title: Help me make it through the night: behavioral entrainment of breast-fed infants' sleep patterns.
abstract: The study objective was to investigate whether exclusively breast-fed infants could be taught to sleep through the night (defined from 12:00 AM to 5:00 AM) during the first 8 weeks of life. The design was short-term longitudinal, from the last trimester of pregnancy until the eighth week after birth. Twenty-six first-time parents and their newborn were randomly assigned to treatment and control groups (13 in each group). Treatment parents were instructed to offer a "focal feed" (between 10 PM and 12 AM) to their infants every night, to gradually lengthen intervals between middle-of-the-night feeds by carrying out alternative caretaking behaviors (eg, reswaddling, diapering, walking), and to maximize environmental differences between day and nighttime. All parents kept 72-hour diaries of their infants' feeding and sleeping patterns every week from birth to 8 weeks of age and rated their infants' temperament at birth and at 8 weeks. By 3 weeks, treatment infants showed significantly longer sleep episodes at night. By 8 weeks 100% of treatment infants were sleeping through the night compared to 23% of control infants. Treatment infants were feeding less frequently at night but compensated for the relatively long nighttime interval without a feed by consuming more milk in the early morning. Milk intake for 24-hour periods did not differ between groups. Treatment infants were rated as more predictable on Bates' Infant Characteristics Questionnaire. It is concluded that parents can have a powerful influence on the development of their infants' sleep patterns. Frequent night waking in breast-fed infants often results in early termination of lactation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pinilla
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Birch
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001245:Association Learning; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002652:Child Behavior; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003448:Crying; D003463:Cues; D004522:Educational Status; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007224:Infant Care / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D002666:Psychology, Child; D012894:Sleep Stages; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013694:Temperament