Meal-frequency effects on plasma hormone concentrations and cholesterol synthesis in humans.
To examine meal-frequency effects on circulating hormone concentrations and cholesterol synthesis, male subjects consumed liquid diets given as either six evenly spaced (ES) or three diurnal (DI) meals over 3 d. Deuterium oxide was given on day 2 and blood sampled every 4 h over days 2 and 3 to measure plasma cholesterol, glucose, insulin, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) concentrations and cholesterol synthesis. Cholesterol synthesis was determined from deuterium incorporation into plasma free cholesterol by using constrained and unconstrained curve-fit models. Plasma total cholesterol concentrations decreased in both ES and DI groups (P < 0.05). The ES group had lower insulin (P < 0.05) and GIP (P < 0.001) concentrations compared with the DI group. Cholesterol synthesis was reduced (P < 0.01) in the ES vs the DI group when determined by using constrained (0.050 +/- 0.002 vs 0.075 +/- 0.005 pools/d, respectively) and unconstrained (0.072 +/- 0.005 vs 0.119 +/- 0.011 pools/d, respectively) models. These data suggest meal frequency-dependent control of cholesterogenesis via hormonally mediated mechanisms.
Department of Physiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
P J
PJ
Jones
C A
CA
Leitch
R A
RA
Pederson
D002784:Cholesterol / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D005526:Food, Formulated; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D013997:Time Factors
D006728:Hormones; D002784:Cholesterol