title: Is anemia an accurate predictor of vitamin A status in Pakistani children?
abstract: Serum retinol and hemoglobin levels were determined in 532 children aged 6-60 months living in urban slums of Karachi, Pakistan. Overall 67% (358 of 532) of children had hemoglobin levels of less than 11 g/dl, the World Health Organization definition of anemia for this age group. Estimations for red blood cell indices (hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and red blood cell count) were done on a sample of 391 children to classify anemia morphologically. A similar percentage (69.8% [273 of 391 children]) of anemia was found in this group. The anemia was predominantly microcytic and hypochromic. Normocytic normochromic anemia was present in only 16.5%. Serum retinol levels were significantly correlated with hemoglobin (P < 0.002), hematocrit (P < 0.01), and red blood cell (P < 0.001) levels. However, anemia was found to be a poor predictor (positive predictive value [PPV] = 2.5%) for the presence of vitamin A deficiency (retinol < 10 micrograms/dl). The PPV increased to 54% if 20 micrograms/dl, which is an indicator of marginal vitamin A status, was used as the cutoff point. The sensitivity of the hemoglobin test was found to be 75% in correctly identifying vitamin A deficiency when retinol levels of 10 micrograms/dl and 20 micrograms/dl were both used as the cutoff points for deficiency. The specificity for the hemoglobin test varied from 33% to 40% when levels of 10 micrograms/dl and 20 micrograms/dl were used as the cutoff points for vitamin A deficiency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Aga Khan University Medical Centre, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Molla
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khurshid
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Molla
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Badruddin
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hendricks
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Snyder
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000740:Anemia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004906:Erythrocyte Count; D006400:Hematocrit; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D011204:Poverty Areas; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D014505:Urban Population; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood*; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D014801:Vitamin A