title: Immune response of chimpanzees after immunization with the inactivated whole immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), three different adjuvants and challenge.
abstract: Purified whole virus preparations of HIV-1 were produced from supernatants of infected cells and concentrated 5000-fold. After inactivation with formaldehyde, the concentrates were combined with one of three different adjuvants, and used to immunize three groups of three chimpanzees each. The chimpanzees were monitored for HIV-specific humoral and cellular immune responses by ELISA, immunoblot, virus neutralization, delayed-type hypersensitivity, lymphocyte proliferation and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Weak and inconsistent responses were observed in animals that received HIV-1 formulated with alum as adjuvant, whereas HIV-1 formulated with incomplete Freund's adjuvant or an experimental adjuvant (BWZL) induced good humoral and cellular immune responses to the virus. The three animals that received HIV-1 with the BWZL adjuvant generated overall the best immune responses; therefore, 2 weeks after the sixth immunization these animals were challenged with infectious HIV-1. Despite the presence of good humoral and cell-mediated immunity, all three immunized animals and a control animal became infected within 4 weeks, as evidenced by repeated isolation of HIV-1 from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and anamnestic antibody responses. The new experimental adjuvant has to be further investigated in other vaccine trials and different animal models.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Behringwerke AG, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niedrig
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gregersen
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Fultz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bröker
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mehdi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hilfenhaus
mesh_terms: D016915:AIDS Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D000920:Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006968:Hypersensitivity, Delayed; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D009500:Neutralization Tests; D002679:Pan troglodytes; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D016915:AIDS Vaccines; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D015483:HIV Antibodies; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated