Targets of therapy for NIDDM.
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) is a common multimetabolic disorder with potential (and potentially severe) long-term complications affecting large and small blood vessels. Where microvascular complications (retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy) are concerned, the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), as well as much circumstantial evidence, suggests that hyperglycaemia is the main aetiological factor and this is likely to apply in NIDDM as well as IDDM. Unfortunately, achieving normoglycaemia in NIDDM is not easy and it is unclear whether insulin has advantages over oral hypoglycaemic agents or vice versa. Turning to macrovascular disease, it is unclear which of the many potentially atherogenic abnormalities-hypertension, hyperinsulinaemia, hyperlipidaemia, etc-are most important. A further problem is that macrovascular disease is already well developed in many patients when NIDDM is diagnosed and we do not know whether secondary prevention is effective. Nevertheless, it is sensible to try to reverse the atherogenic milieu and this should be done in the first instance by lifestyle modification rather than drugs. Even if we cannot manipulate the biochemistry to prevent small or large vessel complications, much can still be done; proactive foot care can prevent ulceration, timely laser treatment can prevent visual loss and thrombolytic therapy is relatively more effective in diabetic patients with myocardial infarction than in their non-diabetic peers. Finally, patients with NIDDM need intensive education and each needs an individualised treatment plan and goals.
Diabetes Unit, University Hospital, Nottingham, UK.
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Tattersall
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000628:therapy*; D016523:Foot Ulcer / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D016312:Treatment Refusal