title: Measurement of mechanical accuracy of isocenter in conventional linear-accelerator-based radiosurgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Five Varian linear accelerators were studied to determine whether their mechanical isocentric accuracies were sufficient for radiosurgery and, if not, if the observed errors were sufficiently consistent and predictable to be correctable by some form of secondary collimator steering device to maintain isocentric alignment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 0.3 mW 670 nm diode laser was mounted in the secondary collimator insert of a radiosurgery extended collimator assembly. A cylindrical lens was used to create a laser fan beam that passed through isocenter and could be oriented parallel or perpendicular to the plane of rotation. A position sensitive photo-diode having an electrical output that varied with the portion of its surface illuminated was mounted at isocenter in a rotational mount. This mount tracked the accelerator gantry such that the surface of the photo-diode remained perpendicular to the laser beam during gantry rotation. An X/Y recorder was connected to the gantry-angle potentiometer of the accelerator and to the photo-diode and plotted the positional variation from isocenter with gantry rotation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The root-mean-square error for the five machines was +/- 0.06 to +/- 0.08 mm in the plane of rotation and +/- 0.17 to +/- 0.35 mm out of (perpendicular to) the plane of rotation. The in-plane-of-rotation errors tended to be maximal near the diagonal gantry angles and the out-of-plane-of-rotation errors were maximal in the over and under vertical positions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both types of errors were predictable but only the out-of-plane-of-rotation errors were considered large enough to warrant consideration of correction (although the need is debatable). On all the tested machines, the out-of-plane-of-rotation error curve was a relatively smooth bell-shaped function that would be readily amenable to correction. The diode laser/photo-detector system used should prove useful in accurately defining isocenter and facilitating the precise adjustment of the laser isocenter lights.
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiation Oncology, University of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City.
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Gibbs
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Buechler
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Leavitt
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Moeller
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D013679:Technology, Radiologic