title: Cocaine-associated violence and relationship to route of administration.
abstract: The relationship between route of cocaine administration, that is, free base/crack smoking (FB), intravenous injection (IV), and nasal insufflation (NS) and level of violence was studied. The authors hypothesized that the route that produced the most intense effects (i.e., FB > IV > NS) would produce the highest level of violence. Over a 12-month period, 194 cocaine users were screened. After excluding polydrug users, 101 patients of both sexes participated in this study for the evaluation of expressions of violence. Evaluations were conducted by a structured questionnaire. The order of level of increased violence matched that of the most "intense" route of administration for some measures only. FB and IV use generally produced the same level of violence for most measurements. Both FB and IV routes produced more violence than NS. Violent actions requiring sustained activity (e.g., rape, burglary, and armed robbery) showed no relationship to route. The difference in levels in violence between males and females varied according to circumstance, not route of administration.
authors.affiliation: Ohio State University, Austintown.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Giannini
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Loiselle
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Turner
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000328:Adult; D003042:Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects; D003415:Crime / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009820:Ohio / Q000453:epidemiology; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D014754:Violence
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine