title: Updated results of a pilot study of low dose craniospinal irradiation plus chemotherapy for children under five with cerebellar primitive neuroectodermal tumors (medulloblastoma).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Children under 5 years old with medulloblastoma (MB) have a poor prognosis. They are more susceptible to the deleterious effects of craniospinal irradiation (CSART) and have a higher relapse rate when treated with low-dose CSART alone. We, thus, embarked on a prospective trial testing the usefulness of very low dose CSART and adjuvant chemotherapy. This is an update of a previous report on these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1988 and March 1990, 10 patients with medulloblastoma were treated using 18 Gy radiation therapy (RT) to the craniospinal axis, a posterior fossa (PF) boost to 50.4-55.8 Gy and chemotherapy consisting of vincristine (VCR) weekly during RT. This was followed by VCR, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP), and lomustine (CCNU) for eight, 6-week cycles. Patients between 18 and 60 months of age without evidence of tumor dissemination were eligible for study. Follow-up was available until September 1994 with a median follow-up for living patients of 6.3 years from diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Actuarial survival at over 6 years is 70 +/- 20%. Three of the 10 patients relapsed and died. In one patient, the relapse developed in the spine and brain outside the posterior fossa, in the second, concurrently in the posterior fossa, brain and spine, and the third, only in the spine. One surviving child developed a brain stem infarct 4.8 years after diagnosis and has since almost fully recovered. A mean intelligence quotient (IQ) score of 103 in six patients surviving at least 1 year is unchanged from the baseline group score of 107. Five children tested at baseline and 2 years following treatment had IQ scores of 101 and 102, respectively. Six children tested at baseline and at 3 years had IQ scores of 106 and 96, respectively. Excluding the child tested shortly after his brain stem infarct, baseline and 3 year IQ scores were 103 and 97, respectively. Five of the seven long-term survivors grew at rates significantly below their expected velocities during the follow-up period, while the others grew normally. Three patients have received growth hormone, and none have required thyroid replacement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that medulloblastoma patients can be cured with chemotherapy and reduced doses of craniospinal irradiation. The low doses of CSART given by us in conjunction with cis-platin-based chemotherapy produce minimal neurocognitive damage. Growth velocities in very young children so treated are, however, dramatically reduced. Better means of improving the therapeutic ratio are still needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Goldwein
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Radcliffe
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moshang
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Packer
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Rorke
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: D'Angio
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002528:Cerebellar Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003071:Cognition; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D016371:Cranial Irradiation; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008130:Lomustine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D018242:Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D014750:Vincristine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D014750:Vincristine; D008130:Lomustine; D002945:Cisplatin