title: Escalating teniposide systemic exposure to increase dose intensity for pediatric cancer patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary objective for this study was to determine whether controlling pharmacokinetic variability, by designing patient-specific dosage regimens for teniposide using a Bayesian estimation control strategy, would permit an increase in dose intensity without increased toxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients with relapsed acute lymphocytic leukemia were given teniposide as part of their induction and maintenance therapy. Before beginning reinduction therapy, an intensive pharmacokinetic study was performed based on 12 measured teniposide plasma concentrations. Doses were determined to achieve a targeted systemic exposure defined by an area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC) beginning at an AUC consistent with that predicted for a patient with average pharmacokinetic parameters receiving the currently accepted maximal-tolerated dose. The targeted systemic exposure was then escalated in increments of 25% in cohorts of at least three patients until unacceptable toxicity occurred. In 36 follow-up studies, when teniposide was administered during maintenance therapy, a Bayesian strategy based on only three or five measured drug concentrations was evaluated for precision and bias for achieving the targeted systemic exposure against the full pharmacokinetic study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Teniposide clearance varied over a fivefold range (3.7 to 21.6 mL/min/m2). With the use of the patient-specific dosage regimens, the intensity of systemic exposure was increased 50% (1,656 mumol.h v 1,060 mumol/L.h) over that previously possible with standard fixed doses, with no increase in acute, nonhematologic toxicity. Teniposide concentrations (n = 265) were well predicted (R2 = .82) with as few as three measured values from the initial study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Targeting systemic exposure is clinically feasible, precise, and allows increased dose intensity for teniposide without increased risk of acute, nonhematologic toxicity, when compared with fixed-dose regimens.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Department, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Rodman
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Furman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sunderland
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013713:Teniposide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D013713:Teniposide