3,5-Disubstituted analogues of paracetamol. Synthesis, analgesic activity and cytotoxicity.
Seven 3,5-disubstituted analogues of paracetamol were synthesised in order to compare their physicochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties with those of paracetamol (4'-hydroxyacetanilide, acetaminophen). Oxidation of the phenolic structure is likely involved in the analgesic action of paracetamol as well as in its toxification by cytochrome P450. The effect of disubstitution adjacent to the phenolic hydroxyl group was studied in order to establish possible structure-activity relationships. 3,5-Substituents with electron-donating capacities (R = -CH3, -OCH3, -SCH3) decreased the half-wave oxidation potential substantially by 0.07 V to 0.16 V, whereas electron-withdrawing substituents (R = -F, -Cl, -Br, or -I) increased the oxidation potential by 0.04 V to 0.06 V when compared to paracetamol. Electron-donating substituents (R = -CH3, -OCH3, -SCH3) increased the mouse brain cyclooxygenase inhibiting capacity of paracetamol. Electron-withdrawing halogen substituents (R = -F, -Cl, -Br or -I) decreased this inhibiting capacity. In agreement with this, the in vivo analgesic activity of the 3,5-dihalogenated analogues was lower when compared to paracetamol. Electron-donating substituents (R = -CH3, -OCH3, -SCH3) decreased the cytotoxicity of paracetamol, when measured as leakage of lactate dehydrogenase from freshly isolated rat hepatocytes, almost completely. Most 3,5-dihalogen substituents (R = -F, -Cl or -Br) diminished it slightly. The fourth electron-withdrawing substituent (R = -I) strongly lowered the cytotoxicity of paracetamol in this test system. In conclusion, a higher cycylooxygenase inhibitory potency of 3,5-disubstituted analogues of paracetamol seemed to correlate with a lower cytotoxicity. 3,5-Disubstituted analogues with electron-donating substituents might therefore be safer analgesics than paracetamol itself. The opposite probably applies to analogues of paracetamol with electron-withdrawing substituents at the 3- and 5- positions of the aromatic nucleus.
Bessems
J G
JG
Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacochemistry, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Gaisser
H D
HD
Te Koppele
J M
JM
Van Bennekom
W P
WP
Commandeur
J N
JN
Vermeulen
N P
NP
D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D051379:Mice; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D000082:Acetaminophen; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases