title: Tumor proliferative activity is predictive of pathological stage in clinical stage A nonseminomatous testicular germ cell tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traditional histopathological features have failed to predict accurately the pathological stage of clinical stage A nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis. Based on pilot studies in nonconsecutive patients at our university, we evaluated nontraditional risk factors (cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry, deoxyribonucleic acid analysis by single cell cytophotometry [image analysis] and assessment of proliferative activity by immunohistochemistry) combined with histopathological features in consecutive patients with clinical stage A nonseminomatous testis cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Orchiectomy specimens from 105 consecutive patients with clinical stage A nonseminomatous germ cell tumors who underwent retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (76 with pathological stage A disease and 29 with proved metastasis) were recut, histopathologically reviewed, immunohistochemically stained with proliferation markers (for example Ki-67/MIB-1), and examined by flow cytometry and image analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After multiple logistic regression analysis, the G2M+S cell cycle fraction of the aneuploid tumor stemline was the most predictive parameter of pathological stage (p = 0.0004). Using a cutoff of 41%, patients with metastasis were predicted with a sensitivity of 71%. Of 61 patients with a G2M+S value of less than 41%, 53 had pathological stage A cancer (negative predictive value 87%). A low volume of embryonal carcinoma was predominant in patients at low risk for metastasis and MIB-1 immunohistochemical staining identified 23% of patients with pathological stage A tumor who were at extremely low risk for metastatic disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Assessment of tumor cell proliferation cannot classify accurately high risk patients at a clinically applicable level. However, identification of patients at low risk for metastasis by flow cytometry, immunohistochemical proliferation markers and volume of embryonal carcinoma may be possible at the 90% level. MIB-1 staining is able to classify patients at extremely low risk for metastasis. These parameters deserve further study, since identification of patients at extremely low risk for metastasis could potentially decrease overall morbidity in the management of clinical stage A nonseminomatous testis cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Albers
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Ulbright
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Albers
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orazi
authors.forename: W N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Crabtree
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baniel
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reister
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Sidner
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Donohue
mesh_terms: D002455:Cell Division; D003592:Cytophotometry; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018237:Germinoma / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*