title: Linguistic ability in early life and cognitive function and Alzheimer's disease in late life. Findings from the Nun Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if linguistic ability in early life is associated with cognitive function and Alzheimer's disease in late life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two measures of linguistic ability in early life, idea density and grammatical complexity, were derived from autobiographies written at a mean age of 22 years. Approximately 58 years later, the women who wrote these autobiographies participated in an assessment of cognitive function, and those who subsequently died were evaluated neuropathologically.
  
  
  METHODS
  Convents in the United States participating in the Nun Study; primarily convents in the Milwaukee, Wis, area.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cognitive function was investigated in 93 participants who were aged 75 to 95 years at the time of their assessments, and Alzheimer's disease was investigated in the 14 participants who died at 79 to 96 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven neuropsychological tests and neuropathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low idea density and low grammatical complexity in autobiographies written in early life were associated with low cognitive test scores in late life. Low idea density in early life had stronger and more consistent associations with poor cognitive function than did low grammatical complexity. Among the 14 sisters who died, neuropathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease was present in all of those with low idea density in early life and in none of those with high idea density.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low linguistic ability in early life was a strong predictor of poor cognitive function and Alzheimer's disease in late life.
authors.affiliation: Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536-0230, USA.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Snowdon
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kemper
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mortimer
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Greiner
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Wekstein
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Markesbery
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001344:Autopsy; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D016874:Neurofibrillary Tangles / Q000473:pathology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014956:Writing