title: CpG motifs present in bacteria DNA rapidly induce lymphocytes to secrete interleukin 6, interleukin 12, and interferon gamma.
abstract: Bacterial infection stimulates the host to mount a rapid inflammatory response. A 6-base DNA motif consisting of an unmethylated CpG dinucleotide flanked by two 5' purines and two 3' pyrimidines was shown to contribute to this response by inducing polygonal B-cell activation. This stimulatory motif is 20 times more common in the DNA of bacteria than higher vertebrates. The current work shows that the same motif induces the rapid and coordinated secretion of interleukin (IL) 6, IL-12, and interferon gamma (but not IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, or IL-10) in vivo and in vitro. Stimulatory CpG DNA motifs induced B, T, and natural killer cells to secrete cytokine more effectively than did lipopolysaccharide. Thus, immune recognition of bacterial DNA may contribute to the cytokine, as well as the antibody production characteristic of an innate inflammatory response.
authors.affiliation: Section of Retroviral Immunolgy, Division of Viral Products, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892-4555, USA.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Klinman
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Beaucage
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Conover
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Krieg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000494:pharmacology; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D001483:Base Sequence; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015226:Dinucleoside Phosphates / Q000276:immunology* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000276:immunology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000276:immunology; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000276:immunology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D007700:Kinetics; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010641:Phenotype; D013154:Spleen / Q000276:immunology; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D015226:Dinucleoside Phosphates; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D018664:Interleukin-12; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; C015772:CpG dinucleotide