title: Evaluation of cardiac 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy: reviewing NMR principles.
abstract: 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has been used for several decades as an analytical tool in cardiac research and is quickly emerging as a diagnostic tool, due to its ability to continuously and noninvasively monitor levels of high energy phosphates, inorganic phosphate, and intracellular pH in localized regions of the myocardium. This article provides a brief review of basic MRS principles, presents some current techniques of localized spectroscopy related to experimental and clinical cardiac research, and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biodiagnostics, National Research Council Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Hoffenberg
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kozlowski
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Salerno
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Deslauriers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003327:Coronary Disease; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism