title: Salivary testosterone in children with and without learning disabilities.
abstract: Previous studies have indicated that the sex steroids have organizational effects upon neural tissue and that abnormal secretion during development may lead to functional anomalies. In this study, we explore the possibility of prepubertal steroid hormone involvement in the etiology of learning disabilities. Salivary testosterone levels in 264 children without learning disabilities (133 males, 131 females) were measured and compared to that in 32 children with learning disabilities (25 males, 7 females). The presence of learning disabilities was significantly associated with higher salivary testosterone. Data from equivalent samples of learning-disabled and control subjects also were compared separately because of disparities in sample size and variable distribution in the total group analysis. A 32-member sample of nonlearning-disabled children was created by randomly selecting individuals who exactly matched the age, race, and sex characteristics of the learning-disabled group. The matched analysis further substantiated the association between testosterone secretion and learning disabilities. Thus, it is possible that some learning disabilities may be associated in part with abnormal testosterone levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Huntsville 35899.
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kirkpatrick
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Wharry
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012016:Reference Values; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone