title: Literacy and self-reported educational levels in relation to Mini-mental State Examination scores.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because of its brevity and ease of use, the Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) is commonly used to screen and follow patients with cognitive impairment. This pilot study attempted to determine the relationships between literacy, age, and self-reported educational level and the total MMSE score.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis of all patients was followed by a family practice group at five local nursing homes. The associations between the patients' MMSE scores; literacy, as measured by the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM); self-reported educational level; and age were determined using Pearson's correlation coefficient and stepwise multivariate linear regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 105 patients completed the study. Linear regression analysis showed that MMSE scores were significantly predicted by REALM score (P < .001) and the patient's age (P < .02). However, after accounting for REALM score and age, the self-reported educational level was not related to the MMSE score (P < .8). A significant relationship was seen between the REALM score and the subjects' self-reported educational levels (r = .44, P < .001) but not the subjects' ages (r = -.17, P < 0.09). A significant linear correlation was found between the MMSE and REALM scores (r = .71, P < .0001) and a significant inverse correlation was seen between MMSE scores and the patients' ages (r = -.28, P < .004). The correlation coefficient between the patients' MMSE scores and the self-reported educational levels was .33 (P < .0007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Practitioners who rely on the MMSE should be aware that patients may score in the demented range because they cannot read well enough to accurately complete the test. Literacy testing with REALM or other instruments may help identify such patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Louisiana State University Medical Center, Shreveport, USA.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Mayeaux
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Patton
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Slay
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sentell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects