title: Hydraulic orbital injection injuries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A high-pressure stream from mechanical equipment may inject gas or liquids deep into the orbit with few initial clinical signs. Aggressive surgical debridement as used in the extremities for the treatment of injection injuries is not possible in the orbit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four patients with orbital injection injuries from farm or industrial equipment are presented. Previously reported cases of high-pressure injection injury are reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two patients suffered localized anterior orbital inflammation partially responsive to steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Late debridement was required in one patient for a persistent lipogranuloma. Two patients suffered more dramatic and diffuse injections of hydrocarbon mixtures, requiring emergent early surgical debridement and decompression for compressive orbital signs. All patients attained an adequate functional outcome, with one patient's vision limited by a coexisting ocular injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-pressure orbital injection injuries manifest a spectrum of signs ranging from acute inflammation with tissue necrosis and compressive visual loss to late chronic inflammation with a pseudotumor-like course. The authors recommend the initial treatment of orbital injection injuries with systemic antibiotics followed by prompt neuroradiologic imaging. Systemic corticosteroids should be added for confirmed injection injuries with surgical debridement of discrete masses and orbital decompression when indicated. Continued therapy with anti-inflammatory medication may be required to suppress chronic inflammation with selective late surgical debridement of lipogranulomas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, MO 63104.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Holds
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Patrinely
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D009877:Endophthalmitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery; D005129:Eye Foreign Bodies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D015807:Eye Injuries, Penetrating / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D009915:Orbit / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D011312:Pressure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids