title: Do-not-resuscitate orders in a children's hospital.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  a) To quantify the use of do-not-resuscitate orders in a tertiary care children's hospital; and b) to characterize the circumstances in which such orders are written.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review.
  
  
  METHODS
  University teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  All inpatients who died in an urban children's hospital over a 1-yr period of time.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hospital records of 54 of 69 patients who died were reviewed. Eighty-two percent of patient deaths occurred in the ICU; 13% of patient deaths occurred in the operating room, and 5% occurred in a medical ward. Other findings included the following: 25 (46%) of 54 patients died after attempted cardiopulmonary resuscitation; 13 (24%) patients were brain dead; and 16 (30%) died with a do-not-resuscitate order in effect. Age was associated with resuscitation status: do-not-resuscitate orders were written for five (21%) of 22 infants (< 1 yr of age); seven (50%) of 14 children (1 to 11 yrs of age); and four (80%) of five adolescents who died (p < .002). Fifteen of 16 do-not-resuscitate orders were written for patients who were in the ICU, where they remained until death. Findings in patients when the do-not-resuscitate orders were written were as follows: 15 ICU patients were receiving mechanical ventilation; 14 (95%) of 15 were receiving inotropic agents; 12 (80%) of 15 patients were receiving narcotic analgesics; and one (6%) patient was being dialyzed. At least one therapeutic modality was withdrawn in 7 (44%) of 16 patients. Do-not-resuscitate orders followed documented conferences with physicians and family members in 13 (81%) of 16 cases. These discussions were initiated by physicians in 12 (92%) of 13 cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Do-not-resuscitate orders in pediatric patients are written more often in older than younger hospitalized children who die. Most do-not-resuscitate orders are written for patients who are receiving aggressive medical therapy in the ICU.
authors.affiliation: Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Center for Clinical Medical Ethics, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lantos
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Zucker
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D026686:Beneficence; D001926:Brain Death; D002641:Chicago; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006743:Hospital Bed Capacity, under 100; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D012151:Resuscitation; D016414:Resuscitation Orders; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D028761:Withholding Treatment