title: Long term exposure to manganese in rural well water has no neurological effects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is debate on the neurological impact of chronic exposure to Manganese (MN).
  
  
  METHODS
  MN burden from rural well water was studied cross-sectionally in two proband cohorts from rural dwellings located in northern Germany. Both cohorts had exposure times for up to 40 years and were separated on the basis of well water MN content. Group A (41 subjects; mean age 57.5 years) was exposed to MN water contents of at least 0.300 mg/l (range 0.300 to 2.160), while group B (74 subjects; mean age 56.9 years) was exposed to concentrations of less than 0.050 mg/l. Both proband groups were homogenous with regard to age, sex, nutritional habits, and drug intake. Neurological assessments by clinical investigators blinded for proband's exposure status was done using structured questionnaires, standardized neurological examination with assessment of possible Parkinsonian signs by the Columbia University Rating Scale, and instrumental tests of fine motor coordination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant difference in any neurological measure was found between groups. Results were not confounded by demographic and dietary features.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to high body burden of MN does not result in detectable neurological impairment. Exposure to MN in drinking water does not seem to be a risk factor for idiopathic Parkinson's disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Federal Republic of Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vieregge
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Heinzow
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Korf
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Teichert
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schleifenbaum
authors.forename: H U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Mösinger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008345:Manganese / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D008345:Manganese