Maternal mortality in rural and urban Zimbabwe: social and reproductive factors in an incident case-referent study.
A community-based incidence case-referent study was undertaken in a rural and an urban setting in Zimbabwe in order to define risk factors associated with maternal deaths at family, community, primary and referral health care levels. Referent subjects were drawn from place or area of delivery for each consecutive maternal death. Using a multiple source confidential reporting network for all maternal deaths, the maternal mortality rate for the rural setting was 168/100,000 live births and that for the urban setting was 85/100,000 live births. A model for interacting factors contributing to maternal mortality was designed. Haemorrhage and abortion sepsis were the major direct causes while malaria was the leading indirect cause in the rural setting. In the urban setting, eclampsia, abortion and puerperal sepsis were the leading causes of maternal deaths. It was found that all situations associated with diminished, or absent social support, that is, being single (Odds Ratio = 4.7, 95% CI = 2.2-9.8) divorced, widowed, one of several wives, cohabiting, or self-supporting carried an increased risk for maternal mortality, especially in the rural area. Income and level of education for index and referent subjects were comparable, probably because of the limited part of the population under study that belonged to a more affluent class. Distribution of cases and referents by religious-affiliation was also comparable. Age > 35 years and parity > 6 were significant risk factors for maternal mortality in the rural setting, whereas bad reproductive history with reported stillbirth or abortion constituted a high risk both in the city and in the rural areas (Odds Ratios 4-6).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Zimbabwe, Avondale, Harare.
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Mbizvo
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Fawcus
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Lindmark
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Nyström
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008423:Maternal Age; D008428:Maternal Mortality; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010298:Parity; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015030:Zimbabwe / Q000453:epidemiology