title: [Hypertension and diabetes].
abstract: The prevalence of hypertension in diabetes is significantly higher than in non-diabetics, perhaps twice as common. The excess is related to diabetic nephropathy, mainly in type 1 diabetes, to obesity, mainly in type 2 diabetes, but also to increased sympathetic activity. Furthermore, the increased prevalence of hypertension may relate to insulin resistance and its sequelae. Insulin resistance leads to hyperinsulinemia, relates to increased LDL and reduced HDL levels, causes the development of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes and might also be causally related to the onset of hypertension. Syndrome X has relevant therapeutic implications in the management of hypertension. Hypertension is a major risk factor for large vessel disease in diabetics and also a risk factor for microangiopathy, particularly nephropathy. The incidence of atherosclerotic disease is dramatically increased in both type 1 and type 2 diabetics and is the major cause of morbidity and premature death mainly in patients with raised urinary albumin excretion. Thus, diabetics show a two-fold increased risk of coronary heart disease, 2-6 fold increased risk of stroke and a several-fold increased risk of peripheral vessel disease. Some evidence suggests that hypertension may be a risk factor for retinopathy, particularly its progression, but surely hypertension is a significant risk factor for nephropathy, accelerating its progression and perhaps even causing the onset of the glomerulopathy. The mechanisms by which hypertension might contribute to the evolution of both large vessel as well as small vessel disease is still unknown, although increased capillary leakage and vascular endothelium alterations might be important factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Cattedra di Malattie del Metabolismo, Istituto di Clinica Medica II, Università degli Studi di Pisa.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Navalesi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nannipieri
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rapuano
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bandinelli
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pucci
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bertacca
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Penno
mesh_terms: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015994:Incidence; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents
vernacular_title: Ipertensione e diabete.