title: Unique sensing errors in third-generation implantable cardioverter-defibrillators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Third-generation cardioverter-defibrillators appear to be susceptible to unique sensing errors. This study was performed to determine the incidence and types of sensing errors in combination therapy implantable devices.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  One of the advantages offered by third-generation implantable cardioverter-defibrillators is the combination of bradycardia and antitachycardia pacing and cardioversion-defibrillation capabilities in a single device. The potential for unique sensing errors, those caused by the conflicts presented by combining bradycardia and tachycardia sensing and therapy algorithms in the same device, has not been previously addressed.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine the incidence of important sensing errors, 61 patients with a combination therapy device (Cadence [Ventritex] and PCD [Medtronic]) were studied for a 25-month period. In addition to surface electrocardiographic recordings during implantation and routine device testing, real-time and stored electrograms recorded from the rate-sensing leads (Cadence) and real-time marker channel recordings (PCD) were reviewed to diagnose sensing errors that resulted in symptoms, device inefficacy or delivery of inappropriate therapy. After recognition, specific reprogramming steps were performed in an attempt to avoid recurrent sensing errors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 13 sensing errors were diagnosed in 12 patients (19.7%); the incidence was similar in both devices. Five distinct categories of sensing errors were identified. After device reprogramming, only one recurrent error occurred in 98 patient-months of follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Important sensing errors occur in approximately 20% of patients with third-generation combination therapy cardioverter-defibrillators. Prompt diagnosis of sensing errors can lead to specific reprogramming steps to avoid recurrent errors.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Electrophysiology Laboratory, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Callans
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Hook
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Kleiman
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Mitra
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Marchlinski
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D015982:Bias; D001919:Bradycardia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000592:standards*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005246:Feedback; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000592:standards*; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*