title: The chicken beta 2-microglobulin gene is located on a non-major histocompatibility complex microchromosome: a small, G+C-rich gene with X and Y boxes in the promoter.
abstract: beta 2-Microglobulin is an essential subunit of major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) class I molecules, which present antigenic peptides to T lymphocytes. We sequenced a number of cDNAs and two genomic clones corresponding to chicken beta 2-microglobulin. The chicken beta 2-microglobulin gene has a similar genomic organization but smaller introns and higher G+C content than mammalian beta 2-microglobulin genes. The promoter region is particularly G+C-rich and contains, in addition to interferon regulatory elements, potential S/W, X, and Y boxes that were originally described for mammalian class II but not class I alpha or beta 2-microglobulin genes. There is a single chicken beta 2-microglobulin gene that has little polymorphism in the coding region. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms from Mhc homozygous lines, Mhc congenic lines, and backcross families, as well as in situ hybridization, show that the beta 2-microglobulin gene is located on a microchromosome different from the one that contains the chicken Mhc. We propose that the structural similarities between the beta 2-microglobulin and Mhc genes in the chicken are due to their presence on microchromosomes and suggest that these features and the microchromosomes appeared by deletion of DNA in the lineage leading to the birds.
authors.affiliation: Basel Institute for Immunology, Switzerland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Riegert
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bumstead
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Döhring
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dominguez-Steglich
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Engberg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salomonsen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwager
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Skjødt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaufman
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001482:Base Composition; D001483:Base Sequence; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D002645:Chickens / Q000235:genetics*; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D016384:Consensus Sequence; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D004247:DNA / Q000097:blood; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005805:Genes, MHC Class I; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008285:Major Histocompatibility Complex; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D004247:DNA