title: Phase I trial of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus high-dose cyclophosphamide given every 2 weeks: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression often limits escalation of cancer chemotherapy doses. Cyclophosphamide, an alkylating agent, is an ideal candidate for dose escalation: A log-linear relationship between cell kill and dose has been demonstrated, and the drug spares hematopoietic stem cells. In addition, studies suggest that granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) can enhance the ability to achieve optimal dose intensity as well as ameliorating chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose and the toxic effects of cyclophosphamide administered every 2 weeks with GM-CSF support.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this trial by the Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB), cohorts of patients were treated with cyclophosphamide as a 1-hour intravenous infusion every 14 days; GM-CSF was given subcutaneously on days 3-10. Four dose levels of cyclophosphamide (1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 g/m2) and three dose levels of GM-CSF (2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 micrograms/kg per day) were evaluated. There was no dose escalation in individual patients. Fifty-one patients with solid tumors who had CALGB performance status 0 or 1 and minimal prior radiotherapy were eligible for analysis. Drug clearance and area under the curve for plasma drug concentration x time (AUC) were estimated at completion of the infusion and at 4 and 24 hours after the start of the infusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-five courses of therapy were analyzed. Treatment with cyclophosphamide at 3.0 g/m2 or more resulted in neutropenia (absolute neutrophil counts < 100/microL) in all cycles of therapy. At those doses, blood cell count recovery adequate for re-treatment occurred in 67%-85% of cycles (median, 16 days). Doses of 6.0 g/m2 were associated with the greatest degree of myelosuppression and frequent hospitalization (88% of cycles); requirements for blood transfusion prohibited further dose escalation. Nonhematologic toxic effects were tolerable, with two episodes of reversible cardiotoxicity and four episodes of hemorrhagic cystitis that precluded further therapy. Degree of myelosuppression was not correlated with cyclophosphamide AUC or clearance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The recommended phase II dose of cyclophosphamide is 4.5 g/m2 administered every 2 weeks with GM-CSF given at 5.0 micrograms/kg per day of GM-CSF. Our results suggest that, with GM-CSF support, high cumulative doses of cyclophosphamide can be given to achieve optimal dose intensity, with reproducible blood cell count recovery and without the need for autologous bone marrow transplantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phase II studies of this intensive regimen in malignant diseases sensitive to alkylating agents are currently being done in CALGB.
authors.affiliation: North Shore University Hospital, Cornell University Medical College, Manhasset, N.Y. 11030.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lichtman
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ratain
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Van Echo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rosner
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Egorin
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Budman
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Vogelzang
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Schilsky
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001772:Blood Cell Count / Q000187:drug effects; D001855:Bone Marrow Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D003520:Cyclophosphamide