title: Secondary acute myeloid leukemia in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with etoposide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the occurrence of secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated with etoposide (VP-16).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred five consecutive children with early B-lineage ALL were treated according to the Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) protocol between January 1986 and July 1, 1991. Therapy included a four-drug induction followed by consolidation and continuation phases of nightly oral mercaptopurine (6-MP) and repetitive courses of divided-dose oral methotrexate (dMTX) and asparaginase (L-asp). Three doses of VP-16 and cytarabine (Ara-C) were given during consolidation and later, during continuation, two doses were given 3 to 4 days apart, every 9 weeks. Intrathecal (IT) chemotherapy was given throughout the treatment period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred three of the 205 patients entered remission. Only eight of these 203 children have had a bone marrow relapse (ALL). However, 10 other children have developed secondary AML 23 to 68 months following the diagnosis of ALL. Overall event-free survival (EFS) at 4 years is 79.3% +/- 5.1%, with a risk of secondary AML at 4 years of 5.9% +/- 3.2%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This experience provides strong evidence for a link between epipodophyllotoxin therapy and secondary AML since none of these children received alkylating agent therapy or irradiation. This serious complication raises concern as to the appropriate use of epipodophyllotoxins in the treatment of childhood ALL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9063.
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Winick
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: McKenna
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Shuster
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Borowitz
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jacaruso
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Kamen
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Buchanan
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000473:pathology; D002051:Burkitt Lymphoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005047:Etoposide / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007951:Leukemia, Myeloid / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000139:chemically induced*; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D012008:Recurrence; D012306:Risk; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005047:Etoposide