title: Cognitive impairment and the use of health services in an elderly rural population: the MoVIES project. Monongahela Valley Independent Elders Survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the patterns of use of health and human services by elderly rural individuals and to determine whether cognitively impaired persons had a distinctive pattern of service utilization.
  
  
  METHODS
  An epidemiological survey and cognitive screening of an age-stratified random community sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  The mid-Monongahela Valley, a rural community in Southwestern Pennsylvania.
  
  
  METHODS
  1366 non-institutionalized persons aged 65 years and older, fluent in English, and with at least a sixth grade education.
  
  
  METHODS
  We administered a battery of cognitive screening tests (the Mini-Mental State Examination; Immediate and Delayed Recall of a Story; Immediate and Delayed Recall of a Word List; CERAD modification of the Boston Naming Test; Verbal Fluency for initial letters P and S and for names of Fruits and Animals; Temporal Orientation; Praxis; Clock Drawing; and Trailmaking Tests A and B.) We also obtained basic demographic information and inquired about the use of health and human services in the previous year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 10% of the sample was classified (by operational criteria) as cognitively impaired. In univariate analyses, cognitive impairment was found to be significantly associated with the use of certain health services: hospitalization in the previous 6 months (odds ratio, OR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.3, 3.3), previous nursing home use (OR = 9.3; 95% CI = 3.8, 22.9), home health care (OR = 4.6; 95% CI = 2.7, 8.0), social services (OR = 6.5; 95% CI = 3.4, 12.4), mental health services (OR = 2.8; 95% CI = 1.2, 6.2), and the regular use of prescription medications (OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.3, 3.2). Visits to physicians were not significantly different between the impaired and unimpaired groups. In a multiple regression model, which included age and educational level, the use of home health care (OR = 3.4; 95% CI = 1.8, 6.4) and social services (OR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.1, 4.9) remained significantly associated with cognitive impairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association of cognitive impairment with the use of these health and human services underscores the general frailty of the impaired group. These findings also point to potential target groups in the community for further evaluation and services for dementia. The findings support the need for education regarding cognitive impairment and dementia to be made available to providers of these services, particularly informal social services such as those provided by church groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ganguli
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Seaberg
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Belle
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Kuller
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010414:Pennsylvania; D012423:Rural Health