title: Aortomyoplasty counterpulsation: experimental results and early clinical experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Presently the only clinical method of skeletal muscle augmentation of the heart is achieved by wrapping muscle around the cardiac ventricles and then stimulating the muscle to contract synchronously with cardiac systole. Intraaortic balloon counterpulsation provides diastolic counterpulsation in the short-term with the known benefits of increasing diastolic pressure and reducing ventricular afterload. Using protocols already in existence for dynamic cardiomyoplasty we have investigated the long-term use of extraaortic skeletal muscle-powered counterpulsation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In five alpine goats the right latissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) was used to achieve a wrap around the ascending aorta, which had been augmented with an elliptic pericardial patch. Electrostimulation protocols were commenced after 2 weeks and continued for 12 to 24 months. At this time baseline hemodynamic measurements were made with and without stimulation of the LDM. Acute cardiac depression was induced and further measurements were made, again with and without stimulation of the LDM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results in the basal state demonstrated improvement in all parameters with stimulation and a 23% increase of the subendocardial viability index. After induction of cardiac depression there was a 52% increase in cardiac output, 39% decrease in systemic vascular resistance, and 27% increase in subendocardial viability index. Histologic studies demonstrated tight adhesion between the aortic wall and the LDM, no dilatation of the aortic wall, and no deleterious effects in the aortic wall of the chronic intermittent constriction. Histochemical staining demonstrated transformation of the muscle fibers of the LDM flap into type 1 oxidative muscle fibers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, our present study demonstrates that in this animal model aortomyoplasty produces a chronic counterpulsation with preservation of aortic architecture. With induction of heart failure aortomyoplasty provided an effective means of cardiac assistance. The use of the ascending aorta to achieve diastolic counterpulsation may be an efficient use of skeletal muscle energy to augment the heart in selected clinical cases. Early clinical experience is described in this article.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Broussais Hospital, Paris, France.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chachques
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Radermercker
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Tolan
authors.forename: E I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Grandjean
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Carpentier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001243:Assisted Circulation; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D015908:Counterpulsation; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008722:Methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology / Q000637:transplantation*