title: Hemidystonia symptomatic of primary antiphospholipid syndrome in childhood.
abstract: We report three children with hemidystonia in whom anti-cardiolipin (aCL) antibodies were demonstrated. Systemic lupus erythematosus was excluded on the basis of both clinical and serological criteria, and the diagnosis of primary antiphospholipid syndrome (PAPS) was made. In two cases, aCL antibodies could be causally related to a presumed immune-mediated thrombotic event involving the basal ganglia as shown by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In the remaining patient the finding of white matter alteration on NMR might be due to cross-reactivity of anti-phospholipid (aPL) antibodies with cerebral phospholipids, resulting in demyelination. We suggest that PAPS must always be considered when isolated or recurrent focal cerebral ischaemia, and particularly hemidystonia, occur in childhood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Neurology, Istituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Angelini
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rumi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nardocci
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Combi
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Bruzzone
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pellegrini
mesh_terms: D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000503:physiopathology; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D003711:Demyelinating Diseases; D004421:Dystonia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011859:Radiography; D014743:Videotape Recording
chemical_list: D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M