Aggregation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by human salivary secretions.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is generally transmitted by parenteral contact with infected body secretions. Although extensive epidemiological data and familial studies have failed to provide any conclusive data that saliva may act as a vehicle for transmission of AIDS, both professional and public anxieties remain. The present study, as well as others, suggests that salivary secretions may act as inhibitors of HIV-1 replication in vitro. In our study, the inhibitory activity was determined to be associated mainly with secretions obtained from the human submandibular-sublingual glands. Human submandibular-sublingual (HSMSL) and parotid (HPS) salivas were collected and tested for their ability to modulate the replication of HIV-1, using a plaque assay on HeLa/CD4+ cell monolayers. Initial results examining freshly collected salivary samples from ten individuals confirmed the results previously obtained by Fox et al. (1988, 1989). An average plaque reduction of approximately 66% was obtained with HSMSL, in contrast to 34% reduction obtained with HPS. Titration of the inhibitory activity in HSMSL showed detectable levels at a 1:500 dilution. Comparison of inhibitory activity of dialyzed and lyophilized saliva to fresh saliva indicated little difference between the two samples when filtration occurred after the addition of HIV-1. However, the effect of filtration was significantly diminished in the lyophilized samples. Electron microscopic examination of the saliva-HIV incubates revealed the aggregation/entrapment of virus particles by salivary components. These results suggest that human salivary secretions (with HSMSL > HPS) may have a role in modulating the infectivity of HIV-1.
Bergey
E J
EJ
Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York, Buffalo 14214.
Cho
M I
MI
Hammarskjöld
M L
ML
Rekosh
D
D
Levine
M J
MJ
Blumberg
B M
BM
Epstein
L G
LG
D000328:Adult; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000502:physiology; D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D010306:Parotid Gland / Q000378:metabolism; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D013361:Sublingual Gland / Q000378:metabolism; D013363:Submandibular Gland / Q000378:metabolism; D010948:Viral Plaque Assay; D014779:Virus Replication
D000998:Antiviral Agents; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides