title: A quantitative physiologic model of blood oxygenation for functional magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Variations in venous deoxyhemoglobin levels in response to neuronal activation represent a complex interplay between focal changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV), and regional metabolism. The authors present a mathematic model that characterizes the response of venous oxygenation to changes in these variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a mass balance approach, the equations for a simple input-output model are derived and solved using Matlab. Changes in blood oxygenation are related to available results from functional magnetic resonance imaging experiments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increases in CBF produce declines in oxygen extraction fraction and venous deoxyhemoglobin according to Fick's law, and are quantitatively in agreement with available magnetic resonance and positron-emission tomography data. A flow-volume envelope defines the changes in CBF relative to CBV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible to obtain a quantitative understanding of changes in blood oxygenation and to relate these changes to the observed dynamics of magnetic resonance signal change in the setting of functional stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, UCLA Center for the Health Sciences 90024-1721, USA.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Hathout
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Gambhir
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Gopi
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kirlew
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: So
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gozal
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Lufkin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hawkins
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001810:Blood Volume; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D002196:Capillaries / Q000378:metabolism; D002550:Cerebral Veins; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008833:Microcirculation; D008954:Models, Biological; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins; C100003:deoxyhemoglobin; D010100:Oxygen