title: Characterization of the human aldose reductase gene promoter.
abstract: The promoter region of the human aldose reductase gene has been identified upstream of the translation start ATG codon. The promoter contains a TATA box, a CCAAT promoter element, and three Sp1 protein binding consensus sequences upstream of the capsite. A 640-base pair insert spanning +31 to -609 directs expression of the reporter gene chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in an orientation-specific manner in transfected Hep G2 cells. The promoter activity remained constant with deletions from base pairs -609 to -186. The TATA and the CCAAT consensus sequences show significant promoter activity, whereas the three Sp1 binding consensus sequences, individually, have no significant promoter activity. A GA-rich region (-186 to -146) contains two CGGAAA/G motifs, which show promoter activity and interaction with Hep G2 nuclear extract and GA-binding proteins (GABP alpha and GABP beta 1) as shown by mobility shift assays and DNase I footprinting. Similar cis-elements in herpes simplex virus type 1 interact with rat liver GABP and the viral VP16 protein to mediate the induction of immediate early viral genes. A GC-rich region (-87 to -31) is identified by mobility shift assay, and a consensus sequence of an androgen response element is present at -396 to -382. The human aldose reductase promoter, thus, has regulatory response elements that may be important during early development and puberty. These regulatory elements may play a significant role in the development of certain diabetic complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Bohren
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Gabbay
mesh_terms: D000449:Aldehyde Reductase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004247:DNA; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D051381:Rats; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D004247:DNA; D000449:Aldehyde Reductase