title: Recombinant human GM-CSF treatment of neutropenia in glycogen storage disease-1b.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was administered to two patients with glycogen storage disease, type 1b (GSD-1b), with chronic neutropenia, neutrophil dysfunction, and recurrent infections in an effort to increase neutrophil counts and increase resistance to infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patients' baseline absolute neutrophil counts (ANC) ranged from 56 to 480 cells/mm3 despite increased granulocyte precursors in the bone marrow. GM-CSF was given s.c. at starting doses of 500 micrograms/m2/day divided into two doses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 48 h, ANC rose to 2,025 cells/mm3 and 3,132 cells/mm3, respectively. Absolute eosinophil counts also rose to 1,048 cells/mm3 (24%) and 4,820 cells/mm3 (33%) on days 10 and 9 in the two patients. Although an initial 10-day course of GM-CSF was tolerated in one patient without significant reactions, subsequent s.c. injections of GM-CSF were complicated by increasingly painful local reactions that necessitated discontinuation after 7 to 8 days. Intravenous infusion was associated with a febrile systemic reaction. Despite lack of improvement in neutrophil superoxide anion generation measured in one, both patients demonstrated unusually rapid healing of cutaneous infections on GM-CSF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our experience suggests that GM-CSF may be useful for short-term treatment of serious infections in GSD-1b. However, alternate dosage schedules or different preparations of GM-CSF to diminish local reactions would be required for long-term maintenance therapy. Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) has also been shown to increase neutrophils in this disease and has not been associated with allergic reactions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Oakland, California.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hurst
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kilpatrick
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lipani
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kleman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Perrine
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Douglas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000707:Anaphylaxis / Q000139:chemically induced; D002648:Child; D004802:Eosinophilia / Q000139:chemically induced; D004890:Erythema / Q000139:chemically induced; D005260:Female; D005953:Glycogen Storage Disease Type I / Q000150:complications*; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017053:Infection Control; D007958:Leukocyte Count / Q000187:drug effects; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor