title: Outbreak of serogroup C meningococcal disease associated with campus bar patronage.
abstract: Between February 1991 and April 1992, eight undergraduates at a US residential university and one at a nearby 2-year college contracted serogroup C meningococcal disease. A case-control investigation with 20 controls per case, oropharyngeal carriage surveys, and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MEE) of serogroup C isolates were used to identify factors contributing to the outbreak. All eight sterile-site isolates from cases were closely related by MEE and were similar (though not identical) to the strain associated with the 1991-1992 epidemic of meningococcal disease in eastern Canada. Disease was associated with cigarette smoking (p = 0.012), recent patronage of campus-area bars (p = 0.034), estimated amount of time spent in campus-area bars (p = 0.0003), and, especially, recent patronage of one specific bar, bar A (p = 0.0006; odds ratio = 23.1, 95% confidence interval 3.0-571.5). In carriage surveys, 1,528 throat cultures taken from (primarily student) noncases yielded only five (0.3%) strains that were identical by MEE to those from cases. Two of these were found among 22 cultures obtained from bar A employees in spring 1992. Some cases in this outbreak may have followed transmission of the epidemic strain in bar A. Campus bar environments may facilitate the spread of meningococcal disease among teenagers and young adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Information Science, College of Medicine at Urbana-Champaign, University of Illinois, 61801-3669, USA.
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Imrey
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Ludwinski
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: England
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Fella
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Isdale
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Reeves
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Wenger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002353:Carrier State / Q000382:microbiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D005522:Food Services; D006801:Humans; D007087:Illinois / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008589:Meningococcal Infections / Q000209:etiology*; D009345:Neisseria meningitidis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012907:Smoking