Changes in cytokine production after measles virus vaccination: predominant production of IL-4 suggests induction of a Th2 response.
Immunization with live measles virus vaccine produces transient depression of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin test responses and mitogen-induced lymphoproliferation irrespective of the serostatus of the recipient of the vaccine. To investigate this immune suppression further we studied peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from adults before (N = 17) and at various times after (N = 34) immunization with measles virus vaccine. PHA-induced lymphoproliferation was decreased after vaccine and this was partly reversed by supplementation with rIL-2. There was no change in the proportion of PBMC that were CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, NK cells, or B cells as analyzed by flow cytometry. Supernatant fluids were collected from PBMC after 72 hr in culture. Analysis for cytokines after vaccination showed spontaneous production of high levels of IL-4 (vaccinees 99 +/- 23; controls 5.6 +/- 5.6 ng/ml, P = 0.031) and TNF alpha (vaccinees 140 +/- 45; controls 42 +/- 14 pg/ml, P = 0.072) accompanied by low levels of IFN-gamma (vaccinees 1.3 +/- 0.6; controls 14.3 +/- 10.1 U/ml), IL-1 alpha (vaccinees 111 +/- 22; controls 442 +/- 107 pg/ml, P = 0.0001), and PGE2 (vaccinees 75 +/- 39; controls 300 +/- 72 pg/ml, P = 0.048). Increased amounts of IL-4 were also produced after stimulation with PHA (vaccinees 140 +/- 25; controls 40 +/- 40 ng/ml, P = 0.013) while levels of IFN-gamma and soluble IL-2 receptor were similar to controls and levels of IL-1 alpha (vaccinees 443 +/- 67; controls 792 +/- 118 pg/ml, P = 0.026) remained low. Addition of rIL-2 had little effect on these cytokine levels. These data suggest that Th2 cells producing IL-4 are preferentially activated by measures vaccine and may contribute to the immunologic abnormalities associated with immunization for measles and possibly other viral infections.
Ward
B J
BJ
Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.
Griffin
D E
DE
D000328:Adult; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008297:Male; D008458:Measles Vaccine / Q000276:immunology*; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000276:immunology*; D014611:Vaccination
D016207:Cytokines; D008458:Measles Vaccine; D015847:Interleukin-4