title: Evaluation of risk of hemorrhagic transformation in local intra-arterial thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke by initial SPECT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Thrombolytic therapy was carried out on patients with acute ischemic stroke, and the risk of hemorrhagic transformation was evaluated from the residual cerebral blood flow (CBF) by pretherapeutic single-photon emission-computed tomography (SPECT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Local intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy was carried out using urokinase or recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) within 6 hours from the onset in 34 patients in whom no hypodensity areas were observed on the initial computed tomography examination. In the 20 patients with carotid territory occlusion who underwent 99mTc-labeled hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (99mTc-HMPAO) SPECT, the residual CBF of the ischemic region was evaluated semiquantitatively by calculating two parameters: the ischemic regional activity to cerebellar activity ratio (R/CE ratio) and asymmetry index (AI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The occluded vessels could be recanalized in 22 (92%) of the 24 patients in the urokinase group and in all 10 of the patients in the rt-PA group. Hemorrhagic transformation appeared in 4 patients in the urokinase group and 3 patients in the rt-PA group. Among the 20 patients who underwent SPECT before the treatment, the residual CBF was lower in the 5 patients who developed hemorrhagic transformation than in the 15 who did not (P < .05). Hemorrhagic transformation occurred in all patients with R/CE ratio of less than 0.35 and AI of more than 1.5.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of hemorrhagic transformation after recanalization of occluded vessels by local intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy was considered to be high when the pretherapeutic residual CBF was markedly reduced.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Ehime University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hatakeyama
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kumon
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sakaki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uraoka
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D010091:Oximes; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012307:Risk Factors; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D010091:Oximes; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator