title: Five-year administration of fenretinide: pharmacokinetics and effects on plasma retinol concentrations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Monitoring of fenretinide (4HPR) levels, kinetics, and effects on retinal was performed in patients who participated in a phase I trial and who continued to be treated for 5 years as phase III trial patients. Accumulation of 4HPR in the breast was also assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma concentrations of 4HPR, of its main metabolite N-(4-methoxyphenyl)retinamide (4MPR), and of retinol were assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in breast cancer patients treated orally with 4HPR 200 mg/d for 5 years with a 3-day drug interruption at the end of each month.
  
  
  RESULTS
  4HPR, at 200 mg/d, resulted in average 4HPR plasma levels of approximately 1 mumol/L, which remained steady and caused steady retinol level reduction; 4MPR levels, similar to those of 4HPR, slightly but significantly increased during the first 35 months, but at 5 years they were similar to those at 5 months. During daily treatment, baseline retinol concentrations were reduced by 71%; after a 3-day drug interruption, all patients recovered and the mean reduction was 38%. After discontinuation of 5-year treatment, 4HPR and 4MPR half-lives (t1/2 beta) were 27 and 54 hours, respectively, similar to those reported after 28 daily treatments. After 6 and 12 months, the concentrations of 4HPR were at the limit of detectability (0.01 mumol/L), whereas those of 4MPR were five times higher. Baseline retinol concentrations were already recovered after 1 month. Accumulation of this retinoid in the breast was evidenced by concentrations of 4HPR and 4MPR in nipple discharge and in breast biopsies that were 10 and 20 times higher, respectively, than those found in plasma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  4HPR, at 200 mg/d for 5 years, resulted in constant drug plasma levels and constant retinol level reduction. After treatment interruption, 4HPR plasma concentrations decreased at the limit of detectability at 6 months and baseline retinol plasma concentrations were recovered after 1 month.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Formelli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clerici
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Campa
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Di Mauro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Magni
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mascotti
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moglia
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Palo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Veronesi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D017313:Fenretinide / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014801:Vitamin A; D017313:Fenretinide; D014212:Tretinoin; C058346:N-(4-methoxyphenyl)retinamide