title: Protection by chlorophyllin and indole-3-carbinol against 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP)-induced DNA adducts and colonic aberrant crypts in the F344 rat.
abstract: The most abundant heterocyclic amine in fried ground beef, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), induces colon carcinomas in the male F344 rat. The potential chemopreventive effects of two compounds, namely, the 'interceptor molecule' chlorophyllin (CHL) and a modulator of carcinogen activation, indole-3-carbinol (I3C), were examined in a PhIP colon carcinogenesis model. During weeks 3 and 4 of a 16-week study, F344 rats were given PhIP by oral gavage (50 mg/kg body weight, alternating days). Inhibitors were given either before and during PhIP exposure, after PhIP treatment, or continuously for 16 weeks. Treatment of rats with 0.1% CHL in the drinking water inhibited the formation of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) with > or = 4 crypts/focus, from 1.4 +/- 0.9 in controls to 0.7 +/- 0.3 following post-initiation CHL treatment, and to 0.3 +/- 0.5 in rats given CHL continuously for 16 weeks (mean +/- SD; P < 0.05). Potent inhibition of PhIP-induced ACF occurred following initiation, post-initiation and continuous exposure to 0.1% I3C in the diet. Using the initiation protocol, I3C completely inhibited the induction of the ACF with > or = 4 crypts/focus. In a separate experiment, rats were given 0.1% CHL in the drinking water or 0.1% I3C in the diet for 4 weeks. At the end of week 3, animals received 50 mg PhIP/kg body weight by single oral gavage and PhIP-DNA adducts were quantified in the colon and several other tissues by 32P-postlabeling analysis. In addition, the urine and feces were collected to study the effects of inhibitor treatment on PhIP metabolism and excretion. No significant protection against PhIP-DNA adduct formation was detected in the colon after CHL dosing, nor was a consistent pattern of CHL inhibition observed in several other tissues. In contrast, I3C shifted the time-course of adducts in all tissue; compared with controls, adducts were increased by I3C at 6 h but decreased at 24 h and 7 days following PhIP treatment. Analysis of urine metabolites revealed that I3C and CHL decreased the excretion of unmetabolized PhIP and 4'-hydroxy- << PhIP but increased the phase II detoxification products PhIP-4'-O-glucuronide and PhIP-4'- sulfate. In the feces, the elimination of unmetabolized PhIP was increased from 54.5% in controls to approximately 67% in CHL-treated rats and decreased to 28% in rats given I3C (P < 0.05). These results support a protective role for CHL and I3C against PhIP-induced colon carcinogenesis through mechanisms which alter the uptake or metabolism of the carcinogen, and by suppression in the post-initiation phase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Biochemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu 96822, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Schut
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Snyderwine
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Dashwood
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D002735:Chlorophyllides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003106:Colon / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control; D004247:DNA / Q000187:drug effects; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D007211:Indoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D002273:Carcinogens; D002735:Chlorophyllides; D018736:DNA Adducts; D007093:Imidazoles; D007211:Indoles; D004247:DNA; C049584:2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine; C016517:indole-3-carbinol; C007020:chlorophyllin