Differential regulation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 enhancer in monocytes at various stages of differentiation.
We have demonstrated that stimulation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) enhancer in T cells is dependent upon at least four cis-acting elements, including two purine-rich binding sites, PuB1 and PuB2, which are capable of binding members of the ets family of proto-oncogenes, the pets (peri-ets) site, which lies just upstream of the PuB2 site, and a single kappa B site (D. M. Markovitz, M. Smith, J. M. Hilfinger, M. C. Hannibal, B. Petryniak, and G. J. Nabel, J. Virol. 66:5479-5484, 1992). In this study, we examined the regulation of the HIV-2 enhancer in cells of monocytic lineage. We found that in immature monocytic cell lines, the HIV-2 enhancer is markedly induced by phorbol esters and that all four cis-acting elements are required for activation. In mature monocytic cells, constitutive activity is high, with only modest stimulation following phorbol ester treatment. Mutation of any of the four cis-acting elements resulted in greatly reduced basal expression in mature monocytes. This is in contrast to HIV-1, in which developmentally controlled expression of the enhancer in monocytes is mediated largely through the kappa B sites alone [G. E. Griffin, K. Leung, T. M. Folks, S. Kunkel, and G. J. Nabel, Nature (London) 339:70-73, 1989]. Further, we demonstrated that although both Elf-1, an ets family member with significant similarity to the drosophila developmental regulatory protein E74, and Pu.1, a monocyte- and B-cell-specific member of the ets family, bind the purine-rich enhancer region, Elf-1 is the protein which binds predominantly in vivo. A nuclear factor(s) which binds the pets site, an element which has been described only in HIV-2, was detected in extracts of all of the monocytic cells tested. These findings indicate that the mechanism by which cellular factors regulate HIV-2 enhancer function in monocytic cells differs significantly from that of HIV-1 and may offer a partial explanation for the differences in the biological and clinical characteristics of the two viruses.
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109-0680.
J M
JM
Hilfinger
N
N
Clark
M
M
Smith
K
K
Robinson
D M
DM
Markovitz
D001483:Base Sequence; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D015498:HIV-2 / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000382:microbiology; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D015682:Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D015682:Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic; D014157:Transcription Factors; C062022:v-Spi-1 protein, Friend spleen focus-forming virus