The HMG-domain protein Ixr1 blocks excision repair of cisplatin-DNA adducts in yeast.
Ixr1 is a yeast HMG-domain protein which binds the major DNA adducts of the antitumor drug cisplatin. Previous work demonstrated that Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells lacking the IXR1 gene were two-fold less sensitive to cisplatin treatment than wild-type cells, and the present investigation reveals a six-fold difference in yeast having a different background. The possibility that the lower cytotoxicity of cisplatin in the ixr1 strain is the result of enhanced repair was investigated in rad1, rad2, rad4, rad6, rad9, rad10, rad14 and rad52 backgrounds. In three of the excision repair mutants, rad2, rad4 and rad14, the differential sensitivity caused by removing the Ixr1 protein was nearly abolished. This result demonstrates that the greater cisplatin resistance in the ixr1 strain is most likely a consequence of excision repair, supporting the theory that Ixr1 and other HMG-domain proteins can block repair of the major cisplatin-DNA adducts in vivo. The differential sensitivity of wild-type cells and those lacking Ixr1 persisted in the rad1 and rad10 strains, however, indicating that these two proteins act at a stage in the excision repair pathway where damage recognition is less critical. A model is proposed to account for these results, which is strongly supported recently identified functional roles for the rad excision repair gene products. A rad52 mutant was more sensitive to cisplatin than the RAD52 parental strain, which reveals that Rad52, a double-strand break repair protein, repairs cisplatin-DNA adducts, probably interstrand cross-links. A rad52 ixr1 strain was less sensitive to cisplatin than the rad52 IXR1 strain, consistent with Ixr1 not blocking repair of cisplatin adducts removed by Rad52 rad6 strains behaved similarly, except they were both substantially more sensitive to cisplatin. Interruption of the RAD9 gene, which is involved in DNA-damage-induced cell cycle arrest, had no affect on cisplatin cytotoxicity.
Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA.
M M
MM
McA'Nulty
S J
SJ
Lippard
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000502:physiology*; D045643:DNA Repair Enzymes; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics; D004706:Endodeoxyribonucleases; D004720:Endonucleases / Q000502:physiology; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D008025:Ligases / Q000502:physiology; D009153:Mutagens / Q000494:pharmacology; D009154:Mutation; D051721:Rad52 DNA Repair and Recombination Protein; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D029702:Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins; D015719:Single-Strand Specific DNA and RNA Endonucleases; D011503:Transglutaminases; D044763:Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D018736:DNA Adducts; D004271:DNA, Fungal; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins; C082364:IXR1 protein, S cerevisiae; D009153:Mutagens; C072975:RAD14 protein, S cerevisiae; C082463:RAD4 protein, S pombe; C497197:RAD52 protein, S cerevisiae; D051721:Rad52 DNA Repair and Recombination Protein; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D029702:Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins; C057270:cisplatin-DNA adduct; C073998:RAD2 protein, S cerevisiae; C069930:rad9 protein; D011503:Transglutaminases; C471606:RAD6 protein, S cerevisiae; D044763:Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes; D004706:Endodeoxyribonucleases; D004720:Endonucleases; C069266:RAD1 protein, S cerevisiae; C499354:rad1 protein, S pombe; C064162:RAD10 protein, S cerevisiae; D015719:Single-Strand Specific DNA and RNA Endonucleases; D008025:Ligases; D045643:DNA Repair Enzymes; D002945:Cisplatin