title: Surgical management of early invasive cancer of the cervix associated with pregnancy.
abstract: The simultaneous occurrence of carcinoma of the cervix in pregnancy is uncommon. In a prospective study of 397 patients undergoing type III radical hysterectomy for early invasive cancer of the cervix, 18 were pregnant at the time of surgery; 4 of these were operated after delivery elsewhere. Two others had a type I extrafascial hysterectomy. The incidence was 1 in 4077 deliveries. The clinical and histological characteristics of these patients are presented. Routine speculum examination and cervical cytology in all pregnant patients early in pregnancy are vital for early diagnosis. Bleeding in pregnancy should not automatically be assumed to be caused by pregnancy-related conditions. The strategies in surgical management are discussed. Radical hysterectomy in pregnancy is safe. No major complications were encountered; the mean blood loss was 1.4 liters. The incidence of pelvic node metastases was similar to that seen in nonpregnant patients. The overall 5-year survival rate was 77.7%. Of the 4 patients who died, 3 presented in the puerperium; all succumbed within 27 months. Poor histological prognostic features contributed to the significantly poorer survival in the puerperal patients (P = 0.0445). The 5-year survival in those presenting during the antepartum period (92.8%) was, however, similar to that in the nonpregnant patients. Metastases to the placenta or fetus were not encountered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sivanesaratnam
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jayalakshmi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Loo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011247:Pregnancy; D011252:Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*