title: Long-term psychopathological and cognitive outcome of children with fetal alcohol syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The long-term outcome of a large cohort of children suffering from fetal alcohol syndrome was studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structured psychiatric interviews, behavior checklists for parents and teachers, and intelligence tests were used. Assessments took place during preschool age, early school age (6 to 12 years), and late school age (> or = 13 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was an excess of psychopathology with a wide variety of psychiatric syndromes in this cohort. Hyperkinetic disorders, emotional disorders, sleep disorders, and abnormal habits and stereotypes persisted over time. Interview findings were largely in accordance with parents' and teachers' questionnaire findings. Intelligence test findings included a large proportion of mentally retarded children and displayed high stability at follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development of children suffering from fetal alcohol syndrome is jeopardized by a high rate of persistent psychiatric and cognitive impairments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Steinhausen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Willms
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Spohr
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D063647:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010552:Personality Assessment; D010553:Personality Development