title: Nurse-assisted counseling for smokers in primary care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Physician-delivered advice to stop smoking is effective, but time demands often reduce the number of smokers who receive assistance. We evaluated three nurse-assisted interventions designed to minimize physician burden and increase counseling in primary care settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial with a 12-month follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Internal medicine and family practice offices in a health maintenance organization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Smokers (n = 3161) who were patients of participating physicians or other medical care providers (n = 60).
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical care providers delivered a 30-second stop-smoking prompt to 2707 smokers and referred them to an on-site nurse smoking counselor. The nurse randomly provided a two-page pamphlet (advice control) or one of three nurse-assisted interventions: 1) self-quit training; 2) referral to a group cessation program; or 3) a combination of self-quit training and referral. Each nurse-delivered intervention included a 10-minute video, written materials, and a follow-up phone call.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Physicians delivered brief advice to 86% of identified smokers during the 1-year program. The proportion of participants reporting abstinence after both 3 and 12 months of follow-up nearly doubled (P = 0.01) for the nurse-assisted self-quit (7.1%), group-referral (7.6%), and combination (6.9%) interventions, compared to brief physician advice alone (3.9%) (P < 0.05). Saliva cotinine tests confirmed these effects (P < 0.004), although quit rates were lower (3.4%, 4.7%, 4.3%, and 2.3%, respectively) because roughly one half of quitters chose not to provide a saliva sample and were counted as smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Involving nurses in counseling smokers reduces physician burden, makes counseling more likely, and significantly increases cessation rates compared with brief physician advice alone.
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hollis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lichtenstein
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Biglan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities; D003376:Counseling / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D009740:Nursing Staff; D009922:Oregon; D010348:Patient Care Team; D011320:Primary Health Care; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*