title: The Helsinki Heart Study: an 8.5-year safety and mortality follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Earlier monitoring of all symptoms, hospital admissions, cancer diagnoses and causes of death during gemfibrozil treatment had raised some suspicions which called for further follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Close monitoring of selected, potentially adverse events amongst treated subjects after a placebo-controlled trial and comparing occurrences to those in various untreated groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  All participants of the Helsinki Heart Study (a controlled, 5-year, multi-clinic coronary heart disease (CHD) primary prevention trial with gemfibrozil and placebo) were offered gemfibrozil treatment and twice yearly follow-up for 3.5 years. Untreated groups in the source population and national cancer statistics were utilized in comparisons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of the 2046 dyslipidaemic men initially randomized to gemfibrozil, 2002 survivors entered the 3.5-year follow-up; of the 2035 initial placebo men, 1992 continued to be monitored.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gemfibrozil was chosen for the follow-up by 66.3% of the gemfibrozil-treated and 68.5% of the placebo-treated men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gastrointestinal symptoms, surgery, strokes, cancer incidence, mortality by cause.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gastrointestinal symptoms remained more common in the original gemfibrozil group. After 8.5 years strokes numbered 32 (gemfibrozil) vs. 37 (placebo), violent deaths 16 vs. 14, and cancers 51 in both groups. Total mortality was equal during the original 5 years, but higher in the gemfibrozil group post-trial, leading to an 8.5 year mortality of 101 vs. placebo 83 (P = 0.19). This was mainly a result of higher cancer mortality in the gemfibrozil (30) than the placebo group (18, P = 0.08). An additional 18-month post-study registry follow-up disclosed 13 placebo and five gemfibrozil cancer deaths, altering the cancer mortality to gemfibrozil 35 vs. placebo 31 at 10 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most plausible explanation for the discrepancy between cancer incidence and cancer-specific mortality, based mainly on comparison with untreated groups, is delayed diagnosis. The increased cancer and total mortality is most probably due to chance, based on the later reversal of trends.
authors.affiliation: National Public Health Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Huttunen
authors.forename: O P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Heinonen
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Manninen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koskinen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hakulinen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Teppo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mänttäri
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Frick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002423:Cause of Death; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015248:Gemfibrozil / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000401:mortality*
chemical_list: D015248:Gemfibrozil