title: Primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and cerebral ischemia: report on acute intervention in two cases and literature review with emphasis on therapeutic options.
abstract: In two patients with primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and acute cerebrovascular ischemic events, local intraarterial fibrinolysis and intravenous heparin therapy, respectively, resulted in a limitation of persisting neurological deficits. On the basis of the 35 case reports available a combination of anticoagulation with warfarin, plus immunosuppression with steroids and/or cyclophosphamide or azathioprine, appears to be the best treatment to prevent further cerebral ischemic events. The therapeutic options are reviewed and discussed.
authors.affiliation: Neurologische Universitätsklinik Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Braune
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Siekmann
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vaith
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lücking
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005342:Fibrinolysis; D006493:Heparin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014859:Warfarin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014859:Warfarin; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D006493:Heparin; D001379:Azathioprine