title: Inhibition of Ca(2+)-dependent K+ transport and cell dehydration in sickle erythrocytes by clotrimazole and other imidazole derivatives.
abstract: We have investigated the interaction of clotrimazole (CLT) and related compounds with the erythroid Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel, a mediator of sickle cell dehydration. We measured K+ transport, membrane potential, and cell volume upon activation of this pathway in sickle erythrocytes. CLT blocked almost completely Ca(2+)-activated K+ transport in homozygous hemoglobin S cells, with IC50 values of 29 +/- 15 nM in isotonic 20 mM salt solution and 51 +/- 15 nM in normal saline (n = 3). The inhibition of K+ transport by CLT was caused by a specific interaction with the Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel of human red cells, since it displaced bound 125I-Charybdotoxin, a specific ligand of the Gardos channel, with an IC50 (12 +/- 4 nM in isotonic 20 mM) similar to the IC50 values for flux inhibition. When homozygous hemoglobin S cells were dehydrated by incubation in the presence of 100 microM CaCl2 and the ionophore A23187, or by exposure to cycles of oxygenation and deoxygenation, CLT effectively inhibited cell dehydration and K+ loss. The IC50 of CLT for inhibition of Ca(2+)-activated K+ transport in sickle cells is significantly lower than plasma concentrations of CLT achievable after nontoxic oral doses. We therefore propose that oral administration of CLT may prevent red cell dehydration in patients with sickle cell anemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brugnara
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Franceschi
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Alper
mesh_terms: D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000097:blood*; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood*; D003022:Clotrimazole / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004913:Erythrocytes, Abnormal / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D015640:Ion Channel Gating / Q000187:drug effects; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood*; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects*; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D015221:Potassium Channels; D003022:Clotrimazole; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium