title: Polyethylene glycol nephrotoxicity secondary to prolonged high-dose intravenous lorazepam.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report a patient with a probable acute tubular necrosis (ATN) induced by chronic exposure to polyethylene glycol (PEG)-400 via long-term, massive dosage of intravenous lorazepam.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 57-year-old man with a history of alcohol abuse was admitted to the intensive care unit for acute respiratory failure. Lorazepam therapy was initiated in anticipation of alcohol withdrawal. Dosages up to 18 mg/h were required to provide adequate sedation and optimize ventilation. On day 43, the patient developed oliguric ATN of unknown etiology. The cumulative intravenous lorazepam dose was 4089 mg, equivalent to approximately 220 mL of PEG-400. Blood urea nitrogen concentrations followed a pattern that paralleled lorazepam dosage increases and decreases. Protein and granular casts were evident in urinalyses performed on days 12 and 29. The patient eventually experienced complete recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ATN associated with intravenous PEG was last reported in 1959 in 6 of 32 patients receiving a cumulative PEG-300 dose of 120-200 mL over 3-5 days via an intravenous nitrofurantoin preparation. Two of the 6 patients died. Chronic administration of intravenous PEG to rabbits over a 5-week period has caused cloudy swelling of the renal tubular epithelium, increased blood urea concentrations, and death in some animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ATN probably resulted from chronic PEG exposure via massive doses of lorazepam injection, possibly enhanced by concurrent administration of vancomycin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, St Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Laine
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Solis
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Adams
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007683:Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008140:Lorazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011817:Rabbits; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D008140:Lorazepam