title: Further distinctions between manic-depressive illness (bipolar disorder) and primary depressive disorder (unipolar depression)
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with bipolar disorder differ from patients with unipolar depression by having family histories of mania with an earlier onset and by having more episodes over a lifetime. This study was designed to determine whether additional aspects of course of illness, the presence of medical diseases, childhood traits, and other familial illnesses separate the two groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a large collaborative study, consecutively admitted bipolar and unipolar patients were systematically given clinical interviews. Data were collected on medical diseases and childhood behavioral traits. Systematic family history and family study data were also obtained. The patients were studied every 6 months for 5 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The group of bipolar patients had an earlier onset, a more acute onset, more total episodes, and more familial mania and were more likely to be male. These differences were relatively independent of each other. The bipolar patients were also more likely to have shown traits of hyperactivity as children. The unipolar patients had a significantly greater number of lifetime medical/surgical interventions than the bipolar patients, even when age was controlled. Alcoholism was more frequently found in the families of the bipolar patients, even when alcoholism in the probands was controlled; however, this difference was not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study supports the usefulness of distinguishing between bipolar and unipolar patients in treatment and research studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Winokur
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Coryell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Endicott
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akiskal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors