NIH consensus conference. Cochlear implants in adults and children.
OBJECTIVE
To provide clinicians and other health care providers with a current consensus on the benefits, limitations, and technical and safety issues that need to be considered in the use of cochlear implants.


METHODS
A nonfederal, nonadvocate, 14-member consensus panel representing the fields of otolaryngology, audiology, speech-language pathology, pediatrics, psychology, and education, and including a public representative. In addition, 24 experts in auditory anatomy and physiology, otolaryngology, audiology, aural rehabilitation, education, speech-language pathology, and bioengineering presented data to the consensus panel and a conference audience of 650.


METHODS
The literature was searched through MEDLINE and an extensive bibliography of references was provided to the panel and the conference audience. Experts prepared abstracts with relevant citations from the literature. Scientific evidence was given precedence over clinical anecdotal experience.


METHODS
The panel, answering predefined consensus questions, developed its conclusions based on the scientific evidence presented in open forum and the scientific literature.


METHODS
The panel composed a draft statement that was read in its entirety and circulated to the experts and the audience for comment. Thereafter, the panel resolved conflicting recommendations and released a revised statement at the end of the conference. The panel finalized the revisions within a few weeks after the conference.


CONCLUSIONS
Cochlear implantation improves communication ability in most adults with severe-to-profound deafness and frequently leads to positive psychological and social benefits as well. Currently, children at least 2 years old and adults with profound deafness are candidates for implantation. Cochlear implant candidacy should be extended to adults with severe hearing impairment and open-set sentence discrimination that is less than or equal to 30% in the best-aided condition. Access to optimal education and (re)habilitation services is important for adults and is critical for children to maximize the benefits available from cochlear implantation.
D000328:Adult; D001309:Auditory Threshold; D002648:Child; D003054:Cochlear Implants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000523:psychology / Q000639:trends; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006801:Humans; D018579:Patient Selection; D012449:Safety; D013060:Speech