Iatrogenic serratus anterior paralysis. Long-term outcome in 26 patients.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the treatment, extent of recovery, and residual disability in 26 iatrogenic cases of serratus paralysis.


METHODS
Seventeen cases of serratus anterior paralysis had occurred following a local invasive procedure along the course of the long thoracic nerve, including seven first-rib resections, four mastectomies with axillary dissection, two scalenotomies, two surgical treatments of spontaneous pneumothorax, and two infraclavicular plexus anesthesia. Eight cases of paralysis had occurred after general anesthesia for patients who had undergone surgery for diverse clinical reasons. One case of paralysis occurred after spinal anesthesia. The length of sick leave, treatment with a shoulder brace, amount of physical therapy, long-term symptoms, and residual disability were evaluated from the medical records and from the questionnaire sent to the patients on average 6 years (range, 2 to 11 years) after the onset of the paralysis.


RESULTS
Despite comprehensive and lengthy treatment, all but one had residual symptoms, as well as limitations in the use of the affected limb. Twenty-one (81%) of the patients could not lift or pull heavy objects, 15 (58%) could not play sports, such as tennis or golf, and 14 (54%) found it impossible to work with hands above shoulder level.


CONCLUSIONS
Serratus anterior paralysis, following anesthesia or local invasive procedures on the anterolateral aspect of the thorax, may cause considerable and long-term dysfunction of the shoulder girdle and affect the function of the whole upper limb.
Orthopedic Hospital of the Invalid Foundation, Department of Hand Surgery, Helsinki, Finland.
L I
LI
Kauppila
M
M
Vastamäki
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000009:adverse effects; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000009:adverse effects; D001915:Braces; D002968:Clavicle / Q000294:innervation / Q000601:surgery; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000009:adverse effects; D008408:Mastectomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000601:surgery; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D010243:Paralysis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D011030:Pneumothorax / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012272:Ribs / Q000601:surgery; D018582:Sick Leave; D013900:Thoracic Nerves / Q000601:surgery; D013909:Thorax; D016896:Treatment Outcome