title: Relation between upper limit of vulnerability and defibrillation threshold in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the canine model, an upper limit of shock strength exists that can induce ventricular fibrillation during the vulnerable period of the cardiac cycle. This shock strength (the upper limit of vulnerability) closely correlates with the defibrillation threshold and supports the "upper limit of vulnerability" hypothesis of defibrillation. It is not known whether an upper limit of vulnerability exists in humans or whether this limit correlates with the defibrillation threshold.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 13 patients undergoing implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation, the shock strengths associated with a 50% probability of reaching the upper limit of vulnerability (ULV50) and a 50% probability of reaching the defibrillation threshold (DFT50) were determined by the up-down algorithm. The ULV50 was determined only for the mid-upslope of the positive T waves and for the mid-downslope of the negative T waves. No major complications occurred during surgery. An upper limit of vulnerability was demonstrated in each patient. The ULV50 was 300 +/- 138 V or 6.8 +/- 5.8 J, which was significantly lower than the DFT50 of 347 +/- 167 V (p = 0.038) or 9.1 +/- 7.3 J (p = 0.013). The correlation between the ULV50 and the DFT50 was significant (r = 0.90, p < 0.001 for voltage; r = 0.93, p < 0.001 for energy).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An upper limit of vulnerability is present in humans. There is a significant correlation between the ULV50 and the DFT50, and the ULV50 is significantly lower than the DFT50.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048.
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Feld
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kriett
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mower
authors.forename: R Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Tarazi
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Fleck
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Swerdlow
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Gang
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Kass
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000517:prevention & control; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004554:Electric Countershock; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000628:therapy; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*