title: Components of drinking water and risk of cognitive impairment in the elderly.
abstract: The relation between aluminum, fluorine, calcium, and pH in drinking water and the risk for cognitive impairment was studied using data collected in 1988-1989 in a population-based survey of 3,777 French men and women aged 65 years and older (the Paquid study). Cognitive impairment was defined as a score lower than 24 on the Mini-Mental State Examination. Data related to drinking water came from two prospective measurement surveys whose reliability was checked by a variability study. A mixed effects logistic regression was performed, adjusting for the effects of the age, sex, educational level, and occupation of the participants. A significant protective effect was found for high calcium concentration (odds ratio = 0.8 for a concentration > or = 75 mg vs. < 75 mg, p = 0.015). For aluminum, no significant effect was found when pH was not included in the model, but the results showed a weak interaction between aluminum and pH. When the four variables (calcium, aluminum, pH, and aluminum x pH interaction) were considered in the statistical analysis as a group, this group was significantly related to cognitive impairment (p = 0.01).
authors.affiliation: INSERM U330, Université de Bordeaux II, France.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jacqmin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Commenges
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Letenneur
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barberger-Gateau
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Dartigues
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000535:Aluminum / Q000633:toxicity*; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002118:Calcium; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000633:toxicity*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D012307:Risk Factors; D014867:Water / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D007854:Lead; D000535:Aluminum; D002118:Calcium