title: Morphologic and hemodynamic consequences after percutaneous balloon valvotomy for neonatal pulmonary stenosis: medium-term follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to evaluate ventricular and valvular morphologic changes, hemodynamic consequences and clinical outcomes of pulmonary balloon valvotomy performed in the neonatal period.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previous studies support percutaneous balloon valvotomy as the management option of choice for infants and children with valvular pulmonary stenosis. Less information is available to define the impact of valvotomy on the clinical course when performed in the neonatal period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient records, catheterization data, cineangiograms and selected echocardiograms (initial and most recent studies) of 37 consecutive neonates undergoing attempted balloon dilation were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dilation was accomplished in 35 (94%) of 37 attempts. Immediately after dilation, the transvalvular peak to peak systolic gradient decreased from 60 +/- 22 mm Hg (mean +/- SD, range 20 to 100) to 11 +/- 10 mm Hg (range 0 to 45) (p < 0.0001), and the right ventricular/aortic systolic pressure ratio decreased from 1.25 +/- 0.43 (range 0.5 to 2.6) to 0.66 +/- 0.22 (range 0.2 to 1) (p < 0.0001). Oxygen saturation measured by percutaneous oximetry increased from 80 +/- 7% to 92 +/- 4% (p < 0.0001). Three patients died (8%), and two required repeat balloon dilation. At the follow-up visit (median 31 months, range 6 months to 8 years), the estimated peak instantaneous Doppler gradient was 15 +/- 9 mm Hg (range 6 to 36). Thickening of valve leaflets, initially present in 93% of patients, was found in only 4%, and leaflet mobility improved in all. Hypoplasia of the right ventricle, initially present in 31%, was found in only 4% at the latest evaluation. Pulmonary annulus diameter Z score increased from -3 +/- 1.0 to 0 +/- 0.1 (p < 0.0001). Freedom from reintervention was 90%, 84% and 84% at 1, 2 and 8 years, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data support the application of balloon valvotomy as the initial intervention in the treatment algorithm for neonates with critical pulmonary valve stenosis. Medium-term follow-up observations demonstrate sustained hemodynamic relief and support maturation of the right ventricle and pulmonary valve annulus, with the expectation of a good long-term outcome.
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tabatabaei
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boutin
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Nykanen
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Freedom
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Benson
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011664:Pulmonary Valve / Q000473:pathology; D011666:Pulmonary Valve Stenosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right / Q000502:physiology