title: Tumour necrosis factor production in vivo and in vitro in response to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and the cell wall fractions thereof.
abstract: Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) was detected in serum from mice challenged with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. The serum TNF levels of mice challenged with an avirulent strain were significantly higher than those of mice challenged with a virulent strain, and the same was observed for the TNF levels of mice challenged with a cell wall fraction (F1) from the two fungal strains. Fraction F1 consisted of chitin and beta-glucan; but although the chitin contents were similar for the two strains, the avirulent strain allowed a greater content of beta-glucan. The beta-glucan, purified from both strains, increased serum TNF levels in an identical dose-dependent manner, whereas purified chitin did not induce serum TNF levels. P. brasiliensis, the F1 fractions and beta-glucan induced macrophages to secrete TNF in vitro. The differences in TNF levels, induced by the different fungal strains, were correlated with the beta-glucan concentrations in the cell walls of both the avirulent and virulent strains of P. brasiliensis. These findings support a role for TNF in the pathogenicity of P. brasiliensis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Silva
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000276:immunology; D005936:Glucans / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010228:Paracoccidioides / Q000276:immunology*; D010229:Paracoccidioidomycosis / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D005936:Glucans; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha