title: A cross-national self-report measure of depressive symptomatology.
abstract: The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CES-D) was administered in Swedish to two representative samples, one aged 84 to 90 (mean = 87), the second aged 29 to 95 (mean = 61). There were both linear and quadratic differences with age: the oldest individuals were highest on depressive symptoms, but younger adults were higher than middle-aged. Dimensions or subscales identified by previous studies were generally replicated, including a sadness and depressed mood factor, a psychomotor retardation and loss of energy factor, and a well-being factor (on which items are reverse-scored to indicate depression). The findings support cross-national use of the CES-D to assess self-reported symptoms of depression in adults and older adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gatz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reynolds
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology