title: Motorcycle helmet use and injury outcome and hospitalization costs from crashes in Washington State.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The incidence, type, severity, and costs of crash-related injuries requiring hospitalization or resulting in death were compared for helmeted and unhelmeted motorcyclists.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective cohort study of injured motorcyclists in Washington State in 1989. Motorcycle crash data were linked to statewide hospitalization and death data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 2090 crashes included in this study resulted in 409 hospitalizations (20%) and 59 fatalities (28%). Although unhelmeted motorcyclists were only slightly more likely to be hospitalized overall, they were more severely injured, nearly three times more likely to have been head injured, and nearly four times more likely to have been severely or critically head injured than helmeted riders. Unhelmeted riders were also more likely to be readmitted to a hospital for follow-up treatment and to die from their injuries. The average hospital stay for unhelmeted motorcyclists was longer, and cost more per case; the cost of hospitalization for unhelmeted motorcyclists was 60% more overall ($3.5 vs $2.2 million).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Helmet use is strongly associated with reduced probability and severity of injury, reduced economic impact, and a reduction in motorcyclist deaths.
authors.affiliation: Washington State Department of Health, Seattle, Wash., USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rowland
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rivara
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salzberg
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Soderberg
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koepsell
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D006260:Head Protective Devices / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009049:Motorcycles / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology