title: Case reports of malformations associated with maternal diabetes: history and critique.
abstract: Several malformations and malformation complexes have been alleged to be associated with maternal type 1 diabetes mellitus: in particular, sacral dysplasia, caudal regression/sirenomelia, femoral dysplasia, and holoprosencephaly. For some of the malformations the claim rests on case material, and for others on theoretical considerations. The history and evolution of these ideas are presented.
authors.affiliation: Division of Basic Science Research, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229-2899.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kalter
mesh_terms: D001848:Bone Diseases, Developmental / Q000209:etiology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; D004480:Ectromelia / Q000209:etiology; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000002:abnormalities; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000002:abnormalities; D016142:Holoprosencephaly / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics; D012447:Sacrum / Q000002:abnormalities