title: Intraosseous infusion of a small volume of hyperosmotic fluid increases mean arterial pressure and lessens the catecholamine response in pigs with haemorrhagic shock.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the plasma catecholamine concentrations during an episode of haemorrhagic shock treated by intraosseous infusion of a small volume of hyperosmotic fluid in a standardised porcine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised open study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital, Norway.
  
  
  METHODS
  14 piglets.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two groups of piglets (n=7 each) were anaesthetised with ketamine and bled to a mean arterial pressure of 40 mm Hg. After 30 minutes the animals were randomised to receive 100 ml of either hyperosmotic (2.4 mo/l) or iso-osmotic (0.29 mo/l) fluid (equal volumes of glucose and sodium chloride) into the tibial bone marrow.
  
  
  METHODS
  Short term (70 minutes) observation of changes in haemodynamic, biochemical and hormonal variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hyperosmotic infusion significantly improved the circulation (mean arterial pressure and cardiac index) compared with the iso-osmotic infusion (p < 0.05). The increased plasma catecholamine concentrations returned to the reference ranges 20 minutes after the hyperosmotic infusion, and were significantly different (p < 0.05) from the catecholamine concentrations observed in the iso-osmotic treatment group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraosseous hyperosmotic resuscitation increases the circulatory performance and reduces the plasma catecholamine concentrations during haemorrhagic shock in pigs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rønning
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sager
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Revhaug
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005950:Glucose Solution, Hypertonic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood*; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011897:Random Allocation; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D013552:Swine; D013977:Tibia
chemical_list: D005950:Glucose Solution, Hypertonic; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine