title: Seroprevalence of and risk factors for HIV-1 infection in injection drug users in Montreal and Toronto: a collaborative study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of antibodies to HIV-1 and risk factors for HIV-1 infection among injection drug users.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaire survey. A venous blood sample was taken for HIV-1 antibody testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Montreal and Toronto.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 810 subjects who had used injection drugs in the previous 6 months recruited mainly from treatment centres and from the street in Montreal (425 subjects) and from treatment centres in Toronto (385 subjects) between September 1988 and September 1990. The overall participation rate was 82%.
  
  
  METHODS
  HIV-1 seropositivity, sociodemographic and behavioural risk factors for HIV-1 infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall seroprevalence rate of HIV-1 infection was 4.8% (95% confidence limits [CL] 3.5 and 6.5). In Montreal the rate was 8.2% (95% CL 6.0 and 11.2), and in Toronto 1.0% (95% CL 0.4 and 2.6) (p < 0.001). Seropositive subjects were significantly older (p = 0.041) and were more likely to have a history of imprisonment (p = 0.006) than seronegative subjects. In univariate analysis seropositivity was associated with the following behaviours: more frequent cocaine use (p < 0.001), injecting drugs in "shooting galleries" (p = 0.002), sharing equipment with a person known to be HIV-1 seropositive (p = 0.006), "booting" fresh blood (p = 0.004), homosexual or bisexual orientation (p = 0.006), engaging in prostitution (p < 0.001) and, for men, number of male sexual partners in the previous 6 months (p = 0.007). In multivariate analysis the determinants of HIV-1 seropositivity were Montreal as the city of recruitment (odds ratio [OR] 6.7, 95% CL 2.32 and 19.42), engaging in prostitution (OR 2.13, 95% CL 1.01 and 4.75), a history of imprisonment (OR 3.51, 95% CL 1.33 and 9.29) and sharing equipment with a person known to be HIV-1 seropositive (OR 4.43, 95% CL 1.43 and 13.74).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show that HIV-1 is circulating among injection drug users in Montreal and Toronto and that both drug use and sexual behaviours are implicated in the transmission of infection in the populations studied. Adapted preventive programs should be developed to prevent further spread of HIV-1 infection in this population.
authors.affiliation: Centre de recherche clinique André-Viallet, Hôpital Saint-Luc, Montreal, Que.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lamothe
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bruneau
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Coates
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Rankin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Soto
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arshinoff
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brabant
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vincelette
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fauvel
mesh_terms: D015492:AIDS Serodiagnosis; D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D018023:HIV Seronegativity; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D015528:HIV Seroprevalence; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009864:Ontario; D011792:Quebec; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*