title: Innovative treatment approaches for rheumatoid arthritis. Cyclosporin, leflunomide and nitrogen mustard.
abstract: Cyclosporin A (CSA) Cyclosporin inhibits IL-2 release and T-cell activation and, secondarily, affects B-cell function. It also inhibits bone resorption, at least in vitro. This drug's bio-availability averages 25-35% but is highly variable. Food and grapefruit juice enhance bio-availability and newer formulations may make its absorption more reliable. It is highly concentrated in fatty tissues and red blood cells but does not cross the blood-brain barrier. CSA is metabolized to numerous metabolites by the liver and its elimination half-life is 6-12 hours in the absence of severe liver disease. Biliary excretion accounts for 94% of CSAs elimination. Because it is highly metabolized, its metabolism can be inhibited by other drugs (e.g. ketoconazole and erythromycin) or its metabolism can be induced (e.g. anticonvulsants). Cyclosporin is more effective than placebo for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and as effective as other antirheumatics. There is potential for the use of CSAs in DMARD combinations. The principal toxicities of cyclosporin are gastro-intestinal and renal, with the latter being of more concern. Leflunomide (LF). Leflunomide may be a pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor, although tyrosine kinase inhibitor may also be part of its mechanism of action. Its active metabolite is excreted renally to a large degree, with a prolonged elimination half-life of about 11 days. Since LF is activated by liver metabolism, renal failure may have less effect on kinetics than severe liver disease. Early data on efficacy indicate efficacy at 10-25 mg/day, although more well-controlled data is necessary. Toxicity relates to the skin, liver and GI tract, although some degree of weight loss was also found. Nitrogen mustard (NM). Nitrogen mustard is an alkylating agent whose pharmacokinetics are poorly understood. Small, open studies in RA indicate that NM has a potential for relatively rapid response (1-2 weeks) but, clearly, much work remains to be done. As an alkylating agent, GI and hematological toxicities are of greatest concern.
authors.affiliation: Section of Rheumatology and Immunology, Virginia Mason Research Centre, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Furst
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000477:Alkylating Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077339:Leflunomide; D008466:Mechlorethamine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000477:Alkylating Agents; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D007555:Isoxazoles; D008466:Mechlorethamine; D016572:Cyclosporine; D000077339:Leflunomide