title: The impact of HIV on infectiousness of pulmonary tuberculosis: a community study in Zambia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the impact of HIV on infectiousness of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB).
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional tuberculin survey carried out among household contacts of HIV-1-positive and negative patients with bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB. Contacts were also examined for active TB.
  
  
  METHODS
  Index cases were recruited from patients attending the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia and household contacts were examined during visits to their homes within Lusaka.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 207 contacts of 43 HIV-positive patients, and 141 contacts of 28 HIV-negative patients with pulmonary TB were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proportion of contacts of HIV-positive and negative index cases with a positive tuberculin response (diameter of induration > or = 5 mm to a dose of 2 tuberculin units).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-two per cent of contacts of HIV-positive pulmonary TB patients had a positive tuberculin response compared with 71% of contacts of HIV-negative patients (odds ratio, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.26-0.72; P < 0.001). This difference persisted after allowing for between-household variations in the tuberculin response. Tuberculin response in the contact was related to age of contact, intimacy with the index case and crowding in the household. However, the effect of HIV status of the index case was not confounded by these variables. Tuberculin response in the contact was also related to the number of bacilli seen in the sputum smear of the index case which partially explained the effect of HIV status of the index case. Active TB was diagnosed in 4% of contacts of HIV-positive and 3% of contacts of HIV-negative cases, respectively (P = 0.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV-positive patients with pulmonary TB may be less infectious than their HIV-negative counterparts and this may partly be explained by lower bacillary load in the sputum.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Halwiindi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tembo
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Pobee
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Nunn
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: McAdam
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016358:Contact Tracing; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014374:Tuberculin Test; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015024:Zambia / Q000453:epidemiology