title: Hepatic injury from blunt trauma in children: follow-up evaluation with CT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because CT is now used to assess the extent of abdominal injury after blunt trauma, children with hepatic injury often can be treated nonsurgically. We used a CT grading system to evaluate the frequency of complications and the time course of healing in children with hepatic injury from blunt abdominal trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five children with CT or surgical evidence of hepatic injury after blunt abdominal trauma were followed up clinically and with serial CT scans. Hepatic injuries were graded as mild (< 25% of one lobe injured), moderate (25-50% of one lobe injured), or severe (> 50% of one lobe injured). Physical activities were limited until healing was verified with follow-up CT scans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All mild hepatic injuries (n = 12) appeared to have healed on follow-up CT studies 1 week to 11 months after the injury. Sixty-seven percent of moderate hepatic injuries (n = 19) showed complete healing on CT scans 1-3 months after injury, and 80% showed complete healing between 3.5 and 6 months. In all 14 children with severe hepatic injuries, residual lesions were seen on CT scans up to 8 months after injury. Residual lesions were seen in seven of 11 children with severe injuries who were reexamined 9-15 months after trauma. Despite this protracted course, no delayed hepatic complications occurred. No difference was seen between unenhanced and IV contrast-enhanced CT findings in 28 of 32 studies. IV contrast material improved the resolution of residual lesions in two cases, and two residual lesions were identified only on unenhanced CT scans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CT grading of acute hepatic injuries is useful for estimating the time course of healing. Although mild and moderate hepatic injuries heal relatively quickly, severe hepatic injuries take months to resolve. Follow-up CT scans to verify complete hepatic healing should be obtained 3 months after mild injuries, 3-6 months after moderate injuries, and 9 months after severe injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20010.
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Bulas
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Eichelberger
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Sivit
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Gotschall
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*