title: The effect of ketamine anesthetic induction on muscle responses to transcranial magnetic cortex stimulation studied in man.
abstract: In man, an anesthetic agent that induces surgical anesthesia with minimal influence on descending pyramidal tract activity remains to be found. Anesthesia with ketamine allows recording of stable compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) to single transcranial magnetic stimulations of the motor cortex (CortStim) in monkeys. This report describes the findings in 5 patients, where CMAPs to CortStim were recorded from the right hypothenar during anesthesia induction with ketamine. The agent was injected intravenously every 90 s in 6 steps of 0.5 mg up to a maximum of 3 mg/kg body weight (BW). Surgical anesthesia was achieved after ketamine injection of 1.5 (n = 4 patients) or 2.0 mg/kg BW (n = 1). In the five individuals tested, CMAP amplitudes and latencies (mean; range) were 2.6 (1.6-5.8) mV and 22.8 (20.4-24.6) ms before induction, and 1.6 (0.3-4.7) mV and 23.5 (21.7-24.5) ms after administration of the maximum dose. The paired differences (mean +/- 1 S.D.) were 0.8 +/- 0.6 mV and 1.0 +/- 0.8 ms and were statistically not significant (n = 5, P = 0.1, Wilcoxon-test). With ketamine as a single anesthetic induction agent CMAPs to single CortStim remain easily recordable even in dosages higher than those necessary to induce surgical anesthesia. All other previously tested anesthetic agents suppress CMAPs to CortStim as soon as the patient is unconscious.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kothbauer
authors.forename: U D
authors.initials: UD
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liechti
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Rösler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine; D008280:Magnetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D009132:Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D010812:Physical Stimulation
chemical_list: D007649:Ketamine