Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography for depiction of regional left-ventricular performance: initial results and future directions.
To assess the potential of a prototype transesophageal echocardiography probe for evaluating left-ventricular wall motion in three dimensions, we acquired images under anesthesia in 15 patients who had akinesia or dyskinesia and 8 patients who had normal function demonstrated on preoperative ventriculography. Short-axis, oblique transgastric scans were obtained in 16 of the patients and four-chamber, long-axis oblique scans were obtained in 12 patients, with five patients (22%) yielding good-quality scans of both types. Off-line, we outlined the endocardial borders manually and used the outlines to make computer-generated three-dimensional models of the endocardial surfaces, color-tiled according to regional ejection fraction. Compared with contrast ventriculograms, the regional ejection fraction histograms derived from these models showed 86% concordance for detecting dyssynergy. However, the concordance between the ventriculograms and the color-tiled models in localizing the dyssynergy was only 67% overall. Uncertainty in rotational alignment between the reconstructions and the ventriculograms appeared to contribute to misreading the location of dyssynergy. In addition, the apical region appeared to have been missed in 8 (50%) of the short-axis scans, whereas it was visualized in all long-axis scans. We conclude that three-dimensional analysis of the location, extent, and degree of left-ventricular dyssynergy is feasible from transesophageal echocardiograms and could have wide application in the study of regional ventricular function. However, improvements are necessary to enable the transducer to scan the cardiac apex more reliably from the short-axis viewpoint and to have a means for spatially orienting the images with respect to an external frame of reference.
Bashein
G
G
Department of Anesthesiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle 98195.
Sheehan
F H
FH
Nessly
M L
ML
Detmer
P R
PR
Martin
R W
RW
D003196:Computer Graphics; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008875:Middle Aged; D014159:Transducers; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*