title: Observations on the nutrient intakes of eating-dependent nursing home residents: underutilization of micronutrient supplements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the intakes of essential nutrients by eating-dependent nursing home residents (EDR).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was done in a 190 bed VA nursing home. Thirty-four EDR were selected for the study. Clinical data base which included age, sex, primary diagnosis, body mass index, albumin, hematocrit, activities of daily living status, decubitus ulcer medications and use of multivitamin/trace mineral supplement were recorded from the medical records. Caloric and essential nutrient intakes were determined over a 3-day period by a registered dietitian.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy percent (24/34) residents in the study group were underweight (body mass index < 23 kg/m2), 26% were hypoalbuminemic (serum level < 3.5 g/dl), 50% were anemic (hematocrit < 37%); and 38% had pressure ulcers. In 88% EDR, the dietary intakes of three or more essential nutrients were below 50% of the RDA. Most frequent and severely deficient were zinc, copper, and vitamin B6. Despite the inadequate essential micronutrient intakes in the majority of EDR, only 35% received a multivitamin supplement and only 3% received a trace mineral supplement. A survey of 30 other VA nursing homes indicated generally similar findings to those in the Milwaukee facility with regard to the high frequency for eating-dependence, and the low frequency for administration of multivitamin and trace mineral supplements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite eating supervision and assistance, the majority of EDR have inadequate intakes of numerous essential macro- and micronutrients. The deficient micronutrient intakes could be normalized by administration of a multivitamin/trace mineral supplement daily. Nevertheless, only a minority of EDR in VA nursing homes currently receive such a supplement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rudman
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Abbasi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Isaacson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karpiuk
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003300:Copper / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000172:deficiency; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006400:Hematocrit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients; D008875:Middle Aged; D009735:Nursing Homes; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000172:deficiency; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D026681:Vitamin B 6 Deficiency; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014922:Wisconsin; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000172:deficiency
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients; D012709:Serum Albumin; D014131:Trace Elements; D014815:Vitamins; D003300:Copper; D015032:Zinc