title: Smoking, a cause of back trouble?
abstract: Epidemiological studies strongly imply that smoking may be a risk factor for back problems. It has been speculated that this is due to frequent coughing, unhealthy life style or osteoporosis in smokers. All of these hypotheses, however, do not accord with the experimental evidence. A new theory is therefore proposed. It suggests that smoking leads to malnutrition of the disc which in turn renders it more vulnerable to mechanical stress. Malnutrition can be brought about by carboxyhaemoglobin formation, nicotine-induced vasoconstriction, arteriosclerotic vessel wall changes, impairment of fibrinolytic activity and changes in the flow properties of blood. The evidence supporting these pathomechanisms is discussed. Future studies should test the above hypothesis experimentally.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Physikalische Medizin und Rehabilitation, AKH, Wien, Austria.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ernst
mesh_terms: D001416:Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D003371:Cough / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*