title: Myocardial kinetics of carbon-11-meta-hydroxyephedrine: retention mechanisms and effects of norepinephrine.
abstract: Carbon-11-labeled meta-hydroxyephedrine (HED, N-methyl-metaraminol) is a catecholamine analog developed for the PET imaging of sympathetic nerve terminals of the heart. The retention mechanisms of this tracer and interactions with norepinephrine were investigated in isolated working rat hearts. Externally monitored time-activity curves showed a strong uptake process in control hearts (K1 = 2.66 +/- 0.39 ml/g/min) and relatively slow monoexponential clearance rates (k2 = 0.011 +/- 0.003 min-1). Comparative studies with the neuronal uptake inhibitor desipramine indicated little extraneuronal distribution and a strong dependence of clearance rate on neuronal reuptake of tracer. Norepinephrine (< or = 10 nM) increased HED clearance rate without affecting initial uptake rates. This effect may be related to competitive inhibition of neuronal reuptake and/or accelerated neuronal release of HED. These results indicate that the uptake and retention of HED by the myocardium is highly specific to sympathetic nerve terminals. However, its retention in the myocardium is not directly related to neuronal processing of catecholamines (i.e., metabolism and vesicular turnover). Thus, important differences may exist in the physiologic information indicated by retention measurements of HED and radiolabeled catecholamines. The finding of increased clearance rates with NE in the perfusion medium recommends the consideration of potential effects of circulating and endogenous catecholamines on PET measurements of myocardial retention of HED, especially in subjects with elevated plasma catecholamines or high sympathetic tone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: DeGrado
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Hutchins
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Toorongian
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Wieland
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwaiger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; C065363:3-hydroxyephedrine; D004809:Ephedrine; D009638:Norepinephrine