title: Rectal diazepam for prehospital pediatric status epilepticus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the feasibility, effectiveness, and safety of rectal diazepam and intravenous diazepam in the treatment of pediatric prehospital status epilepticus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of a 30-month consecutive sample of ambulance-transported children in a large urban emergency medical service region.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study group included 324 patients with seizure who were less than 18 years of age; 36 had status epilepticus, of whom 16 received rectal diazepam and 15 received IV diazepam.
  
  
  METHODS
  For children with status epilepticus, paramedics administered the 5-mg/mL IV solution of diazepam by one of two routes: rectally either through a 5F feeding tube with an attached syringe or by lubricated tuberculin syringe inserted 4 to 5 cm into the rectum at a one-time dose of 0.2 to 0.5 mg/kg or intravenously using a one-time dose of 0.1 to 0.3 mg/kg. Cardiopulmonary status was carefully monitored in the field and emergency department.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen of 16 children (81%) who received rectal diazepam stopped seizing after a single dose ranging from 0.16 to 0.57 mg/kg. Convulsions recurred before arrival at the ED in four of the 13 (30.8%). All of three patients who did not respond to rectal diazepam initially were 3 to 5 years old and had serious underlying comorbidity; two required endotracheal intubation in the ED and multiple anticonvulsants to terminate the seizure. No child treated with rectal diazepam required prehospital endotracheal intubation. All children who received IV diazepam stopped seizing after one dose ranging from 0.04 to 0.33 mg/kg. Convulsions recurred before arrival at the ED in nine of 15 children (60%); two required prehospital endotracheal intubation for profound respiratory depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rectal diazepam is a simple, effective, and safe method of prehospital management of pediatric status epilepticus. Compared with IV diazepam, rectal diazepam is easier to administer, especially in infants and toddlers; is equally efficacious; and is less likely to produce respiratory depression. Although respiratory depression is rare with rectal diazepam, prehospital personnel must be prepared to provide definitive respiratory support. Short duration of action is an important limitation of both treatments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Services, San Francisco General Hospital.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Dieckmann
mesh_terms: D000285:Administration, Rectal; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003975:Diazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004630:Emergencies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D003975:Diazepam