title: Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: occurrence of chronic edema and nonimmune bullous skin lesions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) is a poorly understood syndrome of post-traumatic pain, autonomic dysfunction, and progressive tissue atrophy. Classical descriptions of the cutaneous manifestations of RSD are usually limited to skin atrophy, vascular instability, and hyperhidrosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to further delineate the cutaneous changes in RSD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have observed RSD-related inflammatory and bullous lesions in nine patients with active RSD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight patients had significant edema of involved skin, two patients had evidence of a pigmented purpura-like inflammatory dermatitis, and two other patients had bullae on involved skin. Ultrastructural studies on a biopsy specimen from one patient with recurrent bullae revealed a disrupted basement membrane and abnormal anchoring fibrils.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Skin disease in RSD is more diverse than commonly appreciated and includes severe edema, inflammatory lesions, and a nonimmune bullous eruption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107-5102.
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Iozzo
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schwartzman
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Tahmoush
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Knobler
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Jacoby
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004487:Edema / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D012008:Recurrence; D012019:Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012872:Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology