title: Regional nodal management and patterns of failure following conservative surgery and radiation therapy for stage I and II breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence, pattern of regional nodal failure, and treatment sequelae as determined by the extent of lymphatic irradiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of 511 patients with 519 Stage I and II breast cancers treated with breast conserving surgery with or without axillary dissection and irradiation were reviewed. The extent of nodal irradiation was at the discretion of the attending radiation oncologist and varied considerably over the years. Management of the axilla consisted of axillary dissection alone in 351, axillary dissection and supplemental irradiation in 74, irradiation alone in 75, and simply observation in 21 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, axillary recurrence was uncommon (1.2%), but was slightly more frequent after irradiation alone (2.7%) than after surgery alone (0.3%), p = 0.14. There was no benefit for supplemental axillary irradiation after an axillary dissection yielding negative or 1 to 3 positive nodes. In the 21 patients in whom the axilla was observed, axillary recurrence was not observed. Supraclavicular failures were rare in women with negative or 1 to 3 positive axillary lymph nodes (0.5%), and not significantly affected by elective irradiation. Internal mammary node recurrence was seen in only one patient, and was not significantly influenced by elective internal mammary irradiation. Both arm and breast edema were significantly more common in women having breast and nodal irradiation than after breast irradiation alone. These sequelae were not influenced significantly by the number of lymph nodes obtained in the axillary dissection specimen. Radiation pneumonitis was seen with increased frequency with more extensive nodal radiotherapy. Pneumonitis was not found to be affected by the administration or sequencing of chemotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is little justification for axillary or supraclavicular irradiation following an axillary dissection which yields negative or minimally involved (1 to 3 positive) lymph nodes. There were too few patients with extensive axillary node metastases (> or = 4 positive) in our series to draw conclusions about the optimal extent of nodal irradiation in this subset. Elective internal mammary lymph node irradiation increases technical complexity, does not appear to be advantageous, and when combined with supraclavicular irradiation places the patient at highest risk for pneumonitis.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Halverson
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Myerson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Philpott
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rush
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001132:Arm; D001365:Axilla; D001940:Breast; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004487:Edema / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000528:radiation effects*; D015412:Mastectomy, Segmental; D008875:Middle Aged; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies