title: Aortoventriculoplasty with the pulmonary autograft: the "Ross-Konno" procedure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For patients with complex left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, including hypoplastic aortic anulus with or without severe diffuse subaortic stenosis, various aortoventriculoplasty procedures (e.g., Konno procedure and its modifications; extended aortic allograft root replacement) are important management options. In younger patients, however, reoperation for valve replacement is inevitably required, and anticoagulation issues pose additional problems. The pulmonary autograft provides a promising option for aortic valve replacement as part of the aortoventriculoplasty procedure in children. Long-term follow up shows that the pulmonary autograft functions well as the systemic arterial (neoaortic) valve and that valve growth occurs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between July 1993 and May 1995, 11 patients 4 days to 17 years old (median 12 months) underwent aortoventriculoplasty with pulmonary autograft (Ross-Konno procedure). The diagnoses were aortic stenosis with or without subaortic stenosis (n = 8), Shone complex (n = 2), and interrupted aortic arch with subaortic stenosis (n = 1). On average, 1.9 previous interventions had been performed per patient, including a previous Konno procedure in one patient. The aortic root was replaced with a pulmonary autograft valve. The left ventricular outflow tract was enlarged with a Dacron polyester fabric patch in two patients, with an allograft aortic patch in two patients and a right ventricular infundibular free wall muscular extension harvested in continuity with the autograft in seven patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiographic assessment revealed mild aortic insufficiency in one patient. One patient had a residual left ventricular outflow tract gradient of 15 mm Hg. Significant complications were cardiac tamponade from bleeding (n = 1) and complete heart block necessitating a permanent pacemaker (n = 1). Follow-up ranged from 2 weeks to 16 months. To date, there have been no late deaths or reoperations. Follow-up echocardiography revealed mild autograft insufficiency in one patient and a 16 mm Hg residual left ventricular outflow tract gradient in one patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Initial experience suggests that aortoventriculoplasty with the pulmonary autograft is an excellent alternative for young patients with complex left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Because the pulmonary autograft has been shown to grow after implantation, reoperation on the left ventricular outflow tract is likely to be avoided.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Rajasinghe
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Teitel
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Hanley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001011:Aorta / Q000601:surgery; D001020:Aortic Stenosis, Subvalvular / Q000151:congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000601:surgery; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000151:congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D011664:Pulmonary Valve / Q000637:transplantation*; D013997:Time Factors; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D014694:Ventricular Outflow Obstruction / Q000601:surgery*