Mammography adherence and psychological distress among women at risk for breast cancer.
BACKGROUND
Previous studies estimate that first-degree relatives of women with breast cancer have a twofold to 10-fold increased risk of developing breast cancer. Recently, attention has focused on the mammography screening practices of women who are at high risk for breast cancer.


OBJECTIVE
Our purpose was to characterize mammography screening practices in a sample of first-degree relatives of breast cancer patients and to identify variables that may serve as barriers to or facilitators of adherence to mammography.


METHODS
Cross-sectional (rather than prospective) data were collected by telephone interviews with 140 women aged 35-79 years who had a family history of breast cancer in at least one first-degree relative (mother, sister, or daughter). Data were recorded on mammography screening patterns, depression, stress impact, and breast cancer worries.


RESULTS
Women whose mammography history adhered to age-specific recommendations varied by age: 76% of first-degree relatives aged 35-39 years, 86% aged 40-49 years, and 63% aged 50 years or more. In bivariate analyses, level of education (P = .001), employment (P = .046), and time since diagnosis of the index patient (P = .044) were significantly and positively associated with mammography adherence. Variables associated negatively with adherence included age (P = .019), intrusive thoughts about breast cancer (P = .042), and breast cancer worries that interfered with daily functioning (P = .004). Multivariate analysis by logistic regression indicated that only breast cancer worries (odds ratio [OR] = 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09-5.9) and education (OR = 4.8; CI = 1.6-14.3) were significant independent predictors of mammography adherence.


CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that most women at high risk for breast cancer adhere to the recommended mammography screening guidelines of the National Cancer Institute. However, rates of adherence among high-risk women aged 50 years and older are suboptimal; only 63% of these women received annual screening mammograms, and 13% had never been screened. Breast cancer worries may pose a barrier to mammography adherence among high-risk women, particularly those with less formal education.


CONCLUSIONS
Prospective longitudinal studies are needed to validate the present findings and to evaluate the impact of psychoeducational interventions for women with affected first-degree relatives.
Fox Chase Cancer Center, Cheltenham, PA 19012.
C
C
Lerman
M
M
Daly
C
C
Sands
A
A
Balshem
E
E
Lustbader
T
T
Heggan
L
L
Goldstein
J
J
James
P
P
Engstrom
D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010349:Patient Compliance; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology*