title: Prostate-specific antigen in mass screening for carcinoma of the prostate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has various advantages over prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) as a marker for prostate cancer, but its role in prostate cancer mass screening remains controversial. We measured serum PSA in addition to serum PAP determination and digital rectal examination (DRE) in our mass screening program to assess the usefulness of PSA for prostate cancer mass screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum PSA and PAP measurements and DRE were performed in 1249 patients in mass screening for carcinoma of the prostate in 1989 and 1990. Thirteen cancers were diagnosed. We calculated the mean plus standard deviations (2SD) of the PSA and PAP values of men without cancer, and assessed the usefulness of PSA for prostate cancer screening by using these figures as the upper limit of normal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number positive for PSA, PAP and DRE were 39, 36 and 48, respectively. If our screening had been performed without DRE, three cancers would have remained undetected, and the number would have been the same if performed without PSA. If the screening had been performed without PAP, on the other hand, no cancers would have remained undetected. The sensitivities of PSA and PAP were 54% and 23%, respectively. The screening detection rate with DRE and PSA was 0.88%, and with DRE and PAP was 0.64%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measurement of serum PSA values with adjustment of the cut-off value was considered more useful than PAP in mass screening for prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Gunma Cancer Center, Ota, Japan.
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Satoh
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Imai
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamanaka
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D010808:Physical Examination; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012007:Rectum; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000135:Acid Phosphatase; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen