title: Cost-effectiveness of monoclonal antibodies to gram-negative endotoxin in the treatment of gram-negative sepsis in ICU patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the fiscal impact and the cost-effectiveness of monoclonal antibodies against gram-negative endotoxin (MAbGNE) in the treatment of presumed gram-negative sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A decision analysis model was developed from (1) data from two phase III trials that studied the E5 or HA-1A MAbGNE, and (2) financial data from 1405 septic patients who required intensive care at a large tertiary hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intensive care unit (ICU) patients with presumed gram-negative sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The E5 trial evaluated 468 patients, and the HA-1A study enrolled 543 patients with presumed gram-negative sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The addition of MAbGNE to standard regimens or standard regimens alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total expected charges and the expected probability of survival were determined for each option. Cost-effectiveness and marginal cost-effectiveness ratios were also derived. Multiple sensitivity and Monte Carlo analyses were performed to test the underlying assumptions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MAbGNE therapy always resulted in higher expected charges; however, these differences were less than its acquisition cost by $870. The cost-effectiveness ratio for MAbGNE, for $2000 and $4000 acquisition costs, was $71,674 and $74,900 per probability of survival, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that cost-effectiveness was most affected by diagnostic accuracy, patient selection, and acquisition cost. Monte Carlo analysis showed that MAbGNE was more costly for 71% of simulations, yet the most efficacious option for 79% of simulations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From the perspective of acute care institutions, MAbGNE is expensive and cannot be justified on a cost-saving basis. However, it may be cost-effective throughout a reasonable range of assumptions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, NY 11501.
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Chalfin
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Holbein
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fein
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Carlon
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D016527:Drug Costs; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000276:immunology*; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000276:immunology*; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000191:economics*; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D004731:Endotoxins; C068069:nebacumab