title: Familial Parkinson's disease: a clinical genetic analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the frequency, clinical features and clinical genetics of familial Parkinson's disease (PD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Family history for PD and tremors was studied in 100 consecutive PD cases. Spouses served as controls. Clinical features were compared between personally verified familial and sporadic PD cases, from the same consecutive clinical series. Clinical genetic analysis was performed in a larger group of non-consecutive multicase PD families.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Family history for PD was positive in 24% of consecutive PD cases and in 6% of spouse controls (p < 0.001). When family history for isolated tremor is also considered, the number of positive cases rises to 43% compared with 9% in controls (p < 0.001). Nine of the consecutive cases had at least one living affected relative, for a total of 20 familial PD cases. These familial cases showed an earlier onset age when compared with sporadic ones from the same consecutive series. Within 22 non-consecutive PD families with at least two living and personally examined PD cases (total 52 PD cases), the crude segregation ratios were similar for parents and siblings and the lifetime cumulative risks approached 0.4 in siblings and tended to be comparable, but at later ages, in parents. Ancestral relatives were all unilaterally distributed. In some families, anticipation of onset age in new generations was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frequency of positive family history for PD and for PD and tremor is higher among PD cases than controls. Familial and sporadic PD only differ in onset age. The clinical genetic analyses support autosomal dominant inheritance with strongly age-related penetrance as most likely in familial PD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bonifati
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fabrizio
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vanacore
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Mari
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Meco
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors