title: Magnetization transfer effects in MR imaging of in vivo intracranial hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent papers have hypothesized that diamagnetic effects of clotting and conformational changes in aging red blood cells immobilize the hemoglobin protein and thus are responsible for the marked hypointensity of acute hematomas on T2-weighted spin-echo MR images. To test that hypothesis, the authors evaluated 24 hemorrhagic components of intracranial hemorrhagic lesions using accepted criteria based on spin-echo images as the definitions of the stage of the hemorrhage.
  
  
  METHODS
  As a measure of the effects of macromolecular (hemoglobin protein) immobility, magnetization transfer contrast was elicited using a pulsed saturation magnetization transfer experiment. The apparent magnetization transfer contrast (AMTC) was determined by comparing the signal intensities of saturated with unsaturated images and quantified for acute isolated hemorrhages, acute nonisolated hemorrhagic lesions, and subacute-to-chronic hemorrhages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The AMTC of isolated acute hemorrhage was significantly less than that of normal, white matter and gray matter, indicating the lack of significant magnetization transfer and therefore the lack of effects of restriction of hemoglobin mobility on the signal intensity of acute hemorrhage. Acutely hemorrhagic tissue (nonisolated acute hemorrhage) has significantly more AMTC than isolated acute hemorrhage, but still not exceeding that of brain parenchyma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This in vivo data concurs with in vitro data and reinforces the concept that the marked hypointensity of acute hematomas is mainly a magnetic susceptibility effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Mittl
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gomori
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Schnall
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Atlas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D001775:Blood Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000502:physiology; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004905:Erythrocyte Aging / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged