title: The squirrel monkey as an animal model of pelvic relaxation: an evaluation of a large breeding colony.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Findings of pelvic relaxation have been reported in up to 50% of older adult female squirrel monkeys. To evaluate further the potential use of the squirrel monkey as an animal model of pelvic relaxation, we objectively observed and described the perineal findings of 160 adult females. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of perineal findings to age and parity, factors thought to predispose women to pelvic relaxation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The urethra, cervix, and anterior and posterior segments of the vagina were evaluated. The degree of support loss at each site was documented. Genital measurements were obtained by previously reported methods. The findings were tested for association with elements of obstetric history, age, and subspecies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The females represented three subspecies and ranged from 3 to 17 years old with parities of 0 to 10. The proportion of females with normal support was inversely related to increasing parity and age. Although birth weights, frequency of dystocia at term, and requirement for cesarean section did not differ significantly between females with and without evidence of prolapse, animals with multiple sites of prolapse tended to have infants with higher birth weights. Animals without prolapse were significantly younger and less likely to have been delivered of a term infant (p < 0.001). Subspecies differences unrelated to age or parity were found for each of the genital measurements. Differences were also found between animals with normal perineal findings and those with findings of prolapse. Animals with prolapse had shorter perineal bodies (p < 0.001), greater genital hiatal ratios (p < 0.001), and wider genital hiatal measurements (p < 0.001). Females with abnormal pelvic findings were of increased parity (4.0 vs 1.6, p < 0.001) and age (9.4 vs 6.3 years, p < 0.001) compared with those normal pelvic findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analysis of genital prolapse in a large population of breeding squirrel monkeys demonstrated an association of loss of pelvic support with age and parity. A tendency for loss of support at multiple sites was associated with obstetric complications. These observations support continuing investigation into the nature and cause of spontaneous pelvic relaxation in this species and support the potential use of this nonhuman primate as an animal model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Clinic and Memorial Hospital, Temple, TX 76508, USA.
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Coates
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Abee
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Shull
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kuehl
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000830:Animals, Laboratory; D001724:Birth Weight; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D010298:Parity; D010502:Perineum / Q000473:pathology; D012453:Saimiri; D014596:Uterine Prolapse / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary