title: Urinary volume, water and recurrences in idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis: a 5-year randomized prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We define the role of urine volume as a stone risk factor in idiopathic calcium stone disease and test the actual preventive effectiveness of a high water intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 101 controls and 199 patients from the first idiopathic calcium stone episode. After a baseline study period the stone formers were divided by randomization into 2 groups (1 and 2) and they were followed prospectively for 5 years. Followup in group 1 only involved a high intake of water without any dietetic change, while followup in group 2 did not involve any treatment. Each year clinical, laboratory and radiological evaluation was obtained to determine urinary stone risk profile (including relative supersaturations of calcium oxalate, brushite and uric acid by Equil 2), recurrence rate and mean time to relapse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The original urine volume was lower in male and female stone formers compared to controls (men with calcium oxalate stones 1,057 +/- 238 ml./24 hours versus normal men 1,401 +/- 562 ml./24 hours, p < 0.0001 and women calcium oxalate stones 990 +/- 230 ml./24 hours versus normal women 1,239 +/- 440 ml./24 hours, p < 0.001). During followup recurrences were noted within 5 years in 12 of 99 group 1 patients and in 27 of 100 group 2 patients (p = 0.008). The average interval for recurrences was 38.7 +/- 13.2 months in group 1 and 25.1 +/- 16.4 months in group 2 (p = 0.016). The relative supersaturations for calcium oxalate, brushite and uric acid were much greater in baseline urine of the stone patients in both groups compared to controls. During followup, baseline values decreased sharply only in group 1. Finally the baseline urine in patients with recurrences was characterized by a higher calcium excretion compared to urine of the patients without recurrences in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that urine volume is a real stone risk factor in nephrolithiasis and that a large intake of water is the initial therapy for prevention of stone recurrences. In cases of hypercalciuria it is suitable to prescribe adjuvant specific diets or drug therapy.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Semeiotica Medica, University of Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Borghi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meschi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Amato
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Briganti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Novarini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giannini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000032:analysis; D004326:Drinking; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000737:chemistry / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014556:Urine
chemical_list: D002129:Calcium Oxalate