title: A unified functional/anatomic substrate for circus movement atrial flutter: activation and refractory patterns in the canine right atrial enlargement model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to test the concept of a functional/anatomic interaction in a canine model of reentry based on right atrial enlargement and to elucidate the electrophysiologic basis for functional conduction block.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The monotonic feature of atrial flutter suggests a uniform substrate for the arrhythmia. Atrial flutter in the sterile pericarditis model is due to single-loop circus movement around a functional or a functional/anatomic obstacle near the atrioventricular (AV) ring. Sustained circus movement requires a critical interaction of a functional arc of block, a natural obstacle, the AV ring and a zone of slow conduction. The location of the inferior vena cava predisposes the lower right atrium to single-loop reentry.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 11 dogs with right atrial enlargement, 127 bipolar epicardial electrograms were obtained during atrial flutter. For correlation of activation and refractory maps, the effective refractory period under each electrode was determined using the extrastimulus technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Atrial flutter was due to single-loop reentry around functional arcs of block near the AV ring (n = 2) or around functional/anatomic obstacles (n = 8) involving the inferior vena cava. A slow zone was located between the arc and the AV ring and between the inferior vena cava and AV ring, respectively. During initiation, the arc joined the AV ring, forcing activation to proceed around the free end of the arc before breaking through the arc near the AV ring. Arrhythmia termination required the arc of block to rejoin the AV ring. Inducibility of sustained atrial flutter was associated with a marked spatial dispersion of refractoriness. The configuration of the functional arc of block was critically dependent on the spatial pattern of refractoriness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Atrial flutter requires a similar functional or functional/anatomic substrate independent of the underlying etiology. The spatial distribution of refractoriness in enlarged canine atria provides an adequate substrate for the development of functional conduction block.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schoels
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kuebler
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Gough
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: el-Sherif
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001282:Atrial Flutter / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods; D004594:Electrophysiology; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000503:physiopathology; D006339:Heart Rate