title: A systematic review of the risks of stroke and death due to endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Carotid endarterectomy reduces the risk of carotid territory ischemic stroke ipsilateral to a recently symptomatic severe carotid stenosis. However, the benefit is limited by the risks of stroke and death associated with the operation. Although reported surgical risks vary enormously, there has been no systematic review of the published literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a systematic review of mortality and the risk of stroke and/or death due to endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis in studies published since 1980.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-one studies fulfilled our criteria. Overall mortality was 1.62% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3 to 1.9), and the risk of stroke and/or death was 5.64% (95% CI, 4.4 to 6.9). However, there was significant heterogeneity of risk of stroke and/or death (P < .001). The risk varied systematically with the methods and the authorship of the study. The risk of stroke and/or death was highest in studies in which patients were assessed by a neurologist after surgery (7.7%; 95% CI, 5.0 to 10.2) and lowest in studies with a single author affiliated with a department of surgery (2.3%; 95% CI, 1.8 to 2.7). After correcting for study methodology, there was no temporal trend in the risk of stroke and/or death between 1980 and 1995.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reported risks of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis show significantly greater variability than would be expected by chance. However, much of this variability can be accounted for by differences in methodology and authorship. The 5.6% overall risk of stroke and/or death is consistent with present guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK. pmr@skull.dcn.ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Rothwell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Slattery
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Warlow
mesh_terms: D016251:CD-ROM; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000601:surgery*; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D016239:MEDLINE; D009017:Morbidity; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors