title: Personality disorders in treatment-seeking combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) appear to have co-occurring symptoms of character pathology; however, to date there have been no empirical studies of comorbid clinician-rated axis II personality disorders in war veterans with chronic PTSD. The authors' objective was to assess DSM-III-R personality disorders in treatment-seeking combat veterans with PTSD.
  
  
  METHODS
  They used the Personality Disorder Examination, a standardized diagnostic interview for DSM-III-R axis II disorders, to assess DSM-III-R personality disorders in 34 patients with PTSD; 18 of the subjects were inpatients and 16 were outpatients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A high rate of character pathology was observed in both inpatient and outpatient groups. The most frequent disorders for which criteria were met were borderline, obsessive-compulsive, avoidant, and paranoid personality disorders. Inpatients had a higher rate of nearly every personality disorder than did outpatients. Inpatients were significantly more likely to meet diagnostic criteria for paranoid, schizotypal, avoidant, and self-defeating personality disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  War-related PTSD in treatment-seeking Vietnam veterans is often accompanied by diffuse, debilitating, and enduring impairments in character. Subtyping patients with PTSD on the basis of specific axis II profiles may aid in the selection of more specific and effective treatments.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry Department, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Southwick
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yehuda
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Giller
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care; D015897:Comorbidity; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology