title: Disposition of azole antifungal agents. I. Nonlinearities in ketoconazole clearance and binding in rat liver.
abstract: The disposition of ketoconazole was characterized in the rat over a wide dose/concentration range. Bolus dose (0.03-10 mg/kg) studies indicate that plasma concentration-time profiles for ketoconazole are not superimposable when dose normalized because of nonlinearities occurring in both volume of distribution and clearance. The volume of distribution decreases from 3 to less than 1 L/kg, while the plasma clearance decreases 10-fold from 25 mL/min/kg as the dose is escalated. From these results, infusion rates were calculated to maintain the plasma concentrations achieved with particular bolus doses. The curvilinear relationship between steady-state plasma concentration (0.015-8.3 mg/L) and ketoconazole infusion rate (0.021-2.45 mg/hr/kg) was analyzed in terms of Michaelis-Menten kinetics. A Vmax of 3.2 mg/hr/kg and Km of 2.1 mg/L were obtained by nonlinear regression analysis. At the end of the ketoconazole infusion, liver, adrenals and kidneys were removed and assayed for ketoconazole. Tissue-to-plasma partition coefficients for the liver and adrenals showed a marked dependence upon steady-state plasma concentration. Both parameters (liver, 22; and adrenals, 53) showed a decrease of approximately 10-fold as the plasma concentrations were increased. In contrast, the kidney:plasma partition coefficient (1.8), blood:plasma concentration ratio (0.6), and plasma binding (96%) of ketoconazole did not show a concentration dependence over the range studied. It is concluded that the liver is an important determinant of ketoconazole's volume of distribution and that saturation of this process accounts largely for the reduction in volume of distribution with increasing dose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors: Department of Pharmacy, University of Manchester, UK.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Matthew
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Brennan
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Zomorodi
authors: J B
authors: JB
authors: Houston
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001393:Azoles / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D006207:Half-Life; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D011485:Protein Binding; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D001393:Azoles; D001798:Blood Proteins; D012709:Serum Albumin; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D007654:Ketoconazole