title: Needle exchange decreases the prevalence of HIV-1 proviral DNA in returned syringes in New Haven, Connecticut.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report on the deployment of the syringe tracking and testing system in the New Haven needle exchange program, which is the first federally funded evaluation of a needle exchange program conducted in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  A legal needle exchange for intravenous drug users began in New Haven, Connecticut, in November 1990. All syringes distributed by the program received unique tracking codes. Syringes were tracked and HIV-1 proviral DNA prevalence in returned syringes was assessed using polymerase chain reaction and Southern blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the outset of the program, the prevalence of HIV-1 proviral DNA in syringes exceeded two thirds. Prevalence decreased rapidly to less than 45% during the first 3 months of the program and remained at this level for the following 10 months. During the periods of decreasing prevalence and subsequent steady state, no changes in the demographics of program participants or in the drug use habits of newly enrolling clients that could account for the decrease in HIV-1 prevalence in needles were detected. In addition, the program referred almost 20% of its clients to drug treatment programs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The needle exchange program in New Haven has decreased the percentage of syringes testing positive for HIV-1 proviral DNA among needle exchange clients while simultaneously serving as an entry point for drug treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heimer
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khoshnood
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jariwala
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Cadman
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003237:Connecticut / Q000453:epidemiology; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D009339:Needles / Q000600:supply & distribution; D015995:Prevalence; D016730:Program Development; D011635:Public Health Administration; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013594:Syringes / Q000600:supply & distribution*
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral