title: Effective regurgitant orifice area: a noninvasive Doppler development of an old hemodynamic concept.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility, relation to other methods and significance of the effective regurgitant orifice area measurement.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Assessment of the severity of valvular regurgitation (effective regurgitant orifice area) has not been implemented in clinical practice but can be made by Doppler echocardiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effective regurgitant orifice area was calculated by Doppler echocardiography as the ratio of regurgitant volume/regurgitant jet time-velocity integral and compared with color flow Doppler mapping, angiography, surgical classification, regurgitant fraction and variables of volume overload.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 210 consecutive patients examined prospectively, feasibility improved from the early to the late experience (65% to 95%). Effective regurgitant orifice area was 28 +/- 23 mm2 (mean +/- SD) for aortic regurgitation (32 patients), 22 +/- 13 mm2 for ischemic/functional mitral regurgitation (50 patients) and 41 +/- 32 mm2 for organic mitral regurgitation (82 patients). Significant correlations were found between effective regurgitant orifice and mitral jet area by color flow Doppler mapping (r = 0.68 and r = 0.63, p < 0.0001, respectively) and angiographic grade (r = 0.77, p = 0.0004). Effective regurgitant orifice area in surgically determined moderate and severe lesions was markedly different in mitral regurgitation (35 +/- 12 and 75 +/- 33 mm2, respectively, p = 0.009) and in aortic regurgitation (21 +/- 8 and 38 +/- 5 mm2, respectively, p = 0.08). Strong correlations were found between effective regurgitant orifice area and variables reflecting volume overload. A logarithmic regression was found between effective regurgitant orifice area and regurgitant fraction, underlining the complementarity of these indexes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calculation of effective regurgitant orifice area is a noninvasive Doppler development of an old hemodynamic concept, allowing assessment of the lesion severity of valvular regurgitation. Feasibility is excellent with experience. Effective regurgitant orifice area is an important and clinically significant index of regurgitation severity. It brings additive information to other quantitative indexes and its measurement should be implemented in the comprehensive assessment of valvular regurgitation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Enriquez-Sarano
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Seward
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Tajik
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000503:physiopathology; D001022:Aortic Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000503:physiopathology; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted