title: Pharmacokinetics of sulfadimethoxine and sulfamethoxazole in combination with trimethoprim after intravenous administration to healthy and pneumonic pigs.
abstract: The pharmacokinetics of two sulfonamide/trimethoprim combinations were investigated after intravenous administration to clinically healthy pigs and to the same pigs following a challenge with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae toxins. Endobronchial challenge with A. pleuropneumoniae toxins resulted in fever, increased white blood cell counts and decreased water and feed consumption. Healthy, as well as febrile, pigs were given sulfadimethoxine (SDM) or sulfamethoxazole (SMX) intravenously at a dose of 25 mg/kg b.w. in combination with 5 mg trimethoprim (TMP) per kg body weight. The pharmacokinetic parameters of the sulfonamides as well as their main metabolites (acetyl sulfonamides) were not significantly different in healthy and febrile pigs. In healthy and pneumonic pigs, the mean elimination half-lives of SDM were 12.9 h and 13.4 h, respectively, those of SMX 2.5 h and 2.7 h, respectively, and those of TMP 2.8 h and 2.6 h, respectively. Distribution volumes in healthy and febrile pigs of SDM and SMX varied between 0.2 and 0.4 L/kg, and those of TMP between 1.1 and 1.6 L/kg. The mean AUC of TMP was decreased and the volume of distribution and total body clearance of TMP were increased in febrile pigs. Protein binding of the drugs and metabolites studied were not significantly changed after toxin-induced fever. The extent of protein binding of SDM, SMX and TMP was in the range 94-99%, 45-56% and 40-50%, respectively. Based on knowledge of in vitro antimicrobial activity of the drug combinations against A. pleuropneumoniae it was concluded that after intravenous administration of the dose administered (30 mg/kg of the combination preparations) to healthy and pneumonic pigs, plasma concentrations of SMX and TMP were above the concentration required for growth inhibition of 50% of A., pleuropneumoniae strains for approximately 16 h, whereas bacteriostatic plasma concentrations of SDM were still present after TMP had been eliminated from plasma. Because of similar elimination half-lives of SMX and TMP in pigs this combination is preferred to the combination of SDM with TMP.
authors.affiliation: State Institute for Quality Control of Agricultural Products, Department of Toxicology, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mengelers
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Van Gogh
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Kuiper
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pijpers
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Verheijden
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Van Miert
mesh_terms: D000189:Actinobacillus Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000662:veterinary; D016977:Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004326:Drinking; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004435:Eating; D006207:Half-Life; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000662:veterinary*; D011485:Protein Binding; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013412:Sulfadimethoxine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D014295:Trimethoprim / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004338:Drug Combinations; D013412:Sulfadimethoxine; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; D014295:Trimethoprim