title: Dose-response study of N,N-dimethyltryptamine in humans. II. Subjective effects and preliminary results of a new rating scale.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Validation of animal models of hallucinogenic drugs' subjective effects requires human data. Previous human studies used varied groups of subjects and assessment methods. Rating scales for hallucinogen effects emphasized psychodynamic principles or the drugs' dysphoric properties. We describe the subjective effects of graded doses of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), an endogenous hallucinogen and drug of abuse, in a group of experienced hallucinogen users. We also present preliminary data from a new rating scale for these effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve highly motivated volunteers received two doses (0.04 and 0.4 mg/kg) of intravenous (IV) dimethyltryptamine fumarate "nonblind," before entering a double-blind, saline placebo-controlled, randomized study using four doses of IV DMT. Subjects were carefully interviewed after resolution of drug effects, providing thorough and systematic descriptions of DMT's effects. They also were administered a new instrument, the Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS). The HRS was drafted from interviews obtained from an independent sample of 19 experienced DMT users, and modified during early stages of the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Psychological effects of IV DMT began almost immediately after administration, peaked at 90 to 120 seconds, and were almost completely resolved by 30 minutes. This time course paralleled DMT blood levels previously described. Hallucinogenic effects were seen after 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg of dimethyltryptamine fumarate, and included a rapidly moving, brightly colored visual display of images. Auditory effects were less common. "Loss of control," associated with a brief, but overwhelming "rush," led to a dissociated state, where euphoria alternated or coexisted with anxiety. These effects completely replaced subjects' previously ongoing mental experience and were more vivid and compelling than dreams or waking awareness. Lower doses, 0.1 and 0.05 mg/kg, were primarily affective and somaesthetic, while 0.1 mg/kg elicited the least desirable effects. Clustering of HRS items, using either a clinical, mental status method or principal components factor analysis provided better resolution of dose effects than did the biological variables described previously.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These clinical and preliminary quantitative data provide bases for further psychopharmacologic characterization of DMT's properties in humans. They also may be used to compare the effects of other agents affecting relevant brain receptors in volunteer and psychiatric populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Strassman
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Qualls
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Uhlenhuth
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kellner
mesh_terms: D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D003243:Consciousness / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004644:Emotions / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D004130:N,N-Dimethyltryptamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010919:Placebos; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000187:drug effects; D014836:Volition / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D010919:Placebos; D004130:N,N-Dimethyltryptamine