title: Long-term effects of protein-restricted diet on albuminuria and renal function in IDDM patients without clinical nephropathy and hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the long-term effects of an LPD on albuminuria and renal hemodynamics in IDDM patients without nephropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We selected 31 patients with overnight albuminuria between 10 and 200 g/min and without hypertension from a referral-based diabetic clinic. One participant dropped out. A 2-yr randomized prospective study was conducted on 14 patients assigned to an LPD (0.6 g.kg-1.day-1) and 16 patients assigned to continue their UPD. Protein intake was assessed by using urinary urea excretion. Albuminuria (three overnight collections) was measured at baseline and on seven occasions thereafter. GFR and ERPF were measured annually using [125I]iothalamate and [131I]hippuran, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the LPD group, protein intake decreased from 1.05 +/- 0.32 to 0.79 +/- 0.16 g.kg-1.day-1 (P < 0.005), but only seven participants consumed < 0.8 g.kg-1.day-1. Protein intake was unaltered in the UPD group (P < 0.001 vs. LPD). Baseline albuminuria and renal hemodynamics were not different in the groups. In the LPD group albuminuria decreased from 36 (95% CI, 16-83) to 30 micrograms/min (95% CI, 14-67) (P < 0.05). After adjustment for MAP and diabetes duration, the decrease in albuminuria in the LPD group was 26% (95% CI, 13-36) (P < 0.001), which was significantly different from the 5% (95% CI, -10-22) change in the UPD group (P < 0.005 vs. LPD). Multiple regression analysis showed the actual decrease in protein intake lessened (P < 0.005), whereas prevailing MAP accelerated albuminuria (P < 0.001). Low-protein intake independently reduced ERPF (P = 0.009) and GFR (indirectly via ERPF, P < 0.001) after 1 yr. Only minor changes in renal hemodynamics occurred in the second yr.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that long-term dietary protein restriction beneficially reduces albuminuria and renal hemodynamics in IDDM patients with mildly elevated albuminuria. Systemic BP counteracts these effects even in the absence of hypertension. Suboptimal compliance limits diet efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Dullaart
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Beusekamp
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van Doormaal
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Sluiter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001053:Apolipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000652:urine; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000503:physiopathology; D004032:Diet; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012079:Renal Circulation; D013997:Time Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001053:Apolipoproteins; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002784:Cholesterol; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D003404:Creatinine; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D014280:Triglycerides