title: The c-rel protooncogene product represses NF-kappa B p65-mediated transcriptional activation of the long terminal repeat of type 1 human immunodeficiency virus.
abstract: The long terminal repeat (LTR) of the type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and the 5' regulatory region of the gene encoding the interleukin 2 receptor alpha subunit (IL-2R alpha) share functional kappa B enhancer elements involved in the regulation of these inducible transcription units during T-cell activation. These kappa B enhancer elements are recognized by a structurally related family of interactive proteins that includes p50, p65, and the product of the c-rel protooncogene (c-Rel). Recent biochemical studies have shown that p65 and p50 form the prototypical NF-kappa B complex, which is rapidly translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus during T-cell activation. This intracellular signaling complex potently stimulates kappa B-directed transcription from either the HIV-1 LTR or the IL-2R alpha promoter via the strong transactivation domain present in p65. We now demonstrate that nuclear expression of human c-Rel, which is induced by either phorbol ester or tumor necrosis factor alpha with delayed kinetics relative to p65, markedly represses p65-mediated activation of these transcription units. These inhibitory effects of c-Rel correlate with its DNA-binding activity but not with its ability to heterodimerize with p50, suggesting that c-Rel inhibition involves competition with p50/p65 for occupancy of the kappa B enhancer element. Together, these findings suggest that one function of c-Rel is as a physiologic repressor of the HIV-1 LTR and IL-2R alpha promoters, serving to efficiently counter the strong transcriptional activating effects of p65.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Doerre
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sista
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Ballard
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Greene
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral / Q000187:drug effects*; D016325:HIV Long Terminal Repeat / Q000235:genetics*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020569:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-rel; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D007376:Interleukin-2; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D020569:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-rel; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase