title: Hepatocyte-specific expression of the hepatitis B virus core promoter depends on both positive and negative regulation.
abstract: The core promoter of hepatitis B virus shows hepatocyte specificity, which is largely dependent on an upstream regulatory sequence that overlaps with viral enhancer II. Footprint analyses by numerous groups have shown binding by cellular proteins over a large stretch of DNA in this region, but the identity of these proteins and their role in core promoter function remain largely unknown. We present data showing that the transcription factor HNF-4 is one such factor, as it activates the core promoter approximately 20-fold via a binding site within the upstream regulatory sequence. Since HNF-4 is enriched in hepatocytes, its involvement at least partially explains the hepatocyte specificity of this promoter. In addition, however, we have found a region upstream of the HNF-4 site that suppresses activation by HNF-4 in HeLa cells but not in hepatoma cells. Therefore, the cell type specificity of the core promoter appears to result from a combination of activation by one or more factors specifically enriched in hepatocytes and repression by some other factor(s) present in nonhepatocytes, and it may provide a convenient model system for studying this type of tissue-specific transcriptional regulation in mammalian cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ou
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D051778:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D001665:Binding Sites; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006512:Hepatitis B Core Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics*; D051557:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008099:Liver / Q000382:microbiology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D051778:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006512:Hepatitis B Core Antigens; D051557:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4; C403128:MLX protein, human; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D014157:Transcription Factors