title: Role of sodium/calcium exchange in the mechanism of myocardial stunning: protective effect of reperfusion with high sodium solution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to elucidate the role of sodium/calcium (Na+/Ca2+) exchange in the mechanism of myocardial stunning.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Cellular Ca2+ overload mediated by Na+/Ca2+ exchange during reperfusion has been proposed as a mechanism for myocardial stunning. Because no specific pharmacologic inhibitors of the exchanger are available, we increased extracellular sodium concentration ([Na]o) during the early phase of reperfusion to decrease the driving force for Ca2+ influx through the pathway.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isovolumetric left ventricular pressure and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were measured in isolated perfused ferret hearts. Hearts were reperfused with different solutions after 15 min of total global ischemia at 37 degrees C.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hearts reperfused with standard solution ([Na]o = 140 mmol/liter; the stunned hearts, n = 8) showed only 69 +/- 3% (mean +/- SEM) recovery of developed pressure relative to preischemic control developed pressure. In contrast, hearts reperfused with a high [Na]o solution ([Na]o = 268 mmol/liter) during the initial 5 min, followed by a gradual decrease of [Na]o to the standard level over 25 min (the high [Na]o group, n = 8) showed significantly better recovery of developed pressure (85 +/- 2%, p < 0.05 vs. the stunned hearts). In contrast, reperfusion with solutions in which the additional Na was substituted either by 256 mmol/liter sucrose or 128 mmol/liter choline chloride did not improve functional recovery, indicating that the beneficial effects of high [Na]o reperfusion are not due to either high ionic strength or high osmolarity. Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra showed no correlation between functional recovery and intramyocardial contents of phosphorus compounds or pH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High [Na]o reperfusion protects against stunning, supporting the concept that Na+/Ca2+ exchange plays an important role in the mechanism of stunned myocardium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kusuoka
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Camilion de Hurtado
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marban
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002794:Choline; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005289:Ferrets; D005950:Glucose Solution, Hypertonic; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006982:Hypertonic Solutions; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000378:metabolism; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005950:Glucose Solution, Hypertonic; D006982:Hypertonic Solutions; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; D010758:Phosphorus; D012964:Sodium; D002794:Choline; D002118:Calcium