National Association of Medical Examiners Pediatric Toxicology (PedTox) Registry Report 3. Case submission summary and data for acetaminophen, benzene, carboxyhemoglobin, dextromethorphan, ethanol, phenobarbital, and pseudoephedrine.
Data are presented from the National Association of Medical Examiners' (St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.) Pediatric Toxicology (PedTox) Registry. A total of 839 case reports have been submitted to the registry. Reported here are the concentrations of several drugs and potentially toxic substances observed in children who have died of various causes, often non-drug-related. Except for carbon monoxide, for each of the substances addressed in this report, there is insufficient information in the literature to distinguish "lethal" from "non- or sublethal" concentrations in children, and the data are presented only to provide a working frame of reference. For 30 infants whose deaths were attributed to causes other than phenobarbital, the median blood phenobarbital concentration was 7.8 mg/L, with a range of 0.1-22.4 mg/L. For eight infants whose deaths were not attributed to ethanol, the mean blood ethanol concentration was 0.029 gm/dl and ranged from 0.011 gm/dl to 0.050 gm/dl. Blood dextromethorphan concentrations in seven infants showed a mean of 0.38 mg/L and ranged from 0.10 mg/L to 0.95 mg/L. In 15 infants, blood pseudoephedrine concentrations ranged between 0.07 mg/L and 13.0 mg/L, with a mean concentration of 3.55 mg/L. Blood carboxyhemoglobin saturations for 38 children aged < or = 5 years, who died in fires and were dead on the scene and not resuscitated, ranged between 29% and 94%, with a mean saturation of 64%. Blood benzene concentrations in eight children aged < or = 6 years who died in fires and were dead on the scene showed a mean concentration of 2.3 mg/L and a range of 0.2-4.9 mg/L. For 33 children aged < or = 5 years whose deaths were attributed to nondrug causes, the mean blood acetaminophen concentration was 9.9 mg/L, and the range was 1.0-34.5 mg/L. These data are not well controlled in terms of testing methodology or cause of death determinations and should not be used as the sole source of information when assessing whether or not a death is caused by one of these substances. Further data and controlled studies are needed to work toward establishing lethal concentrations of certain drugs and toxic substances in children, and the reporting of cases to the PedTox Registry is encouraged.
Hanzlick
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Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000633:toxicity; D001554:Benzene / Q000633:toxicity; D002263:Carboxyhemoglobin / Q000633:toxicity; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003334:Coroners and Medical Examiners; D003915:Dextromethorphan / Q000633:toxicity; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity; D000431:Ethanol / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010634:Phenobarbital / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity; D012042:Registries; D012955:Societies, Medical
D000082:Acetaminophen; D000431:Ethanol; D003915:Dextromethorphan; D002263:Carboxyhemoglobin; D004809:Ephedrine; D001554:Benzene; D010634:Phenobarbital