title: Ocular and ocular adnexal injuries treated by United States military ophthalmologists during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ocular and ocular adnexal injuries, both combat-related and accidental, are common during wartime. In a combat setting, the eye is particularly vulnerable to serious injury from tiny flying particles that might minimally affect other parts of the body. The purpose of this study is to examine the incidence of serious ocular and ocular adnexal injuries that occurred during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors retrospectively reviewed serious ocular and ocular adnexal injuries treated by United States Army and Navy ophthalmologists that occurred during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Only those injuries that resulted in, or would have resulted in, hospital admission because of the ocular or ocular adnexal injury alone are presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During Desert Shield, 20 patients (23 eyes) suffered serious ocular or ocular adnexal injuries compared with 160 patients (198 eyes) in Desert Storm. During Desert Storm, 78% of all serious injuries were caused by blast fragmentation from munitions. More than one third of the 98 globe lacerations reported in this article were 10 mm or less in size. Of 35 enucleations performed during Desert Storm, 94% were the result of munitions fragments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During Operation Desert Storm, fragmentation wounds from munitions were the most common cause of ocular and ocular adnexal morbidity. The authors' findings indicate that polycarbonate ballistic protective eyewear could have prevented many of the ocular injuries that they report.
authors.affiliation: Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington 98431.
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Mader
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Aragones
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Chandler
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hazlehurst
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heier
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kingham
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008877:Middle East; D008889:Military Personnel; D009915:Orbit / Q000293:injuries*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States