title: Error in smoking measures: effects of intervention on relations of cotinine and carbon monoxide to self-reported smoking. The Lung Health Study Research Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sources of measurement error in assessing smoking status are examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Lung Health Study, a randomized trial in 10 clinical centers, includes 3923 participants in a smoking cessation program and 1964 usual care participants. Smoking at first annual follow-up was assessed by salivary cotinine, expired air carbon monoxide, and self-report. Each of these measures is known to contain some error. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated by comparing a biochemical measure with self-report to produce an undifferentiated estimate of error. Classification error rates due to imprecision of the biochemical measures and to the error in self-report were estimated separately.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For cotinine compared with self-report, the sensitivity was 99.0% and the specificity 91.5%. For carbon monoxide compared with self-report, the sensitivity was 93.7% and the specificity 87.2%. The classification error attributed to self-report, estimated by comparing the results from intervention and control groups, was associated with the responses of 3% and 5% of participants, indicating a small but significant bias toward a socially desirable response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In absolute terms in these data, both types of error were small.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Connett
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Lauger
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Voelker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001944:Breath Tests; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis*; D003367:Cotinine / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D012650:Self Disclosure; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology; D016540:Smoking Cessation
chemical_list: D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D003367:Cotinine