title: Mechanical and histological fixation of hydroxylapatite-coated pyrolytic carbon and titanium alloy implants: a report of short-term results.
abstract: Historically, pyrolytic carbon has been a material for cardiovascular applications, but it has several properties suited for orthopedic uses as well. Pyrolytic carbon has an elastic modulus similar to bone and is highly fatigue resistant, but has not been used in orthopedics because of poor fixation to bone. Plasma sprayed hydroxylapatite (HA) has significantly improved the bonding of bone to titanium alloy implants. The effect of plasma-sprayed HA on pyrolytic carbon implants was investigated in this study. Cylindrical samples were implanted through a single cortex in Beagle femurs. The animals were sacrificed after 8 weeks, and a mechanical push-out test was performed on the implants immediately after explantation. Samples were microradiographed, stained for histology, and examined histomorphometrically. Interface strength for each type of implant was calculated. Pyrolytic carbon showed almost no attachment strength with an average strength value of 1.59 MPa. HA-coated pyrolytic carbon (8.71 MPa) yielded the same interfacial strength as HA-coated titanium (8.71 MPa). Histology revealed that bone was in direct apposition to all implants, both HA coated and noncoated. Failures occurred between the core material and the coating, or within the coating, but not at the bone/HA interface. Histomorphometry results confirmed that the two types of HA-coated implants had more bone apposition than the uncoated pyrolytic carbon implants. It was concluded that a plasma sprayed HA coating significantly improves the bone fixation of pyrolytic carbon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Ohio College of Podiatric Medicine, Cleveland 44106, USA.
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Hetherington
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Lord
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002244:Carbon; D004285:Dogs; D017886:Durapatite; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D016348:Osseointegration; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; C009139:pyrolytic carbon; D002244:Carbon; D017886:Durapatite; D014025:Titanium