title: Clinical grading of relative afferent pupillary defects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the validity and reproducibility of quantitating relative afferent pupillary defects with the swinging flashlight test, using a 3-second pause technique, and to compare this grading system with that using neutral density filters.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively studied patients with relative afferent pupillary defects by using the swinging flashlight test with a standardized illumination time of 3 seconds (pause time) for each eye. Each relative afferent pupillary defect was graded as follows: grade I, a weak initial constriction and greater redilatation; grade II, initial stall and greater redilatation; grade III, immediate pupillary dilatation; grade IV, immediate pupillary dilatation following prolonged illumination of the good eye for 6 seconds; grade V, immediate pupillary dilatation with no secondary constriction. The grades on the individual resident evaluations were compared with those on the group evaluations, and the grading system was compared with the neutral density filter grading system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neuro-ophthalmology service of an urban teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 119 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a good correlation in all grades between individual resident and group evaluations, with an overall 78% agreement. The five grades had corresponding values in neutral density filter log units: grade I, 0.4; grade II, 0.7; grade III, 1.1; grade IV, 2.0; and grade V, infinity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 3-second pause technique for the swinging flashlight test is a reliable method for the detection and quantitation of relative afferent pupillary defects. The grading system can be compared with the neutral density filter grading system, and each grade has a corresponding value in log units.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Waggoner
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Akers
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Yee
mesh_terms: D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011680:Pupil / Q000502:physiology; D011681:Pupil Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results