title: Influence of chlorobenzoates on the utilisation of chlorobiphenyls and chlorobenzoate mixtures by chlorobiphenyl/chlorobenzoate-mineralising hybrid bacterial strains.
abstract: Chlorobenzoates (CBA) arise as intermediates during the degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and some chlorinated herbicides. Since PCBs were produced as complex mixtures, a range of mono-, di-, and possibly trichloro-substituted benzoates would be formed. Chlorobenzoate degradation has been proposed to be one of the rate-limiting steps in the overall PCB-degradation process. Three hybrid bacteria constructed to have the ability to completely mineralise 2-, 3-, or 4-monochlorobiphenyl respectively, have been studied to establish the range of mono- and diCBAs that can be utilised. The three strains were able to mineralise one or more of the following CBAs: 2-, 3-, and 4-monochlorobenzoate and 3,5-dichlorobenzoate. No utilisation of 2,3-, 2,5-, 2,6-, or 3,4-diCBA was observed, and only a low concentration (0.11 mM) of 2,4-diCBA was mineralised. When the strain with the widest substrate range (Burkholderia cepacia JHR22) was simultaneously supplied with two CBAs, one that it could utilise plus one that it was unable to utilise, inhibitory effects were observed. The utilisation of 2-CBA (2.5 mM) by this strain was inhibited by 2,3-CBA (200 microM) and 3,4-CBA (50 microM). Although 2,5-cba and 2,6-cba were not utilised as carbon sources by strain jhr22, they did not inhibit 2-cba utilisation at the concentrations studied, whereas 2,4-cba was co-metabolised with 2-cba. The utilisation of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobiphenyl by strain JHR22 was also inhibited by the presence of 2,3- or 3,4-diCBA. We conclude that the effect of the formation of toxic intermediates is an important consideration when designing remediation strategies.
authors.affiliation: Research School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stratford
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Reineke
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mokross
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Havel
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Knowles
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D016956:Burkholderia cepacia / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D002723:Chlorobenzoates / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003470:Culture Media; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D016958:Pseudomonas putida / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D002723:Chlorobenzoates; D003470:Culture Media; C055142:2-chlorobiphenyl; C006983:4-chlorobiphenyl; C034280:3-chlorobiphenyl