title: Effect of a patient's sex on the timing of thrombolytic therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine whether a patient's sex independently influences the interval from emergency department arrival to the initiation of thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective cohort study in two suburban EDs, one at a 929-bed tertiary care teaching hospital and the other at a 189-bed community hospital. Only patients found to be having an ST-segment-elevated AMI on their first ECG who were treated with a thrombolytic agent in the ED were eligible. We excluded patients who arrived at the ED after cardiac arrest or with a known AMI. We used as the main outcome measure the interval from ED arrival to initiation of thrombolytic therapy. Secondary outcome variables included time elapsed before ECG, interval between ECG and treatment, and 1-year mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Entry criteria were satisfied by 328 patients. The 88 women experienced a mean 23-minute delay to treatment initiation compared with men (P < .01). This observation is not accounted for by age, race, time of day, medical history, sex of the physician, type of thrombolytic agent, hospital, or triage category. The longest delays were found in women treated by female physicians, although female physicians also waited longer than male physicians to administer thrombolytic therapy to men. The mean time elapsed before the first ECG was also 6 minutes longer for women (P < .01) Women had an increased 1-year mortality rate that was fully explained by their advanced age at the time of AMI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We infer that a patient's sex may play a significant role in the observed delay in treatment for women. Our data, coupled with previously published work, strongly suggest a systematic negative effect for women in their interaction with the health care system during AMI. We suggest that variables other than systems issues affect the time elapsed before thrombolytic therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Peacock
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vaught
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Carley
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017723:Drug Utilization Review / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D010822:Physicians, Women; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D019036:Suburban Health Services; D013997:Time Factors; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents