title: [Angiotensin receptors--organ and subtype specific regulation in cardiovascular diseases by modulation of the renin-angiotensin system. Studies of the rat model and in human myocardium].
abstract: So far, two angiotensin receptor subtypes, called AT1 and AT2, have been described in an animal model and in human. AT1 mediates almost all known effects of angiotensin II and its gene sequence and regulation is well studied. In contrast, only few data on function and regulation of AT2 are available. The complete mRNA sequence of AT2 has only recently been cloned and sequenced. The angiotensin receptors' receptor density and subtype distribution is organ specific. In the rat, lowest densities are found in the myocardium, followed by kidney, liver, adrenal medulla and cortex. The percentage of AT1 in the different organs amounts to 80, 85, 90, 57 and 10%. Angiotensin receptor subtypes have also been quantitated in human myocardium. There, the relatively unknown subtype AT2 dominates (67%). Myocardial receptor density is low, amounting to about 11 fmol/mg protein corresponding to 1/20-1/50 of the density of beta-adrenergic receptors. Angiotensin receptors in the human heart are present on cardiac fibroblasts and induce proliferation of these cells. Blockade of the renin angiotensin system by ACEI and AT1 antagonists in the rat downregulates angiotensin receptors in liver, kidney and adrenals to about 50% in an organ- and subtype specific manner, whereas cyclosporin A upregulates receptors twice. In end-stage human heart failure, but not in early stages, angiotensin receptors are downregulated to 1/3 of control values. Regulator mechanisms at transcriptional level have been elucidated by reporter gene assays; PMA, an activator of proteinkinase C, stimulates the transcription of the AT1 gene. The organ- and subtypespecific regulation of angiotensin receptors by pharmacological agents and/or cardiovascular diseases can contribute to the understanding of these drugs and of the pathophysiology of the corresponding diseases.
authors.affiliation: Innere Medizin/Kardiologie-Angiologie, Virchow Klinik und Deutsches Herzzentrum, Humboldt Universität Berlin.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Regitz-Zagrosek
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neuss
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Warnecke
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holzmeister
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Hildebrand
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fleck
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D002460:Cell Line; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D051381:Rats; D011945:Receptors, Angiotensin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D011945:Receptors, Angiotensin