title: Doppler color flow mapping of epicardial coronary arteries: initial observations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We addressed the hypothesis that blood flow could be imaged by Doppler color flow mapping of the coronary arteries and characteristic patterns described in normal and diseased vessels.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Echocardiographic imaging of the epicardial coronary arteries has been suggested as a useful adjunct to their intraoperative evaluation. Addition of Doppler color flow mapping could potentially enhance this evaluation by displaying the flow disturbance produced by anatomic lesions whose physiologic significance may otherwise be uncertain. In experimental models, such displays could also potentially provide insights into the pathophysiology of coronary blood flow and stenosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Epicardial coronary arteries were examined with a high resolution 7-MHz linear phased-array transducer both in vivo and in vitro. 1) The coronary arteries were studied in the beating hearts of 10 open chest dogs in which experimental stenoses were also created; the maximal extent of the arterial tree in which flow could be seen in the most ideal setting was also examined in four additional excised perfused canine hearts. 2) Six excised human coronary arteries were perfused in a pulsatile manner to determine whether abnormal flow patterns could be prospectively identified and subsequently correlated with pathologic evidence of stenosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All normal coronary artery segments studied showed homogeneous flow without evidence of flow disturbance. In the excised heart, flow could be visualized to the distal extent of the epicardial vessels; in the open chest model, visualization of the proximal 5 to 6 cm was comparable, although surrounding structures limited access to the terminal portions of the vessels. The stenotic lesions created in the canine hearts (n = 9) showed recognizable alterations in the flow pattern: localized aliasing, proximal blood flow acceleration, distal flow disturbance and recirculatory flow. In the excised human arteries, these features identified 12 lesions, all of which corresponded to areas of > or = 50% lumen narrowing by pathologic examination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Blood flow in the epicardial coronary arteries can be imaged by Doppler color flow mapping and characteristic flow patterns described in normal and diseased vessels.
authors.affiliation: Noninvasive Cardiac Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Aragam
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Main
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Vlahakes
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Southern
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Weyman
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Levine
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D004285:Dogs; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D010496:Pericardium / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011673:Pulsatile Flow / Q000502:physiology