title: Hemodynamic response to hyperventilation test in healthy volunteers.
abstract: Hyperventilation is well known to affect the electrocardiogram (ECG) in subjects without heart disease and produce spasm in patients with variant angina. The autonomic nervous system is thought to play a significant role in these effects. However, the normal hemodynamic response to hyperventilation is not well defined. We subjected 369 healthy volunteers (200 men, 169 women) to prolonged hyperventilation (30 respirations for 5 min and 10 min recovery) under continuous ECG monitoring and to exercise testing. Heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP, DBP) and rate-pressure product were recorded. Hyperventilation resulted in an immediate (within the first min), significant increase in HR by 27.4%, a further small increase at min 2 of hyperventilation, and a subsequent small decrease in HR at mins 3-5. An immediate drop of HR by 20.1% was observed with discontinuation of hyperventilation. Apart from a slightly higher HR increase in men, a similar pattern of HR changes was found in both genders. On multivariate analysis, younger age, absence of smoking, and male gender were associated with a higher HR increase with hyperventilation (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, and p < 0.001, respectively). SBP and DBP increased with hyperventilation, with their highest value at min 5 of hyperventilation and a subsequent drop to baseline levels. Age and gender did not affect the degree and pattern of BP changes. Absence of smoking and the presence of hypertension were associated with a higher SBP with hyperventilation (p < 0.003 and p < 0.007). The rate-pressure product increased by 43.6% with hyperventilation, a change that was only 19.1% of the respective rate-pressure product observed with exercise. Hyperventilation results in significant HR and BP increases, changes that are influenced by age, gender, smoking, and hypertension. Our study could serve as a standard for comparison of the hyperventilation effects in different disease states.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Patras University Medical School, Greece.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alexopoulos
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Christodoulou
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toulgaridis
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sitafidis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klinaki
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Vagenakis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001794:Blood Pressure; D005260:Female; D006334:Heart Function Tests; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D006985:Hyperventilation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology