title: Cosmetic denervation of the muscles of facial expression with botulinum toxin. A dose-response study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Botulinum toxin has been used for facial hemispasm, strabismus, and blepharospasm. Recently it has been advocated to treat the frown lines. We have extended this program to treatment of other muscles of facial expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Botulinum toxin is injected into the muscles of facial expression in two or three sessions to produce a temporary loss of muscle tone. A standard method of cooling, injection, and compression was developed to minimize pain and bruising.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To complete a dose-response study to document the optimum timing and amount of toxin needed for each muscle group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two to five Botulinum toxin units per muscle was as adequate as higher doses. Toxin that was reconstituted 30 days earlier produced the same loss of muscle tone as freshly mixed toxin. With two or three injection sessions loss of muscle tone lasted for up to 1 year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Botulinum toxin is highly effective as an adjuvant therapy for facial rejuvenation. This minor surgical procedure can temporarily reduce the lines on the upper face and produce a pleasing effect. With proper dosing and dilution this rejuvenation program becomes cost effective.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Fulton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005149:Facial Expression; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000294:innervation*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009121:Muscle Denervation / Q000379:methods; D015595:Skin Aging
chemical_list: D001905:Botulinum Toxins