title: Brain morphology, dopamine, and eye-tracking abnormalities in first-episode schizophrenia. Prevalence and clinical correlates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and to identify biologic markers in first-episode patients with no or little prior treatment exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study of an inception cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Psychiatric division of an academic medical center with a suburban metropolitan catchment area.
  
  
  METHODS
  70 patients in their first episode of schizophrenia (77%) or schizoaffective disorder (23%) with no (70%) or limited prior neuroleptic exposure (30%), and 50 healthy volunteer control subjects. ASSESSMENT MEASURES: Demographic and clinical evaluations of natural history and psychopathology; methylphenidate hydrochloride and apomorphine hydrochloride stimulation tests as measures of central nervous system dopamine activity; brain magnetic resonance imaging; eye-tracking examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preliminary analyses demonstrate that pathobiologic features previously identified in heterogeneous and primarily chronically ill patients are also present in subgroups during their first episode. These include psychotogenic response to methylphenidate (59%), abnormal growth hormone (GH) secretion (50%), abnormal brain morphology (31%), and eye-tracking dysfunction (51%). An association of pathobiologic variables with increased symptom severity and earlier age of onset was observed but not statistically significant. The strongest associations among biologic variables were for the following: GH secretion and psychotogenic response to methylphenidate, which may reflect increased dopamine agonist neural activity; decreased GH response to apomorphine and third-ventricle enlargement, which may represent a neuropathologic correlate of anterior pituitary abnormalities; and morphologic abnormalities of the medial temporal lobe and third ventricle were associated with normal eye tracking, suggesting that these pathobiologic features are mediated by distinct processes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These phenomena appear to be a consequence of the disease rather than the effects of chronicity, drug treatment, or institutionalization. It remains to be determined if these biologic phenomena will remain stable over time or change with disease progression. A companion article examines the clinical significance of these findings.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY.
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Lieberman
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Jody
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Alvir
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Ashtari
authors: D L
authors: DL
authors: Levy
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Bogerts
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Degreef
authors: D I
authors: DI
authors: Mayerhoff
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001058:Apomorphine; D015415:Biomarkers; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004298:Dopamine / Q000502:physiology*; D005133:Eye Movements; D005260:Female; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008774:Methylphenidate; D013006:Growth Hormone; D001058:Apomorphine; D004298:Dopamine