Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)--mechanisms of cyst formation and renal failure.
None of the hypotheses proposed so far to explain cyst formation in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is entirely satisfactory, e.g. the theory of tubular obstruction by intraluminal polyps or dilatation of nephron segments as a consequence of abnormal compliance of the basement membrane. Recent in vitro studies show that (i) synthesis of basement membrane material is abnormal and that (ii) the direction of transepithelial resorptive flux into a secretory mode is reversed as a consequence of faulty insertion of Na, K-ATP'ase into the luminal membrane. It remains unclear why cystic transformation of a few percent of nephrons should cause endstage renal failure. Our clinical and experimental studies do not provide evidence to support some hypotheses proposed in the past, i.e. that renal parenchyma is compressed by expanding cysts and that glomeruli are overperfused. Our histological studies show that progression to endstage renal failure is associated with (i) progressive arteriolar lesions (out of proportion to the vascular lesions seen in extrarenal vascular beds; and (ii) progressive interstitial fibrosis. It appears that fibroblasts in ADPKD are particularly sensitive to platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) which is secreted by epithelial cells of the cyst wall in a paracrine fashion. In contrast to previous opinion, which was presumably skewed by ascertainment bias, it appears that not all, and perhaps not even a majority, of ADPKD patients progress to endstage renal failure. Factors related to progression are gender, family history and hypertension. Both abnormal sodium excretion and inappropriate renin secretion play a role in the genesis of hypertension. Elevated blood pressure, albeit within the normotensive range, is demonstrable even in prepubertal children. The involvement of renin in renal vasoconstriction of normotensive ADPKD patients suggests a particular role of ACE inhibitors in the management of these patients.
Ritz
E
E
Department of Internal Medicine and Pathology, Ruperto Carola University, Heidelberg, Germany.
Zeier
M
M
Geberth
S
S
Waldherr
R
R
D004108:Dilatation, Pathologic / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D009399:Nephrons / Q000503:physiopathology; D016891:Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors