title: Oral clonidine premedication reduces vomiting in children after strabismus surgery.
abstract: This is a prospective randomized double-blind trial conducted to determine whether preoperative orally administered clonidine causes or potentiates postoperative vomiting in 140 children (3-12 yr) undergoing strabismus surgery. They were all inpatients and classified randomly into four groups (n = 35 each); placebo (control), diazepam 0.4 mg.kg-1, clonidine 2 micrograms.kg-1, and clonidine 4 micrograms.kg-1. These agents were administered 93-112 min (mean; 100 min) before the anticipated time of induction of anaesthesia. All children received inhalational anaesthesia with halothane and nitrous oxide in oxygen. Muscle relaxation in all patients was obtained with vecuronium and residual neuromuscular blockade was antagonized with neostigmine and atropine before tracheal extubation. Diclofenac suppository was prescribed to prevent postoperative pain. No opioids or postoperative antiemetics were administered. All children remained in hospital for two days postoperatively. The incidence and frequency of vomiting were compared in the groups with Kruskall-Wallis Rank test. Clonidine 4 micrograms.kg-1 caused a lower incidence and frequency of vomiting than did placebo and diazepam (incidence and frequency: 11% and 1.37% and 3, and 34% and 2 in clonidine 4 micrograms.kg-1, placebo, and diazepam, respectively; P < 0.05 for clonidine 4 micrograms.kg-1 vs placebo and diazepam). However, low-dose clonidine was ineffective. These data suggest that preanaesthetic medication with clonidine 4 micrograms.kg-1 may be useful for preventing emesis following strabismus surgery. This property of clonidine indicates that it may be superior to other sedative premedicants such as diazepam and midazolam.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mikawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishina
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maekawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asano
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Obara
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003975:Diazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D010919:Placebos; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D011292:Premedication; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013285:Strabismus / Q000601:surgery*; D014673:Vecuronium Bromide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014839:Vomiting / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000932:Antiemetics; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; D010919:Placebos; D004008:Diclofenac; D014673:Vecuronium Bromide; D003000:Clonidine; D003975:Diazepam; D008874:Midazolam