title: Relative risks and benefits of long-term estrogen replacement therapy: a decision analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the relative risks and benefits of exogenous estrogen use among women entering the climacteric and to consider estrogen use for relief of symptoms or prevention of disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Decision analysis was used to assess the value of estrogen replacement therapy in a hypothetical cohort of 10,000 women assumed to be age 50 years; health outcomes were extrapolated to age 75. Risk ratios for mortality and morbidity of health outcomes associated with the use of estrogen replacement therapy were based on longitudinal studies reported in the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Estrogen use for 25 years would decrease fatal coronary heart disease events by 48% (567 cases), decrease deaths from hip fracture by 49% (75), increase deaths from breast cancer by 21% (39), and increase deaths from endometrial cancer by 207% (29 excess deaths). On balance, 25 years of estrogen replacement therapy in a cohort of 10,000 women would prevent 574 deaths. Further, women using estrogens for 25 years would gain 3951 quality-adjusted life years compared with women not using estrogens. Sensitivity analysis suggests that the benefits of estrogen replacement therapy outweight the risks under most assumptions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a hypothetical, population-based analysis, the health benefits of postmenopausal estrogen replacement exceed the health risks incurred. Nevertheless, clinicians must still evaluate each individual's risks and needs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Management and Policy, University of New Hampshire, Durham.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Gorsky
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Koplan
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Thacker
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors