title: Factors determining conversion to laparotomy in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
abstract: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has been performed increasingly in an outpatient setting. Conversion from LC to open cholecystectomy (OC) is sometimes required. To predict conversion to OC, a single institutional study of 1,676 consecutive patients in whom LC was attempted was performed. Factors evaluated were age, sex, history of acute cholecystitis, pancreatitis, or jaundice, previous abdominal surgery, abnormalities of liver function tests, thickened gallbladder wall identified by preoperative ultrasound, obesity or morbid obesity, and cumulative institutional experience in LC. Conversion to OC was required in 90 of 1,676 (5.4%) patients. Significant preoperative predictors of conversion were acute cholecystitis, increasing age, male sex, obesity, and thickened gallbladder wall found by ultrasound. Nonobese women younger than age 65 years with symptoms of biliary colic and normal gallbladder wall thickness found by preoperative ultrasound required conversion only 1.9% of the time. These predictors may be useful in planning a program of ambulatory or short stay surgical units for patients undergoing LC and for comparing data between series.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Fried
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Barkun
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Sigman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Clas
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garzon
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Hinchey
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Meakins
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015984:Causality; D002763:Cholecystectomy; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D002764:Cholecystitis / Q000453:epidemiology; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors