title: Several short interspersed repetitive elements (SINEs) in distant species may have originated from a common ancestral retrovirus: characterization of a squid SINE and a possible mechanism for generation of tRNA-derived retroposons.
abstract: Using labeled transcripts generated in vitro from squid total genomic DNA as a probe, we isolated and characterized a SINE that is present in the squid genome. The squid SINE appears to be derived from a tRNA(Lys). When the consensus sequences of five different SINEs with a tRNA(Lys)-like structure from distantly related species, including squid, were aligned, we found in the tRNA-unrelated region two sequence motifs that were almost identical among these five SINEs. This observation suggests a common evolutionary origin for these SINEs and/or some function(s) for these motifs. Similar sequences were unexpectedly found to be present in sequences complementary to the U5 regions of several mammalian retroviruses whose primer is a tRNA(Lys). On the basis of these findings, we present a model for the generation of SINEs. We propose that they are derived from a "strong-stop DNA" with a primer tRNA(Lys) that is an intermediate in the reverse transcription of certain retroviruses. Our model suggests that a certain group of SINEs may have been generated by horizontal transmission, although it is not clear whether information was transmitted via a similar retrovirus or via an RNA or DNA of a SINE.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohshima
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Koishi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Okada
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D005075:Biological Evolution; D049832:Decapodiformes / Q000235:genetics*; D005796:Genes; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012343:RNA, Transfer / Q000235:genetics*; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D012190:Retroviridae / Q000235:genetics*; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
chemical_list: D012343:RNA, Transfer