Multiple proteins interact with the fushi tarazu proximal enhancer.
The expression of the Drosophila segmentation gene fushi tarazu (ftz) is controlled at the level of transcription. The proximal enhancer, located approximately 3.4 kb upstream of the transcription start site, directs lacZ fusion gene expression in a ftz-like seven-stripe pattern in transgenic fly embryos. We have taken a biochemical approach to identify DNA-binding proteins that regulate ftz gene expression through the proximal enhancer. DNase I footprinting and methylation interference experiments with staged Drosophila embryo nuclear extracts identified nine protein binding sites in the proximal enhancer. Ten different sequence-specific DNA-binding complexes that interact with eight of these sites were identified. Some interact with multiple sites, while others bind to single sites in the enhancer. Two of the complexes that interact with multiple sites appear to contain the previously described ftz regulators, FTZ-F1 and TTK/FTZ-F2. These in vitro studies allowed us to narrow down the proximal enhancer to a 323-bp DNA fragment that contains all of the protein binding sites. Expression directed by this minimal enhancer element in seven ftz-like stripes in transgenic embryos is identical to that directed by the full-length enhancer. Internal deletions of several sites abolish reporter gene expression in vivo. Thus, the ftz proximal enhancer, like other cell-type-specific eukaryotic enhancers, interacts with an array of proteins that are expected to mediate the establishment, maintenance, and repression of transcription of the ftz gene in seven stripes in the developing embryo.
Han
W
W
Brookdale Center for Molecular Biology, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029.
Yu
Y
Y
Altan
N
N
Pick
L
L
D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics*; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D051717:Fushi Tarazu Transcription Factors; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D007301:Insect Hormones / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009024:Morphogenesis; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000737:chemistry; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D016335:Zinc Fingers
D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D051717:Fushi Tarazu Transcription Factors; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D007301:Insect Hormones; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C497169:ftz protein, Drosophila; C075878:ttk protein, Drosophila