title: Effects of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine infusions on oxygen consumption in volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relationships between plasma concentrations of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine and oxygen consumption (VO2) during infusion of these catecholamines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized variable dose, pharmacologic study in which a noncumulative infusion-rate design was used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory of the Department of Anesthesiology at a University Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one normal volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  After a control period of 20 mins, norepinephrine (three infusion rates; 0.06 to 0.2 microgram/kg/min; n = 7), epinephrine (four infusion rates; 0.02 to 0.2 microgram/kg/min; n = 7), or dopamine (three infusion rates; 3 to 12 micrograms/kg/min; n = 7) was administered to normal volunteers (n = 21) for the purpose of constructing plasma concentration/VO2 response curves.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, plasma concentrations of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine, and VO2 were measured at the end of the control period and at the end of each catecholamine infusion. VO2 was measured using a ventilated canopy system and a differential oxygen sensor. Typical hemodynamic responses to vasopressors were seen during adrenergic receptor agonist infusions. VO2 increased from 132 +/- 7 to 153 +/- 10 mL/min/m2 during the highest infusion rate of norepinephrine, from 133 +/- 7 to 182 +/- 11 mL/min/m2 during the highest infusion rate of epinephrine, and from 132 +/- 13 to 163 +/- 8 mL/min/m2 during the highest infusion rate of dopamine (p < .05; paired t-test). Increases in VO2 were correlated with the logarithms of the corresponding plasma catecholamine concentrations. Effects on VO2 and hemodynamic responses occurred at similar plasma concentrations for each of the three catecholamines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administration of norepinephrine, epinephrine, or dopamine results in marked increases in VO2 in volunteers. In patients, the administration of catecholamines or sympathomimetics to attain optimal values of cardiac index, oxygen delivery (DO2), and VO2 may increase the oxygen demand and thus obscure the DO2-VO2 relationship.
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinik für Anäesthesiologie, Universität Ulm, FRG.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ensinger
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Weichel
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lindner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grünert
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Ahnefeld
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004298:Dopamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D004298:Dopamine; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine