Computer simulation of the effect of temperature on pH.
The effect of temperature on solution pH was simulated by computer (program PHTEMP). We have determined that the change in pH due to shifts in acid-base equilibria [delta pH = pH(60 degrees C) - pH(25 degrees C)] can be substantial for compounds such as aliphatic amines that have high enthalpies for acid dissociation. This is of particular significance during elevated temperature experiments in which changes in the pKa values of formulation components, and hence the solution pH, can accelerate decomposition as compared to those formulations where sensitive functionality is absent. PHTEMP afforded the following results at initial pH = 7 (25 degrees C): (a) 0.1 M triethylamine (delta H zero = 10.4 kcal/mol) delta pH approximately -0.8; (b) 0.1 M acetic acid (delta H zero = -0.1 kcal/mol) delta pH approximately 0; (c) 0.1 M sulfuric acid (delta H zero 1 = -12 kcal/mol; delta H zero 2 = -5.4 kcal/mol) delta pH approximately -0.4. Solutions of general pharmaceutical interest were also studied and included a 12-component amino acid mixture, 0.1 M glycine, and 0.1 M triethylamine in either 0.02 M citric acid or 0.05 M TRIS buffer. In each case the pH change with temperature was dependent on the concentrations of components, the enthalpies for each acid dissociation, and the starting pH. At lower pH (< 4), PHTEMP predicts that delta pH is typically smaller than at higher pH (> 9). These results are interpreted as the effect of a relative change in hydronium ion activity, delta H+/H+(initial), due to temperature-induced shifts in equilibria (acid dissociation, water autoprotolysis). This relative change must become larger as H+ decreases (pH increases). The output of PHTEMP was experimentally verified with 0.1 M glycine and with a multiple component amino acid solution. In both cases, agreement with prediction was excellent. The results of this investigation underscore the need to critically review formulation choices for both thermodynamic and traditional kinetic effects on the resulting product stability.
Kipp
J E
JE
William Graham Science Center, Baxter Healthcare Corporation, IV Systems Division, Round Lake, Illinois 60073, USA.
Schuck
D F
DF
D000596:Amino Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D002021:Buffers; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005021:Ethylamines / Q000737:chemistry; D005998:Glycine / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008956:Models, Chemical; D012984:Software; D013696:Temperature; D013816:Thermodynamics
D000596:Amino Acids; D002021:Buffers; D005021:Ethylamines; D005998:Glycine; C016162:triethylamine