title: Peripheral blood tyrosinase messenger RNA detection and survival in malignant melanoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The most widely accepted criteria for the evaluation of prognosis of malignant melanoma are histopathologic and clinical presentation. No currently available laboratory tests provide additional prognostic information. It has recently been suggested that reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based detection of tyrosinase messenger RNA (mRNA) in peripheral blood might be useful in the early detection of circulating tumor cells, since tyrosinase is thought to be a melanocyte-specific marker.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To further evaluate the clinical relevance of this potential marker, we examined peripheral blood samples from patients with malignant melanoma in different stages of disease for the presence of tyrosinase mRNA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total cellular RNA was extracted from heparinized peripheral blood cells from 64 patients with malignant melanoma, from five healthy control subjects, and from four patients with other cancers using the RNAzol A method. For analysis of tyrosinase mRNA, RT-PCR was performed as previously described by Smith et al.; the sensitivity of this assay was tested using RNA extracted from human melanoma cells (SK-mel 1 and SK-mel 3 cell lines) serially diluted with peripheral blood obtained from healthy control subjects. Two additional human melanoma cell lines (SK-mel 30 and RPMI-7951) served as positive controls for RT-PCR detection of tyrosinase mRNA. Overall patient survival curves were constructed using Kaplan-Meier estimates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tyrosinase mRNA was detected by RT-PCR assay of all four of the established melanoma cell lines tested. Nine of the 64 patients with malignant melanoma were found to have detectable tyrosinase mRNA in their peripheral blood cells (tyrosinase-positive patients). The 16 patients with localized primary melanoma did not have detectable tyrosinase mRNA in their peripheral blood cells. Among the 48 patients with metastatic disease, all 27 patients who exhibited no evidence of disease progression were tyrosinase negative. Notably, all nine tyrosinase-positive patients had visceral metastases and were found to exhibit disease progression at the time of the sampling. Four of the nine tyrosinase-positive patients were also found to test negative at times without evidence of progressive disease; one patient became negative after achieving stable disease and three became positive for tyrosinase transcripts on disease progression. The probability of survival from time of sampling was significantly lower in the nine tyrosinase-positive patients when tested versus the 23 patients with comparable disease but without detectable tyrosinase mRNA (two-sided; P < or = .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study demonstrate that the detection of tyrosinase mRNA in cells in the peripheral blood by RT-PCR may be a useful prognostic marker for predicting tumor progression and poor clinical outcome in patients with malignant melanoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Federal Republic of Germany.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kunter
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Buer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Probst
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duensing
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dallmann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grosse
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kirchner
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Schluepen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Volkenandt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ganser
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Atzpodien
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001483:Base Sequence; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000556:secondary; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000097:blood*; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000097:blood*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase