title: Catheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular pathways in young patients: use of long vascular sheaths, the transseptal approach and a retrograde left posterior parallel approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study retrospectively assesses the technical aspects of the catheter techniques used to ablate 83 accessory atrioventricular (AV) pathways during 88 procedures in 71 pediatric and adult patients (median age 14 years, range 1 month to 55 years). A number of catheter approaches and techniques evolved that may have improved success and shortened procedure times.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Radiofrequency catheter ablation of accessory AV pathways can be highly successful. However, the technical difficulty of many of the procedures is masked by the success rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Left free wall, right free wall and septal accessory pathways were ablated with a variety of approaches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Left free wall pathways were ablated successfully by using a standard retrograde approach through the aortic valve in only 10 (24%) of 43 cases. The remaining 33 (76%) required an approach that was either retrograde through the mitral valve (2 of 33), transseptal (21 of 33) or retrograde where the catheter was advanced behind the posterior mitral leaflet at the point of mitral-aortic continuity, so that the catheter course was parallel rather than perpendicular to the mitral anulus (10 of 33). Nineteen of 20 septal pathways were ablated successfully by using either the parallel approach (2 of 29), a transseptal approach (2 of 19), ablation within the coronary sinus or one of its veins (8 of 19) or ablation on the atrial side of the tricuspid valve (7 of 19). Fifteen of 20 right free wall pathways were ablated successfully with a variety of approaches on both the atrial and the ventricular side of the tricuspid valve. Long vascular sheaths were judged to contribute directly to success in 33 (43%) of 77 pathways. The overall success rate has been 93% (77 of 83 pathways), with 100% success for left free wall (43 of 43), 75% for right free wall (15 of 20) and 95% for septal pathways (19 of 20).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, successful ablation of accessory AV pathways in a mixed group of pediatric and adult patients appears to benefit from a wide range of vascular and catheter approaches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Saul
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hulse
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: De
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lock
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Walsh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000601:surgery*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014927:Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*