title: Phosphorylation of Bacillus subtilis transcription factor Spo0A stimulates transcription from the spoIIG promoter by enhancing binding to weak 0A boxes.
abstract: Activation of the spoIIG promoter at the onset of sporulation in Bacillus subtilis requires the regulatory protein, Spo0A, which binds to two sites in the promoter, sites 1 and 2. Phosphorylation of Spo0A is essential for the initiation of sporulation. Therefore, we examined the role of Spo0A phosphorylation in spoIIG promoter activation. Phosphorylation of Spo0A stimulated transcription from the spoIIG promoter in vitro. In DNAse I footprinting experiments with the spoIIG promoter, we found that phosphorylation of Spo0A increased its affinity for site 2 more than for site 1, which is the site to which nonphosphorylated Spo0A binds most avidly. This result could not be explained by increased cooperativity between Spo0A bound at sites 1 and 2 because the increased affinity for site 2 by phosphorylated Spo0A was also observed with a deletion derivative of the spoIIG promoter containing only site 2. We have located Spo0A-binding sequences in the spoIIG promoter by DMS protection assays and mutational analysis, and found that site 1 contains one higher-affinity binding sequence whereas site 2 contains two weaker-binding sites. Two substitutions in site 2 of the spoIIG promoter that change the sequence to be more like an optimal Spo0A-binding site were found to increase promoter activity. Moreover, phosphorylation of Spo0A was not required in vivo for activation of the spoIIG promoter containing these strong binding sites. The results suggest that the primary role for phosphorylation of Spo0A is to increase its affinity for specific sites rather than to activate an activity of Spo0A that acts on RNA polymerase at promoters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Baldus
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Youngman
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Moran
mesh_terms: D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000235:genetics*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002457:Cell Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000378:metabolism*; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011485:Protein Binding; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D012808:Sigma Factor; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D002457:Cell Extracts; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012808:Sigma Factor; C080950:Spo0A protein, Bacillus subtilis; D014157:Transcription Factors; C063202:sporulation-specific sigma factors