title: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces substance P in sympathetic ganglia through sequential induction of interleukin-1 and leukemia inhibitory factor.
abstract: The present study establishes that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) induction of sympathetic substance P (SP) requires sequential induction of both interleukin (IL-1) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). TNF-alpha dose-dependently induces SP, an induction that is secondary to an increase in the SP precursor, preprotachykinin (PPT), mRNA. Since TNF-alpha conditioned medium (CM) mimics the effect of TNF-alpha by raising SP, actions that are not antagonized by a neutralizing TNF-alpha antibody, TNF-alpha induction of SP is mediated by a soluble intermediate or intermediates. The blockade of TNF-alpha action by a specific IL-1 receptor antagonist and the induction of IL-1 mRNA by TNF-alpha suggest that IL-1 is one of the intermediates. Moreover, because immunoprecipitation with LIF antibodies decreases SP-inducing activity of TNF-alpha CM, and because LIF mRNA is also induced by TNF-alpha, LIF is a second intermediate. Furthermore, TNF-alpha-induced LIF mRNA is blocked by the IL-1 receptor antagonist, whereas IL-1-induced LIF mRNA is not affected by TNF-alpha antibodies, suggesting that TNF-alpha first induces IL-1, and IL-1 subsequently induces LIF. These data suggest that TNF-alpha induces SP in sympathetic ganglia through the sequential inductions of IL-1 and LIF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Jonakait
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D006131:Growth Inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015850:Interleukin-6; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013373:Substance P / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D017783:Superior Cervical Ganglion / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D006131:Growth Inhibitors; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor; D008222:Lymphokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D013373:Substance P; D003907:Dexamethasone