title: An analysis of the glucagon response to hypoglycaemia in patients with type 1 diabetes and in healthy subjects.
abstract: The study aimed to analyse the glucagon response during hypoglycaemia in relation to gender, level of hypoglycaemia, and hyperinsulinaemia as well as its relation to other counterregulatory hormones in patients with Type 1 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects. Mild hypoglycaemia was induced by an i.v. insulin infusion (244 pmol kg-1h-1) for 180 min in 43 Type 1 diabetic patients and 22 nondiabetic subjects. Venous blood glucose, plasma free insulin, glucagon, adrenaline, noradrenaline, growth hormone, and cortisol were measured every 15-30 min. The hormonal responses during hypoglycaemia were evaluated from the incremental areas under their respective curves. There was a linear correlation between the glucagon response and the decremental area of blood glucose (p < 0.005), but the slope of the regression line in the diabetic group was less steep than in the controls (p < 0.5), and, in spite of the deeper hypoglycaemia in the diabetic groups, their glucagon response was diminished (p < 0.05). Plasma, adrenaline, growth hormone and cortisol all increased during hypoglycaemia. The glucagon response correlated with the responses of growth hormone and cortisol in both groups, while it was positively correlated with the adrenaline response (p < 0.001) and inversely with the plasma insulin (p < 0.001) only in the diabetic patients. Although the insulin infusion rate was identical, the female diabetic patients had a lower metabolic clearance rate of insulin as compared with the males (p < 0.05). There was no statistical difference in the counterregulatory hormone responses between males and females in neither of the groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors: Karolinska Institute, Department of Medicine, Danderyd Hospital, Sweden.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Liu
authors: U
authors: U
authors: Adamson
authors: P E
authors: PE
authors: Lins
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Clausen-Sjöbom
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D012016:Reference Values; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004837:Epinephrine; D005934:Glucagon; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D013006:Growth Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D007328:Insulin; D009638:Norepinephrine