title: Evolutionary origin and radiation of the avian-adapted non-motile salmonellae.
abstract: Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis was employed to estimate chromosomal genotypic diversity and relationships among 131 isolates of the non-motile Salmonella biotypes Gallinarum and Pullorum (serotype 1, 9, 12:-:-) that cause fowl typhoid and pullorum disease, respectively. Thirteen electrophoretic types (ETs), marking clones, were distinguished, and construction of a neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree revealed three lineages: one consisted of five ETs of Gallinarum, a second included seven ETs of Pullorum, and a third was represented by a single ET (Ga/Pu 1) that is intermediate between those of the other two lineages in both multilocus enzyme genotype and biochemical properties. Enzyme genotype analysis and comparative nucleotide sequencing of the phase 1 flagellin gene (fliC), the hook-associated protein 1 gene (flgK), and the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase gene (gnd) identified serotype Enteritidis (1, 9, 12:g, m:-) as a close relative of the non-motile salmonellae. In most strains of biotype Gallinarum, the fliC gene is complete, intact and identical in sequence to that of Enteritidis, but isolates of three ETs had a stop codon at position 495. The fliC sequences of the ETs of Pullorum differed from that of Enteritidis in having non-synonymous changes in either two or three codons and a synonymous change in one codon. The sharing of distinctive alleles at three metabolic enzyme loci and a stop codon in flgK indicates that the non-motile salmonellae are monophyletic and that their most recent common ancestor was non-motile. Since diverging from that ancestor, the Pullorum lineage has evolved more rapidly than the Gallinarum and Ga/Pu 1 lineages.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, Mueller Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Crichton
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Old
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Whittam
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Selander
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001717:Birds / Q000382:microbiology; D002465:Cell Movement; D004277:DNA, Single-Stranded; D005408:Flagellin / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010734:Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012475:Salmonella / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D012703:Serotyping
chemical_list: D004277:DNA, Single-Stranded; D005408:Flagellin; D010734:Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase