title: A randomized comparison of once-monthly or twice-monthly high-dose aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis.
abstract: RESULTS
  Ten of the 146 (7 percent) evaluable subjects developed PCP during the year study period, and there was no difference in the efficacy of the two regimens. Among patients receiving secondary prophylaxis, the attack rate of PCP at 1 year was 11 percent. This compares favorably with a 1-year attack rate of 19 percent in similar patients receiving standard dose (300 mg) prophylaxis and suggests, but does not prove, a dose-response effect. Concentrations of pentamidine in BAL fluid were not significantly different among the three lobes of the lung. Intrapulmonary pentamidine did not accumulate during the year of study. Aerosolized pentamidine was associated with a marginal but statistically significant increase in the residual volume, decreased flow rates, and increased airway reactivity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The optimal regimen of aerosolized pentamidine in unknown. Published data suggest that there is a dose-response effect and that the occurrence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) has been associated with prolongation of the interval between doses. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and physiologic effects of two high-dose regimens of aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized study of 300 mg twice monthly vs 600 mg once monthly during a 1-year observation period. Pentamidine concentrations in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were measured and serial pulmonary function was measured.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large teaching hospital in San Francisco.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fifty-one adult (age > 18 years) men with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Of 146 evaluable patients, prophylaxis was primary (no prior PCP) in 108 (75 percent) and secondary (one prior episode of PCP) in 38 (25 percent).
  
  
  METHODS
  Date and diagnosis of PCP, occurrence of drug toxicity, pulmonary function testing, and concentrations of pentamidine in BAL and plasma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest, but do not prove, that a dose-response effect has been demonstrated, and that high-dose aerosolized pentamidine may further reduce the attack rate of PCP. These preliminary observations should be confirmed in a double-blind trial comparing 300 mg with 600 mg administered once monthly. The clinical relevance of the adverse pulmonary effects is unclear and requires further investigation.
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Francisco 94143-0208.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Golden
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Chernoff
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Conte
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology; D000336:Aerosols; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010419:Pentamidine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000187:drug effects; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D010419:Pentamidine