title: Dose-response relationship between total cadmium intake and metallothioneinuria using logistic regression analysis.
abstract: The dose-response relationship for environmental cadmium exposure was assessed using logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of metallothioneinuria was employed as a response variable, while age and total cadmium intake, calculated from the average cadmium concentration in rice and duration of residence in the cadmium-polluted area, were used as explanatory variables. The target population comprised of 1843 cadmium-exposed and 240 non-exposed inhabitants of Ishikawa, Japan. The individuals were divided into 96 subgroups by sex, age (4 categories), cadmium concentrations in rice (3 categories) and length of residence in the polluted area (4 categories). Only total cadmium intake had a significant association with the prevalence of metallothioneinuria. In the non-exposed subjects total cadmium intakes corresponding to 2.5% prevalence of metallothioneinuria were calculated. Based on metallothionein levels expressed as either microgram/l urine or microgram/g creatinine, the total intakes were: 2.221 or 2.207 g in men and 2.365 or 0.319 g in women, respectively. Most of these values were similar to those reported by us previously, employing simple regression analysis. It is concluded, therefore, that a maximum allowable intake of about 2 g cadmium is a reasonable estimate for preventing the cadmium-induced renal dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston 02881-0809.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kido
authors.forename: Z A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kito
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nogawa
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D002105:Cadmium Poisoning / Q000652:urine; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000652:urine*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium; D008668:Metallothionein