title: Symptom differences in major depression, dysthymia, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors compared symptom features of specific subtypes of depressive and anxiety disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Psychiatric outpatients with moderate levels of psychopathology and DSM-III diagnoses of major depression, dysthymia, panic disorder, or generalized anxiety disorder were given five standard measures of symptoms of anxiety and depressive disorders. Most of the outpatients were white, and most were middle-class.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Principal components analysis revealed 12 orthogonal symptom components. Discriminant function analysis indicated that anxiety was distinguished by specific autonomic arousal symptoms, threat-related cognitions, and subjective anxiety and tension. Discriminant function analysis also indicated that depression was distinguished by anhedonia, cognitions of personal loss and failure, and dysphoric mood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As nosological categories, major depression and panic disorder were better differentiated by specific symptom markers than dysthymia and generalized anxiety disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Beck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data