title: Evaluation of a structured outpatient group education program for intensive insulin therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy and safety of a structured diabetes teaching and treatment program (DTTP) in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in an outpatient setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients with IDDM who completed a structured 5-day outpatient DTTP were reevaluated after a mean follow-up of 3 years. A standardized interview was used to assess frequency of severe hypoglycemia, type of insulin treatment, self-monitoring, and other diabetes-related parameters. HbA1c was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 205 patients, 4 (2%) died during the observation period. HbA1c in the 201 surviving patients decreased significantly from 8.7 +/- 2.0 to 7.5 +/- 1.2% at follow-up (P < 0.001); frequency of severe hypoglycemia decreased from a mean of 0.46 to 0.13 per patient per year (P < 0.001). Hospital admission due to acute metabolic disturbances decreased from 4.5 +/- 11.1 to 1.4 +/- 6.7 days/patient-year (P < 0.001). At follow-up, intensive insulin therapy was carried out by 98% of the patients, and 80% of the patients reported three or more measurements of blood glucose per day. Diabetes-related knowledge had a positive (P < 0.01) and body mass index a negative (P < 0.02) influence on improving HbA1c assessed by multiple regression analysis. Severe hypoglycemia after DTTP was associated with a history of severe hypoglycemia before DTTP (P < 0.001) and the existence of overt diabetic nephropathy (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A structured outpatient DTTP as used in this study is able to improve overall metabolic control and decrease the frequency of severe hypoglycemia in patients with IDDM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Pieber
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Schnedl
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schattenberg
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaufmann
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Krejs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin