title: Pleural effusion, tuberculosis and HIV-1 infection in Kigali, Rwanda.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An increasing number of diagnoses of pleural effusions (PE) have been made over the last 8 years in the Department of Internal Medicine of the Centre Hospitalier de Kigali, Rwanda. In order to determine the aetiology of PE and to examine its possible association with HIV-1 infection, we performed an aetiological work-up, including thoracocentesis and pleural punch biopsy, of all new patients with PE of undetermined aetiology referred to the Division of Pulmonary Diseases of the Department of Internal Medicine of the Centre Hospitalier de Kigali between 14 September 1988 and 16 October 1989. HIV-1 serological testing was performed for most of the patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 127 patients (81 men, 46 women; mean age, 34 years; range, 16-71 years) with PE of undetermined aetiology were enrolled. Pleural tuberculosis was diagnosed in 110 (86%) and confirmed histologically and/or bacteriologically in 90 (82%). Of 98 pleural tuberculosis patients tested for HIV-1-antibody, 82 (83%) were HIV-1-seropositive. Metastatic cancer was responsible for PE in six (5%) patients, Kaposi's sarcoma in three, lymphoma in one (all four HIV-1-seropositive), anaplastic carcinoma in one, and adenocarcinoma in one (both HIV-1-seronegative). Non-tuberculous pneumonia was documented in five (4%) patients and was associated with HIV-1 infection in four. Other causes of PE were congestive heart failure (three patients), decompensated cirrhosis (one), constrictive percarditis (one), or undetermined (one); only one of these patients was HIV-1-seropositive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that tuberculosis is the predominant cause of PE in our patients and is strongly associated with HIV-1 infection. Although less frequent, non-tuberculous pneumonia, Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphoma are other causes of HIV-1-associated PE. In an African area highly endemic for HIV-1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis co-infection, PE should be considered a good marker of tuberculosis as well as HIV-1 infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de Kigali, Rwanda.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Batungwanayo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Taelman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bogaerts
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kagame
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van de Perre
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000150:complications*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000209:etiology*; D012432:Rwanda; D012514:Sarcoma, Kaposi / Q000150:complications; D014396:Tuberculosis, Pleural / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis