title: Degradation of atrazine and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by mycorrhizal fungi at three nitrogen concentrations in vitro.
abstract: Nine mycorrhizal fungi and free-living saprophytic microorganisms were tested for their ability to degrade two chlorinated aromatic herbicides at two herbicide concentrations and three nitrogen concentrations. Radiolabelled 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine (atrazine) were used as substrates at concentrations of 1 and 4 mM. After 8 weeks, none of the cultures tested grew at 4 mM 2,4-D. However, when the 2,4-D concentration was reduced to 1 mM, Phanerochaete chrysosporium 1767 had the highest level of 2,4-D mineralization and degradation under all nitrogen conditions. All cultures tested grew at both atrazine concentrations. In all cases, the ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Hymenoscyphus ericae 1318 had the highest level of atrazine carbon incorporated into its tissue. In general, as the nitrogen concentration increased, the total herbicide degradation increased. All of the cultures, except for Rhizopogon vinicolor 7534 and Sclerogaster pacificus 9011, showed increased degradation at 4 mM compared with 1 mM atrazine. The ability to degrade these two herbicides thus appeared to be dependent on the fungus and the herbicide, with no correlation to fungal ecotype (mycorrhizal versus free living).
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology and Biochemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow 83843.
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Donnelly
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Entry
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Crawford
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D001280:Atrazine / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D005658:Fungi / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D009584:Nitrogen; D010944:Plants / Q000382:microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D009584:Nitrogen; D001280:Atrazine