Single potassium channel currents activated by extracellular ATP in developing chick skeletal muscle: a role for second messengers.
1. In developing chick skeletal muscle, extracellular ATP activates an early excitatory current and a delayed potassium current. Previous work had shown that the potassium current elicited by ATP is sensitive to temperature and activates with a delay of nearly 1 s, suggesting that a second messenger is involved. The existence of a second messenger was confirmed by the observation that single potassium channels were activated in cell-attached patches, when ATP was applied outside of the patch pipette. 2. Two classes of ATP-activated potassium-channel currents were observed in cell-attached patches: one had a slope conductance of 23 pS, whereas the other had a slope conductance of 51 pS. 3. Pharmacological manipulations suggested that activation of the whole-cell potassium current by ATP did not require cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3), nitric oxide, or a rise in internal free calcium. Additional pharmacological experiments suggested that activation of the whole-cell potassium current might not require activation of a G protein and probably did not involve intracellular protein phosphorylation. 4. The ability of arachidonic acid and its metabolites to activate potassium channels in chick skeletal muscle was also tested. Arachidonic acid, several prostaglandins and several leukotrienes activated whole-cell potassium currents. However, results with several inhibitors suggested that arachidonic acid and its metabolites are not necessary for activation of the whole-cell potassium current by ATP. 5. In excised outside-out membrane patches, ATP activated a single class of potassium channels. The slope conductance of these channels indicated that they are likely to be identical to the smaller of the two classes of second messenger activated potassium channels observed in cell-attached patches. 6. The observation that the larger class of potassium channels observed in cell-attached patches was absent in excised patches suggests that activation of these channels by ATP requires a cytosolic factor that is easily dialyzed away. In contrast, the observation that the smaller class of potassium channels could still be activated by ATP in excised patches suggests that the two classes of potassium channels are activated by different mechanisms. These results also indicate that all the molecules involved in coupling ATP receptor activation to opening of the smaller class of potassium channels remain closely associated with an excised patch. One possible explanation is that there might be an intramembranous second messenger.
Department of Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109.
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Thomas
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Hume
D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D002642:Chick Embryo; D046508:Culture Techniques; D003600:Cytosol / Q000502:physiology; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000502:physiology*; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D009132:Muscles / Q000294:innervation*; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D015290:Second Messenger Systems / Q000502:physiology*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology*
D015221:Potassium Channels; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins