title: [Investigation of an outbreak of water-borne typhoid fever in Catalonia in 1994].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Typhoid fever incidence in Spain, and particularly in Catalonia has decreased significantly since 1985. Water borne outbreaks can affect large numbers of people. These two reasons make specially interesting to study all suspected typhoid fever outbreaks, like the one that happened in March 1994 in Bages county (Barcelona).
  
  
  METHODS
  Epidemiological questionnaires were conducted to investigate the origin of the outbreak, the presence of related cases in the same area, and the household contacts of cases S. typhi isolates were characterized by serotyping, biotyping, phage-typing, ribotyping and pulsed field gel electrophoresis analysis of DNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine cases were identified. All cases were treated with antibiotics, with clinical success. There were not secondary cases. The possible origin was a drinking fountain. All the strains had the same epidemiological marker patterns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breaking of the sewer pipes near to the drinking fountain was probably the origin of the contamination. It can be concluded the importance of keeping a good epidemiological control system to investigate and prevent outbreaks. It is also important to control the drinking fountains to prevent its contamination. Finally it is necessary to highlight the utility of epidemiological markers to fully characterized the involved strains.
authors.affiliation: Sección de Enterobacterias, CNMVIS, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Majadahonda, Madrid.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Usera
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Echeita
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aladueña
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carreño
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orcau
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Planas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002648:Child; D016358:Contact Tracing; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012722:Sewage; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014876:Water Pollution; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage
vernacular_title: Investigación de un brote de fiebre tifoidea de origen hídrico ocurrido en Cataluña en 1994.