title: The effect of nalbuphine and droperidol on spontaneous movements during induction of anesthesia with propofol in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of droperidol and nalbuphine on spontaneous movements during induction of anesthesia with propofol in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, double-blind study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inpatient ear, nose, and throat (ENT) surgical clinic at the University Hospital of Geneva.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five children, ages 4 to 12 years, undergoing routine elective ENT surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children were randomly assigned to receive either nalbuphine 0.1 mg/kg, droperidol 0.025 mg/kg, or isotonic saline 3 minutes before anesthesia induction. Induction was performed with a loading dose of propofol 3 mg/kg.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spontaneous movements were observed in 33%, 87%, and 100% of patients in the nalbuphine, droperidol, and control groups, respectively. The movements were dystonic and choreiform in nature and were similar in all three groups. The frequency of spontaneous movements was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in the nalbuphine group as compared with the droperidol and control groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nalbuphine, but not droperidol, decreases the frequency of spontaneous movements induced by propofol during induction of anesthesia in children; neither quality of induction and recovery nor interval between the end of propofol administration and tracheal extubation were modified by nalbuphine as compared with the control group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borgeat
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Wilder-Smith
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tassonyi
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015760:Alfentanil / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000698:Analgesia; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004329:Droperidol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D009132:Muscles / Q000187:drug effects*; D009266:Nalbuphine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010919:Placebos; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D010919:Placebos; D015760:Alfentanil; D009266:Nalbuphine; D004329:Droperidol; D010100:Oxygen; D015742:Propofol