title: Cigarette smoking and stroke in a cohort of U.S. male physicians.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between cigarette smoking and the risk for stroke in men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants in the Physicians' Health Study, a randomized trial of aspirin and beta-carotene among U.S. male physicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  22,071 men, 40 to 84 years of age at entry, free from self-reported myocardial infarction, stroke, and transient ischemic attack; followed for an average of 9.7 years; and classified as never-smokers, current smokers, and former smokers based on self-report.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence rates of total, ischemic, and hemorrhagic stroke.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With never-smokers as the reference group (relative risk, 1.00), relative risks (adjusted for age and treatment assignment) for total nonfatal stroke (n = 312) were as follows: former smoking, 1.20 (95% CI, 0.94 to 1.53); currently smoking fewer than 20 cigarettes daily, 2.02 (CI, 1.23 to 3.31); and currently smoking 20 or more cigarettes daily, 2.52 (CI, 1.75 to 3.61) (P for trend, < 0.0001). For participants who had total fatal stroke (n = 28), the risk for stroke was not increased with smoking (P > 0.2). In proportional-hazards models that controlled simultaneously for other risk factors, these associations were not materially altered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current but not former cigarette smoking was significantly associated with an increased risk for stroke in men. Smoking may account for a substantial amount of stroke-associated morbidity and mortality.
authors.affiliation: Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Manson
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Satterfield
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hennekens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010820:Physicians / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D001241:Aspirin