title: Development of thyroid gland volume during the first 3 months of life in breast-fed versus iodine-supplemented and iodine-free formula-fed infants.
abstract: The spontaneous development of thyroid gland volume (TGV) during the first 3 months of life was studied in entirely breast-fed infants (n = 21) and compared to those fed an iodine-supplemented formula (n = 19), an iodine-free formula (n = 5), or partially breast-fed in addition to an iodine-free (n = 4) or an iodine-supplemented formula (n = 16). The TGV of the infants and their mothers was determined sonographically in addition to their urinary iodine concentrations 5-7 days postpartum and 3 months later. In ten additional lactating mothers the breast milk concentrations of thyroid hormones and iodine were determined. It was shown that at 3 months of age an infant consuming about 1000 ml breast milk per day receives about 2 micrograms thyroid hormones and 55 micrograms iodine per day. At the end of their first week of life the infants showed a TGV between 0.28 and 1.5 ml (median 0.61 ml) and a urinary iodine concentration between 0.03 and 16.3 micrograms/dl (median 3.0 micrograms/dl). At 3 months of age the TGV of the breast-fed infants had decreased by a median of 0.24 ml (= -34%; median of percentage changes) whereas those fed a formula without iodine had increased by a median of 0.26 ml (= +50%; median of percentage changes). Those receiving an iodine-supplemented formula showed a TGV reduction of 0.14 ml (= +2%; median of percentage changes). The TGV development of the partially breast-fed infants lay between those being exclusively breast or formula fed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Abteilung Allgemeine Pädiatrie I. Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt/Main.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Böhles
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aschenbrenner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: von Loewenich
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Usadel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006042:Goiter / Q000151:congenital / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007225:Infant Food; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007455:Iodine / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000652:urine; D011193:Potassium Iodide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D015995:Prevalence; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000032:analysis; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014427:Twins
chemical_list: D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D011193:Potassium Iodide; D007455:Iodine; D013974:Thyroxine