title: K-ras point mutations in cancerous and noncancerous biliary epithelium in patients with pancreaticobiliary maljunction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM), an anomalous union of the pancreatic duct with the common bile duct, has frequently been shown to be associated with biliary carcinoma. However, the mechanism of carcinogenesis is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mutations of the K-ras oncogene were examined in cancerous and noncancerous biliary tract epithelium of 20 patients with PBM by an extraction of DNA from surgically resected histologic specimens. DNA was analyzed by a polymerase chain reaction single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) method and direct sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An abnormally mobilized DNA band was detected not only in cancerous epithelium but also in hyperplastic, metaplastic, and inflammatory epithelium of the gallbladder and/or common bile duct in patients with PBM. Among the biliary epithelium of patients with PBM, point mutation of K-ras oncogenes were detected in 4 of 5 (80%) cancerous epithelium, 7 of 12 (58%) hyperplastic and metaplastic epithelium, and 8 of 18 (44%) inflammatory epithelium, whereas no point mutation of the K-ras oncogene was detected in the gallbladder epithelium in 3 control patients without PBM. Direct sequence analysis of the K-ras oncogene revealed the mutation at codon 12 substituting the wild-type glycine (GGT) for aspartic acid (GAT) in all cancerous lesions of patients with PBM. Simultaneous two-point mutations from the wild-type glycine (GGC) to arginine (CGC) at codon 13 associated with the mutation at codon 12 were also found in one case of gallbladder carcinoma and one case of bile duct carcinoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  K-ras gene mutation is involved in the carcinogenesis of biliary tract epithelium in patients with PBM, and appears to be a high risk factor for carcinogenesis of the biliary tract.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsubara
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sasayama
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hori
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ochiai
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Funabiki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hirono
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001483:Base Sequence; D001652:Bile Ducts / Q000002:abnormalities*; D001659:Biliary Tract / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D001661:Biliary Tract Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D003062:Codon; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D004848:Epithelium / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D005091:Exons; D005260:Female; D011905:Genes, ras; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010183:Pancreatic Ducts / Q000002:abnormalities*; D017354:Point Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
chemical_list: D003062:Codon; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm