title: Effect of total parenteral nutrition plus morphine on bacterial translocation in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study tested the hypothesis that gut stasis induced by parenteral morphine sulfate (MS) leads to enhanced bacterial translocation in rats on total parenteral nutrition (TPN).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  TPN and MS are common adjuncts in the care of critically ill patients. TPN is known to provoke a variable degree of translocation. MS induces gut stasis with an accompanying bacterial overgrowth. The effect of these two treatments in combination on translocation is not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were provided with central and subcutaneous lines for the continuous infusion of nutrients and drugs, respectively. Intestinal transit was assessed by the caudal movement of a fluorescent marker intubated into the proximal duodenum. Quantitative bacteriology was carried out from various segments of the gut and from ileocecal mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), spleen, liver, and systemic blood obtained by cardia puncture on sacrifice at 96 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transit was unchanged by TPN alone but prolonged when given in combination with MS. Bacterial overgrowth was also enhanced by MS and increased the bacterial translocation to MLN from 50% of animals with TPN, to 100% in those receiving both TPN and MS; the colony-forming units per MLN increased from 33 +/- 14 with TPN alone to 2079 +/- 811 (STD) with TPN plus MS. Furthermore, no bacteria were found at systemic sites with TPN alone, but in 93.3% of animals receiving TPN and MS. In a subgroup of rates provided with glutamine in TPN, the TPN plus MS effects on translocation were not reversed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations demonstrate the important role that morphine plays in promoting translocation, presumably by disrupting fasting motility and enhancing bacterial overgrowth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical School, Houston.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kueppers
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Moody
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D009020:Morphine