title: Psychosocial risks for major depression in late adolescence: a longitudinal community study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An ongoing 14-year longitudinal study examined psychosocial antecedents of major depression in late adolescence in a community population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 385 adolescents followed between the ages of 5 and 18 years. Early health, familial, behavior, academic, and environmental risks for major depression were identified using data collected at ages 5, 9, 15, and 18 years. At age 18, a lifetime diagnosis of major depression was assessed using the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS-III-R).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For males, neonatal health problems, dependence problems at age 5 years, perceived unpopularity and poorer perceptions of their role in the family at age 9 years, remarriage of a parent, early family discord, and anxiety at age 15 years significantly increased the risk of developing major depression. Females with major depression, compared with nondepressed females, had older parents and came from larger families, and at age 9 years had greater perceived unpopularity and anxiety, lower self-esteem, and poorer perceptions of their role in the family. Depressed females also reported more stressful life events, including death of parent and pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Underscoring the importance of early psychosocial factors in the later development of major depression and pointing to specific risks, our findings can aid in developing strategies for prevention and early intervention.
authors.affiliation: Simmons College School of Social Work, Boston, MA 02116.
authors.forename: H Z
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Reinherz
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Giaconia
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pakiz
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Lefkowitz
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003155:Community Mental Health Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D004777:Environment; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors