title: Anal dysplasia in homosexual men: role of anoscopy and biopsy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both anal squamous cell cancer and human papilloma virus (HPV) are increased in homosexual men. This study evaluates histology of internal anal abnormalities in a high-risk population of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive and seronegative homosexual men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety men with abnormalities of the internal anal canal (referred from a cross-sectional study of 512 homosexual men) were evaluated by anoscopy, anal cytology, and directed biopsy. CD4 cell counts from blood and HPV types from anal tissue were also obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-eight (86%) men had HPV-associated abnormalities: discrete warts in 39 (43%), a wart ring in 23 (26%), and flat white epithelium in 18 (20%). Dysplasia was detected by cytology in 36% and by biopsy in 92% (27% high grade). High-grade dysplasia was equally common in HIV-seropositive and -seronegative men. The morphology of anal lesions did not predict the presence of dysplasia. Both high- and low-risk HPV types were common in many of the biopsy specimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anal dysplasia is common in biopsy specimens from homosexual men with visible HPV-associated internal anal abnormalities. Natural history studies are needed to determine the clinical significance of anal dysplasia, rates of progression to cancer, and the role of screening and therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Surawicz
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kirby
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Critchlow
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sayer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dunphy
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kiviat
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D001005:Anus Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D001706:Biopsy; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D006678:HIV / Q000235:genetics; D006716:Homosexuality; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral