title: Intensive alternating drug pairs for treatment of high-risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A Pediatric Oncology Group pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To prevent drug resistance, the authors designed a protocol that featured early intensive rotating drug pairs as part of the therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).
  
  
  METHODS
  After prednisone, vincristine, asparaginase, and daunorubicin induction, 12 intensive treatments (ABACABACABAC) were given in 30 weeks: A--intermediate-dose methotrexate (IDMTX) plus intermediate-dose mercaptopurine (MP); B--cytosine arabinoside (AC) plus daunorubicin (DNR); C--AC plus teniposide (VM-26). Triple intrathecal chemotherapy (AC, MTX, and hydrocortisone) was given for central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis. Continuation therapy consisted of weekly MTX and daily MP until 2.5 years of continuous complete remission had been achieved.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-four children (age range, 1-19 years) at high risk of relapse were treated. Of 55 with B-lineage (early pre-B, pre-B) ALL, 24 have failed (2 induction failures, 2 deaths from infection, and 20 relapses). The event-free survival (EFS) rate at 4 years was 55.5% (standard error [SE] +/- 7.7%). Of 19 patients with T-cell ALL, 12 have failed (2 induction failures and 10 relapses). The EFS rate at 4 years was 32.6% (SE +/- 26.8%). Toxicities were significantly more common after AC and DNR or AC and VM-26 than IDMTX and MP. There were no toxicity-related deaths during intensive treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early intensive rotating therapy is tolerable and warrants consideration for additional trials of patients with high-risk, B-lineage ALL.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Midwest Children's Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.
authors: S J
authors: SJ
authors: Lauer
authors: B M
authors: BM
authors: Camitta
authors: B G
authors: BG
authors: Leventhal
authors: D H
authors: DH
authors: Mahoney
authors: J J
authors: JJ
authors: Shuster
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Adair
authors: J T
authors: JT
authors: Casper
authors: C I
authors: CI
authors: Civin
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Graham
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Kiefer
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002051:Burkitt Lymphoma / Q000188:drug therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003630:Daunorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007223:Infant; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D015459:Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D015122:Mercaptopurine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013713:Teniposide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D003561:Cytarabine; D013713:Teniposide; D015122:Mercaptopurine; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D008727:Methotrexate; D003630:Daunorubicin