title: Benefits and adverse effects of weight loss. Observations from the Framingham Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the benefits and adverse effects of weight loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal, epidemiologic study in a defined population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men and women (n = 2500) who were between 35 and 54 years old at baseline, followed for 20 years in Framingham, Massachusetts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Height, weight, lipid levels, blood pressure, smoking status, diet, physical activity, prevalent and incident cardiovascular disease, diabetes, other diseases, and mortality rate were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with those whose body mass index (BMI) or weight changed least, men and women who lost weight during a 10-year period were older, heavier, and had higher blood pressures and cholesterol levels initially but had the smallest gains in blood pressure and cholesterol levels. However, rates of cigarette smoking were higher, and rates of smoking cessation were lower. During 20 years of further follow-up, death rates were highest in those whose BMI decreased and in those with the highest BMI at study entry. Relative risks for death from cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, and all causes were significantly greater by 33% to 61% in men whose BMI decreased after adjusting for age and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. In women, weight loss and weight gain were associated with higher relative risks for cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease, but only the 38% increase in total mortality rate among women who lost weight was statistically significant after adjusting for age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Weight loss was associated with improvements in blood pressure and cholesterol levels but also with continued cigarette smoking, prevalent and incident cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, other diseases, and higher death rates. Leanness and maintenance of stable weight were beneficial to risk factors, and to the prevention of morbidity, and death.
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: D'Agostino
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kannel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cobb
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pinsky
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D012307:Risk Factors; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology*