title: Cardiac surgery in a fixed-reimbursement environment.
abstract: Hospital and physician services in Canada are funded by public (government) sources. This article will describe the practice of cardiac surgery in this setting. Federal legislation has prescribed the principles of accessibility, universality, comprehensiveness, portability, and public administration for essential healthcare services in Canada. Provincial and territorial governments are responsible for the provision of services, receiving federal tax and cash transfers that supplement provincial/territorial funds for hospital, physician, and community health services. Hospitals negotiate annually for global budgets. Physicians work as independent contractors in hospitals (and communities) and are usually paid as specified by fee-for-service contracts negotiated at intervals with governments. Cardiac surgical services have been planned conjointly with government. Forty-two centers in Canada serve a population of 28 million. All but three of these centers are located in tertiary teaching hospitals; all but one do more than 200 pumps annually. The rate of cardiac operations is 80 per 100,000 population. In Ontario, the Provincial Adult Cardiac Care Network makes recommendations to governments about the distribution of the 7,600 pumps annually (population, 11 million), rationalizing waiting lists based on an urgency rating scale. Patients requiring emergent/urgent operations are well served. The average waiting time for an elective cardiac operation is 10.5 weeks. The waiting list mortality is less than 0.5%. The Provincial Adult Cardiac Care Network also determines the placement of new programs and participates in creating hospital funding formulas developed from a combination of resource and acuity intensity weighting. Most surgeons hold full-time academic appointments but are funded largely by practice income. Surgical fees average $2,000 (Canada) per case. Overhead, including malpractice insurance, is approximately 45%. All Canadian patients enjoy reasonably timely access to good cardiac surgical care. Further constraints on physician compensation and (academic) hospital funding will compromise this balance.
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Toronto Hospital, General Division, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Scully
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012307:Risk Factors