title: Tissue perfusion in critical illnesses. Antioxidant therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide an overview of the mechanisms of free radical-mediated reperfusion injury and to review the available antioxidant agents and strategies available to prevent or ameliorate this injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Previous studies performed in our own laboratory, as well as a computer-assisted search of the English language literature (MEDLINE, 1966 to 1991), followed by a selective review of pertinent articles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles representing the mechanisms of free-radical generation, free-radical-mediated tissue injury, and antioxidant function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pertinent data were abstracted from the cited articles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The small intestine is disproportionately susceptible to ischemia during circulatory shock. Ischemia activates xanthine oxidase, which then generates a massive burst of superoxide free radicals when oxygen is reintroduced at reperfusion. These radicals and their toxic oxygen metabolites, both by direct action and by the secondary activation of circulating neutrophils, then generate much of the mucosal injury that had been previously attributed to anoxia itself.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent evidence indicates that although the mucosal epithelial cell is rich in xanthine oxidase, it is probably endothelial cell xanthine oxidase that triggers this mucosal reperfusion injury, not only in the intestine, but in other organs as well. Antioxidant therapies directed toward the ablation of free-radical generation at reperfusion offer a potential therapy for these injuries and their sequelae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Schiller
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Bulkley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants