title: Importance of psychotic features to long-term course in major depressive disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most efforts to describe the prognostic significance of psychotic features in depression have been limited to single assessments 1 year or less after the initial evaluation. However, the various biological and treatment response differences between patients with psychotic and nonpsychotic depression suggest that prognostic differences may be very long-term.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 787 patients described here entered the study as they sought treatment at one of five academic medical centers; they had either RDC major depressive disorder or schizo-affective depression (other than the mainly schizophrenic subtype) and completed at least 6 months of follow-up. Of these, 144 (18.3%) had psychotic depression as defined here. Patients provided follow-up interviews at 6-month intervals for 5 years and annually thereafter; 98 of those with psychotic depression and 434 of those with non-psychotic depression were followed for 10 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Those who began follow-up with psychotic depression had fewer weeks with minimal symptoms in each of the 10 years of follow-up and reported more psychosocial impairment at both 5 and 10 years. Both the index episode and the first recurrence of psychotic depression lasted longer than nonpsychotic episodes, but nonpsychotic episodes among previously psychotic individuals were relatively brief. Intervals between episodes were significantly shorter for patients who had ever been psychotic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Together with evidence that psychotic features are highly recurrent, these data show 1) that psychotic features denote a lifetime illness of greater severity and 2) that within individuals, psychotic features may emerge in only the more severe episodes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242, USA.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Coryell
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leon
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Winokur
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Endicott
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akiskal
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Solomon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D012008:Recurrence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012917:Social Adjustment