were lower with ethinyl estradiol plus norethindrone compared with ethinyl estradiol alone (p < 0.04), suggesting an attenuation of insulin clearance with the progestin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ethinyl estradiol alone decreases insulin sensitivity, and this may occur at lower doses, but norethindrone 1 mg does not appear to do so. However, progestins may alter insulin clearance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kojima
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lindheim
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Vijod
authors.forename: F Z
authors.initials: FZ
authors.lastname: Stanczyk
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lobo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D009640:Norethindrone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; D007328:Insulin; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol; D009640:Norethindrone