title: Syncope in advanced heart failure: high risk of sudden death regardless of origin of syncope.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the importance of syncope as a warning sign for sudden death in advanced heart failure and to determine the relative importance of cardiac syncope and syncope from other causes.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Despite remarkable advances in the pharmacologic approach to advanced heart failure, 20% to 40% of patients with advanced heart failure will die each year. In such patients, the relation between sudden death and the etiology of syncope has not been evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The relation of syncope to sudden death was evaluated in 491 consecutive patients with advanced heart failure (New York Heart Association functional class III or IV), no history of cardiac arrest and a mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 0.20 +/- 0.07. Patients were evaluated for the presence and origin of syncope. The severity of heart failure was assessed from serum sodium levels, ejection fraction, functional class and echocardiographic and hemodynamic variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty patients (12%) had a history of syncope; the condition had a cardiac origin in 29 (48%) and was due to other causes in 31 (52%). The origin of heart failure was coronary artery disease in 234 patients (48%) and dilated cardiomyopathy in 253 (51%) and its severity was similar in patients with and without syncope. During a mean follow-up interval of 365 +/- 419 days, 69 patients (14%) died suddenly and 66 patients (13%) died of progressive heart failure. The actuarial incidence of sudden death by 1 year was significantly greater in patients with (45%) than in those without (12%, p < 0.00001) syncope. In the Cox proportional hazards model, syncope predicted sudden death independent of atrial fibrillation, serum sodium, cardiac index, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and patient age. The actuarial risk of sudden death by 1 year was similarly high in patients with either cardiac syncope or syncope from other causes (49% vs. 39%, p = NS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with advanced heart failure are at especially high risk for sudden death regardless of the etiology of syncope.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles 90024-1679.
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Middlekauff
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: L W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Saxon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D015141:Los Angeles / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013575:Syncope / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*