title: Phantom evaluation of heating of superficial tissues located above interstitial microwave antennas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A technique that improves heating of superficial tissues above an implant of microwave interstitial antennas is presented.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adequate heating of tumor margins is achieved by extending an implant of microwave antennas beyond the tumor boundary by 1-2 cm. When the tumor infiltrates the superficial tissues including the skin, the implant cannot even reach the superficial margin of the tumor since it requires tissue to support the catheters. This may yield cold spots in the tissues above the implant. Measurements in a phantom with varying thickness of the superficial layer above the implant demonstrated inadequate Specific Absorption Rates of energy distribution in this layer. A method that improves these distributions in the superficial layers was developed and tested in this work. This method requires placing a deionized water bolus on the phantom (patient) surface. Additional microwave antennas are placed on top of the bolus above and parallel to the implanted antennas. The Specific Absorption Rates distributions were evaluated for the thicknesses of superficial layer ranging from 1.5 mm to 16 mm and two bolus thicknesses (5 and 10 mm).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The adequate Specific Absorption Rates distributions were achieved for all tested thicknesses of the superficial layer (1.5, 4, 8, 12, and 16 mm). The use of the 5 mm bolus versus 10 mm bolus is discussed. The use of additional antennas did not significantly increase stray radiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This method has the potential to optimize heating of superficial tissues located above a microwave antenna implant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153.
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Leybovich
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Devanna
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Kurup
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Fan
mesh_terms: D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008872:Microwaves / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008953:Models, Anatomic