title: Profiles of cytokine production in relation with susceptibility to cerebral malaria.
abstract: Infection with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) leads, in susceptible strains of mice, to the development of cerebral malaria (CM), a lethal syndrome that reproduces some features of human CM. To study a possible relationship between genetic susceptibility to CM and the cytokine expression pattern, we quantitatively evaluated gene expression on RNA extracted from various organs of malaria-infected mice, using strains that are susceptible and resistant to CM. Northern blot analysis and semi-quantitative PCR showed that CM is associated with an increased TNF-alpha mRNA accumulation in the brain of mice developing the neurologic complications of CM. An increased IFN-gamma mRNA accumulation and a decreased expression of IL-4 and TGF-beta genes were also observed in mice susceptible to CM. In vitro restimulation studies using crude malarial Ag showed that lymphoid cell proliferation was higher in CM-susceptible than in CM-resistant infected mice. Moreover, susceptible mice produced large amounts of IFN-gamma, in a dose-dependent manner, in response to PbA Ag, whereas cells from resistant mice failed to produce significant amounts of this cytokine. Conversely, IL-2 and IL-4 production was significantly higher in infected CM-resistant mouse cells. No difference was seen in the production of IL-3 and IL-5 between resistant and susceptible PbA-infected mice. Upon stimulation with various malarial Ag, comparable amounts of TNF-alpha were produced by macrophages of either strain of mice. Taken together, these findings indicate that susceptibility to CM resides at the level of T cells rather than macrophages. Furthermore, the cytokine production profile is consistent with a predominant Th1-like response in mice developing cerebral complications of malaria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75235.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Kossodo
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Grau
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000276:immunology; D001483:Base Sequence; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D016779:Malaria, Cerebral / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D016207:Cytokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger