Distribution and regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in murine adipose tissue in vivo. Induction by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and lipopolysaccharide.
Although elevated plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) is associated with obesity, very little is known about its tissue or cellular origin, or about the events that lead to increased PAI-1 levels under obese conditions. Since TNF-alpha is increased in rodents both during obesity and in response to endotoxin treatment, we examined the effects of these agents on PAI-1 gene expression in the adipose tissue of CB6 mice. In untreated mice, PAI-1 mRNA was detected in both mature adipocytes and in stromal vascular cells. Both TNF-alpha and endotoxin significantly increased PAI-1 mRNA in the adipose tissue, peaking at 3-8 h. In situ hybridization analysis of adipose tissue from untreated mice revealed a weak signal for PAI-1 mRNA only in the smooth muscle cells within the vascular wall. In contrast, after endotoxin or TNF-alpha treatment, PAI-1 mRNA also was detected in adipocytes and in adventitial cells of vessels. Endotoxin also induced PAI-1 in endothelial cells, while TNF-alpha additionally induced it in smooth muscle cells. Mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes in culture also expressed PAI-1 mRNA, and its rate of synthesis was also upregulated by TNF-alpha. These studies suggest that the adipose tissue itself may be an important contributor to the elevated PAI-1 levels observed in the plasma under obese conditions.
Samad
F
F
Scripps Research Institute, Department of Vascular Biology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
Yamamoto
K
K
Loskutoff
D J
DJ
D016475:3T3 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000737:chemistry; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*
D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha