title: The relationship of minor physical anomalies and other putative indices of developmental disturbance in schizophrenia to abnormalities of cerebral structure on magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: Minor physical anomalies, together with obstetric complications, family history, and handedness status, were assessed to explore putative neurodevelopmental disturbance(s) in patients with schizophrenia whose cerebral structure had been examined previously by magnetic resonance imaging. Minor physical anomalies were related to negative symptoms in males and to premorbid intellectual function in females, but not to ventricular volume; however, three patients with evident neurodevelopmental anomalies of the ventricular system showed prominent minor physical anomalies. In exploratory analyses, obstetric complications were associated with left ventricular asymmetry, and a positive family history with inverse profiles of asymmetry in males vs. females; non-right-handedness was associated with increased ventricular volume in males but with poorer premorbid intellectual function in females. This nexus of relationships and their gender specificities suggest early dysmorphogenesis in schizophrenia that is related to sexual dimorphism.
authors.affiliation: St. John of God Psychiatric Service, Blackrock, Co., Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: O'Callaghan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Madigan
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Redmond
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Stack
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kinsella
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Larkin
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Ennis
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Waddington
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000473:pathology; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007360:Intelligence / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019965:Neurocognitive Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology