title: Association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and exacerbations of asthma in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, as reported by parents, has been linked to diminished pulmonary function and more frequent exacerbations of asthma in children with the disease. Further insight into this association might be gained by using urine cotinine levels to measure actual exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured urine cotinine levels in 199 children with asthma; 145 also underwent pulmonary-function studies. A parent answered questions about each child's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Acute exacerbations of asthma during the preceding year were documented through blinded review of medical records. Possible confounding factors were accounted for by the use of multivariate analysis and by comparisons of serum theophylline levels in exposed and unexposed children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median urine cotinine levels were 5.6 ng per milliliter in the 116 children reported not to have been exposed to tobacco smoke, 13.1 ng per milliliter in the 53 children exposed to cigarette smoking by the mother or other persons, and 55.8 ng per milliliter in the 30 children exposed to cigarette smoking by the mother and other persons. Acute exacerbations of asthma increased with exposure, whether such exposure was reported by a parent or identified on the basis of the cotinine level; the relative risks for the highest as compared with the lowest exposure category were 1.8 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.4 to 2.2) for reported exposure and 1.7 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.4 to 2.1) for exposure indicated by cotinine levels. The forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), the forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75 percent of vital capacity, and the ratio of FEV1 to forced vital capacity also decreased with increases in both measures of exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measurement of urine cotinine levels provides further evidence of an association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and pulmonary morbidity in children with asthma. These data emphasize the need for systematic, persistent efforts to stop the exposure of children with asthma to environmental tobacco smoke.
authors: Foundation for Blood Research, Scarborough, ME 04070-0190.
authors: B A
authors: BA
authors: Chilmonczyk
authors: L M
authors: LM
authors: Salmun
authors: K N
authors: KN
authors: Megathlin
authors: L M
authors: LM
authors: Neveux
authors: G E
authors: GE
authors: Palomaki
authors: G J
authors: GJ
authors: Knight
authors: A J
authors: AJ
authors: Pulkkinen
authors: J E
authors: JE
authors: Haddow
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001249:Asthma / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D013806:Theophylline / Q000097:blood; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014797:Vital Capacity
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D013806:Theophylline; D003367:Cotinine