title: Aggressive chemotherapy, organ-preserving surgery, and high-dose-rate remote brachytherapy in the treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma in infants and young children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  External beam radiation therapy often is avoided in the treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) in young children because of the long-term sequelae. Conventional brachytherapy can reduce these problems, but its use is limited in young children because of radiation exposure to parents and care-givers. This is the first reported use of high-dose-rate remote brachytherapy (HDR) to treat RMS in young children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven young children with RMS were treated from January 1990 through September 1991 with multiagent chemotherapy, organ preserving surgery, and HDR. The primary tumor sites included the tongue, buccal mucosa, chest wall, vagina, and clitoris. A minimum peripheral dose of 36 Gy HDR was administered in 12 fractions (twice a day) at 3 Gy per fraction for a period of 3 days. The treatment was given on an outpatient basis without requiring prolonged patient sedation or immobilization. Each treatment lasted 2-5 minutes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All seven children are alive and without evidence of tumor with a median follow-up of 30 months (range, 18-35 months) from diagnosis. The treatments have been reasonably well tolerated with some acute skin toxicity. There has been relatively good organ growth and function during this short follow-up period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of HDR radiation in these patients eliminated radiation exposure to care-givers and permitted constant nursing care and interaction among the parents, nursing personnel, and child. Treatments can be given on an outpatient basis, without requiring prolonged patient sedation or immobilization. Local control of tumor with preservation of organ function was achieved. HDR in young children should be restricted to controlled clinical trials until long-term morbidity and efficacy results are obtained from pilot studies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nag
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grecula
authors.forename: F B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Ruymann
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012208:Rhabdomyosarcoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*