title: alpha 1-Antitrypsin- and anchorage-independent growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
abstract: alpha 1-Antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (alpha 1-ACHY) are closely related protease inhibitors, synthesized primarily by the liver, which play major roles in modulation of the inflammatory response. Previously, we had shown that MCF-7 human breast cancer cells were able to synthesize active alpha 1-AT and alpha 1-ACHY and that the synthesis of both inhibitors varied among different MCF-7 sublines. We now show that when MCF-7(ML) cells (a subline synthesizing low levels of alpha 1-AT) are grown in soft agar in medium depleted of its trypsin inhibitory capacity (i.e. alpha 1-AT-free), addition of alpha 1-AT (50 micrograms/ml) significantly reduces colony formation in both the presence and absence of estradiol (34% and 44%, respectively). Under these conditions, incubation with 10(-7) M estradiol alone increased colony formation 2- to 3-fold. Colony formation was also significantly reduced by serum leukocyte protease inhibitor, which, like alpha 1-AT, is a potent inhibitor of elastase-like enzymes. We also found that a variety of inflammatory mediators, cytokines, and steroid hormones are able to stimulate synthesis of alpha 1-AT and alpha 1-ACHY by MCF-7 cells. Stimulation by interleukin-6 (IL-6; 200 U/ml), epidermal growth factor (4 nM), and estradiol (10(-7) M) was 2- to 3-fold, whereas stimulations by tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA; 80 nM) and IL-1 (10 U/ml) were 2- to 5-fold and 5- to 10-fold, respectively. In each instance, protein synthesis, monitored by immunoprecipitation of 35S-labeled proteins followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and steady state mRNA levels, monitored by Northern blot analysis with specific cDNA probes, increased to the same extent. Consistent with their ability to stimulate alpha 1-AT synthesis, TPA and IL-1 reduced colony formation in the absence of estradiol by 65% and 63%, respectively. In addition, the effects of both TPA and IL-1 could be reversed by antibody to alpha 1-AT. These results suggest that local synthesis of alpha 1-AT and possibly other protease inhibitors may be important in regulating the tumorigenic potential of MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University Medical Center, New York 10016.
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Finlay
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tamir
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kadner
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yavelow
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Levitz
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects*; D003470:Culture Media; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000494:pharmacology; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D014361:Trypsin Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D000514:alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014361:Trypsin Inhibitors; D000514:alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate