title: Mortality from second tumors among long-term survivors of retinoblastoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children diagnosed with retinoblastoma, a rare cancer of the eye, tend to develop and die of second primary cancers in childhood and adolescence, but few investigations have followed patients into adulthood. Retinoblastoma is frequently caused by inherited mutations of the RB1 tumor suppressor gene. Most patients with germline (hereditary) mutations have bilateral disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to quantify the mortality from second malignancies among long-term survivors of retinoblastoma and to identify factors that predispose to these deaths.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study examined mortality among 1603 patients enrolled at 1 year after diagnosis of retinoblastoma during the period 1914-1984. Data on demography, family history, and retinoblastoma treatment were collected by medical chart review and questionnaire interview. Number of deaths, by cause, was compared with the corresponding expected figure based on U.S. mortality data for the general population for 1925-1990.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Follow-up was complete for 1458 patients (91%) for a median of 17 years after retinoblastoma diagnosis. A total of 305 deaths occurred, 167 of them from retinoblastoma. There were 96 deaths from second primary tumors (relative risk [RR] = 30), 21 from other known causes (RR = 1.0), and 21 from ill-defined or unknown causes. Statistically significant excess mortality was found for second primary cancers of bone, connective tissue, and malignant melanoma and benign and malignant neoplasms of brain and meninges. Among 919 children with bilateral retinoblastoma, 90 deaths from second primary tumors occurred (RR = 60). Deaths from second tumors were more frequent among females (RR = 39) than males (RR = 22) (P = .007). The cumulative probability of death from second primary neoplasms was 26% at 40 years after bilateral retinoblastoma diagnosis, and additional cancer deaths occurred thereafter. Radiotherapy for retinoblastoma further increased the risk of mortality from second neoplasms. An excess of mortality from a second cancer, not seen in prior studies, was found among the 684 children with unilateral disease (RR = 3.1; 95% confidence interval = 1.0-7.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings implicate germinal mutations in the retinoblastoma gene in second cancer mortality. Radiotherapy treatment for retinoblastoma appears to further enhance the inborn susceptibility to development of a second cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with retinoblastoma, particularly bilateral retinoblastoma, should have careful follow-up, and interventions should be developed to reduce mortality from a second cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eng
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Abramson
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ellsworth
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seddon
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tarbell
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Boice
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005134:Eye Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000401:mortality; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology