title: Base excess or buffer base (strong ion difference) as measure of a non-respiratory acid-base disturbance.
abstract: Stewart in 1983 (Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1983: 61: 1444) reintroduced plasma buffer base under the name "strong ion difference" (SID). Buffer base was originally introduced by Singer and Hastings in 1948 (Medicine (Baltimore) 1948: 27: 223). Plasma buffer base, which is practically equal to the sum of bicarbonate and albuminate anions, may be increased due to an excess of base or due to an increased albumin concentration. Singer and Hastings did not consider changes in albumin as acid-base disorders and therefore used the base excess, i.e., the actual buffer base minus the buffer base at normal pH and pCO2, as measure of a non-respiratory acid-base disturbance. Stewart and followers, however, consider changes in albumin concentration to be acid-base disturbances: a patient with normal pH, pCO2, and base excess but with increased plasma buffer base due to increased plasma albumin concentration get the diagnoses metabolic (strong ion) alkalosis (because plasma buffer base is increased) combined with metabolic hyperalbuminaemic acidosis. Extrapolating to whole blood, anaemia and polycytaemia should represent types of metabolic alkalosis and acidosis, respectively. This reveals that the Stewart approach is absurd and anachronistic in the sense that an increase or decrease in any anion is interpreted as indicating an excess or deficit of a specific acid. In other words, a return to the archaic definitions of acids and bases as being the same as anions and cations. We conclude that the acid-base status (the hydrogen ion status) of blood and extracellular fluid is described in terms of the arterial pH, the arterial pCO2, and the extracellular base excess. It is measured with a modern pH-blood gas analyser. The electrolyte status of the plasma is a description of the most important electrolytes, usually measured in venous blood with a dedicated electrolyte analyser, i.e., Na+, Cl-, HCO3-, and K+. Albumin anions contribute significantly to the anions, but calculation requires measurement of pH in addition to albumin and is usually irrelevant. The bicarbonate concentration may be used as a screening parameter of a nonrespiratory acid-base disturbance when respiratory disturbances are taken into account. A disturbance in the hydrogen ion status automatically involves a disturbance in the electrolyte status, whereas the opposite need not be the case.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Siggaard-Andersen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fogh-Andersen
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium; D000137:Acid-Base Imbalance / Q000097:blood*; D000138:Acidosis / Q000097:blood; D000471:Alkalosis / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis; D000740:Anemia / Q000097:blood; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000097:blood*; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D002021:Buffers; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D002712:Chlorides / Q000097:blood; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000737:chemistry; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010710:Phosphates / Q000097:blood; D011086:Polycythemia / Q000097:blood; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000032:analysis*; D012712:Serum Globulins / Q000032:analysis; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D001798:Blood Proteins; D002021:Buffers; D002712:Chlorides; D006454:Hemoglobins; D010710:Phosphates; D012709:Serum Albumin; D012712:Serum Globulins; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium