title: Loss of endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and nitric oxide release after myocardial protection with University of Wisconsin solution.
abstract: University of Wisconsin solution has proved to be a superior form of cardioplegia for cardiac transplantation, demonstrating better functional recovery than that provided by extracellular crystalloid solutions. Furthermore, experimental data have suggested a role for University of Wisconsin solution in protection of the neonatal heart during operations for congenital heart defects. However, significant concerns have been raised regarding potential endothelial injury from the high potassium concentration contained in University of Wisconsin solution that could affect its safety and thus its clinical application. Fourteen neonatal (aged 1 to 3 days) piglet hearts were harvested and supported on an isolated, blood-perfused circuit. Endothelium-dependent vasodilatation was measured by bradykinin (10(-6) mol/L) infusion and nitric oxide release was determined. Endothelium-independent vasodilatation was then induced by sodium nitroprusside (10(-6) mol/L) infusion. A 2-hour period of cold cardioplegic arrest was instituted with multidose University of Wisconsin solution (group 1, n = 7) or blood cardioplegia (group 2, n = 7). After reperfusion and stabilization, another stimulation with bradykinin and nitroprusside was carried out and nitric oxide was again measured. After 2 hours of arrest with University of Wisconsin solution, there was a near-complete loss of vasodilatation in response to bradykinin infusion; coronary blood flow reached 245% of baseline before arrest versus only 117% of baseline after arrest (p = 0.0011). This correlated with an inability of the endothelium to release nitric oxide (96 +/- 30 nmol/min before arrest versus -32 +/- 9 nmol/min after arrest, p = 0.0039. In group 2, the vasodilatory response to bradykinin was preserved after arrest and reperfusion; 265% of baseline before arrest versus 222% of baseline after arrest. These results demonstrate a loss of endothelium-dependent vasodilatation after multidose University of Wisconsin cardioplegia caused by the inability of the endothelium to release nitric oxide. In contrast, blood cardioplegia does not result in impaired endothelial function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California, Medical School, Los Angeles.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pearl
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Laks
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Drinkwater
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Sorensen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Aharon
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Byrns
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Ignarro
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000633:toxicity; D000493:Allopurinol / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions / Q000633:toxicity*; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000633:toxicity; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007328:Insulin / Q000633:toxicity; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D019188:Organ Preservation Solutions; D011887:Raffinose / Q000633:toxicity; D013552:Swine; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D007328:Insulin; D019188:Organ Preservation Solutions; C055206:University of Wisconsin-lactobionate solution; D009599:Nitroprusside; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000493:Allopurinol; D005978:Glutathione; D000241:Adenosine; D011887:Raffinose; D001920:Bradykinin