title: Transforming growth factor beta 1 in human liver tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF beta 1) is a multifunctional cytokine. The role of TGF beta 1 in hepatocarcinogenesis is still a matter of discussion. To assess the expression of TGF beta 1 in human liver tumors, the following study was conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Formalin fixed, paraffin embedded sections of 50 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), 30 cholangiocellular carcinomas (CCC), 15 hepatocellular adenomas (HCA), 15 focal nodular hyperplasias (FNH), and 20 normal livers (NL) were immunostained with a monoclonal anti-TGF beta 1 antibody (clone TB-21). TGF beta 1 mRNA was measured in snap frozen tissue of 2 HCC, 3 HCA, 2 FNH, and 3 NL of the immunohistochemistry group using slot blot hybridizations. Total RNA was extracted, and slot blots were hybridized with 32P endlabeled TGF beta 1 oligonucleotides. TGF beta 1 mRNA was measured in cpm with a scintillation counter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TGF beta 1 protein was strongly expressed in 14/15 FNH and 13/15 HCA, whereas it was scarcely detectable in 46/50 HCC and 25/30 CCC. All NL were moderately positive. The 2 HCC cases contained far less TGF beta 1 mRNA than the HCA, FNH, and NL examined here.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TGF beta 1 expression is markedly lower in malignant liver tumors than in benign tumors or NL. Therefore, TGF beta 1 down-regulation may be an important step in hepatocarcinogenesis. Additionally, TGF beta 1 immunostaining may be useful in distinguishing well-differentiated HCC from adenomas.
authors.affiliation: Pathologisches Institut, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vogelbruch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wellmann
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maschek
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Schäfer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Flemming
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Georgii
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000473:pathology*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000473:pathology*; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta