title: Intracardiac echocardiography in humans using a small-sized (6F), low frequency (12.5 MHz) ultrasound catheter. Methods, imaging planes and clinical experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to determine the clinical utility and feasibility of using 12.5-MHz ultrasound catheters for intracardiac echocardiography.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Intracardiac echocardiography is a potentially useful technique of cardiac imaging and monitoring in certain settings. The feasibility of intracardiac echocardiography using 20-MHz ultrasound catheters in patients has been demonstrated. High resolution images of normal cardiac structures as well as cardiac abnormalities have been obtained. However, imaging has been limited by the shallow depth of field inherent in high frequency ultrasound imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intracardiac echocardiography with 12.5-MHz catheters was performed in eight mongrel dogs and 92 patients. Catheters were introduced percutaneously in 80 patients studied in the catheterization laboratory and directly into the heart in 12 patients in the operating room. Right heart imaging was performed in 68 patients and arterial and left heart imaging in 35 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When these catheters were introduced into the venous system, the right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve and pulmonary artery were visualized. Pericardial effusion, intracardiac masses and atrial septal defects were correctly identified. The left ventricle, left atrium, mitral valve, aortic valve, aorta and coronary arteries could be imaged from the arterial circulation. Diseases identified included valvular aortic stenosis, subvalvular aortic stenosis and Kawasaki disease. Average imaging time was 10 min. No complications occurred as a result of intracardiac echocardiography.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intracardiac echocardiography with 12.5-MHz ultrasound catheters is safe and feasible; it also provides anatomic and physiologic information. This feasibility study provides a foundation for wider clinical use of intracardic echocardiography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Tufts University, New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Gillam
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Weintraub
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Sanzobrino
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hirst
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marx
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fulton
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: McKay
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D016477:Artifacts; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004285:Dogs; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D014159:Transducers