title: Stenting in malignant vena caval obstruction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For patients with recurrent vascular obstruction of the vena cava due to tumor regrowth after chemotherapy or radiation therapy and occasionally surgery, no current therapy is available. With the development of intravascular stenting, a new option becomes available in the treatment of a vena caval syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two patients were treated for malignant obstruction of the vena cava by single, double, and triple Z-type metal stents. All patients had been pretreated extensively and their disease was not amenable to other therapeutic techniques at the time of stenting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Correct positioning of the stents was achieved in all patients. In 68% of patients (n = 15), the symptoms completely disappeared without recurrence until death as a result of tumor progression. In 18% of patients (n = 4), a remarkable improvement was observed, but there was no complete disappearance of symptoms. In 14% of patients (n = 3), reocclusion of the vena cava occurred. The median survival time was 3.0 months (range, 1 week to 9 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The application of Z-type metal stents in patients with recurrent malignant obstruction of the vena cava appears to be a useful palliative procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Rotterdam Cancer Institute, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oudkerk
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Heystraten
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stoter
mesh_terms: D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D012008:Recurrence; D015607:Stents; D013479:Superior Vena Cava Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior