title: Mild systolic dysfunction in heart failure (left ventricular ejection fraction >35%): baseline characteristics, prognosis and response to therapy in the Vasodilator in Heart Failure Trials (V-HeFT)
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This analysis sought to evaluate the clinical characteristics and outcome in heart failure with mild systolic dysfunction.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Although heart failure with mild systolic dysfunction occurs commonly, this is an understudied area because clinical trials have usually excluded patients with ejection fraction >35%.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 422 patients with left ventricular ejection fraction </=35% were compared with 172 with a left ventricular ejection fraction >35% in the Vasodilator in Heart Failure Trial (V-HeFT I), whereas in V-HeFT-II 554 patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction </=35% were compared with 218 patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction >35% for mortality and clinical care. For a left ventricular ejection fraction >35%, treatment with hydralazine/isosorbide dinitrate was compared with prazosin and placebo therapy in V-HeFT I, and hydralazine/isosorbide dinitrate was compared with enalapril in V-HeFT II for mortality, clinical course and change in physiologic variables: ejection fraction, plasma norepinephrine levels, ventricular tachycardia and echocardiographic variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both studies, patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction >35% differed principally in hypertensive history, higher functional capacity and radiographic and echocardiographic cardiac dimension from patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction </=35%, and plasma norepinephrine levels differed in V-HeFT II (p < 0.01). Patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction >35% had a lower cumulative mortality than those with a left ventricular ejection fraction </=35% (p < 0.0001) and less frequent hospital admissions for heart failure (p < 0.014, V-HeFT I; p < 0.005, V-HeFT II). Although cumulative mortality and morbidity did not differ between treatment groups in V-HeFT I, enalapril decreased overall mortality versus hydralazine/isosorbide dinitrate (p < 0.035) in V-HeFT II. For physiologic variables in V-HeFT II, enalapril decreased ventricular tachycardia at follow-up (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In V-HeFT, heart failure with mild systolic dysfunction was associated with different characteristics and a more favorable prognosis than heart failure with more severe systolic dysfunction. Enalapril decreased overall mortality and sudden death compared with hydralazine/isosorbide dinitrate. Prospective trials are needed to address therapy for heart failure with mild systolic dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20422, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cohn
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D006830:Hydralazine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007548:Isosorbide Dinitrate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013599:Systole; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D006830:Hydralazine; D007548:Isosorbide Dinitrate