title: Small, low-cost implantable centrifugal pump for short-term circulatory assistance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 1991, Allegheny General Hospital and Allegheny-Singer Research Institute purchased a centrifugal pump, then a 2-year-old technology, from Medtronic Bio-Medicus, as part of its research program for novel treatments of acute and chronic heart failure. During a 4-year development program, we then established and met goals of durability, performance, thromboresistance, and low cost.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro testing involved extensive hydraulic characterizations using Penn State mock loops. Calorimetry was used to determine efficiency. Durability studies used heated (37 degrees C) seawater for 28 to 45 days. In vivo studies used 46 sheep to test performance and engineering changes and to determine myocardial oxygen consumption, thromboresistance, and long-term durability. A left atrium-to-aorta circuit was used in all.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hydraulic testing showed no preload sensitivity but moderate afterload sensitivity at all impeller speeds (2,000 to 6,000 rpm). The heat load was low, and overall efficiency was 13% to 15%. Bench durability studies showed no electrical malfunction of the stator or console without degradation of the biomaterials used. Acute in vitro studies showed a near-linear relationship of myocardial oxygen consumption and left ventricular stroke work, pump flow, and pump speed. At speeds of 2 to 3 L/min (50% bypass), left ventricular stroke work and myocardial oxygen consumption were decreased approximately 50%. Additionally, 5 animals have had implants for 28 to 154 days with no macroemboli or microemboli detected in any animal. Hematologic and biochemical studies became normal 3 to 7 days after implantation. Hemolysis was low at less than 10 mg/dL. Clinical costs of the device are estimated to be 80% less than those of currently available devices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that an old technology has been made into new technology by application of sound engineering design principles, microchips, and new biomaterials. Qualifying trails for a Food and Drug Agency investigational device exemption application are in progress.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Center, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212, USA.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Pacella
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Walters
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Moeller
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Cattivera
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Magovern
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004867:Equipment Design; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices; D006439:Hemodynamics; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D012756:Sheep