title: Effect of halothane on phenylephrine-induced vascular smooth muscle contractions in endotoxin-exposed rat aortic rings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  a) To determine the response of endotoxin-exposed vascular smooth muscle to exogenous vasoconstrictors during concomitant exposure to an inhaled anesthetic (halothane); and b) to determine if excess nitric oxide production is responsible for any altered response.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro, prospective, repeated-measures, dose-response study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University/medical school experimental physiology laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, whose aortae were studied in an in vitro preparation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thoracic aortae were excised from anesthetized animals and cut into 3-mm rings. After incubation in aerated organ baths containing a modified essential medium with or without Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (100 micrograms/mL) at 37 degrees C for 5 hrs, the rings were removed and suspended in separate baths for isometric tension recording. Phenylephrine dose-response data (10(-10) to 10(-5) M) were determined for lipopolysaccharide- and nonlipopolysaccharide-treated rings. After washout and equilibration, two vessels (one each lipopolysaccharide- and nonlipopolysaccharide-treated) were additionally exposed to 2% halothane and phenylephrine dose-response determinations were repeated for all vessels. This procedure was repeated for 1% halothane in a separate experiment. In some experiments, the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N omega-nitro-L-arginine (3 x 10(-4) M), was added to the bath after the washout from the second phenylephrine dose-response determination. Then, a third phenylephrine dose-response determination was performed, with and without 2% halothane.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dose-response curves were evaluated using a logistic regression analysis. In addition, absolute and percentage changes in tension were compared between the first and second contractions. Exposure to lipopolysaccharide resulted in a decrease in the maximum tension from 2.07 +/- 0.03 (controls) to 1.24 +/- 0.04 g/mg of vessel dry weight and an increase in the dose at which the contraction is 50% of maximum (ED50) from 3.78 x 10(-8) to 2.05 x 10(-7) M (p < .05). Exposure to 2% halothane produced significant reductions in the maximum tensions in both groups. The lipopolysaccharide-treated vessels showed not only a proportionately larger decrease (-51 +/- 5% vs. -18 +/- 2% in the control plus halothane group), but also a significantly greater absolute decrease (0.59 +/- 0.09 vs. 0.34 +/- 0.04 g/mg in the control plus halothane group). The addition of 1% halothane produced less pronounced decreases in tension, with only an additive effect in the lipopolysaccharide-treated vessels. The addition of N omega-nitro-L-arginine resulted in a reversal of the lipopolysaccharide-induced decrease in tension. However, 2% halothane still had a significantly greater effect on the lipopolysaccharide-exposed rings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure of rat aortic rings to lipopolysaccharide in vitro decreased the contractile response to phenylephrine. The addition of 2% halothane resulted in a more than additive decrease in tension in the lipopolysaccharide-treated vessels. Patients in septic or endotoxic shock are sensitive to most anesthetic regimens, and some of this sensitivity may be due to an altered vasoconstrictive response induced by lipopolysaccharide exposure. The inability of nitric oxide synthase inhibition to reverse this response completely suggests that induction of nitric oxide synthase and increased production of nitric oxide are not solely responsible for this finding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Wilford Hall Medical Center, Lackland AFB, TX 78236-5300, USA.
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Grissom
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bina
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Muldoon
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006221:Halothane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects*; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D010656:Phenylephrine; D001120:Arginine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D006221:Halothane; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester