title: Relationships between structure and kinetics of cyclization of 2-aminoaryl amides: potential prodrugs of cyclization-activated aromatic mustards.
abstract: 2-Nitroaryl amides of general structure I are proposed as bioreducible prodrugs, capable of releasing cytotoxic aminoaniline mustards V on bioactivation by spontaneous cyclization of the resulting 2-aminoarylamides II via a tetrahedral intermediate, III. This concept allows separate optimization of the substituent effects influencing nitro-group reduction and mustard reactivity. A series of model 2-aminoaryl amides has been synthesized, and their rates of cyclization have been studied; these varied by a factor of more than 50,000-fold (kobs from 0.00040 to 21 min-1) at pH 2.4. For three compounds studied in detail, the rates were linearly dependent of pH, indicating that no change in the mechanism of the rate-determining step occurs over the pH range studied. The nucleophilicity of the amino group had a modest influence on the kinetics of cyclization, with electron-withdrawing groups slowing the rate. The geometry of the compound was also important, with structure-activity relationships indicating that the rate of cyclization is greatly enhanced by the preorganization of the molecule. In contrast, 4-substitution on the leaving aniline by a variety of groups had little effect on the cyclization reaction. These results are consistent with the rate-determining step being formation of the tetrahedral intermediate. These model studies suggest that the phenyldimethylacetamide system could be developed as a prodrug system for the bioreductively-triggered release of amines. Further substantial rate enhancements appear possible by alterations in the geometry of the system, whereas substitution of electron-withdrawing groups (required to raise the nitro-group reduction potential into the appropriate range) has only relatively modest retardation effects on rates of cyclization. More rigid systems may also be useful; a nitronaphthaleneacetamide analogue cyclized spontaneously during nitro-group reduction, suggesting a very short half-life for the reduced intermediate (amine or hydroxylamine).
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Atwell
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Sykes
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Denny
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003500:Cyclization; D004563:Electrochemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009150:Mustard Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000737:chemistry*; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D009150:Mustard Compounds; D011355:Prodrugs