Identification of children at risk for lead poisoning: an evaluation of routine pediatric blood lead screening in an HMO-insured population.
OBJECTIVE
To estimate the prevalence of elevated blood lead levels in children receiving well-care checkups; and to evaluate the effectiveness of certain key risk factors in detecting children at higher risk for elevated blood lead levels.


METHODS
Cross-sectional study.


METHODS
Two facilities of the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program (KPMCP) health maintenance organization (HMO), northern California region.


METHODS
Six hundred thirty-six children, aged 12 to 60 months, who were seen at four KPMCP facilities in two subregions for a well-care checkup from September 1991 through August 1992.


METHODS
Blood samples were collected from each child and analyzed for lead content. Participating parents completed a questionnaire that included questions recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) about the child's and the parents' lead exposure via home, workplace, and hobbies.


RESULTS
Ninety-six percent of the children had blood lead levels under 10 micrograms/dL. Blood lead levels declined with increasing age and were higher for black children compared with whites. Age of residential housing, mother's education, and residence in an old house with peeling paint had low sensitivity and positive predictive value for identifying children with blood lead levels over 10 micrograms/dL.


CONCLUSIONS
Universal routine screening for elevated blood lead levels in children in an employed, HMO-insured population is not warranted on grounds of prevalence. Responses to CDC questions do not effectively identify high-risk children in this population.
University of California, School of Medicine, Department of Community Health, Davis 95616, USA.
M N
MN
Haan
M
M
Gerson
B A
BA
Zishka
D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood*; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000097:blood* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D008487:Medical History Taking / Q000592:standards; D015995:Prevalence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards
D007854:Lead