title: Type I diabetic nephropathy: clinical characteristics and economic impact.
abstract: Approximately one-third of type I diabetic patients develop diabetic nephropathy with confounding pathogenesis--frequently manifested as heavy persistent proteinuria, fall in glomerular filtration rate, and increased arterial hypertension. There is increasing incidence and prevalence of type I diabetes, particularly in northern Europe and the United States. Increased morbidity and mortality occur in type I diabetic patients with renal disease. Among type I patients with persistent proteinuria, death occurs on the average within 5-10 years. The economic impact of endstage renal disease due to diabetic nephropathy is overwhelming, and the cost is increasing at an alarming rate.
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, National Institute of Public Health, Helsinki, Finland.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Chukwuma
mesh_terms: D017281:Cost of Illness; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology