title: Should all pregnant patients be offered prenatal diagnosis regardless of age?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the acceptance of prenatal genetic diagnosis by patients younger than 35 years old who are therefore not yet at great risk for non-disjunction trisomies based on maternal age.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patients were counseled regarding the following: 1) the age-related risk of chromosomal abnormalities, 2) the procedure-related risk of fetal loss, 3) clinical implications of chromosomal abnormalities, 4) the need for complete counseling by a certified genetic counselor, and 5) the patient expense of $600-1200 if third-party reimbursement was not available. Patients were recruited from the private practice of the senior author at the New York Hospital--Cornell Medical Center. Five hundred ninety-one patients were offered prenatal genetic diagnosis. The outcome measure was the patient's decision to undergo prenatal diagnosis even though the risk of a non-disjunction trisomy was expected to be low based on maternal age. Amniocentesis was performed in 128 patients and chorionic villus sampling in five.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred thirty-three patients (22.5%) chose prenatal diagnosis. Karyotype was obtained in 131 procedures, but two were unsuccessful. One of the 131 karyotypes was abnormal and the patient chose to terminate the pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data showed the following: 1) Inappropriate influence of patients by the health provider was not evident; 2) routine offering of genetic diagnosis enhanced the autonomy of pregnant women; 3) the potential increase in the loss of pregnancies that accompanies this practice is ethically justified; and 4) there are no compelling cost-benefit objections to such a practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, California.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Druzin
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chervenak
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: McCullough
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Blatman
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Neidich
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000649:Amniocentesis; D026686:Beneficence; D015193:Chorionic Villi Sampling; D030881:Disclosure; D005260:Female; D005817:Genetic Counseling; D030342:Genetic Diseases, Inborn; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006801:Humans; D008423:Maternal Age; D010358:Patient Participation; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D011247:Pregnancy; D037841:Pregnant People; D018570:Risk Assessment