The cultural context of anxiety disorders.
About a century ago, George Crile, a surgeon and experimental physiologist, suggested that the meaning of pain could be discovered in the context of evolution. Pain is a signal of a physical injury that would be otherwise ignored by the individual, a form of ignorance that would ultimately have mortal consequences. Crile believed that pain has a second purpose, that has important implications for how psychiatry now understands the emotions, specifically fear and anxiety. In essence, he suggested that fear is the memory of pain, and its adaptive advantage is that it enables individuals to anticipate and avoid injury. Fear-as-memory could be acquired either through individual experience (learned fear) or through species experience (instinctive fear). Among other things, this conception of pain and fear explained why surgical shock (from physical injury) and nervous shock (induced by fear or fright) appeared, at times, to provoke a similar physiologic response--a phenomenon first commented on by the British surgeon, Herbert Page. With this simple grammar, injury-pain-fear, Page and Crile laid the foundations for the modern concept of psychogenic trauma, extending the old idea of "trauma," meaning a wound or physical injury, to include psychological experiences and processes. The modern conception was completed by Freud, by connecting one more emotional state, anxiety. If fear is not simply a memory of pain but a memory that is bound to stimuli in the here-and-now, then anxiety is memory set loose. Put in other words, anxiety is the capacity to imagine pain and not merely to recollect pain. From the time of Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1919), anxiety took on a life of its own, so to speak, no longer part of the constellation of emotions and experiences identified by Page and Crile. Without an external object toward which to direct itself, fear becomes anxiety--a state of nervous anticipation of the unknown, of what is hidden in the shadows or penumbra of awareness. Anxiety is not a vector directed toward a threatening object or event in the environment but is situated in the person's own bodily experience, the workings of the mind, the Cartesian theater of self-representation. As an experience and event located entirely within the psyche, to be mastered by asserting a strong ego, reflections on anxiety became one of the self-constituting experiences of the Western concept of the person. In contemporary psychiatry, the constellation of injury, pain, fear, anxiety, memory, and imagination would seem to live on mainly in the context of traumatogenic anxiety and PTSD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Kirmayer
L J
LJ
Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Young
A
A
Hayton
B C
BC
D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011570:Psychiatry; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000209:etiology