title: BETA3, a novel helix-loop-helix protein, can act as a negative regulator of BETA2 and MyoD-responsive genes.
abstract: Using degenerate PCR cloning we have identified a novel basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, BETA3, from a hamster insulin tumor (HIT) cell cDNA library. Sequence analysis revealed that this factor belongs to the class B bHLH family and has the highest degree of homology with another bHLH transcription factor recently isolated in our laboratory, BETA2 (neuroD) (J. E. Lee, S. M. Hollenberg, L. Snider, D. L. Turner, N. Lipnick, and H. Weintraub, Science 268:836-844, 1995; F. J. Naya, C. M. M. Stellrecht, and M.-J. Tsai, Genes Dev. 8:1009-1019, 1995). BETA2 is a brain- and pancreatic-islet-specific bHLH transcription factor and is largely responsible for the tissue-specific expression of the insulin gene. BETA3 was found to be tissue restricted, with the highest levels of expression in HIT, lung, kidney, and brain cells. Surprisingly, despite the homology between BETA2 and BETA3 and its intact basic region, BETA3 is unable to bind the insulin E box in bandshift analysis as a homodimer or as a heterodimer with the class A bHLH factors E12, E47, or BETA1. Instead, BETA3 inhibited both the E47 homodimer and the E47/BETA2 heterodimer binding to the insulin E box. In addition, BETA3 greatly repressed the BETA2/E47 induction of the insulin enhancer in HIT cells as well as the MyoD/E47 induction of a muscle-specific E box in the myoblast cell line C2C12. In contrast, expression of BETA3 had no significant effect on the GAL4-VP16 transcriptional activity. Immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrates that the mechanism of repression is via direct protein-protein interaction, presumably by heterodimerization between BETA3 and class A bHLH factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peyton
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Stellrecht
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Naya
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Samora
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Tsai
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D006224:Cricetinae; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D015723:Gene Library; D018257:Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017570:MyoD Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D011487:Protein Conformation; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D051820:TCF Transcription Factors; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D058125:Transcription Factor 7-Like 1 Protein; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D017570:MyoD Protein; D051820:TCF Transcription Factors; D015534:Trans-Activators; D058125:Transcription Factor 7-Like 1 Protein; D014157:Transcription Factors; C097697:BETA3 protein, Cricetinae