Stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients. Resolving discordant meta-analyses.
OBJECTIVE
To resolve discrepancies in previous systematic overviews and provide estimates of the effect of stress ulcer prophylaxis on gastrointestinal bleeding, pneumonia, and mortality in critically ill patients.


METHODS
Computerized search of published and unpublished research, bibliographies, pharmaceutical and personal files, and conference abstract reports.


METHODS
Independent review of 269 articles identified 63 relevant randomized trials for inclusion.


METHODS
We made independent, duplicate assessment of the methodologic quality, population, intervention, and outcomes of each trial.


RESULTS
The source of discrepancies between prior meta-analyses included incomplete identification of relevant studies, differential inclusion of non-English language and nonrandomized trials, different definitions of bleeding, provision of additional information through direct correspondence with authors, and different statistical methods. The current overview demonstrates that prophylaxis with histamine2-receptor antagonists decreases the incidence of overt gastrointestinal bleeding (odds ratio [OR], 0.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.42 to 0.79) and clinically important bleeding (OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.22 to 0.88). There is a trend toward decreased overt bleeding when antacids are compared with no therapy (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.37 to 1.17). Histamine2-receptor antagonists and antacids are associated with a trend toward lower clinically important bleeding rates than sucralfate is. There is a trend toward an increased risk of pneumonia associated with histamine2-receptor antagonists as compared with no prophylaxis (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 0.78 to 2.00). Sucralfate is associated with a lower incidence of nosocomial pneumonia when compared with antacids (OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.56 to 1.15) and histamine2-receptor antagonists (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.60 to 1.01). Sucralfate is also associated with a reduced mortality rate (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.97) relative to antacids and to histamine2-receptor antagonists (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.63 to 1.09).


CONCLUSIONS
Our results emphasize the need for registries to include all randomized trials and demonstrate the importance of explicit methodology for systematic reviews. There is strong evidence of reduced clinically important gastrointestinal bleeding with histamine2-receptor antagonists. Sucralfate may be as effective in reducing bleeding as gastric pH-altering drugs and is associated with lower rates of pneumonia and mortality. However, the data are insufficient to determine the net effect of sucralfate compared with no prophylaxis.
Cook
D J
DJ
Department of Medicine, McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Reeve
B K
BK
Guyatt
G H
GH
Heyland
D K
DK
Griffith
L E
LE
Buckingham
L
L
Tryba
M
M
D000863:Antacids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003422:Critical Care; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000401:mortality*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013392:Sucralfate / Q000627:therapeutic use*
D000863:Antacids; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists; D013392:Sucralfate