title: Umbilical vessel oxytocin administration for retained placenta: in vitro study of various infusion techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of our study was to investigate whether the discrepancies in results between various studies of umbilical vein administration of oxytocin for retained placenta may be related to differences in the infusion techniques used.
  
  
  METHODS
  An in vitro, descriptive study was performed. Contrast medium was injected into the umbilical vessels of 25 freshly delivered placentas and sequential x-ray films were taken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Capillary filling was inconsistent after injection of 20 ml of solution into the umbilical vein without or with "milking" of the cord (1/5 and 2/5, respectively). These are the techniques most commonly used in reported controlled clinical studies. Injection via an infant mucus aspiration catheter introduced along the umbilical vein to 5 cm from the placental insertion demonstrated a cotyledonary pattern in three of five cases after 20 ml and in all 5 after 30 ml.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The latter method (use of increased infusion volumes) is recommended in future studies to determine the effectiveness of umbilical vein administration of oxytocin for retained placenta.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pipingas
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Hofmeyr
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Sesel
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000379:methods*; D010121:Oxytocin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010920:Placenta / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010922:Placenta Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011859:Radiography; D014471:Umbilical Veins
chemical_list: D010121:Oxytocin