Effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on the response properties of cells in area 17 of the cat visual cortex.
1. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was iontophoretically applied to a population of 90 single cells in the primary visual cortex (area 17) of the cat. Response magnitude, response selectivity, spontaneous activity, and the ratio between the visual response and spontaneous activity (signal-to-noise ratio) of the cells were assessed quantitatively before and during drug application. 2. VIP had little effect in the absence of visual stimulation, with only 29/90 (32%) of the cells showing a change of even 1 sp/s in their spontaneous activity. In contrast it had a clear effect on the visual responses of the majority (73/90, 81%) of the cells tested. 3. VIP produced a substantial change (i.e., > or = 40%) in optimal response magnitude for 57 of the affected cells. Of these 65% were facilitated, usually with no change or an improvement in signal-to-noise ratio and direction selectivity. The remaining cells were inhibited, with more variable effects on their visual response characteristics, and were found predominantly in the superficial laminae. 4. The effects of VIP bore a remarkable resemblance to those reported previously for the muscarinic action of acetylcholine (ACh). VIP and a muscarinic cholinergic agonist, either ACh or acetyl-beta-methacholine (MeCh), were therefore applied in turn to a group of 40 cells. In 23 cases VIP and the muscarinic agonist were also applied simultaneously. 5. The effects of VIP and the cholinergic agonist matched in 92% of the cases where both drugs were effective. That is to say, cells that were facilitated by VIP were facilitated also by ACh or MeCh, and vice versa. In many instances there was a clear similarity in the pattern as well as the direction of the effects produced by the two substances. The result of simultaneous application was generally additive. 6. These data suggest that VIP and ACh activate very similar postsynaptic mechanisms, and share a closely related function at the level of individual cortical cells. Thus VIP may facilitate the responses of both the excitatory and the inhibitory components of the cortical circuit, leading to an overall increase in responsiveness and selectivity. In contrast to the cholinergic input from the basal forebrain, however, the VIP-positive cortical cells are likely to exert a very localized influence, over a circumscribed region of the cortex, in response to the presence of an effective visual stimulus.
Murphy
P C
PC
Department of Visual Science, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.
Grieve
K L
KL
Sillito
A M
AM
D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002415:Cats; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D007478:Iontophoresis; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000187:drug effects; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects*; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000187:drug effects*; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000187:drug effects
D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; D000109:Acetylcholine