title: Beam shaping for microwave waveguide hyperthermia applicators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hyperthermia treatments commonly use single element microwave waveguide applicators. The microwave beam patterns produced by these applicators are often non-uniform. As a result, hot spots are formed in the heated tissue and therapeutic temperatures are reached in only small areas of the treatment field. We have constructed new coupling boluses that improve the heating patterns of external microwave applicators.
  
  
  METHODS
  The microwave beam transmitted through the bolus is modified by microwave absorbing saline/gelatin pads. The pads can be designed to result in a uniform heating pattern over a large area or alternatively, complex heating patterns can be generated for specific clinical applications. An analysis of the effect of bolus design parameters on microwave absorption patterns is presented. The heating patterns of the MA-100 and MA-120 microwave waveguide applicators have been measured in muscle and fat phantom materials with both the manufacturer's boluses and the new boluses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the case of the MA-100, the area above the 70% heating level measured in a muscle phantom was increased by a factor of 2.3 by an absorbing pad bolus. Similarly, the heating area of the MA-120 was increased by a factor of 2.6 by an absorbing pad bolus. The boluses were tested in a clinical setting by measuring tissue temperature profiles in patients under different bolus arrangements. The area over which therapeutic temperature was achieved was increased considerably when the absorbing bolus was used. A second bolus was designed for the MA-120 to produce a ring heating pattern for the treatment of a breast cancer patient who had developed recurrences at the periphery of a skin graft. The heating pattern produced in a muscle phantom is compared with tissue temperature profiles measured during the hyperthermia treatment of this patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microwave absorbing filters using saline pads significantly improve the heating patterns of microwave waveguide hyperthermia applicators. This improvement was confirmed in clinical application where much greater areas of homogeneous heating were observed. The technology was extended to produce complex heating patterns for special clinical applications.
authors: Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
authors: M D
authors: MD
authors: Sherar
authors: F F
authors: FF
authors: Liu
authors: D J
authors: DJ
authors: Newcombe
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Cooper
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Levin
authors: W B
authors: WB
authors: Taylor
authors: J W
authors: JW
authors: Hunt
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008872:Microwaves / Q000627:therapeutic use*