title: Health insurance and mortality. Evidence from a national cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between lacking health insurance and the risk of subsequent mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults older than 25 years who reported they were uninsured or privately insured in the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a representative cohort of the US population, were followed prospectively from initial interview in 1971 through 1975 until 1987.
  
  
  METHODS
  Complete baseline and follow-up information was obtained on 4694 (91%) persons of the 5161 who reported not receiving publicly funded insurance at baseline.
  
  
  METHODS
  The relationship between insurance status and subsequent mortality was examined using Cox proportional hazards survival analysis. The analysis adjusted for gender, race, and baseline age, education, income, employment status, the presence of morbidity on examination, self-rated health, smoking status, leisure exercise, alcohol consumption, and obesity. The effects of interactions between insurance and all other baseline variables were also examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By the end of the follow-up period, 9.6% of the insured and 18.4% of the uninsured had died. After adjustment for all other baseline variables, the hazard ratio for lacking insurance was 1.25 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00 to 1.55). The effect of insurance on mortality was comparable to that of education, income, and self-rated health. There were no statistically significant (P < .05) interactions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lacking health insurance is associated with an increased risk of subsequent mortality, an effect that is evident in all sociodemographic health insurance and mortality groups examined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University of Rochester, NY.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Franks
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Clancy
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Gold
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D017057:Medically Uninsured / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology