title: Trade-offs between survival and breast preservation for three initial treatments of ductal carcinoma-in-situ of the breast.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the trade-offs between survival and breast preservation of currently accepted approaches for ductal carcinoma-in-situ (DCIS) of the breast.
  
  
  METHODS
  Decision analysis was performed using the Markov model of hypothetical cohorts of 55-year-old white women with nonpalpable mammographic abnormalities found to be DCIS. Strategies were breast-conserving surgery (BCS), BCS with 50-Gy radiation (RT) or initial mastectomy. Recurrence rates were derived from the published literature. Main outcomes were overall, breast cancer-free, and event-free survival plus years of both breasts preserved.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the conditions defined in this model, the actuarial survival rates at 10 and 20 years were 91.7% and 74.1% for the initial mastectomy strategy, 91.0% and 72.1% for BCS plus RT, and 89.6% and 68.2% for BCS alone. At 20 years, the initial mastectomy strategy also had a greater breast cancer-free survival rate of 74.5%, compared with 63.3% for BCS plus RT, or 46.8% for BCS alone. However, BCS alone had the highest survival rate with both breasts preserved (64.2%) compared with BCS plus RT (56.0%) or initial mastectomy (0%). Of the breast-conserving strategies at 20 years, the breast event-free survival rate (no invasive cancer or DCIS) was greater for BCS plus RT (47.2%) compared with BCS alone (28.4%). Using just survival as the primary end point, mastectomy is the optimal strategy by a small margin. However, if quality-adjusted survival is at issue, mastectomy is the choice only if the yearly reduction in quality of life due to mastectomy is less than 1%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BCS with or without radiation compared with mastectomy as initial management of DCIS of the breast trades a slight decrease in survival rates for the value of breast preservation. This model should aid clinicians in matching treatments to their patients' preferences.
authors.affiliation: Massey Cancer Center, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0170, USA.
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Hillner
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Desch
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Esserman
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Bear
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D008408:Mastectomy; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000517:prevention & control; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000517:prevention & control; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D011788:Quality of Life; D011859:Radiography; D015996:Survival Rate