title: Transmission of hepatitis B virus to multiple patients from a surgeon without evidence of inadequate infection control.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although about 1 percent of surgeons are infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), transmission from surgeons to patients is thought to be uncommon. In July 1992, a 47-year-old woman became ill with acute hepatitis B after undergoing a thymectomy in which a thoracic-surgery resident who had had acute hepatitis B six months earlier assisted.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine whether the surgeon transmitted HBV to this patient and others, we conducted chart reviews, interviews, and serologic testing of thoracic-surgery patients at the two hospitals where the surgeon worked from July 1991 to July 1992. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) subtypes and DNA sequences from the surgeon and from infected patients were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 144 susceptible patients in whose surgery the infected surgeon participated, 19 had evidence of recent HBV infection (13 percent). One of the hospitals was selected for additional study, and none of the 124 susceptible patients of the other thoracic surgeons at this hospital had evidence of recent HBV infection (relative risk, infinity; 95 percent confidence interval, 4.7 to infinity). No evidence was found for any common source of HBV other than the infected surgeon. The HBsAg subtype and the partial HBV DNA sequences from the surgeon were identical to those in the infected patients. Transmission of the infection was associated with cardiac transplantation (relative risk, 4.9; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.5 to 15.5) but not with other surgical procedures. The surgeon was positive for hepatitis B e antigen and had a high serum HBV DNA concentration (15 ng per milliliter). Our investigations identified no deficiencies in the surgeon's infection-control practices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this outbreak there was surgeon-to-patient HBV transmission despite apparent compliance with recommended infection-control practices. We could not identify any specific events that led to transmission.
authors.affiliation: Hepatitis Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harpaz
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Von Seidlein
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Averhoff
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Tormey
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kotsopoulou
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cherry
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Shapiro
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D017053:Infection Control / Q000592:standards; D017757:Infectious Disease Transmission, Professional-to-Patient; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008297:Male; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013903:Thoracic Surgery; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens