title: Surgical experience in treating T4 lung cancer: its resectability, morbidity, mortality and prognosis.
abstract: Extensive experience in the treatment of locally advanced lung cancers is rare. The aim of this study is to show the rationality and effectiveness of an aggressive surgical approach in T4 lung cancers. Between 1984 and 1994, 111 consecutive cases of T4 lung cancers were operated on. The patients included 91 males and 20 females, with mean ages of 61.8 years and 55.3 years, respectively. The cell types included 57 squamous cell carcinomas, 42 adenocarcinomas, and 12 miscellaneous malignancies. Fifty-three (47.7%) procedures were non-resectional. The remaining 58 (52.3%) procedures had various extents of pulmonary resection. These surgical procedures included 24 (21.6%) pulmonary resections with gross residual tumour (R2), nine (8.1%) pulmonary resections with microscopic residual tumour (R1), and 25 (22.5%) curative pulmonary resections without residual tumour (R0). Post-operative adjuvant therapy included radiotherapy ( > or = 3000 rads) in 53 patients (47.7%), and cisplatin-based chemotherapy in 15 patients (13.5%). The overall median survival time of these 111 patients was 9.1 months. The overall cumulative survival rates at 1, 2, 3 and 5 years were 38.0%, 20.4%, 15.3%, and 5.5%, respectively. There were 24 (21.6%) complications and eight (7.2%) hospital mortalities. Most of the pleural seedings were caused by adenocarcinomas, while most of the curatively resected tumours were squamous cell carcinomas. Our data demonstrate that: (1) Almost a quarter (22.5%) of T4 lung cancers could be curatively resected, and the cumulative 5-year survival rate was 23.4%; (2) squamous cell carcinoma had a higher curative resection rate (P = 0.0381), while adenocarcinoma showed higher possibility of pleural seeding (P = 0.0000); (3) the prognosis of T4 lung cancers did not relate to their nodal status (P = 0.7978), and cell type (P = 0.4169); (4) complete surgical resection provided the best rates for long-term survival (P = 0.0263); (5) the complication rate was higher in the resectional group (P = 0.0221); (6) post-operative irradiation did not lengthen survival times (P = 0.1720); and (7) post-operative chemotherapy did not improve survival (P = 0.1577). We conclude that surgery to T4 lung cancers should only be performed in highly selected patients due to their poor prognosis, and the associated high complication and mortality rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: N Y
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality* / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual; D018579:Patient Selection; D011379:Prognosis; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002945:Cisplatin