title: Endovascular management of carotid cavernous fistulae: observation on angiographic and clinical results.
abstract: Twenty-five patients with carotid cavernous fistulae (CCFs) were managed at our institute during a five-year period. Transarterial and transvenous treatment of traumatic carotid cavernous fistulae using the detachable balloon technique was performed in 21 patients resulting in angiographic and clinical cure in 20 patients and fatal outcome in one patient following venous rerouting. Surgical ligation of the infraclinoid internal carotid artery was needed in one patient. Preservation of the carotid artery was possible in 16 patients. Four patients with spontaneous CCFs were advised digital compression of carotid arteries resulting in complete closure of the fistula in one and considerable clinical improvement in two patients. One patient required transarterial obliteration of the fistula via the middle meningeal artery by means of a platinum coil and normal butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) resulting in total radio anatomical cure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Santhosh
authors.forename: V R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ravimandalam
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Unni
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Rao
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D020212:Carotid Artery Injuries; D002342:Carotid Artery, External / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002404:Catheterization; D002426:Cavernous Sinus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002648:Child; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D004659:Enbucrilate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009458:Neuroleptanalgesia; D009460:Neurologic Examination
chemical_list: D004659:Enbucrilate