title: Green fluorescent protein as a marker for gene expression and cell biology of mycobacterial interactions with macrophages.
abstract: The green fluorescent protein (GFP) of the jellyfish Aequorea victoria offers certain advantages over other bioluminescence systems because no exogenously added substrate or co-factors are necessary, and fluorescence can be elicited by irradiation with blue light without exposing the cells producing GFP to invasive treatments. A mycobacterial shuttle-plasmid vector carrying gfp cDNA was constructed and used to generate transcriptional fusions with promoters of interest and to examine their expression in Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG grown in macrophages or on laboratory media. The promoters studied were: (i) ahpC from Mycoosis and Mycobacterium leprae, a gene encoding alkyl hydroperoxide reductase which, along with the divergently transcribed regulator oxyR, are homologues of corresponding stress-response systems in enteric bacteria and play a role in isoniazid sensitivity; (ii) mtrA, an M. tuberculosis response regulator belonging to the superfamily of bacterial two-component signal-transduction systems; (iii) hsp60, a previously characterized heat-shock gene from M. bovis; and (iv) tbprc3, a newly isolated promoter from M. tuberculosis. Expression of these promoters in mycobacteria was analysed using epifluorescence microscopy, laser scanning confocal microscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and flow cytometry. These approaches permitted assessment of fluorescence prior to and after macrophage infection, and analyses of promoter expression in individual mycobacteria and its distribution within populations of bacterial cells. Bacteria expressing GFP from a strong promoter could be separated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting from cells harbouring the vector used to construct the fusion. In addition, the stable expression of mtrA-gfp fusion in M. bovis BCG facilitated localization and isolation of phagocytic vesicles containing mycobacteria. The experiments presented here suggest that GFP will be a useful tool for analysis of mycobacterial gene expression and a convenient cell biology marker to study mycobacterial interactions with macrophages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 78284-7758, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dhandayuthapani
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Via
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Horowitz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Deretic
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Deretic
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D018834:Chaperonin 60 / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D015870:Gene Expression; D005819:Genetic Markers; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051379:Mice; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009161:Mycobacterium / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009163:Mycobacterium bovis / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D010544:Peroxidases; D054464:Peroxiredoxins; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D037401:Scyphozoa / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D018834:Chaperonin 60; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005819:Genetic Markers; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D010544:Peroxidases; D054464:Peroxiredoxins