Factors associated with pain complaints in a clinical sample of postmenopausal women.
The aims of this study were to evaluate the relationships occurring between pain complaints and postmenopausal status, and to look at the correlation between such complaints and other symptoms commonly related to the climacterium. A clinical sample of 99 consecutive postmenopausal patients requiring medical help were studied: 36 complained of muscle-skeletal pains whereas 33 presented with headache limiting daily activity. Climacteric syndrome, level of distress, coping style and bone mineral density were assessed with appropriate questionnaires and instruments. Neither bone mineral density, nor body mass index nor time since menopause were associated with either headaches or muscle-skeletal pains. According to the logistic regression being younger, being without a job, suffering from insomnia and having a lower ability in self-support by the means of comforting ideas predicts suffering from headache. A high level of distress and an avoidance behavior to problem facing predict the presence of pain complaints. In such cases the ineffectiveness of the coping mechanism (i.e. avoid the problem) could be the reason for the increased level of psychological distress. These findings indicate that complaining of pains or headache is not dependent upon postmenopausal status. Individual coping strategies and their effectiveness seem the main reasons for the presence of disabling musculoskeletal pains or headache.
Bono
G
G
University Center for Adaptive Disorders and Headache-UCADH, University of Modena, Italy.
Neri
I
I
Granella
F
F
Genazzani
A R
AR
Facchinetti
F
F
D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D002979:Climacteric / Q000523:psychology*; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000523:psychology; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D011340:Problem Solving; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012803:Sick Role; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000523:psychology*