title: Design elements of professional ethics courses.
abstract: Optometrists face ethical dilemmas daily in the practice of their profession. Students training to become optometrists also face ethical dilemmas, some of which are unique in their role as students. The focus on ethical practice has been heightened by the increasing scope of optometric practice, the greater demand of society for professional accountability, the greater diversity of membership and viewpoints, the decrease in available dollars for health care delivery, and the conflicting roles of ophthalmology and opticianry with optometry. These factors have led to the addition or expansion of professional ethics courses in optometry programs. This paper examines the difficulties inherent in defining professional ethics and designing ethics courses. Curricular issues are examined, including course objectives, instructors, content, evaluation, timetabling, teaching strategies, student assessment, and resource implications. Much of the research in this area has been done in medical education. Although the content of ethical dilemmas encountered by medical students and physicians may not be applicable to optometry, the process by which they learn to approach the dilemmas is the same.
authors.affiliation: School of Optometry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Spafford
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Strong
mesh_terms: D003479:Curriculum / Q000592:standards*; D004995:Ethics, Professional / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D009907:Optometry / Q000193:education*; D013663:Teaching