title: Chemical restraint by medetomidine-ketamine and its cardiopulmonary effects in pigs.
abstract: Chemical restraint induced by medetomidine-ketamine (M-K) combination was evaluated compared with that by xylazine-ketamine (X-K) in pigs. The duration of restraint by M-K was 49.4 +/- 13.5 min (mean +/- SD) and longer than that by X-K (34.6 +/- 17.2 min), but the difference was not significant. The effect of X-K was not stable, since one of five pigs was restrained only for 6 min. Both combinations produced muscle relaxation. The duration of muscle relaxation in M-K was 43.6 +/- 12.7 min and was significantly longer than that in X-K (21.0 +/- 14.0 min). M-K combination had a slightly stimulative effect on the cardiovascular system, but scarcely changed the respiratory parameters. This limited effect on cardiopulmonary system was an advantage of M-K combination for chemical restraint in pigs. These results indicated that M-K combination is suitable for chemical restraint with prolonged muscle relaxation and has limited cardiopulmonary effects in pigs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakaguchi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishiguro
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
mesh_terms: D000777:Anesthetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007103:Immobilization; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D020926:Medetomidine; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D013552:Swine / Q000502:physiology*; D014991:Xylazine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007093:Imidazoles; D014991:Xylazine; D007649:Ketamine; D020926:Medetomidine