title: Association between high levels of expression of the TRK gene and favorable outcome in human neuroblastoma.
abstract: METHODS
  The nerve growth factor receptor is expressed in some neuroblastomas, in which its primary component is encoded by the TRK protooncogene. To determine the relation of the expression of TRK messenger RNA in neuroblastomas to other clinical and laboratory variables, we studied frozen tumor samples from 77 patients. In addition, we tested two primary neuroblastomas that expressed TRK for responsiveness to nerve growth factor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TRK expression strongly correlated with favorable tumor stage (I, II, and IVS vs. III and IV), younger age (< 1 year vs. > or = 1 year), normal N-myc copy number, and low level of N-myc expression. N-myc amplification (indicated by a high copy number) correlated with advanced tumor stage, older age, an adrenal site of the primary tumor, low level of expression of TRK, and high level of expression of N-myc. Analysis of five-year cumulative-survival rates demonstrated an association of a very favorable outcome with a high level of TRK expression (86 percent vs. 14 percent) and with normal N-myc copy number (84 percent vs. 0 percent). Univariate analysis showed that these two variables were the most powerful predictors of outcome (chi-square = 51.30, P < 0.001; and chi-square = 93.61, P < 0.001, respectively). TRK expression still had significant prognostic value when the analysis was restricted to tumors without N-myc amplification. In primary cultures of neuroblastoma cells expressing TRK, exposure to nerve growth factor induced early gene expression and neurite outgrowth, but deprivation of nerve growth factor led to neuronal cell death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high level of expression of the TRK proto-oncogene in a neuroblastoma is strongly predictive of a favorable outcome. A tumor with a functional nerve growth factor receptor may be dependent on the neurotrophin nerve growth factor for survival and may regress in its absence, allowing a new approach to the treatment of certain patients with neuroblastoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakagawara
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arima-Nakagawara
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Scavarda
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Azar
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Cantor
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Brodeur
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001483:Base Sequence; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D005729:Ganglioneuroma / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D015870:Gene Expression; D016259:Genes, myc; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000494:pharmacology; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D011519:Proto-Oncogenes; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D017475:Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics*; D015996:Survival Rate; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017475:Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor