title: Relation between left ventricular shape and exercise capacity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to identify dynamic predictors of exercise duration in patients with systolic left ventricular dysfunction and to test the hypothesis that left ventricular shape is an independent determinant of exercise duration in these patients.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Measurements of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction at rest do not predict exercise capacity in patients with systolic left ventricular dysfunction. Left ventricular shape at rest has been reported to be an independent determinant of exercise duration in these patients. The significance of alterations in left ventricular shape that occur during dynamic exercise has not been investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one patients with a documented ejection fraction < 40% performed symptom-limited graded upright bicycle exercise with simultaneous quantitative two-dimensional echocardiography. End-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, stroke volume, ejection fraction and sphericity index were measured at rest and peak exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven patients exercised beyond stage II (6 min, 50 W), averaging 8.9 +/- 1.9 min; 10 patients were unable to complete stage II, averaging 4.9 +/- 0.9 min. No patient developed clinical evidence of ischemia during the exercise period. Of the echocardiographic variables considered, only end-systolic and end-diastolic sphericity indexes at peak exercise (r = 0.809 and 0.711, respectively) and the change in end-systolic sphericity index during exercise (r = 0.697) were strongly correlated with exercise duration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conventional descriptors of left ventricular function are poor predictors of exercise capacity. Dynamic changes in heart shape correlate strongly with exercise duration and may be important determinants of exercise capacity in patients with systolic left ventricular dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Unit, Medical Center Hospital of Vermont, Burlington 05401.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Tischler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Niggel
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Borowski
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: LeWinter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013599:Systole; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left