title: The hemizona assay: its role in identifying male factor infertility in assisted reproduction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify male factor infertility among a group of patients in an assisted reproductive program (phase 1) and to evaluate the hemizona assay (HZA) in the diagnosis and prognosis of such a program (phase 2).
  
  
  METHODS
  The IVF performance of normal gametes in the Tygerberg program were critically evaluated. Female patients were classified as pure tubal factor infertility, having a normal FSH:LH ratio on day 3 of the menstrual cycle. All participating women produced three or more preovulatory oocytes at retrieval and were inseminated with sperm considered normal by all present diagnostic criteria. The total and normal fertilization rate thresholds were defined in that group. Using those thresholds, couples tested for sperm binding in the HZA (n = 48) were used and divided into two groups according to their fertilization rates, namely group 1, low fertilization (< 55%) and group 2, normal fertilization (> 55%).
  
  
  METHODS
  University-based tertiary care center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-nine couples (589 oocytes) with pure tubal factor infertility and normal male factor were used in phase 1. Forty-eight couples with normal and abnormal male factors that had both HZA performed and IVF treatment were included in phase 2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Investigation of the performance of normal gametes in 99 couples (589 oocytes) revealed the total fertilization rate (total number of oocytes fertilized/total number of oocytes inseminated) was (mean +/- SD) 88.6% +/- 16.8% and the normal fertilization rate (total number of oocytes with normal fertilization/total number of oocytes inseminated) was 81.3% +/- 22%. The minimum total fertilization rate that can be considered normal in the Tygerberg program using mean--2 SD is therefore 55% and for normal fertilization rate is 37%. The group with low fertilization rate (< 55%) showed a mean hemizona index (HZI) significantly lower; nevertheless, the distribution overlapping indicates a low discriminating power of the HZA. A sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 75% were found; the positive and negative predictive values were 81% and 68%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicated the HZA and HZI contribute important information and can serve in conjunction with other semen characteristics as useful tools during the diagnosis of the male factor in assisted reproduction.
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, South Africa.
authors: D R
authors: DR
authors: Franken
authors: A A
authors: AA
authors: Acosta
authors: T F
authors: TF
authors: Kruger
authors: C J
authors: CJ
authors: Lombard
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Oehninger
authors: G D
authors: GD
authors: Hodgen
mesh_terms: D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002996:Clomiphene / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008596:Menotropins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008597:Menstrual Cycle; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013084:Sperm-Ovum Interactions; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D002996:Clomiphene; D008596:Menotropins; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone