title: Hormonal profile in mild heart failure.
abstract: Neurohormonal activation is a fundamental component in the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure. In fact it represents a mechanism consecutive to cardiac dysfunction that favours the development of congestion and of further heart failure through vasoconstriction and water and salt retention. The time of onset and the mechanisms responsible for neurohormonal activation in heart failure are not defined. This brief article reviews this topic and summarizes the findings of studies that investigated the dynamic adaptations of hormonal mechanisms in the milder or initial stages of heart failure. An early characterization and detection of the abnormalities of the hormonal responses to salt or volume changes may be useful for a better comprehension and the treatment of the initial stage of the disease.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Volpe
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tritto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Condorelli
mesh_terms: D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000502:physiology*; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000502:physiology*; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine