Trace element intakes and dietary phytate/Zn and Ca x phytate/Zn millimolar ratios of periurban Guatemalan women during the third trimester of pregnancy.
Repeated 24-h recalls (9-14/subject) were conducted on 52 periurban Guatemalan pregnant women aged 25 +/- 5 y (means +/- SD). Intakes of energy, protein, calcium, zinc, copper, manganese, nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP), phytate, and millimolar ratios of phytate to zinc and (calcium x phytate) to zinc were calculated from food-composition values on the basis of chemical analysis and the literature. Mean (+/- SD) daily intakes were as follows: energy 8694 +/- 1674 kJ, protein 63.0 +/- 13.3 g, calcium 727 +/- 163, zinc 11.3 +/- 2.7, copper 1.3 +/- 0.3, manganese 2.8 +/- 0.6, phytate 2254 +/- 773 mg/d, NSP 26.6 +/- 6.9 g, phytate/zinc 18.8 +/- 4.2, (calcium x phytate)/zinc 706 +/- 21 mmol/MJ. Ninety-four percent had zinc intakes below the recommendations (15 mg) of WHO and the US recommended dietary allowances, assuming 20% absorption. Tortillas were a major source of zinc (46%), copper (20%), manganese (23%), calcium (39%), phytate (68%), and NSP (50%); 19% zinc from flesh foods. Thirty-eight percent had phytate-zinc ratios > 20; 94% had millimolar ratios of (calcium x phytate) to zinc per MJ > or = 22. The high prevalence of millimolar ratios of phytate to zinc and (calcium x phytate) to zinc per MJ above 20 and 22, respectively, may compromise zinc nutriture.
Fitzgerald
S L
SL
Division of Applied Human Nutrition, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Gibson
R S
RS
Quan de Serrano
J
J
Portocarrero
L
L
Vasquez
A
A
de Zepeda
E
E
Lopez-Palacios
C Y
CY
Thompson
L U
LU
Stephen
A M
AM
Solomons
N W
NW
D000328:Adult; D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003300:Copper / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003611:Dairy Products; D004032:Diet; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D007887:Fabaceae; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D006166:Guatemala; D006801:Humans; D008345:Manganese / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010833:Phytic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D011247:Pregnancy; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014505:Urban Population; D003313:Zea mays; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage*
D004044:Dietary Proteins; D014131:Trace Elements; D008345:Manganese; D003300:Copper; D010833:Phytic Acid; D015032:Zinc; D002118:Calcium