title: Immediate- versus controlled-release disopyramide: importance of saturable binding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of saturable plasma binding on the pharmacokinetics of immediate-release (IR) and controlled-release (CR) disopyramide.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Saturable binding causes a lack of correspondence between the pharmacokinetics of total and unbound plasma disopyramide. Levels of total drug may therefore be insensitive to important differences between formulations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients receiving long-term disopyramide underwent serial blood sampling during withdrawal of equivalent doses of IR and CR disopyramide, and during accumulation of IR disopyramide. Plasma disopyramide was measured by enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique, protein binding by ultrafiltration, and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein by radial immunodiffusion. Pharmacologic effect was assessed by use of high-speed ECGs. Values for plasma area under the concentration-time curve and elimination half-life were determined from the log-plasma concentration data; rate of plasma drug accumulation was determined by nonlinear modeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Saturable plasma binding was evident in all patients. Comparison of total to unbound drug showed that peak-to-trough ratios during steady state were smaller (1.45 versus 2.39; p < 0.001), elimination half-life was longer (12.1 versus 4.5 hours; p < 0.001), and the time to achieve 50% of steady-state levels during drug accumulation was shorter (8.1 versus 4.3 hours; p < 0.05). Comparison of IR and CR disopyramide showed that unbound drug levels for CR disopyramide revealed lower peak plasma concentrations (0.75 versus 0.96 micrograms/ml) and peak-to-trough ratios (1.83 versus 2.31; p < 0.001). Trough plasma concentrations were similar. Fluctuations in ECG intervals during usual dosing were observed only with IR disopyramide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of saturable plasma binding, total plasma concentrations underestimate fluctuations in unbound disopyramide during usual dosing and are insensitive to significant differences between IR and CR formulations. CR disopyramide provides less interdose variation in free drug levels and more constant pharmacologic effects.
authors.affiliation: University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Siddoway
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Barbey
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Roden
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Woosley
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004206:Disopyramide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011485:Protein Binding
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004206:Disopyramide