title: Identification of Gas6 as a growth factor for human Schwann cells.
abstract: Schwann cells are one of the principal components of the peripheral nervous system. They play a crucial role in nerve regeneration and can be used clinically in the repair of injured nerves. We have established serum-free, defined culture conditions that rapidly expand adult human Schwann cells without fibroblast growth. We find that Gas6, a ligand for the Axl and Rse/Tyro3 receptor protein tyrosine kinase family, stimulates human Schwann cell growth, increasing both cell number and thymidine incorporation. Gas6 has synergistic effects with the other known human Schwann cell mitogens, heregulin/glial growth factor and forskolin. Addition of Gas6 causes phosphorylation of Axl and Rse/Tyro3 simultaneously and results in ERK-2 activation. A combination of Gas6 with heregulin and forskolin, on a defined background, supports maximal Schwann cell proliferation, while preserving the typical Schwann cell morphology and expression of the Schwann cell markers S-100, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor. Gas6 mRNA is present in both spinal motor neurons and large neurons of the dorsal root ganglia, and neural injury has been reported to upregulate Rse/Axl in the schwann cell. This is the first demonstration of a potentially important biological role for the human Gas6/Rse-Axl system.
authors.affiliation: Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hammonds
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Armanini
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bunge
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Godowski
authors.forename: M X
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Sliwkowski
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Mather
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000737:chemistry; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D051379:Mice; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000737:chemistry; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017933:Peripheral Nervous System / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D012583:Schwann Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D013131:Spine / Q000166:cytology; D000094963:Axl Receptor Tyrosine Kinase; D000099255:Growth Arrest-Specific Protein 6
chemical_list: D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D006133:Growth Substances; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D000094963:Axl Receptor Tyrosine Kinase; D000099255:Growth Arrest-Specific Protein 6; C084944:TYRO3 protein, human