title: Factors in the quality of patient evaluations in general hospital psychiatric emergency services.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study examined the usefulness of a three-perspective model for determining the quality of evaluations in psychiatric emergency services. The model was used to evaluate the hypothesis that the provision of high-quality care in emergency services is primarily influenced by service objectives related to patients' clinical characteristics rather than by institutional constraints, such as workload or physical facilities, or by social biases, such as clinicians' attitudes toward patients or perceptions of community expectations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The evaluation of 683 persons assessed in nine California public facilities were independently observed. Multivariate techniques were used to test the relative importance of patients' clinical characteristics, possible sources of social bias among clinicians, and institutional constraints in influencing three quality-of-care dimensions: technical quality, the art of patient care, and optimum investment of time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings generally confirmed the hypothesis that patients' clinical characteristics have more influence on the quality of care provided than institutional constraints or social biases. However, one institutional constraint--increased workload demands--led to reduced technical quality and to less than optimal use of time. Further, social biases reflected in the clinician's like for and preconceptions about the patient also influenced the quality of their evaluations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The model is a useful tool for examining quality of care in the psychiatric emergency service. Increasing workload pressures negatively affect quality of care.
authors.affiliation: Mental Health and Social Welfare Research Group, School of Social Work, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Segal
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Egley
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Goldfinger
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002140:California; D004637:Emergency Services, Psychiatric / Q000592:standards*; D005160:Facility Design and Construction; D005260:Female; D006769:Hospitals, General / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010348:Patient Care Team; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011287:Prejudice; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D016526:Workload