title: [Ectopic pregnancy in tropical climate. An ultrasonographic study of 93 consecutive cases].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is common in Cameroon, and incidence is increasing. Ultrasound (US), has been shown to play a key role in its diagnosis, particularly when the transvaginal (TV) route is used. The purpose of our work is to describe sonographic features of EP, and to assess the role of the transvaginal route in the diagnosis of this disease in our environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was prospectively carried in the US unit of the Yaoundé University teaching Hospital (Cameroon) during a 2 year period. 502 patients aged 14 to 45 were included because of clinical suspicion of EP. The criteria for sonographic diagnosis of EP were the presence of an embryo outside the uterus, a ring-like adnexal structure, or complex adnexal mass separate from the ovaries, in conjunction with free peritoneal fluid. The EP was considered ruptured if significant fluid was found in the upper peritoneal recesses. The diagnosis was confirmed by laparoscopy or laparotomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety six patients were found to have an EP. 56 patients had only TV pelvic US, 13 had both TV and TA routes, and 24 patients had only TA pelvic US. The mean age was 29 years (interval: 17-42). The main clinical findings included: pain (88%), amenorhea (84%), bleeding (72%), cardio-vascular instability (14%), pelvic mass (9%). The pregnancy was tubal for 93 patients, and abdominal for 3. It was ruptured for 46 (49%). Adnexal abnormalities were present for 86 patients (92%). These were a gestational sac (78%) with a living embryo in 31 patients (33%), or a complex adnexal mass (15%). Uterine findings (40%) included: endometrial thickening (20%), pseudosac (19%), fibroids (6%). An ovarian cysts was present for 10 patients. As a rule, TV route delineated all these findings better than the TA route.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An exceptionally high proportion of EP was seen after rupture in this study. Our recommendations include: educate patients to seek immediate medical advice for any missed period associated with pain, increase health providers' awareness of EP, and promote availability of TVUS.
authors.affiliation: Département de Radiologie et Imagerie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Biomedicales, Université de Yaoundé, Cameroun.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nko'o Amvene
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biwole
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kasia
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shasha
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Essane
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oyono
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kamdom Mayo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Doh
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Edzoa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002163:Cameroon / Q000453:epidemiology; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011271:Pregnancy, Ectopic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014329:Tropical Climate; D014463:Ultrasonography
vernacular_title: La grossesse extra-utérine en milieu tropical. Une étude échographique de 93 cas consécutifs.