title: Palmitoyl carnitine increases the transmeningeal flux of hydrophilic but not hydrophobic compounds in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasing drug penetration through the spinal meninges should improve epidural analgesia/anesthesia by increasing the rate and extent to which epidurally administered drugs redistribute to the spinal cord. Palmitoyl carnitine has been shown to improve drug penetration through the intestinal mucosa. The purpose of this study was to determine whether palmitoyl carnitine improves drug penetration through the spinal meninges.
  
  
  METHODS
  The transmeningeal flux of morphine, mannitol, bupivacaine, and sufentanil was determined through the spinal meninges of Macacca nemestrina monkeys before and after addition of palmitoyl carnitine. Flux was determined using a previously established in vitro diffusion cell method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Palmitoyl carnitine significantly increased the transmeningeal flux of mannitol, morphine, and bupivacaine by 942 +/- 102%, 401 +/- 43%, and 12 +/- 4%, respectively. However, palmitoyl carnitine had no significant effect on the transmeningeal flux of sufentanil. The penetration-enhancing effect of palmitoyl carnitine was shown to depend on the dose of palmitoyl carnitine added and on the octanol:buffer distribution coefficient of the study drugs but not on the concentration of the study drug.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mechanism by which palmitoyl carnitine increases transmeningeal flux is unclear but may be a result of palmitoyl carnitine's ability to decrease packing order of lipid bilayers in the arachnoid mater cell membranes. Regardless of the mechanism, palmitoyl carnitine's ability to selectively increase the transmeningeal flux of hydrophilic compounds in vitro offers the possibility of improving the spinal bioavailability of this group of epidurally administered drugs in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, USA.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bernards
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kern
mesh_terms: D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008254:Macaca nemestrina; D008578:Meninges / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D010172:Palmitoylcarnitine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000378:metabolism*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D010172:Palmitoylcarnitine