Neuroprotective effects of glutamate antagonists and extracellular acidity.
Glutamate antagonists protect neurons from hypoxic injury both in vivo and in vitro, but in vitro studies have not been done under the acidic conditions typical of hypoxia-ischemia in vivo. Consistent with glutamate receptor antagonism, extracellular acidity reduced neuronal death in murine cortical cultures that were deprived of oxygen and glucose. Under these acid conditions, N-methyl-D-aspartate and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate-kainate antagonists further reduced neuronal death, such that some neurons tolerated prolonged oxygen and glucose deprivation almost as well as did astrocytes. Neuroprotection induced by this combination exceeded that induced by glutamate antagonists alone, suggesting that extracellular acidity has beneficial effects beyond the attenuation of ionotropic glutamate receptor activation.
Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305.
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Kaku
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Giffard
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Choi
D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism*; D005947:Glucose / Q000172:deficiency; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000187:drug effects; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D018091:Receptors, AMPA; D018092:Kainic Acid Receptors; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D005947:Glucose; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D018091:Receptors, AMPA; D018092:Kainic Acid Receptors; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate