title: An enhancer/locus control region is not sufficient to open chromatin.
abstract: To study the way in which an enhancer/locus control region (LCR) activates chromatin, we examined transgenic mice carrying various combinations of the chicken beta A-globin gene coding region, promoter, and 3' enhancer/LCR. We compared lines carrying only the coding region and enhancer R (E) and only the coding region and promoter (P) with those containing all three elements (PE). We have shown previously that all PE mice transcribe the transgene in a copy number-dependent manner while the P mice do not express their transgene. In the current study, we examined chromatin activation by monitoring formation of erythroid-specific hypersensitive sites at the promoter and enhancer. We found that all of the PE lines but none of the P lines show hypersensitivity. In contrast, only three of six E lines are hypersensitive (two strongly and one weakly), demonstrating position dependence of this transgene. The two E lines with strong hypersensitive sites were found also to have RNA complementary to the transgene, presumably starting from an adjacent adventitious mouse promoter. In all of these lines, we found a correlation between erythroid-specific hypersensitivity and erythroid-specific general DNase I sensitivity, an indicator of regional chromatin activation. The results support a mutual interaction model for the mechanism of chromatin opening by LCRs in which the enhancer/LCR and promoter must cooperate in order to generate open chromatin. The data are not consistent with a dominant enhancer model in which the enhancer/LCR can open chromatin autonomously.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reitman
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Westphal
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Felsenfeld
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002645:Chickens; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism*; D004247:DNA; D003850:Deoxyribonuclease I / Q000378:metabolism; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D005914:Globins / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D005914:Globins; D004247:DNA; D003850:Deoxyribonuclease I