Is premenstrual syndrome an endocrine disorder?
To both patients and physicians it seems natural to attribute adverse premenstrual phenomena to cyclic fluctuations of hormones produced by the ovary. This seems so plausible that, although the endocrine mechanism that causes premenstrual syndrome remains unknown, the condition itself is often treated with hormonal substances. Psychosocial factors are thus considered to be of only secondary importance. They may play a role as a contributing factor, to the 'real' cause of premenstrual syndrome they are not an essential ingredient. The aim of this review article is to examine how strong the evidence is for the possible existence of an endocrine factor as the causative agent in premenstrual syndrome. Using an epidemiological approach we conclude that the continuing search for the responsible mechanism that causes premenstrual syndrome may very well be an endocrine 'Holy Grail'. Human behavior cannot be understood within a single (hormonal) frame of reference. Cyclical ovarian activity is only one of the etiological factors in premenstrual syndrome. Unravelling the pathogenesis of premenstrual syndrome requires a multidisciplinary approach.
Schagen van Leeuwen
J H
JH
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Antonius Ziekenhuis Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
te Velde
E R
ER
Koppeschaar
H P
HP
Kop
W J
WJ
Thijssen
J H
JH
van Ree
J M
JM
Haspels
A A
AA
D015984:Causality; D004700:Endocrine System Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D010053:Ovary / Q000503:physiopathology; D011293:Premenstrual Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology
D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones