title: Heterogeneity of retrograde fast-pathway conduction pattern in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia: observations by simultaneous multisite catheter mapping of Koch's triangle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Selective ablation of either the fast of the slow pathway resulting in cure of AV nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) has led to the concept that these pathways are discrete, anatomically defined structures. We hypothesized that if a discrete retrograde fast pathway exists, it should be possible to record a single focus of early atrial activation near the apex of Koch's triangle, with sequential spread of depolarization to the rest of the atria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluated 46 patients (33 women, 13 men; mean age, 45 +/- 17 years) undergoing electrophysiology study and catheter ablation for typical AVNRT. Retrograde atrial activation during AVNRT (337 +/- 43 ms) and ventricular pacing at a similar cycle length (352 +/- 51 ms) was recorded in the region of Koch's triangle with a decapolar catheter in the His bundle position, a multipolar catheter in the coronary sinus, and a deflectable quadripolar catheter along the tricuspid annulus anterior to the coronary sinus ostium. Earliest atrial activation was recorded at the apex of the triangle of Koch in 38 patients during ventricular pacing and in 43 patients during AVNRT. A broad wave front of atrial activation was recorded in 17 patients during ventricular pacing and in 26 patients during AVNRT. During AVNRT, only 2 patients had a single early site with focal and sequential activation along the tendon of Todaro. There was concordance in the pattern of atrial activation between ventricular pacing and AVNRT in only 21 of 46 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retrograde atrial activation over the fast pathway is heterogeneous within Koch's triangle and the coronary sinus, both for the entire population and for individual patients during different modes of activation. These data do not support the concept of an anatomically discrete retrograde fast pathway.
authors.affiliation: Harvard-Thorndike Institute of Electrophysiology, Beth Israel Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass 02215, USA.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Anselme
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hook
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Monahan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frederiks
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Callans
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zardini
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zebede
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Josephson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D005260:Female; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013615:Tachycardia, Sinoatrial Nodal Reentry / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery