title: Postoperative analgesia and sedation following pediatric cardiac surgery using a constant infusion of ketamine.
abstract: Constant rate infusions of ketamine supplemented with intermittent doses of midazolam were given postoperatively to 10 children in order to provide analgesia and sedation during mechanical ventilation after cardiac surgery as well as during weaning from the ventilator and during spontaneous breathing. The aims of the study were to determine the pharmacokinetics of ketamine and evaluate the suitability of ketamine as an analgesic and sedative in postoperative pediatric cardiac patients. The children were between one week and 30 months old. Five children were given 1 mg/kg/h of ketamine and five children had 2 mg/kg/h. Blood was sampled during infusion and up to 24 hours after infusion for plasma concentrations of ketamine and the main plasma metabolite, norketamine, which were determined by gas chromatography and were compared to the degree of sedation. The children were arousable when ketamine concentrations were below 1.0 to 1.5 micrograms/mL. Plasma ketamine concentrations at steady state were within a narrow range for each infusion regimen and the calculated pharmacokinetic parameters were similar. Mean plasma clearance of ketamine was 0.94 +/- 0.22 L/kg/h. The elimination half-life was 3.1 +/- 1.6 hours, but in some children late samples indicated an even longer elimination half-life. Norketamine did not reach a steady state, but at the end of the infusion, the mean plasma concentration was higher than that of ketamine. The elimination half-life of norketamine was estimated to be 6.0 +/- 1.8 hours. Both ketamine infusion regimens were supplemented with midazolam and provided similarly acceptable analgesia and sedation during mechanical ventilation and during and after weaning from the ventilator.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors: Hospital Pharmacy, Akademiska sjukhuset, Uppsala University, Sweden.
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Hartvig
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Larsson
authors: P O
authors: PO
authors: Joachimsson
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D015300:Ventilator Weaning
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007649:Ketamine; D008874:Midazolam; C033419:norketamine