title: Electromyographic analysis of the shoulder muscles during depression transfers in subjects with low-level paraplegia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To document and compare the intensity of selected shoulder muscle activity during depression transfers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intramuscular electrodes were used to record the activity of 12 shoulder muscles while transferring to and from a wheelchair.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve adult men with spinal cord injuries resulting in low paraplegia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three phases of the transfer were analyzed: preparation, lift, and descent. Median intensities were compared between muscles, transfer phase, and direction of transfer using Freidman's test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Trunk elevation was accomplished mainly by sternal pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi activity. Lateral body displacement required other muscles to control the elevated body. Rotator cuff muscles contributed to shift mechanics and, together with anterior deltoid, provided anterior glenohumeral wall protection. Lower serratus anterior stabilized the scapulothoracic articulation and contributed to the lateral movement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Assessment of depression transfer skill should not be based on the ability to lift body weight. Movement of the trunk required vigorous activity of key shoulder musculature. Differences in leading and trailing arm EMG intensities will assist in modifying transfer style in individuals with weakness, strength imbalances, and shoulder pathologies.
authors.affiliation: Pathokinesiology Laboratory, Rancho Los Amigos Medical Center, Downey, CA 90242, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Gronley
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Newsam
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Mulroy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012782:Shoulder; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology