title: Thermophysical properties of some pharmaceutical excipients compressed in tablets.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Thermophysical properties of three tableting excipients; microcrystalline cellulose, lactose and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate were observed to evaluate their ability to resist temperature induced changes in tablet form.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two thermophysical parameters, thermal diffusivity and specific heat, were measured by a pulse heating method. The materials were also evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microcrystalline cellulose in tablet form was found to be rather insensitive to heating and cooling treatments, even though the tablets seemed to remain in a stressed state four weeks after tableting. This stress, indicated by low temperature anomalies, was observed by the pulse method, but not by DSC. When magnesium stearate was incorporated as a lubricant within the microcrystalline cellulose powder, the thermophysical parameters indicated that the internal structure of the tablets changed with heating and cooling. Magnesium stearate eliminated the low temperature anomalies as well. The heat treatment changed the thermophysical properties of tablets made of the crystalline excipients lactose and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, permanently causing irreversible structural changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The melting of the lubricant together with enhanced stress relaxation in the structure of microcrystalline cellulose most probably caused the improved thermal diffusivity. The observed thermophysical changes with the crystalline excipients were due to changes in tablet's structure and material. The combination of methods used was found to be an accurate and reliable way to obtain useful information on the structural changes and material relaxations of intact tablets during temperature treatment and age-related changes in material properties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Phamaceutics, University of Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ketolainen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kubicár
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bohác
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Markovic
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Paronen
mesh_terms: D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D004355:Drug Stability; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry*; D007785:Lactose / Q000737:chemistry; D008153:Lubrication; D013607:Tablets / Q000737:chemistry*; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D005079:Excipients; D013607:Tablets; C485828:alpha-tricalcium phosphate; C485830:tetracalcium phosphate; C485838:calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous; D002482:Cellulose; C020243:calcium phosphate; D007785:Lactose; C485829:calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous