title: Hemorrhagic retinopathy as the presenting manifestation of sarcoidosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The diagnosis of ocular sarcoidosis is particularly challenging in patients who present with atypical clinical findings and no evidence of systemic disease. We describe a patient whose initial clinical manifestation of sarcoidosis was a unilateral hemorrhagic retinopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinicopathologic case study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The diagnosis of sarcoidosis in this patient was delayed for over a year principally because of the atypical retinal findings and because repeated chest X-rays and serum angiotensin covering enzyme (ACE) levels were normal. Surgical enucleation of the eye once it was blind revealed a large noncaseating granuloma of the ciliary body. Inflammation and thrombosis of several large caliber retinal veins and a single branch of the retrolaminar hemicentral retinal vein were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Major retinal branch vein occlusion and hemi-central retinal branch occlusion are rare complications of ocular sarcoidosis. Normal serum ACE levels do not exclude the diagnosis of ocular sarcoidosis even in patients with considerable amounts of intraocular granulomatous inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, USA.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: DeRosa
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Margo
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Orlick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002829:Choroid / Q000473:pathology; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000473:pathology; D012507:Sarcoidosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology