title: Access to adult liver transplantation in Canada: a survey and ethical analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the substantive and procedural criteria used for placing patients on the waiting list for liver transplantation and for allocating available livers to patients on the waiting list; to identify principal decision-makers and the main factors limiting liver transplantation in Canada; and to examine how closely cadaveric liver allocation resembles theoretic models of source allocation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mailed survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical directors of all seven Canadian adult liver transplantation centres, or their designates. Six of the questionnaires were completed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relative importance of substantive and procedural criteria used to place patients in the waiting list for liver transplantation and to allocate available livers. Identification of principal decision-makers and main limiting factors to adult liver transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alcoholism, drug addiction, HIV positivity, primary liver cancer, noncompliance and hepatitis B were the most important criteria that had a negative influence on decisions to place patients on the waiting list for liver transplantation. Severity of disease and urgency were the most important criteria used for selecting patients on the waiting list for transplantation. Criteria that were inconsistent across the centres included social support (for deciding who is placed on the waiting list) and length of time on the waiting list (for deciding who is selected from the list). Although a variety of people were reported as being involved in these decisions, virtually all were reported to be health to be health care professionals. Thirty-seven patients died while waiting for liver transplantation in 1991; the scarcity of cadaveric livers was the main limiting factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Criteria for resource allocation decisions regarding liver transplantation are generally consistent among the centres across Canada, although some important inconsistencies remain. Because patients die while on the waiting list and because the primary limiting factor is organ supply, increased organ acquisition efforts are needed.
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto Joint Centre for Bioethics, Ont.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mullen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kohut
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sam
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Blendis
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Singer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada; D003625:Data Collection; D015276:Health Care Rationing / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D016134:Organizational Policy; D018579:Patient Selection; D040841:Resource Allocation; D014850:Waiting Lists