title: Is gross proteinuria a risk factor for the incidence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between gross proteinuria, measured at the initial examination, and the 4-year incidence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) in a population-based study in Wisconsin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gross proteinuria was measured by reagent strip. Diabetic retinopathy was determined from stereoscopic fundus photographs in a masked fashion using the modified Airlie House classification scheme.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the younger-onset group taking insulin (n = 693), the relative risk of proliferative retinopathy developing in those with gross proteinuria at baseline was 2.32 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.40,3.83) compared with those without gross proteinuria. For the older-onset group taking insulin, the relative risk was 2.02 (95% CI: 0.91,4.44), and for those not taking insulin it was 1.13 (95% CI: 0.15,8.50). After controlling for other risk variables, the relationship was of borderline statistical significance (P = 0.052) in the younger-onset group with no or early nonproliferative retinopathy at baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that gross proteinuria is a risk indicator for proliferative retinopathy in younger-onset patients with diabetes. These patients might benefit from having regular ophthalmologic evaluation.
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin, Department of Ophthalmology, Madison 53792-3220.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000150:complications*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014922:Wisconsin / Q000453:epidemiology