title: Telephone health surveys: potential bias from noncompletion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little is known about the effect of noncompletion on telephone surveys of health issues. This paper identifies a little-studied source of noncompletion, passive refusal, and evaluates its contribution to noncompletion bias along with two other sources: noncooperation and noncontact. Passive refusals include respondents who repeatedly request callbacks and households where interviewers repeatedly encounter an answering machine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measures of noncompletion (noncooperation, passive refusal, and noncontact), demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, health risk factors, and indicators of health care access and health status were collected through the Orange County Health Surveys on 4893 respondents. The surveys sampled by random-digit dialing and interviewed by computer-assisted telephone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Passive refusals have a substantial impact on completion rates and bias due to noncompletion. Commonly used definitions for completion rates may underestimate the bias due to noncompletion because they omit passive refusals. After we controlled for demographic and socioeconomic factors, few noncompletion biases appeared on selected health indicators.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest improved reporting of completion rates and support a multivariate framework for studying noncompletion in telephone health surveys.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California-Irvine 92717.
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dooley
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Catalano
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Serxner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015982:Bias; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013689:Telephone