title: Near drowning: is emergency department cardiopulmonary resuscitation or intensive care unit cerebral resuscitation indicated?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  a) To report the neurologic outcome of a series of near-drowning victims treated with supportive management without aggressive cerebral resuscitation; and b) to identify patient characteristics that indicate prognosis and guide therapy at the scene, the Emergency Department, and in the intensive care unit (ICU).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of all near-drowning patients requiring admission to the ICU over a 6-yr period (1/1/82 to 12/31/88). Hospital records were examined for the circumstances of submersion and rescue, patient condition on arrival in the Emergency Department and ICU, treatments, hospital course, and ultimate outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Emergency departments of the referring hospital and ICU of Children's Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four pediatric submersion victims were treated with therapy limited to the support of vital functions. Three patients who met cold-water drowning criteria were excluded from the analysis for predictors of neurologic outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our warm-water near-drowning patients, 56% survived neurologically intact, 32% survived in a persistent vegetative state, and the remaining 32% died. Unreactive pupils in the Emergency Department and a Glasgow Coma Score of < or = 5 on arrival to the ICU were the best independent predictors of poor neurologic outcome (odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals 374 [17 to 16,000] and 51 [5 to 2,200], respectively). However, no predictor was absolute and two nonhypothermic patients who arrived to the Emergency Department without vital signs, requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation and cardiotonic medications, had full neurologic recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results cast further doubt on the utility of aggressive forms of cerebral monitoring and resuscitation and emphasize the need for initial full resuscitation in the Emergency Department.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine 19104-4399.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lavelle
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Shaw
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003128:Coma / Q000209:etiology; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007427:Intracranial Pressure; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D015701:Near Drowning / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D011379:Prognosis; D012151:Resuscitation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors