title: Increased propensity of women to develop torsades de pointes during complete heart block.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine whether an increased female gender susceptibility to torsades de pointes (TdP) may exist in a clinical model of bradycardia-induced long QT syndrome, we investigated reported cases of TdP associated with acquired complete heart block.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-two cases reported in the medical literature dating from 1941 through 1993 were identified, all describing TdP or "transient ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation" (to include those cases reported prior to the use of TdP terminology) in the setting of acquired complete heart block unassociated with QT prolonging drugs. Expected female prevalence in complete heart block was estimated at 52%, based on projections derived from 206,016 hospital discharges in the National Inpatient Profile (Commission on Professional and Hospital Activities, Ann Arbor, MI), over the years 1985 through 1992. During complete heart block, mean heart rate was 37 beats/min in both sexes (combined n = 43), and absolute QT interval ranged from 0.52 to 0.88 seconds, with a mean of 0.68 seconds (n = 25). Female prevalence among patients with TdP during complete heart block was greater than expected: 72% for all studied cases (P < 0.001); 70% (P < 0.04) and 74% (P < 0.02) among those reported prior to (n = 35) and during or after (n = 37) 1980, respectively; 73% (P < 0.03) among those with documented normokalemia (n = 26); and 68% (P = 0.2) among those with a prolonged QT interval and known polymorphic VT (i.e., unequivocal TdP; n = 25).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite inherent limitations of this retrospective study, the data are consistent in suggesting a greater than expected female prevalence among patients with TdP related to complete heart block. This finding lends support to a broadening concept of increased susceptibility of women to the development of TdP in various settings of QT prolongation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, Sinai Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kawasaki
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reinoehl
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fromm
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Baga
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Steinman
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lehmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006327:Heart Block / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D016171:Torsades de Pointes / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology