title: Educated insane: a nineteenth-century psychiatric paradigm.
abstract: In the 1830s the time-honored notion that excess study could lead to madness underwent a significant change in America. Under the influence of Enlightenment pedagogy and phrenology, influential superintendents like Amariah Brigham and Isaac Ray feared that the "unnatural" overstimulation of children in schools would ruin their development. In the second half of the nineteenth century, as belief in environmental determinism waned and assumptions about what is "natural" changed, this psychiatric etiology was debated; then, overthrown. By the turn of the century, education was thought to aid, not harm, the mentally ill.
authors.affiliation: History of Psychiatry Section, Cornell University Medical College, NY, NY 10021.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Makari
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D004493:Education / Q000266:history*; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000266:history*; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000266:history*; D014481:United States