title: The genes of the glutamine synthetase adenylylation cascade are not regulated by nitrogen in Escherichia coli.
abstract: Regulation of glutamine-synthetase (GS) activity in enteric bacteria involves a complex cascade of events. In response to nitrogen limitation, a transferase catalyses the uridylylation of the PII protein, which in turn stimulates deadenylylation of GS. Deadenylylated GS is the more active form of the enzyme. Here we characterize in detail the genes from Escherichia coli encoding uridylyl-transferase (glnD), the PII protein (glnB), and adenylyl-transferase (glnE). glnD is transcribed from its own promoter, glnE is contranscribed with another gene, orfXE, whereas glnB is partly contranscribed with a gene encoding a homologue of the transcription activator NtrC. All three gln regulatory genes were constitutively expressed at a low level, i.e. their expression was independent of the nitrogen status and the RNA polymerase sigma factor sigma 54. We conclude that the functioning of the GS adenylylation cascade is regulated by modulation of the activities of uridylyl-transferase and adenylyl-transferase, rather than by changes in the expression of their genes.
authors.affiliation: E. C. Slater Institute, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: van Heeswijk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rabenberg
authors.forename: H V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Westerhoff
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kahn
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D009713:Nucleotidyltransferases / Q000235:genetics*; D016366:Open Reading Frames / Q000235:genetics; D051922:PII Nitrogen Regulatory Proteins; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D006599:UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D051922:PII Nitrogen Regulatory Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; C497876:glnG protein, E coli; C404143:PIID regulatory protein, Bacteria; D009713:Nucleotidyltransferases; D006599:UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase; C020658:glutamine-synthetase adenylyltransferase; D009584:Nitrogen