title: A defective visual pathway in children with reading disability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The possibility that reading disability in children is associated with visual problems is in dispute. We sought to test the existence of this association by using electrophysiologic techniques to measure the processing of visual information in the magnicellular and parvicellular visual pathways of the brain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Visual evoked potentials were measured with scalp electrodes in children 8 to 11 years old who were normal readers and in those with reading disability. The potentials were measured for targets with low (0.5 cycle per degree of visual angle) and high (4.5 cycles per degree) spatial frequency, surrounded by either a steady background or a uniform-field flickering 12 times per second. A flickering field normally reduces the amplitude and increases the latency of a transient potential evoked by a low-spatial-frequency target, which preferentially excites the magnicellular visual pathway, but has little effect on the response to a high-spatial-frequency target.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With a steady background, the latencies of the early components (N1 and P1) of the visual evoked potentials were longer in the reading-disabled children than in the normal readers when the low-spatial-frequency target was used, but not when the high-spatial-frequency target was used. In normal readers, the flickering background increased the latency and reduced the amplitude of the early components, whereas in the reading-disabled children only the amplitude was affected. No differences were observed in either group with the high-spatial-frequency target.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pattern of results suggests that the response of the magnicellular visual pathway is slowed in reading-disabled children, who do not, however, have a general slowing of the visual response. The possibility that there is a cause-and-effect relation between these findings and reading disability will require further study.
authors.affiliation: School of Optometry, University of Missouri-St. Louis 63121.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lehmkuhle
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Garzia
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hash
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Baro
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual; D006801:Humans; D011930:Reaction Time; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology*