title: 4-Chloro-3-hydroxyanthranilate, 6-chlorotryptophan and norharmane attenuate quinolinic acid formation by interferon-gamma-stimulated monocytes (THP-1 cells).
abstract: Accumulation of quinolinic acid and L-kynurenine occurs in the brain and/or blood following immune activation, and may derive from L-tryptophan following induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and other kynurenine-pathway enzymes. In the present study a survey of various cell lines derived from either brain or systemic tissues showed that, while all cells examined responded to interferon-gamma by increased conversion of L-[13C6]tryptophan into L-kynurenine (human: B-lymphocytes, neuroblastoma, glioblastoma, lung, liver, kidney; rat brain: microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes), only macrophage-derived cells (peripheral-blood mononuclear cells; THP-1, U-937) and certain liver cells (SKHep1) synthesized [13C6]quinolinic acid. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha enhanced the effects of interferon-gamma in THP-1 cells. Norharmane, 6-chloro-DL-tryptophan and 4-chloro-3-hydroxyanthranilate attenuated quinolinic acid formation by THP-1 cells with IC50 values of 51 microM, 58 microM and 0.11 microM respectively. Norharmane and 6-chloro-DL-tryptophan attenuated L-kynurenine formation with IC50 values of 43 microM and 51 microM respectively, whereas 4-chloro-3-hydroxyanthranilate had no effect on L-kynurenine accumulation. The reductions in L-kynurenine and quinolinic acid formation are consistent with the reports that norharmane is an inhibitor of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, 6-chloro-DL-tryptophan is metabolized through the kynurenine pathway, and 4-chloro-3-hydroxyanthranilate is an inhibitor of 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase. These results suggest that many tissues may contribute to the production of L-kynurenine following indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase induction and immune activation. Quinolinic acid may be directly synthesized from L-tryptophan in both macrophages and certain types of liver cells, although uptake of quinolinic acid precursors from blood may contribute to quinolinic acid synthesis in cells that cannot convert L-kynurenine into quinolinic acid.
authors: Section on Analytical Biochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Saito
authors: C Y
authors: CY
authors: Chen
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Masana
authors: J S
authors: JS
authors: Crowley
authors: S P
authors: SP
authors: Markey
authors: M P
authors: MP
authors: Heyes
mesh_terms: D015095:3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002243:Carbolines; D002460:Cell Line; D006247:Harmine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007737:Kynurenine / Q000378:metabolism; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D017378:Quinolinic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002243:Carbolines; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C026380:6-chlorotryptophan; D015095:3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid; C026381:4-chloro-3-hydroxyanthranilic acid; D007737:Kynurenine; D006247:Harmine; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D014364:Tryptophan; C010262:norharman; D017378:Quinolinic Acid