title: Parental reports of seasonal mood and behavior changes in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The chief purpose of this study was to investigate the nature and prevalence of children's seasonal symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parental reports of seasonal changes in six mood or behavioral symptoms (sleeping, eating, irritability, energy, withdrawal, and sadness) were surveyed for children living across the United States. The sample included 892 girls (mean age = 10.5 +/- 1.0 years) and 788 boys (mean age = 10.6 +/- 0.9 years), with a response rate of 46% for girls' parents and 39% for boys' parents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At least one winter recurring symptom was reported in 48.5% of children, as compared with 9.1% in fall and 10.8% in spring. Winter symptoms were reported equally in girls and boys with one exception ("is tired"); age effects were found for three symptoms only in girls ("sleep more," "is tired," and "withdraws"). Regional effects showed more winter symptoms reports in northern zones than in southern zones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the potential therapeutic benefit of light therapy in children with such seasonal patterns, careful assessment of seasonality is merited for children with winter mood and behavior problems.
authors.affiliation: Brown University School of Medicine, East Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Carskadon
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Acebo
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D010552:Personality Assessment; D012008:Recurrence; D016574:Seasonal Affective Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D012621:Seasons; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology