title: Factors and conditions affecting the glucuronidation of oxazepam.
abstract: The aim of the present work was to investigate the impact of disease states and environmental and host factors on the glucuronidation of oxazepam. Glucuronidation represents quantitatively one of the most important metabolic conjugation pathways (phase II) in man for the inactivation and detoxication of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds and the liver is the major site for it to take place. Far less attention has been paid to the conjugation reactions in previous clinical research in this field compared to the immense interest in the oxidative biotransformation pathways (phase I). This fact is mainly due to the latter giving rise to active or reactive metabolites with a toxicological potential. The metabolism of oxazepam expresses exclusively the capacity for glucuronide formation. It was a prerequisite to establish the bioavailability of oxazepam prior to succeeding studies on the oral disposition of the drug. A preparation for intravenous administration was created. Clearance was chosen as measurement of the capacity to glucuronidate oxazepam. Severe decompensated liver disease was associated with a significant decrease in oxazepam clearance, that became even more obvious when corrected for by a diminished binding to plasma proteins. This increase in free fraction of oxazepam was substantial and could mainly be accounted for by low plasma albumin values. The results are in part a settlement with earlier studies on glucuronidation in liver disease and they may undoubtedly be ascribed to the severe degree of liver disease. For the first time it was shown that hypothyroidism led to a decline in the clearance and metabolism of oxazepam and paracetamol that is mainly biotransformed by glucuronidation. It was concluded that the enzymes responsible for glucuronidation in hypothyroidism are under the influence of thyroid hormones as is the case with oxidative enzymes. Further studies focused on the effect of host and environmental factors on glucuronidation. A commercially available very low calorie product for the treatment of obesity resulted in a decrease in oxazepam clearance and a lack of co-factors as a consequence of the low calorie intake was explanatorily proposed. Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists are often prescribed together with other drugs and close knowledge on interactions is mandatory but insufficient in regard of drugs being glucuronidated. Despite the mutual metabolic pathway labetalol exerted no dispositional alterations concerning oxazepam. It was moreover suggested that very elderly subjects between the age of 80 to 94 years had a reduced clearance of oxazepam.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: University of Copenhagen.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sonne
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001682:Biological Availability; D001711:Biotransformation; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005965:Glucuronates / Q000378:metabolism; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000378:metabolism; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007741:Labetalol / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010076:Oxazepam / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D005965:Glucuronates; C026256:oxazepam glucuronide; D000082:Acetaminophen; D010076:Oxazepam; D007741:Labetalol