title: Psychological impact of screening for familial ovarian cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychological distress following false-positive results could constitute a substantial disadvantage of cancer screening.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the psychological impact of true-negative and false-positive results in a high-risk group of women in a screening program to detect early familial ovarian cancer by ovarian ultrasound scan. The influence of coping style was also assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 500 women who contacted the nationally advertised screening program, 302 received the scan and participated in the study. Before the screening, they were mailed a questionnaire concerning psychological state, coping style, and anxiety about risk of cancer. Transabdominal ultrasonography and transvaginal ultrasonography with color Doppler imaging were used to detect persistent ovarian lesions and changes in volume. Women were informed of any abnormality immediately and asked to return for another scan after 6 weeks. Those with a persistent ovarian mass were referred for hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy. The questionnaire was used to reassess psychological distress after the first ultrasound scan, after re-scanning, and after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The first scan showed negative results for 233 of the 302 women; 69 (23%) had abnormalities in ovarian morphology. Sixty-four of the 69 had a second scan, with negative results for 32 and equivocal results for 12; 20 had surgery because the results of both scans were positive. None of the patients in the screening program were found to have ovarian cancer. After the first scan, psychological distress and worries about cancer were significantly reduced (P < .001) in the women who had negative results. Responses to positive results depended on the baseline coping style and the clinician's appraisal of malignancy potential at the time of the scan. Women who had information-seeking coping styles and those who were referred for surgery had higher levels of distress than other women. At follow-up, the anxiety scores of women who had positive results on both scans but negative results at surgery had returned to baseline levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that false-positive results in screening are associated with increased distress in the short term, but these adverse effects do not appear to be severe or persistent. Women who had surgery appeared to welcome the certainty that they could never develop ovarian cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The issue of continued surveillance needs to be addressed, since many women expressed the desire to have the scan repeated regularly.
authors: Imperial Cancer Research Fund Health Behavior Unit, University of London, England.
authors: F J
authors: FJ
authors: Wardle
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Collins
authors: A L
authors: AL
authors: Pernet
authors: M I
authors: MI
authors: Whitehead
authors: T H
authors: TH
authors: Bourne
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014463:Ultrasonography