title: Age and gender influence the severity of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy: a study of 101 patients attending a combined thyroid-eye clinic.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pathogenesis of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy is thought to be autoimmune, although environmental and genetic factors are also considered to be important. As the morbidity of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy is considerable and treatment often unsatisfactory, there a need to identify possible predisposing factors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study was undertaken in order to ascertain the relationship between age, gender and severity of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and one consecutive patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy who presented over a period of 5 years to a combined thyroid-eye clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were assessed by grading their inflammatory signs and degree of diplopia, and by measurement of exophthalmos, palpebral aperture, differential intraocular pressure, and visual acuity. On the basis of the above an ophthalmopathy index was devised to grade the overall severity of eye disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age was 49.2 years (SD 13.4), the female-to-male ratio was 4.05, and mean ophthalmopathy index 6.49 (SD 3.3). Optic nerve compression was present in 9.9% of patients. There was a positive relationship between age and ophthalmopathy index (P < 0.001); after correcting for age, males had an average ophthalmopathy index 41% greater than that of females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is an association between severity of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy and (i) advancing age and (ii) female-to-male ratio, which has not been previously described. Patients over the age of 60 (particularly males) with Graves' disease appear to be at risk of developing severe eye disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Perros
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Crombie
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kendall-Taylor
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006111:Graves Disease / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D013967:Thyroiditis, Autoimmune / Q000473:pathology