title: Recognition and catheter ablation of subepicardial accessory pathways.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to characterize left-sided accessory pathways that traverse the atrioventricular (AV) groove subepicardially and to describe results of radiofrequency catheter ablation within the coronary sinus in the patients studied.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Radiofrequency catheter ablation has proved to be a safe and effective method for treatment of accessory pathways; however, subepicardial accessory pathways may account for some of the failures encountered during endocardial ablation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study group comprised 51 consecutive patients with a left-sided accessory pathway who were undergoing radio-frequency catheter ablation. Initially, the ablation catheter was introduced into a femoral artery and positioned on the ventricular aspect of the mitral annulus. If this endocardial approach was unsuccessful, the ablation catheter was introduced into the coronary sinus and energy applied at sites with shorter activation times than those recorded from the endocardium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five (10%) of 51 patients with a left-sided accessory pathway could not have accessory pathway conduction interrupted with a median of 18 endocardial radiofrequency energy applications. Accessory pathway potentials were less frequent during endocardial mapping in these 5 patients than in the 46 patients whose accessory pathway was successfully ablated from the endocardial surface. All five of these patients later had successful ablation using one or two applications of radiofrequency energy from within the coronary sinus. Effective target site electrograms in the coronary sinus were characterized by an accessory pathway potential that was larger than the corresponding atrial or ventricular electrogram. There were no complications or recurrences after ablation within the coronary sinus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some left-sided accessory pathways may be difficult to ablate from the endocardial surface because they traverse the AV groove subepicardially. The absence of an accessory pathway potential during endocardial mapping in combination with a relatively large accessory pathway potential within the coronary sinus may be a useful marker of a subepicardial pathway. In this select group of patients, radiofrequency catheter ablation from within the coronary sinus appears to enhance efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Langberg
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Man
authors.forename: V R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Vorperian
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kalbfleisch
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Strickberger
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hummel
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Morady
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000328:Adult; D001283:Atrioventricular Node / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000601:surgery*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004594:Electrophysiology; D004699:Endocardium / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D013617:Tachycardia, Supraventricular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome