title: Presumptive fecal streptococci in environmental samples characterized by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
abstract: The use of fecal streptococci as fecal indicators requires better knowledge of the ecology of these bacteria. We isolated 371 presumptive fecal streptococci from environmental samples--domestic wastewater, forest industry wastewater, contaminated surface and seawater, well water, cow dung, bird droppings, and pristine waters--and clustered them according to their protein profiles in one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. Some clusters could be tentatively identified with the help of reference strains. Samples from each environment had a typical composition of streptococcus types. Enterococcus faecalis was present, but not as a dominating enterococcal species, in samples in which fecal contamination was probable. Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus hirae, and Enterococcus mundtii had protein profiles that were difficult to distinguish from each other. These bacteria were found in a variety of samples. Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus gallinarum had identical protein profiles. On the basis of the maximum temperatures for growth and pigment production, isolates of this protein profile group common in forest industry wastewaters were identified as E. casseliflavus. Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis was also found in this environment. Nearly all strains from pristine waters belonged to protein profile groups which could not be identified with the aid of known Aerococcus, Enterococcus, Lactococcus, or Streptococcus strains. The maximum temperatures for growth and the results of fatty acid analysis were in general agreement within each protein profile group.
authors.affiliation: National Board of Waters and the Environment, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Niemi
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Niemelä
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Bamford
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hantula
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hyvärinen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Forsten
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raateland
mesh_terms: D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D005618:Fresh Water; D017045:Lactococcus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D012623:Seawater; D012722:Sewage; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins; D012722:Sewage; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate