title: Cigarette smoking and bone mineral density in older men and women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The association between cigarette smoking and bone mineral density was examined prospectively in a population-based study of older Caucasian men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Smoking patterns were determined at a 1972-1974 baseline evaluation and, again, 16 years later when 544 men and 822 women had bone mineral density measurements taken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men and women who were cigarette smokers at baseline demonstrated significantly reduced bone mineral density of the hip compared with nonsmokers. Baseline smoking was not associated with significantly lower bone density at non-hip sites. Women demonstrated a significant dose-response relationship between baseline smoking status at all hip sites measured. Both sexes exhibited significant dose-response relationships between hip bone mineral density and change in smoking status between baseline and follow-up, demonstrating that smoking cessation in later life was beneficial in halting bone density loss associated with smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking was positively and significantly associated with decreased hip bone mineral density in old age. Bone loss associated with smoking would be expected to predict an increased risk of hip fracture in those who do not succumb earlier to another complication of tobacco use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0607.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hollenbach
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barrett-Connor
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Edelstein
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Holbrook
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000139:chemically induced; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016540:Smoking Cessation