title: Randomized study of right ventricular function with intermittent warm or cold cardioplegia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transient right ventricular dysfunction has been previously documented after bypass operations despite adequate myocardial protection with intermittent antegrade cold blood cardioplegia. Recently warm blood cardioplegia has been interrupted during construction of distal anastomoses to improve visualization. The effects of intermittent antegrade warm blood cardioplegia, and the resultant periods of right ventricular normothermic ischemia, on postoperative right ventricular function are unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  To assess the effects of cardioplegia on right ventricular protection, 52 patients undergoing isolated bypass grafting were randomized to intermittent warm or cold blood cardioplegia. The two groups were similar with respect to age, sex, ventricular function, and right coronary stenoses. Cross-clamp times were similar (warm, 64 +/- 22 minutes; cold, 63 +/- 15 minutes; not significant). The cumulative time of cardioplegia interruption was longer in the cold group (42 +/- 8 minutes) than in the warm group (31 +/- 14 minutes; p < 0.002). A rapid-response thermodilution catheter was employed to assess postoperative right ventricular ejection fraction and end-diastolic and end-systolic volume indices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The right ventricular ejection fraction was greater in the warm group at 6 hours (warm, 0.46 +/- 0.06; cold, 0.37 +/- 0.08; p < 0.05) and 8 hours (warm, 0.43 +/- 0.08; cold, 0.37 +/- 0.08; p < 0.05) postoperatively. The right ventricular end-diastolic volume index was less in the warm group 8 hours postoperatively (warm, 83 +/- 11 mL/m2; cold, 94 +/- 16 mL/m2; p < 0.05). There were no differences in pulmonary arterial pressures or right ventricular stroke work index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite intermittent normothermic ischemia of half the cross-clamp time, patients receiving warm cardioplegia maintained right ventricular hemodynamics after bypass grafting.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Christakis
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Buth
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Weisel
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Joy
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Fremes
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Goldman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001769:Blood; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013696:Temperature; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right