title: Transvaginal ultrasonographic diagnosis of bladder-wall invasion in patients with cervical cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the use of transvaginal ultrasonography for diagnosing invasion of the bladder by cervical cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one women with stages Ib-IIIb cervical cancer underwent radical hysterectomy or staging laparotomy. All had computed tomography (CT) scans and cystoscopic examinations, and five also underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). During transvaginal ultrasonography, a transvaginal transducer was inserted into the anterior fornix of the vagina and the bladder wall was studied in the sagittal plane. The moveability of the bladder wall was assessed by the ability of the bladder to slide along the uterine cervix when the probe was pushed up against the bladder from the anterior fornix. Moveability was considered to indicate an intact bladder wall.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The accuracy of transvaginal ultrasonography was superior to that of the other methods for detecting bladder-wall invasion by cervical cancer. The accuracy was 95% for transvaginal ultrasonography, 76% for CT, 86% for cystoscopy, and 80% for MRI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transvaginal ultrasonographic examination is useful for detecting invasion of the bladder wall by cervical cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tottori University School of Medicine, Yonago, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iwamoto
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kigawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Minagawa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Terakawa
mesh_terms: D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*