title: Solution structure of the C-terminal SH2 domain of the human tyrosine kinase Syk complexed with a phosphotyrosine pentapeptide.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recruitment of the intracellular tyrosine kinase Syk to activated immune-response receptors is a critical early step in intracellular signaling. In mast cells, Syk specifically associates with doubly phosphorylated immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) that are found within the IgE receptor. The mechanism by which Syk recognizes these motifs is not fully understood. Both Syk SH2 (Src homology 2) domains are required for high-affinity binding to these motifs, but the C-terminal SH2 domain (Syk-C) can function independently and can bind, in isolation, to the tyrosine-phosphorylated IgE receptor in vitro. In order to improve understanding of the cellular function of Syk, we have determined the solution structure of Syk-C complexed with a phosphotyrosine peptide derived from the gamma subunit of the IgE receptor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Syk-C:peptide structure is compared with liganded structures of both the SH2 domain of Src and the C-terminal SH2 domain of ZAP-70 (the 70 kDa zeta-associated protein). The topologies of these domains are similar, although significant differences occur in the loop regions. In the Syk-C structure, the phosphotyrosine and leucine residues of the peptide ligand interact with pockets on the protein, and the intervening residues are extended.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Syk-C resembles other SH2 domains in its peptide-binding interactions and overall topology, a result that is consistent with its ability to function as an independent SH2 domain in vitro. This result suggests that Syk-C plays a unique role in the intact Syk protein. The determinants of the binding affinity and selectivity of Syk-C may reside in the least-conserved structural elements that comprise the phosphotyrosine- and leucine-binding sites. These structural features can be exploited for the design of Syk-selective SH2 antagonists for the treatment of allergic disorders and asthma.
authors.affiliation: Ariad Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Narula
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: O M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Philips
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Zydowsky
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Botfield
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hatada
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Laird
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D004792:Enzyme Precursors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010748:Phosphopeptides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D019000:Phosphotyrosine / Q000737:chemistry; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D017455:Receptors, IgE / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D012984:Software; D000072377:Syk Kinase; D051746:ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase; D018909:src Homology Domains
chemical_list: D004792:Enzyme Precursors; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D010748:Phosphopeptides; D017455:Receptors, IgE; D019000:Phosphotyrosine; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C000606896:SYK protein, human; D000072377:Syk Kinase; D051746:ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase; C497261:ZAP70 protein, human