title: Oral contraceptives and the risk of gallbladder disease: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to assess the risk of gallbladder disease due to oral contraceptive use by conducting a thorough literature review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled epidemiologic studies published through March 1992 were systematically searched and evaluated. Of 25 studies (27 publications), 9 could stand the test of critical appraisal with respect to validity. Restriction to these studies was judged to circumvent publication bias at the same time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oral contraceptive use is associated with a slightly and transiently increased rate of gallbladder disease. The results of six selected studies in which asymptomatic women were screened for gallstones were strikingly similar. Pooling of these results yielded an odds ratio, for ever vs never oral contraceptive use, of 1.36. A dose-effect relationship was indicated, suggesting that modern low-dose oral contraceptives are safer than older formulas, but an effect cannot be excluded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the large efforts already devoted to this exposure-disease relationship, the probably weak effect, and the rapidly changing formulas of oral contraceptives, the authors suggest that the safety of new oral contraceptives be evaluated by studying bile saturation and biliary function rather than by waiting for gallbladder disease to develop.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Rijksuniversiteit Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thijs
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Knipschild
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005705:Gallbladder Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral