Heart failure syndrome. Rationale for current drug treatment.
In the initial phase of heart failure, cardiac output and pressure are maintained by increasing sympathetic drive and by cell hypertrophy. Elevated end-diastolic volume, a reduced ejection fraction and a higher filling pressure also occur. Only in more severe heart failure, when cardiac output cannot be maintained, do symptoms appear which may vary between congestion, exercise intolerance, left ventricular dysfunction, arrhythmias or a combination of each. Drug treatment has principally two aims: first, to improve symptoms, second, to influence prognosis, which is very poor in advanced heart failure. Symptom improvement will also depend on whether the condition is acute, subacute or chronic heart failure. In the acute situation diuretics are normally the first choice of treatment, whereas in chronic heart failure the ACE inhibitors have proved themselves to be the drugs which most improve prognosis. The role of digitalis, still frequently used, remains unclear, and its importance will be revealed when the results of ongoing studies are announced.
Burkart
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Division of Cardiology, University Clinics, Kantonsspital Basel, Switzerland.
D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004071:Digitalis Glycosides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D004071:Digitalis Glycosides; D004232:Diuretics; D014665:Vasodilator Agents