title: Correlation between scintigraphic evidence of regional sympathetic neuronal dysfunction and ventricular refractoriness in the human heart.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Denervation supersensitivity has been proposed as a mechanism for the relation between ventricular arrhythmias and the sympathetic nervous system. Evaluation of this phenomenon in humans has become feasible only recently with the development of noninvasive scintigraphic methods for evaluating the pattern of sympathetic innervation. The purpose of this study was to determine if scintigraphic evidence of sympathetic neuronal dysfunction correlates with measurements of ventricular refractoriness and to evaluate the phenomenon of denervation supersensitivity in humans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven patients with a history of sustained ventricular tachycardia or sudden cardiac death who were referred for placement of an implantable defibrillator participated in this study (seven men and four women; age, 51 +/- 18 years). Preoperative scintigraphic evaluation of the pattern of sympathetic innervation was performed with 11C-hydroxyephedrine in conjunction with positron emission tomography. At the time of surgery, ventricular refractoriness was determined in regions of myocardium demonstrating normal and reduced 11C-hydroxyephedrine retention in the baseline state and during an infusion of norepinephrine. Scintigraphic evaluation demonstrated regions of reduced 11C-hydroxyephedrine retention in each patient. The effective refractory period in areas of myocardium that demonstrated reduced 11C-hydroxyephedrine retention was significantly longer than in areas of myocardium demonstrating normal 11C-hydroxyephedrine retention (273 +/- 32 versus 243 +/- 32 msec, p < 0.001). Norepinephrine shortened the effective refractory period in regions of myocardium demonstrating normal and reduced 11C-hydroxyephedrine retention to a similar degree.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a correlation between scintigraphic evidence of sympathetic neuronal dysfunction and ventricular refractoriness in the human heart. These observations help validate the use of scintigraphic techniques for evaluation of sympathetic innervation and may assist in the further evaluation of the relation between the sympathetic nervous system and ventricular arrhythmias.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan Medical Division of Cardiology, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Calkins
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Allman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bolling
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kirsch
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wieland
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Morady
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwaiger
mesh_terms: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology*; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000294:innervation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009638:Norepinephrine; D012032:Refractory Period, Electrophysiological; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; C065363:3-hydroxyephedrine; D004809:Ephedrine; D009638:Norepinephrine