title: Smoking cessation and decreased risk of stroke in women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To prospectively examine the relationship of time since stopping smoking with risk of stroke in middle-aged women.
  
  
  METHODS
  An ongoing prospective cohort of women with 12 years' follow-up data (1976 to 1988), in which information on smoking habits was updated every 2 years by postal questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 117,006 female registered nurses aged 30 to 55 years in 1976 and free of coronary heart disease, stroke, and cancer at baseline.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incident strokes (fatal and nonfatal), further subdivided into ischemic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and cerebral hemorrhage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The age-adjusted relative risk of total stroke among current smokers compared with never smokers was 2.58 (95% confidence interval, 2.08 to 3.19). The corresponding relative risk among former smokers was 1.34 (95% confidence interval, 1.04 to 1.73). For total and ischemic stroke, the excess risks among former smokers largely disappeared from 2 to 4 years after cessation. The same patterns of decline were observed regardless of number of cigarettes smoked, the age at starting, or the presence of other risk factors for stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of suffering among cigarette smokers declines soon after cessation and the benefits are independent of the age at starting and the number of cigarettes smoked per day.
authors.affiliation: Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115-5899.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kawachi
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Colditz
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stampfer
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Manson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rosner
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Speizer
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hennekens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors