Flow quantitation by radio frequency analysis of contrast echocardiography.
Contrast echocardiography has the potential for measuring cardiac output and regional blood flow. However, accurate quantitation is limited both by the use of non-standard contrast agents and by the electronic signal distortion inherent to the echocardiographic instruments. Thus, the aim of this study is to quantify flow by combining a stable contrast agent and a modified echo equipment, able to sample the radio frequency (RF) signal from a region of interest (ROI) in the echo image. The contrast agent SHU-454 (0.8 ml) was bolus injected into an in vitro calf vein, at 23 flow rates (ranging from 376 to 3620 ml/min) but constant volume and pressure. The ROI was placed in the centre of the vein, the RF signal was processed in real time and transferred to a personal computer to generate time-intensity curves. In the absence of recirculation, contrast washout slope and mean transit time (MTT) of curves (1.11-8.52 seconds) yielded excellent correlations with flow: r = 0.93 and 0.95, respectively. To compare the accuracy of RF analysis with that of conventional image processing as to flow quantitation, conventional images were collected in the same flow model by two different scanners: a) the mechanical sector scanner used for RF analysis, and b) a conventional electronic sector scanner. These images were digitized off-line, mean videodensity inside an identical ROI was measured and time-intensity curves were built. MTT by RF was shorter than by videodensitometric analysis of the images generated by the same scanner (p < 0.001). In contrast, MTT by RF was longer than by the conventional scanner (p < 0.001). Significant differences in MTT were also found with changes in the gain setting controls of the conventional scanner. To study the stability of the contrast effect, 6 contrast injections (20 ml) were performed at a constant flow rate during recirculation: the spontaneous decay in RF signal intensity (t1/2 = 64 +/- 8 seconds) was too long to affect MTT significantly. In conclusion, the combination of a stable contrast agent and a modified echocardiographic instrument provides accurate quantitation of flow in an in vitro model; RF analysis is more accurate than conventional processing as to flow quantitation by contrast echocardiography.
Rovai
D
D
CNR, Clinical Physiology Institute, Pisa, Italy.
Lombardi
M
M
Mazzarisi
A
A
Landini
L
L
Taddei
L
L
Distante
A
A
Benassi
A
A
L'Abbate
A
A
D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003287:Contrast Media; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007201:Indicator Dilution Techniques; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D011134:Polysaccharides; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
D003287:Contrast Media; D011134:Polysaccharides; C040642:SHU 454