title: Frontal cortex leads other brain structures in generalised spike-and-wave spindles and seizure spikes induced by picrotoxin.
abstract: Generaliszed spike-and-wave (SW) spindles (5-7 Hz) associated with myoclonic jerks precede the occurrence of regular spikes (2-3 Hz) associated with convulsive seizure induced by picrotoxin. SW spindles occur spontaneously in rodent and cat under some experimental conditions and are considered to be models of human generalised epilepsy. These spindles have been proposed as being led by a thalamic pacemaker. To examine this possibility in picrotoxin-induced SW spindles and seizure spikes, we recorded EEG using chronically implant unipolar electrodes during intravenous picrotoxin infusion in freely behaving rat. The 6 EEG signals were digitally sampled at 1000 Hz. Linear correlation, spectral, coherence and phase analyses were undertaken to determine time differences (TDs) between EEG channels and the brain structure leading seizure activity. One frontal cortex led all other structures during SW spindles. TD between SW spindles in the leading frontal cortex (Fr1) and the contralateral Fr1 was 3.6 + / - 0.5 msec. All ipsilateral structures (hippocampus, thalamus, amygdala, caudate nucleus and occipital cortex) were delayed by more than 3 msec from Fr1 (intralaminar thalamic nuclei - by 6.3 + / - 0.9 msec). TDs of SW spindles between subcortical regions were less than 1.5 msec. Similar relationships with slightly smaller TDs were found with spikes during convulsive seizure except TDs between frontal cortices did not significantly differ from zero. We suggest that seizure activity induced by picrotoxin is led by one Fr1 during SW spindles and by both frontal cortices working as one system during convulsive seizure.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Neuroscience and Department of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Medvedev
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mackenzie
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hiscock
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Willoughby
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004829:Epilepsy, Generalized / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018756:GABA Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D010852:Picrotoxin / Q000009:adverse effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D013788:Thalamus / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018756:GABA Antagonists; D010852:Picrotoxin