title: Determination of aortic valve area in valvular aortic stenosis by direct measurement using intracardiac echocardiography: a comparison with the Gorlin and continuity equations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to 1) show that intracardiac echocardiography can allow direct measurement of the aortic valve area, and 2) compare the directly measured aortic valve area from intracardiac echocardiography with the calculated aortic valve area from the Gorlin and continuity equations.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Intracardiac echocardiography has been used in the descriptive evaluation of the aortic valve; however, direct measurement of the aortic valve area using this technique in a clinical setting has not been documented. Despite their theoretical and practical limitations, the Gorlin and continuity equations remain the current standard methods for determining the aortic valve orifice area.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen patients underwent intracardiac echocardiography for direct measurement of the aortic valve area, including four patients studied both before and after valvuloplasty, for a total of 21 studies. Immediately after intracardiac echocardiography, hemodynamic data were obtained from transthoracic echocardiography and cardiac catheterization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adequate intracardiac echocardiographic images were obtained in 17 (81%) of 21 studies. The average aortic valve area (mean +/- SD) determined by intracardiac echocardiography for the 13 studies in the Gorlin analysis group was 0.59 +/- 0.18 cm2 (range 0.37 to 1.01), and the average aortic valve area determined by the Gorlin equation was 0.62 +/- 0.18 cm2 (range 0.31 to 0.88). The average aortic valve area determined by intracardiac echocardiography for the 17 studies in the continuity analysis group was 0.66 +/- 0.23 cm2 (range 0.37 to 1.01), and that for the continuity equation was 0.62 +/- 0.22 cm2 (range 0.34 to 1.06). There was a significant correlation between the aortic valve area determined by intracardiac echocardiography and the aortic valve area calculated by the Gorlin (r = 0.78, p = 0.002) and continuity equations (r = 0.82, p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the clinical setting, intracardiac echocardiography can directly measure the aortic valve area with an accuracy similar to the invasive and noninvasive methods currently used. This study demonstrates a new, quantitative use for intracardiac echocardiographic imaging with many potential clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Deaconess Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Weissman
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Picard
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Fitzpatrick
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Shubrooks
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Zarich
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods