title: Spine instability and the special olympics.
abstract: There is a broad array of abnormalities of the upper cervical spine in people with Down syndrome, with an increased atlanto-dens interval being the best known. Most patients are asymptomatic. The natural history, however, is not known, and therefore, treatment recommendations are based on important clinical determinants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Goldberg
mesh_terms: D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology*