title: Transmural redistribution of myocardial blood flow during isoflurane anesthesia and its effects on regional myocardial function in a canine model of fixed coronary stenosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of isoflurane on the transmural distribution of myocardial blood flow distal to an acute critical coronary stenosis and the relationship between the changes in regional blood flow and function were studied to determine whether isoflurane can produce a transmural "steal" phenomenon and to assess the role of this phenomenon in producing changes in regional myocardial function.
  
  
  METHODS
  After production of acute critical coronary stenosis under baseline chloralose and fentanyl anesthesia, the animals were exposed to increasing end-tidal concentrations of isoflurane (0.7%, 1.4%, and 2.1%) without control of the hemodynamic parameters. At 2.1% isoflurane, the blood pressure then was restored to the baseline level by administration of phenylephrine. Changes in the following parameters were assessed: global contractility (measured by changes in pressure with time), regional myocardial function (assessed by systolic wall thickening and measured by sonomicrometers), transmural distribution of myocardial perfusion (measured by the radioactive microsphere method), and regional oxygen consumption and extraction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Distal to the critical stenosis, a transmural redistribution of myocardial blood flow (endocardial-epicardial ratio < 1) occurred with all concentrations of isoflurane. With higher concentrations (1.4% and 2.1%), a significant decrease in subendocardial blood flow occurred only in the presence of hemodynamic changes and was restored by phenylephrine. In this area, changes in regional myocardial function correlated most strongly with changes in subendocardial perfusion (y = -0.17 + 1.70x -0.58x2, r2 = 0.90). In the stenotic region, oxygen extraction remained stable, but oxygen consumption decreased in parallel with reductions in regional myocardial function. In the normal region, oxygen consumption did not change, but oxygen extraction decreased with increasing isoflurane concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that isoflurane is a coronary vasodilator able to induce a transmural redistribution of myocardial blood flow distal to an acute critical coronary stenosis. A true transmural steal, however, was not produced reliably in the absence of hemodynamic changes, suggesting that isoflurane either is only a moderate vasodilator, or that the decrease in subendocardial blood flow is offset by the negative inotropic action of the drug. When regional myocardial dysfunction distal to a severe coronary stenosis occurs, this correlates with decreasing subendocardial blood flow during isoflurane anesthesia, suggesting ischemia as the cause.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Wilton
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ullrich
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Gallagher
mesh_terms: D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000503:physiopathology; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D004285:Dogs; D004699:Endocardium / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010496:Pericardium / Q000187:drug effects; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D007530:Isoflurane; D010100:Oxygen