title: Behavioral and cognitive effects of methylxanthines. A meta-analysis of theophylline and caffeine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Theophylline has been extensively studied as a treatment of asthma. However, some studies have suggested that theophylline may precipitate adverse behavioral and cognitive effects on children. Other reports have evaluated the effects of caffeine, another commonly used methylxanthine, as a treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To present a meta-analysis of research on the behavioral and cognitive effects of methylxanthines in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The meta-analyses were conducted on 12 studies of theophylline and nine studies of caffeine that met inclusion criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In contrast to popular beliefs and earlier scientific reports, meta-analyses of controlled studies did not indicate that either theophylline or caffeine resulted in significant deleterious effects on cognition or behavior. In fact, there was a small, positive effect on parental report of externalizing behavior for both methylxanthines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is little evidence to suggest that methylxanthines have adverse cognitive or behavioral effects on children. Questions remain with regard to the identification and determinants of either responsive or sensitive subgroups, dose-response relationships, and the effects of parent-teacher expectancies on behavioral ratings.
authors.affiliation: Section of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago (Ill), USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krasowski
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Leventhal
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Bender
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D002110:Caffeine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013806:Theophylline / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D002110:Caffeine; D013806:Theophylline