title: Evidence of deteriorating semen quality in the United Kingdom: birth cohort study in 577 men in Scotland over 11 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the quality of semen has changed in a group of over 500 Scottish men born between 1951 and 1973.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of data on semen quality collected in a single laboratory over 11 years and according to World Health Organisation guidelines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Programme of gamete biology research funded by Medical Research Council.
  
  
  METHODS
  577 volunteer semen donors. Of these, 171 were born before 1959, 120 were born in 1960-4, 171 in 1965-9, and 115 in 1970-4.
  
  
  METHODS
  Conventional criteria of semen quality including semen volume (ml), sperm concentration (10(6)/ml), overall motility (% motile), total number of sperm in the ejaculate (10(6)), and total number of motile sperm in the ejaculate (10(6)).
  
  
  RESULTS
  When the four birth cohort groups were compared a later year of birth was associated with a lower sperm concentration, a lower total number of sperm in the ejaculate, and a lower number of motile sperm in the ejaculate. The median sperm concentration fell from 98x10(6)/ml among donors born before 1959 to 78x10(6)/ml among donors born after 1970 (P=0.002). The total number of sperm in the ejaculate fell from 301x10(6) to 214x10(6) (P=0.0005), and the total number of motile sperm in the ejaculate fell from 169.7x10(6) to 129.0x10(6) (P=0.0065).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides direct evidence that semen quality is deteriorating, with a later year of birth being significantly associated with a reduced number of sperm in adult life.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Reproductive Biology Unit, Centre for Reproductive Biology, Edinburgh.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Irvine
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cawood
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aitken
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009845:Oligospermia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012661:Semen / Q000502:physiology*; D013076:Sperm Count; D013081:Sperm Motility