Cellular accumulation of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone in cultured human cells. Consequences of drug accumulation on cellular lipid metabolism and plasma membrane properties of chronically exposed cells.
Amiodarone (AMIO), a potent antiarrhythmic drug, is clinically widely used despite its frequent side effects after chronic administration. These side effects coincide with an intralysosomal accumulation of AMIO and its main metabolite desethylamiodarone (DEA) and may be causally related to the drug-induced intracellular storage of phospholipids (PL). Kinetics of cellular uptake and release of radiolabelled AMIO and DEA were studied following single and multiple exposures of cultured human skin fibroblasts to 5 and 10 microM drug concentrations. AMIO and DEA were efficiently taken up into cultured cells. The rate of uptake was slower than that of other cationic amphiphilic drugs. The intracellular steady state concentrations were in the millimolar range suggesting a lysosomal trapping. Repetitive exposures of cultures resulted in a cumulative and partly saturable drug uptake. The accumulation of DEA was higher than that of AMIO throughout. AMIO and DEA previously taken up into the cells during a 2 hr exposure were completely released into the washing media, suggesting an exchangeable form of the accumulated drugs. Following repetitive exposures only part of the drugs was released. Under chasing conditions using washing media containing non-labelled AMIO and DEA respectively or ammonium chloride the release of the chronically accumulated 14C-labelled drugs was increased. This suggested a drug storage in the form of complexes in acidic compartments. Phospholipid (PL) content as well as individual PL fractions were changed in whole cells and in isolated plasma membranes. PL accumulation is assumed to occur by inhibition of PL degradation due to formation of non-degradable drug-PL complexes or by inhibition of phospholipase activities. Cellular PL accumulation seemed to interfere with PL recycling. Changes in PL composition of purified plasma membranes were in part complementary to the ones in whole cells. The alterations in membrane PL composition may explain the changes in membrane fluidity and the decrease in beta-adrenoceptor density and in isoproterenol-stimulated cAMP formation. The results obtained provide an explanation for the pharmacokinetic, and possibly for the pharmacodynamic and also toxicological behaviour of AMIO and DEA in vivo.
Honegger
U E
UE
Department of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Switzerland.
Zuehlke
R D
RD
Scuntaro
I
I
Schaefer
M H
MH
Toplak
H
H
Wiesmann
U N
UN
D000638:Amiodarone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000378:metabolism; D004161:Diphenylhexatriene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008560:Membrane Fluidity; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000032:analysis; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta / Q000378:metabolism
D010743:Phospholipids; D011506:Proteins; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta; D004161:Diphenylhexatriene; C033628:1-(4-(trimethylamino)phenyl)-6-phenylhexa-1,3,5-triene; C036116:desethylamiodarone; D000638:Amiodarone