title: Altered Golgi apparatus in hydrostatically loaded articular cartilage chondrocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Articular cartilage proteoglycan content is controlled by joint loading. This study aimed to elucidate the role of hydrostatic pressure in this regulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary cultures of chondrocytes from bovine articular cartilage, grown on coverslips, were subjected to 5, 15, or 30 MPa hydrostatic pressure, applied continuously or cyclically at 0.125 or 0.05 Hz. The Golgi apparatus was visualised either by a fluorochrome coupled wheat germ agglutinin or by transmission electron microscopy. Proteoglycan synthesis was studied by the incorporation of sulphur-35 labelled sulphate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 30 MPa continuous hydrostatic pressure, the Golgi apparatus was observed in a compact form with a concomitant decrease in proteoglycan synthesis. The normal stacked appearance of the Golgi apparatus was no more visible in the electron microscopy preparation of the pressurised chondrocytes. This effect was reversible and was also noticed after 15 MPa continuous load, though to a minor extent. Cyclic pressures (5-30 MPa) caused no apparent change in the Golgi apparatus. The shape of some cells changed to a more retracted form after 30 MPa continuous pressure. Nocodazole, which causes disassembly of the microtubules, blocked the compacting influence of pressurisation on the Golgi apparatus, and reduced proteoglycan synthesis to about half of the control level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The packing of the Golgi apparatus is dependent on microtubules and may contribute to the inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis observed in articular cartilage subjected to high hydrostatic pressure.
authors: Department of Anatomy, University of Kuopio, Finland.
authors: J J
authors: JJ
authors: Parkkinen
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Lammi
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Pelttari
authors: H J
authors: HJ
authors: Helminen
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Tammi
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Virtanen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003080:Cold Temperature; D006056:Golgi Apparatus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D015739:Nocodazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D011509:Proteoglycans; D015739:Nocodazole