title: Smoking and bladder cancer risk in blacks and whites in the United States.
abstract: A population-based case-control study of bladder cancer (2,982 cases and 5,782 controls) conducted in 10 areas of the United States examined the effect of smoking as a risk factor among Blacks and Whites, after adjustment for occupation and other potential confounders. Although the overall risk for smoking was slightly higher in Blacks than Whites (relative risk = 2.7 and 2.2, respectively), this difference was not statistically significant. Estimation of risk by dose and currency of exposure revealed no consistent racial disparities in smoking-related risks. Race-specific, attributable risk estimates indicated that nearly half of bladder cancers among both Blacks and Whites could have been prevented by elimination of smoking.
authors.affiliation: National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hartge
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schairer
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Hoover
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data