title: The safety of the Esmarch tourniquet.
abstract: The use of an Esmarch bandage as a tourniquet in surgery has been criticized. Many authors claim that the pressures under the Esmarch are inconsistent and may be extremely high. We have seen few, if any, problems from the use of an Esmarch in surgery of the foot and ankle. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pressures generated under the Esmarch tourniquet in a situation that mimics its clinical application, and to determine whether pressures of appropriate magnitude and consistency are obtained in order to recommend its continued use in surgery. Ten volunteers performed numerous applications of the Esmarch. The number of wraps and the width of the Esmarch bandage used were varied. The Esmarch was applied as it would be for a surgical case. Pressures directly beneath the Esmarch were recorded 8 cm proximal to the distal tip of the medial malleolus. Considering all volunteers and all pressures generated, a 3-in Esmarch applied with three wraps gave a mean pressure (+/- SD) of 225 +/- 46 mm Hg. A 3-in Esmarch applied with four wraps gave a mean pressure of 291 +/- 53 mm Hg. A 4-in Esmarch applied with three wraps gave a mean pressure of 233 +/- 35 mm Hg, and a 4-in Esmarch with four wraps gave a mean pressure of 284 +/- 42 mm Hg. The maximum pressures generated by any individual were as follows: 3-in three wraps, 321 mm Hg; 3-in four wraps, 413 mm Hg; 4-in three wraps, 328 mm Hg; and 4-in four wraps, 380 mm Hg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Wagner Foot and Ankle Institute, Los Angeles, California 90007.
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Biehl
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Gabriel
mesh_terms: D001458:Bandages; D004869:Equipment Safety; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000379:methods*; D011312:Pressure; D014111:Tourniquets