title: Condom use with primary partners among injecting drug users in Bangkok, Thailand and New York City, United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine factors associated with likelihood or failure to use condoms with primary sexual partners among injecting drug users (IDU) in two cities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interviews were conducted with 601 IDU in Bangkok in 1989 and with 957 IDU in New York City in 1990-1991. Subjects were recruited from drug-use treatment programs and a research storefront. Informed consent was obtained and a World Health Organization standardized questionnaire about AIDS risk behaviors administered by a trained interviewer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A substantial minority (37%) of IDU in Bangkok and a majority (55%) of IDU in New York City reported penetrative intercourse (vaginal, anal or oral) with a primary partner in the 6 months before the interview. Of those reporting penetrative intercourse with a primary partner, only 12% in Bangkok and 20% in New York reported that they always used condoms. Parallel bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to distinguish between subjects who reported always using condoms and subjects who reported unsafe sexual activity with primary partners. The same two factor--knowing that one is HIV-seropositive and talking about AIDS with sexual partners--were most strongly associated with always using condoms with primary partners in both cities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Programs to prevent sexual transmission of HIV among IDU should provide voluntary and confidential/anonymous HIV counseling and testing, and should facilitate discussions of AIDS and sexual transmission of HIV between IDU and their sexual partners. That the same two factors were associated with always using condoms with primary partners among IDU in these two cities suggests that these factors may also be important in other groups at high risk for HIV.
authors.affiliation: Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Thailand.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vanichseni
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Des Jarlais
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Choopanya
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Friedmann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wenston
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sonchai
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sotheran
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raktham
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carballo
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Friedman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003142:Communication; D015897:Comorbidity; D017280:Condoms / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003617:Dangerous Behavior; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012747:Sexual Partners / Q000523:psychology; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology