title: Oral trefoil peptides protect against ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric injury in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The trefoil factors, a family of proteins abundantly expressed in gastrointestinal mucous cells, protect the epithelium in vitro. This study determines the effects of exogenously administered trefoil peptides on experimental injury in rats in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gastric injury was induced by either intragastric absolute ethanol (1.0 mL) or subcutaneous indomethacin (20 mg/kg). Recombinant human spasmolytic polypeptide (rHSP) or rat intestinal trefoil factor (ITF) were administered at different doses and time points before or after injury. Vehicle or bovine serum albumin was used as control. The pH of the stomach contents was assessed when the rats were killed. Gastric injury was blindly evaluated macroscopically and histologically. Serum levels of rHSP and ITF were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oral rHSP and ITF markedly protected against both ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric injury (P < 0.005 at doses of 1-15 mg/rat) when given up to 2 hours before injury; no protection was noted by intraperitoneal rHSP against ethanol injury. Intraperitoneal rHSP protected against indomethacin-induced injury only at the maximal dose given (15 mg). Neither rHSP nor ITF altered gastric pH. Protection was not associated with systemic absorption of trefoil peptides.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Topical trefoil peptides protect the gastric mucosa against ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric injuries. These peptides contribute to surface mucosal defense.
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Babyatsky
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: deBeaumont
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thim
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Podolsky
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005745:Gastric Acidity Determination; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008297:Male; D009077:Mucins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D010455:Peptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D000071164:Trefoil Factor-2; D000071165:Trefoil Factor-3
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D006133:Growth Substances; D009077:Mucins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D010455:Peptides; C099037:TFF3 protein, rat; C000604008:Tff2 protein, rat; D000071164:Trefoil Factor-2; D000071165:Trefoil Factor-3; D000431:Ethanol; D007213:Indomethacin