title: Genetic and environmental influences on serum lipid levels in twins.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The extent to which serum lipid levels are affected by genetic and environmental factors remains a point of controversy. We examined both genetic and environmental influences on serum lipid levels in twins reared either together or apart who participated in the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 302 pairs of twins (mean age, 65.6 years; range, 52 to 86); 146 pairs had been reared apart. We simultaneously compared the twins on the basis of both zygosity and rearing status, which allowed joint estimation of genetic and environmental influences on serum lipid levels. Genetic influence was expressed in terms of heritability, the proportion of the population variation attributable to genetic variation (a value of 1.0 indicates that all of the population variation is attributable to genetic variation). The serum lipids and apolipoproteins measured included total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoproteins A-I and B, and triglycerides.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Structural-equation analyses revealed substantial heritability for the serum levels of each lipid measured, ranging from 0.28 to 0.78. Comparisons of the twins reared together with those reared apart suggested that the environment of rearing had a substantial impact on the level of total cholesterol (accounting for 0.15 to 0.36 of the total variance). Sharing the same environment appeared to affect the other lipid measures much less, however, than did genetic factors and unique environmental factors not shared by twins. Comparisons of younger with older twins suggested that heritability for apolipoprotein B and triglyceride levels decreased with age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effect of genetic factors on the serum levels of some but not all lipids appears to decrease with age. Early rearing environment appears to remain an important factor in relation to levels of total cholesterol later in life, but it has less effect on other serum lipids and apolipoproteins in the elderly.
authors.affiliation: Program in Biobehavioral Health, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Heller
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: de Faire
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dahlén
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: McClearn
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001053:Apolipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014427:Twins / Q000235:genetics*; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic / Q000235:genetics; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001053:Apolipoproteins; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008055:Lipids; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol