title: Levothyroxine therapy in patients with thyroid disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the indications for and the proper monitoring of levothyroxine therapy in patients with thyroid disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant English language articles published from 1966 to 1992 were identified through a MEDLINE search and manual searches of both identified articles and selected endocrinology texts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies, case reports, and review articles that contained data on the pathophysiologic aspects of relevant thyroid disorders and on the pharmacologic aspects of, indications for, and administration of levothyroxine therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, complications, and treatment of thyroid disorders were analyzed with respect to patient selection, methods, diagnostic criteria, and conclusions. These data were used to develop a rational approach to the management of such patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levothyroxine is a reliable and commonly prescribed drug to treat thyroid disease, but excessive dosage may have adverse effects. In patients with hypothyroidism, levothyroxine is used as replacement therapy. For most patients, therapy can be initiated with a full replacement dosage (1.6 micrograms/kg body weight), which is usually 75 to 100 micrograms/day for women and 100 to 150 micrograms/d for men. The goal is to normalize the serum thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration. Levothyroxine is also used to suppress the serum thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration. A trial of thyroid-stimulating hormone suppressive therapy is indicated for most patients with benign solitary nonfunctioning thyroid nodules and for those with a history of thyroid cancer. Levothyroxine in non-thyroid-stimulating hormone-suppressive doses may also be indicated for patients with nontoxic multinodular goiter and for certain patients after lobectomy for benign thyroid nodules.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With proper patient monitoring, levothyroxine replacement therapy should be effective, inexpensive, and free of complications. Recommendations for thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression with levothyroxine are based on risk-benefit considerations of the biologic characteristics of the thyroid disorder and the individual patient.
authors.affiliation: Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Mandel
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Brent
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Larsen
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000503:physiopathology; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000503:physiopathology; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000502:physiology; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000187:drug effects; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D013972:Thyrotropin; D013974:Thyroxine