title: Clinical evaluation of a citric acid inhaler for smoking cessation.
abstract: In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of a hand-held inhaler as an adjunct to a smoking cessation behavioral program. The inhaler delivered a citric acid aerosol with tobacco smoke flavor. Seventy-four smokers were recruited for a 3-week smoking cessation trial. During the first 12 days of the cessation period, smokers used the citric acid aerosol inhaler instead of a cigarette whenever the urge to smoke occurred. The citric acid inhaler significantly reduced CO levels and enhanced rates of smoking abstinence for those with higher than average (34.2 ppm) baseline end-expired carbon monoxide (CO) levels. Craving for cigarettes and negative affect were also alleviated by the citric acid aerosol. These results suggest that the citric acid aerosol may promote successful smoking reduction or cessation in a subgroup of smokers and relieves withdrawal symptoms such as craving for cigarettes, a symptom difficult to treat with currently available nicotine replacement techniques.
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Department of Psychiatry, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Behm
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schur
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Tashkin
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Rose
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000336:Aerosols; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D001944:Breath Tests; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000097:blood; D002951:Citrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019343:Citric Acid; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D002951:Citrates; D019343:Citric Acid; D009538:Nicotine; D002248:Carbon Monoxide