title: Uniformity of perfusion in all regions of the human heart by warm continuous retrograde cardioplegia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Animal models have suggested that retrograde cardioplegia may be poorly distributed to septal and right ventricular regions of the heart; if true, this may have dangerous implications for warm continuous retrograde cardioplegia in humans. We have previously shown that blood gases from coronary arteries during warm continuous retrograde cardioplegia represent postcapillary "venous" gases and are reflective of myocardial perfusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine regional differences in perfusion during warm continuous retrograde cardioplegia we obtained blood gases from three regions of the heart in 141 consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, aortic valve replacement, or both. Right heart perfusion was determined by blood gases from the right coronary artery orifice, acute marginal, or posterior descending coronary arteries; circumflex or lateral wall perfusion was determined by samples from obtuse marginal or intermediate coronary arteries; and anterior wall/septal perfusion was determined by left anterior descending and diagonal coronary artery blood gases. Warm continuous retrograde cardioplegia flow ranged from 150 to 300 mL/min depending on heart size. A mean of 4 +/- 1 samples/patient were obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no regional differences in postcapillary pH, carbon dioxide tension, or CO2 production during warm continuous retrograde cardioplegia. Oxygen tensions were lower in the right and anterior/septal regions of the heart, implying more O2 uptake. No regional acidosis, consistent with poor perfusion, could be detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that, unlike experimental models, regional myocardial perfusion, including the right heart, is uniform during "high-flow" warm continuous retrograde cardioplegia in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, California 92354, USA.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Gundry
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Sciolaro
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Van Arsdell
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Razzouk
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Bailey
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen