Risk of otitis externa after swimming in recreational fresh water lakes containing Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
OBJECTIVE
To determine whether an outbreak of otitis externa was due to bathing in recreational fresh water lakes and to establish whether the outbreak was caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the water.


METHODS
Matched case-control study.


METHODS
The Achterhoek area, the Netherlands.


METHODS
98 cases with otitis externa and 149 controls matched for age, sex, and place of residence.


METHODS
Odds ratios for type of swimming water and frequency of swimming; presence of P aeruginosa in ear swabs and fresh water lakes.


RESULTS
Otitis externa was strongly associated with swimming in recreational fresh water lakes in the previous two weeks (odds ratio 15.5 (95% confidence interval) 4.9 to 49.2) compared with non-swimming). The risk increased with the number of days of swimming, and subjects with recurrent ear disease had a greatly increased risk. The lakes met the Dutch bathing water standards and those set by the European Commission for faecal pollution in the summer of 1994, but P aeruginosa was isolated from all of them, as well as from the ear swabs of 78 (83%) of the cases and 3 (4%) of the controls.


CONCLUSIONS
Even when current bathing water standards are met, swimming can be associated with a substantial risk of otitis externa because of exposure to P aeruginosa. People with recurrent ear disease should take special care when swimming in waters containing P aeruginosa.
van Asperen
I A
IA
National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthoven, Netherlands.
de Rover
C M
CM
Schijven
J F
JF
Oetomo
S B
SB
Schellekens
J F
JF
van Leeuwen
N J
NJ
Collé
C
C
Havelaar
A H
AH
Kromhout
D
D
Sprenger
M W
MW
D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005618:Fresh Water; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D010032:Otitis Externa / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013550:Swimming; D014871:Water Microbiology