title: The PhoP virulence regulon and live oral Salmonella vaccines.
abstract: The PhoP virulence regulon is essential to Salmonella typhimurium mouse typhoid fever pathogenesis and survival within macrophages. This virulence regulon is composed of the PhoP (transcriptional regulator) and PhoQ (environmental sensor) proteins and the genetic loci they positively (pags for PhoP activated genes) and negatively (prgs for PhoP repressed genes) regulate. Three regulated loci pagC, pagD, and prgH, when singly mutated, affect the virulence of S. typhimurium for mice. Strains with phoP locus mutations are effective as live vaccines in mice, and strains with a constitutive regulatory mutation, a point mutation in PhoQ, can protect mice against typhoid fever when only very few organisms are administered. The addition of various PhoP regulon mutations further attenuates aroA mutants of S. typhimurium, suggesting that these mutations would be useful in further attenuating vaccine strains with metabolic pathway mutations. The phoP, phoQ, pagC, and pagD genes are highly conserved between S. typhimurium and S. typhi and may be valuable as mutations in live vaccines for human typhoid fever. A plasmid suicide vector that allows deletion of the pagC gene and stable insertion of heterologous antigen genes within the deleted pagC locus has been constructed and used successfully in S. typhimurium and S. typhi.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114.
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Loomis
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alpuche-Aranda
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Behlau
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hohmann
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D005809:Genes, Regulator; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051379:Mice; D009154:Mutation; D009876:Operon; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D013045:Species Specificity; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014436:Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C079793:PagD protein, Salmonella; C079792:PhoQ protein, Bacteria; C079790:PrgH protein, Salmonella typhimurium; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014436:Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; C061064:PhoP protein, Bacteria; C066766:pagC protein, Salmonella typhimurium