title: Forum One: Current recommendations about intensification of metabolic control in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review issues about intensive management of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and to formulate recommendations for goals and general approaches to implementation of intensive management.
  
  
  METHODS
  A panel of clinical scientists and practitioners specializing in diabetes initially used a formal nominal process to identify the points of agreement on major issues. These points were further refined in a general conference discussion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  1) On the basis of data from intervention trials in IDDM that prove that intensive glycemic control reduces microvascular and neuropathic complications, coupled with epidemiologic and basic scientific data that support the strong likelihood of a similar benefit in NIDDM, the goal of treatment in NIDDM should be near-normal glycemia (glycohemoglobin level no higher than 1.0% above the upper normal limit); 2) glycemic targets should be adjusted individually according to clinical factors such as increased risk for hypoglycemia, advanced age, or reduced life expectancy from comorbid conditions; 3) some degree of comprehensive and repetitive instruction about diet and exercise and the use of blood glucose self-monitoring for all patients is essential to achieve the chosen targets; 4) intensive management of hyperglycemia should be instituted early and should initially emphasize diet and exercise therapy; staged introduction of oral hypoglycemic agents and finally insulin regimens of increasing complexity are recommended as needed to achieve glycemic targets; 5) comprehensive care must also include aggressive attempts to reduce cardiovascular risk factors (particularly hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, and obesity) as well as prevention of nephropathy and neuropathy; 6) the complex interaction among treatment regimens for hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, obesity, and hypertension ideally requires a team approach, using a physician, diabetes educator, nurse, dietitian, and other health professionals; health insurers should make these resources available to generalists who currently care for most diabetic patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Genuth
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000517:prevention & control; D006973:Hypertension / Q000517:prevention & control; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose