title: The impact of parental affective disorder on depression in offspring: a longitudinal follow-up in a nonreferred sample.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study explored the effects of parental affective disorder on offspring in a nonreferred health maintenance organization 4 years after initial examination.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample, average age 18.5 years, included 91% of the 153 youngsters initially studied. The main instruments were structured diagnostic interviews scored according to criterion systems for both parents and children; assessment of the youngsters was blind to the previous assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rates of major depressive disorder were higher in the children of parents with affective disorder (26%) compared with those whose parents had no disorder (10%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depression and other parental affective disorders, as they occur in the community in parents who often are neither recognized nor treated, are associated with serious affective disorder in offspring. Clinical and preventive approaches for these offspring are needed and should be targeted to all families in which there is serious parental affective disorder, not just those who present for psychiatric treatment.
authors.affiliation: Judge Baker Children's Center, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA 02115.
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Beardslee
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Lavori
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Staley
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sacks
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015993:Life Tables; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010553:Personality Development