title: Cephalosporins as risk factor for nosocomial Enterococcus faecalis bacteremia. A matched case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nosocomial enterococcal infections have increased in various institutions, and patients with these infections had often been treated with cephalosporins during the previous weeks. The objective of this study was to determine whether the use of second- and third-generation cephalosporins is a risk factor for nosocomial enterococcal bacteremia (NEB), by means of a matched case-control study design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred seven cases of NEB were studied. A control was matched to each case by sex, age (+/- 10 years), date of admission (+/- 2 years), hospital service, days of hospitalization, primary diagnosis, and operative procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred fifty-six cases had an appropriate matched control. The univariate analysis of unmatched variables showed that the presence of a urinary catheter (odds ratio [OR], 3.8), mechanical ventilation (OR = 2.6), and cephalosporin use (OR = 5.1) were associated with NEB. Using a conditional logistic regression model, cephalosporin use (adjusted OR = 4.8, 95% confidence interval, 2.3 to 9.8) and urinary catheter use (adjusted OR = 3.6, 95% confidence interval, 1.7 to 7.4) remained significantly associated with NEB after controlling for other unmatched variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show that the use of second- and third-generation cephalosporins may be a major risk factor for NEB. It may explain, at least partially, the steadily increasing number of enterococcal infections observed in some hospitals.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Service, Bellvitge Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pallares
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pujol
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peña
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ariza
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gudiol
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis; D005260:Female; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D002511:Cephalosporins