Education and mortality from cancer in São Paulo, Brazil.
This study investigated social class differentials in cancer mortality in São Paulo county, Brazil, for the period 1978 to 1982. A measure of socioeconomic status based on education was used, and cancer risk by level of education was estimated by a case-control approach in which other cancers were considered as controls. For most cancers, the socioeconomic differences in risk were similar to those found in western Europe and North America. For lung cancer, however, the highest risk was observed in men and women with the most education. Other cancers related to tobacco--cancer of the larynx, pharynx, and esophagus--showed a negative association with education. The differences between social classes in consumption habits of alcohol and maté and the use of black tobacco are probably responsible for these contrasting patterns. For breast and cervix uteri cancer the social class patterns were similar to those found in developed countries--a positive relationship for breast and a negative one for cervix uteri cancer. The magnitude of the differences observed between social classes for these cancers was frequently greater in South America than in the United States or western Europe.
Bouchardy
C
C
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France.
Parkin
D M
DM
Khlat
M
M
Mirra
A P
AP
Kogevinas
M
M
De Lima
F D
FD
Ferreira
C E
CE
D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology