title: Impact of pharmacist interventions on medication management by the elderly: a review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the impact of pharmacist interventions designed to assist older people in managing their medication regimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  A computer search of literature published between 1975 and 1990 was conducted using MEDLINE. References were also identified from the bibliographies of pertinent articles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies included in the review were those evaluating pharmacist interventions that were designed to assist in medication management by people over 65 years of age. Only nine studies were identified by these criteria. Interventions that have not been evaluated are discussed briefly. The studies included were chosen by consensus of the authors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A data extraction form was used to summarize the information in each study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This was a qualitative review. Some studies evaluating the effects of short verbal medication counseling episodes showed positive benefits; others showed no benefit. Written medication information, some memory devices, and audiovisual techniques have also been found to be of limited use. Self-medication programs for hospitalized elderly people need to be evaluated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review identified the lack of published evaluations of pharmacist interventions in medication management by elderly people. Well-designed studies need to be performed to determine the effects of individualized advice and counseling. The cost-effectiveness of such interventions should be assessed, with consideration of long-term outcomes, such as readmission rates to the hospital and cost savings accruing from increased duration of independent living.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Tett
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Armour
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006299:Health Services for the Aged; D006801:Humans; D011939:Mental Recall; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010595:Pharmacists; D012651:Self Medication