title: A transcutaneous energy and information transfer system for implanted medical devices.
abstract: During the last four decades there has been a rapid increase in the development and usage of medical devices. Currently, there are more than 500,000 devices on the market and 25,000 new devices enter the market each year. Many medical devices are now designed to be implantable (pacemakers, defibrillators, circulatory assist devices, artificial hearts, cochlear implants, neuromuscular stimulators, biosensors, etc.). Almost all of the active devices (those that perform work) and many of the passive devices (those that do not perform work) require a source of power. In addition, these devices need to be monitored and controlled, which can be accomplished by utilizing remote communication methods. A transcutaneous energy transfer system combined with a remote communications system has been developed and evaluated in vitro and in vivo (bovine, porcine, and human cadaver experiments). The energy transfer system can deliver up to 60 W with power transfer efficiencies between 60 and 83%. An automatically tuned, resonant frequency tracking method is used to obtain optimum power transfer over a range of operating conditions. The remote communications system can transfer digital data bidirectionally through intact skin at rates up to 9600 baud. The system transmits information by frequency modulating an 890 nm infrared carrier signal. The system has demonstrated satisfactory performance during multicenter evaluation with ventricular assist and total artificial heart devices. Design improvements have been identified, which will be implemented to produce an optimized system for energy transfer to and remote communications with various implantable medical devices.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Devices Division, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mussivand
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hum
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diguer
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vecchio
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Masters
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hendry
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Keon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001698:Biomedical Engineering; D002102:Cadaver; D002417:Cattle; D003142:Communication; D003199:Computer Systems; D004582:Electronics, Medical; D004735:Energy Transfer; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007259:Infrared Rays; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D012867:Skin; D013552:Swine