title: Localized scleroderma associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection. Clinical, histologic, and immunohistochemical observations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent reports have implicated Borrelia burgdorferi infection as a possible cause of localized scleroderma (LS).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to describe the clinical, histologic, and immunopathologic features of patients with LS who had serum antibodies to B. burgdorferi.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients were examined clinically and by routine microscopy. Biopsy specimens from seven patients were studied immunohistochemically with monoclonal antibodies. The proliferative response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to B. burgdorferi was investigated in seven patients by lymphocyte proliferation assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven patients had plaque-type morphea, and three patients had linear scleroderma. Two patients had a history of previous erythema migrans. One patient had coexistent acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans, and in two patients lichen sclerosus et atrophicus was observed. Histologically, a prominent inflammatory phase with sclerosis of the connective tissue was shown in all patients. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that the inflammatory infiltrates consisted of both B and T lymphocytes, predominantly of the CD4+ subset. All 10 patients had strongly elevated serum antibodies to B. burgdorferi. Patients with LS showed significantly elevated lymphoproliferative responses to B. burgdorferi when compared with healthy control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that some cases of LS are linked to Borrelia infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Buechner
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Winkelmann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lautenschlager
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gilli
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rufli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000032:analysis; D016516:CD4-CD8 Ratio; D005260:Female; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000032:analysis; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007801:Langerhans Cells / Q000473:pathology; D008193:Lyme Disease / Q000150:complications*; D008232:Lymphoproliferative Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012594:Scleroderma, Localized / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D001323:Autoantibodies; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M