title: Fish oil improves endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilation in heart transplant recipients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether dietary fish oil supplementation enhances endothelium-mediated vasodilator responses in human heart transplant recipients, a group known to have coronary artery disease and endothelial dysfunction.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation has been shown to enhance endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilation in animal models of atherosclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endothelium-dependent vasodilator responses to intracoronary acetylcholine infusion and endothelium-independent responses to nitroglycerin were evaluated in heart transplant recipients who received a high dose of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids for 3 weeks (5 g of eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid/day, n = 7) and compared with responses in a group of matched heart transplant recipients who did not receive fish oil (control patients, n = 7). Acetylcholine was selectively infused into the midportion of the left anterior descending or left circumflex coronary artery, with the noninfused left coronary artery serving as a control vessel. Serial coronary angiograms were performed after infusion with increasing doses of acetylcholine (infused concentrations 10(-6) to 10(-3) mol/liter) and after intracoronary nitroglycerin administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients treated with fish oil showed a normal vasodilator response to acetylcholine with 14 +/- 2.5% and 15 +/- 7% vasodilation (vs. baseline diameter) at infused acetylcholine concentrations of 10(-5) and 10(-4) mol/liter, respectively. In contrast, the control patients demonstrated vasoconstrictor responses (-1 +/- 1% and -9 +/- 4%) to acetylcholine at these same doses (p < 0.05 and < 0.005, respectively, for treated vs. control patients). There were no differences in the response to nitroglycerin between the control and treated patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary supplementation with fish oil significantly alters endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilation in heart transplant recipients without alteration of the responses to endothelium-independent vasodilation. Whether this enhancement of endothelial function can beneficially alter the natural history of heart transplant atherosclerosis warrants further study.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, California.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Fleischhauer
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Fischell
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D003060:Cod Liver Oil / Q000494:pharmacology; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000187:drug effects*; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D003060:Cod Liver Oil; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid; D005996:Nitroglycerin; D000109:Acetylcholine