title: The risk of determining risk with multivariable models.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the principles of multivariable analysis and to examine the application of multivariable statistical methods in general medical literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  A computer-assisted search of articles in The Lancet and The New England Journal of Medicine identified 451 publications containing multivariable methods from 1985 through 1989. A random sample of 60 articles that used the two most common methods--logistic regression or proportional hazards analysis--was selected for more intensive review.
  
  
  METHODS
  During review of the 60 randomly selected articles, the focus was on generally accepted methodologic guidelines that can prevent problems affecting the accuracy and interpretation of multivariable analytic results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1985 to 1989, the relative frequency of multivariable statistical methods increased annually from about 10% to 18% among all articles in the two journals. In 44 (73%) of 60 articles using logistic or proportional hazards regression, risk estimates were quantified for individual variables ("risk factors"). Violations and omissions of methodologic guidelines in these 44 articles included overfitting of data; no test of conformity of variables to a linear gradient; no mention of pertinent checks for proportional hazards; no report of testing for interactions between independent variables; and unspecified coding or selection of independent variables. These problems would make the reported results potentially inaccurate, misleading, or difficult to interpret.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest a need for improvement in the reporting and perhaps conducting of multivariable analyses in medical research.
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Concato
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Feinstein
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Holford
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010506:Periodicals as Topic; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012306:Risk