title: [Progress in management for heart failure: diuretics].
abstract: In congestive heart failure (CHF), a variety of compensatory mechanisms such as activation of sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin system and vasopressin, facilitate water and sodium retention and increase circulating blood volume, which primarily improve systemic perfusion. However, hypervolemia sometimes induces pulmonary edema and afterload elevation, resulting in a further decrease in cardiac output. Diuretics are administered in patients with CHF to cut this vicious cycle by reducing blood volume. Evaluation of hemodynamic states is important in patients with severe CHF, since an excessive reduction in preload could critically decrease cardiac output. Among conventional diuretics, loop diuretics is the most potent and widely used for management of CHF. Inhibition of such compensatory mechanisms such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and atrial natriuretic peptide-related agents is shown to exert natriuretic and desirable hemodynamic effects in CHF and is among candidates for future diuretics.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tokyo.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aoyagi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hirata
mesh_terms: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001810:Blood Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects; D004232:Diuretics / Q000145:classification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D004232:Diuretics; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor