title: Caffeine self-administration and withdrawal: incidence, individual differences and interrelationships.
abstract: In four prior studies, caffeine (100 mg) self-administration was assessed by greater self-administration of caffeinated coffee than decaffeinated coffee and caffeine withdrawal was assessed by placebo substitution using six double-blind tests in each subject. This paper collates data across these studies to examine the incidence and predictors of the occurrence of caffeine self-administration and withdrawal. Caffeine self-administration occurred in 31% of subjects when a consistency criterion was used (n = 41) and 27% when a statistical criterion was used. Caffeine withdrawal occurred in 35% and 49% of subjects with each criteria (n = 37). Subjects who had withdrawal headaches and drowsiness were 2.3-2.6 times more likely to self-administer the caffeinated coffee. Several variables (e.g., average caffeine intake) did not predict caffeine self-administration or withdrawal.
authors.affiliation: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry, Burlington 05405.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Oliveto
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Bickel
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Badger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects; D002110:Caffeine / Q000009:adverse effects; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000187:drug effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012646:Self Administration / Q000523:psychology; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D002110:Caffeine