title: [Hormonal regulation in cardiac function--endocrine, paracrine, autocrine].
abstract: The vasoactive peptide hormones, such as endothelin, renin-angiotensin, and endothelium-derived relaxing factor, have traditionally been viewed as an endocrine system. Recent data demonstrate that their genes and their products are expressed at many local tissue sites. The concept that multiple tissues synthesis peptides has changed out understanding of the physiology of peptide hormone, and this indicated that the autocrine and paracrine system may be important in the regulation of local tissue functions in addition to the circulation endocrine system. Patients with congestive heart failure had markedly higher circulating endothelin-1 level than normal subjects, associated with an activated renin-angiotensin system. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation is attenuated in patients with heart failure. This impaired local vasodilation may contribute to abnormalities in vasoconstriction that are characteristic of heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Jichi Medical School.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamasawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimada
mesh_terms: D016232:Endothelins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000502:physiology; D014661:Vasoconstriction; D014664:Vasodilation
chemical_list: D016232:Endothelins; D009569:Nitric Oxide