title: Usefulness of an intravenous contrast medium in the characterization of high-grade internal carotid stenosis with color Doppler-assisted duplex imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The remaining limitations of ultrasonographic imaging in accurately quantifying internal carotid stenosis or diagnosing internal carotid occlusion may be overcome by enhancing the echogenicity of flowing arterial blood with contrast agents. This study assessed the usefulness of the intravenous (transpulmonary) contrast medium SH U 508 A in improving the characterization and quantification of severe internal carotid stenosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 32 patients (30 had vessels with a stenosis of greater than 70% luminal narrowing and 2 had vessel occlusions) using a 7.5-MHz linear-array transducer for color Doppler-assisted duplex imaging before and after injection of the contrast medium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SH U 508 A-induced increase in carotid blood echogenicity began 11 +/- 2 (mean +/- SD) seconds after the start of the bolus injection, peaked at 21 +/- 2 dB, and showed a half-life of 75 seconds. Quantitative vascular measurements (cross-sectional luminal area reduction and plaque length, respectively) obtained before and after contrast application were highly correlated (r > .90). Visualization of the entire length of the intrastenotic residual flow lumen, however, was significantly improved by contrast enhancement (52% versus 83%, P = .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This pilot study on patients with extracranial carotid artery disease suggested that ultrasonic contrast media may be most useful in improving the ultrasonography-based diagnosis of internal carotid occlusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, FRG.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sitzer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fürst
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siebler
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Steinmetz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004453:Echoencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011336:Probability
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D011134:Polysaccharides; C059891:SHU 508