title: The Leeuwenhoek Lecture, 1995. Adaptation to life without oxygen.
abstract: The Earth was populated by anaerobic organisms for at least a thousand million years before the atmosphere became oxygenated and aerobes could evolve. Many bacteria like Escherichia coli retain the ability to grow under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Recent studies have revealed some global regulatory mechanisms for activating or repressing the expression of relevant genes in response to oxygen availability. These mechanisms ensure that the appropriate metabolic mode is adopted when bacteria switch between aerobic and anaerobic environments.
authors.affiliation: Krebs Institute for Biomolecular Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, U.K.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Guest
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological; D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic; D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D018407:Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D002875:Chromosomes; D002951:Citrates / Q000378:metabolism; D019343:Citric Acid; D002373:Cyclic AMP Receptor Protein / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases / Q000235:genetics; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D005809:Genes, Regulator; D007506:Iron-Sulfur Proteins; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010100:Oxygen; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D002951:Citrates; D002373:Cyclic AMP Receptor Protein; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; C060704:FNR protein, E coli; D007506:Iron-Sulfur Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; C041610:arcA protein, E coli; C069780:NarL protein, E coli; C067189:fhlA protein, E coli; D019343:Citric Acid; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases; D010100:Oxygen