title: Central nervous system involvement and psychiatric manifestations in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma): clinical and neurophysiological evaluation.
abstract: We evaluated central nervous system and psychiatric involvement in a clinical sample of 32 patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) (scleroderma). All patients underwent clinical neurological examination. Electroencephalography (EEG) and visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were also recorded. Prominent central nervous system (CNS) or psychiatric symptoms were present in 5 patients (16%), including encephalopathy, psychosis, anxiety disorder, grand mal seizures and transient ischemic attack. In addition, abnormal VEPs were recorded from 5/32 patients (16%), suggesting optic neuropathy. EEGs were mainly normal or showed only slight, nonspecific changes. Primary CNS involvement in scleroderma, however, could not be shown in any of the 5 cases with neuropsychiatric symptoms. Our results suggest that neuropsychiatric symptoms in SSc are, if not coincidental, indirectly caused by internal organ involvement of SSc or by possible overlapping connective tissue diseases. On the other hand, optic neuropathy might be a primary complication of SSc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Tampere University Central Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hietaharju
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jääskeläinen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hietarinta
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Frey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019965:Neurocognitive Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D012594:Scleroderma, Localized / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed