title: Effect of catecholamine depletion on myocardial infarct size in dogs: role of catecholamines in ischemic preconditioning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardioprotective adaptation to brief periods of ischemia and reperfusion is termed ischemic preconditioning (PC). Limitation of infarct size by preconditioning is associated with marked slowing of ischemic metabolism. The cause of metabolic slowing has not been determined but may involve either pro- or anti-adrenergic mechanisms. Hypothetically, adrenergic stimulation could signal the adaptive response. Alternatively, metabolic slowing during the sustained ischemic challenge could occur through a reduction in beta-adrenergic stimulation. This study was designed to test the role of cardiac norepinephrine (NE) in PC.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of PC on myocardial infarct size was studied in control dogs and dogs depleted of catecholamines by pretreatment with reserpine (RES; 0.25 mg/kg i.v.). PC was induced by four cycles of 5 min of ischemia and 5 min of reperfusion. Infarcts were produced by 60 min of ischemia and 3 h of reperfusion. Cardiac NE depletion was verified by radioimmunoassay of tissue samples and by absence of hemodynamic response to a tyramine bolus (1.4 mg/kg) administered at the end of each experiment. Infarct size, expressed as percent of area at risk, was controlled for variation in collateral blood flow using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjusted mean infarct size was 25.5 +/- 3.2% in untreated controls vs. 19.1 +/- 3.3% in RES-treated controls (P = NS). PC limited infarct size in untreated dogs (7.4 +/- 1.8 vs. 25.5 +/- 3.2%; PC vs. control; P < 0.01) but not in RES-treated dogs (15.7 +/- 3.0% vs. 19.1 +/- 3.3%; RES + PC vs. RES; P = NS). Infarct size was larger in dogs with RES + PC than with PC alone, even though there was a trend toward a slight beneficial effect with RES alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning cannot be explained entirely as an anti-adrenergic effect. On the contrary, adrenergic receptor stimulation may be required for the full expression of ischemic preconditioning in canine myocardium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Vander Heide
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Reimer
mesh_terms: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion; D009206:Myocardium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012110:Reserpine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; D012110:Reserpine; D009638:Norepinephrine