Etiology of eyelid retraction in children: a retrospective study.
Eyelid retraction in an adult occurs usually secondary to Graves' ophthalmopathy, but in children the diagnosis is often obscure. To our knowledge, there are no reports reviewing the relative frequency of the various etiologies of eyelid retraction in children. We reviewed the records of our Pediatric Service from 1976 to 1991 and identified 16 children with eyelid retraction. The eyelid retractions were unilateral in 11 cases and bilateral in five cases, and were the result of five different identifiable causes. Unilateral eyelid retraction was associated with congenital aberrant innervation of the third nerve (3), levator fibrosis (2), hemangioma (1), hyperthyroidism (1), craniosynostosis (1) and Down syndrome (1). Bilateral eyelid retraction was associated with either hyperthyroidism (2) or bilateral optic nerve anomalies with vertical nystagmus (2). Seven of our 11 patients with unilateral retraction had an identifiable etiology, and the remaining four patients had incomplete evaluations. Imaging studies were diagnostic in four of nine patients so studied. Based on our findings, we recommend thyroid studies in all patients with eyelid retraction without aberrant innervation, and neuroimaging if thyroid function is normal.
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles.
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Stout
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Borchert
D002675:Child, Preschool; D005141:Eyelid Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis; D006111:Graves Disease / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D006980:Hyperthyroidism / Q000150:complications; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000473:pathology; D009802:Oculomotor Nerve / Q000002:abnormalities; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000150:complications; D009918:Orbital Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies