title: Comparative clinical, microbiologic, and economic audit of the use of oral ciprofloxacin and parenteral antimicrobials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the use of oral ciprofloxacin and parenteral antimicrobials in the treatment of acute infection (respiratory tract, urinary tract, blood) in hospitalized patients, with particular reference to severity of infection, outcome, and associated economic implications of each treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, multicenter comparative audit was conducted in the UK over an 18-month period. The audit was undertaken by clinical pharmacists who reviewed the antimicrobial treatment of patients with infective episodes, who were receiving or could have received oral therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical pharmacists who collated the data all are employed in teaching hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were identified for analysis by their type of infection, severity of illness, antimicrobial prescribed, route of administration, and response to therapy. Additionally, data on costs of the antimicrobials prescribed and the supplementary costs of drug administration were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four hundred eighty-five patients were enrolled for analysis; 208 of the patients had respiratory tract infection, 112 had urinary tract infection, 138 had septicemia, and 27 had mixed infections. Sepsis scores were applied to 152 patients receiving oral ciprofloxacin and 333 patients receiving parenteral antimicrobials and yielded mean scores of 5.9 (SD 3.1, range 1-13) and 8.7 (SD 4.2, range 1-22), respectively. Of 485 patients, 188 were paired according to sepsis score results and route of administration. Resolution occurred in 133 patients (79 receiving oral and 54 receiving parenteral therapy), further therapy was required in 49 (11 oral and 38 parenteral), and treatment was withdrawn in 6 (4 oral and 2 parenteral). Microbiologic assessment yielded positive results in 227 patients (47 percent). Drug acquisition costs (based on 1 UK pound = 1.80 US $) per course of treatment were $47.23 (SD $38.32, range 5.40-218.70) for the oral group and $173.70 (SD 209.77, range 2.11-1021.40) for the parenteral group. Overall costs for treatment courses were $74.00 (SD $52.81, range 8.10-309.17) and $305.59 (SD $304.70, range 14.69-1345.00) for the two groups, respectively (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggest that, in patients with moderate infective episodes, oral ciprofloxacin may reduce overall treatment costs compared with the use of parenteral antimicrobial agents.
authors.affiliation: General Infirmary, Leeds.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Cairns
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Tillotson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Conner
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lewin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nicholls
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Tredree
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Willis
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Hitchings
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016527:Drug Costs; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000191:economics*; D004739:England; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral / Q000191:economics; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014600:Utilization Review
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D002939:Ciprofloxacin