title: Influence of vitamins A, C, and E and beta-carotene on aflatoxin B1 binding to DNA in woodchuck hepatocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is extensive epidemiologic evidence suggesting a protective role for micronutrients in cancer incidence. This evidence comes from studies of fruit and vegetable intake and serum levels of specific micronutrients. There also is limited in vitro evidence demonstrating that micronutrients can influence the first step in carcinogenesis, binding of chemical carcinogens to DNA. These in vitro studies allow the determination of specific effects of individual micronutrients. The influence of micronutrients on DNA binding of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a potent hepatocarcinogen, in mammalian cells is unknown. Woodchuck hepatocytes were used as a model to investigate the effects of vitamin A (all-trans retinol), C (ascorbic acid), ascorbyl palmitate (a synthetic lipophilic derivative of ascorbic acid), vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), and beta-carotene on AFB1-DNA binding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Woodchuck hepatocytes were treated with 4 doses (0.080, 0.40, 2.0, and 10 microM) of [3H]AFB1 or with different combinations of AFB1 and the vitamins for 6 hours, and adduct levels determined. Western blot analysis of protein extracts of treated cells was used to determine the effects of vitamin A and beta-carotene on glutathione-S- transferase M1 levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vitamin A inhibited formation of AFB1-DNA adducts in a dose-dependent manner throughout a concentration range of 34-122 microM by 40-80%. Vitamin C (0.080-10 mM) was much less effective than vitamin A as an inhibitor of AFB1-DNA binding. Treatment with 6.0-48.3 microM ascorbyl palmitate reduced adduct levels at lower AFB1 concentrations but had no significant effect at higher AFB1 concentrations. beta-Carotene and vitamin E enhanced covalent binding of AFB1 to DNA. Enhancement with beta-carotene was observed when both tetrahydrofuran or liposomes were used as the administration vehicle. Western blot analysis indicated that neither the vitamin A nor beta-carotene treatment affected glutathione-S-transferase M1 protein levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that micronutrients play a complex role in the process of chemical carcinogenesis. Although protective effects were seen with several antioxidant vitamins, increased DNA adduct formation was observed with beta-carotene and vitamin E. This antioxidant activity may be unrelated to the inhibition of DNA adduct formation. Additional studies are needed to understand the mechanism of enhanced adduct formation.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Y J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Blaner
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Santella
mesh_terms: D016604:Aflatoxin B1 / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism*; D003864:Depression, Chemical; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000032:analysis; D008081:Liposomes; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008392:Marmota; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019207:beta Carotene
chemical_list: D008081:Liposomes; D019207:beta Carotene; D014801:Vitamin A; D014810:Vitamin E; D002338:Carotenoids; D004247:DNA; D016604:Aflatoxin B1; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; C031226:6-O-palmitoylascorbic acid