title: Alcohol consumption in relation to food intake and smoking habits in the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey.
abstract: The interrelationships between alcohol consumption, energy and food intake and smoking habits were studied in 1145 men and 1171 women, aged 22-49 years, in the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey, in which a 48-h dietary record method was used. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of alcohol consumption on dietary habits and smoking. A strong relationship between alcohol consumption and energy intake was found. The energy derived from alcohol was not compensated for by lower intake of other nutrients. There was no increase in Quetelet's index with increasing alcohol consumption, except for non-smoking men who were heavy drinking on midweek days. Possible explanations for this apparent lack of an overall effect of alcohol calories are discussed. Alcohol consumption was much higher on weekend days than on midweek days. No differences in nutrient intake were found between non-drinkers, moderate drinkers and heavy drinkers on midweek days. On weekend days, however, there was a slightly higher total fat and saturated fat intake in moderately drinking men. For women cholesterol intake was found to be higher in moderate and heavy drinkers. Finally, a strong positive relationship between alcohol consumption and smoking was observed. It is concluded that the observations with respect to energy and nutrient intake and smoking habits are not indicative of a healthier lifestyle in moderate alcohol users between 22 and 49 years of age. Consequently, the more favourable prognosis of moderate drinkers cannot be ascribed to a more healthy lifestyle.
authors.affiliation: TNO Toxicology and Nutrition Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Veenstra
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Schenkel
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: van Erp-Baart
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Brants
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Hulshof
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kistemaker
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schaafsma
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ockhuizen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats