title: The influence of air cavities on interface doses for photon beams.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As the quantification of dose in homogeneous media is now better understood, it is necessary to further quantify effects from heterogeneous media. The most extreme case is related to air cavities. Although dose corrections at large distances beyond a cavity are accountable by attenuation differences, perturbations at air-tissue interfaces are complex to measure or calculate. These measurements helps understand the physical processes that govern these perturbations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A thin window parallel-plate chamber and a special diode were used for measurements with various air cavity geometries (layer, channel, cubic cavity, triangle) in x-ray beams of 4 and 15 MV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Underdosing effects occur at both the distal and proximal air cavity interfaces. The magnitude depends on geometry, energy, and field sizes. As the cavity thickness increases, the central axis dose at the distal interface decreases. Increasing field size remedied the underdosing, as did the introduction of lateral walls. Following a 2.0 cm wide air channel for a 4 MV, 4 x 4 cm2 field there was an 11% underdose at the distal interface, while a 2.0 cm cubic cavity yielded only a 3% loss. Measurements at the proximal interface showed losses of 5% to 8%. For a 4 MV parallel opposed beam irradiation the losses at the interfaces were 10% for a channel cavity (in comparison with the homogeneous case) and 1% for a cube. The losses were slightly larger for the 15 MV beam. Underdosage at the lateral interface was 4% and 8% for the 4 MV and 15 MV beams, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although reports suggest better clinical results using lower photon energies with the presence of air cavities, there is no reliable dose calculation algorithm to predict interface doses accurately. The measurements reported here can be used to guide the development of new calculation models under nonequilibrium conditions. This situation is of clinical concern when lesions such as larynx carcinoma beyond air cavities are irradiated.
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, St. Louis, MO 63110.
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Mijnheer
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000388:Air; D008961:Models, Structural; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage