title: Heterodimeric DNA-binding dyes designed for energy transfer: stability and applications of the DNA complexes.
abstract: Spectroscopic studies of the complexes of double-stranded (ds) DNA with the polymethylene-amine linked heterodimers thiazole orange-thiazole blue, thiazole orange-ethidium, and fluorescein-ethidium, in each case show efficient energy transfer from donor to acceptor chromophores (Benson, S.C., Singh, P. and Glazer, A.N. (1993) accompanying manuscript). A quantitative assay of the stability of such complexes during gel electrophoresis is presented. The off-rate of dye from complexes formed at an initial dsDNA bp:dye ratio > or = 10:1 follows strict first-order kinetics. The t0.5 values for the dissociation of a series of related dyes provide a quantitative criterion for the design of DNA-binding fluorophores. Complexes of dsDNA with the monomeric propidium and cyanine dyes, [1-(9-amino-4,7-diazanonyl)-3,8-diamino-6-phenyl-phenanthridinium bromide trihydrobromide] and (N,N'-tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamino)propyl thiazole orange [4-[3-methyl-2,3-dihydro-(benzo-1,3-thiazole)-2-methylidenyl]-1-(4 ,4,8-trimethyl-4,8-diazanonyl)-quinolinium diiodide], are much more stable than those with their widely used counterparts, ethidium and thiazole orange. Applications of the new dyes in post-staining of gels and in the multiplex detection of DNA restriction fragments are presented.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mathies
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Glazer
mesh_terms: D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism*; D004735:Energy Transfer; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism*; D007700:Kinetics; D015394:Molecular Structure
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D004247:DNA