title: Toilet habits and continence in children: an opportunity sampling in search of normal parameters.
abstract: An opportunity sampling of 1,192 children regarding parameters of toilet training and elimination status was obtained by interview and questionnaire. Toilet training ages ranged from 0.75 to 5 years, with a mean of 2.4 +/- 0.6 years (standard deviation). Voiding frequency was inversely related to age; most children between 3 and 12 years old urinated 5 to 6 times per day. Influences of gender, urinary infections and parental recall were investigated. Nocturnal and diurnal enuresis was reported in 18% and 10% of our sample, respectively. Bowel movements per week ranged from 1 to 21, with a mean of 6.8 +/- 2.5.
authors: Department of Surgery/Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors: D A
authors: DA
authors: Bloom
authors: W W
authors: WW
authors: Seeley
authors: M L
authors: ML
authors: Ritchey
authors: E J
authors: EJ
authors: McGuire
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003672:Defecation; D004775:Enuresis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006184:Habits; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D014039:Toilet Training; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D014554:Urination