title: Diagnostic value of blood sampling in fetuses with growth retardation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fetuses with intrauterine growth retardation are delivered if they have evidence of distress, as manifested by abnormalities in the fetal heart rate and umbilical-artery blood flow. We studied whether umbilical-blood sampling might provide further information useful for management.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured hemoglobin and lactate concentrations, oxygen content, pH, blood gas levels, and base deficit in umbilical-vein blood and correlated these measurements with the heart rate and umbilical-artery wave forms recorded by Doppler velocimetry in 56 fetuses with growth retardation. Twenty-one fetuses had normal heart rates and normal results of velocimetry, 24 had normal heart rates and abnormal results of velocimetry (indicative of decreased diastolic flow), and 11 had abnormal heart rates and abnormal results of velocimetry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the 21 fetuses with normal heart rates and velocimetry had hypoxia or acidemia. Of the 24 fetuses with normal heart rates and abnormal velocimetry, 4 (17 percent) had moderate lactic acidosis, 1 (4 percent) had a low pH value, and 3 (12 percent) had hypoxia. Of the 11 fetuses with abnormal heart rates and velocimetry, 7 (64 percent) had lactic acidosis, low blood oxygen content, and low pH values. The absence of end-diastolic flow increased the risk of hypoxia and acidemia. The proportion of fetuses with elevated hemoglobin concentrations was similar among the three groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Assessment of fetal oxygenation and acid-base balance is not indicated in fetuses with growth retardation if their heart rates and the results of velocimetry are normal. If the results of velocimetry are abnormal, fetal-blood sampling can distinguish fetuses that have growth retardation alone from those that also have hypoxia and acidosis, and thus may aid in determining the optimal time of delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, San Paolo Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pardi
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cetin
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Marconi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lanfranchi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bozzetti
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferrazzi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buscaglia
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Battaglia
mesh_terms: D000138:Acidosis / Q000175:diagnosis; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000097:blood; D017218:Cordocentesis; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005311:Fetal Hypoxia / Q000175:diagnosis; D006340:Heart Rate, Fetal; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007773:Lactates / Q000097:blood; D019344:Lactic Acid; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy; D012212:Rheology; D014469:Umbilical Arteries
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D006454:Hemoglobins; D007773:Lactates; D019344:Lactic Acid; D010100:Oxygen