title: Skeletal muscle ventricles in circulation: decreased incidence of rupture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Skeletal muscle ventricles (SMVs) are muscular pumping chambers constructed for cardiac assist. Skeletal muscle ventricles can be connected to the circulation in a variety of configurations for both left and right heart assist; when connected to the aorta and stimulated to contract during diastole, they function in a similar fashion as an intraaortic balloon pump.
  
  
  METHODS
  Skeletal muscle ventricles were constructed in 18 dogs using the left latissimus dorsi muscle. In 10 of these dogs (group 1), the inner surface of the SMV was lined with autogenous pericardium obtained at the time of construction of the SMV. For the remaining 8, the SMVs were lined by fibrous tissue that forms in reaction to the synthetic mandrel around which the latissimus muscle is wrapped. After the muscles were electrically conditioned to a fatigue-resistant state, the mandrels were removed from the SMVs and the SMVs were connected to the descending thoracic aorta with a specially constructed base cap and two polytetrafluoroethylene conduits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial hemodynamic recordings revealed that the mean diastolic blood pressure increased by 24.7% in group 1 and by 29.8% in group 2. Diastolic augmentation was well maintained over time; augmentation in surviving group 1 animals was 30.0% after 18 months of pumping continuously in circulation. Long-term survival was greater in the dogs whose SMVs were constructed using an inner pericardial lining. At 90 days in circulation, 60% of the dogs in group 1 were alive with functioning SMVs, whereas only 13% of the dogs in group 2 were alive. The incidence of SMV rupture in the fibrouslined SMVs was 63%, whereas the incidence in the pericardial-lined SMVs was 0%. No evidence of thromboembolism occurred in either group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lining the inner surface of an SMV with pericardium appears to provide structural integrity, which helps to prevent the complication of SMV rupture in this model of cardiac assist.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Isoda
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: H O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: L W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Stephenson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000601:surgery*; D018421:Cardiomyoplasty; D015908:Counterpulsation; D004285:Dogs; D006439:Hemodynamics; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000637:transplantation*; D010496:Pericardium / Q000637:transplantation; D012421:Rupture