title: A multirod collimator for neutron therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To design, construct, and commission a multirod collimator for producing irregularly shaped fields in neutron radiation therapy. To demonstrate the reliability and applicability of this device to routine use with a superconducting cyclotron for neutron therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multirod collimator has been designed, constructed, and thoroughly tested to investigate its radiological properties; neutron transmission characteristics, beam profiles, and penumbral widths as a function of field size and depth in a phantom, and the spatial resolution of the rod array, have been measured. A wide variety of irregularly shaped fields, used routinely in neutron radiation therapy, have been produced, including fields that incorporate partial transmission blocks. The performance of the collimator has been closely monitored over a period of 20 months to accurately assess reliability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The multirod collimator has been in routine use for 32 months, and during this time a total of 7025 neutron fields has been treated. For the latter 20 months of this period, detailed performance records show that collimator failure has caused 28.4 h of downtime during the patient treatment day. Only 5.25 h of this downtime was experienced in the last 12 months (0.22% of the available treatment time). The results of collimator attenuation and beam profile measurements show that the radiological properties of the collimator are comparable to those of other collimator systems used for neutron radiation therapy. Isodose measurements in a water phantom show that the spatial resolution of the rods is superior to that of the leaves used in neutron multileaf collimators. The ability of the multirod collimator to produce many irregularly shaped fields commonly encountered in neutron radiation therapy has been demonstrated. Shaped fields for prostate, head and neck, soft tissue sarcomas, lung, thyroid, rectum, bladder, colon, breast, pancreas, and gynecological tumors have been produced. For some prostate cases, the device has been used to produce partial transmission blocks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A novel multirod collimator has been designed, constructed, and successfully applied in the routine treatment of neutron radiation therapy patients.
authors.affiliation: Gershenson Radiation Oncology Center, Harper Hospital, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Maughan
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Blosser
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Blosser
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yudelev
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Forman
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Blosser
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Powers
mesh_terms: D017357:Cyclotrons; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D009502:Neutrons / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013997:Time Factors