title: Pediatric intensive care sedation: survey of fellowship training programs.
abstract: Children hospitalized in a pediatric intensive care unit are frequently distressed. The purpose of this study was to identify the patterns of use of sedative agents in pediatric critical care patients. A questionnaire survey was mailed to 45 directors of Pediatric Critical Care Fellowship Training Programs listed in Critical Care Medicine, January 1989. The response rate was 75.6% (34 questionnaires). The most commonly identified goals of sedation were reduced patient discomfort or distress and fewer unplanned extubations. The agents most frequently employed for this purpose were opioids (morphine or fentanyl), chloral hydrate, or benzodiazepines. Although conventional doses are used, opioids and benzodiazepines are often given hourly or by continuous infusion. Satisfaction with the efficacy and safety of commonly used opioids was greater (most common response "very satisfied") than for the benzodiazepines ("somewhat satisfied"). The physician's or nurse's clinical impression was reported to be the "most important" criterion for deciding when a patient required a dose of sedative; objective criteria were selected as less important. The majority of patients (65.7%) in the surveyed units were ideally "sedated to the point of no distress with as-needed medication." The majority of respondents (76.4%) identified efficacy as the major problem with sedation. Drug withdrawal was considered to be the major problem with sedative use by only a minority of respondents (6.9%). Although withdrawal is seen in 61.8% of units, it is generally treated when recognized, rather than prevented by routine tapering of sedation. Optimal sedation of pediatric intensive care unit patients is considered problematic, despite the use of frequent doses of many sedatives. Systematic investigation of pharmacodynamic response to these agents in the pediatric critical care population is indicated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Marx
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ambuel
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Hamlett
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Blumer
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002170:Canada; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005257:Fellowships and Scholarships / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006742:Hospital Bed Capacity; D006761:Hospitals / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009937:Organizational Objectives; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000193:education / Q000379:methods* / Q000458:organization & administration; D008486:Physician Executives / Q000523:psychology; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States