title: Characterization of glutathione conjugation in humans: stereoselectivity in plasma elimination pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion of (R)- and (S)-2-bromoisovalerylurea in healthy volunteers.
abstract: Characterization of glutathione conjugation in vivo was performed in 12 healthy male volunteers by use of the racemic drug bromisovalum (bromisoval; 2-bromoisovalerylurea) as a model substrate. To study whether the pharmacokinetics of both bromisovalum enantiomers was related to the glutathione S-transferase class Mu phenotype, six subjects who were class Mu deficient and six subjects who were not class Mu deficient participated. After oral administration of 600 mg racemic bromisovalum, enantioselective measurement of unchanged bromisovalum (plasma and saliva) and the diastereomeric bromisovalum mercapturates (urine) showed a pronounced stereoselectivity in all subjects. The plasma clearance of R-bromisovalum was about 12 times higher than that of S-bromisovalum (9.3 +/- 3.7 and 0.78 +/- 0.38 L/min, respectively), which was in agreement with the higher urinary cumulative excretion for the mercapturate derived from R-bromisovalum: 26% +/- 4% of the dose versus 8% +/- 3% of the dose for the mercapturate derived from S-bromisovalum. Both the bromisovalum pharmacokinetics in general and the stereoselectivity in bromisovalum pharmacokinetics were not different for the subjects who were glutathione S-transferase class Mu deficient and the subjects who were not glutathione transferase class Mu deficient.
authors.affiliation: Division of Toxicology, University of Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Mulders
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Venizelos
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schoemaker
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Breimer
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Mulder
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D001682:Biological Availability; D001968:Bromisovalum / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000172:deficiency; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D010641:Phenotype; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D001968:Bromisovalum; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D005978:Glutathione