title: Occurrence risk for congenital heart defects in relatives of patients with aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, or ventricular septal defect.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Knowledge of the risk of occurrence of congenital heart defects in offspring of individuals with a congenital heart defect is important for genetic counseling and understanding the etiology of congenital heart diseases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A portion of the questionnaire mailed to all patients in the Second Natural History Study of Congenital Heart Defects (NHS-2) addressed marital status, pregnancy, miscarriage, and presence or absence of congenital heart defects or other congenital malformations in first-degree relatives. Offspring were not examined as a part of the study. For male probands with aortic stenosis (AS), three of 251 offspring had congenital heart disease, whereas one of 72 offspring of female probands with AS had congenital heart disease. For patients with pulmonary stenosis (PS), three of 176 offspring of male probands had congenital heart disease, whereas eight of 205 offspring of female probands had congenital heart disease. For male probands with ventricular septal defect (VSD), 10 of 334 offspring had congenital heart defects, and 11 of 384 offspring of female probands with VSD had offspring with congenital heart defects. The prevalence rate for noncardiac congenital anomalies in offspring of probands was 2%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on known congenital heart defects in offspring of probands in the NHS-2, occurrence rates of congenital heart disease in children of subjects with AS, PS, and VSD were 1.2% (confidence interval [CI], 0.34-3.1%), 2.8% (CI, 1.4-5.1%), and 2.9% (CI, 1.8-4.4%), respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. 55905.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Driscoll
authors.forename: V V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Michels
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Gersony
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Keane
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kidd
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Pieroni
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Rings
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Weidman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000235:genetics*; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011666:Pulmonary Valve Stenosis / Q000235:genetics*; D012306:Risk; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires