title: Cost-effectiveness of a routine varicella vaccination program for US children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the economic consequences of a routine varicella vaccination program that targets healthy children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Decision analysis was used to compare the costs, outcomes, and cost-effectiveness of a routine vaccination program with no intervention. Clinical outcomes were based on a mathematical model of vaccine efficacy that relied on published and unpublished data and on expert opinion. Medical utilization rates and costs were collected from multiple sources, including the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program and the California Hospital Discharge Database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A routine varicella vaccination program for healthy children would prevent 94% of all potential cases of chickenpox, provided the vaccination coverage rate is 97% at school entry. It would cost approximately $162 million annually if one dose of vaccine per child were recommended at a cost of $35 per dose. From the societal perspective, which includes work-loss costs as well as medical costs, the program would save more than $5 for every dollar invested in vaccination. However, from the health care payer's perspective (medical costs only), the program would cost approximately $2 per chickenpox case prevented, or $2500 per life-year saved. The medical cost of disease prevention was sensitive to the vaccination coverage rate and vaccine price but was relatively insensitive to assumptions about vaccine efficacy within plausible ranges. An additional program for catch-up vaccination of 12-year-olds would have high incremental costs if the vaccination coverage rate of children of preschool age were 97%, but would result in net savings at a coverage rate of 50%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A routine varicella vaccination program for healthy children would result in net savings from the societal perspective, which includes work-loss costs as well as medical costs. Compared with other prevention programs, it would also be relatively cost-effective from the health care payer's perspective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Lieu
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Cochi
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Halloran
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Shinefield
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wharton
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Washington
mesh_terms: D000212:Acyclovir / Q000191:economics; D002644:Chickenpox / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019433:Chickenpox Vaccine; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015397:Program Evaluation; D014481:United States; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*
chemical_list: D019433:Chickenpox Vaccine; D014765:Viral Vaccines; D000212:Acyclovir