title: Ifosfamide/etoposide combination in the treatment of recurrent malignant solid tumors of childhood. A Pediatric Oncology Group Phase II study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prognosis for children with recurrent or resistant malignant solid tumors remains dismal. More effective rescue therapy is needed for these children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between August 1987 and November 1990, 311 children with recurrent or resistant malignant solid tumors were treated by investigators in the Pediatric Oncology Group with intravenous infusions of 2.0 g/m2 of ifosfamide and 100 mg/m2 of etoposide (VP-16) plus mesna as uroprotection three times daily, with courses being repeated every 14-21 days for as long as the patients responded to therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-four percent of the 294 assessable patients entered in the study had metastatic disease and previously had been treated heavily. The complete response/partial response rate was 30%, and the overall response rate was 39.5%. Toxic effects included nephrotoxicity, mild liver dysfunction, neurotoxicity, and myelosuppression. Sixty-eight percent had an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of less than 500/microliters. In 1606 courses of therapy administered, only 3.6% of patients developed a bacterial infection. Only two patients died of gram-negative sepsis. Four percent of the patients had gross hematuria (> 50 erythrocytes/high-power field), and 18.5% had microscopic hematuria (< 20 erythrocytes/high-power field). Fanconi syndrome developed in eight children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ifosfamide/VP-16 is an active combination in children with recurrent malignant solid tumors. Although it was myelosuppressive, the incidence of infection was quite low (3.6%). Mesna was very effective in preventing the development of hematuria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego.
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Kung
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Pratt
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Vega
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jaffe
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Strother
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwenn
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nitschke
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Homans
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Holbrook
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Golembe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007223:Infant; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D005047:Etoposide; D007069:Ifosfamide