title: Air pollution and daily mortality in London: 1987-92.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether outdoor air pollution levels in London influence daily mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Poisson regression analysis of daily counts of deaths, with adjustment for effects of secular trend, seasonal and other cyclical factors, day of the week, holidays, influenza epidemic, temperature, humidity, and autocorrelation, from April 1987 to March 1992. Pollution variables were particles (black smoke), sulphur dioxide, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide, lagged 0-3 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  Greater London.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relative risk of death from all causes (excluding accidents), respiratory disease, and cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ozone levels (same day) were associated with a significant increase in all cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality; the effects were greater in the warm seasons (April to September) and were independent of the effects of other pollutants. In the warm season an increase of the eight hour ozone concentration from the 10th to the 90th centile of the seasonal change (7-36 ppb) was associated with an increase of 3.5% (95% confidence interval 1.7 to 5.3), 3.6% (1.04 to 6.1), and 5.4% (0.4 to 10.7) in all cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality respectively. Black smoke concentrations on the previous day were significantly associated with all cause mortality, and this effect was also greater in the warm season and was independent of the effects of other pollutants. For black smoke an increase from the 10th to 90th centile in the warm season (7-19 microg/m3) was associated with an increase of 2.5% (0.9 to 4.1) in all cause mortality. Significant but smaller and less consistent effects were also observed for nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Daily variations in air pollution within the range currently occurring in London may have an adverse effect on daily mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London.
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ponce de Leon
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bland
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bower
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Strachan
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D002423:Cause of Death; D006801:Humans; D008131:London / Q000453:epidemiology; D009026:Mortality; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D010126:Ozone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D012307:Risk Factors; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D012906:Smoke; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide; D010126:Ozone; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide