title: Indications and immediate patient outcomes of pathology intraoperative consultations. College of American Pathologists/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Outcomes Working Group Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the reasons (indications) for and immediate intraoperative surgical results (outcomes) associated with pathology intraoperative consultation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 1992 and 1993, surgeons collaborated with pathologists in 472 voluntarily participating institutions from the United States (462), Canada (7), Australia (2), and New Zealand (1) in a study jointly sponsored by the College of American Pathologists and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pathologists selected 20 consecutive intraoperative consultations and assembled a cover letter, a checklist questionnaire, and a copy of the corresponding surgical pathology report, all of which were sent to the surgeon(s) for retrospective evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was distributed to participants in the College of American Pathologists voluntary Q-Probes quality improvement and Surgical Pathology Performance Improvement programs and to Canadian and Australian hospitals with more than 200 beds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evaluation of 9164 cases established the five most common indications for intraoperative consultation: (1) establish or confirm diagnosis to determine type or extent of operation (51%), (2) confirm adequacy of margins (16%), (3) confirm nature of tissue to direct sampling for immediate culture or other laboratory study (10%), (4) expedite obtaining diagnosis to inform family or patient (8%), and (5) confirm sufficient tissue submitted to secure diagnosis in permanent section (8%). The information provided by the intraoperative consultation resulted in changed surgical procedures that were either modified, terminated, or newly initiated in 47%, 30%, 6%, 9%, and 28% of cases, corresponding respectively to each of the above five common indications. Rarely cited reasons for intraoperative consultation were to expedite obtaining diagnosis for surgeon's knowledge (3%), to facilitate patient management, other professional communication or discharge planning prior to permanent section availability (3%), academic protocol (< 1%), and consultation not needed or no reason for request (< 1%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This multi-institutional, interdisciplinary database confirms that pathology intraoperative consultations, regardless of the initial indications, influence immediate patient care decisions, resulting in changed surgical procedures in an average of 39% of all operative cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Zarbo
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bachner
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Howanitz
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Schifman
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Boone
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Herron
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D002170:Canada; D002487:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.; D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques; D005629:Frozen Sections; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000592:standards*; D009520:New Zealand; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010340:Pathology, Surgical / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States