title: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiac support in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support for cardiac failure has been used in children since 1981 at the Children's Hospital in Pittsburgh. Most children required support after cardiac operations. Recently, however, a larger number of patients with decompensated cardiomyopathy or myocarditis have been supported with ECMO, which was used as a bridge to transplantation in most.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1981 to 1994, 68 children were placed on ECMO for cardiac support.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall survival for the entire time period was 38%, with the more recent experience survival increased to 47%. In 14 children, ECMO was used as a bridge to transplantation, with 9 children receiving a heart transplant and 7 long-term survivors. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has also been used to resuscitate 11 children after sudden cardiac arrest, with a long-term survival of 53%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that ECMO support for severe cardiac failure is effective. Patient selection and the use of heart transplantation for intractable heart failure have improved the overall survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: del Nido
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000401:mortality; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008722:Methods; D015996:Survival Rate