title: Cardiac output in normal pregnancy: a critical review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the literature about the effect of normal pregnancy on cardiac output, with special attention to study design, measurement technique, position of the subject, and parity.
  
  
  METHODS
  For studies from the period 1955-1987, we examined Cumulated Index Medicus (National Library of Medicine Cataloging in Publication. Chicago: American Medical Association). For studies from 1988 to May 1, 1994, we used Medline on Silver Platter (U.S. National Library of Medicine Silver Platter International, 1994).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three cross-sectional and 19 longitudinal studies on cardiac output measurement in normal pregnancy were retrieved and reviewed. Thirteen longitudinal studies were excluded from analysis because an unvalidated technique was used or because not all subjects were measured at each study interval. The six remaining studies of genuine longitudinal design with at least two measurements throughout pregnancy were used for the definitive analysis. The results of the cross-sectional studies were included only to demonstrate a trend.
  
  
  METHODS
  By pooling data from cross-sectional studies, a tendency was shown toward a higher cardiac output in the second trimester compared with the first trimester, and a tendency toward lower cardiac output was found in the third trimester compared with the second trimester. After delivery, cardiac output was lower than at any time during pregnancy. Selected longitudinal studies showed that the rise in cardiac output occurred early in the first trimester, and a further rise occurred during the second trimester. During the third trimester, cardiac output rose, fell, or plateaued, irrespective of the method of measurement applied or conditions during measurement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiac output during the third trimester was widely divergent among the studies and probably dependent on individual factors. The tendency to report cardiac output as averages negated these inter-individual differences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Utrecht University Hospital, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: van Oppen
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Stigter
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Bruinse
mesh_terms: D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006334:Heart Function Tests; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000502:physiology*; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D015203:Reproducibility of Results