title: Nitric oxide signaling in ischemic heart.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several recent studies have implicated a role of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) in the pathophysiology of myocardial ischemic/reperfusion injury. However, the mechanism by which NO exerts its beneficial/detrimental effects remains unknown. This study examined the intracellular signaling of NO by studying the role of the NO-cGMP signaling pathway on the phospho-diesteratic breakdown and turnover of phosphoinositides during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isolated working rat hearts were made ischemic for 30 min followed by 30 min of reperfusion. A separate group of hearts were pre-perfused with 3 mM L-arginine for 10 min prior to ischemia. The release of NO was monitored using an on-line amperometric sensor. The aortic flow and developed pressure were examined to determine the effects of L-arginine on ischemic/reperfusion injury. For signal transduction experiments, sarcolemmal membranes were radiolabeled by perfusing the isolated hearts with [3H]myoinositol and [14C]arachidonic acid. Hearts were then perfused for 10 min in the presence or absence of L-arginine via the Langendorff mode. Ischemia was induced for 30 min followed by 30 min of reperfusion. Experiments were terminated before L-arginine and after L-arginine treatment, after ischemia, and during reperfusion. Biopsies were processed to determine the isotopic incorporation into various phosphoinositols as well as phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol. cGMP was assayed by radioimmunoassay and SOD content was determined by enzymatic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The release of NO was diminished following ischemia and reperfusion and was augmented by L-arginine. L-Arginine reduced ischemic/reperfusion injury as evidenced by the enhanced myocardial functional recovery. cGMP, which remained unaffected by ischemia and reperfusion, was stimulated significantly after L-arginine treatment. The cGMP level persisted up to 10 min of reperfusion and then dropped slightly. Reperfusion of ischemic myocardium resulted in significant accumulation of radiolabeled inositol phosphate, inositol bisphosphate, and inositol triphosphate. Isotopic incorporation of [3H]inositol into phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate, and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate was increased significantly during reperfusion. Reperfusion of the ischemic heart prelabeled with [14C]-arachidonic acid resulted in modest increases in [14C]diacylglycerol and [14C]phosphatidic acid. Pretreatment of the heart with L-arginine significantly reversed this enhanced phosphodiesteratic breakdown during ischemia and early reperfusion. However, at the end of the reperfusion the inhibitory effect of L-arginine on the phosphodiesterases seems to be reduced. In L-arginine-treated hearts, SOD activity was progressively decreased with the duration of reperfusion time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest for the first time that NO plays a significant role in transmembrane signaling in the ischemic myocardium. The signaling seems to be transmitted via cGMP and opposes the effects of phosphodiesterases by inhibiting the ischemia/reperfusion-induced phosphodiesteratic breakdown. This signaling effect appears to be reduced as reperfusion progresses. These results, when viewed in the light of free radical chemistry of NO, suggest that such on- and off-signaling of NO may be linked to its interaction with the superoxide radical generated during the reperfusion of ischemic myocardium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington 06030-1110, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maulik
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Engelman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Engelman
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maulik
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Cordis
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Das
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D010477:Perfusion; D010716:Phosphatidylinositols / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010716:Phosphatidylinositols; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D006152:Cyclic GMP