title: Oxygen tension distributions are sufficient to explain the local response of human breast tumors treated with radiation alone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several factors are known to influence the probability of tumor control after radiation. These include tumor oxygen tension distribution, glutathione content, intrinsic radiation sensitivity, rate of repopulation, tumor size, physician skill, etc. The relative impact of oxygen on human tumor response is unknown. The purpose of this analysis is to determine to what extent the observed shape of the radiation response curve for human tumors can be predicted by the tumor oxygenation status.
  
  
  METHODS
  The radiation dose response curve for patients treated with radiation alone for breast cancer was calculated based on pooled data. Tumor control rates as a function of radiation dose were fitted to a probit curve. Twenty-two women with breast cancer in Mainz (Germany) and at Stanford University had pO2 measurements made of their tumors. An average of 87 +/- 58 (range 21 to 300) measurements were made from each patient. Hypoxia was assumed to be a purely dose modifying factor with a maximum oxygen enhancement ratio of 2.5. Assuming patients are treated with daily radiation doses of 2 Gy, the breast cancer alpha/beta ratio is 10 Gy, tumors have a mean of 10(8) stem cells, and using the linear quadratic formula for modelling surviving fraction, it was possible to estimate tumor control probability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumor oxygenation was an extremely important modifier of the shape of the dose response curve and alone was sufficient to account for the slope of the observed dose response curve for human breast carcinoma. Tumor size distribution had a smaller effect on the shape and the slope of the dose response curve. Two models of radiation induced reoxygenation were tested, one that allowed full reoxygenation to the baseline state between the daily radiation fractions and another with no reoxygenation between fractions. The clinical data fell between these two models in accordance with the expected incomplete reoxygenation between treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results support the conclusion that in human breast carcinoma, oxygen tension distribution is a critical modifier of radiation treatment response.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Okunieff
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoeckel
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Dunphy
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schlenger
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Knoop
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vaupel
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010100:Oxygen; D010313:Partial Pressure
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen