title: Cost savings using a stepped-care prescribing protocol for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To lower nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) costs while maintaining quality patient care and clinician satisfaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Before and after 21-month trial with one study site and two control sites and a questionnaire that was sent to 203 clinicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two military medical centers and two affiliated primary care clinics. All beneficiaries filling outpatient NSAID prescriptions.
  
  
  METHODS
  An NSAID prescribing protocol was implemented requiring a trial of either ibuprofen or indomethacin before new prescription of more expensive NSAIDs. One control center used an NSAID computer cost-prompt and the other had no intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  The proportion of expensive NSAIDs prescribed at each institution and total NSAID costs adjusted for prescription volume. Clinician acceptance and patient impact were assessed by the questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study site clinicians (n=158) reported very few protocol-related patient care problems. A minority (9%) of study site clinicians considered the protocol very bothersome, and only 2% felt it should be discontinued. Quarterly use of expensive NSAIDs at the study site fell from 34% to 21%, decreasing costs by 30% (P<.001). In contrast, the site with a computer cost-prompt had only a 5% decrease in NSAID costs, while costs at the site with no intervention increased 2%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For drugs with similar benefits and adverse effects, a "stepped formulary" approach requiring an initial trial of one of the less expensive agents can maintain physician prescribing choices and satisfaction while lowering costs.
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Service, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC 20307-5001, USA.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kroenke
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Landry
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Tomich
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ferrel
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D017046:Cost Savings / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004219:District of Columbia; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017723:Drug Utilization Review; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006772:Hospitals, Military / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D007052:Ibuprofen; D007213:Indomethacin