title: Intestinal reactivity in allergic and nonallergic patients: an approach to determine the complexity of the mucosal reaction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine whether inflammatory markers and mediators were released in response to different intestinal antigens, studies were performed in atopic patients allergic to birch, patients allergic to psyllium powder (ispaghula), and patients intolerant to milk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Allergy to birch and psyllium powder was documented by the presence of circulating IgE antibodies and positive skin tests. Patients intolerant to milk had negative outcomes of radioallergosorbent tests and skin tests but positive results of double-blind, placebo-controlled tests. Challenge of the intestine with different antigens was achieved by perfusion of a jejunal segment occluded between balloons. Basal and antigen-activated release of mast cell/basophil and eosinophil products and of substances emanating from the plasma and interstitial fluid was compared in perfusate fluid from patients (n = 8) and matched healthy controls (n = 8).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Perfusate levels of albumin and hyaluronan (previous name hyaluronic acid) were increased threefold to fivefold by antigen in all patients, but not in controls. Eosinophilic cationic protein increased in patients but also in ispaghula controls. Histamine was released in response to milk, but not in patients allergic to birch or ispaghula. Prostaglandin E2 increased in milk- and birch-sensitive patients. In response to ispaghula, however, it was released in both patients and controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that subclinical intestinal challenge with antigen induces an increase in the appearance rate of albumin and hyaluronan in the intestinal lumen both in atopic patients (with target organs such as the lungs or nose and eyes) and in patients with intestinal intolerance to milk. These changes in permeation are similar to those reported from other organs such as the lung. They may reflect a common response in early phase I reactions that are either IgE-mediated or occur in response to food antigens without any obvious involvement of an IgE-mediated mechanism. Subclinical provocation with intestinal antigens should prove useful for further elucidation of mechanisms underlying intestinal mucosal reactions to exogenous stimuli.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Knutson
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bengtsson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dannaeus
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahlstedt
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stålenheim
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hällgren
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Knutson
mesh_terms: D000941:Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D007158:Immunologic Techniques; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000276:immunology*; D012016:Reference Values; D017186:Titrimetry
chemical_list: D000941:Antigens; D015415:Biomarkers