title: Preconditioning improves energy metabolism during reperfusion but does not attenuate myocardial stunning in porcine hearts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been reported that a brief period of coronary occlusion and reperfusion slows the rate of ATP depletion during subsequent sustained ischemia as well as limiting infarct size. However, it has not yet been determined whether ischemic preconditioning also has an effect on the functional and metabolic recovery of stunned myocardium. Our study was designed to address this problem.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Farm pigs were anesthetized with fluothane and randomly assigned to either a control group or a preconditioned group. The control group (n = 15) underwent 15 minutes of coronary occlusion followed by 120 minutes of reperfusion. The preconditioned group (n = 14) underwent two episodes of 5-minute occlusion and 5-minute reperfusion followed by 15 minutes of occlusion and 120 minutes of reperfusion. This protocol was designed to exclude the stunning effect of the preconditioning procedure itself as much as possible besides preconditioning the heart. A pair of ultrasonic crystals was implanted in the area at risk perfused by the left anterior descending coronary artery. 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and sonomicrometry were performed alternately. Regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF) was determined with colored microspheres. At 15 minutes of sustained ischemia, phosphocreatine (Pcr), ATP, and intracellular pH were significantly better preserved in the preconditioned group (Pcr: control/preconditioned, 1 +/- 1%/14 +/- 1%; ATP:control/preconditioned, 66 +/- 2%/74 +/- 2%; pH:control/preconditioned, 6.32 +/- 0.07/6.52 +/- 0.05; P < .05). After reperfusion, ATP increased progressively and was almost normalized at 120 minutes of reperfusion in the preconditioned group (control/preconditioned, 73 +/- 4%/95 +/- 3%; P < .05). Overshoot of Pcr (which indicates that the energy generating system is operating better than energy utilizing system) persisted in preconditioned hearts but disappeared rapidly in controls (control/preconditioned, 104 +/- 3%/130 +/- 3% after 120 minutes of reperfusion). There was no significant difference in percent segment shortening (%SS), RMBF, and hemodynamics between the two groups throughout the experiment (%SS: control/preconditioned, 29.8 +/- 5.9%/28.8 +/- 6.3% of baseline after 120 minutes of reperfusion).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preconditioning improves energy metabolism during reperfusion, although it does not attenuate myocardial stunning for at least 2 hours after reperfusion.
authors.affiliation: Third Division, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyamae
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kida
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yokota
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Katsuragawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koga
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yabuuchi
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D003250:Constriction; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000502:physiology; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D010725:Phosphocreatine / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D010725:Phosphocreatine; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate