title: Cognitive behavioral techniques for hypertension: are they effective?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess by analysis of published controlled trials the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapies (such as biofeedback, relaxation, meditation) for essential hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trials published in the English language between 1970 and 1991 identified from the MEDLINE database and bibliographic references from these articles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Limited to studies involving randomized assignment to a treatment group consisting of one or more cognitive behavioral interventions or a concurrent control group consisting of no therapy, a waiting list, regular monitoring, or placebo intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although we identified more than 800 published works, only 26 met entry criteria. We identified a number of methodologic short-comings, including small sample size, inconsistencies regarding baseline blood pressure determinations and types of control groups, and the possibility of confounding by multiple noncognitive cointerventions (diet, exercise) and expectancy (the placebo effect). In meta-analyses involving 1264 patients, differences in mean blood pressure reduction varied according to the duration of baseline blood pressure measurements and type of control groups studied. In 16 comparisons involving baseline periods of more than 1 day, with patients (n = 368) assigned to either a cognitive therapy or a placebo intervention (sham biofeedback, "pseudo-meditation"), systolic and diastolic blood pressures decreased by 2.8 mm Hg (95% CI, -0.8 to 6.4) and 1.3 mm Hg (CI, -1.3 to 3.8), respectively. These changes were neither statistically nor clinically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cognitive interventions for essential hypertension are superior to no therapy but not superior to credible sham techniques or to self-monitoring alone. The literature on this subject is limited by a variety of methodologic inadequacies. No single cognitive behavioral technique appears to be more effective than any other.
authors: Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, MA 02215.
authors: D M
authors: DM
authors: Eisenberg
authors: T L
authors: TL
authors: Delbanco
authors: C S
authors: CS
authors: Berkey
authors: T J
authors: TJ
authors: Kaptchuk
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Kupelnick
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Kuhl
authors: T C
authors: TC
authors: Chalmers
mesh_terms: D001521:Behavior Therapy; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000628:therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic