title: Phosphorylation-dependent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and nuclear targeting of viral DNA.
abstract: In the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), gag MA (matrix), a major structural protein of the virus, carries out opposing targeting functions. During virus assembly, gag MA is cotranslationally myristoylated, a modification required for membrane targeting of gag polyproteins. During virus infection, however, gag MA, by virtue of a nuclear targeting signal at its N terminus, facilitates the nuclear localization of viral DNA and establishment of the provirus. We now show that phosphorylation of gag MA on tyrosine and serine prior to and during virus infection facilitates its dissociation from the membrane, thus allowing it to translocate to the nucleus. Inhibition of gag MA phosphorylation either on tyrosine or on serine prevents gag MA-mediated nuclear targeting of viral nucleic acids and impairs virus infectivity. The requirement for gag MA phosphorylation in virus infection is underscored by our finding that a serine/threonine kinase is associated with virions of HIV-1. These results reveal a novel level of regulation of primate lentivirus infectivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-5120, USA.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Bukrinskaya
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghorpade
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Heinzinger
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Smithgall
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stevenson
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002451:Cell Compartmentation; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000378:metabolism*; D015683:Gene Products, gag / Q000378:metabolism*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009226:Myristates / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010768:Phosphoserine / Q000378:metabolism; D019000:Phosphotyrosine / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D014763:Viral Matrix Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D014771:Virion / Q000201:enzymology; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004279:DNA, Viral; D015683:Gene Products, gag; D009226:Myristates; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D014763:Viral Matrix Proteins; D010768:Phosphoserine; D019000:Phosphotyrosine; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases