title: Sperm kinematics of cryopreserved normozoospermic specimens after artificial stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cryopreservation of semen is associated with reduced motility after thawing, resulting in a decreased pregnancy rate. Artificial stimulation of motility has been used in fresh semen samples. This study measured the effect of motility stimulants on various motion characteristics and other sperm functions using cryopreserved semen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Frozen semen samples from healthy donors were thawed, and motility stimulants were added in vitro and incubated for 60 minutes. The percentages of motile spermatozoa in each specimen and other motion characteristics were measured. In addition, spermatozoon's viability, membrane integrity, and ability to penetrate bovine cervical mucus were studied after addition of stimulants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Percentage motility and all other motion characteristics improved after stimulation with pentoxifylline, caffeine, or 2-deoxyadenosine. Linearity did not significantly differ in the control samples after adding any of the stimulants. Viability, membrane integrity, and penetration ability did not improve significantly and were comparable with control values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pentoxifylline, caffeine, and 2-deoxyadenosine can stimulate sperm motility and other motion characteristics. This may be beneficial in the cryopreservation of sperm from normal donors and oligozoospermic patients for use in assisted reproduction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Tolentino
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agarwal
mesh_terms: D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015925:Cryopreservation; D003839:Deoxyadenosines / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010431:Pentoxifylline / Q000494:pharmacology; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D003839:Deoxyadenosines; D002110:Caffeine; C058118:2'-deoxyadenosine; D010431:Pentoxifylline