Intraindividual and interindividual differences in metabolites of the tobacco-specific lung carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in smokers' urine.
This study describes quantitation in smokers' urine of two metabolites of the tobacco-specific lung carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). The metabolites are 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), which is also a lung carcinogen, and its O-glucuronide (NNAL-Gluc), a presumed detoxification product of NNK. Using updated methodology, levels of NNAL, NNAL-Gluc, and cotinine were determined in the urine of 61 smokers. The NNAL-Gluc: NNAL ratio, a potential marker for NNK detoxification potential, varied 16-fold in this group. Two phenotypes of this ratio were apparent; one ranging from 0 to 6 and found in 85% of the smokers and a second ranging from 6 to 11. The short-term and long-term consistency of the ratio was investigated. Studies carried out over a 4-5 day period indicated that the NNAL-Gluc: NNAL ratio was reasonably stable. Subjects who donated urine samples on two occasions separated by 4-16 months were classified in the same group (ratio range, 0-6 or 6-11) each time. Different urine collection protocols appeared to have little influence on the NNAL-Gluc: ratio. Thus, intraindividual differences in the NNAL-Gluc:NNAL ratio were generally small, whereas interindividual differences were large. Amounts of NNAL, NNAL-Gluc, and cotinine excreted by smokers were constant in 24-h samples obtained over a 3-day period of constant cigarette intake and controlled diet. Levels of NNAL, NNAL-Gluc, and NNAL plus NNAL-Gluc correlated with cotinine in a study of 61 smokers without controlled diet or smoking (r = 0.58; P < 0.0001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Carmella
S G
SG
American Health Foundation, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA.
Akerkar
S A
SA
Richie
J P
JP
Hecht
S S
SS
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000378:metabolism*; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D005965:Glucuronates / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*
D002273:Carcinogens; D005965:Glucuronates; D009602:Nitrosamines; C016583:4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone; D003404:Creatinine; C099565:4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol; D003367:Cotinine