title: Amplification of the effectiveness of acetylcholinesterase for detoxification of organophosphorus compounds by bis-quaternary oximes.
abstract: Pretreatment of rhesus monkeys with fetal bovine serum acetylcholinesterase (FBS AChE) provides complete protection against 5 LD50 of organophosphate (OP) without any signs of toxicity or performance decrements as measured by serial probe recognition tests or primate equilibrium platform performance (Maxwell et al., Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 115: 44-49, 1992; Wolfe et al., Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 117: 189-193, 1992). Although such use of enzyme as a single pretreatment drug for OP toxicity is sufficient to provide complete protection, a relatively large (stoichiometric) amount of enzyme was required in vivo to neutralize OP. To improve the efficacy of cholinesterases as pretreatment drugs, we have developed an approach in which the catalytic activity of OP-inhibited FBS AChE was rapidly and continuously restored, thus detoxifying the OP and minimizing enzyme aging by having sufficient amounts of appropriate oxime present. The efficacy of FBS AChE to detoxify several OPs was amplified by addition of bis-quaternary oximes, particularly 1-(2-hydroxyiminomethyl-1-pyridinium)-1-(4-carboxyaminopyridinium) -dimethyl ether hydrochloride (HI-6). When mice were pretreated with sufficient amounts of FBS AChE and HI-6 and challenged with repeated doses of O-isopropyl methylphosphonofluridate (sarin), the OP was continuously detoxified so long as the molar concentration of the sarin dose was less than the molar concentration of AChE in circulation. The in vitro experiments showed that the stoichiometry of sarin:FBS AChE was higher than 3200:1 and in vivo stoichiometry with mice was as high as 57:1. Addition of HI-6 to FBS AChE as a pretreatment drug amplified the efficacy of enzyme as a scavenger of nerve agents.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biochemistry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC 20307-5100.
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Caranto
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Waibel
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Asher
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Larrison
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Brecht
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Schutz
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Raveh
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ashani
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Maxwell
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity; D002801:Cholinesterase Reactivators / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D051379:Mice; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D010091:Oximes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012524:Sarin / Q000633:toxicity; D012999:Soman / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D002801:Cholinesterase Reactivators; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D010091:Oximes; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds; D012999:Soman; D012524:Sarin; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; C022870:asoxime chloride