title: Inhibition of the spore polar filament extrusion of the microsporidium, Encephalitozoon hellem, isolated from an AIDS patient.
abstract: Spores of the microsporidian parasitic protozoan Encephalitozoon hellem were purified and incubated at 37 degrees C in a solution with an electrolyte composition similar to that of mammalian extracellular fluid, and in solution in which the calcium had been replaced with 0.2 mM EGTA. Polar filament extrusion (germination) was monitored by both scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. Germination was pH-dependent, with optima at pH 7.4 and 9.5, and was significantly greater in the presence of medium calcium. Hydrogen peroxide caused a concentration-dependent increase in germination that was also reduced in a calcium-free medium. Four agents were found to inhibit spontaneous and H2O2-stimulated polar filament extrusion: the microfilament disrupter, cytochalasin D; the microtubule disrupter, demecolcine; the calcium channel blocker, nifedipine; and the antifungal agent, itraconazole. These results are consistent with the existence of a calcium-channel-mediated step, and requirements for an F-actin- and for a tubulin-containing element in the germination process of the spore of this parasite. Nifedipine, cytochalasin D and itraconazole all have different sites of action and were therefore able to potentiate one another when used in paired combination to inhibit germination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310-1495.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Leitch
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Visvesvara
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000652:urine; D000818:Animals; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D002460:Cell Line; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D015638:Cytochalasin D / Q000633:toxicity; D003703:Demecolcine / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016819:Encephalitozoon / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D016890:Encephalitozoonosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000633:toxicity; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000633:toxicity; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000633:toxicity; D013170:Spores / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D015638:Cytochalasin D; D017964:Itraconazole; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D009543:Nifedipine; D003703:Demecolcine