title: Scientific and ethical concerns in clinical trials in Alzheimer's patients: the bridging study.
abstract: This paper reviews the scientific and ethical issues surrounding the conduct of bridging studies in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Bridging studies, so called because they facilitate the transition from phase I to phase II development, are late phase I safety/tolerance studies which determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in patients before initiating phase II efficacy studies. Determining the MTD in patients is important because we have found that AD patients appear to respond to cholinergic compounds differently from normal volunteers, reaching a different MTD. Preliminary evidence of dose-related efficacy with two cholinergic compounds lends support to our contention that determination of the highest tolerated dose maximizes the potential to detect efficacy. We will review the early clinical development of several cholinergic compounds and make recommendations for the design and conduct of bridging studies based on our experience. A fixed-dose panel design with dosages based on the MTD determined in normal volunteers is recommended. In order to minimize risk to the patients, ensuring that scientific benefits outweigh the risks, a bridging study must be supported by detailed preclinical toxicology, by a clinical research unit that is prepared to handle unexpected contingencies, and by the oversight of a competent, multi-disciplinary review board. Patients should be in good physical health (excluding AD), and a comprehensive informed consent procedure must be instituted. Carefully planned and well run bridging studies represent a scientifically and ethically sound approach to drug development in the Alzheimer's population.
authors.affiliation: California Clinical Trials, Beverly Hills 90211, USA.
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Cutler
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sramek
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004095:Dihydropyridines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D006801:Humans; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010091:Oximes / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010830:Physostigmine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011725:Pyridines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013619:Tacrine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013830:Thiadiazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D004095:Dihydropyridines; D018697:Nootropic Agents; D010091:Oximes; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D011725:Pyridines; D013830:Thiadiazoles; D013619:Tacrine; C052450:physostigmine heptyl; C075257:xanomeline; D010830:Physostigmine; C084978:milameline; C056424:velnacrine