title: Image directed proton spectroscopy of gerbil brain at 7 tesla.
abstract: Image directed localized 1H NMR spectra were obtained at 7 T (300 MHz) from cubic volumes of less than 40 microL in the gerbil brain. Signals from cerebral metabolites commonly detected in other rodent species were easily assigned, and high resolution spectroscopy (360 MHz) of aqueous brain extracts assisted the tentative identification of partially overlapping resonances from lower concentration compounds like alanine, lysine, gamma-aminobutyrate, valine, leucine and isoleucine. Weak coupling at 7 T was manifest in the resolution of signals from the gamma-CH2 groups of glutamine and glutamate. Down-field of water, signals assigned to purine nucleotides were conspicuous in the extract spectra, but localized spectra acquired routinely in vivo, using selective excitation and gradient crushing (SUBMERGE) for water suppression, exhibited little or no signal from purines. When localized in vivo spectra were acquired without water suppression, however, or using a low power binomial excitation sequence rather than SUBMERGE, a broad signal appeared at the resonant frequency of purine aromatic protons. NMR experiments on the nucleotide adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) in 90% glycerol/10% D2O solution demonstrated that pre-irradiation of the water signal even for less than 100 ms attenuated the nucleotide signal appreciably. This implies that the soft pulses required for selective excitation of water in sequences such as SUBMERGE induce spin-diffusion which eliminates or diminishes the signal from nucleotides in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Analytical Sciences Department, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Welwyn AL6 9AR, UK.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Middleton
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Hockings
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Glen
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Crozier
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Roffman
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Rothaul
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Doddrell
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000378:metabolism; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002794:Choline / Q000378:metabolism; D003401:Creatine / Q000378:metabolism; D005849:Gerbillinae; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006859:Hydrogen; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D012984:Software; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000596:Amino Acids; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D006859:Hydrogen; C000179:N-acetylaspartate; D005947:Glucose; D003401:Creatine; D002794:Choline