title: Increased silicon levels in dialysis patients due to high silicon content in the drinking water, inadequate water treatment procedures, and concentrate contamination: a multicentre study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although silicon is considered as an essential element, little is known about the basic effects and clinical significance of increased concentrations of the element in dialysis patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a multicentre study we found silicon levels in haemodialysis (HD) patients to be markedly increased. In these patients silicon concentrations were significantly higher than those noted in subjects with normal renal function as well as in patients with chronic renal failure not yet in dialysis and patients treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Moreover we noted that in both HD and CAPD patients mean silicon levels differed from one centre to another. Also, was there in the HD population a significant difference in serum silicon levels among patients from different countries. In HD patients differences in serum silicon levels were either due to the use of silicon contaminated dialysis fluids or an increased oral intake of the element mainly originating from the high silicon content of the drinking water. Silicon contamination of the dialysis fluid was found to be due to either the use of reverse osmosis membranes that insufficiently retain the element during water treatment or by the addition of concentrates containing high amounts of silicon. Using a recently developed high-performance liquid chromatographic/atomic absorption spectrophotometric (HPLC/ETAAS) hybrid technique, we found silicon in serum to be present as a low-molecular-weight non-protein-bound component, which in the presence of a low silicon dialysate is adequately removed during treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical relevance of increased serum silicon levels is not yet known and as such deserves further investigation. In view of the controversy that exists on the element's assumed protective as well as toxic role in the development of some (aluminium-related) neurodegenerative diseases and its vital role in bone formation, monitoring of the silicon levels in serum, tap water, and dialysis fluids might become important.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: D'Haese
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Shaheen
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Huraib
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Djukanovic
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Polenakovic
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spasovski
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shikole
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Schurgers
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Daneels
authors.forename: L V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Lamberts
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory; D012016:Reference Values; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012825:Silicon / Q000097:blood*; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000535:Aluminum; D012825:Silicon