title: Gender differences in early life risk factors for substance use/abuse: a study of an African-American sample.
abstract: Gender differences in risk and protective factors for substance use/abuse in early adulthood were studied. Comprehensive systematic data on African-American males (N = 318) and females (N = 322), from birth to 7 years of age, were available from the National Collaborative Perinatal Study. These subjects were retrieved for assessment at average age 24. There are more differences between males and females than there are similarities in regard to the early childhood variables that predict substance use in early adulthood. However, high activity and intensity of response during infancy (measured at 8 months of age) was found to predict later substance use for both males and females. This type of behavior is considered by use to be a trait of temperament and to suggest the possibility of a genetic predisposition. More risk factors were found for female than for males. The risk factors for females were primarily of two types: 1) Related to experiences with mother and with the family environment; and 2) Poor levels of intellectual functioning and academic performance, and abnormal mental status.
authors.affiliation: Belmont Center for Comprehensive Treatment, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19131, USA.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Granick
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bransfield
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kreisher
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Khalsa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D002188:Cannabis; D000431:Ethanol; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol