title: Accuracy and reproducibility of duplex ultrasound imaging in a phantom model of femoral artery stenosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The improvement of management strategies in patients with intermittent claudication might depend on a better understanding of the natural history of femoral atherosclerosis. The grading of stenoses, the monitoring of their progression, and the assessment of response to treatment are critically dependent on a method's accuracy and variability. Duplex ultrasound imaging provides a noninvasive way of measuring localized disease, but there has been relatively little objective evaluation of its accuracy and reproducibility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and variability of duplex velocity ratio measurements of stenosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a laboratory flow model of the femoral artery, 14 concentric and eccentric stenoses were examined five times by three sonographers. Measurements were then repeated with a standardized technique in which Doppler angle and aperture position were fixed, giving a total of 420 measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Velocity ratio showed good correlation with degree of stenosis, R2 = 0.996. Intraobserver variability was low, but interobserver variability was significant with more severe stenosis (p = 0.002, analysis of variance). Standardization of the technique did not improve accuracy or variability. The 95% confidence limit was +/- 20% for a single reading of velocity ratio for stenoses of > 50% diameter reduction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that duplex ultrasound imaging can be used to accurately grade arterial stenosis in this range, and the potential exists for noninvasive monitoring of the progression of preocclusive femoral atherosclerosis and its response to treatment. In addition, repeated measurements of velocity ratio over time should be made by the same observer.
authors.affiliation: Wolfson Unit for Prevention of Peripheral Vascular Diseases, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Whyman
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Hoskins
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Leng
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Allan
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Donnan
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Ruckley
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Fowkes
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D008961:Models, Structural; D015588:Observer Variation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014463:Ultrasonography