title: Craniofacial morphometry by photographic evaluations.
abstract: Frontal and lateral oriented profile photographs of 108 healthy young adults (57 men and 51 women) were taken, and a standardized protocol was used to quantitatively describe the depicted craniofacial soft tissue structure, the relationships among facial structures, and head posture relative to the ground. Pictures were taken in two body positions, standing and sitting. The male faces were, on average, wider and longer than the female faces, in both frontal and lateral views, with greater differences in the mouth and chin regions. Both sexes were generally symmetrical. Persons who were asymmetric compensated for their appearance by changing head posture relative to the ground, so that in the frontal plane, the interpupillary axis and the occlusal plane were parallel to the ground. Measurements can be employed in computer graphic reconstructions used in orthognathic, maxillofacial, and plastic surgery. In the standing position, the Frankfurt plane was directed upward and forward, with a mean angle of 13 degrees relative to the ground. In seated subjects, it was more nearly horizontal (5 degrees in the men, 8 degrees in the women). This result confirms the need for a careful reevaluation of standard cephalometric and photographic protocols.
authors: Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell' Apparato Stomatognatico, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi, Milano, Italy.
authors: V F
authors: VF
authors: Ferrario
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Sforza
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Miani
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Tartaglia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D002680:Chin / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D004431:Ear, External / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005123:Eye / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D005546:Forehead / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008046:Lip / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009915:Orbit / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D010781:Photography / Q000379:methods; D011187:Posture; D012737:Sex Factors; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted