title: Local recurrence after radical prostatectomy: characteristics in size, location, and relationship to prostate-specific antigen and surgical margins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the sonographic characteristics of local cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  in 114 patients with an elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and negative bone scan, 156 ultrasound-guided prostate fossa biopsies were carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  in 53.5%, biopsy proved local recurrence. More than one ultrasound-guided biopsy session was required to make the diagnosis in 33% of patients. Local recurrence was seen on ultrasound at the anastomotic site (66%), the bladder neck (16%), and posterior to the trigone (13%). in 5% of patients there was a normal-appearing anastomotic site. Transrectal ultrasound was greater than 90% sensitive in detecting local recurrence, but lacked specificity. Examination of the radical prostatectomy specimens in patients with local recurrence showed positive surgical margins in 66% and organ-confined disease in 20%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transrectal ultrasonography is a useful adjunct to PSA and digital rectal examination in the detection of local recurrences following radical prostatectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143-0738, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shinohara
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Presti
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Carroll
mesh_terms: D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D010808:Physical Examination; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012007:Rectum; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen