Survival of vitamin D-deficient embryos: time and choice of cholecalciferol or its metabolites for treatment in ovo.
Vitamin D-deficient (-D) Japanese quail embryos [from hens fed 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3)] die at Day 15 of incubation from severe calcium deficiency. Single doses of 125 ng cholecalciferol, 600 ng 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [24,25-(OH)2D3], or 100 ng 1,25-(OH)2D3 were found to increase hatchability when injected into eggs prior to incubation. Cholecalciferol could be used from 125 to 1,250 ng per egg with no detrimental effects on hatchability, whereas single doses of 1,25-(OH)2D3 lower or higher than 100 ng per egg reduced hatchability. Injection of 125 ng cholecalciferol per egg supported the hatching of -D embryos when eggs were treated as late as 10 days of incubation. Sharply reduced hatchability occurred when cholecalciferol was injected at Day 11 or 12 of incubation. Experiments designed to evaluate the physiological state of 1-day-old quail treated with a single dose of cholecalciferol metabolites in ovo prior to incubation revealed that chicks had hypocalcemia, reduced total calcium content, and a six- to sevenfold increase in renal 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-1-hydroxylase activity. On the other hand, chicks from eggs treated with cholecalciferol were relatively normal. It appears that cholecalciferol administered in ovo is the compound of choice for supporting sustained development of the skeleton, mobilization of shell calcium, and prevention of hypocalcemia, probably because cholecalciferol is utilized slowly as needed to support development of the chick skeleton.
Department of Biochemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706.
M A
MA
Elaroussi
H F
HF
Deluca
L R
LR
Forte
H V
HV
Biellier
D000818:Animals; D001693:Biological Transport, Active / Q000187:drug effects; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003370:Coturnix / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004528:Egg Shell / Q000378:metabolism; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000196:embryology
D002762:Cholecalciferol; D010758:Phosphorus; D002118:Calcium