title: Withdrawal of antiepileptic medication in children--effects on cognitive function: The Multicenter Holmfrid Study.
abstract: We present 100 children diagnosed with epilepsy who were seizure-free for more than 1 year and still on monotherapy of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). We matched each child with a healthy classmate and performed neuropsychological testing and EEG before and after complete withdrawal of the AEDs. The withdrawal phase lasted 3 months, but the dose decrease was individualized for each patient. Three to 4 months after complete withdrawal of the drug all patients were reassessed. Patients with seizure relapse are excluded from the study. Seventeen patients are regarded as dropout, 11 because of seizure relapse and six because of protocol violation. The remaining 83 patients were treated with carbamazepine (n = 56), valproic acid (n = 17), or phenytoin (n = 10). Serum concentrations of the AEDs were measured using peak plasma levels that were taken immediately before or after psychological testing. We used neuropsychological tests to assess psychomotor function and "central" cognitive processing such as information processing or memory function. We found significant improvement attributable to drug withdrawal on only one of the cognitive tests, namely, psychomotor speed, suggesting that the impact of AED treatment on higher-order cognitive function is rather limited. In addition, we found group differences between the epilepsy group and the control group at baseline that persisted after drug withdrawal. Subsequent analysis showed some factors that may have contributed to these group differences. First, patients with a former diagnosis of absence seizures show lower scores both at baseline and after drug withdrawal. We may assume that the seizure propensity has not disappeared completely in these patients. Some evidence is found that phenytoin may have a different cognitive profile than carbamazepine, with more impairment on tests that measure motor and mental speed. Again, this impairment persists after drug withdrawal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychology, Instituut voor Epilepsiebestrijding, Heemstede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Aldenkamp
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Alpherts
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Blennow
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Elmqvist
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heijbel
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sandstedt
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tonnby
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wåhlander
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wosse
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010672:Phenytoin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D002220:Carbamazepine; D014635:Valproic Acid; D010672:Phenytoin