title: Health education for pregnant smokers: its behavioral impact and cost benefit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A randomized trial (the Birmingham Trial II) was conducted to evaluate the behavioral impact of health education methods among 814 female smokers at four public health maternity clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred patients were randomly assigned to an Experimental (E) Group, and 414 were assigned to a Control (C) Group. Self-reports and saliva cotinine tests confirmed smoking status at the first visit, at midpregnancy, and at end of pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The E Group exhibited a 14.3% quit rate and the C Group an 8.5% quit rate. A Historical Comparison (C) Group exhibited a 3.0% quit rate. Black E and C Group patients had higher quit rates than White E and C Group patients. A cost-benefit analysis found cost-to-benefit ratios of $1:$6.72 (low estimate) and $1:$17.18 (high estimate) and an estimated savings of $247,296 (low estimate) and $699,240 (high estimate).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Health education methods are efficacious and cost beneficial for pregnant smokers in public health maternity clinics.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Alabama, Birmingham.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Windsor
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Smith-Yoder
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Artz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Amburgy
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Boyd
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006266:Health Education / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008427:Maternal Health Services / Q000191:economics; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000523:psychology*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011897:Random Allocation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000191:economics / Q000523:psychology