title: Cognitive-behavioral techniques to reduce pain: a validation study.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify and validate specific activities considered important in the implementation of three non-pharmacologic pain management interventions--relaxation, distraction and guided imagery. Using a two-round Delphi survey, nurses selected for their expertise in pain management were asked to validate definitions and activities considered important in the implementation of each of these strategies. Data were analyzed using a modification of Fehring's diagnostic content validity method. From this process, a list of activities for each intervention evolved that has implications for nursing research, practice and education.
authors.affiliation: University of Iowa, College of Nursing, Iowa City 52242.
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Mobily
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Herr
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Kelley
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D003697:Delphi Technique; D004522:Educational Status; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination; D009726:Nurses; D012064:Relaxation Therapy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012931:Social Environment