title: Advance directives. Stability of patients' treatment choices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Advance directives are intended to extend patient autonomy into periods of mental incompetence. However, for advance directives to fulfill this objective, patients' choices must be reasonably consistent over time. Thus, we assessed the stability of the advance treatment decisions of patients and members of the public.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective cohort study of 495 outpatients and 102 members of the public, we studied the stability of scenario- and treatment-specific choices. Subjects completed an advance directive, which included four illness scenarios with 11 treatment choices in each, as part of a questionnaire. A second interview was completed by 296 patients and 78 members of the public after 6 to 12 months; 154 patients completed a third interview after a further 6 to 12 months. We assessed stability by comparing each choice between interviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stability of choices was moderately high among patients (pooled kappa = 0.39) and members of the public (pooled kappa = 0.48). Stability improved with repeat interview (pooled kappa = 0.47 among patients). Patients who had discussions with their physicians showed more improvement (kappa = 0.57) than others. Patients had a wide range of personal stability levels (0% to 100%), but individuals starting out stable rarely became less so (93% of the patients with 85% to 100% stability maintained this level of stability on the third interview). Hospitalized patients showed no significant difference in stability at the second interview, but their stability was not improved at the third interview.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings generally support the use of advance directives. Most people made moderately stable decisions when using scenario- and treatment-specific directives, and stability improved after they reviewed the decisions, especially among those who had discussions with their physicians. Recent hospitalization did not decrease stability, although it appeared to reduce the improvement that others achieved with repeat interview. These findings suggest that advance directives can be relied on 1 to 2 years after completion to reflect a patient's choices.
authors.affiliation: General Internal Medicine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Emanuel
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Emanuel
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Stoeckle
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Hummel
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Barry
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016223:Advance Directives / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D032882:Comprehension; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D028761:Withholding Treatment