Optimization of radiographic technique for chest radiography.
Over 1500 patients undergoing chest radiography in the West Midlands have been monitored for entrance surface doses using lithium borate thermoluminescent dosemeters. In total 63 X-ray tubes were monitored from 30 hospital departments. The mean patient entrance surface dose is 0.15 mGy, and the 75th percentile entrance surface dose is 0.18 mGy. A reference level of 0.18 mGy has been recommended for PA chest radiography in the West Midlands. Image quality has been assessed on patient radiographs. Departmental radiologists were responsible for assessing radiographs taken within their hospital. Independent analysis was performed by a control radiologist. Film-screen processor sensitivity has been assessed on 48 film-screen processor combinations. Significant differences were observed between the nominally quoted sensitivities and the measured sensitivities. Only 26% of systems produced measured sensitivities within 10% of the nominal values. A four variable regression model, explaining 78% of the variance, provided the best description for the variation in patient dose. These variables were actual sensitivity, applied potential, generator waveform and radiographic quality. Four recommendations have been made to lower patient doses; these are: (1) an increase in applied potential to a minimum of 90 kVp; (2) a film-screen sensitivity of 400; (3) optimization of processor performance and (4) regular radiological audits to reduce repeat rates to a level of 5%. If all of these recommendations are followed, an estimated overall entrance surface dose saving of 53% would result. Changing the applied potential alone will see the variation in the mean entrance surface dose from non-gridded systems reduce from a factor of 4 to a factor of 2.
RRPPS, Birmingham Medical Physics Service, West Midlands, UK.
H M
HM
Warren-Forward
J S
JS
Millar
D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects