Antifungal pulse therapy for onychomycosis. A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigation of monthly cycles of 1-week pulse therapy with itraconazole.
METHODS
In the treatment of onychomycosis, oral therapies have generally been given as a continuous-dosing regimen. For example, the suggested dose of itraconazole for the treatment of onychomycosis has thus far been 200 mg/d for 3 months. Based on the advances in our understanding of the pharmacokinetics of itraconazole, we investigated the efficacy and nail kinetics of intermittent pulse-dosing therapy with oral itraconazole in patients who were suffering from onychomycosis. Fifty patients with confirmed onychomycosis of the toenails, predominantly Trichophyton rubrum, were recruited and randomly assigned to three (n = 25) or four (n = 25) pulses of 1-week itraconazole therapy (200 mg twice daily for each month). Clinical and mycological evaluation of the infected toenails, and determination of the drug levels in the distal nail ends of the fingernails and toenails, were performed at the end of each month up to month 6 and then every 2 months up to 1 year.


RESULTS
In the three-pulse treatment group, the mean concentration of itraconazole in the distal ends of the toenails ranged from 67 (month 1) to 471 (month 6) ng/g, and in the distal ends of the fingernails, it ranged from 103 (month 1) to 424 (month 6) ng/g. At month 11, the drug was still present in the distal ends of the toenails at an average concentration of 186 ng/g. The highest individual concentrations of 1064 and 1166 ng/g were reached at month 6 for toenails and fingernails, respectively. At end-point follow-up, toenails in 84% of the patients were clinically cured with a negative potassium hydroxide preparation and culture in 72% and 80% of the patients, respectively. In the four-pulse treatment group, the mean concentration of itraconazole in the distal ends of the toenails ranged from 32 (month 1) to 623 (month 8) ng/g, and in the distal ends of the fingernails, it ranged from 42 (month 1) to 380 (month 6) ng/g. The highest individual concentrations of 1549 and 946 ng/g were reached at month 7 for toenails and at month 9 for fingernails, respectively. At month 12, the drug was still present in the distal ends of the toenails at an average concentration of 196 ng/g. At end-point follow-up, toenails in 76% of the patients were clinically cured with a negative potassium hydroxide preparation and culture in 72% and 80% of the patients, respectively. There were no significant intergroup differences between the three- and four-pulse treatment groups for the primary efficacy parameters. The drug was well tolerated with no significant side effects in either patient group.


CONCLUSIONS
Following pulse therapy with itraconazole (400 mg/d given for 1 week each month for 3 to 4 months), the drug has been detected in the distal ends of nails after the first pulse, and it has reached therapeutic concentrations with further therapy. After stopping the last pulse, the drug remains in the nail plate at levels above 300 ng/g for several months. Clinical cure rates between 76% and 84% and negative mycological examination findings between 72% and 80%, respectively, were observed in toenail onychomycosis. The data suggest that pulse therapy with itraconazole is an effective and safe treatment option for onychomycosis.
De Doncker
P
P
Department of Dermatology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
Decroix
J
J
Piérard
G E
GE
Roelant
D
D
Woestenborghs
R
R
Jacqmin
P
P
Odds
F
F
Heremans
A
A
Dockx
P
P
Roseeuw
D
D
D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005533:Foot Dermatoses / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D006229:Hand Dermatoses / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008297:Male; D009262:Nails / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D014009:Onychomycosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D014249:Trichophyton / Q000302:isolation & purification
D000935:Antifungal Agents; D017964:Itraconazole