title: Smoking behaviour can be predicted by neighbourhood deprivation measures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether small area measures of socioeconomic deprivation predict variation in individual smoking behaviour. To examine the adequacy of an individual level statistical model for the analysis of data on groups of individuals who live in the same geographical area.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individual level and two level logistic regression analysis of data on individual smoking from a regional health survey, and neighbourhood deprivation scores for 1991 census wards calculated from 1991 census data.
  
  
  METHODS
  The North West Thames Regional Health Authority area.
  
  
  METHODS
  Random sample of 8,251 adults in North West Thames Regions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a highly significant association between being a smoker and the neighbourhood deprivation score of the area of residence. With the two level model, after allowing for age and sex, the estimated odds ratio of being a smoker for an individual in the highest quintile of deprivation compared with someone in the lowest quintile was 1.52 (95% confidence interval 1.33, 1.74). Results obtained using the individual level model were similar. Variation between wards accounted for around 6% of the total variation in smoking behaviour after neighbourhood deprivation of the ward had been taken into account. Deprivation of the area of residence remained a significant predictor of smoking status even after the socioeconomic group of the individual has been taken into account.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neighbourhood deprivation of the area of residence is a predictor of smoking status of individuals. In this example the two level model was reasonably well approximated by the individual level model.
authors.affiliation: Small Area Health Statistics Unit, Department of Public Health and Policy, London.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kleinschmidt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hills
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Elliott
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011203:Poverty / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011204:Poverty Areas; D012737:Sex Factors; D017062:Small-Area Analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012923:Social Class