title: [Stress reactions and stress fractures in the high performance athlete. Causes, diagnosis and therapy].
abstract: From 1987 until July 1991 70 athletes with stress reactions or stress fractures were treated in the orthopaedic department of the Hannover Medical School. The average age of the 42 male and 28 female athletes was 22.6 years. The number of athletes involved in track and field sports was 29 (41.4%), in gymnastics 9 (12.9%) and in soccer 5 (7.1%). The most common bone injured was the tibia in 29 (41.4%), followed by the tarsal navicular in 21 (30.0%), the midfoot in 17 (24.3%) and the fibula in 4 (5.7%) athletes. In three cases double stress fractures were found in adjacent locations; in one case a stress fracture of the opposite navicular occurred after the initial tarsal navicular stress fracture had healed, and in another case the tarsal navicular was found to be fractured again. Thirty-seven percent of the athletes claimed sudden increase in training intensity was the cause; 33% felt that the increased sprinting and jump activities were the reason for their complaints. In some athletes pain started after an ankle sprain. Standard diagnostic procedure consisted in X-rays in two planes and three-phase bone scanning. In tarsal navicular or tibial locations additional tomograms were performed. MRI and CT scans were reserved for unclear findings and to exclude the possibility of a tumorous or inflammatory process. A new grading system was introduced that covers all forms of stress reactions from periostitis to pseudarthrosis. Clinical symptoms, sport disabilities, radiological and bone scan findings were graded from A to D. Using a modified Wilson classification, all radiologically recognizable stress reactions could be classified.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Orthopädische Klinik der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Geyer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sander-Beuermann
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wegner
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wirth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal; D015775:Fractures, Stress / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies