title: Spasmolytic polypeptide: a trefoil peptide secreted by rat gastric mucous cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Spasmolytic polypeptide (SP) is a trefoil peptide expressed in the digestive tract. This study aimed to determine the structure and distribution of SP expression in the rat gastrointestinal tract.
  
  
  METHODS
  The structure of rat SP was determined from the sequence of complementary DNAs isolated from antral RNA. SP gene expression was localized by Northern blotting and in situ hybridization in the adult and fetal rat digestive tract. Expression of the SP peptide was localized by immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SP messenger (m)RNA was found predominantly in the stomach with highest expression in the antrum. High levels of SP mRNA were expressed in the fetal stomach before gastrin and somatostatin expression. Surprisingly, SP mRNA and peptide did not colocalize in the gastric mucosa, SP mRNA being superficial to SP peptide immunoreactivity throughout the gastric mucosa. Abundant SP immunoreactivity was seen in the lumen of the gastric glands and the mucus layer adherent to the gastric mucosa, indicating luminal secretion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the rat, SP is a peptide secreted predominantly from antral mucous cell. The high concentrations of SP in the adherent gastric mucus layer (approximately 10 mumol/L) suggest that SP functions as a structural peptide rather than a regulatory peptide.
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Jeffrey
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Oates
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Babyatsky
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Brand
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000737:chemistry; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000737:chemistry*; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009077:Mucins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D010455:Peptides; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D000071164:Trefoil Factor-2; D000071165:Trefoil Factor-3
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D006133:Growth Substances; D009077:Mucins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D010455:Peptides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C099037:TFF3 protein, rat; C000604008:Tff2 protein, rat; D000071164:Trefoil Factor-2; D000071165:Trefoil Factor-3