title: The relationship of bone and blood lead to hypertension. The Normative Aging Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that long-term lead accumulation, as reflected by levels of lead in bone (as opposed to blood which reflects recent lead exposure), is associated with an increased odds of developing hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study of participants in the Veterans Administration (now Department of Veterans Affairs) Normative Aging Study, a 30-year longitudinal study of men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 1171 active subjects who were seen between August 1991 and December 1994, 590 (50%) participated in this investigation and had data on all variables of interest.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hypertension was defined as taking daily medication for the treatment of hypertension or systolic blood pressure higher than 160 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure of 96 mm Hg or higher during the time of examination. Levels of lead in the tibia (representing cortical bone) and the patella (representing trabecular bone) were measured in vivo with a K x-ray fluorescence (KXRF) instrument. Levels of lead in blood were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood lead levels were low, ranging from less than 0.05 to 1.35 micromol/L (<1 to 28 microgram/dL), with a mean (SD) of 0.30 (0.20) micromol/L (6.3[4.1] microgram/dL). Bone lead levels were similar to those described in other general populations. In comparison to nonhypertensives, mean levels of lead in blood and both tibia and patella bone lead levels were significantly higher in hypertensive subjects. In a logistic regression model of hypertensive status that began with age, race, body mass index, family history of hypertension, history of ethanol ingestion, pack-years of smoking, dietary sodium intake, dietary calcium intake, blood lead, tibia lead, and patella lead, the variables that remained after backward elimination were body mass index, family history of hypertension, and level of lead in the tibia. An increase from the midpoint of the lowest quintile to the midpoint of the highest quintile of tibia lead from 3 to 37 micrograms per gram of bone mineral was associated with an increased odds ratio of hypertension of 1.5.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that long-term lead accumulation, as reflected by levels of lead in bone, may be an independent risk factor for developing hypertension in men in the general population.
authors.affiliation: Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aro
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Payton
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Korrick
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sparrow
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rotnitzky
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001822:Body Burden; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010329:Patella / Q000737:chemistry; D012307:Risk Factors; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013977:Tibia / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007854:Lead