title: Analysis of prostate and seminal vesicle motion: implications for treatment planning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify prostate and seminal vesicle positional changes (target motion) between treatment planning and delivery, and to identify the factors contributing to target motion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate were prospectively evaluated by analyzing two sequential planning computerized tomography (CT) scans (S1, obtained prior to treatment, and S2, obtained during the fourth week of treatment) for each patient. All anatomical volumes of interest (soft tissue and bony) were reconstructed from transverse CT images and projected onto anterior and lateral beam's-eye view projections. Positional changes between S1 and S2 were eliminated by applying a rigid body translation and rotation. Target motion was then measured by recording the positional change between S1 and S2 at the edges (right, left, superior, inferior). Potential correlation of target motion with bladder volume, rectal volume, and rectal diameter changes were evaluated by linear regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither the prostate nor seminal vesicles remained fixed with respect to bony anatomy between S1 and S2. The distribution of positional changes were generally small (< 0.5 cm), but maximum displacements of 1.5-2.2 cm did occur, particularly in the lateral view. In this study, bladder volume changes between the scans were small and did not correlate with target motion (P = 0.67). Both rectal volume and rectal diameter changes correlated with target motion for both the prostate (p = 0.004 and 0.005, respectively) and seminal vesicles (p < 0.001 and < 0.001, respectively). However, neither the initial rectal volume nor the initial rectal diameter could be used to predict subsequent target motion when evaluated either singly or as part of a multiple regression model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Target motion occurs during the course of treatment planning and delivery and should be considered when designing conformal radiation fields. Although the target position at the time of planning CT may differ substantially from the mean treatment position, target motion cannot be predicted by evaluating simply measured parameters from a single scan, or double scan sequence.
authors.affiliation: Joint Center for Radiation Therapy, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Beard
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kijewski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bussière
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gelman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gladstone
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shaffer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Plunkett
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Castello
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Coleman
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D012007:Rectum / Q000502:physiology; D012669:Seminal Vesicles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000502:physiology