title: Cost-effectiveness of implantable defibrillator as first-choice therapy versus electrophysiologically guided, tiered strategy in postinfarct sudden death survivors. A randomized study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rising costs of health care, partly as a result of costly therapeutic innovations, are of concern to both the medical profession and healthcare authorities. The implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is still not remunerated by Dutch healthcare insurers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of early implantation of the ICD in postinfarct sudden death survivors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty consecutive postinfarct survivors of cardiac arrest caused by ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation were randomly assigned either ICD as first choice (n = 29) or a tiered therapy starting with antiarrhythmic drugs and guided by electrophysiological (EP) testing (n = 31). Median follow-up was 729 days (range, 3 to 1675 days). Fifteen patients died, 4 in the early ICD group and 11 in the EP-guided strategy group (P = .07). For quantitative assessment, the cost-effectiveness ratio was calculated for both groups and expressed as median total costs per patient per day alive. Because effectiveness aspects other than mortality are not incorporated in this ratio, other factors related to quality of life were used as qualitative measures of cost-effectiveness. The cost-effectiveness ratios were $63 and $94 for the early ICD and EP-guided strategy groups, respectively, per patient per day alive. This amounts to a net cost-effectiveness of $11,315 per patient per year alive saved by early ICD implantation. Costs in the early ICD group were higher only during the first 3 months of follow-up, but as a result of the high proportion of therapy changes, including arrhythmia surgery and late ICD implantation, costs in the EP-guided strategy group became higher after that. Patients discharged with antiarrhythmic drugs as sole therapy had the lowest total costs. This subset, however, showed extremely high mortality, resulting in a poor cost-effectiveness ratio ($196 per day). Invasive therapies and hospitalization were the major contributors to costs. If quality-of-life measures are taken into account, the cost-effectiveness of early ICD implantation was even more favorable. Recurrent cardiac arrest and cardiac transplantation occurred in the EP-guided strategy group only, whereas exercise tolerance, total hospitalization duration, number of invasive procedures, and antiarrhythmic therapy changes were significantly in favor of early ICD implantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In terms of cost-effectiveness, early ICD implantation is superior to the EP-guided therapeutic strategy in postinfarct sudden death survivors.
authors.affiliation: Heart-Lung Institute, University Hospital, University of Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Wever
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Hauer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schrijvers
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: van Capelle
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Tijssen
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Crijns
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Algra
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ramanna
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Robles de Medina
mesh_terms: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000191:economics*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications*; D011788:Quality of Life; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000628:therapy; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents