title: Incidence of HIV-1 infection in a rural region of Uganda.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of infection with HIV-1 and the risk factors associated with seroconversion in three geographical strata of a rural Ugandan district.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serological, sociodemographic, and behavioural surveys of everyone aged 13 or more in 21 randomly selected communities at baseline and one year later.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rural population of Rakai district, southwestern Uganda, residing in main road trading centres, secondary trading villages, and agricultural villages.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 1989, 1292 adults provided a blood sample and interview data; one year later, 778 survivors (77%) who had been seronegative at baseline provided follow up data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence of HIV infection in relation to individual characteristics and risk factors, including place of residence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incidence of HIV infection in all adults was 2.1/100 person years of observation (SE 0.5 (95% confidence interval 1.1 to 3.1)); in people aged 15-39 the incidence was 3.2/100 person years. Incidence was highest in men and women aged 20-24 (9.2/100 person years (3.9) and 6.8/100 person years (2.9) respectively). Risk factors significantly associated with seroconversion were age 24 and under and two or more sexual partners. Between the surveys the proportion of all respondents reporting high risk behaviour (two or more partners) significantly increased from 8.9% to 12.3%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite preventive programmes and substantial knowledge about AIDS the incidence of HIV infection remains high in this rural population. Prevention aimed at vulnerable rural communities is urgently needed to contain the HIV epidemic.
authors.affiliation: Center for Population and Family Health, Columbia University School of Public Health, New York, NY 10032.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wawer
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Sewankambo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berkley
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Serwadda
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Musgrave
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Musagara
authors.forename: R Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Stallings
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Konde-Lule
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012423:Rural Health; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology