title: Colored collagen is a long-lasting point marker for small pulmonary nodules in thoracoscopic operations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To locate small deep pulmonary nodules under thoracoscopy, we developed a long-lasting point marker termed "colored collagen."
  
  
  METHODS
  Colored collagen is composed of 0.8% atelocollagen, 5% methylene blue, and 32% contrast medium. The affinity between atelocollagen and methylene blue was examined in a washing test using 2 mol/L of NaCl. For clinical application, a computed tomography-guided colored collagen injection was performed in 11 patients to localize 11 deep pulmonary nodules, which were less than 20 mm in diameter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The washing test showed that atelocollagen and methylene blue combined with each other firmly. An experimental study using rabbit lung showed that the colored collagen stayed at the injected site for 10 days without toxicity. In clinical application, the colored collagen could be seen as a clear spot using the thoracoscopy 1 to 4 days after the injection in all of the 11 pulmonary nodules. There was no complication except for a slight pneumothorax in 2 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The colored collagen, because it stays in the injected site for a long time, solves the problem of the single dye injection method, which requires both a computed tomographic scan and an operating room simultaneously, and also the colored collagen, because of its point dyeing, can mark the nodule more accurately than a single dye.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Saiseikai Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nomori
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Horio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D003094:Collagen / Q000009:adverse effects; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004341:Drug Evaluation; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007472:Iohexol / Q000009:adverse effects; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D011817:Rabbits; D003074:Solitary Pulmonary Nodule / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D013906:Thoracoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; C059821:atelocollagen; C098971:colored collagen; D007472:Iohexol; D003094:Collagen; D008751:Methylene Blue