title: Nonoperative management of blunt hepatic and splenic injury in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors assessed the risks of nonoperative management of solid visceral injuries in children (age range, 4 months-14 years) who were consecutively admitted to a level I pediatric trauma center during a 6-year period ending in 1991.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred seventy-nine children (5.0%) sustained injury to the liver or spleen. Nineteen children (11.2%) died. Of the 160 children who survived, 4 received emergency laparotomies; 156 underwent diagnostic computer tomography and were managed nonoperatively. The percentage of children who were successfully treated nonoperatively was 97.4%. Delayed diagnosis of enteric perforations occurred in two children. Fifty-three children (34.0%) received transfusions (mean volume 16.7 mL/kg); however, transfusion rates during the latter half of the study decreased from 50% to 19% in children with hepatic injuries, despite increasing grade of injury, and decreased from 57% to 23% in the splenic group with similar injury grade (p < 0.005, chi square test and Student's t test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatric blunt hepatic and splenic trauma is associated with significant mortality. Nonoperative management based on physiologic parameters, rather than on computed tomography grading of organ injury, was highly successful, with few missed injuries and a low transfusion rate.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Eichelberger
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Gotschall
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Sivit
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Randolph
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000465:Algorithms; D001510:Bed Rest; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008099:Liver / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D013154:Spleen / Q000293:injuries*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*