title: Joseph H. Ogura Memorial Lecture. The vertebrate larynx: adaptations and aberrations.
abstract: The complex anatomy of the vertebrate larynx shows a steady progression from the simple slit on the floor of the lungfish's pharynx to the fine-tuned mechanism of the human vocal apparatus. The frog's larynx acts as a check valve to prevent collapse of the lungs during a dive, since the animal has no rib cage. The crocodile's laryngeal framework has acquired an epiglottic analogue which fits snugly into the nasopharynx and protects the lower respiratory tract from inundation while the animal drowns its prey. The snake's larynx lies intraorally and can be extended beyond the lower teeth while the reptile leisurely swallows its prey intact. The mammal has acquired a cricothyroid joint, allowing its membranous vocal folds to be stretched during phonation. In Homo sapiens, vocal performance has reached its highest degree of versatility, with a vocal fold capable of adjustment in length, tension and shape. In the course of organic evolution, man appears to have chosen the ability to speak and sing over the security that an intranarial epiglottis would have given him.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kirchner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D004285:Dogs; D015186:Hominidae; D006801:Humans; D007830:Larynx / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D010699:Phonation; D010802:Phylogeny; D011323:Primates; D011898:Ranidae; D012104:Reptiles; D012119:Respiration; D013045:Species Specificity