Predicting survival time for cold exposure.
The prediction of survival time (ST) for cold exposure is speculative as reliable controlled data of deep hypothermia are unavailable. At best, guidance can be obtained from case histories of accidental exposure. This study describes the development of a mathematical model for the prediction of ST under sedentary conditions in the cold. The model is based on steady-state heat conduction in a single cylinder comprised of a core and two concentric annular shells representing the fat plus skin and the clothing plus still boundary layer, respectively. The ambient condition can be either air or water; the distinction is made by assigning different values of insulation to the still boundary layer. Metabolic heat production (M) is comprised of resting and shivering components with the latter predicted by temperature signals from the core and skin. Where the cold expousure is too severe for M to balance heat loss, ST is largely determined by the rate of heat loss from the body. Where a balance occurs, ST is govedrned by the endurance time for shivering. End of survival is marked by the deep core temperature reacing a value of 30 degrees C. Th emodel was calibrated against survival data of cold water (0 to 20 degrees C) immersion and then applied to cold air exposure. A sampling of ST predictions for the nude exposure of an average healthy male in relatively calm air (1 km/h wind speed) are the following: 1.8, 2.5, 4.1, 9.0, and > 24 h for -30, -20, -10, 0 and 10 degrees C, respectively. With two layers of loose clothing (average thickness of 1 mm each) in a 5 km/h wind, STs are 4.0, 5.6, 8.6, 15.4, and > 24 h for -50, -40, -30, -20, and -10 degrees C. The predicted STS must be weighted against the extrapolative nature of the model. At present, it would be prudent to use the predictions in a relative sense, that is, to compare or rank-order predicted STs for various combinations of ambient conditions and clothing protection.
Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine, North York, Ontario, Canada.
P
P
Tikuisis
D000328:Adult; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003020:Clothing; D003081:Cold Climate / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008433:Mathematics; D008954:Models, Biological; D013997:Time Factors; D014919:Wind