title: Psychological counseling strategies for women at risk of breast cancer.
abstract: Women with family histories of breast cancer have a much higher risk of developing the disease than women in the general population. In the absence of primary prevention for breast cancer, secondary prevention in the form of early detection is our best bet against premature morbidity and mortality. This article describes the most salient psychological issues for high-risk women as well as ways for improving screening behaviors. Based on our work and other studies in the literature, we found that there were several key variables related to psychological distress and surveillance behaviors. Barriers to screening were a major reason why women did not engage in any breast cancer prevention behaviors. Cognitive deficits, in terms of lack of knowledge, and breast cancer misbeliefs contributed to poor adherence to screening. Most important, anxiety or emotional distress not only interfered with adherence to screening but also affected quality of life negatively in that many women needed psychological counseling. In developing psychological counseling strategies for high-risk women, we focused on the treatment outcomes of reducing emotional distress, decreasing perceived vulnerability, and improving adherence to screening behaviors. We conducted a preliminary study by piloting a group psychoeducational intervention for 6 consecutive weeks. This intervention was found to significantly reduce perception of risk (P < .02) and to increase adherence to screening behaviors (P < .01). If proven effective in a randomized controlled trial, this intervention can be proposed to other cancer centers and prevention programs for implementation and enhancement of the behaviors among high-risk women that will assure early detection and decrease breast cancer mortality.
authors.affiliation: Strang Cancer Prevention Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kash
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Osborne
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology*; D003376:Counseling; D005260:Female; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010375:Pedigree; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology*