title: A common factor regulates both Th1- and Th2-specific cytokine gene expression.
abstract: Murine T helper cell clones are classified into two distinct subsets, T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2), on the basis of cytokine secretion patterns. Th1 clones produce interleukin-2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-beta) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), while Th2 clones produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-10. These subsets differentially promote delayed-type hypersensitivity or antibody responses, respectively. The nuclear factor NF-AT is induced in Th1 clones stimulated through the T cell receptor-CD3 complex, and is required for IL-2 gene induction. The NF-AT complex consists of two components: NF-ATp, which pre-exists in the cytosol and whose appearance in the nucleus is induced by an increase of intracellular calcium, and a nuclear AP-1 component whose induction is dependent upon activation of protein kinase C (PKC). Here we report that the induction of the Th2-specific IL-4 gene in an activated Th2 clone involves an NF-AT complex that consists only of NF-ATp, and not the AP-1 component. On the basis of binding experiments we show that this 'AP-1-less' NF-AT complex is specific for the IL-4 promoter and does not reflect the inability of activated Th2 cells to induce the AP-1 component. We propose that NF-ATp is a common regulatory factor for both Th1 and Th2 cytokine genes, and that the involvement of PKC-dependent factors, such as AP-1, may help determine Th1-/Th2-specific patterns of gene expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Rooney
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hodge
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: McCaffrey
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Glimcher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D017252:CD3 Complex / Q000276:immunology; D002460:Cell Line; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D004247:DNA; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000235:genetics; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015759:Ionomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation
chemical_list: D017252:CD3 Complex; D016207:Cytokines; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D007376:Interleukin-2; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D015847:Interleukin-4; D015759:Ionomycin; D016572:Cyclosporine; D004247:DNA