title: Hypothyroidism during immunotherapy with interleukin-2 is associated with antithyroid antibodies and response to treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether the association of interleukin-2 (IL-2) with hypothyroidism is related to the presence of thyroid autoantibodies, dose of IL-2, and clinical effectiveness of treatment, and reviewed the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen cancer patients were treated with high-dose recombinant, continuous infusion IL-2 (18 x 10(6) IU/m2/d) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. One patient previously treated for a toxic goiter with radioactive iodine was analyzed separately. Thyroid function and levels of thyroid antibodies were determined regularly.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven of 15 patients (47%) became hypothyroid with high serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels within 60 to 120 days after the start of treatment; five responded favorably to treatment (one complete remission [CR], four partial remissions [PRs]), compared with none of the other eight patients. Two hypothyroid patients developed antimicrosomal antibodies (AMAs), one showed a further increase of antithyroglobulin antibodies (TgAbs), and six developed TgAbs. Only one of eight euthyroid patients developed slightly elevated TgAb levels. Development of hypothyroidism correlated significantly with a favorable response to treatment (r = .76, P = .001). The patient, treated with radioactive iodine, also became hypothyroid with high levels of TSH and development of AMAs and TgAbs. No difference was found between the hypothyroid and euthyroid patients in mean cumulative dose of IL-2 administered within the first 60 days or total treatment period, or with the relative dose-intensity. No other autoantibodies were found and patients had normal corticotropin (ACTH) stimulation tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The likelihood of developing (transient) hypothyroidism is higher in patients who respond to IL-2 treatment. The development of antithyroid antibodies suggests that IL-2 treatment triggers autoreactive B-cell clones or that cellular and/or cytokine-mediated thyroid destruction leads to activation of autoreactive B-cell clones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Oncology, University Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: N I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Weijl
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Van der Harst
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kooy
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van Luxemburg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schroder
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lentjes
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Van Rood
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Cleton
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Osanto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology*; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy; D015979:Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated / Q000637:transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000276:immunology*; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D007376:Interleukin-2; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013963:Thyroid Hormones