Youth tobacco use in the United States--problem, progress, goals, and potential solutions.
BACKGROUND
Efforts to control tobacco use and tobacco-related morbidity and mortality in the United States continue to be generally successful. In the quarter century since the publication of the first Surgeon General's Report on Tobacco and Health, adult smoking rates in the United States have been reduced by nearly 34%. Controlling tobacco use among our nation's youth, however, has not been as successful. Although there was considerable success in reducing adolescent tobacco use in the late 1970s and early 1980s, tobacco use among youth has remained essentially stable for the past decade.


METHODS
The health and economic burden of tobacco use, current knowledge about youth tobacco use, and youth-related national tobacco reduction goals for the Year 2000 are reviewed.


RESULTS
Analysis of the research of the past two decades clearly indicates that there is no "magic bullet" in existence or in sight for the reduction of tobacco use, either among youth or among adults. This does not mean that opportunities for significant advances through, for example, pharmacological therapies or the broad application of media or policy strategies should not continue to be explored, but that for the moment no single approach appears to work best. Rather, a comprehensive approach that applies multiple prevention and cessation strategies simultaneously appears to be most effective in tobacco use control.


CONCLUSIONS
Among youth, the combination of tobacco control strategies that may work best includes those that involve the family, primary care physicians, and other health professionals such as nurses and dentists; programs that are carried out in schools and/or through the media; and societal approaches such as access and advertising restrictions and increased taxes.
Glynn
T J
TJ
Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20852.
Greenwald
P
P
Mills
S M
SM
Manley
M W
MW
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003479:Curriculum / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006266:Health Education / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000639:trends; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology