title: Retinoic acid differentially regulates expression of surfactant-associated proteins in human fetal lung.
abstract: Retinoic acid is known to play an essential role in maintaining the differentiation of a wide variety of epithelial cell types. However, its effects on the differentiation of lung alveolar epithelium have not been described. In the present study, we examined the effects of retinoic acid on the differentiation of human fetal lung tissue maintained in vitro. Human fetal lung explants were cultured in serum-free medium for 6 days in the absence or presence of all-trans retinoic acid at concentrations from 0.3 nM to 3 microM. Explant content of the surfactant-associated protein SP-A was measured using a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Retinoic acid reduced SP-A protein levels in a concentration-dependent manner [analysis of variance (ANOVA), P < 0.01]. To evaluate possible cytotoxic effects of retinoic acid, culture media were assayed for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a cytoplasmic enzyme. LDH levels in media from retinoic acid-treated explants were not significantly different than LDH levels in media from control explants, indicating that retinoic acid is not cytotoxic in human fetal lung explants. Changes in messenger RNA (mRNA) levels for surfactant-associated proteins SP-A, SP-B, and SP-C were measured by Northern blot analysis. Retinoic acid reduced SP-A mRNA levels in a concentration-dependent manner (ANOVA, P < 0.02) and reduced SP-C mRNA levels at 3 microM. In contrast, retinoic acid increased SP-B mRNA levels in a concentration-dependent manner (ANOVA, P < 0.03). Morphometric analysis showed that retinoic acid decreased epithelial volume density in the explants by approximately 17% and increased connective tissue volume density by approximately 20% when compared to dimethyl sulfoxide vehicle controls. These data indicate that retinoic acid regulates type II cell surfactant protein gene expression in human fetal lung tissue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242-1109.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Metzler
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Snyder
mesh_terms: D015152:Blotting, Northern; D003470:Culture Media; D046508:Culture Techniques; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008168:Lung / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D011510:Proteolipids / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D037662:Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein A; D037661:Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Proteins; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D011510:Proteolipids; D037662:Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein A; D037661:Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Proteins; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014212:Tretinoin; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase