title: Comparison of bupivacaine and lidocaine/bupivacaine for local anesthesia/digital nerve block.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compared the efficacy, degree of discomfort, and time elapsed before anesthesia of digital block with a combination of 1% lidocaine/.25% bupivacaine and with .25% bupivacaine alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  We carried out a randomized, double-blinded, prospective study in which subjects served as their own controls. The study group comprised 19 normal adult volunteer medical students and members of the community who volunteered to participate in a study evaluating "the use of commonly used local anesthetics by physicians." Two digital blocks were performed on each subject: one with a lidocaine/bupivacaine combination and one with bupivacaine alone. Two subjects did not complete the study; therefore 34 blocks were performed. Both the physicians and subjects were blinded to the anesthetic used for each block. Patients immediately rated the pain associated with each technique on a standard visual analog scale. Time elapsed before onset of anesthesia to pinprick was assessed and recorded after each block in 1-minute increments. We assessed efficacy on the basis of anesthesia to pinprick.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean visual analog scale pain scores were not different between the two types of blocks: 3 cm for lidocaine/bupivacaine and for bupivacaine alone (P = .76, Student t test; P = .44, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). Time elapsed before anesthesia to pinprick was not significantly different between the groups: mean, 5.0 minutes for lidocaine/bupivacaine and 5.35 minutes for bupivacaine alone (P = .75, Wilcoxon signed-rank test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bupivacaine .25% digital block induces anesthesia in the same period of time and with equivalent pain of injection as a 1:1 lidocaine 1%/bupivacaine .25% combination. It is not necessary to use lidocaine/bupivacaine in an attempt to achieve faster onset of local anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, USA.
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Valvano
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leffler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000294:innervation; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; D002045:Bupivacaine