title: The human germinal centre cells, follicular dendritic cells and germinal centre T cells produce B cell-stimulating cytokines.
abstract: Cytokine gene expression was investigated in the germinal centre constituents of follicular dendritic cells and germinal centre T cells and compared to the mRNA expression of nongerminal centre tonsillar cells. Cells were isolated from human tonsils by preenrichment with MACS and subsequent FACS sorting. Cytokine gene expression was investigated by intronspanning RT-PCR for IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha. Frequency of cytokine-producing cells and the cytokine production pattern of single cells were determined by single cell PCR. Furthermore, cytokine protein expression was investigated by immunohistology. Using these methods, we found a strong production of IL-1 beta mRNA and protein in a small percentage of FDC. Germinal centre T cells showed production of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha mRNA. The mRNAs of these cytokines could also be detected at the single cell level; as they were produced in a high percentage of germinal centre T cells, whereas immunohistological staining was negative, we conclude that a high percentage of germinal centre T lymphocytes produce IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha in low concentrations in contrast to T cells outside the germinal centre, in which strong cytokine production in few cells was shown earlier.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Forschungsinstitut Borstel, Germany.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Toellner
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Scheel-Toellner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sprenger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duchrow
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Trümper
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ernst
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Flad
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gerdes
mesh_terms: D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002469:Cell Separation; D002648:Child; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007372:Interferons / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D007378:Interleukins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D014066:Palatine Tonsil / Q000166:cytology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007378:Interleukins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007372:Interferons