title: Who pays for published research?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the extent of unfunded research published in major medical journals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of original research completed in the United States and published in 23 official journals of internal medicine and neurology during 1 month in 1991. Investigators were contacted to confirm lack of funding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Percentage of unfunded, published original research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred ninety-six articles were evaluated. There was at least one unfunded study in 78% of journals. Forty-five published studies (23%) were unfunded. Among those 45 studies, 7% were clinical trials, 9% were cohort studies, 18% were cross-sectional or case-control studies, 53% were case series, and 13% were surveys. Thirteen unfunded studies involved procedures that presumably were performed for research purposes and not as part of routine patient care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nearly one quarter of original research published in major medical journals was unfunded. Seven percent of published research involved direct clinical costs that were not accounted for by the investigators. These costs may have been passed on to study participants or third-party payers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rubenstein
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Wachtel
mesh_terms: D010506:Periodicals as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012109:Research Support as Topic / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States