title: Why are most drowning victims men? Sex differences in aquatic skills and behaviors.
abstract: Men have higher drowning rates than women for most age groups. Data from a 1991 national household survey (n = 3042) on aquatic activities were used to examine hypotheses about differential drowning rates by sex. Men and women were compared by (1) exposure to aquatic environments; (2) frequency of aquatic activities involving or potentially involving, submersion; (3) swimming training and ability; (4) aquatic risk-taking behaviors; and (5) alcohol use on or near the water. Men had elevated risks for exposure, risk taking, and alcohol use. It was concluded that several factors contribute to their relatively high drowning rates, including a possible interaction between overestimation of abilities and heavy alcohol use.
authors.affiliation: Social and Behavioral Sciences Department, Boston University School of Public Health, MA 02118, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Howland
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hingson
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Mangione
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bak
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D004332:Drowning / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012306:Risk; D012309:Risk-Taking; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013550:Swimming / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology