title: Selective pressure of a quinoxaline nonnucleoside inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) on HIV-1 replication results in the emergence of nucleoside RT-inhibitor-specific (RT Leu-74-->Val or Ile and Val-75-->Leu or Ile) HIV-1 mutants.
abstract: The quinoxaline nonnucleoside RT inhibitor (NNRTI) (S)-4-isopropoxycarbonyl-6-methoxy-3-(methylthiomethyl)-3,4- dihydroquinoxaline-2(1H)-thione (HBY 097) was used to select for drug-resistant HIV-1 variants in vitro. The viruses first developed mutations affecting the NNRTI-binding pocket, and five of six strains displayed the RT G190-->E substitution, which is characteristic for HIV-1 resistance against quinoxalines. In one variant, a new mutant (G190-->Q) most likely evolved from preexisting G190-->E mutants. The negative charge introduced by the G190-->E substitution was maintained at that site of the pocket by simultaneous selection for V179-->D together with G190-->Q. After continued exposure to the drug, mutations at positions so far known to be specific for resistance against nucleoside RT inhibitors (NRTIs) (L74-->V/I and V75-->L/I) were consistently detected in all cultures. The inhibitory activities of the cellular conversion product of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddI, didanosine), 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (ddA) and of 2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxythymidine (d4T, stavudine) against these late-passage viruses were shown to be enhanced with the L74-->V/I RT mutant virus as compared with the wild-type (wt) HIV-1MN isolate. Clonal analysis proved linkage of the codon 74 and codon 75 mutations to the NNRTI-specific mutations in all RT gene fragments. The nonnucleoside- and nucleoside-resistance mutation sites are separated by approximately 35 A. We propose that the two sites "communicate" through the template-primer which is situated in the DNA-binding cleft between these two sites. Quinoxalines cause high selective pressure on HIV-1 replication in vitro; however, the implication of these findings for the treatment of HIV-1 infection has yet to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Hoechst AG, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kleim
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rösner
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Winkler
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paessens
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kirsch
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hsiou
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Riess
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000254:growth & development*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D011810:Quinoxalines; D012194:RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase / Q000235:genetics*; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D017931:DNA Primers; D011810:Quinoxalines; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D012194:RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; C093110:HBY 097