title: Efficacy of experimental animal and vegetable oil-emulsion vaccines for Newcastle disease and avian influenza.
abstract: Acceptable oil-emulsion vaccines were sought to replace mineral oil-emulsion vaccines that, by regulations, require a 42-day minimum holding period for poultry between injection and slaughter for consumption. Water-in-oil emulsions were prepared using animal or vegetable oils in a ratio of 4 parts oil to 1 part Newcastle disease or avian influenza aqueous antigen. Beeswax particles suspended in the oil at the 5% or 10% level (wt:vol) served as the oil-phase surfactant. Hemagglutination-inhibition titers induced by mineral-oil vaccines were not significantly different from those induced by the most efficacious formulations prepared from animal and vegetable oils. Tissue reaction from injection of animal- and vegetable-oil vaccines was less than that induced by mineral-oil vaccines. An inactivated avian influenza vaccine formulated from peanut oil induced protection against morbidity and death when vaccinated chickens were challenged with a virulent isolate of avian influenza virus.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, Georgia 30605.
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Stone
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000097:blood*; D002645:Chickens / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005260:Female; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000009:adverse effects; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008899:Mineral Oil / Q000009:adverse effects; D009521:Newcastle Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009522:Newcastle disease virus / Q000276:immunology*; D009821:Oils / Q000009:adverse effects; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005395:Fish Oils; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D009821:Oils; D010938:Plant Oils; D014765:Viral Vaccines; D008899:Mineral Oil