title: Seasonal affective disorder: response to light as measured by electroencephalogram, melatonin suppression, and cerebral blood flow.
abstract: This study was designed to test the hypothesis that patients with SAD have significantly different physiological responses to light than healthy age- and sex-matched controls. We studied retinal contrast sensitivity, visual evoked EEG responses, and melatonin suppression by, and cerebral blood flow response to, full-spectrum artificial daylight. There was no significant difference between 10 patients and 11 controls in retinal contrast sensitivity, or amplitude or latency of N2, P2, P100 or P300 on EEG. We compared melatonin suppression in 12 SAD patients and 12 controls. During exposure to 500 lux and 1500 lux artificial daylight both the SAD patients and controls had a significant melatonin percentage suppression; however, the percentage suppression did not differ significantly between the SAD patients and the controls. In addition, we carried out a small pilot study into the effect of light on cerebral blood flow in four SAD patients and four controls. Before exposure to 1500 lux artificial daylight there was no significant difference between patients and controls in global, regional or cerebral hemispheric blood flow. After light exposure the SAD patients and controls had a significantly different percentage change in cerebral blood flow. We suggest that patients with SAD do not have significantly physiological responses to light than controls, except perhaps in cerebral blood flow. Furthermore, mechanisms other than supersensitivity of melatonin suppression must explain both the pathophysiology of the disorder and its response to treatment with light.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abbas
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Palazidou
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Binnie
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arendt
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Campos Costa
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Checkley
mesh_terms: D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000098:blood supply; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008550:Melatonin / Q000097:blood*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D010789:Phototherapy; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D012160:Retina / Q000503:physiopathology; D016574:Seasonal Affective Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
chemical_list: D008550:Melatonin