title: Reference accuracy in the emergency medicine literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence and nature of errors in the citation and quotation of references contained in the emergency medicine literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of a random sample of articles and references found in the three major emergency medicine journals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university/county hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined single issues of three emergency medicine journals: Annals of Emergency Medicine, Journal of Emergency Medicine, and American Journal of Emergency Medicine.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four independent reviewers assessed 145 references from 46 referring authors for citational and quotational accuracy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Major and minor citation errors were found in 10.3% and 17.2% of reference listings, respectively. Qualitative quotational errors were found in 35.2% of references. Eighty-two percent of these errors were considered to be major. Quantitative quotational errors were found in 47% of references reviewed. Secondary rather than primary reference sources were used in 41.4% of references reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates a substantial error rate in the citation and quotation of reference sources in the emergency medicine literature. In addition, verification of primary source material was not done by a large percentage of the authors reviewed. Recommendations for improving the accuracy of the emergency medicine literature are offered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Bukata
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rakab
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D001634:Bibliographies as Topic; D002965:Classification; D004635:Emergency Medicine; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D010506:Periodicals as Topic; D011897:Random Allocation