title: Time course and magnitude of tolerance to the analgesic effects of systemic morphine in amphibians.
abstract: The systemic administration of morphine (100 nmol/g, s.c.) produced a significant and long-lasting analgesia (up to 8 h) in the Northern grass frog, Rana pipiens. Daily bolus injections of the same dose of morphine or saline for one week resulted in a significant analgesia for 3 days in the morphine group, which fell to levels indistinguishable from the saline-treated controls on days 4 through 7. In separate experiments, animals were treated identically with morphine or saline but were not tested daily for pain thresholds. In these animals, administration of a range of morphine doses on day 8 yielded dose-response curves significantly-shifted rightward by a factor of 3.3 in the morphine-treated group compared to the saline-injected controls. These studies are the first to show the time course of tolerance development and the magnitude of morphine tolerance in a non-mammalian vertebrate species.
authors: Dept. of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oklahoma State University, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Tulsa 74107.
authors: C W
authors: CW
authors: Stevens
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Kirkendall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004361:Drug Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011894:Rana pipiens
chemical_list: D009020:Morphine