title: Obstetric correlates of neonatal retinal hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether maternal or fetal factors, other than vacuum-assisted delivery, play a role in neonatal retinal hemorrhage, and whether correlates are similar in retinal hemorrhage after spontaneous vaginal delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-section of assisted deliveries at an urban hospital (n = 156) over 7 months were compared with contemporaneous spontaneous vaginal deliveries (n = 122). A subset of assisted deliveries (n = 87) was prospectively randomized to forceps or vacuum-assisted delivery by sealed envelope. Maternal and neonatal biometric data were collected, and Apgar scores, umbilical artery blood gas analysis, and neonatal ophthalmologic evaluations were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Moderate to severe retinal hemorrhage was found in 18% of spontaneous, 13% of forceps, 28% of vacuum-assisted, and 50% of sequential vacuum and forceps-assisted deliveries. Fetal distress (P < .008), vacuum-assisted delivery (P < .02), decreased birth weight for gestation (P < .004), umbilical artery pH less than 7.20 (P < .004), and second stage of labor less than 30 minutes (P < .05) were most closely associated with increased degrees of retinal hemorrhage. Maternal parity, preeclampsia, length of labor, and head circumference were not correlated with retinal hemorrhage. Vacuum-assisted delivery among low birth weight infants (P < .0001), short second stage of labor (P < .006), fetal acidosis (P < .045), and sequential use of vacuum and forceps for assisted delivery (P < .005) formed a logistic model that correctly predicted 81% of moderate to severe retinal hemorrhage cases. Logistic analysis of the randomized assisted deliveries gave similar results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal and fetal factors other than vacuum-assisted delivery are significant correlates of moderate to severe retinal hemorrhage. Vacuum-assisted delivery among small for gestational age infants is closely correlated with moderate to severe retinal hemorrhage.
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida, Tampa.
authors: M C
authors: MC
authors: Williams
authors: R A
authors: RA
authors: Knuppel
authors: W F
authors: WF
authors: O'Brien
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Weiss
authors: W N
authors: WN
authors: Spellacy
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Pietrantoni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry; D005316:Fetal Distress / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009772:Obstetrical Forceps; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D014620:Vacuum Extraction, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen