title: Limitation of annual screening chest radiography for the diagnosis of lung cancer. A retrospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence and mortality rates of lung cancer have been increasing in many countries. However, the true effectiveness of screening for lung cancer is still controversial. This study aimed to examine the growth pattern of lung cancer and to evaluate the efficacy of screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors linked the records of annual radiologic screening to cancer registry data and conducted a retrospective follow-up study of radiographs in all patients with lung cancer arising in a population undergoing screening.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among a total of 305,934 participants, screening detected 206 lung cancers, 103 of which were Stage I disease. Seventy-one of the 131 adenocarcinomas were Stage I, and 58% of them showed evidence of cancer for 2 years on a retrospective review of radiographs. Presentation as small faint lesions overlapping the normal chest structures delayed the early detection of adenocarcinoma. The overall sensitivity of screening was 70%, 52% for squamous cell carcinoma and 50% for small cell carcinoma. Rapidly growing Stage II-IV tumors without retrospective evidence of cancer on previous radiographs accounted for most of the cancers detected during the intervals between screening.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the low detectability of Stage I adenocarcinoma and the late recognition of rapidly growing small cell and squamous cell carcinomas reduced the effectiveness of screening. More effective imaging methods and an antismoking campaign are required to reduce lung cancer mortality.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Soda
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tomita
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kohno
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oka
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D000328:Adult; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008498:Medical Record Linkage; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011859:Radiography; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity