title: The protective action of betaine on the deleterious effects of NaCl on preimplantation mouse embryos in vitro.
abstract: The development of outbred mouse (CF1) zygotes in vitro has been studied using medium SOM in which the concentrations of NaCl (85, 105, 125 mM), glutamine (0, 1, 2 mM), and betaine (0, 1, 2 mM) were varied. The effects of the compounds were studied using a 3(3) factorial experimental arrangement. The inhibitory effect of relatively high concentrations of NaCl and the protective effect of glutamine were confirmed. Betaine, an organic osmolyte, can also protect against the deleterious effects of relatively high concentrations of NaCl. The intracellular contents of potassium and sodium have also been measured in single zygotes using X-ray electron probe spectrometry. When medium SOM contains 85 mM or 125 mM NaCl, the intracellular content of Na rises and the content of K decreases. These changes are partially reduced in the presence of 125 mM NaCl if betaine is also in the medium. Betaine has no effect on the intracellular content of K and Na if the concentration of NaCl is 85 mM. These results suggest that organic osmolytes may be required in embryo culture media to prevent excessive changes in the intracellular ionic concentration.
authors: Laboratory of Human Reproduction and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
authors: J D
authors: JD
authors: Biggers
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Lawitts
authors: C P
authors: CP
authors: Lechene
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001622:Betaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002712:Chlorides / Q000378:metabolism; D003470:Culture Media; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects; D005973:Glutamine; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D051379:Mice; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000378:metabolism; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism; D012965:Sodium Chloride
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D003470:Culture Media; D005973:Glutamine; D010758:Phosphorus; D001622:Betaine; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium