title: Evaluation of a rapid readout biological indicator for flash sterilization with three biological indicators and three chemical indicators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Flash sterilization is most commonly used for emergency sterilization of unwrapped items in a gravity displacement sterilizer for three minutes. Sterilization quality assurance is monitored by biological indicators that require a 24-hour incubation prior to reading. In this study, we compared a new biological indicator that provides results within 60 minutes with three conventional, 24-hour biological indicators for monitoring flash sterilization and three chemical indicators.
  
  
  METHODS
  Conventional biological indicators tested included the conventional Attest 1261, Proof Flash and Assert, while the rapid readout indicator tested was Attest 1291. Attest Rapid Readout detects the presence of a Bacillus stearothermophilus enzyme by reading a fluorescent product that is produced by the enzymatic break-down of a nonfluorescent substrate. Chemical indicators tested included Comply, Incheque, and Thermalog S. Survival at 132 degrees C in a gravity displacement sterilizer was measured by media color change after incubation for 24 hours at 56 degrees C for the three conventional biological indicators, fluorescence at 60 minutes for the Attest Rapid Readout biological indicator, and color change for the chemical indicators. Each exposure time was replicated four times with 10 of each biological and chemical indicator per run.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The conventional biological indicators (Attest, Proof Flash, and Assert) had 90%, 48%, and 40% spore survival at two minutes exposure; 23%, 3%, and 0% at three minutes exposure; and 3%, 0%, and 0% at four minutes exposure respectively. The Attest Rapid Readout biological indicator had 88%, 33%, and 0% enzyme activity detectable at 2, 3, and 4 minutes exposure. The chemical indicators Comply, Incheque, and Thermalog S revealed sterilization failure rates of 100%, 100%, and 100% at 0 minutes exposure; 100%, 100%, and 45% at one minute; 0%, 0%, and 28% at two minutes exposure; 0%, 0%, and 18% at three minutes exposure; and 0%, 0%, and 0% at four minutes exposure, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sensitivity of the Attest Rapid Readout parallels the conventional biological indicators. These data suggest that a 60-minute rapid readout biological indicator is equivalent to the 24-hour biological indicators. If further studies demonstrate that a four-minute flash sterilization cycle provides a needed safety margin to ensure sterilization, then consideration should be given to requiring a four-minute flash sterilization cycle. Chemical indicators were too sensitive to the processing conditions (eg, steam) and are inadequate to ensure adequate sterilization.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599-7030.
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Rutala
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Gergen
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D009657:North Carolina; D009873:Operating Rooms / Q000592:standards*; D011786:Quality Control; D013242:Sterilization / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007202:Indicators and Reagents