title: Physiological correlates of painful stimulation in preterm infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study investigates the physiological responses of preterm infants to procedures that are routinely performed in intensive care nurseries. Changes in heart rate, respiration rate, and oxygen saturation were examined as indicators of the level of discomfort experienced by the infant during the procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical descriptive. Systematic observations of the infants were conducted during periods of rest as well as during routine interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  All observations were recorded from monitored preterm infants in the intensive care units of two urban hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five preterm infants 24-30 weeks gestational age and weighing < 2,000 g at birth. Data were collected from all infants in the units who met the weight criterion.
  
  
  METHODS
  The researchers observed the infants while the intensive care nursery staff were performing routine care procedures. Observations were made during procedures that adults would consider to be painful, such as injection, heel stick, tape removal, and squeezing of the heel to induce blood flow after heel stick, as well as nonpainful procedures, such as handling, temperature taking, alcohol swabbing, patting, taping a tube, feeding, and placing a pacifier.
  
  
  METHODS
  Heart rate, respiration rate, and oxygen saturation were recorded from infant monitors. Mean values of the three measures during procedures were compared with mean values before and after procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences (p < 0.001) were found among pre-, peri-, and post-procedures for all three outcome measures. Heart rate and respiration rate means were significantly (p < 0.001) higher during procedures that adults consider to be painful than in those regarded as nonpainful. Oxygen saturation was lower (p < 0.001) for painful procedures than for nonpainful procedures. Gender and infant size comparisons yielded inconclusive results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The outcome measures appear to be reliable indices of preterm infant responses to painful stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Stockton State College, Pomona, New Jersey.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gonsalves
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mercer
mesh_terms: D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000502:physiology*; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D011187:Posture; D012119:Respiration / Q000502:physiology; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen