title: Intranasal butorphanol-induced apraxia reversed by naloxone.
abstract: Intranasal butorphanol is an opioid agonist-antagonist that is effective for the treatment of acute pain. Common adverse effects associated with the agent are somnolence, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting; they are readily reversed with naloxone. A patient developed signs and symptoms consistent with apraxia after a single dose of intranasal butorphanol. She was mentally alert, but she was unable to move or speak despite normal muscle tone and reflex movements. When she attempted to speak she had no voluntary control. At the emergency room she was administered naloxone 2 mg intramuscularly, which resulted in complete reversal of the symptoms in a short time. No other published cases describe these findings with butorphanol. Health care professionals should be aware that patients who are prescribed intranasal butorphanol, even in typical doses, may be at risk for such a reaction. This is important because, unlike the injectable formulation, the intranasal product is primarily used in the outpatient setting.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, USA.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Gora-Harper
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Sunahara
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Gray
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D001072:Apraxias / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009270:Naloxone; D002077:Butorphanol