title: Regression of bladder tumors in mice treated with interleukin 2 gene-modified tumor cells.
abstract: This study explored the use of interleukin 2 (IL-2) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) gene-modified tumor cells as cellular vaccines for the treatment of bladder cancer. The mouse MBT-2 tumor used is an excellent model for human bladder cancer. This carcinogen-induced tumor of bladder origin resembles human bladder cancer in its etiology and histology, and responds to treatment in a manner similar to its human counterpart. Using retroviral vectors, the human IL-2 and mouse IFN-gamma genes were introduced and expressed in MBT-2 cells. The tumor-forming capacity of the cytokine gene-modified MBT-2 cells was significantly impaired, since no tumors formed in mice injected intradermally with either IL-2- or IFN-gamma-secreting cells, using cell doses far exceeding the minimal tumorigenic dose of parental MBT-2 cells. Furthermore, mice that rejected the IL-2- or IFN-gamma-secreting tumor cells became highly resistant to a subsequent challenge with parental MBT-2 cells, but not to 38C13 cells, a B cell lymphoma of the same genetic background. To approximate the conditions as closely as possible to the conditions prevailing in the cancer patient, inactivated cytokine-secreting cells were used to treat animals bearing tumors established by orthotopic implantation of MBT-2 cells into the bladder wall of the animal. Treatment of mice carrying a significant tumor burden with IL-2-secreting MBT-2 cells had a significant inhibitory effect on tumor progression with extended survival. Moreover, in 60% of the mice the tumor regressed completely and the animals remained alive and free of detectable tumor for the duration of the observation period. Treatment of tumor-bearing animals with IL-2-secreting MBT-2 cells was superior to the use of cisplatin, a chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of bladder cancer. The therapeutic effect of IFN-gamma-secreting cells was minimal and treatment with unmodified MBT-2 cells had no effect on tumor growth or survival, showing that the parental MBT-2 cells were nonimmunogenic in this experimental setting. Most importantly, mice that exhibited complete tumor regression after treatment with IL-2-secreting MBT-2 cells became resistant to a subsequent challenge with a highly tumorigenic dose of parental MBT-2 cells, indicating that long-term immunological memory was established in the "cured" mice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bannerji
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Heston
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fair
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gilboa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000628:therapy*; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051379:Mice; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D012074:Remission Induction; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D014612:Vaccines
chemical_list: D007376:Interleukin-2; D014612:Vaccines; D007371:Interferon-gamma