title: Safety and feasibility of liver-directed ex vivo gene therapy for homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this report was to provide detailed information on the safety and feasibility of surgical procedures associated with the first ex vivo liver-directed gene therapy trial for the treatment of vivo gene therapy for homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Familial hypercholesterolemia is an autosomal dominant disease in which the gene encoding the low density lipoprotein receptor is defective. Patients homozygous for this mutation have extraordinarily high levels of cholesterol and accelerated atherosclerosis and die prematurely of myocardial infarction. The concept of liver-directed gene therapy was based on the report of normalization of cholesterol levels by orthotopic cardiac/liver transplant in a child with homozygous FH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five patients with homozygous FH were selected for inclusion in this trial. The patients underwent hepatic resection and placement of a portal venous catheter. Primary hepatocytes cultures were prepared from the resected liver and transduced with a recombinant retrovirus encoding the gene for the human low density lipoprotein receptor. The genetically modified cells were then transplanted into the liver through the portal venous catheter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Numerous clinical, laboratory, and radiologic parameters were analyzed. Elevations of the hepatic transaminases and leukocyte counts and a decline in hematocrit count were noted. Transient elevations of the portal pressure were observed during cell infusion. No major perioperative morbidity--specifically, myocardial infarct, perioperative hemorrhage, or portal vein thrombosis--or death occurred as a result of this protocol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Liver-directed ex vivo gene therapy can be accomplished safely in humans and is appropriate for selected patients.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Human Gene Therapy, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Raper
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Rader
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Thoene
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Kolansky
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada / Q000208:ethnology; D002648:Child; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D003105:Colombia / Q000208:ethnology; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003535:Cyprus / Q000208:ethnology; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006498:Hepatectomy; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D006938:Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy; D008099:Liver; D008297:Male