title: Managing chronic atrial fibrillation: a Markov decision analysis comparing warfarin, quinidine, and low-dose amiodarone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the relative risks and benefits of several clinical strategies for managing patients with chronic atrial fibrillation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five recent randomized controlled trials of warfarin in atrial fibrillation, 6 randomized controlled trials of quinidine, and 13 longitudinal studies of low-dose amiodarone were used. A MEDLINE search was also done (1966 to present).
  
  
  METHODS
  A Markov decision analysis model was used to assess outcomes in large, hypothetical cohorts of patients with atrial fibrillation followed from 65 to 70 years of age within four clinical strategies: 1) no treatment; 2) warfarin; 3) electrical cardioversion followed by quinidine to maintain normal sinus rhythm; and 4) electrical cardioversion followed by low-dose amiodarone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IN this hypothetical cohort, fewer patients had disabling events with amiodarone (1.4%) than with quinidine (1.8%), warfarin (2.6%), or no treatment (7.4%). Amiodarone appeared to be associated with the lowest 5-year mortality (13.6%) when compared with warfarin (14.4%), quinidine (15.2%), and no treatment (18.2%). In terms of quality-adjusted life-years, amiodarone had the highest expected value (4.75 years), followed by warfarin (4.72 years), quinidine (4.68 years), and no treatment (4.55 years). Amiodarone remained the preferred strategy using the most plausible scenarios of risks associated with atrial fibrillation. Choices among warfarin, quinidine, and no treatment depended on estimates of bleeding rates with warfarin, stroke rates after discontinuing warfarin, quinidine-related mortality, and the quality of life with warfarin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardioversion followed by low-dose amiodarone to maintain normal sinus rhythm appears to be a relatively safe and effective treatment for patients with chronic atrial fibrillation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, Vermont.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Disch
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Holzberger
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Malenka
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Birkmeyer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000638:Amiodarone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D011788:Quality of Life; D011802:Quinidine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014859:Warfarin / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014859:Warfarin; D011802:Quinidine; D000638:Amiodarone