Assessment of hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia.
Methodologic aspects including causes of factitious hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia are summarized. The differential diagnosis of hypocalcemia is reviewed under three main headings: hypoalbuminemia, hypocalcemia with decreased parathyroid hormone (PTH) action or activity, and hypocalcemia with normal PTH action and activity. The differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia is subdivided into three broad categories: hyperproteinemia, PTH-mediated hypercalcemia, and non-PTH-mediated hypercalcemia. The causes of hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia are outlined with a focus on pathophysiology and clinicochemical sequelae. A laboratory perspective is emphasized in outlining management strategies.
Bourke
E
E
Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York.
Delaney
V
V
D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D006934:Hypercalcemia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006996:Hypocalcemia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy
D002118:Calcium