title: Delta-sleep-inducing peptide: solution conformational studies of a membrane-permeable peptide.
abstract: Peptides and peptide-like molecules as a class have very poor permeability through biological membranes, which severely compromises their potential effectiveness as therapeutic agents. In order to gain insight into the problem of delivering peptide and protein drugs and to establish a model in which the effects of systematic structural variations on transport can be explored, an investigation of the solution conformation of a membrane-permeable peptide was undertaken. Delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP, MW 849) was used in this investigation. DSIP is a charged, hydrophilic peptide that possesses the unusual ability to diffuse passively across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vivo [Kastin, A. J., Banks, W. A., Castellanos, P. F., Nissen, C., & Coy, D. H. (1982) Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 17, 1187-1191] and across monolayers of brain microvessel endothelial cells in vitro, a model of the BBB [Raeissi, S., & Audus, K. L. (1989) J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 41, 848-852]. This nonapeptide was studied in solution using one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), circular dichroism (CD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and fluorescence spectroscopies in conjunction with molecular modeling. Our spectroscopic findings suggest that DSIP exists in a dynamic equilibrium between unordered and folded structures. Residues 2-5 and 6-9 tend to form type I beta-turns in aqueous solution and a similar, but more ordered, helix-like structure inducible in 40% trifluoroethanol (TFE). NMR, FT-IR, and CD studies in aqueous solution support the dynamic equilibrium hypothesis with the IR data, suggesting that the beta-turn population is approximately 40%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Vander Velde
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Manning
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Middaugh
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Borchardt
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D002942:Circular Dichroism; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003701:Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011487:Protein Conformation; D017510:Protein Folding; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D012996:Solutions; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D012996:Solutions; D003701:Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide