title: Cerebrospinal fluid and MRI findings in three patients with multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: Three patients fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of both multiple sclerosis (MS) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were examined clinically, immunologically and by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In all three patients MRI showed several high-signal lesions compatible with MS and, additionally, non-specific small white matter lesions suggesting small vessel occlusion were seen. In CSF the cytoimmunological abnormalities were variable and showed only slight to moderate immunoactivation within the CNS at the time of sampling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hyvinkää Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kinnunen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Keto
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ketonen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Helve
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sepponen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000032:analysis; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D016516:CD4-CD8 Ratio; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D009902:Optic Neuritis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D012709:Serum Albumin