title: Determinants of the extremes of outcome in schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although poor prognosis has been considered a defining characteristic of schizophrenia, long-term studies show marked heterogeneity of outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Assessments of positive and negative symptoms, premorbid and current IQ, and months of in-patient care made in an outcome study of 342 schizophrenic patients were categorised by severity. Determinants of these categorisations were sought from the historical variables available, using analysis of variance. Vignettes of patients with the best and worst symptomatic outcomes were then compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Negative symptoms were associated with early onset, male sex and poor academic record. Positive symptoms were associated with occupational decline. Cognitive decline was associated with occupational variables, and in-patient care with academic and occupational variables. The vignettes showed that good outcome was associated with family psychiatric history and poor outcome with unavailability of family history.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings support the view that the most malignant form of schizophrenia is neurodevelopmental, but poor outcome was clearly associated with family fragmentation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital.
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Johnstone
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Frith
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Owens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004522:Educational Status; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012050:Rehabilitation, Vocational / Q000523:psychology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000534:rehabilitation; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome