title: Effect of ambient temperature on capillary refill in healthy children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of moderately decreased ambient temperature on capillary refill (CR) time in healthy children, and to measure the reliability of CR measurements between observers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective interventional study with cross-over design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urban pediatric emergency department.
  
  
  METHODS
  32 well-hydrated children aged 1 month to 12 years brought to the emergency department for care of minor illness or injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were assigned in random order to a 15-minute waiting period in each of two rooms, with and without air-conditioning (cool and warm rooms, respectively). At the end of each waiting period, fingertip CR was measured with a stopwatch, three times by each of one or more three trained observers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean CR time was 0.85 +/- 0.45 seconds in the warm room (mean ambient temperature (25.7 degrees C) vs 2.39 +/- 0.76 seconds in the cool room (mean temperature 19.4 degrees C). The mean overall difference in CR time between the two environments was 1.53 seconds (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.31, 1.75; P < .001); the difference was significant regardless of age or sequence of exposure. 100% of patients were considered to have normal CR (less than 2 seconds) in the warm room, whereas only 31% were considered normal in the cool room. In the 16 patients with CR measured by three observers, interobserver reliability was fair, with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.70 (95% CI: 0.56, 0.85), and kappa of 0.54 (95% CI: 0.33, 0.73).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decreases in ambient temperature within a range found in typical office/emergency department settings may cause significant prolongation of CR time in children with normal circulatory status. There is marked interobserver variability in the measurement of CR even when performed by experienced observers. These findings suggest limitations to the use of CR in the assessment of ill or injured children.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19010.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Gorelick
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D001831:Body Temperature; D002196:Capillaries / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005385:Fingers / Q000098:blood supply; D006365:Heel / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015588:Observer Variation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply*; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D013696:Temperature