title: Poly(vinyl chloride) formulations: acute toxicity to cultured human cell lines.
abstract: Two quantitative cytotoxicity assay methods (cytoplasmic retention of carboxyfluorescein and mitochondrial cleavage of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT)) have been used to evaluate the response of two cultured human cell lines; HepG2 (hepatoma) and W138va13 (transformed lung fibroblasts) to extracts of a range of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) formulations. Two plasticizers; di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and di-isooctyl phthalate and a range of tin and non-tin stabilizers were incorporated in the study. Only those formulations containing both a plasticizer and a tin-based stabilizer produced extracts which were toxic. Extracts of those formulations which contained both plasticizer and dibutyl tin dimaleate stabilizer were toxic to both cell lines in both assay methods. Extracts of a formulation containing plasticizer and a dioctyl tin mercaptide were toxic to both cell lines in the carboxyfluorescein assay but were only toxic to the WI38va13 cells in the MTT assay. The WI38va13 cells were generally more sensitive to the extracts than the HepG2 cells. When serial dilutions of the extracts were evaluated, the carboxyfluorescein assay proved to be the more sensitive of the two. The acute toxicity of extracts of these PVC formulations cannot be directly attributed to the plasticizers or to the tin stabilizers. It is likely that a synergistic mechanism, such as plasticizer facilitated extraction of the tin stabilizer, exists.
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Unit, Wolfson Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Blass
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Courtney
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Barbenel
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000473:pathology; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed / Q000187:drug effects; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D008422:Materials Testing; D009947:Organotin Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D010968:Plasticizers / Q000633:toxicity; D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D009947:Organotin Compounds; D010968:Plasticizers; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride; C022616:thiazolyl blue