title: Jaw movement dysfunction related to Parkinson's disease and partially modified by levodopa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypotheses that Parkinson's disease can differentially produce deficits in voluntary and rhythmic jaw movements, which involve different neuronal circuits, and that levodopa treatment improves specific components of the motor deficit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and control subjects were tested on a series of jaw motor tasks that included simple voluntary movement, isometric clenching, and natural and paced rhythmic movements. Jaw movements were measured by changes in electromagnetic fields and EMG activity. Patients with Parkinson's disease with fluctuations in motor responses to levodopa were tested while off and on.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the off state, patients with Parkinson's disease were significantly worse than the control subjects on most tasks. The deficits included a decrease in amplitude and velocity during jaw opening and closing, aberrant patterns and low amplitude of EMG activity during clenching, and low vertical amplitude and prolonged durations of occlusion during rhythmic movements. No decrements were found in the amplitude of voluntary lateral jaw movements or the frequency of rhythmic movements. During the on state, improvements occurred in the patterns and level of EMG activity during clenching and in the vertical amplitude and duration of occlusion during rhythmic movements, although a significant decrement occurred in the lateral excursion of the jaw.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parkinson's disease affects the central programming of functionally related muscles involved in voluntary and rhythmic jaw movements and levodopa replacement influences only certain aspects of jaw movement, most likely those requiring sensory feedback.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Structure and Function, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201, USA.
authors.forename: L T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hammerstad
mesh_terms: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007568:Jaw / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007980:Levodopa / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D007980:Levodopa