title: Confocal microscopy of a newly identified protein associated with heart development in the Mexican axolotl.
abstract: Recessive mutant gene c for "'cardiac nonfunction" in the mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, results in a failure of affected embryos to develop contracting hearts. Mutant embryos survive approximately 4 weeks after fertilization, but eventually die from a lack of circulation. Morphological studies show that mutant hearts lack organized sarcomeric myofibrils. This abnormality can be corrected by co-culturing early mutant hearts with normal anterior endoderm/mesoderm tissues, by culturing them in a medium "conditioned" by this normal tissue, or by RNA isolated from normal endoderm/mesoderm. Additionally, RNA isolated from normal anterior endoderm/mesoderm conditioned medium corrects the mutant hearts in a dose-dependent manner. A cDNA library is constructed using this RNA. On the basis of sequence analyses on this cDNA library, it was estimated that 56% of the total RNA present in the conditioned medium is rRNA, while 44% is nonribosomal RNA. One of the nonribosomal RNAs that showed no significant homology with other known sequences in the Genebank was examined further. An RT-PCR analysis showed that this RNA (designated "N1") is expressed in juvenile skeletal muscle, brain, and heart in significant amounts, less in the lung and not at all in the liver tissue. Affinity-purified polyclonal antipeptide antibodies were produced against the most antigenic portion of the polypeptide which was deduced from this RNA. Western blot analyses of adult heart homogenates, using these antibodies, showed a specific doublet staining at 67 kDa and 65 kDa. These doublets were purified and analyzed for their amino acid composition which showed that both bands most likely belong to the same protein. The N1-protein was further investigated to determine its localization in normal isolated hearts at embryonic stages 35, 38, and 41 and on cross-sections through the heart regions of whole normal embryos at stages 16, 33-34, 37-38, and 41-42 using immunohistochemical techniques and confocal microscopy. In addition, mutant embryos at stage 37-38 were studied for the presence and distribution of the N1-protein on cross-sections through their heart regions. The N1-protein staining was significantly reduced in mutant hearts when compared to normal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, SUNY Health Science Center, Syracuse 13210, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Erginel-Unaltuna
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Dube
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Salsbury
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Lemanski
mesh_terms: D000558:Ambystoma mexicanum / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D029845:Amphibian Proteins; D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies; D001483:Base Sequence; D015153:Blotting, Western; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D000939:Epitopes; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development*; D006579:Heterozygote; D006720:Homozygote; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry; D008168:Lung / Q000737:chemistry; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry; D009154:Mutation; D009206:Myocardium / Q000737:chemistry*; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000032:analysis / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000276:immunology; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D012313:RNA / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D029845:Amphibian Proteins; D000906:Antibodies; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D000939:Epitopes; D009124:Muscle Proteins; C098181:N1 protein, Ambystoma mexicanum; D009842:Oligopeptides; D011506:Proteins; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal; D012313:RNA