title: Cis and trans requirements for stable episomal maintenance of the BPV-1 replicator.
abstract: Papillomavirus genomes are maintained as multicopy nuclear plasmids in transformed cells. To address the mechanisms by which the viral DNA is stably propagated in the transformed cells, we have constructed a cell line CH04.15 expressing constitutively the viral proteins E1 and E2, that are required for initiation of viral DNA replication. We show that these viral proteins are necessary and sufficient for stable extrachromosomal replication. Using the cell line CH04.15, we have shown that the bovine papillomavirus-1 (BPV-1) minimal origin of replication (MO) is absolutely necessary, but is not sufficient for stable extrachromosomal replication of viral plasmids. By deletion and insertion analysis, we identified an additional element (minichromosome maintenance element, MME) in the upstream regulatory region of BPV-1 which assures stable replication of the MO-containing plasmids. This element is composed of multiple binding sites for the transcription activator E2. MME appears to function in the absence of replication but requires E1 and E2 proteins for activity. In contrast to, for example, Epstein-Barr virus oriP, stably maintained BPV-1 plasmids are not subject to once-per-cell cycle replication as determined by density labelling experiments. These results indicate that papillomavirus episomal replicators replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA of their hosts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Virology, Tartu University and Estonian Biocentre, 23 Riia Street, Estonia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piirsoo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ustav
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mandel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stenlund
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ustav
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D052688:Bovine papillomavirus 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D016466:CHO Cells; D006224:Cricetinae; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D004261:DNA Replication; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010957:Plasmids; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014162:Transfection; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004279:DNA, Viral; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C069814:E1 protein, Bovine papillomavirus; C051550:E2 protein, Bovine papillomavirus; D014764:Viral Proteins