title: Interleukin-6 production by human liver (myo)fibroblasts in culture. Evidence for a regulatory role of LPS, IL-1 beta and TNF alpha.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Interleukin-6 is a major trigger for the synthesis of acute phase proteins by liver parenchymal cells. Acute phase proteins may contribute to the regulation of liver fibrosis by inhibition of proteases (e.g. collagenase) and by binding of cytokines. Since liver (myo)fibroblasts play an important role in the production of extracellular matrix in fibrotic livers, a study was undertaken into whether these cells are able to synthesize interleukin-6, which would give them the opportunity to contribute to regulation of synthesis of acute phase proteins by neighbouring parenchymal cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study we investigated interleukin-6 production by two cell types obtained from human liver tissue: human fat-storing cells obtained from 5-15% Percoll fractions, which transformed in culture into myofibroblasts co-expressing alpha-smooth muscle actin and vimentin (VA cells) and fibroblasts obtained from 30-40% Percoll fractions which express vimentin only (V vells). Interleukin-6 production was measured in culture media of these cells using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after incubation with lipopolysaccharide, and mediators like interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, transforming growth factor-beta and interferon-gamma, known to be present in elevated concentrations in fibrotic livers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Unstimulated human liver (myo)fibroblasts produced considerable amounts of interleukin-6 (287 ng/mg cellular protein (VA cells), and 54 ng/mg cellular protein (V cells), within 48 h). Biological activity of these high concentrations of interleukin-6 measured in the enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay was confirmed in the B9-bioassay for interleukin-6 and by stimulation of alpha 2-macroglobulin production in rat liver parenchymal cell cultures. Lipopolysaccharide, interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were potent stimulators of basal interleukin-6 production by VA and V cells, 1 microgram/ml lipopolysaccharide enhanced basal interleukin-6 production 3-fold within 48 h. 100 U/ml interleukin-1 beta and 1000 U/ml tumor necrosis factor-alpha each stimulated basal interleukin-6 production by VA cells 2-5 fold, whereas V cells were stimulated 10-25 fold. These effects were specific since the stimulation by lipopolysaccharide was completely inhibited by polymyxin B and the enhancing effects of interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were neutralized by specific antibodies. Transforming growth factor-beta and interferon gamma did not influence interleukin-6 synthesis by either cell type in culture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that transformed fat-storing cells (VA cells) and fibroblasts (V cells) may function as a local source of interleukin-6 in the human liver. Since interleukin-6 plays a key role in the regulation of the production of acute phase proteins by liver parenchymal cells, we hypothesize that human liver (myo)fibroblasts may stimulate local production of acute phase proteins in the fibrotic liver, thus contributing to local regulation of inflammatory and fibrogenic reactions.
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, J. van Gool Laboratory for Experimental Internal Medicine, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tiggelman
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Boers
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Linthorst
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sala
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Chamuleau
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001665:Binding Sites; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003513:Cycloheximide / Q000494:pharmacology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D000093242:Interleukin-6 Inhibitors
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D003513:Cycloheximide; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000093242:Interleukin-6 Inhibitors