title: Clinical and prognostic significance of serum magnesium concentration in patients with severe chronic congestive heart failure: the PROMISE Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic significance of alterations in serum magnesium in patients with moderate to severe congestive heart failure.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Reductions in serum magnesium have been postulated to play a role in promoting arrhythmias and to have an adverse impact on survival in congestive heart failure, although support for this postulate is lacking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum magnesium levels were measured in 1,068 patients enrolled in a survival study of class III or IV heart failure at the time of double-blind randomization to milrinone, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, or placebo. All patients received conventional therapy with digoxin, diuretic drugs and a converting enzyme inhibitor throughout the trial. The median follow-up period was 6.1 months (range 1 day to 20 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with high serum magnesium (defined as > or = 1.9 mEq/liter, n = 242) were less likely to survive than were patients with a normal magnesium level (n = 627) (p < 0.05, risk ratio = 1.41). Patients with a low magnesium level (defined as < or = 1.5 mEq/liter, n = 199) had no difference in survival compared with the group with a normal magnesium level (p = NS, risk ratio = 0.89). At baseline, the patients in the high magnesium group were older and had more severe functional and renal impairment. An analysis after adjustment for these variables demonstrated no difference in survival comparing the low, normal and high magnesium groups. Although the three groups had no difference in frequency of ventricular tachycardia, length of longest run or frequency of ventricular premature beats on baseline Holter monitoring, the group with hypomagnesemia had more frequent ventricular couplets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum magnesium does not appear to be an independent risk factor for either sudden death or death due to all causes in patients with moderate to severe heart failure. Hypomagnesemia is associated with an increase in the frequency of certain forms of ventricular ectopic activity, but this is not associated with an increase in clinical events. The higher mortality rate among the patients with hypermagnesemia is attributable to older age, more advanced heart failure and renal insufficiency.
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75216.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Eichhorn
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Tandon
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: DiBianco
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Timmis
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Fenster
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shannon
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Packer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020105:Milrinone; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011728:Pyridones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D011728:Pyridones; D008274:Magnesium; D020105:Milrinone