Stress signaling in yeast.
In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae three positive transcriptional control elements are activated by stress conditions: heat shock elements (HSEs), stress response elements (STREs) and AP-1 responsive elements (AREs). HSEs bind heat shock transcription factor (HSF), which is activated by stress conditions causing accumulation of abnormal proteins. STREs mediate transcriptional activation by multiple stress conditions. They are controlled by high osmolarity via the HOG signal pathway, which comprises a MAP kinase module and a two-component system homologous to prokaryotic signal transducers. AREs bind the transcription factor Yap1p. The three types of control elements seem to have overlapping, but distinct functions. Some stress proteins encoded by HSE-regulated genes are necessary for growth of yeast under moderate stress, products of STRE-activated genes appear to be important for survival under severe stress and ARE-controlled genes may mainly function during oxidative stress and in the response to toxic conditions, such as caused by heavy metal ions.
Ruis
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H
Vienna Biocenter, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University of Vienna, Austria.
Schüller
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C
D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000235:genetics
D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases