title: Environment of the preimplantation human embryo in vivo: metabolite analysis of oviduct and uterine fluids and metabolism of cumulus cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the levels of metabolites surrounding the human oocyte and embryo in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oviduct and uterine fluids were collected throughout the menstrual cycle. Cumulus cells were collected at oocyte retrieval and their production of metabolites was assessed. Samples were analyzed for pyruvate, lactate, and glucose by microfluorimetry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Luminal fluids were collected from naturally cycling patients at the time of routine clinical investigation. Patient consent and hospital ethics approval were obtained for this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pyruvate in the oviduct did not vary with the day of cycle, the mean value was 0.24 mM. Lactate and glucose concentrations varied with the day of cycle; lactate increasing from 4.87 mM in the follicular phase to 10.50 mM at the time of ovulation, whereas glucose decreased from 3.11 mM in the follicular phase to 0.50 mM midcycle and subsequently increased to 2.32 mM in the luteal phase. The concentrations of pyruvate, lactate, and glucose in uterine fluid remained constant throughout the cycle (0.10, 5.87, and 3.15 mM, respectively). All metabolite concentrations in uterine fluid were significantly different from those in the oviduct midcycle. Cumulus cells readily consumed glucose in vitro, with lactate being the major metabolite produced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that lactate and glucose concentrations in the oviduct change with day of cycle and that the human embryo is exposed to different metabolite concentrations as it passes along the tract. Furthermore, cumulus cells readily consume glucose, producing lactate. Therefore, the early human embryo is exposed to low glucose and high lactate levels in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Calderon
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leeton
mesh_terms: D001826:Body Fluids / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D010064:Embryo Implantation; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000378:metabolism*; D005187:Fallopian Tubes; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007773:Lactates / Q000378:metabolism; D019344:Lactic Acid; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011773:Pyruvates / Q000378:metabolism; D019289:Pyruvic Acid; D014599:Uterus
chemical_list: D007773:Lactates; D011773:Pyruvates; D019344:Lactic Acid; D019289:Pyruvic Acid; D005947:Glucose