title: Treatment of male infertility and idiopathic failure to fertilize in vitro with under zona insemination and direct egg injection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Failure to fertilize eggs in vitro may be countered by micromanipulation of gametes to place selected spermatozoa underneath the zona pellucida of the egg or directly into the egg, thereby improving chances of fertilization and production of viable embryos. Analysis of our clinical data for assisted fertilization was undertaken to assess those factors of relevance in this therapy, and a description of our procedures are given.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of 85 cycles (73 couples) of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer performed at a private infertility clinic, in which micromanipulation for assisted fertilization was used to overcome either severe male factor infertility or idiopathic failure to fertilize, was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 60 cycles where only embryos from under zona insemination were available for uterine transfer, 15 singleton and two twin pregnancies occurred (28.3% viable pregnancy rate per transfer, 14.1% embryonic implantation). In 14 of these cycles embryos arose only after repeated under zona insemination adding more spermatozoa; this accounted for four of the singleton and one of the twin pregnancies (38.5% pregnancy rate, 22.2% embryonic implantation). No embryos arose from partial zona dissection performed in five cycles on sibling eggs. However, in 16 cycles conventional insemination yielded fertilization in six cycles, and mixed transfer of these embryos and sibling embryos from under zona insemination gave rise to one pregnancy from four transfers (pregnancy rate 25%, embryonic implantation 7.1%). Likewise, in nine cycles donor spermatozoa yielded fertilization in eight cycles, and mixed transfer with sibling embryos fertilized by under zona insemination with partner's spermatozoa gave rise to two pregnancies from five transfers (pregnancy rate 40%, embryonic implantation 15.8%). Fertilization and pregnancy rates did not differ whether couples suffered either from male factor infertility or from previous idiopathic fertilization failure. Direct egg injection of a single spermatozoon into 105 eggs gave an 88.6% egg survival and 32.3% fertilization. Mixed transfers with sibling embryos from conventional and under zona insemination yielded one triplet, one twin, and three singleton pregnancies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, a 24.7% (21/85) viable pregnancy rate per cycle initiated occurred when only embryos from assisted fertilization were available. This strongly indicates that assisted fertilization made a real contribution in cases where either insufficient spermatozoa were available for conventional insemination or in cases where previous fertilization failure had arisen. The wide range of seminal parameters were found to be unhelpful in defining chances of success with assisted fertilization.
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Biology Associates, Atlanta, GA 30342.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Wiker
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Toledo
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male; D007316:Insemination, Artificial, Heterologous; D007317:Insemination, Artificial, Homologous / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008845:Microinjections / Q000379:methods; D010063:Ovum; D011247:Pregnancy; D015044:Zona Pellucida