title: Obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder with and without Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although obsessive-compulsive disorder commonly occurs in many patients with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, little is known about the obsessions and compulsions of Tourette's syndrome and whether they differ from those seen in pure obsessive-compulsive disorder. The authors prospectively studied 10 subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder and 15 subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder and comorbid Tourette's syndrome by using the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, the Leyton Obsessional Inventory, and a new questionnaire designed to emphasize the differences in symptoms between these two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects with comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette's syndrome had significantly more violent, sexual, and symmetrical obsessions and more touching, blinking, counting, and self-damaging compulsions. The group with obsessive-compulsive disorder alone had more obsessions concerning dirt or germs and more cleaning compulsions. The subjects who had both disorders reported that their compulsions arose spontaneously, whereas the subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder alone reported that their compulsions were frequently preceded by cognitions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are phenomenologic differences between obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder with comorbid Tourette's syndrome that may reflect differential involvement of neurochemical and neuroanatomic pathways.
authors.affiliation: Raymond Way Neuropsychiatry Group, Institute of Neurology, London.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Trimble
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Ring
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Sallee
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Robertson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology