title: Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide in homosexual men with AIDS.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the Netherlands a nationwide study has shown that, in 38% of deaths, there have been medical decisions concerning the end of life (MDEL); 2.1% of all deaths were brought about by euthanasia or physician- assisted suicide (PAS). We investigated the incidence of MDEL in homosexual men with AIDS, suspecting that it might be higher, and studied the effect of euthanasia/PAS on survival time.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patients were 131 male homosexual participants in a cohort study in Amsterdam, diagnosed between 1985 and 1992 as having AIDS; all had died before Jan 1, 1995. Clinical and laboratory data and information on mode of death were obtained from their physicians and by review of hospital records. Those who died by euthanasia/PAS or in whom there had been other MDEL were then compared with those who died naturally.
  
  
  RESULTS
  29 men (22%) had died by euthanasia/PAS and in 17 (13%) another MDEL had been made; thus, more than one-third of these men had made medical decisions concerning the end of life. The greatest difference between the groups was in age at time of diagnosis-72% aged 40 or more in the euthanasia/PAS group compared with 38% in the natural death group. The likelihood (relative risk) of euthanasia/PAS increased with duration of survival after AIDS diagnosis. Comparison of the groups in terms of three laboratory markers (CD4+ and CD8+ cells and phytohaemagglutinin responses) in the two years before death, and estimates of these markers at the time of death, did not indicate any substantial shortening of life by euthanasia/PAS; in the judgment of the physicians, most of these patients would have died naturally within one month.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A possible reason for the high incidence of MDEL in this cohort was a good knowledge of the characteristics of AIDS acquired through long-term awareness of HIV infection. The higher rate of euthanasia in those with long survival from AIDS diagnosis could reflect either additional suffering or the greater opportunity to discuss this option with friends and physicians. Our findings indicate that euthanasia and other MDEL did little to shorten life; rather, they were an extreme form of palliation, applied in the terminal phase of a lethal disease.
authors.affiliation: Municipal Health Service, Department of Public Health, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Bindels
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krol
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Ameijden
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Mulder-Folkerts
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: van den Hoek
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: van Griensven
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Coutinho
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality*; D000328:Adult; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005065:Euthanasia / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017236:Suicide, Assisted / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013997:Time Factors