title: Primary intratesticular sarcoma. Immunohistochemical ultrastructural and DNA flow cytometric study of three cases with a review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fourteen cases of testicular sarcoma have been reported in the contemporary era. These included 7 cases of rhabdomyosarcoma, 2 spindle cell sarcoma, 2 osteosarcoma, 1 leiomyosarcoma, 1 fibrosarcoma, and 1 chondrosarcoma coma.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this report, immunohistochemical stains, electron microscopy, and DNA flow cytometric analysis were performed on primary testicular sarcomas from three patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients were age 47, 40, and 33 years. Each presented initially with a testicular mass. The tumors measured 4.8, 4.0, and 4.0 cm in greatest dimension. There was no associated germ cell elements nor elevated alpha-fetoprotein or beta-human chorionic gonadotropin. Case 1 was positive for actin, vimentin, and alpha-1-chymotrypsin. Case 2 was positive for vimentin but not desmin. Case 3 was positive for desmin and S-100. Smooth muscle differentiation was identified by electron microscopy. Flow cytometric analysis revealed DNA aneuploidy in all cases: 1.27, 1.29, and 1.71. The 3 patients were alive and well without recurrent disease at 7, 6, and 4 years after diagnosis. Inguinal orchiectomy was the initial treatment in all 17 patients, there was 1 death from metastatic disease and 2 patients with distant metastases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primary testicular sarcoma is a rare indolent tumor with potential for distant metastases. Two cases of primary testicular leiomyosarcoma and one of unclassified sarcoma of the testis are reported.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, USA.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Washecka
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Mariani
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Zuna
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Chong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000782:Aneuploidy; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008875:Middle Aged; D012509:Sarcoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000648:ultrastructure*
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm