title: Results of high-dose thoracic irradiation incorporating beam's eye view display in non-small cell lung cancer: a retrospective multivariate analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the University of Michigan clinical experience in nonsmall cell lung cancer using high-dose thoracic irradiation (> or = 60 Gy) so that a starting dose for our prospective dose-escalation study could be determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-eight consecutive patients diagnosed with medically inoperable or locally advanced, unresectable nonsmall cell lung cancer were identified who were treated with thoracic irradiation alone to a minimum total dose of 60 Gy (uncorrected for lung density). All patients except four (95%) underwent computed tomography scanning for treatment planning that included beam's eye view display for tumor and critical structure localization. All patients were treated with standard fractionation in a continuous course to uncorrected total doses ranging from 60 to 74 Gy (median, 67.6 Gy).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median follow-up exceeds 24 months for all surviving patients (range, 12 to 78 months). The median survival time was 15 months, and the 2- and 3-year overall actuarial survival rates were 37% and 15%, respectively. Survival was significantly different between stage of disease (p = .004) and N-stage (p = .002) by univariate analysis. In a multivariate analysis, stage becomes the only characteristic significantly associated with outcome. The median time to local progression for 86 evaluable patients was 29 months. Stage (p = .0003), T-stage (p = .0095) and N-stage (p = .027) were significantly different with respect to local progression-free survival by univariate analysis. However, only stage was prognostic for local progression-free survival by multivariate analysis. There was no difference between large volume treatment (inclusion of the contralateral hilar and supraclavicular lymph nodes) and small volume treatment (exclusion of these elective nodal sites) with respect to local progression-free survival (p = .507) or survival (p = .520). With regard to dose, there was no significant difference between patients who received > 67.6 Gy and patients who received < or = 67.6 Gy with respect to local progression-free survival (p = .094) or survival (p = .142). Within the Stage III subgroup, local progression-free survival (p = .018) and survival (p = .061) were longer favoring the high-dose group of patients. Despite these doses, disease progression within the irradiated field was the predominant first site of treatment failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This retrospective study has shown that it is feasible to deliver uncorrected tumor doses as high as 70 Gy using standard fractionation in NSCLC with acceptable morbidity. Local control remains a significant problem. These data indicate justification for a starting dose in a prospective radiation dose-escalation study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Hazuka
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Turrisi
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Lutz
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Martel
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Ten Haken
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strawderman
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Borema
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Lichter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011881:Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome