title: Association of latissimus dorsi muscle expansion with electrostimulation before cardiomyoplasty.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The principle of cardiomyoplasty is chronic electrostimulation of the latissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) flap wrapped around the heart to obtain a phasic activity that can be integrated to ventricular kinetics. In clinical cardiomyoplasty procedures, a complete wrap of both ventricles by the LDM cannot always be obtained in cases of extremely dilated hearts. This is due to the limited LDM length available for wrapping. In most of these cases, benefits of cardiomyoplasty are very limited. We have investigated the feasibility of progressive LDM expansion associated with electrostimulation. The aim was to increase the muscle area before cardiomyoplasty, while preserving the electrophysiologic characteristics of muscle fibers.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 5 goats, a silicone LDM expander with two incorporated muscular pacing electrodes was inserted deep into the LDM through a paravertebral incision along the posterior edge of the muscle. The pacing leads were connected to a myostimulator implanted in a subcutaneous pocket. The expander was progressively inflated over 8 weeks, up to 500 mL. Simultaneously the LDM was electrostimulated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 2 months planimetric studies demonstrated an increase of the LDM surface from 175 +/- 12 to 229 +/- 17 cm2 (+31% +/- 4%; p < 0.05). The expanded LDM showed preserved electrophysiologic characteristics. The analysis of biopsy samples revealed histologic integrity of muscle fibers and preservation of their mean diameter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Potential benefits of this procedure are (1) increase of muscle surface, (2) training of muscular fibers and preservation of muscular tone, and (3) division of the distal vascular supply at implantation, which may potentiate vascularization from the LDM main pedicle. An LDM expansion could be considered before cardiomyoplasty in cases of significant heart dilatation. This device was successfully implanted in 2 patients, 2 months before cardiomyoplasty. Cardiomyoplasties were performed without difficulty, and a complete biventricular wrap was obtained in both patients in spite of massive cardiomegaly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Broussais Hospital, Paris, France.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chachques
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tapia
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Radermercker
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pellerin
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Fuzellier
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Tolan
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Renard
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mitz
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Carpentier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001706:Biopsy; D018421:Cardiomyoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D006041:Goats; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000637:transplantation*; D015626:Tissue Expansion / Q000379:methods