title: Thickness of tissues intervening between the transducer and fetus and models for fetal exposure calculations in transvaginal sonography.
abstract: In transvaginal scanning the tissues intervening between the fetus and transducer are relatively thin. The average thickness in the first trimester is 25 mm and reduces to 15 mm by the third trimester; the minimum thicknesses are 14 and 8 mm, respectively. Two models are proposed for calculating exposure in transvaginal scanning. The models are considered in terms of the overlying tissues and the target tissues. A fixed path, constant attenuation of 0.3 dB/MHz describes the properties of the overlying tissues throughout pregnancy. In the model used in first-trimester scanning, the target tissues of the embryo/fetus are considered to have properties similar to those of soft tissues, and they attenuate the energy at the same rate as the overlying tissues. In the model used in second- and third-trimester scanning, the bony structures of the fetus are the target tissues. These reflect 30% of the incident energy and attenuate all of the transmitted energy at their surface.
authors.affiliation: Ultrasonics Laboratory, CSIRO, Chatswood, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kossoff
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Garrett
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D005321:Extraembryonic Membranes / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000502:physiology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D011247:Pregnancy; D014159:Transducers; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*; D014621:Vagina