title: Endoscopic intrauterine fetal therapy: a monkey model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prenatal ultrasonographic investigations have led to an increasing number of prenatally detected abnormalities, of which a large number involves the urogenital tract. This study was performed to evaluate if endoscopic intra-amniotic access is possible in primates.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 10 midtrimester rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), endoscopic intrauterine fetoscopy was performed with three access cannulas. Using a Seldinger technique, a vascular access system, and a pediatric laparoscopy set, intra-amniotic inspection was attempted. Fetal growth throughout pregnancy was monitored by ultrasonographic measurements of fetal biometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intrauterine access could successfully be achieved in 10 rhesus monkeys with three cannulas. After partial amniotic fluid exchange, adequate fetoscopy was always possible. Two monkeys aborted on the second and sixth postoperative days. Serial ultrasonographic investigations for fetal biometry showed no disturbance of the intrauterine growth patterns in the remaining 8 monkeys.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We currently conclude that the rhesus monkey model for experimental intrauterine endoscopic surgery may be suitable for study of the developmental abnormalities of the genitourinary tract.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Feitz
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Steegers
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Aarnink
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arts
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: De Vries
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Van der Wildt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D015907:Hysteroscopy; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D011247:Pregnancy