title: Ocular findings in cystic fibrosis patients receiving vitamin A supplementation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vitamin A deficiency with eye symptoms has been reported in patients with cystic fibrosis who received the recommended daily intake of vitamin A.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured serum retinol, dark adaptation, contrast sensitivity, and dry eye status in 35 adult cystic fibrosis patients to ascertain whether they had ocular signs or symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median serum retinol concentration was 1.95 mumol/l, range 1.08-4.01 mumol/l, with no values indicating vitamin A deficiency. Retinal light sensitivity was normal. Nineteen patients had reduced contrast sensitivity. Conjunctival imprints all showed plenty of goblet cells, but were characteristic of dry eye in 42% of patients (n = 14). Decreased tear film stability was found in 49% (n = 17), tear production was low in 31% (n = 11), and 23% (n = 8) showed an increased amount of dying epithelial cells. Nine patients (26%) had keratoconjunctivitis sicca according to the Copenhagen criteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our patients had no biochemical or clinical signs of vitamin A deficiency. We speculate that the high incidence of dry eye could be a primary manifestation of cystic fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Cystic Fibrosis Center, State University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Morkeberg
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Edmund
authors.forename: J U
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Prause
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lanng
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Michaelsen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003117:Color Vision Defects / Q000209:etiology; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000473:pathology; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D003623:Dark Adaptation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007638:Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D009755:Night Blindness / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D014985:Xerophthalmia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D014801:Vitamin A