title: Effect of dynamic loading methods on cement film thickness in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reduced cement flm thicknesses can improve crown seating and decrease marginal discrepancies. Improved marginal adaptation has the potential to reduce plaque accumulation, periodontal disease, and cement dissolution. Studies have indicated that dynamic seating methods can reduce seating discrepancies associated with zinc phosphate and resin cements. However, other types of cements and other dynamic techniques have not yet been studied or compared, nor has the mechanism for improved seating been fully explained. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a variety of loading methods on the film thicknesses of current types of crown and fixed partial denture cements compressed between glass plates.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study investigated the effect of three dynamic loading methods on film thickness of six representative fixed prosthodontic cements. These included zinc phosphate, resin-modified glass ionomer, encapsulated glass ionomer, adhesive composite resin, composite resin, and polycarboxylate. The method was derived from American Dental Association specifications for cement film thickness. In control groups, the cements were placed between two glass glass plates and statically loaded with a 15-kg weight. The test groups were initially similarly loaded, and then for 30 seconds further subjected to simulated repeated patient opening and closing, vibrations from an electromallet, or an ultrasonic device.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean film thicknesses ranged from 7.4 micrometers for polycarboxylate / ultrasound up to 40.3 micrometers for composite resin / static. Two-way analysis of variance revealed that the effects of material type and cementation method and their interaction all significantly affected film thickness (P < .0001). Multiple range analysis showed that dynamic methods were generally superior to static loading and that the ultrasonic method was the best overall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The different dynamic loading methods all significantly decreased cement film thicknesses between glass plates. The ultrasonic method was the most effective. The type of cement used also influenced film thickness. Composite resins were more affected than other materials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry/Biomaterials, USC School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Strutz
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kipnis
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002484:Cementation / Q000379:methods*; D003188:Composite Resins; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D017268:Dental Prosthesis Retention; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000379:methods; D008277:Magnesium Oxide; D008422:Materials Testing; D010474:Percussion; D010710:Phosphates; D011076:Polycarboxylate Cement; D019279:Resin Cements; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014732:Vibration; D015034:Zinc Oxide; D015036:Zinc Phosphate Cement
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D003738:Dental Cements; C061504:Flecks; C084549:Infinity resin; D010710:Phosphates; D011076:Polycarboxylate Cement; D019279:Resin Cements; C090888:Sono-Cem; C031374:zinc polyacrylate; D008277:Magnesium Oxide; D015036:Zinc Phosphate Cement; C040235:Ketac-cem; C052304:Panavia EX; D015034:Zinc Oxide