title: Does increased nitrate ingestion elevate nitrate levels in human milk?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the nitrate content of human milk is influenced by maternal ingestion of water containing elevated nitrate levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, nonrandomized, volunteer study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical Research Center at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty healthy lactating women with infants older than 6 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  The mothers were asked to consume a minimum of 1500 mL of water containing 0 mg of nitrate per liter on day 1, 45 mg on day 2, and 100 mg on day 3 in addition to consuming and recording their dietary intake. Breast-feeding was permitted during days 1 and 2, but milk was expressed on day 3 and the infants were given alternate food sources. After each 24-hour study day, maternal urine and milk samples were collected and frozen. A modified cadmium column reduction method was used to determine spot urinary and milk nitrate content.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The meant total nitrate intake from diet and water on days 1,2, and 3, respectively, was 46.6, 168.1, and 272.0 mg. Spot urine nitrate content on days 1, 2, and 3, respectively, was 36.0, 66.0, and 84.0 mg. Nitrate concentration of human milk on days 1,2, and 3, respectively, was 4.4, 5.1 and 5.2 mg/L.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women who consume water with a nitrate concentration of 100 mg/L or less do not produce milk with elevated nitrate levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City. USA.
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Dusdieker
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Stumbo
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Kross
authors.forename: C I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Dungy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004326:Drinking; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007484:Iowa; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D009566:Nitrates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates