title: Effects of Al3+ and Be2+ ions combined with NaF on ciliary process adenylyl cyclase activity and aqueous humor dynamics in the rabbit eye.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The activity of Al3+, Ga3+, and Be2+ ions in the presence of NaF to directly activate G-proteins was investigated by their potentiative effect on forskolin (FSK)-activated adenylyl cyclase in rabbit ciliary process membranes and their effects on aqueous humor dynamics in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adenylyl cyclase (AC) was determined by radiometric conversion of ATP to cAMP by the particulate fraction of rabbit ciliary processes. Intravitreal injections of sterile solutions of analytical grade salts were made into the center of the vitreous in a volume of 20 microliters. Intraocular pressure, aqueous humor flow, and uveoscleral outflow measurements were made by pneumatonometry, fluorophotometry, and fluorescein-dextran method, respectively. Outflow facility was determined by tonography in the intact eyes and by two-level constant pressure perfusion in cannulated eyes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both Al3+ (EC50, 40 mumol/l) and Be2+ (EC50, 11 mumol/l) in the presence of 0.5-2 mM NaF activated the stimulatory G-protein Gs. Ga3+ was ineffective and did not antagonize the activation by Al3+. Intravitreal injections of Al3+ (1 mumol/eye) or Be2+ (0.5 or 1 mumol/eye) had no significant intraocular pressure (IOP) effect, nor did 1.5 or 3 mumol/eye of NaF, but when either cation was injected together with NaF, IOP decreased by up to 40% for up to 140 hr. At the time of maximum IOP effect (72 hr) aqueous humor flow determined by fluorophotometry was decreased in BeCl2+ NaF-treated eyes by 40% relative to BeCl2-treated eyes; however, tonographic facility of outflow was unaffected. Uveoscleral flow was also decreased by 38% in BeCl2+ NaF treated eyes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support the hypothesis that Gs activation of ciliary process adenylyl cyclase decreases aqueous humor formation rate in rabbit eyes, and that activation of G-proteins mediates contraction of ciliary muscles causing a decrease of aqueous humor outflow via the uveoscleral route. The results suggest that G-proteins putatively involved in trabecular facility changes are less sensitive to activation by BeF3- than are other parameters of aqueous humor dynamics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine CUNY, New York 10029.
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Mittag
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tormay
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Severin
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Taniguchi
authors.forename: P Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Podos
mesh_terms: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000535:Aluminum / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000378:metabolism*; D001608:Beryllium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002924:Ciliary Body / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D015590:Fluorophotometry; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005708:Gallium / Q000494:pharmacology; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D007477:Ions; D011817:Rabbits; D012636:Secretory Rate; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014822:Vitreous Body
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D005708:Gallium; D000535:Aluminum; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases; D001608:Beryllium