title: Efficacy of external cephalic version: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of external cephalic version, including safety, cost-benefit analysis, and impact on the cesarean delivery rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify all articles published in English between 1980-1991 on external cephalic version. References were also cross-checked for all reports.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed only those articles providing sufficiently detailed data to determine actual numbers of subjects. In cases of duplicate results, only the latest publication was used. Rates of successful version, cesarean delivery, and fetal and maternal complications were presented.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among the United States trials, the success rate was approximately 65% (range 48-77%), and once version succeeded, almost all the fetuses stayed in the vertex position until birth. Among those in whom external version was performed, the mean cesarean delivery rate was 37%, compared with 83% in controls (P < .001). External version would also save 12.3% of the costs of delivering breech patients overall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  External cephalic version is safe and cost-effective. It substantially reduces the cesarean delivery rate among breech presentations, decreases the risk related to breech delivery, and avoids cesarean delivery in subsequent pregnancies. However, external version will not have a major impact on the high overall cesarean birth rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Bowes
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Fortney
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D001946:Breech Presentation; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012449:Safety; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014710:Version, Fetal / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data