title: A wheelchair cushion designed to redistribute sites of sitting pressure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite the diversity of wheelchair cushions currently in clinical use, pressure on bony prominences continues to be a major problem for wheelchair-bound patients, and the incidence of pressure ulcers remains high. No static surface has been reported to reduce resting pressure under the ischial tuberosities to below that of capillary pressure, which may well be the threshold for inducing tissue damage. An entirely new form of seating was designed to decrease absolute pressure using a prosthetic fitting technique analogous to a below-the-knee prosthesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A repeated measures randomized design was used to test differences between the experimental (TCS) and three other standard cushions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Veterans Medical Center outpatient service.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wheelchair-bound volunteer subjects, n = 47, were selected who weighed more than 60kg.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pressures were measured by a standard air pressure pad and also by a computer-linked array of pressure transducers. The grid was standardized and used to generate topographic maps for each site over time. These data were used to measure the seating interface pressures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant main effect of cushion over site, F = 131 for left ischial tuberosity. Pressure were lowest while patients sat on the experimental seat and differences were significant at all time points. Using 1psi as presumed capillary pressure, frequency of success at achieving this pressure threshold was greatest for the experimental seat, p < .001. This difference persisted throughout the 30 minutes of testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A computerized pressure grid was developed that allowed evaluation of anatomically localized pressures. The prosthetically designed TCS displays lower seating pressures than any other cushion tested. Consistent and sustained pressures were below the postulated threshold for tissue damage.
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service, VA Medical Center, Sepulveda, CA 91343, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Felton
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Hileman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Navach
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D017076:Computer-Aided Design / Q000592:standards; D004867:Equipment Design; D006804:Ergonomics / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009989:Orthotic Devices / Q000592:standards*; D011312:Pressure; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014910:Wheelchairs