title: Anorexia, cachexia, and dysphagia: the symptom experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the symptoms of anorexia, cachexia, and dysphagia and to provide information on nutritional assessment and interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published studies of anorexia, cachexia, and dysphagia, research abstracts, and review articles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anorexia, cachexia, and dysphagia can cause severe alterations in nutrition in cancer patients that may lead to irreversible nutritional compromise and death. Nursing research must focus on symptom management of these three symptoms, the needs of the patient and family, and the impact of dysphagia on quality of life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Assessment, objective evaluation, pharmacological interventions, and nutritional counseling are important interventions for patients with anorexia and cachexia. Swallowing therapy, food intake adjustments, oral hygiene, and supportive care are important measures needed by the patient with dysphagia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing Research and Education, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rivera
mesh_terms: D000855:Anorexia / Q000209:etiology / Q000451:nursing; D002100:Cachexia / Q000209:etiology / Q000451:nursing; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000451:nursing; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D015399:Nursing Research; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009910:Oral Hygiene