title: Disease risk near point sources: statistical issues for analyses using individual or spatially aggregated data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the statistical issues involved in the analysis of disease risk near point sources of environmental pollution, where data are held at both the individual and group (areal) level. To explore these issues with reference to possible socioeconomic confounding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Statistical review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Point sources of environmental pollution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Except in very specific circumstances unlikely to hold in practice, aggregation of data to the areal level will lead to bias in the estimation of disease risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no easy solution to the analysis of spatial data when some covariates (for example, age and sex of cases) are known at individual level, whereas others (for example, populations, age-sex distributions, small area deprivation indices) are known only at the areal (ecological) level. The underlying assumptions inherent in the analysis of these data need to be explicitly recognised in order to understand better the limitations of the available methodology as well as to inform interpretation of results. Ideally, the data should be kept as disaggregated as possible, to maximise the information available and minimise potential for bias.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Lancaster University.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Diggle
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Elliott
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D003625:Data Collection; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012307:Risk Factors; D017062:Small-Area Analysis; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology