title: The woodchuck hepatitis virus X gene is important for establishment of virus infection in woodchucks.
abstract: All mammalian hepadnaviruses possess a gene, termed X, that encodes a protein capable of transactivating virus gene expression. The X gene overlaps the polymerase and precore genes as well as two newly identified open reading frames (ORFs) termed ORF5 and ORF6. In this investigation, we examined whether ORF5, ORF6, and the X gene were important for the replication of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) in susceptible woodchucks. First, we investigated whether proteins were produced from ORF5 and ORF6 by in vitro translation of appropriate viral transcripts, searched for antibodies against the putative proteins in the sera of animals infected with wild-type virus, and looked for an antisense WHV transcript, necessary for expression of a protein from ORF6, in the livers of acutely or chronically infected woodchucks. All such experiments yielded negative results. Next, we used oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis to introduce termination codons into ORF5 and ORF6 at two locations within each ORF. Adult woodchucks in groups of three were transfected with one of the four mutant genomes. All of these woodchucks developed WHV infections that were indistinguishable from those of animals transfected with the wild-type WHV recombinant. Polymerase chain reaction amplification and direct DNA sequencing confirmed that reversion of the mutants to a wild-type genotype did not occur. Taken together, these data indicate that ORF5 and ORF6 are not essential for virus replication and are unlikely to represent authentic genes. Finally, we generated five WHV X-gene mutants that either removed the initiation codon for protein synthesis or truncated the carboxyl terminus of the protein by 3, 16, 31, or 52 amino acids. Groups of three adult woodchucks were transfected with one of the five X-gene mutants. Only the mutant that possessed an X gene lacking 3 amino acids from the carboxyl terminus was capable of replication within the 6-month time frame of the experiment. In contrast, all seven woodchucks transfected with wild-type WHV DNA developed markers consistent with viral infection. Thus, it is likely (P < 0.01) that the WHV X gene is important for virus replication in the natural host.
authors.affiliation: Hepatitis Viruses Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Girones
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Hornbuckle
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Tennant
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Cote
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gerin
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Purcell
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers; D005814:Genes, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D016679:Genome, Viral; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006524:Hepatitis, Viral, Animal / Q000235:genetics*; D007118:Immunoassay; D008099:Liver / Q000382:microbiology; D008392:Marmota / Q000382:microbiology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D016366:Open Reading Frames / Q000235:genetics; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D012322:RNA Precursors / Q000235:genetics; D016372:RNA, Antisense / Q000032:analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D015415:Biomarkers; D012322:RNA Precursors; D016372:RNA, Antisense; D014764:Viral Proteins