title: Cassette labeling for facile construction of energy transfer fluorescent primers.
abstract: DNA primer sets, labeled with two fluorescent dyes to exploit fluorescence energy transfer (ET), can be efficiently excited with a single laser line and emit strong fluorescence at distinctive wavelengths. Such ET primers are superior to single fluorophore-labeled primers for DNA sequencing and other multiple color-based analyses [J. Ju, C. Ruan, C. W. Fuller, A. N. Glazer and R. A. Mathies (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 4347-4351]. We describe here a novel method of constructing fluorescent primers using a universal ET cassette that can be incorporated by conventional synthesis at the 5'-end of an oligonucleotide primer of any sequence. In this cassette, the donor and acceptor fluorophores are separated by a polymer spacer (S6) formed by six 1',2'-dideoxyribose phosphate monomers (S). The donor is attached to the 5' side of the ribose spacer and the acceptor to a modified thymidine attached to the 3' end of the ribose spacer in the ET cassette. The resulting primers, labeled with 6-carboxy-fluorescein as the donor and other fluorescein and rhodamine dyes as acceptors, display well-separated acceptor emission spectra with 2-12-fold enhanced fluorescence intensity relative to that of the corresponding single dye-labeled primers. With single- stranded M13mp18DNA as the template, a typical run with these ET primers on a capillary sequencer provides DNA sequences with 99% accuracy in the first 550 bases using the same amount of DNA template as that typically required using a four-color slab gel automated sequencer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720 USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ju
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Glazer
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mathies
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D015195:Drug Design; D004735:Energy Transfer; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D007834:Lasers; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015394:Molecular Structure; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes