title: Estimation of perimortal percent carboxy-heme in nonstandard postmortem specimens using analysis of carbon monoxide by GC/MS and iron by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
abstract: In decomposed, formalin-fixed, embalmed, exhumed, and some fire-dried cases in which normal blood is unavailable, the usual methods for determination of carboxyhemoglobin saturation frequently fail. To address these specimens, a method utilizing both gas chromatography/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) determination of carbon monoxide (CO) and flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS) determination of iron (Fe), in the same specimen, was developed. The method is reported here, along with its application to seven pertinent forsensic death investigations. The CO analytical methodology involves acid liberation of the gas from the specimen aliquot in a headspace vial. After heating and equilibrating, a sample of the headspace vapor is injected into the GC/MS system with a gastight syringe. Quantitation is achieved by standard addition comparison utilizing the ideal gas law equation. Iron is quantified by FAAS analysis of the same aliquot used for the CO determination, following nitric acid digestion. The concentration is determined by comparison to a standard curve. A formula for determining the minimum percent carboxy-heme saturation was derived by using the ratio of the amount of CO to the amount of Fe in the aliquot analyzed. Tissue types analyzed include spleen, liver, muscle, dried blood, and unspecified decomposed tissue.
authors.affiliation: National Medical Services, Willow Grove, Pennsylvania 19090.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Middleberg
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Easterling
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Zelonis
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rieders
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Rieders
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D002263:Carboxyhemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D005554:Forensic Medicine; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic
chemical_list: D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D002263:Carboxyhemoglobin; D007501:Iron