title: The anogenital distance index, a predictor of the intrauterine position effects on reproduction in female house mice.
abstract: The anogenital distances (AGD) of newborn female house mice vary as a function of prior intrauterine position. Females with long AGDs are more likely to be derived from intrauterine positions adjacent to males (2M) than females not adjacent to males (0M). Females with a male on one side (1M) show intermediate AGDs. Hence the AGD reflects the degree of androgenization experienced by the female in utero and correlates with a number of androgen-dependent anatomical, physiological, and behavioral events in adulthood. This experiment tested the usefulness of AGD measurements of female house mice taken at weaning rather than at birth as an index of prior androgenization. The AGD was normalized for body weight at weaning to yield an anogenital distance index (AGDI). Intrauterine position (IUP) was determined by caesarian section. Pups were marked and reared by foster mothers. Comparison of AGDI showed that 0M females had a significantly lower mean AGDI score than 2M females and 1M females were intermediate. This confirmed that AGDI reflects prior IUP and can be used as an index of prenatal androgenization. While testing for responsiveness to male urine, a stimulus known to accelerate puberty, only females from the 1M and 2M positions differed from controls indicating that 0M females had already attained puberty. Choosing females from unknown IUPs with short-AGDIs, mid-AGDIs, and long AGDIs and treating them with either urine or saline on the nose for the 4 days after weaning yielded much the same response indicating that AGDI can also be used to preselect females for sensitivity to factors influencing puberty. These results demonstrate that some of the variability known to be related to intrauterine position can be predicted by AGDI, a relatively easy measure to acquire at weaning in commonly used laboratory rodents. Such preselection could reduce variability of experimental results in the conduct of studies related to rodent reproduction and may reduce the number of animals needed without loss of predictive ability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7617, USA.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Vandenbergh
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Huggett
mesh_terms: D001003:Anal Canal / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000196:embryology; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D009929:Organ Size; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology*; D012733:Sex Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D014566:Urogenital System / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000196:embryology; D014599:Uterus / Q000502:physiology