title: HTLV-I and HTLV-II world-wide distribution: reanalysis of 4,832 immunoblot results.
abstract: Mapping the geographic distribution of human T-lymphotrophic virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-I and -II) has been complicated because conventional serologic approaches cannot distinguish between these 2 viruses. To more precisely define the epidemiology of HTLV-I and HTLV-II, we evaluated a convenience sample of 4,832 HTLV-I immunoblot results from over 140,000 samples screened for HTLV-I, collected in 16 countries for 35 separate studies. An algorithm that compares reactivity against p19 and p24, 2 gag (HTLV-I core) proteins, was employed to characterize the immunoblots: type I, p19 stronger than p24 (presumptive HTLV-I), type 2, p24 stronger than p19 (presumptive HTLV-II), or indeterminate (p19 and p24 weakly positive or p19 weakly positive in the presence of p21e). Geographic areas could be grouped into 4 patterns. Patterns A (> 75% type I) and B (> 75% type 2) were usually observed where the specific type of HTLV or its characteristic diseases had been found. Pattern C (mixed type 1 and 2 pattern) was observed predominantly in intravenous-drug-using and other populations in which both virus types have been reported. Pattern D (> 10% indeterminate), suggests the presence of non-specific reactivity, perhaps resulting from exposure to non-virus-related antigens or an HTLV-related virus. HTLV-I predominates in southern Japan, the South Pacific, parts of West Africa, and in Afro-populations of the Western hemisphere. HTLV-II clusters in Native American populations and among intravenous drug users. Pattern-D areas in Africa and Venezuela might prove to be fertile in the search for new and variant HTLV virus types.
authors: Viral Epidemiology Section, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20852.
authors: M M
authors: MM
authors: Madeleine
authors: S Z
authors: SZ
authors: Wiktor
authors: J J
authors: JJ
authors: Goedert
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Manns
authors: P H
authors: PH
authors: Levine
authors: R J
authors: RJ
authors: Biggar
authors: W A
authors: WA
authors: Blattner
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D015683:Gene Products, gag / Q000276:immunology*; D015490:HTLV-I Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015491:HTLV-II Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015368:Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 / Q000276:immunology*; D015367:Human T-lymphotropic virus 2 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D015682:Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic / Q000276:immunology*; D054301:gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
chemical_list: D015683:Gene Products, gag; D015682:Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic; D054301:gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; C047061:internal protein p24, Human T-lymphotropic virus 2; C060955:p19 protein, Human T-lymphotropic virus 1; C060954:p24 protein, Human T-lymphotropic virus 1