title: Clonidine pretreatment reduces the systemic toxicity of intravenous bupivacaine in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clonidine prolongs the duration of sensory and motor block induced by bupivacaine, and this association, in constant infusion by the epidural route, is used for postoperative analgesia. After a near-fatal intravenous bolus of bupivacaine in dogs, clonidine improves ventricular electrophysiologic parameters, but probably worsens bupivacaine-induced bradycardia and depression of the myocardial contractility. The current study, using a rodent animal model, evaluated the influence of clonidine pretreatment on the systemic toxic effects of bupivacaine overdose induced by a constant intravenous infusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty Wistar male rats were anesthetized with thiopental, and controlled ventilation was started with an equal mixture of O2 and N2O. Electrocardiogram (ECG), electroencephalogram (EEG), and invasive arterial blood pressure were continuously recorded. Clonidine (5 micrograms/kg) or saline was injected intravenously in a randomized fashion. After 15 min, an intravenous infusion of bupivacaine was started at 2 mg.kg-1 x min-1. The time of occurrence of the bupivacaine-induced toxic events was recorded and the doses were calculated. Ten (five in each group) additional rats, pretreated according to the same protocol, were killed at the time of the first dysrhythmia, for blood sampling and plasma bupivacaine concentration measurement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clonidine reduced heart rate and arterial blood pressure before bupivacaine infusion (P < 0.05). The threshold doses at the first QRS modification (11.3 +/- 5.6 vs. 2.1 +/- 0.9 mg/kg) and the first dysrhythmia (40.6 +/- 15.3 vs. 8.48 +/- 3.7 mg/kg), the increase in EEG total spectral power (33.3 +/- 21.9 vs. 8.2 +/- 5.1 mg/kg), the 25 and 50% reduction in baseline mean arterial pressure and heart rate, the isoelectric EEG (58.6 +/- 14 vs. 22 +/- 6.6 mg/kg), and the final systole (99 +/- 16 vs. 51.8 +/- 14.5 mg/kg) were significantly greater in the clonidine group than in the saline group (P < 0.01). The time between the first dysrhythmia and 50% reduction of baseline mean arterial blood pressure was not different between the groups. In the additional series, the first dysrhythmia occurred later (10.9 +/- 4.5 vs. 3.2 +/- 1.0 min, P < 0.01) and plasma bupivacaine levels were greater (18.7 +/- 8.0 vs. 7.8 +/- 3.2 micrograms/ml, P < 0.01) in the clonidine group than in the saline group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this model, clonidine given prophylactically delays the toxic manifestations of bupivacaine overdose and does not accentuate the subsequent hypotension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Louvain St. Luc Hospital, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Kock
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Le Polain
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Henin
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vandewalle
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Scholtes
mesh_terms: D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000818:Animals; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D003000:Clonidine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D007022:Hypotension / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D003000:Clonidine; D011188:Potassium; D002045:Bupivacaine