title: Usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography in identifying small left ventricular apical thrombus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine whether transesophageal echocardiography could clarify the nature of equivocal echodense structures in the left ventricular apical region frequently found on transthoracic echocardiography by directing the ultrasound beam from the left ventricular base to the apex and achieving better image quality.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Transthoracic echocardiography often reveals an echogenic structure suggesting thrombus in the left ventricular apical region because of limited near-field resolution and echo vibration artifact in apical views.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six patients with coronary artery disease or dilated cardiomyopathy who had apical wall motion abnormalities and equivocal transthoracic echodense structures were studied with transesophageal echocardiography using special manipulation of the transesophageal probe for adequate imaging of the apical region. Left ventricular thrombus was defined when echogenic structures with a clearly delineated margin adjacent to but distinct from the endocardium were observed in at least two different tomographic views in the four-chamber and left ventricular long-axis views during both systole and diastole.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Left ventricular thrombus (mean size 1.3 +/- 0.7 cm2) was defined by transesophageal echocardiography in 19 (53%) of 36 patients with suspected thrombus on transthoracic echocardiography in the four-chamber or left ventricular long-axis view. Heavy trabeculation or extremely high echo reflection, or both, was observed in the apical region in 12 patients (33%). No extra structures in the apical region were found in five patients. In 19 patients with transesophageal echocardiographically defined thrombus, 6 patients (31%) experienced arterial embolic events before the transesophageal procedure. In contrast, none of 17 patients without transesophageal echocardiographically defined thrombi had systemic embolism (p < 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  1) Transesophageal echocardiography is useful in identifying left ventricular apical thrombus in patients with unclear echogenic structures on transthoracic apical images; and 2) the high incidence of arterial embolism in patients with transesophageal echocardiographically detected left ventricular thrombus indicates the clinical importance of such thrombus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Koschyk
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hamm
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sievers
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kupper
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bleifeld
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004947:Esophagus; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D013909:Thorax; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014159:Transducers