title: Measurement of field distributions in ultrasonic cleaning baths: implications for cleaning efficiency.
abstract: The information available on ultrasound field distributions in cleaning baths is limited. Two techniques capable of providing this information have been investigated. The first employs a thermistor probe coated with ultrasound absorbing material and uses the rate of temperature rise when the ultrasound is switched on as a measure of local energy density. A motorized scanning frame has been used to map field distributions in three dimensions using the technique. The second technique, the Sarvazyan (dye/paper) method, uses Astralux paper placed in a bath containing an aqueous solution of methylene blue dye. More dye is transferred to the paper in areas where the ultrasound field is most intense. Pockets of gas are trapped in pores in the paper which provide additional nuclei for initiation of cavitation events and these produce small areas of intense staining about 1 mm in diameter, which are related to cavitational activity. The techniques reveal non-uniformities both in the field distribution and in the pattern of cavitational activity in ultrasound cleaning baths. Methods for assessing ultrasound field distributions are required in order to ensure that energy densities are sufficient to initiate cleaning action throughout ultrasonic cleaning baths.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio-Medical Physics and Bio-Engineering, University of Aberdeen, UK.
authors.forename: I P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Marangopoulos
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hutchison
mesh_terms: D055592:Biophysical Phenomena; D001703:Biophysics; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003762:Dental Instruments; D004864:Equipment and Supplies; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008751:Methylene Blue; D010209:Paper; D013242:Sterilization / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013821:Thermometers; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D008751:Methylene Blue