title: [The cardiotoxicity of bupivacaine during pacemaker stimulation is dependent on the stimulation frequency. Results of an experimental study].
abstract: The cardiotoxic effects of bupivacaine are related to the temporal dispersion of effective refractory periods in different parts of the cardiac conduction system. This effect facilitates the occurrence of re-entry arrhythmias under burst stimulation [4, 8]. In this study physiological increments in heart rate were simulated by cardiac pacing, and the electrophysiological and haemodynamic effects under the influence of cardiotoxic concentrations of bupivacaine were measured. METHODS. After institutional approval we generated cardiotoxic arterial plasma concentrations of bupivacaine (6.9 +/- 1.6 micrograms/ml) in pigs (n = 8; 15-22 kg) by i.v. injection of 4 mg bupivacaine/kg, followed by a constant rate infusion of 0.2 mg/kg per min [8]. The pigs were anaesthetized with midazolam, fentanyl and pancuronium and normoventilated with a FiO2 of 0.4. Internal right atrial and right ventricular pacing was performed with increasing frequencies of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 stimulations/min above individual spontaneous heart rates (AL) before (control) and after the administration of bupivacaine. ECG, MAP, LVSP, dp/dtmax and stimulation thresholds were recorded. Student's t-test, and the U-test of Wilcoxon, Mann and Whitney were used for statistical testing with a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS. By inducing a frequency-dependent increase in stimulation threshold, bupivacaine prevented regular atrial pacing with frequencies higher than AL + 60. Ventricular pacing with a frequency of AL+40 induced a lethal arrhythmia in 1 animal. In the remaining 7 pigs ventricular pacing showed a frequency-dependent increase in stimulation thresholds (Fig. 1) and stimulus-QRS intervals (Fig. 5). MAP (Fig. 2), LVSP (Fig. 3) and cardiac inotropy (Fig. 4) showed frequency-dependent decreases under ventricular pacing. CONCLUSIONS. The toxic effects of bupivacaine on pacing thresholds, av conduction, intraventricular conduction, cardiac inotropy, and blood pressure are modulated by the stimulation frequency of a cardiac pacemaker. The cardiotoxic effects of bupivacaine seem to be use dependent. Even minor increments in heart rate can induce malignant arrhythmias. Cardiac pacing can be difficult in the presence of toxic bupivacaine concentrations, and high-frequency pacing should be avoided. It has to be verified whether higher heart rates generated by the physiological pacemakers of the heart do also increase the cardio-circulatory toxicity of bupivacaine. If that holds true, drugs that can induce tachycardias should be avoided in the treatment of bupivacaine toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und spezielle Intensivmedizin, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hörnchen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Lauven
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hahn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000633:toxicity*; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D002045:Bupivacaine
vernacular_title: Die Kardiotoxizität von Bupivacain unter Schrittmacher-stimulation ist abhängig von der Stimulationsfrequenz. Ergebnisse einer experimentellen untersuchung.