title: The use of clozapine in treatment-refractory schizophrenia.
abstract: The effects of clozapine on positive and negative symptoms were studied in 103 patients with treatment-refractory schizophrenia. The evaluation of symptom profile was made before and after clozapine treatment. Overt psychopathology did not vary significantly before clozapine treatment. Significant decreases in positive and negative symptoms were noted by the third month on clozapine. No further significant progress could be observed after 6 months of treatment. No fatal cases were observed, although two patients developed agranulocytosis during clozapine treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuoppasalmi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rimon
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Naukkarinen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sandqvist
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leinonen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000380:Agranulocytosis / Q000139:chemically induced; D003024:Clozapine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007970:Leukopenia / Q000139:chemically induced; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000145:classification / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology
chemical_list: D003024:Clozapine