title: Age and protection of the ischemic myocardium: is alkaline cardioplegia appropriate?
abstract: Hypothermic alkaline pharmacologic cardioplegia used in pediatric cardiac surgery may be less than satisfactory despite its benefits in adults. We determined whether the pH (7.8) of standard St. Thomas' II cardioplegic solution contributes to inadequate protection of the ischemic immature heart and whether the effect is age-related. Modified hypothermic St. Thomas' II solution (pH range, 4.8 to 8.8) was compared with hypothermic bicarbonate buffer alone (pH 7.25) in protecting the ischemic immature (7 to 10 days old) and mature (12 months old) rabbit heart. Isolated hearts (n = 6 per group) were perfused with bicarbonate buffer, and aortic flow was measured before hypothermic (14 degrees C) ischemia (immature hearts: 4 hours; mature hearts: 3 hours). Hearts were reperfused, and enzyme leakage and recovery of function were measured. In the immature heart, a bell-shaped dose-response profile was observed for pH and recovery of aortic flow but not for postischemic creatine kinase leakage. Optimal recovery of aortic flow (98% +/- 3%) occurred at pH 6.8, which was greater than protection with hypothermia alone (82% +/- 4%; p < 0.05) and standard St. Thomas' II solution (72% +/- 2%; p < 0.05). In the mature heart, a bell-shaped dose-response curve existed for recovery of aortic flow and a U-shaped curve existed for creatine kinase leakage. Again, optimal recovery of aortic flow (84% +/- 5%), which was superior to that with standard St. Thomas' II solution (60% +/- 8%; p < 0.05), and minimal enzyme leakage also occurred at pH 6.8, as did the least enzyme leakage (p < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Boerboom
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Olinger
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008274:Magnesium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D011817:Rabbits; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; C041711:St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D011189:Potassium Chloride; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D008274:Magnesium; D002122:Calcium Chloride; D002118:Calcium