title: A cohort study of thyroid disease in relation to fallout from nuclear weapons testing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate individual radiation doses and current thyroid disease status for a previously identified cohort of 4818 schoolchildren potentially exposed to fallout from detonations of nuclear devices at the Nevada Test Site between 1951 and 1958.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort analytic study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Communities in southwestern Utah, southeastern Nevada, and southeastern Arizona.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals who were still residing in the three-state area (n = 3122) were reexamined in 1985 and 1986, and information on the subjects' and their mothers' milk and vegetable consumption during the fallout period was obtained by telephone interview (n = 3545). After exclusions to eliminate missing data and confounding factors, 2473 subjects were available for analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individual radiation doses to the thyroid were estimated by combining consumption data with radionuclide deposition rates provided by the US Department of Energy and a survey of milk producers. Relative risk models adjusted for age, sex, and state were fitted using maximum likelihood to period prevalence data for thyroid carcinomas, neoplasms, and nodules.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Doses ranged from 0 mGy to 4600 mGy, and averaged 170 mGy in Utah. There was a statistically significant excess of thyroid neoplasms (benign and malignant; n = 19), with an increase in excess relative risk of 0.7% per milligray. A relative risk for thyroid neoplasms of 3.4 was observed among 169 subjects exposed to doses greater than 400 mGy. Positive but nonsignificant dose-response slopes were found for carcinomas and nodules.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to Nevada Test Site-generated radioiodines was associated with an excess of thyroid neoplasms. The conclusions are limited by the small number of exposed individuals and the low incidence of thyroid neoplasms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84132.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kerber
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Till
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Lyon
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Preston-Martin
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Rallison
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stevens
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001130:Arizona / Q000453:epidemiology; D015982:Bias; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000009:adverse effects; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009505:Nevada / Q000453:epidemiology; D009689:Nuclear Warfare; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011847:Radioactive Fallout / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011874:Radiometry; D012307:Risk Factors; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D014589:Utah / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D011847:Radioactive Fallout