title: Disease-specific survival following routine prostate cancer screening by digital rectal examination.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess prostate cancer mortality in men undergoing routine screening by routine digital rectal examination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study with a median follow-up period of 75 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population consisted of volunteers at a university clinic and men in an institutional health maintenance clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-six men with a mean age of 65 years (range, 52 to 79 years) diagnosed with prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients treated initially by observation, external or interstitial radiotherapy, radical prostatectomy, hormone therapy, or combination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kaplan-Meier analysis of time to local progression, distant metastases, death from all causes, and death from prostate cancer. Mantel-Haenszel log-rank statistic was used to compare outcome in men diagnosed on initial examination with those diagnosed on subsequent examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinically localized prostate cancer was diagnosed in 73% during an initial examination and 83% on subsequent examinations and (P.35). Grade distribution of tumors was similar in both groups. Overall 5 and 10 year survival of all cancer patients was 85% and 67%, respectively. Death from prostate cancer was 8% (3/38) in men diagnosed on initial examination and 33% (6/18) during subsequent examinations. Five- and 10-year disease-specific survival was 97% and 86%, respectively, for men diagnosed during the first rectal examination compared with only 81% and 57%, respectively, for men diagnosed on subsequent rectal examinations (P = .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Routine screening for prostate cancer by annual digital rectal examination alone may be insufficiently frequent and/or sensitive to prevent significant mortality from this disease [corrected].
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Hospitals and Clinics, IL.
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Gerber
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thisted
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Chodak
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D010808:Physical Examination; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016019:Survival Analysis