title: Age determination of experimental venous thrombi by ultrasonic tissue characterization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The ability of ultrasonic tissue characterization based on radiofrequency signal processing to detect compositional differences in thrombi of varying ages was evaluated in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thrombi were produced in 49 jugular veins of 26 anesthetized 18 to 20 kg pigs by partial ligation and application of direct electric current. Thrombi were imaged 30 minutes after formation and 1, 7, and 14 days later with a color Doppler ultrasound scanner that identified the thrombi, and acquired radio frequency data for ultrasonic tissue characterization analysis. Ultrasonic tissue characterization used two parameters from the normalized power spectrum, slope, and intercept, which are related to scatterer size, scatterer concentration, and acoustic-impedance differences between scatterers and surrounding medium. Previous in vitro studies demonstrated that lower slope and higher intercept values correlated with greater cellularity and more-dense fibrin mesh. Histologic examination was performed for each time period. The values of slope and intercept for each timed observation were compared by a multilinear discriminant analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no statistical differences between day 0 and day 1. Statistically-significant differences in ultrasonic tissue characterization parameters were seen between all other time intervals with p values < 0.01. Older thrombi tended to demonstrate higher slope and lower intercept values. These ultrasonic tissue characterization changes correlated with a red cell and fibrin-mesh density reduction, which was confirmed by histologic findings and was indicative of partial spontaneous thrombolysis. The degree of spontaneous thrombolysis provides an estimate of the age of thrombi.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasonic tissue characterization is capable of distinguishing age differences in thrombi in an animal model and has the potential for noninvasive application in clinical diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Pennsylvania Department of Surgery, Philadelphia 19129.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sigel
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Feleppa
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Golub
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kodama
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Loiacono
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Justin
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Swami
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kimitsuki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rorke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016014:Linear Models; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D013552:Swine; D013924:Thrombophlebitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013997:Time Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography