Pelvic inflammatory disease: risk factors and microbial etiologies.
OBJECTIVE
To review the risk factors and microbial etiologies of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).


METHODS
Include 77 current and historical references on PID, PID risk factors, and sexually transmitted diseases.


METHODS
34 studies that address specific research questions.


METHODS
Data were used from studies whose methodologies are discussed.


RESULTS
This review identifies research problems regarding the definition, diagnosis, and identification of microbial profiles and risk factors of PID.


CONCLUSIONS
More reliable diagnostic criteria for the varied clinical presentations of this polymicrobial infection are needed. PID is a disease with multiple, interrelated risks. Education is an important nursing intervention.
Jossens
M O
MO
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Magee-Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3180.
Sweet
R L
RL
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002985:Clinical Protocols / Q000592:standards; D015897:Comorbidity; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007434:Intrauterine Devices / Q000009:adverse effects; D009732:Nursing Care / Q000379:methods; D000292:Pelvic Inflammatory Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy; D011322:Primary Prevention; D044469:Racial Groups; D012307:Risk Factors; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000150:complications; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
D003276:Contraceptives, Oral