title: Wound complications and treatment of the infected implantable cardioverter defibrillator generator.
abstract: Since 1980, the automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) has evolved as effective therapy for prevention of sudden cardiac death following documented sustained ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. During a 5-year period, 412 ICD devices were implanted at the University of Michigan Hospitals with a wound complication rate of 4.1%. In this group, there were 13 infections, 3 erosions of the generator pocket, and 1 wound hematoma. Of the 16 patients with infection or erosion, 12 patients were treated with a rectus abdominis muscle flap closure and 4 with ICD generator removal. In 83% (n = 12) of the muscle flap patients, the wound healed uneventfully. Preoperative chest CT scanning was found to be helpful in identifying probable infection of the epicardial leads. In these cases, all hardware had to be removed to achieve resolution of the infection. We concluded that rectus abdominis muscle flaps were helpful in salvaging infected or exposed ICD generators in the absence of infected epicardial leads.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospitals, Ann Arbor 48109-0340.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Prevel
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shaheen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wilkens
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Kirsh
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Bolling
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Rees
mesh_terms: D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000628:therapy; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012086:Reoperation; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000601:surgery*; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000628:therapy; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000628:therapy