title: TIPS: a new alternative for the variceal bleeder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Standard medical therapies for variceal bleeding secondary to portal hypertension (vasopressin, esophagogastric balloon tamponade and sclerotherapy) are associated with high rates of recurrent bleeding. Surgical shunting has a mortality rate of 15% to 50%. The transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt offers a novel, minimally invasive procedure for nonsurgical portal decompression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following catheterization of the hepatic vein from a jugular vein approach, a needle is directed fluoroscopically from the hepatic vein into a branch of the portal vein along an intrahepatic tract. The intrahepatic tract is then dilated and held open with a stainless steel stent delivered on a balloon catheter. This creates a portosystemic shunt entirely within the liver.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The collective experience of more than 300 cases from several centers has been reported. The technical success rate for the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt is 92% to 96%. Thirty-day mortality rates range from 0% to 14%, with less than 3% attributed to procedural complications. Primary shunt patency is about 90%, with a secondary patency rate of 100%. Rates of encephalopathy and rebleeding are 9% to 14%. Ascites resolves in 80% to 90% of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt appears to be a safe and effective procedure for management of variceal bleeding and holds promise for becoming the treatment of choice for portal hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Department of Radiology, Philadelphia 19104.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Soulen
mesh_terms: D002985:Clinical Protocols; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007601:Jugular Veins; D010690:Phlebography; D011170:Portasystemic Shunt, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome