title: Normal limits of knee angle in white children--genu varum and genu valgum.
abstract: Knee angle and intermalleolar (IM) or intercondylar (IC) distance were measured in 196 white children aged 6 months to 11 years to establish normal limits of tibiofemoral angle. Children were maximally bowlegged at age 6 months and progressed toward approximately neutral knee angles (0 degree) by age 18 months. Greatest mean knock knee of 8 degrees was observed at age 4 years, followed by a gradual decrease to a mean of < 6 degrees at 11 years. Normal children aged 2-11 years had knock knee up to 12 degrees and intermalleolar distance up to 8 cm; the existence of bowlegs after age 2 years was abnormal.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle.
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.forename: L T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Staheli
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000842:Ankle / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007717:Knee / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D044465:White People