title: Graphs to estimate an individualized risk of breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinicians who counsel women about their risk for developing breast cancer need a rapid method to estimate individualized risk (absolute risk), as well as the confidence limits around that point. The Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project (BCDDP) model (sometimes called the Gail model) assumes no genetic model and simultaneously incorporates five risk factors, but involves cumbersome calculations and interpolations. This report provides graphs to estimate the absolute risk of breast cancer from the BCDDP model.
  
  
  METHODS
  The BCDDP recruited 280,000 women from 1973 to 1980 who were monitored for 5 years. From this cohort, 2,852 white women developed breast cancer and 3,146 controls were selected, all with complete risk-factor information. The BCDDP model, previously developed from these data, was used to prepare graphs that relate a specific summary relative-risk estimate to the absolute risk of developing breast cancer over intervals of 10, 20, and 30 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Once a summary relative risk is calculated, the appropriate graph is chosen that shows the 10-, 20-, or 30-year absolute risk of developing breast cancer. A separate graph gives the 95% confidence limits around the point estimate of absolute risk. Once a clinician rules out a single gene trait that predisposes to breast cancer and elicits information on age and four risk factors, the tables and figures permit an estimation of a women's absolute risk of developing breast cancer in the next three decades.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results are intended to be applied to women who undergo regular screening. They should be used only in a formal counseling program to maximize a woman's understanding of the estimates and the proper use of them.
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-7368, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Benichou
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Gail
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Mulvihill
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001940:Breast / Q000473:pathology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003376:Counseling / Q000379:methods; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia / Q000473:pathology; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors