title: Spontaneous agonal respiration in a swine model of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe ventilatory dynamics following the onset of ventricular fibrillation (VF) in an experimental swine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve female mixed-breed domestic swine (mean mass 21.3 +/- 1.7 kg) were sedated with IM ketamine (10 mg/kg) and xylazine (1 mg/kg), anesthetized with alpha-chloralose (40 mg/kg loading dose, 10 mg/kg/hr maintenance infusion), intubated, and mechanically ventilated on room air. ECG, and aortic and pulmonary artery pressures were monitored continuously. VF was induced with a 3-sec, 60-Hz, 100-mA transthoracic shock, and left untreated for 8 minutes. Respiratory rate, tidal volume, and minute ventilation were recorded until respiratory activity ceased.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 12 animals (100%) had agonal respirations through the first 2 minutes of arrest. This decreased to 11 (92%) at minute 3, five (42%) at minute 4, and two (17%) at minute 7. Mean respiratory rates ranged from 6 to 11 breaths/min. Mean tidal volumes ranged from 502 to 852 mL. Mean minute ventilations ranged from 3.3 to 5.8 L.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this swine model, 11 of 12 (92%) continued to have spontaneous agonal respirations for the first 3 minutes of VF cardiac arrest. Many animals had supranormal tidal volumes, and near-normal minute ventilations. These findings have potential implications for lay-rescuer and first-responder contributions to resuscitation of victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
authors.affiliation: Center for Emergency Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Menegazzi
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Check
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology; D012151:Resuscitation; D013552:Swine; D013990:Tidal Volume; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000503:physiopathology*