title: The heart and vascular changes in hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review present knowledge on the causes of cardiovascular changes in hypertension and on the effects of antihypertensive treatment.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The clinical manifestations of hypertensive heart disease have changed considerably in recent decades, from predominantly cardiac failure to predominantly left ventricular hypertrophy, which is an independent risk factor for all cardiovascular events. This change parallels the recent development of ultrasonic devices which make it possible to investigate the vessels as well as the heart. These devices have shown that there are different types of cardiac remodeling, which are associated with different hemodynamic profiles.
  Recent studies have shown that antihypertensive treatment, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, can significantly reduce left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients without jeopardizing the hemodynamic balance. However, hypertensive vessel disease has been less extensively investigated, with many studies concentrating on the carotid arteries. There appears to be a correlation between cardiac and carotid artery changes but so far there is no information on the effects of the antihypertensive treatment on the carotid alterations.
authors.affiliation: Ospedale S. Luca, Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Centro Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leonetti
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cuspidi
mesh_terms: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000187:drug effects; D005352:Fibromuscular Dysplasia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents