title: Impaired posthypoxic relaxation in single cardiac myocytes: role of intracellular pH and inorganic phosphate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to examine the effects of alterations in intracellular pH and inorganic phosphate concentration (known to influence myofilament kinetics and to change rapidly during hypoxia) on cell contraction, relaxation, and the Ca2+ transient in normoxic and hypoxic myocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single adult rat ventricular myocytes were electrically stimulated (0.2 Hz) and cell length (photodiode array), intracellular Ca2+ (indo-1 fluorescence), or intracellular pH (SNARF-1 fluorescence) measured. Hypoxia was induced in a special open chamber in which a laminar layer of argon prevented the back diffusion of atmospheric oxygen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Electrically stimulated contraction was preserved during exposure to hypoxia. At reoxygenation 10 minutes later the time from the stimulus to the peak of contraction (TPK) increased by 30(SEM 9)% and the time from the peak of contraction to 50% recovery of cell length (RT50) increased by 59(13)% relative to prehypoxic values (n = 8). These changes were not accompanied by a change in the kinetics of the Ca2+ transient. pHi fell from a baseline of 7.33(0.04) to 7.25(0.03) during hypoxia and then overshot to 7.44(0.03) at reoxygenation (n = 5). Since an intracellular alkalosis can slow myofilament relaxation, proton extrusion routes were blocked to examine posthypoxic relaxation in the absence of an alkalosis. Despite inhibition of the pHi overshoot, posthypoxic relaxation remained impaired. Intracellular inorganic phosphate levels were manipulated in two protocols (2-deoxyglucose to "trap" phosphate and Tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane to buffer phosphate) and both TPK and RT50 increased in normoxic cells. Having established that these two interventions, which would be expected to decrease intracellular inorganic phosphate, result in a slowing of relaxation, myocytes were first phosphate loaded (exposed to 5.0 mM phosphate) and then made hypoxic and reoxygenated after 10 min to blunt the expected fall in phosphate accompanying reoxygenation. This led to a reduction in the slowing of contraction and relaxation following reoxygenation [TPK increased by 7(5)% and RT50 by 17(9)%, n = 8; p < 0.05 v cells studied in control buffer].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Impaired posthypoxic relaxation is not the result of changes in pHi but is attenuated by phosphate loading of cells and may be due to a rapid decrease in intracellular phosphate accompanying the resynthesis of high energy phosphates at reoxygenation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Bertoni
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adrian
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mankad
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Silverman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D048429:Cell Size / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism*; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010710:Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D010710:Phosphates; D002118:Calcium