title: Slow and ultrarapid freezing of fully grown germinal vesicle-stage mouse oocytes: optimization of survival rate outweighed by defective blastocyst formation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The cryopreservation of mature metaphase II-stage mouse oocytes is associated with decreased fertilizability, spindle damage, and increased polyploidy. Therefore, we investigated the outcome of cryopreservation of immature germinal vesicle-stage mouse oocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oocytes were punctured from Graafian follicles in primed F1 hybrid mice and were then released into maturation medium containing the meiotic inhibitor dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Both slow and ultrarapid freezing protocols with dimethyl sulfoxide, 1,2-proponediol, or a mixture of both agents were tested. We recorded morphological survival rates, in vitro maturation rates, and two-cell and blastocyst formation rates. Each group of frozen oocytes was compared with both unfrozen germinal vesicle-stage oocytes and metaphase II-stage oocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An optimal cryosurvival rate of 78% was reached after ultrarapid freezing with 3 M dimethyl sulfoxide followed by one-step dilution, but a decreased rate of two-cell formation was observed. Freezing with a combination of dimethyl sulfoxide and 1,2-propanediol did not improve this fertilization-decreasing effect. Very low cryosurvival rates after freezing with 1,2-propanediol indicated its inappropriateness for ultrarapid freezing of immature oocytes. The rates of in vitro maturation were equivalent for frozen-thawed and freshly collected germinal vesicle-stage oocytes, independent of the freezing protocol used. We report, nevertheless, as a general characteristic for both slow and ultrarapid freezing of fully grown germinal vesicle-stage oocytes, that the in vitro development up to the blastocyst stage is inhibited despite full nuclear maturation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report that cryopreservation of immature germinal vesicle-stage oocytes is invariably associated with a low developmental capacity after fertilization. The rate of in vitro nuclear maturation did not equate with developmental competence. This in turn suggests the importance of cytoplasmic maturation for embryonic development.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital, Brussels Free University, Belgium.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Van der Elst
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Nerinckx
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Van Steirteghem
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000502:physiology*; D002455:Cell Division; D002470:Cell Survival; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods*; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D009865:Oocytes / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents