title: Effects of child visitation in adult critical care units: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the behavioral and emotional responses of the child and of the nonhospitalized adult family member (NHAFM) to facilitated child visitation in the critical care setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quasi-experimental, posttreatment design.
  
  
  METHODS
  An adult surgical intensive care unit at a large Midwestern teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty families participated in the study, 10 families in a restricted and 10 families in a facilitated visitation group. Each family unit had a child, an NHAFM, and a critically ill family member. In the control group the NHAFMs visited the patient in the customary routine, but children were restricted from visiting. After a 2-week waiting period a facilitated child visitation intervention was implemented for the experimental group.
  
  
  METHODS
  The child completed measures on anxiety as measured by the Manifest Anxiety Scale and behavioral and emotional changes as measured by the Perceived Change Scale. The NHAFM completed measures on anxiety as measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and mood as measured by the Mood Adjective Check List. Family functioning, as measured by the Feetham Family Functioning Survey, and life event changes, as measured by the Life Event Scale, were examined as extraneous variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Child Visitation Intervention encompassed systematic facilitation and supervision of children visiting a critically ill adult family member in a surgical intensive care unit and provision of emotional support before, during, and after visitation (the intervention protocol may be obtained from the investigators on request).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children in the facilitated visitation group had a greater reduction (t = 4.0, df = 18, p = 0.0004) in negative behavioral and emotional changes as measured by the Child-Perceived Change Scale when compared with children in the restricted visitation group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Facilitated child visitation may help children deal with the critical illness of an adult family member and deserves further study.
authors.affiliation: University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Titler
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kleiber
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Craft
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Halm
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Buckwalter
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015146:Midwestern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D008960:Models, Psychological; D016134:Organizational Policy; D010865:Pilot Projects; D002666:Psychology, Child; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013598:Systems Theory; D014789:Visitors to Patients / Q000523:psychology*