title: Epidemiology of typhoid fever in Singapore.
abstract: A total of 1452 cases of typhoid fever was notified in Singapore from 1980-9. The morbidity rates of indigenous cases showed a steady decline from 5.9 per 100,000 population in 1980 to 1.2 per 100,000 population in 1989. The mean case fatality was 0.8%. Children, adolescents and young adults were most susceptible to typhoid fever. There was no significant difference in morbidity rates between the major ethnic groups. The vast majority of indigenous cases were sporadic while outbreaks accounted for almost one third of them. Food was the main vehicle of transmission. The commonest indigenous phage types were B1, D1 and A. Antimicrobial resistance was infrequently seen. The proportion of imported cases rose from 32% in 1980 to 72% in 1989. Almost half (48.5%) of all imported cases were local residents who contracted typhoid fever while travelling in endemic countries. As imported cases assume greater importance in the epidemiology of typhoid fever in Singapore, further drop in typhoid fever incidence would require reduction of travel-related cases through greater awareness of food hygiene and effective vaccination.
authors.affiliation: Quarantine and Epidemiology Department, Ministry of the Environment, Singapore.
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Yew
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001434:Bacteriophage Typing; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000635:transmission