title: Prospective, randomized trial of retrograde warm blood cardioplegia: myocardial benefit and neurologic threat.
abstract: From March 1991 through July 1992, 1,001 patients having elective coronary artery bypass grafting were randomized to receive either continuous warm (> or = 35 degrees C) blood cardioplegia with systemic normothermia (> or = 35 degrees C) or intermittent cold (< or = 8 degrees C) oxygenated crystalloid cardioplegia and moderate systemic hypothermia (< or = 28 degrees C). Preoperative variables including age, sex, prior coronary bypass grafting, hypertension, prior myocardial infarction, diabetes, angina class, and preoperative heart failure class were similar in both groups, as were the intraoperative variables of number of coronary grafts, mammary artery use, and cardiopulmonary bypass time. Aortic cross-clamp time was significantly longer in the warm group (46 +/- 23 minutes versus 40 +/- 21 minutes). Most postoperative variables including mortality (warm, 1.0%, and cold, 1.6%), Q wave infarction (warm, 1.4%, and cold, 0.8%), and need of an intraaortic balloon pump (warm, 1.4%, and cold, 2.0%) were similar between groups. Total neurologic events (warm, 4.5%, and cold, 1.4%; p < 0.005) and perioperative strokes (warm, 3.1%, and cold, 1.0%; p < or = 0.02) were significantly higher in the warm group. Neurologic events included perioperative stroke (warm, 15 patients, and cold, 5 patients; p < 0.02), perioperative encephalopathy (warm, 2 patients, and cold, 1 patient), and delayed (> or = 3 in-hospital days) stroke (warm, 5 patients, and cold, 1 patient). All patients experiencing a stroke had a persistent neurologic deficit at the time of discharge. Encephalopathy resolved completely in all instances.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Craver
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gott
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Weintraub
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ramsay
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Mora
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Guyton
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001769:Blood; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D003080:Cold Temperature; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013696:Temperature