title: In vivo examination of the dynamic properties of the human heel pad.
abstract: The shock-absorbing characteristics of the heel pad in vivo were examined in adults (N = 16) and 7-year-old children (N = 5) using a drop-impact tester (wt = 5 kg). Impact velocities were 0.72 m/s and 0.93 m/s. It was found that in adults the average peak deceleration was 11.6 G at an impact velocity of 0.93 m/s. The maximum deformation of the heel pad was 11.3 mm, and the computed energy absorption during impact amounted to 79% (range = 75%-89%). These mechanical characteristics remained nearly the same even after 6 min of repeated impacts by the impact tester and even after a 10 km run. The children had larger values of peak deceleration and maximum deformation and smaller energy loss than the adults. It was concluded that the heel pad was a fairly effective shock attenuator and high energy absorber, and that these characteristics remain nearly unchanged even after a relatively long period of repeated impacts. It was also concluded that the mechanical properties of the children's heel pads were different from those of the adults.
authors.affiliation: Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuzuhara
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ikuta
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002138:Calibration; D002648:Child; D003654:Deceleration; D004548:Elasticity; D005260:Female; D006365:Heel / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011312:Pressure; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology; D012775:Shoes; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D014159:Transducers; D014783:Viscosity