title: Thyroid dysfunction in African trypanosomiasis: a possible role for inflammatory cytokines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis) is an anthropozoonosis transmitted by the tsetse fly. The treatments of choice are the antiparasitic agents suramin and/or melarsoprol. Experimental infection of animals with Trypanosoma brucei results in inflammatory lesions in the pituitary and/or the thyroid gland. In biochemical terms, these animals have hypothyroidism. We evaluated the functional integrity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in patients with African trypanosomiasis before, during and after specific therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, controlled, cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-five patients with sleeping sickness (31 female, 34 male; aged 18-66; 32 with haemolymphatic sleeping sickness receiving suramin i.v., 33 with cerebral sleeping sickness receiving melarsoprol) and 13 control subjects (6 female, 7 male; aged 21-60) were enrolled in a cross-sectional study after giving informed consent. Fourteen patients were studied shortly after admission for sleeping sickness, 19 in the middle of the course of treatment, 18 at the end of the 5-week treatment period, and 14 patients after cure. All subjects underwent a TRH stimulation test at 1200 with bolus injection of 400 micrograms TRH i.v. Blood was drawn for determination of fT3, fT4, TSH, rT3, TNF-alpha, IL-1 and IL-6 at 0 minutes and TSH at 60 minutes. All hormones and cytokines were determined by RIA or ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline TSH concentrations (mean +/- SEM) were elevated in unmedicated patients with sleeping sickness compared to normal subjects (2.6 +/- 0.4 vs 1.4 +/- 0.2 mU/l; P = 0.01), whereas fT3 (2.7 +/- 0.5 vs 5.8 +/- 0.3 pmol/l; P = 0.0002) and fT4 concentrations (10.3 +/- 1.2 vs 15.4 + 0.8 pmol/l; P = 0.007) were low. Stimulated TSH concentrations did not significantly differ from normal controls. Reverse T3 concentration in patients with sleeping sickness were normal (2.2 +/- 0.3 vs 2.4 +/- 0.2 nmol/l; P = NS). During the course of treatment, baseline TSH, fT3 and fT4 concentrations slowly returned to normal and were indistinguishable from controls after cure. Plasma concentrations of TNF-alpha (16.0 +/- 4.1 vs 2.9 +/- 1.4 ng/l in controls; P = 0.003) and interleukin-6 (19.2 +/- 7.3 vs 1.3 +/- 0.2 ng/l; P = 0.0001), but not interleukin-1 beta (2.0 +/- 0.2 vs 0.9 +/- 0.2, ng/l P = NS), were elevated, when thyroid function impairment and disease activity were at their maximum, but gradually decreased into the normal range with therapy. We found a negative correlation between baseline cytokine concentrations and fT3 concentrations (TNF-alpha: r = -0.34, P = 0.003; IL-6: r = -0.43, P = 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that unmedicated sleeping sickness is associated with significant impairment of thyroid function, which is reversed with specific therapy. Elevated TSH concentrations and low fT3 and fT4 concentrations suggest primary hypothyroidism in patients with sleeping sickness. However, an additional pituitary and/or hypothalamic component cannot be excluded. This impairment may be due to the elevated plasma cytokine concentrations found in these patients or may be the result of parasitic thyroiditis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Würzburg, FRG.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reincke
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Allolio
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Petzke
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heppner
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mbulamberi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vollmer
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Winkelmann
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Chrousos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007378:Interleukins / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013960:Thyroid Function Tests; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood; D013973:Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000097:blood; D016833:Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense; D014353:Trypanosomiasis, African / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007378:Interleukins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014284:Triiodothyronine; D013973:Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone; D013972:Thyrotropin; D013974:Thyroxine