title: Protein kinase C alpha activates RAF-1 by direct phosphorylation.
abstract: The kinase Raf-1 can be activated by treatment of cells with mitogens and by the protein kinase C (PKC) activator 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) (reviewed in refs 1,2). Activated Raf-1 triggers a protein kinase cascade by direct phosphorylation of MAP kinase kinase, resulting in phosphorylation of ternary complex factor and Jun by MAP kinase. Here we investigate the molecular mechanism and biological consequences of PKC alpha-mediated Raf-1 activation in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. PKC alpha directly phosphorylates and activates Raf-1 both in vitro and in vivo. PKC alpha induces Raf-1 phosphorylation at several sites, including a serine residue at position 499. Mutation of serine at this position or at residue 259 does not abrogate Raf-1 stimulation by a combination of Ras plus the src tyrosine kinase Lck, but severely impedes Raf-1 activation by PKC alpha. Consistent with such a direct interaction is the observation that Raf-1 and PKC alpha cooperate in the transformation of NIH3T3 cells. The Ser499 phosphorylation site is necessary for this synergism.
authors.affiliation: Biological Research, Goedecke AG, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kolch
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heidecker
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kochs
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hummel
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vahidi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mischak
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Finkenzeller
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marmé
authors.forename: U R
authors.initials: UR
authors.lastname: Rapp
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004926:Escherichia coli; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009036:Moths; D009154:Mutation; D010455:Peptides / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf; D051381:Rats; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012694:Serine / Q000378:metabolism; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D010455:Peptides; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012694:Serine; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate