title: Effect of hypercapnia on the arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine in horses anesthetized with guaifenesin, thiamylal sodium, and halothane.
abstract: The effect of hypercapnia on the arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine (ADE) was investigated in 14 horses. Anesthesia was induced with guaifenesin and thiamylal sodium and was maintained at an endtidal halothane concentration between 0.86 and 0.92%. Base-apex ECG, cardiac output, and facial artery blood pressure were measured and recorded. The ADE was determined at normocapnia (arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide [PaCO2] = 35 to 45 mm of Hg), at hypercapnia (PaCO2 = 70 to 80 mm of Hg), and after return to normocapnia. Epinephrine was infused at arithmetically spaced increasing rates (initial rate = 0.25 micrograms/kg of body weight/min) for a maximum of 10 minutes. The ADE was defined as the lowest epinephrine infusion rate, to the nearest 0.25 micrograms/kg/min, at which 4 premature ventricular complexes occurred in a 15-second period. The ADE (mean +/- SD) during hypercapnia (1.04 +/- 0.23 micrograms/kg/min) was significantly (P < 0.05) less than the ADE at normocapnia (1.35 +/- 0.38 micrograms/kg/min), whereas the ADE after return to normocapnia (1.17 +/- 0.22 micrograms/kg/min) was not significantly different from those during normocapnia or hypercapnia. Baseline systolic and diastolic arterial pressures and cardiac output decreased after return to normocapnia. Significant differences were not found in arterial partial pressure of O2 (PaO2) or in base excess during the experiment. Two horses developed ventricular fibrillation and died during normocapnic determinations of ADE. Hypercapnia was associated with an increased risk of developing ventricular arrhythmias in horses anesthetized with guaifenesin, thiamylal sodium, and halothane.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gaynor
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bednarski
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Muir
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000662:veterinary*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D006140:Guaifenesin; D006221:Halothane; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006736:Horses; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D013840:Thiamylal
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D013840:Thiamylal; D006140:Guaifenesin; D006221:Halothane; D004837:Epinephrine