title: Habitual and genetic factors that affect urinary background levels of biomarkers for organic solvent exposure.
abstract: Urinary hippuric acid, phenol, and o-cresol, which are biomarkers for toluene, benzene, and phenol exposures, are usually present in a significant amount in urine collected from subjects who have not been occupationally exposed to the organic solvents. With the improvement of working environments, the urinary concentrations of the biomarkers have become lower and closer to the levels of urine from unexposed subjects. It is very useful to clarify the background levels of these biomarkers and the factors which effect the background levels of the biomarkers in order to make effective use of biological monitoring under low level exposure. In the present study, the effects of life habits and the genetic polymorphisms of the metabolizing enzymes on the background levels of urinary hippuric acid, phenol and o- and p-cresol were clarified, using 351 males (means age: 38.6, range: 19-71) who were not occupationally exposed to hazardous chemical materials. Their life habits, smoking, alcohol consumption, and dietary habits were examined by means of a questionnaire. The genotypes of five metabolizing enzymes, that is, low Km aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2), polymorphic N-acetyl transferase (NAT2), cytochrome P-4501A1 (CYP1A1), cytochrome P-4502E1 (CYP2E1), and glutathione-S-transferase mu (GSTM1) were determined form peripheral blood samples. The urinary hippuric acid and creatinine were analyzed by HPLC and urinary phenol, o-, p- and m-cresol were determined by GC/MS. Recoveries and the coefficients of variance of phenol, o-cresol, and p-cresol ranged from 92.7 to 107.8% and 1.3% to 6.7%, respectively. Linear relationships between the concentrations of phenol, o- and p-cresol, and their peak area ratios were observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawamoto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koga
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oyama
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kodama
mesh_terms: D000123:Acetyltransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001554:Benzene / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D015415:Biomarkers; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003408:Cresols / Q000652:urine*; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D019392:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015438:Health Behavior; D006626:Hippurates / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D010089:Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010636:Phenols / Q000633:toxicity / Q000652:urine*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012044:Regression Analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014050:Toluene / Q000633:toxicity / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003408:Cresols; D006626:Hippurates; D010636:Phenols; D014050:Toluene; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D019392:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; D010089:Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating; D000123:Acetyltransferases; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D001554:Benzene; C030514:hippuric acid; C034047:2-cresol