title: Risk factors for HIV infection among young adult men in northern Thailand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the sociodemographic and behavioral risk factors associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in two cohorts of young men selected for military service in northern Thailand.
  
  
  METHODS
  Military conscripts were studied cross-sectionally after conscription in May 1991 and November 1991. Risk factors were assessed by interview with trained nonmilitary interviewers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two military training bases in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2417 young men aged 19 to 23 years (mean age, 21 years) conscripted by lottery into military service in the Royal Thai Army or Royal Thai Air Force from six provinces in northern Thailand.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed by Western blot and univariate and multivariate analyses of sociodemographic and behavioral risk factors associated with HIV seroprevalence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 289 (12.0%) of 2417 men were HIV-seropositive at baseline. The strongest associations with being HIV positive were heterosexual activities. History of sex with a female commercial sex worker (CSW) was frequent (96.5% of men who were HIV-positive and 79.0% of men who were HIV-negative) and strongly associated with HIV infection on univariate and multivariate analyses (adjusted odds ratio, 1.60 to 2.07, depending on the frequency of CSW contact). Also, sexually transmitted diseases were common and associated with HIV infection in both univariate and multivariate analyses (adjusted odds ratio, 3.36). Sex with other males and injection drug use were uncommon and not associated with HIV infection. Condom use was reported in 61.5% of men at last sex with a CSW but was not shown to be protective of prevalent HIV infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The epidemic of HIV infection has spread widely among young men in northern Thailand, despite reported frequent and recent use of condoms during sex with female CSWs. Control of HIV infection in this population will probably require more regular and effective use of condoms, prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, and reduction in the frequency of CSW contact.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205.
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Celentano
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suprasert
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eiumtrakul
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tulvatana
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matanasarawoot
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Akarasewi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuntolbutra
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Romyen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015528:HIV Seroprevalence; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology