title: [Oral premedication with clorazepate dipotassium. Comparison with oral premedication with flunitrazepam and intramuscular premedication with promethazine, pethidine and atropine in adults].
abstract: The purpose of premedication and the best form have been frequent subjects of controversy among anaesthetists in the past few years. Anxiolysis is now accepted as the main purpose. The preferred route of administration is by mouth. The intention of this study was to examine whether clorazepate dipotassium has the same sedative-hypnotic and anxiolytic effects as i.m. premedication with promethazine, pethidine and atropine.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 100 patients aged 20-65 years and due to undergo arthroscopy took part in this study. Patients in group I were given 1 mg flunitrazepam p.o. on the evening before the operation and the i.m. premedication described above. The premedication for group II consisted in clorazepate dipotassium, 50 mg on the evening before operation and 25 mg on the morning of the day of the operation. The sedative-hypnotic effects were measured on a four-point scale. The Erlangen anxiety scale (EAS) and a visual analogue scale (VAS) were used to evaluate the anxiolytic effects according to the patient's own and the observer's evaluation of mood. In addition to this, we measured amnesia, heart rate and blood pressure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clorazepate dipotassium or flunitrazepam p.o. significantly reduces anxiety 1 h after administration as measured by the EAS (P < 0.05) on the evening before the operation. This result was not, however, confirmed by the VAS for self-assessment. Patients who received premedication with clorazepate dipotassium are less anxious on the morning of the operation than patients given flunitrazepam the evening before the operation (P < 0.05); this, however, does not correspond to the VAS results. There were no differences in the other parameters compared.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral premedication with clorazepate dipotassium has the same sedative-hypnotic, anxiolytic and amnestic effects as i.m. premedication with promethazine, pethidine and atropine. The results of this study are better than those obtained by Tolksdorf et al., owing to the higher dosage used in our study (50 mg as against 20 mg). Tolksdorf et al. [21] failed to show any improvement on a placebo. Our results correspond to those of Drautz et al. [2] who used 50 mg of clorazepate dipotassium on the evening before and 25 mg on the morning of the day of the operation.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin des Olgahospitals, Städt. Frauenklinik Berg der Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Kretz
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gonzales
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Peidersky
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001182:Arthroscopy; D001285:Atropine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003009:Clorazepate Dipotassium / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005445:Flunitrazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D008614:Meperidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication / Q000379:methods*; D011398:Promethazine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016037:Single-Blind Method
chemical_list: D005445:Flunitrazepam; D003009:Clorazepate Dipotassium; D001285:Atropine; D008614:Meperidine; D011398:Promethazine