Acute viral hepatitis in Saudi Arabia: seroepidemiological analysis, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and evidence for a sixth hepatitis agent.
We conducted a prospective, descriptive cohort study of all 217 cases of acute viral hepatitis (AVH) seen in adults during 1992 at the sole hospitals with infectious disease departments in the second and third largest cities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In addition, we undertook a nested case-control study. Our goals were (1) to determine the causes, demographics, risk factors, and clinical characteristics of AVH in the Kingdom; (2) to evaluate the reliability of diagnostic tests for acute hepatitis C and E; and (3) to assess the relative importance, characteristics, and risk factors of a sixth hepatitis agent, non-A-E. All cases and controls completed a questionnaire. Cases provided blood samples for studies of serum bilirubin, alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, and antibody to hepatitis viruses as well as genome detection studies. The results of serological and molecular tests were used to categorize each case as hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, or non-A-E. Historical, clinical, and laboratory determinants were statistically analyzed by comparisons between groups with different types of AVH and controls. Analysis of risk factors suggested that hepatitis C and D were parenterally transmitted, while hepatitis A, E, and non-A-E were not; the route of transmission of hepatitis B was unclear. Hepatitis E was strongly associated with living or traveling on the Indian subcontinent. The clinical disease caused by all six agents was indistinguishable. The putative sixth agent caused 13% of cases. The second-generation tests for antibody to HCV and HEV were relatively reliable for the diagnosis of AVH.
Department of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care, College of Medicine and Allied Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
T M
TM
Ghabrah
G T
GT
Stickland
S
S
Tsarev
P
P
Yarbough
P
P
Farci
R
R
Engle
S
S
Emerson
R
R
Purcell
D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000175:diagnosis; D016751:Hepatitis E / Q000175:diagnosis; D006518:Hepatitis Viruses / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006525:Hepatitis, Viral, Human / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012698:Serologic Tests