title: Lithium chloride suppresses the synthesis of messenger RNA for infected cell protein-4 and viral deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase in herpes simplex virus-1 infected endothelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients treated with lithium salts for manic depression had a lower incidence of herpes simplex infections. Initial studies in our laboratory demonstrated that addition of LiCl in cultures of human endothelial cells infected with herpes simplex virus suppressed viral replication and allowed synthesis of host proteins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on the above observations, we decided to study the optimal condition for the lithium effect and determine the process of inhibition of viral replication. Endothelial cell cultures infected with herpes simplex virus-1 were exposed to LiCl at various times postinfection. The levels of host and viral mRNAs were measured by Northern and slot blot hybridization. The pattern of protein synthesis was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblot and replication was assessed by plaque assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LiCl inhibited virus replication in a dose- and time-dependent manner as was reflected in the sharp decrease or absence of infectious virus production. The condition for optimal effects of LiCl were the addition of the salt between 0-3 hours postinfection, and at a concentration of 30 mM. LiCl suppressed the synthesis of viral polypeptides, whereas the synthesis of host proteins was maintained. Similar results were observed with phosphonoacetic acid, an inhibitor of viral DNA polymerase. NaCl, at the same concentration as LiCl, did not prevent the virus-induced inhibition of host cell protein synthesis. The level of host mRNA for fibronectin, thrombospondin, collagen type IV, actin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were maintained in the presence of LiCl. mRNAs for viral proteins, ICP-4 and DNA polymerase were nearly undetectable when LiCl was added with the virus (0 time postinfection).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data indicate that LiCl treatment results in suppression of herpes virus mRNAs, i.e., mRNAs for ICP-4 and DNA polymerase, thereby inhibiting replication. On the other hand, the levels of host mRNAs are maintained to varying degrees depending on the message. The data suggest that a very early step in the process of viral replication is affected by LiCl, since the drug is maximally effective when added with the virus.
authors.affiliation: Connective Tissue Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ziaie
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Brinker
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Kefalides
mesh_terms: D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D004727:Endothelium / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018021:Lithium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010746:Phosphonoacetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012367:RNA, Viral; C048925:herpes simplex virus, type 1 protein ICP4; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; D018021:Lithium Chloride; D010746:Phosphonoacetic Acid