title: Prevalence of kyphosis in a healthy sample of pre- and postmenopausal women.
abstract: Kyphosis, initially modest, progresses to the well recognized dowager's hump of the postmenopausal osteoporotic woman. Kyphosis is not only associated with relatively altered vertebral body shape (anterior wedging), but also with reduced bone density and fitness, as well as decreased muscle strength, and is associated with reduced survival. We found an unexpectedly high (35%) incidence of kyphosis in a healthy sample of well women 20 to 64 years of age. The correlation between normal postural index of kyphosis (I/K) and upright postural I/K was substantial (r = 0.799). Among the postmenopausal women, normal postural I/K was inversely correlated with age. Upright postural kyphosis was not related to age, nor was normal postural I/K in the premenopausal woman. There was no direct relationship demonstrated between current calcium consumption and I/K. Similarly, neither estrogen levels nor follicle-stimulating hormone levels were related to current posture. Women with satisfactory exercise habits had significantly lower I/K. Because the capacity to stand up straight was consistently higher than the normal postural score, yet closely correlated to it, there may be a role for postural kyphosis in changing the architecture of the vertebral column. As normal posture becomes kyphotic, an individual can no longer straighten the vertebral column. The surveyor's flexicurve, which we employed for this study, provided a simple and inexpensive method for assessing postural index. This measurement can be routinely included in the comprehensive health examination. Assessment of bone health in women should be made within the context of a fixed postural kyphosis.
authors.affiliation: Athena Institute for Women's Wellness Research, Haverford, PA 19041.
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Cutler
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Friedmann
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Genovese-Stone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004967:Estrogens / Q000097:blood; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007738:Kyphosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D010414:Pennsylvania; D011187:Posture; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D004967:Estrogens; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone