title: Sustained augmentation of parasympathetic tone with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in patients with congestive heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the changes in parasympathetic tone associated with long-term angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy in patients with congestive heart failure.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors provide hemodynamic and symptomatic benefit and are associated with improved survival in patients with congestive heart failure. Angiotensin II, whose production is ultimately inhibited by these agents, exerts significant regulatory influence on a variety of target organs including the central and peripheral nervous systems. Accordingly, it would be anticipated that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors would significantly alter the autonomic imbalance characteristic of patients with congestive heart failure and that this influence over neural mechanisms of cardiovascular control may significantly contribute to the hemodynamic benefit and improved survival associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the current investigation, changes in autonomic tone associated with long-term administration of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor were measured using spectral analysis of heart rate variability in 13 patients with congestive heart failure who were enrolled in a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor zofenopril. Both placebo and treatment groups were balanced at baseline study in terms of functional class, ventricular performance and autonomic tone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 12 weeks of therapy with placebo, there was no change in total heart rate variability, parasympathetically governed high frequency heart rate variability or sympathetically influenced low frequency heart rate variability. In contrast, therapy with zofenopril was associated with a 50% increase in total heart rate variability (p = 0.09) and a significant (p = 0.03) twofold increase in high frequency heart rate variability, indicating a significant augmentation of parasympathetic tone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that long-term treatment of patients having congestive heart failure with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor is associated with a restoration of autonomic balance, which derives in part from a sustained augmentation of parasympathetic tone. Such augmentation of vagal tone is known to be protective against malignant ventricular arrhythmias in patients with ischemic heart disease and therefore may have similar benefit in the setting of ventricular failure, thus contributing to the improved survival associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy in patients with congestive heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Ohio State University Hospital, Columbus 43210.
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Binkley
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Starling
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nunziata
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Hatton
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Leier
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Cody
mesh_terms: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002216:Captopril / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010275:Parasympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; C044958:zofenopril; D002216:Captopril