title: Psychometric equivalence of an improved Basic Language Morningness (BALM) scale using industrial population within comparisons.
abstract: An existing 13-item composite circadian rhythm 'morningness' scale was simplified into a '(BA)sic (L)anguage (M)orningness' (BALM) scale at a seventh grade (12-13 years) reading level. It was given to 150 each of continuously rotating shifworkers and fixed-schedule dayworkers in an industrial manufacturing plant. Multiple factor analyses confirmed three prior identified factors, morningness/effort, morning alert, and evening. Morningness scores for dayworkers were higher than for shiftworkers (p < 0.001). The BALM scale revision is suitable for most worker levels. A suggested psychometrically 'purer' 9-item morningness scale omits the inconsistent evening factor scale items.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012890:Sleep; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance