title: Morphomechanics of the humero-ulnar joint: II. Concave incongruity determines the distribution of load and subchondral mineralization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A deeper joint socket (concave incongruity) is found at most angles of flexion of the humero-ulnar joint and maintained over a wide range of physiological loading. It is, however, unclear how far this incongruity affects the distribution of load and subchondral mineralization of this joint as compared with a congruous configuration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two nonlinear, axisymmetrical finite element models with two cartilage layers were constructed, one congruous and one incongruous, with a joint space of realistic magnitude. The distribution of subchondral mineralization was determined by computed tomography osteoabsorptiometry in the same six specimens that were investigated in the first part of the study, and compared with the biomechanical data obtained there and the predictions of the models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the congruous case, the center of the socket is highly loaded, whereas the periphery does not experience mechanical stimulation. A central bone density maximum is predicted. With concave incongruity the position of the contact areas shifts from the joint margin towards the center as the load increases, and the peak stresses are considerably lower. A bicentric ventro-dorsal distribution pattern of subchondral mineralization is predicted, and this is actually found in the six specimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Concave incongruity is shown to determine load transmission and subchondral mineralization of the humero-ulnar joint. It is suggested that this shape leads to a more even distribution of stress, provides intermittent stimulation of the cartilaginous tissue, and has beneficial effects on the metabolism, nutrition, and lubrication of the articular cartilage during cyclic loading.
authors.affiliation: Anatomische Anstalt, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Germany.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Eckstein
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Merz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Müller-Gerbl
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Holzknecht
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pleier
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Putz
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000502:physiology; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014457:Ulna / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing