title: Inhibition of calmodulin expression prevents low-pH-induced gap junction uncoupling in Xenopus oocytes.
abstract: The relationship among intracellular pH (pHi), -log10 intracellular Ca2+ concentration (pCai) and gap junctional conductance, the participation of Ca2+ stores, and the role of calmodulin in channel regulation have been studied in Xenopus oocytes, expressing the native connexin (Cx38), exposed to external solutions bubbled with 100% CO2. The time courses of pHi [measured with 2',7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5,6-carboxyfluorscein (BCECF)], pCai (measured with the membrane-associated fura-C18) and junctional conductance (measured with a double voltage-clamp protocol) were compared. The data obtained confirm previous evidence for a closer relationship of junctional conductance with pCai than with pHi. Evidence for an inhibitory effect of intracellularly injected ruthenium red or 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) on CO2-induced uncoupling, coupled to negative results with Ca2+-free external solutions, point to a low-pHi -induced Ca2+ release from internal stores, likely to be primarily mitochondria. The hypothesis proposing a participation of calmodulin in channel gating was tested by studying the effects of calmodulin expression inhibition by intracellular injection of oligonucleotides antisense to the two calmodulin mRNAs expressed in the oocytes. Calmodulin mRNA was permanently eliminated in 5h. The oocytes injected with the antisense nucleotides progressively lost the capacity to uncouple with CO2 within 72 h. The effect of CO2 on junctional conductance was reduced by approximately 60% in 24 h, by approximately 76% in 48 h and by approximately 93% in 72 h. Oocytes that had lost gating sensitivity to CO2 partially recovered gating competency following calmodulin injection. The data suggest that lowered pHi uncouples gap junctions by a Ca2+- calmodulin-mediated mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642-8642, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peracchia
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Peracchia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000502:physiology; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000235:genetics*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D017630:Connexins / Q000235:genetics; D004533:Egtazic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007202:Indicators and Reagents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015640:Ion Channel Gating / Q000187:drug effects; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000494:pharmacology; D009865:Oocytes; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012430:Ruthenium Red / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels; D002147:Calmodulin; D017630:Connexins; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012430:Ruthenium Red; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D004533:Egtazic Acid; C025603:1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid