title: Feasibility of glucagon eyedrops for clinical use in hypoglycemia.
abstract: Although sufficient amount of glucagon can be taken up into systemic circulation through ocular route, the concentration of eyedrops needed at 7.5% would be too high and the price of the doses would be too expensive to be desirable. Attempts have been made to reduce the doses of glucagon needed for systemic delivery through ocular route by adding absorption enhancers such as 0.5% BL-9 or 0.5% Brij-78. With these absorption enhancers, the effective concentrations of glucagon eyedrops can be lowered to 0.05% in rabbit eyes and could be lowered to 1.25% in human eyes which would be reasonable to be used in the clinics.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ocular Pharmacology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, USA.
authors.forename: S X
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Chiou
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003902:Detergents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005123:Eye / Q000378:metabolism; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005934:Glucagon / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D000077423:Polidocanol; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D003902:Detergents; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D000077423:Polidocanol; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C043444:octadecyl polyoxyethylene ether; D005934:Glucagon