title: Quantification of orbital and mid-facial growth retardation after megavoltage external beam irradiation in children with retinoblastoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The late side effects of external beam irradiation in patients with retinoblastoma such as orbital bony growth retardation, are a serious problem in adolescence. Therefore, a quantitative study was performed to investigate the late effects of irradiation on orbital growth in patients with retinoblastoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  The orbits of 68 patients with retinoblastoma, 52 bilateral and 16 unilateral, were divided into two treatment groups: radiotherapy alone, 77 orbits; and radiotherapy + enucleation, 43 orbits. Follow-up time was 12 to 240 months (mean, 95 months) in group 1 and 27 to 216 months (mean, 97 months) in group 2. These groups were subdivided further into age groups at which radiotherapy was given. The morphometric measurements of these groups were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors showed that irradiation causes a significant growth retardation when compared with the growth of nonirradiated orbits (P<0.001). They also demonstrated that radiotherapy in children younger than 6 months of age is more damaging to the orbital growth than at an older age (P<0.01). Finally, the authors showed that secondary enucleation does not have an additive growth-retarding effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Orbital growth retardation in patients with retinoblastoma after radiotherapy is influenced mainly by the age at which irradiation is given and is defined at 6 months. Theoretically, it would be desirable to postpone irradiation in children until they are older than 6 months of age if possible. The irradiation effect on these orbits is not enhanced by enucleation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Free University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Imhof
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Mourits
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Zonneveld
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schipper
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Moll
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D001846:Bone Development / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D015353:Eye Enucleation; D005134:Eye Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009915:Orbit / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology*; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000532:radiotherapy*