title: Candidal balano-posthitis: a study of diagnostic methods.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare microscopy with culture for diagnosing candidal balanoposthitis and to document which diagnostic methods are used in genitourinary medicine clinics in Great Britain.
  
  
  METHODS
  (a) Penile material for microscopy and fungal culture were obtained from men with balano-posthitis. A "plain-slide" method of collecting material for microscopy was compared with a novel "adhesive-tape" method of sampling. (b) Questionnaires were sent to all genitourinary medicine clinics in Great Britain.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, England.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sensitivity and specificity of microscopy using culture as the "gold standard" for diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Candida was isolated from 35% of 450 men with balano-posthitis attending the clinic over a three year period. The sensitivity of microscopy compared with culture was 12% ("plain-slide" method of material collection) and 65% ("adhesive-tape" method) (p < 0.0001). The respective specificities were 95% and 81%. The positive predictive values for the two methods of material collection were 50% ("plain-slide" method) and 75% ("adhesive-tape" method). The respective negative predictive values were 71% and 72%. 60% of 250 genitourinary medicine clinics returned questionnaires. 13% routinely diagnosed candidal balanoposthitis by appearance only and 34% sometimes relied only on clinical appearance. Culture was used by 78% and microscopy by 69% of clinics. Material for microscopy was most commonly collected by using a cotton-wool tipped swab and the Gram stain was the favoured method for microscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Candida is a common cause of balano-posthitis. Diagnosis by microscopy has a low sensitivity and varies with the method used for collecting material. Although up to one third of genitourinary medicine clinics may rely solely on clinical appearance for diagnosis most continue to use microscopy and culture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Dockerty
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sonnex
mesh_terms: D001446:Balanitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology*; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009172:Mycology / Q000379:methods; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013048:Specimen Handling