title: Sucrose as an analgesic agent for infants during immunization injections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of sucrose as an analgesic agent during routine immunization injections for infants (age range, 2 weeks to 18 months).
  
  
  METHODS
  Double-blind, randomized control trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ambulatory care clinic of a large tertiary care center.
  
  
  METHODS
  A consecutive sample of 285 infants were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects received either no intervention or drank 2 mL of sterile water or 2 mL or a 12% sucrose solution 2 minutes before administration of the immunization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infants were videotaped during immunization for later interval recording of pain-induced vocalizations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results were analyzed by using two-way repeated measure analyses of variance. Two-week-old infants who received either the sterile water or sucrose solution cried significantly less than infants who received no intervention (F=5.92,P<.005). For older infants, those who received water or sucrose cried significantly less only if they were administered one injection rather than two injections (F=3.36,P<.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that when infants drank sucrose or sterile water, significantly fewer pain vocalizations were produced, but only for 2-week-old infants. For older infants, differences were found only when the number of injections was included in the analysis. We expand on previous findings by demonstrating that both the age of the child and the number of painful exposures can attenuate calming effects. In addition, the results suggest that in the absence of nonnutritive sucking, the actual analgesic effects of sucrose may be nonspecific. Further study is needed of the possible analgesic effects of sucrose.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Psychology, Meyer Rehabilitation Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA.
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Walburn
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003448:Crying; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization / Q000379:methods*; D007223:Infant; D007267:Injections / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D013395:Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014743:Videotape Recording
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D013395:Sucrose