title: Comparison of pentobarbital alone and pentobarbital in combination with lidocaine for euthanasia of dogs.
abstract: Pentobarbital alone, pentobarbital plus 1% lidocaine solution, pentobarbital plus 2% lidocaine solution, and pentobarbital plus 3% lidocaine solution were each used to euthanatize 6 dogs. For each dog, time between the beginning of injection of the euthanasia solution and each of the following events was recorded: collapse, onset of apnea, flat-line electrocardiogram, flat-line electroencephalogram, loss of palpable heartbeat, and loss of palpable pulse. Any signs of pain or discomfort were also recorded. There were no significant differences among groups except for time to flat-line electrocardiogram. Dogs euthanatized with pentobarbital alone had significantly longer times than did dogs euthanatized with pentobarbital in combination with any of the lidocaine concentrations. We concluded that pentobarbital in combination with lidocaine was a reasonable alternative to pentobarbital alone when euthanatizing dogs.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Medical Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Broadstone
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stapleton
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Hooks
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: McNeil
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000662:veterinary; D005065:Euthanasia / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain; D010424:Pentobarbital / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D008012:Lidocaine; D010424:Pentobarbital