title: Retrobulbar anesthesia risk. Do sharp needles really perforate the eye more easily than blunt needles?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Conventional wisdom in ophthalmology is that the force required to perforate an eye during retrobulbar injection is noticeably greater with a specially designed blunt needle than with a standard hypodermic needle. A search of the literature showed no measurements of scleral perforation pressure with specific needle tips. The authors investigated this concept.
  
  
  METHODS
  A computerized search for eye perforations of the surgical records over a 5-year period at Wilford Hall United States Air Force Medical Center was conducted. A double-masked trial by experienced ophthalmologists, using preserved eye bank eyes and several commercially available needles, subjectively assessed the force required to perforate the globe. The authors designed and built a portable transducer system to objectively measure the perforation pressure of human globes with the needles. Measurements were done with preserved and unpreserved human cadaver eyes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No globe penetrations or perforations were found in this consecutive series of over 4000 retrobulbar anesthesia procedures. A subjective difference between the hypodermic and blunt needles was detected. Objective measurements showed a significant difference between the hypodermic and blunt needles, and between types of blunt needles. The difference was present with both eye bank eyes and fresh cadaver eyes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Blunt-tipped needles do require greater force to penetrate the eye. The noncutting edge, blunt-tipped needles have higher scleral perforation pressures than those with cutting edges.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, United States Air Force Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, San Antonio.
authors: S G
authors: SG
authors: Waller
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Taboada
authors: P
authors: P
authors: O'Connor
mesh_terms: D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015807:Eye Injuries, Penetrating / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D009339:Needles / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009915:Orbit; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012590:Sclera / Q000293:injuries*; D014160:Transducers, Pressure