title: Modernization of lifestyle, body fat content and body fat distribution: a comparison of Igloolik Inuit and Volochanka nGanasan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare two circumpolar populations at different stages in adoption of a modern lifestyle with respect to body fat content, fat distribution, blood lipids and blood pressures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional comparison between Inuit and nGanasan.
  
  
  METHODS
  141 male and 107 female Inuit (aged 17-49 years) living in the modern settlement of Igloolik (69 degrees 40'N, 81 degrees W) and 38 male and 39 female nGanasan living a more traditional lifestyle in Volochanka (71 degrees N, 94 degrees E).
  
  
  METHODS
  Triceps, subscapular and suprailiac skinfold thicknesses, chest and waist circumferences, blood pressures, plasma total cholesterol, plasma HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Igloolik Inuit now have similar subcutaneous fat readings to their urban counterparts, average values increasing with age from 10 to 16 mm in males, and from 15 to 29 mm in females. In Volochanka, the men retain low readings (6-8 mm), but the women (13-25 mm) almost match their Inuit counterparts. Individual skinfolds, chest and waist circumferences all show substantial correlations with blood pressure (nGanasan > Inuit). The subscapular/triceps ratio is also high (Igloolik, 1.55 to 1.74 in men, 1.06 to 1.15 in women; Volochanka, 1.45 to 1.70 in men and 1.20 to 1.70 in women), but this ratio is only weakly correlated with plasma lipids and blood pressures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Internal fat deposition may reduce correlations between skinfolds and other cardiac risk factors. Nevertheless, the Inuit have accumulated fat in adopting a modern, sedentary lifestyle, with adverse implications for their future health.
authors.affiliation: School of Physical and Health Education, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rode
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Shephard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001110:Arctic Regions / Q000453:epidemiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D001827:Body Height / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D004930:Inuit; D008019:Life Style / Q000208:ethnology*; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008055:Lipids; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol