title: Medium-term follow up of residual shunting and potential complications after transcatheter occlusion of the ductus arteriosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the causes and outcome of residual shunting after transcatheter occlusion of persistent ductus arteriosus with the Rashkind double umbrella occluder, and to determine the potential of the device to produce obstruction to flow in the aorta and left pulmonary artery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Angiographic examination of morphology of ductus followed by prospective clinical and ultrasound evaluation (including cross sectional imaging, colour flow mapping, and pulse wave Doppler) of all patients undergoing occlusion of persistent ductus arteriosus between October 1987 and July 1992.
  
  
  METHODS
  140 patients with ages between 0.5 and 78 (median 3.8) years and weights between 6.8 and 74 (median 13.8) kg.
  
  
  METHODS
  Attempted implantation of the Rashkind double umbrella ductus occluder under angiographic control through a transvenous (n = 136) or transarterial (n = 4) approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  Successful occlusion of ductus; frequency, pattern, and prognosis of residual shunts; Doppler velocities in left pulmonary artery and aorta; volume loading of the left heart.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Including reocclusions the overall rate of successful occlusion was 96%. A total of six devices embolised at the time of operation (4.3%) with no sequelae. There were no anatomical factors that predicted a poor outcome, but suboptimal positioning of the device led to a significantly higher incidence of residual shunts (p < 0.001). Colour flow mapping correctly identified shunts that were unlikely to close spontaneously (n = 9) and to date seven have undergone successful closure with a second device. Encroachment of device legs produced statistically (p < 0.001) but not clinically significant increases in left pulmonary artery Doppler velocities that diminished with time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transcatheter occlusion provides a safe and effective means of closing a persistent ductus arteriosus. Doppler colour flow mapping is necessary for follow up and shows those ducts requiring reocclusion. The device did not produce significant disturbance to flow in the pulmonary arteries or aorta.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Magee
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Stumper
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Godman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001011:Aorta / Q000503:physiopathology; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D002309:Cardiology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004373:Ductus Arteriosus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004374:Ductus Arteriosus, Patent / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000503:physiopathology; D011859:Radiography; D016896:Treatment Outcome