title: Parenteral ketorolac and risk of gastrointestinal and operative site bleeding. A postmarketing surveillance study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the risk of gastrointestinal and operative site bleeding associated with the use of parenteral ketorolac tromethamine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postmarketing surveillance inception cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 35 hospitals throughout the Philadelphia, Pa, region, 1991 to 1993.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients administered 10,272 courses of parenteral ketorolac therapy were compared with patients administered 10,247 courses of a parenteral opiate who were matched to the ketorolac patients by hospital, admitting service, and date of initiation of study drug.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records were reviewed for demographics, medical history, doses and duration of study drug, various aspects of the hospital course including surgery and concomitant medications, and adverse events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The multivariate adjusted odds ratio (OR) comparing ketorolac with opiates for gastrointestinal bleeding was 1.30 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11 to 1.52); for operative site bleeding, the OR was 1.02 (95% CI, 0.95 to 1.10). The OR was elevated further in subjects 75 years of age or older for both gastrointestinal bleeding (OR = 1.66; 95% CI, 1.23 to 2.25) and operative site bleeding (OR = 1.12; 95% CI, 0.94 to 1.35). A dose-response relationship was evident between average daily ketorolac dose and both gastrointestinal bleeding and operative site bleeding (trend test P < .001 for both). When analgesic therapy lasted 5 or fewer days, ketorolac was associated with only a small increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding (OR = 1.17; 95% CI, 0.99 to 1.30); when therapy was prolonged beyond 5 days, the OR was 2.20 (95% CI, 1.36 to 3.57). The association of ketorolac with operative site bleeding was not affected by duration of therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall associations between ketorolac use and both gastrointestinal bleeding and operative site bleeding are small. However, the risk associated with the drug is larger and clinically important when ketorolac is used in higher doses, in older subjects, and for more than 5 days. Improving physicians' prescribing practices by limiting the dose and duration of ketorolac use, especially in the elderly, should enhance its overall risk-benefit balance.
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104-6021, USA.
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Strom
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Berlin
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Kinman
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Spitz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hennessy
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kimmel
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Carson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009294:Narcotics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D016017:Odds Ratio; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced*; D011358:Product Surveillance, Postmarketing; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D014046:Tolmetin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D014325:Tromethamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D009294:Narcotics; D014325:Tromethamine; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine; D014046:Tolmetin