Helicase-catalyzed DNA unwinding.
DNA helicases are ubiquitous and multiple helicases have been identified in a number of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Although it is clear that not all helicases function identically, many of these enzymes possess similar properties that appear to be of general importance for their mechanism of action. For example, the assembly states of most (possibly all) helicases are oligomeric. The prime consequence of an oligomeric helicase is that it possesses multiple DNA binding sites, a feature that is required for any "active" mechanism of DNA unwinding, since it enables a helicase to bind both ss- and duplex DNA or two strands of ss-DNA simultaneously at an unwinding fork. Modulation of the relative affinities of ss- versus duplex DNA for these multiple binding sites through ATP binding and hydrolysis, as has been observed for the E. coli Rep dimer, can provide a mechanism for translocation and processive unwinding of DNA. Along with studies of DNA unwinding, further understanding of helicase mechanisms requires quantitative studies of the equilibria and kinetics of the multiple, linked reactions among protein, DNA, and nucleotide cofactors, including the protein-protein interactions involved in assembly of the oligomeric helicase.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.
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Lohman
D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000378:metabolism; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004265:DNA Helicases / Q000502:physiology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D014764:Viral Proteins; D004247:DNA; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases; D004265:DNA Helicases