title: Origin of tonic electrical activity patterns in the diaphragm of the fetal lamb.
abstract: The respiratory pattern generator in fetal and postnatal life activates the phrenic nucleus and diaphragm muscle with phasic bursts of activity. In the fetus, diaphragmatic activity is also characterized by tonic activity patterns of unknown origin. We have examined whether such activity is diaphragmatic, or radiated from nearby ribcage muscles, by placing two sets of electrodes side-by-side in the costal portion of the diaphragm in five fetuses. The rationale for this approach is that if tonic activity, radiates to the diaphragm it should be recorded by both sets of electrodes and there should be no delay between the action potentials from each set of electrodes. Of 24 single tonic units identified, 15 were recorded from only one of the two sets of electrodes in the diaphragm. In the 9 tonic units recorded from both sets of electrodes, there was a time delay between the appearance of the action potentials in the two recordings (mean +/- S.E.M. 1.6 +/- 0.2 ms). This is the expected conduction delay along the muscle fibres separating the two electrodes. Since tonic diaphragmatic activity persisted in fetuses with the spinal cord transected rostral or caudal to the phrenic nucleus, we conclude that the spinal cord alone is sufficient to produce the tonic activity recorded from the fetal diaphragm but that the brain may also generate such activity.
authors.affiliation: Monash University Centre for Early Human Development, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soust
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000166:cytology / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004566:Electrodes; D004576:Electromyography; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000502:physiology*; D007366:Intercostal Muscles / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D009129:Muscle Tonus / Q000502:physiology*; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide