title: The role of nonionic myelography in the diagnosis of lumbar disc herniation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The accuracy and safety of nonionic myelography, unenhanced computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance (MR) in the diagnosis of lumbar disc herniation are reviewed. The comparative costs of these tests are also considered.
  
  
  METHODS
  The accuracy of imaging tests that diagnose disc herniations was established by conducting a Medline search between 1985 and 1992. The morbidity associated with these tests are less formally established from selected articles. Finally, the mediocre reimbursement rates of these tests are reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evolution of nonionic contrast media from the first to the second generation has been accompanied by a notable decrease in adverse reactions. Although nonionic myelograms are now better tolerated by patients, noninvasive imaging with CT and MR imaging has become as accurate as or more accurate than lumbar myelography, and should replace it as a screening test. Computed tomography may have advantages over MR imaging when issues of availability and cost are considered. In contrast to lumbar myelography, CT myelography may continue to be a useful method for clarifying ambiguous results of noninvasive tests. The morbidity associated with CT myelography can be minimized by using low doses of a nonionic agent, keeping the patient well hydrated, and using a small lumbar puncture needle. The incidence of adverse reactions can be expected to decrease further as new nonionic dimers become clinically available.
authors.affiliation: Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Kido
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Wippold
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009192:Myelography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media