title: Trace element intakes and dietary phytate/Zn and Ca x phytate/Zn millimolar ratios of periurban Guatemalan women during the third trimester of pregnancy.
abstract: Repeated 24-h recalls (9-14/subject) were conducted on 52 periurban Guatemalan pregnant women aged 25 +/- 5 y (means +/- SD). Intakes of energy, protein, calcium, zinc, copper, manganese, nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP), phytate, and millimolar ratios of phytate to zinc and (calcium x phytate) to zinc were calculated from food-composition values on the basis of chemical analysis and the literature. Mean (+/- SD) daily intakes were as follows: energy 8694 +/- 1674 kJ, protein 63.0 +/- 13.3 g, calcium 727 +/- 163, zinc 11.3 +/- 2.7, copper 1.3 +/- 0.3, manganese 2.8 +/- 0.6, phytate 2254 +/- 773 mg/d, NSP 26.6 +/- 6.9 g, phytate/zinc 18.8 +/- 4.2, (calcium x phytate)/zinc 706 +/- 21 mmol/MJ. Ninety-four percent had zinc intakes below the recommendations (15 mg) of WHO and the US recommended dietary allowances, assuming 20% absorption. Tortillas were a major source of zinc (46%), copper (20%), manganese (23%), calcium (39%), phytate (68%), and NSP (50%); 19% zinc from flesh foods. Thirty-eight percent had phytate-zinc ratios > 20; 94% had millimolar ratios of (calcium x phytate) to zinc per MJ > or = 22. The high prevalence of millimolar ratios of phytate to zinc and (calcium x phytate) to zinc per MJ above 20 and 22, respectively, may compromise zinc nutriture.
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Human Nutrition, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Quan de Serrano
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Portocarrero
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vasquez
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Zepeda
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lopez-Palacios
authors.forename: L U
authors.initials: LU
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Stephen
authors.forename: N W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Solomons
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003300:Copper / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003611:Dairy Products; D004032:Diet; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D007887:Fabaceae; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D006166:Guatemala; D006801:Humans; D008345:Manganese / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010833:Phytic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D011247:Pregnancy; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014505:Urban Population; D003313:Zea mays; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D014131:Trace Elements; D008345:Manganese; D003300:Copper; D010833:Phytic Acid; D015032:Zinc; D002118:Calcium