title: A comparison of the efficacy and toxic effects of sustained- vs immediate-release niacin in hypercholesterolemic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare escalating doses of immediate-release (IR) and sustained-release (SR) niacin for effectiveness in reducing levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides and increasing levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and for the occurrence of adverse reactions, especially hepatotoxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, double-blind, parallel comparison of IR and SR niacin administered sequentially at 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 3000 mg/d, each for 6 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cholesterol research center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-six adults, 23 in each group, with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels greater than 4.14 mmol/L (160 mg/dL) after 1 month of a step 1 National Cholesterol Education Program diet.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen-hour fasting lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol levels, results of clinical laboratory tests, a symptom questionnaire, and withdrawal rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SR niacin lowered low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels significantly more than IR niacin did at the dosage of 1500 mg/d and above, while IR niacin increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels significantly more than SR niacin did at all dosage levels. The reduction in triglyceride levels was similar with IR and SR niacin. Nine (39%) of the 23 patients assigned to the IR dosage form withdrew before completing the 3000-mg daily dose; the most common reasons for withdrawal were vasodilatory symptoms, fatigue, and acanthosis nigricans. Eighteen (78%) of the 23 patients assigned to the SR dosage form withdrew before completing the 3000-mg daily dose; the most common reasons for withdrawal were gastrointestinal tract symptoms, fatigue, and increases in levels of liver aminotransferases, often with symptoms of hepatic dysfunction. None of the patients taking IR niacin developed hepatotoxic effects, while 12 (52%) of the 23 patients taking SR niacin did.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SR form of niacin is hepatotoxic and should be restricted from use. The IR niacin is preferred for the management of hypercholesterolemia but can also cause significant adverse effects and should be given only to patients who can be carefully monitored by experienced health professionals.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: McKenney
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Proctor
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Chinchili
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002214:Capsules; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009525:Niacin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D002214:Capsules; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D008055:Lipids; D014280:Triglycerides; D009525:Niacin