title: Pregnancy rates among women infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Adult/Adolescent HIV Spectrum of Disease Project Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine pregnancy rates among women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from an ongoing survey of medical records of 3915 women who were 15-44 years of age, infected with HIV, and who received care between January 1990 and August 1994 in more than 90 clinics, hospitals, and private practices in 11 United States cities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At enrollment, 570 (14%) of these women were pregnant. Pregnancy rates at entry varied significantly (P < .05) by age in years (15-19 [47%], 20-24 [30%], 25-29 [18%]; 30-34 [11%]; 35-39 [5%]; 40-44 [2%]); clinical status (with AIDS opportunistic illness [3%], without AIDS opportunistic illness [17%]; and race-ethnicity (white [12%], black [17%], Hispanic [8%], Asian [0%], Native American [30%]) but not by mode of exposure (injecting drug use [10%], heterosexual contact [15%], and blood transfusion [12%]). After enrollment, 5.8% of women became pregnant each year. New pregnancies were significantly less likely to occur among women with an AIDS opportunistic illness (adjusted rate ratio 0.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.2-0.6), and significantly more likely to occur among women who were less than 25 years of age (adjusted rate ratio 8.3, 95% CI 5.3-13.2) and who were black (adjusted rate ratio 1.6, 95% CI 1.2-2.1). Among women who were pregnant at enrollment or during observation, 12% were pregnant more than once.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High rates of pregnancy at entry to medical care among HIV-infected women stress the importance of counseling and voluntary testing as routine obstetric-gynecologic practice. In some groups, rates of new pregnancies remain high; standard HIV care for women should include family planning services and assurance that if a woman chooses to practice contraception, contraceptives will be available and affordable.
authors.affiliation: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology*