title: The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children: predictors of psychiatric, academic, social, and emotional adjustment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate predictors of adolescent outcome in a large sample of hyperactive children.
  
  
  METHODS
  123 hyperactive children were followed prospectively over an 8-year period. Multiple linear and logistical regression equations were used to relate childhood predictor variables to adolescent academic, psychiatric, social, and emotional adjustment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescent academic skills were related to childhood cognitive and academic competence while school conduct was predicted by other variables including early family stress. Duration of mental health treatment received often was negatively related to outcome, apparently serving as a marker variable for severity of disturbance in the child. Childhood impulsivity-hyperactivity and paternal antisocial acts were associated with later oppositional-defiant behaviors. Only child defiance and not hyperactivity predicted later arrests, however. Emotional problems in adolescence were predicted by more special education enrollment. Adolescent social competence was associated with parental personal competence, whereas maternal mental health status at outcome was related to variables unassociated with child adjustment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Various outcome domains had different sets of predictors; no single predictor cut across all domains. Although a limited amount of variance in outcome was explained, findings suggest that promoting family and parental competence as well as assessing and treating defiance and aggression very early may improve outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Barkley
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Smallish
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D010553:Personality Development; D012917:Social Adjustment