Biological activities of the intestinal microflora in mice treated with antibiotics or untreated and the effects of the microflora on absorption and metabolic activation of orally administered glutathione conjugates of K-region epoxides of 1-nitropyrene.
To elucidate the effects of the intestinal microflora on absorption and activation of glutathione conjugates of 4,5-epoxy-4,5-dihydro-1-nitropyrene (1-NP 4,5-oxide) and 9,10-epoxy-9,10-dihydro-1-nitropyrene (1-NP 9,10-oxide), we investigated the biological activities of the microflora in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) mice and SPF mice treated with various antibiotics and established the methodology of antibiotic treatment to eliminate the intestinal microflora. Mice were given various kinds of antibiotics by intragastric gavage twice a day for five days. A mixture of antibiotics bacitracin (BC), neomycin (NM) and streptomycin (SM) was the most effective in reducing the various activities of the intestinal microflora. The treatment decreased the bacterial counts and the activities of enzymes of the intestinal contents cysteine conjugate beta-lyase (beta-lyase), beta-glucuronidase and nitroreductase which were derived from the intestinal microflora, but did not affect the activities of gamma-glutamyltransferase and aminopeptidase which were derived from host tissue cells. Furthermore, the treatment did not affect absorption of glucose from the intestinal tract, body weight or liver enzyme activities. The treatment with only an aminoglycoside antibiotic, kanamycin or NM, decreased neither the number of anaerobes in the intestine nor the beta-lyase or nitroreductase activities from the intestinal contents. Glutathione conjugates of [3H]-1-NP oxides were administered to two groups of ICR mice that had been treated with antibiotics (BC, NM, SM) or saline (control group) orally. The radioactivity in the blood increased and reached the maximum level 2 or 3 h after administration of the conjugates in the control group; however, that in the antibiotic-treated group was only slightly increased if at all. Excretion of [3H]-labeled metabolites into the urine was approximately 20% of the total dose in the control group, but it was < 2% in the antibiotic-treated group during 48 h. After 48 h, DNA in the lower intestinal mucosa was extracted and the DNA adducts were analyzed by the 32P-postlabeling method. Three new DNA adducts were detected in the lower intestinal mucosa of the control group but not of the antibiotic-treated group. These results suggest that the intestinal microflora plays an important role in absorption of the metabolites of glutathione conjugates of 1-NP oxides from the intestinal tract and activation of the metabolites in the intestine.
Department of Bacteriology, School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Japan.
T
T
Kinouchi
K
K
Kataoka
K
K
Miyanishi
S
S
Akimoto
Y
Y
Ohnishi
D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000378:metabolism; D001414:Bacitracin / Q000494:pharmacology; D001711:Biotransformation; D013437:Carbon-Sulfur Lyases; D004247:DNA / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000494:pharmacology; D005966:Glucuronidase / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D007612:Kanamycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D008190:Lyases / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009355:Neomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D009601:Nitroreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D010761:Phosphorus Radioisotopes; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000378:metabolism*; D013307:Streptomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D014316:Tritium
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010761:Phosphorus Radioisotopes; D011721:Pyrenes; D014316:Tritium; C057066:1-nitropyrene-4,5-oxide; C057067:1-nitropyrene-9,10-oxide; D001414:Bacitracin; D007612:Kanamycin; D004247:DNA; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; D009601:Nitroreductases; D005966:Glucuronidase; D008190:Lyases; D013437:Carbon-Sulfur Lyases; C019969:S-alkylcysteine lyase; D005978:Glutathione; D009355:Neomycin; D013307:Streptomycin