title: Percutaneous management of superior vena cava occlusions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the use of percutaneous endovascular stent insertion in the management of superior vena cava (SVC) occlusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Percutaneous endovascular stent insertion was attempted in 13 patients, age range 20-72 (mean 55.5) years, with symptomatic total occlusion of the SVC. Twelve patients had known malignant disease of the thorax. The other patient (age 20) had chronic SVC obstruction, the cause of which was unknown at the time of the procedure. There was initial angiographic assessment and removal of thrombus by thrombolysis (10 patients) and/or clot aspiration (3 patients). Following successful lysis or aspiration, single or multiple endovascular stents were inserted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The inability to cross the lesion with a guidewire prevented stent insertion in 2 patients (15.4%). There was primary success in the remaining 11 patients (84.6%), with associated symptomatic relief. Some recurrence of symptoms occurred in 5 of the 11 patients (45.5%) after a time interval ranging from 14 to 183 days. In all cases of symptomatic recurrence, patency was reestablished with further thrombolysis and/or further stent insertion. All successfully treated patients have since died. All 11 patients remained symptomatically free of SVC occlusion until death, with postprocedure survival ranging from 5 to 243 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The percutaneous management of complete SVC occlusion with thrombolysis and/or clot aspiration followed by stent insertion is safe and effective, giving sustained symptomatic relief.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, England.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Crowe
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Gaines
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods*; D015642:Radiology, Interventional / Q000379:methods; D015607:Stents; D013396:Suction; D013479:Superior Vena Cava Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator