title: Multiple phase variation in haemolytic, adhesive and antigenic properties of Streptococcus gordonii.
abstract: Streptococcus gordonii gave rise to beta-haemolytic variants (Bhp+ for beta-haemolysin production) at frequencies of 10(-4)-10(-3) on agar medium containing washed horse erythrocytes. Bhp+ variants reverted to the wild-type alpha-haemolytic phenotype (Bhp-) at the same frequencies. There was a significant probability (> or = 0.1) that phase variation in Bhp and phase variation in the previously described Spp (sucrose promoted phenotype) would occur concomitantly, but there was no correlation between these phenotypes. There was evidence also of independent phase variation in adhesion to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (Asp for adhesion to salivary pellicles), in lactose-sensitive coaggregation (Cls for coaggregation, lactose-sensitive) and in the concentrations of particular cell surface antigens (Cap for cell antigen profile) in strains that had undergone phase changes in Spp and/or Bhp. Phase variation in all these phenotypes were transitions between high and low levels of activity and each appeared to occur as an independent event. Significant associations (P << 0.0001 by contingency table analysis) between particular phenotypes such as Bhp and Asp and between Asp, Cls and Cap phenotypes, however, were apparent. The results suggest that S. gordonii cells become predisposed to phase variation and that the resulting independent phenotypic changes may give rise to phenotypically diverse streptococcal populations able to accommodate rapid and transient environmental changes in the mouth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Medical School.
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ml 48109, USA.|Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Medical School.
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Clewell
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Medical School.
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Charles
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Medical School.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Vickerman
mesh_terms: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis*; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000032:analysis; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D005809:Genes, Regulator; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005964:Glucosyltransferases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology; D013045:Species Specificity; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D000954:Antigens, Surface; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D005964:Glucosyltransferases