title: Limitations to the study of man in space in the U.S. space program.
abstract: Research on humans conducted during spaceflight is fraught both with great opportunities and great obstacles. The purpose of this paper is to review some of the limitations to research in space in the United States with hope that an informed scientific community may lead to more rapid and efficient solution of these problems. Limitations arise because opportunities to study the same astronauts in well-controlled situations on repeated spaceflights are practically non-existent. Human research opportunities are further limited by the necessity of avoiding simultaneous mutually-interfering experiments. Environmental factors, including diet and other physiological perturbations concomitant with spaceflight, also complicate research design and interpretation. Technical limitations to research methods and opportunities further restrict the development of the knowledge base. Finally, Earth analogues of space travel all suffer from inadequacies. Though all of these obstacles will eventually be overcome, creativity, diligence, and persistence are required to further our knowledge of humans in space.
authors.affiliation: University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Greenisen
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D012106:Research; D013026:Space Flight