title: Bacteria levels in components prepared from deliberately inoculated whole blood held for 8 or 24 hours at 20 to 24 degrees C.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An increase from 8 to 24 hours in the time that units of whole blood can be held at room temperature after phlebotomy would give blood centers more flexibility in component manufacturing and might allow receipt of many infectious disease test results prior to component preparation. However, the potential for bacterial growth during prolonged holding periods requires further study.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the Phase I study, 2-unit pools of ABO-identical whole blood were deliberately inoculated on Day 0 with Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas fluorescens. They were then divided in half and stored at 20 to 24 degrees C. Red cells (RBCs) with additive solution, platelet concentrates (PCs), and frozen plasma were prepared after 8 and 24 hours. Bacteria levels in PCs and RBCs were monitored on Day 1; bacteria levels were measured in plasma after thawing. In the Phase II study, the same basic design as in Phase I was used, except that 10 bacterial species were studied, lower inocula were used, and RBCs prepared after a 24-hour room-temperature whole-blood hold were white cell-reduced by filtration. Bacterial growth was monitored during 42-day storage of RBCs (1 - 6 degrees C) and 5-day storage of PCs (20 - 24 degrees C) and after thawing of frozen plasma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For Phase I, significantly higher bacteria levels were observed in RBCs prepared after a prolonged hold (p < 0.05); higher levels were not observed in PCs and thawed plasma units. In Phase II, prior to white cell reduction by filtration, 8 of 10 organisms had significantly higher levels in RBCs prepared after a 24-hour hold than in RBCs prepared after an 8-hour hold, when both were examined on Day 1 (p < 0.05). For seven of eight organisms examined on Days 1, 21, and 42, filtration (white cell reduction) reduced the bacteria in RBCs prepared from 24-hour whole blood units to those levels found in unfiltered RBCs prepared from whole blood units held at 8 hours. A prolongation of the holding time from 8 to 24 hours resulted in significantly lower bacteria levels (p < 0.05) in PCs early in storage (Days 1, 1 - 2, or 1 - 3) for seven organisms, with no significant difference for two organisms, and a small but significant increase for one organism (Day 3, p < 0.05). There was no difference in bacteria or endotoxin levels in thawed units of plasma prepared from whole blood after 8- or 24-hour holding times.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The levels of bacteria present in components after deliberately inoculated whole blood units are held for 8 and 24 hours depended on the organisms tested, the whole-blood holding period, and the blood component assayed; for RBCs, they also depended on whether WBC reduction by filtration was performed.
authors.affiliation: Product Development Department, Holland Laboratory for the Biomedical Sciences, American Red Cross, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Robinette
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nazario
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Moroff
mesh_terms: D016470:Bacteremia / Q000382:microbiology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection; D006801:Humans; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors