title: After-hours telephone coverage: the application of an area-wide telephone triage and advice system for pediatric practices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After-hours telephone calls are a stressful and frustrating aspect of pediatric practice. At the request of private practice pediatricians in Denver, a metropolitan area-wide system was created to manage after-hours pediatric telephone calls and after-hours patient care. This system, the After-Hours Program (AHP), uses specially trained pediatric nurses with standardized protocols to provide after-hours telephone triage and advice for the patients of 92 Denver pediatricians, representing 56 practices.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This report describes the AHP, presents data from 4 years' experience with the program, and describes results of our evaluation of the following aspects of the program: subscribing physician satisfaction, parent satisfaction, the accuracy and appropriateness of telephone triage, and program costs.
  
  
  METHODS
  After-Hours Program records (including quality assurance data) for all 4 years of operation were retrospectively reviewed, tabulated, and analyzed. The results of two subscribing physician surveys and one parent caller satisfaction survey are presented. A retrospective review of after-hours patient care encounter forms assessed the necessity for after-hours visits triaged by the AHP. An analysis of the total cost of this program to 10 randomly selected subscribing physicians was conducted using current AHP data and a survey of the 10 physicians.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 4 years, 107,938 calls have been successfully managed without an adverse clinical outcome. Minor errors in using protocols occurred in one call out of 1450 after-hours calls. After-hours phoen calls necessitated an after-hours patient visit 20% of the time and generated one after-hours hospital admission out of every 88 calls. Just over half of the patients were managed with home care advice only, and 28% were given home care advice after-hours and seen the next day in the primary physician's office. Of all patients directed by the telephone triage nurses to be seen after hours, 78% were determined to have a condition necessitating after-hours care. Data are presented regarding call volumes by time of day, day of week, patient age, and patient's initial complaint. The 6 most common complaints accounted for more than one half of the calls, and 38 complaints accounted for more than 95% of all after-hours calls. Utilization by subscribing physicians is described. Satisfaction among subscribing pediatricians was 100%, and among parents was 96% to 99% on a variety of issues. The total cost to participating Denver pediatricians (which includes revenues "given up" as a result of not seeing patients after hours) ranged from 1% to 12% of their annual net income, depending on a variety of factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Large-scale after-hours telephone coverage systems can be effective and well-received by patients, parents, and primary physicians. Data presented in this report can assist in planning the training of personnel who provide after-hours telephone advice and triage. Controversies associated with this type of program are discussed. Suggestions are made regarding the direction of future programs and research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Carruth
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peterson-Smith
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Slusarski
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care; D002648:Child; D003120:Colorado; D003258:Consumer Behavior; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D009551:Night Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D010290:Parents; D010371:Pediatric Nursing; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D013689:Telephone / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014218:Triage / Q000458:organization & administration; D014504:Urban Health