title: Sexual dimorphism in the human face assessed by euclidean distance matrix analysis.
abstract: The form of any object can be viewed as a combination of size and shape. A recently proposed method (euclidean distance matrix analysis) can differentiate between size and shape differences. It has been applied to analyse the sexual dimorphism in facial form in a sample of 108 healthy young adults (57 men, 51 women). The face was wider and longer in men than in women. A global shape difference was demonstrated, the male face being more rectangular and the female face more square. Gender variations involved especially the lower third of the face and, in particular, the position of the pogonion relative to the other structures.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Stomatognatico, Istituto di Anatomia Umana Normale, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: V F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Ferrario
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sforza
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pizzini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D012727:Sex Characteristics