title: Unrecognized cocaine use among schizophrenic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Unrecognized stimulant use could lead to the misdiagnosis of schizophrenia or the misunderstanding of its course and prognosis. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of unrecognized stimulant use among patients with a clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were 108 schizophrenic patients admitted consecutively to a Veterans Affairs psychiatric hospital. Admitting psychiatrists supplemented routine clinical evaluations with a semistructured interview regarding recent and lifetime use of alcohol, cocaine, amphetamine, marijuana, and opiates. A urine specimen was assayed for the four illicit drugs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 103 patients who provided a urine specimen, 37 (36%) used cocaine during the 6 months before admission, including 31 who used the drug in the week before admission. Because of the poor reliability of negative self-reports of recent cocaine use, clinicians failed to recognize cocaine use in one-third of the patients with a urine toxicology positive for cocaine metabolites. Two other groups of patients were identified; schizophrenic patients without substance abuse (including alcohol) and schizophrenic patients with substance abuse other than stimulants. Both substance-abusing groups were younger than the nonabusing group, but the three groups had similarly high rates of recent psychotic symptoms, homelessness, and unemployment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among schizophrenic patients who require hospitalization, clinicians should not rely solely on self-reported stimulant use. Recognition of stimulant use could be improved through routine urine toxicologies for all psychotic patients. The authors suggest that recognition of stimulant use among schizophrenic patients may identify a population with a better prognosis for schizophrenia and different treatment needs.
authors: West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, CA 90073.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Shaner
authors: M E
authors: ME
authors: Khalsa
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Roberts
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Wilkins
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Anglin
authors: S C
authors: SC
authors: Hsieh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000367:Age Factors; D003042:Cocaine / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine; D014478:Unemployment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine