title: Frontalis suspension for essential blepharospasm unresponsive to botulinum toxin therapy. First results.
abstract: We performed frontalis suspension in 12 patients presenting with essential blepharospasm or "apraxia" of eyelid opening who did not respond sufficiently to botulinum toxin injections. An improvement could be observed in 9 patients. During the follow-up period (4-18 months) the effect of surgical intervention remained stable. As opposed to other surgical procedures (excision of the orbicularis muscle, resection of facial nerve branches), frontalis suspension can be considered as a minimally invasive and even reversible treatment.
authors.affiliation: Universitäts-Augenklinik, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Roggenkämper
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Nüssgens
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001072:Apraxias / Q000601:surgery; D001764:Blepharospasm / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005143:Eyelids / Q000601:surgery*; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D001905:Botulinum Toxins