title: Evidence for a rebound coagulation phenomenon after cessation of a 4-hour infusion of a specific thrombin inhibitor in patients with unstable angina pectoris.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In a Phase I clinical trial, we studied the antithrombotic and clinical effects of the synthetic competitive thrombin inhibitor, argatroban, in 43 patients with unstable angina pectoris.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Thrombin has a pivotal role in platelet-mediated thrombosis associated with atheromatous plaque rupture in patients with an acute ischemic coronary syndrome. However, the efficacy of conventional heparin therapy to prevent ischemic events is limited and has been surpassed by that of specific thrombin inhibitors in experimental models of arterial thrombosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intravenous infusion of the drug (0.5 to 5.0 micrograms/kg per min) for 4 h was monitored by sequential measurements of coagulation times and of indexes of thrombin activity in vivo followed by a 24-h clinical observation period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant dose-related increases in plasma drug concentrations and activated partial thromboplastin times (aPTT), but no bleeding time prolongation or spontaneous bleeding, was observed. Myocardial ischemia did not occur during therapy but, surprisingly, 9 of the 43 patients experienced an episode of unstable angina 5.8 +/- 2.6 h (mean +/- SD) after infusion. This early recurrent angina was correlated significantly with a higher argatroban dose and with greater prolongation of aPTT but not with other demographic, clinical, laboratory and angiographic characteristics. Pretreatment plasma concentrations of thrombin-antithrombin III complex and fibrinopeptide A were elevated two to three times above normal values. During infusion, thrombin-antithrombin III complex levels remained unchanged, whereas a significant 2.3-fold decrease in fibrinopeptide A concentrations was observed. By contrast, 2 h after infusion, thrombin-antithrombin III complex concentrations increased 3.9-fold over baseline measurements together with return of fibrinopeptide A levels to values before treatment with argatroban.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with unstable angina, argatroban inhibits clotting (aPTT prolongation) and thrombin activity toward fibrinogen (fibrinopeptide A decrease), but in vivo thrombin (thrombin-antithrombin III complex) formation is not suppressed. However, cessation of infusion is associated with rebound thrombin (thrombin-antithrombin III complex) generation and with an early dose-related recurrence of unstable angina. Although the mechanism of this clinical and biochemical rebound phenomenon remains to be determined, its implication for the clinical use of specific thrombin inhibitors in the management of ischemic coronary syndromes may be significant.
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114.
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Garabedian
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: I K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Hagstrom
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Leinbach
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Newell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000789:Angina, Unstable / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000990:Antithrombin III / Q000032:analysis; D000991:Antithrombins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005344:Fibrinopeptide A / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010875:Pipecolic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012008:Recurrence; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013917:Thrombin / Q000032:analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000991:Antithrombins; D010875:Pipecolic Acids; D013449:Sulfonamides; D005344:Fibrinopeptide A; D000990:Antithrombin III; D001120:Arginine; D013917:Thrombin; C031942:argatroban