title: Height and incidence of cardiovascular disease in male physicians.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An inverse association between height and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) has been reported in several case-control and cohort studies, but the reasons for the association remain uncertain. We evaluated this association among 22,071 male physicians, a population homogeneous for high educational attainment and socioeconomic status in adulthood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study population was comprised of participants in the Physicians' Health Study, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of low-dose aspirin and beta-carotene in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer among US male physicians, aged 40 to 84 years, in 1982. Participants were classified into five height categories at study entry, from shortest to tallest, and were followed an average of 60.2 months to determine the incidence of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and death from cardiovascular disease. Men in the tallest (> or = 73 in. or 185.4 cm) compared with the shortest (< or = 67 in. or 170.2 cm) height category had a 35% lower risk of MI (relative risk, 0.65; 95% confidence interval, 0.44 to 0.99; P = .04), after adjusting for known cardiovascular risk factors. Further, a marginally significant inverse trend (P trend = .05) across the height categories was observed. Although the relationship was not strictly linear, for every inch of added height, there was an approximate 2% to 3% decline in risk of MI. In contrast, men in the tallest compared with the shortest height category had only small and nonsignificant decreases in risk of stroke and cardiovascular death. While no significant trend in risks of these end points across the height categories was observed, the numbers of events for these end points were far less than for MI, and thus the confidence intervals were wide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that height is inversely associated with subsequent risk of MI. At this time, a few mechanisms are plausible, but none are convincing. Other epidemiological and basic research efforts are needed to explore a variety of physiological correlates of height that may be responsible for mediating the height-MI association. In the meantime, while height is not modifiable, it is easy to measure and may be useful to evaluate CHD disease risk profiles and target lifestyle interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Hebert
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Rich-Edwards
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Manson
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ridker
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Buring
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hennekens
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001827:Body Height; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010820:Physicians; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D019207:beta Carotene
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D019207:beta Carotene; D002338:Carotenoids; D001241:Aspirin