title: A proposed model for the movement of cells within the abdominal cavity during CO2 insufflation and laparoscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The application of laparoscopic-assisted surgery to gastrointestinal malignancy has lead to the recurrence of malignancy in wounds created during these procedures by laparoscopic ports.
  
  
  METHODS
  Possible mechanisms of this complication have been studied in an in vitro model. Using filter systems, we have examined the expelled carbon dioxide used during laparoscopy and the laparoscopic ports and instruments for the presence of malignant cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No malignant cells were identified in the exhaust CO2 examined, whereas all instruments and laparoscopic ports were contaminated by malignant cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that direct contamination by the instruments and ports and not dispersion of malignant cells by CO2 is the route by which port seeding of tumour cells occurs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Eaton
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hewett
mesh_terms: D000008:Abdominal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002465:Cell Movement; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009366:Neoplasm Seeding; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide