title: Human renal carcinoma line transfected with interleukin-2 and/or interferon alpha gene(s): implications for live cancer vaccines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Combination therapy with systemically administered interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) has resulted in long-term objective remissions in 30% of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC), but toxic effects are clinically significant.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We have thus investigated an alternative therapeutic approach--continuous intratumoral production of IL-2 and/or IFN-alpha by a cytokine-transfected human RCC tumor cell line.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasmid vectors were used to transfect the R11 RCC line with the genes for human IL-2 and/or IFN-alpha by the calcium phosphate precipitation method. Biologic characteristics of the cytokine-transfected tumor cells were determined by assays of thymidine incorporation and cytotoxicity, fluorescence-activated cell-sorter analysis, Northern blotting, and in vivo studies in C3Hf/Sed/Kam mice rendered T-cell deficient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The transfected cell lines produced the following amounts of cytokine per 10(6) cells per day: R11-IL-2 (220 U), R11-IFN-alpha (10,240 U), and R11-IL-2 + IFN-alpha (95 U + 1270 U, respectively). Gamma irradiation did not eliminate cytokine secretion. Morphology and growth rates were identical to those for the parental R11 cell line, except for IFN-alpha-producing clones, which showed significant growth inhibition. All cytokine-producing cells demonstrated increased susceptibility to cell killing by peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL). IFN-alpha producers exhibited enhanced HLA antigen expression and suppressed c-myc messenger RNA expression; when cocultured in vitro, they induced similar changes in parental R11 cells. IL-2 producers could stimulate growth and cytotoxicity of naive (i.e., freshly isolated, uncultured) and activated PBL. All cytokine-producing cells lost their tumorigenicity, as evidenced by failure to grow in the T-cell-depleted mice. When co-injected at a local site but not at a distant site, these cells prevented growth of parental R11 cells. Histologic examination of the injection sites revealed a substantial influx of macrophages. Intraperitoneal administration of IL-2 and/or IFN-alpha could not, however, prevent growth of the parental R11 tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local production of high concentrations of IL-2 and IFN-alpha at the tumor site is more effective in preventing tumor growth than systemic administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Continuous local delivery of cytokines via transfer of cytokine genes into tumor cells for use as live cancer vaccines is a novel strategy for manipulation of host-mediated antitumor immune response in patients with advanced RCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine 90024.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Belldegrun
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Tso
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakata
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Duckett
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Brunda
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Barsky
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaboo
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Lavey
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: McBride
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016259:Genes, myc; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D016233:Immunotherapy, Active; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D015979:Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated / Q000276:immunology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D051379:Mice; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D007376:Interleukin-2