title: Projections of ankle joint afferents to the spinal cord and brainstem of the chicken (Gallus g. domesticus).
abstract: The projections of the ankle joint capsule afferents were studied by transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase injected directly into the ankle joint. The number and size of the labelled dorsal root ganglion cells were measured from synsacral nerves 2-9. In the dorsal root ganglia, all sizes of sensory neurones were labelled, and the largest number of labelled cells was in ganglia 5-7. The extensive sympathetic innervation of the ankle joint was identified by the large number of cell bodies labelled in the sympathetic ganglia of the paravertebral chain. Labelled afferent fibres projected to the spinal cord from the 2nd to the 8th synsacral nerves, with the rostral projection mainly via Lissauer's tract and the dorsal funiculus. Terminal labelling in the dorsal horn was identified in laminae I-III and VI, with a slight projection to V. Two areas of dense labelling, which did not correspond with the largest number of labelled dorsal root ganglion cells, were identified. A rostral area with the highest density of label was observed at the level of synsacral nerves 3-4 and a second slightly less dense area between synsacral nerves 7-8. In the caudal medulla, diffuse terminal labelling was observed in the nucleus gracilis et cuneatus, nucleus of the tractus solitarius, and the nucleus cuneatus externus. These results are discussed in a comparative context to identify similarities and differences between different primary afferent projections in birds and mammals and to highlight the possible functional significance of the avian articular afferent projection.
authors.affiliation: Roslin Institute (Edinburgh), Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gentle
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sterling
mesh_terms: D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002645:Chickens; D005260:Female; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000378:metabolism; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism; D013643:Tarsus, Animal / Q000294:innervation* / Q000378:metabolism