title: The abnormality of normal comparison groups: the identification of psychosis proneness and substance abuse in putatively normal research subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Careful assessment of research subjects is important because the inclusion of subjects who manifest psychopathology and significant substance abuse in normal comparison groups will decrease statistical and experimental power. The current study evaluated the usefulness of an MMPI-derived algorithm in identifying tendencies toward psychosis and substance abuse in putatively normal research volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-eight adults who were recruited as normal comparison research subjects completed the MMPI, psychiatric interviews, questionnaires, and selected neuropsychological tests. The MMPI classified 81 presumed normal subjects into four subgroups: 1) not psychosis prone/substance abuse not likely, 2) not psychosis prone/substance abuse likely, 3) psychosis prone/substance abuse not likely, and 4) psychosis prone/substance abuse likely.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MMPI psychosis-prone and substance abuse factors identified significantly distressed and dysfunctional individuals with a relatively high degree of accuracy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is becoming increasingly apparent that the cursory self-report screening of normal subjects may result in unacceptable levels of psychopathology in comparison groups. The current results also indicate that an adequate substance abuse evaluation is extremely important and that brief self-report information may be misleading. Empirically derived assessment tools, such as the MMPI, may prove useful in allowing researchers to more accurately define control parameters and group membership.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021.
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Braff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D006801:Humans; D008950:MMPI; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014888:Wechsler Scales