title: Preparation of glass ionomer cement using N-acryloyl-substituted amino acid monomers--evaluation of physical properties.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were (1) to develop polyacid formulations through the incorporation of amino acid-derived monomers with carboxylic acid groups at various distances away from the polymer backbone to allow for greater flexibility, less rigid ionic cluster formation and improved solubility, and (2) to test selected physical and handling properties of experimental ionomers with a conventional glass ionomer as a control.
  
  
  METHODS
  The polycarboxylic acids prepared and used in glass ionomer formulation in this study included N-acryloylglutamic acid (AGA) and N-acryloyl-6-aminocaproic acid (AACA)- modified acrylic acid- ++itaconic acid copolymers, where the acrylic acid:itaconic acid:amino acid monomers were combined in different proportions. The characterization and purity of the monomers were determined by FTIR and their melting points. The characterization of synthesized polymers included molecular weight and relative viscosity determinations. The compressive strengths, diametral tensile strengths, flexural strengths and fracture toughness of the experimental ionomers and a commercially available ionomer (control) were measured after storage in water, at 37 degrees C for 1 h or 7 d. The working times and setting times of the experimental ionomers were compared to the control specimens. Separate analysis of variance and Tukey's tests were used to study the statistical significance of the physical strength parameters as a function of materials and storage times.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant increases (p< 0.001) in diametral tensile, compressive, flexural strengths and fracture toughness were observed in the AGA co-polymers, while significant increases were observed in diametral and flexural strengths in the AACA co-polymers compared to the control Fuji II. The working and setting times of all except one experimental ionomer studied were comparable to the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of amino acid-modified acrylic monomers to produce water soluble copolymers of acrylic-itaconic acid offers a new route of discovery to produce chemical-cured glass ionomers with improved physical properties. The spacer chain length, the hydrophobicity of the chains, the molecular weight and viscosity of the polymer all played important roles in determining the physical properties of the material.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Culbertson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D000179:Acrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D000614:Aminocaproates; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D008422:Materials Testing; D015394:Molecular Structure; D008970:Molecular Weight; D018583:Pliability; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D013386:Succinates / Q000737:chemistry; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D000179:Acrylates; D000180:Acrylic Resins; D000614:Aminocaproates; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D011108:Polymers; D013386:Succinates; D018698:Glutamic Acid; C036658:acrylic acid; C005229:itaconic acid