title: Fluorescence cystoscopy following intravesical instillation of 5-aminolevulinic acid: a new procedure with high sensitivity for detection of hardly visible urothelial neoplasias.
abstract: Methods have been sought for the in vivo marking of tiny papillary tumors of the bladder and flat urothelial lesions such as dysplasia or carcinoma in situ, which can easily be missed during conventional endoscopy under white light. A new procedure is reported for the fluorescence detection of urothelial dysplasia and early bladder cancer. The method is based on intravesical application of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). ALA if applied exogenously induces accumulation of protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) in the urothelium of the bladder. PPIX is an intensively red fluorescing agent. The mean ratio of fluorescence intensity between urothelial cancer and normal epithelium was found to be 17:1. Fluorescence excitation was achieved by violet light from a krypton ion laser (lambda = 406.7 nm) or from a xenon arc lamp with a bandpass filter system (lambda = 375-440 nm). Both light sources proved to be of equal suitability for fluorescence excitation. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that the PPIX fluorescence is strictly limited to the urothelium. It could not be detected from the submucosa or muscle of the bladder. Bladder wall biopsies were taken from 90 patients with suspicion of bladder cancer under fluorescence view. The fluorescence detection proved to be of high sensitivity (98%). No serious side effects which would preclude further clinical testing, especially no cutaneous photoreaction, were observed. Tumor-associated fluorescence induced by topical ALA application offers new perspectives in the diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer. In case of suspicious or positive urine cytologic findings, ALA fluorescence cystoscopy may be useful for detecting the precise site of the malignancy. The procedure might be helpful in complete resection or coagulation of urothelial neoplasms. Due to this, diminishing recurrence rates are expected. However, this hypothesis has to be studied in prospective clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Urologische Klinik, Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität München, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kriegmair
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stepp
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Steinbach
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lumper
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ehsan
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Stepp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rick
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Knüchel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofstetter
mesh_terms: D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D003558:Cystoscopy; D004848:Epithelium / Q000378:metabolism; D005453:Fluorescence; D006801:Humans; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008875:Middle Aged; D011524:Protoporphyrins / Q000378:metabolism; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011524:Protoporphyrins; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid; C028025:protoporphyrin IX