title: Pretreatment serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen: a newly identified prognostic factor in early-stage cervical carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prognostic value of pretreatment serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-ag) levels in patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma in relation to well-established conventional risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sera from 653 women treated for squamous cervical cancer between 1978 and 1994 were analyzed for the presence of SCC-ag and related to clinicopathologic characteristics and patient outcome using univariate and multivariate analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased pretreatment SCC-ag levels correlated strongly with unfavorable clinicopathologic characteristics (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics [FIGO] stages IB to IV [P < or = .00005]; stages IB and IIA: tumor size [P = .0236], deep stromal infiltration [P = .00009], and lymph node metastasis [P = .0001]). After multivariate analysis, elevated pretreatment serum SCC-ag levels (P = .001), lesion size (P = .043), and vascular invasion by tumor cells (P = .001) were independent predictors for the presence of lymph node metastases. In Cox regression analysis, controlling for SCC-ag, lesion size, grade, vascular invasion, depth of stromal infiltration, and lymph node status only the initial SCC-ag level had a significant independent effect on survival (P = .0152). Even in node-negative patients, the risk of recurrence was three times higher if the SCC-ag level was elevated before therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The determination of pretreatment serum SCC-ag level provides a new prognostic factor in early-stage disease, particularly in patients with small tumor size. In future trials to assess the value of new treatment strategies, pretreatment serum SCC-ag levels can be used to help identify patients with a poor prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Duk
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Groenier
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: de Bruijn
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hollema
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: ten Hoor
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: van der Zee
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Aalders
mesh_terms: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000097:blood*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015843:Serpins; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D015843:Serpins; C051072:squamous cell carcinoma-related antigen