title: Potential role of the inactivated X chromosome in ovarian epithelial tumor development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ovarian epithelial tumors can be divided into subcategories often regarded as different stages of neoplastic transformation. Cystadenomas belong to the least aggressive subgroup and are noninvasive and nonmetastatic. Ovarian tumors of low malignant potential (LMP) are intermediate between cystadenomas and carcinomas and show markedly reduced invasive and metastatic abilities. Invasion and metastasis are the hallmarks of carcinomas, which constitute the most aggressive subgroup and can be further subdivided into different grades.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We performed comparative allelotype analyses of ovarian cystadenomas, LMP tumors, and carcinomas, reasoning that such analyses could provide clues about the molecular determinants of their phenotypic differences. Because we realized that allelic losses involving the X chromosome might be associated with LMP tumor development, we determined whether such losses were interstitial and whether they involved the active or the inactive X chromosome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Frequencies of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at specific loci in every chromosomal arm were determined in 16 ovarian cystadenomas, 23 ovarian LMP tumors, 15 low-grade ovarian carcinomas, and 35 high-grade ovarian carcinomas by use of either the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or Southern blot analyses. We took advantage of the fact that DNA methylation is an important mechanism of X-chromosome inactivation to determine whether losses involving the X chromosome were in the active or the inactive copy. We analyzed the methylation status of retained alleles on the X chromosome by determining whether they could be amplified by PCR after digestion with the methylation-sensitive restriction endonuclease Hpa II.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High-grade carcinomas contained frequent(>50%) LOH in four autosomal chromosome arms, i.e., 6q, 13q, 17p, and 17q. Except for 13q, these same chromosomal arms showed frequent LOH in low-grade carcinomas. LOH in autosomal chromosomes was comparatively rare in LMP tumors and was absent in cystadenomas. In contrast, half (eight of 16) of LMP tumors informative for a locus in the proximal portion of chromosome Xq showed LOH at that locus. These losses were the result of interstitial deletions in six of the eight cases and involved the inactive copy of the X chromosome exclusively. Similar losses in the X chromosome were not seen in either cystadenomas or low-grade carcinomas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LOH at multiple loci is associated with the development of ovarian carcinomas but not with the development of cystadenomas and LMP tumors. However, the integrity of a locus in chromosome Xq that possibly escapes X-chromosome inactivation is important for the control of LMP tumor development. The fact that this locus does not appear to be involved in the genesis of low-grade carcinomas suggests that LMP tumors are not precursors of such carcinomas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90033, USA.
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gosewehr
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Velicescu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Felix
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Cofer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Biela
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Godorov
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dubeau
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001483:Base Sequence; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000235:genetics*; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D014960:X Chromosome / Q000502:physiology*