title: An assessment of short-acting hypnotics.
abstract: Insomnia, the experience of poor quality or quantity of sleep, is a very common complaint. Approximately 65 million adults (36% of the American population) complain of poor sleep, and of this group, 25% have insomnia on a chronic basis. These chronic insomniacs not only report higher rates of difficulty with concentration, memory and the ability to cope with minor irritations but also have 2.5 times more fatigue-related automobile accidents than do good sleepers. Despite its ubiquity, insomnia is often either untreated or inadequately treated. Short-acting hypnotics are advocated for transient insomnia, which lasts less than 3 weeks, and in patients with chronic insomnia as an adjunctive treatment where nonpharmacological treatment is not sufficient to alleviate insomnia and the related daytime detrimental effects. The putative adverse effects of hypnotics must be weighted against the severe health effects caused by continued sleep impairment. If hypnotic agents are used, they should be taken nightly only for brief use, or intermittently in longer term use. Benzodiazepines, zolpidem and zopiclone (in countries where the latter is available) remain the recommended hypnotic agents, although in the past few years there has been much criticism in lay magazines and on television about the use of benzodiazepines. However, this review of the efficacy and tolerability data of the short-acting hypnotics suggests that triazolam is comparable with other short-acting hypnotics at equipotent doses while taking into consideration that for every hypnotic, different study populations display different degrees of efficacy. In addition, contrary to previous suggestions that such adverse effects are rebound insomnia and anterograde amnesia are unique to triazolam, hypnotically equivalent doses of tirazolam have not been shown to produce these effects more frequently than other short-acting hypnotics. The newer nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics seem to be equally efficacious as the short-acting benzodiazepines; whether they will truly have a better adverse effect profile will be determined as more clinical experience accumulates. Despite the availability, relative safety and efficacy of these newer hypnotic agents, they should not be perceived as the sole treatment for insomnia and should be used in conjunction with nonpharmacological techniques (such as adherence to good sleep hygiene, sleep restriction, stimulus control and biofeedback therapy).
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Mendelson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jain
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001665:Binding Sites; D017322:Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D062787:Drug Overdose; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011984:Sensory Receptor Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives