Pathways of problem behaviors from childhood to adolescence.
OBJECTIVE
the purpose of this study was to determine the 6-year longitudinal course of psychiatric disorders in children from the general population commencing at age 4 to 11 years.


METHODS
three groups of children were selected on the basis of Child Behavior Checklist ratings obtained at 2-year intervals: "persisters," "decreasers," and "increasers." Selected subjects and their parents were clinically interviewed, and DSM-III-R diagnoses were derived.


RESULTS
the majority of children whose overall level of psychopathology persisted over time obtained lifetime DSM-III-R diagnoses classified as externalizing: attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional disorder, or conduct disorder. The majority of children whose overall level of psychopathology decreased obtained lifetime DSM-III-R diagnoses classified as internalizing: anxiety disorders, major depression, or dysthymic disorder. Children with initial Child Behavior Checklist scores in the normal range whose problem scores increased received lifetime diagnoses that were neither predominantly externalizing or internalizing.


CONCLUSIONS
this study showed that the majority of initially disordered children with the poorest outcome showed aggressive or antisocial behaviors, whereas disordered children whose functioning improved had problems reflecting fearful, inhibited, or depressive behavior. The findings also showed that retrospective information on the course of children's problem behaviors should be regarded with caution.
Verhulst
F C
FC
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Sophia Children's Hospital/Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Eussen
M L
ML
Berden
G F
GF
Sanders-Woudstra
J
J
vam der Ende
J
J
D000293:Adolescent; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010552:Personality Assessment; D010553:Personality Development