title: Surgical treatment of renal cell carcinoma extending into the vena cava.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Renal cell carcinoma has a tendency to invade the vasculature and the prognostic implications of intravena caval tumor thrombectomy remains controversial. We reviewed our clinical experience with RCC patients who underwent tumor thrombectomy and radical nephrectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surgery was carried out in 13 renal cell carcinoma patients with inferior vena cava extension over the past seven years. Diagnosis of intracaval tumor extension and thrombus formation was made by imaging techniques including ultrasonography and computed tomography. Cavography and magnetic resonance imaging were also performed in some cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The level of the tumor thrombus was infrahepatic (V2a) in nine cases and retrohepatic (V2b) in four. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging were extremely useful in defining the extent of the thrombus in addition to detecting its presence. The caval thrombi were reached simply by ligation and division of the short hepatic veins in the V2a cases, but liver mobilization was required in the V2b cases. There were no operative deaths. Two patients who had metastases on surgery died of the disease eight and 13 months after surgery. Four of the 11 patients in whom no evidence of metastasis was found on surgery also died of the disease between nine and 16 months postoperatively. The remaining seven patients are still alive at periods of 6-74 months after surgery, with or without residual tumors. The nature of the intracaval tumor thrombi seems to affect the overall prognosis for survival. Elevated levels of acute phase reactants and immunosuppressive acidic protein were associated with short survival times.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our experience suggests that aggressive surgery should be considered in selected patients with non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma extending into the vena cava.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujioka
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogiu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsushita
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishikura
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanji
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okamoto
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000097:blood; D009392:Nephrectomy; D011379:Prognosis; D017131:Thrombectomy; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; C030193:immunosuppressive acidic protein