title: Lorazepam and midazolam in the intensive care unit: a randomized, prospective, multicenter study of hemodynamics, oxygen transport, efficacy, and cost.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate and compare the clinical efficacy, impact on hemodynamic and oxygen transport variables, safety profiles, and cost efficiency of sedation and anxiolysis with lorazepam vs. continuous infusion of midazolam in critically ill, intensive care unit patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicenter, prospective, randomized, open-label study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Teaching hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-five critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients with fiberoptic pulmonary artery catheters in place were randomly assigned to receive short-term (8 hrs) sedation with either intermittent intravenous injection lorazepam (group A, n = 50) or continuous intravenous infusion midazolam (group B, n = 45) titrated to clinical response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The severity of illness, demographic characteristics, levels of anxiety and agitation, hemodynamic parameters, oxygen transport variables, quality of sedation, nursing acceptance, and laboratory chemistries reflecting drug safety were recorded. There were no significant differences with regard to demographic data, hemodynamic and oxygen transport variables, or levels of anxiety/agitation between the two groups at baseline, 5 mins, 30 mins, and 4 and 8 hrs after administration of sedation. There were no significant differences in the quality of sedation or anxiolysis. Midazolam-treated patients used significantly larger amounts of drug for similar levels of sedation and anxiolysis (14.4 +/- 1.2 mg/8 hrs vs. 1.6 +/- 0.1 mg/8 hrs, p = .001). Both drugs were safely administered and patient and nurse satisfaction was similar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sedation and anxiolysis with lorazepam and midazolam in critically ill patients is safe and clinically effective. Hemodynamic and oxygen transport variables are similarly affected by both drugs. The dose of midazolam required for sedation is much larger than the dose of lorazepam required for sedation, and midazolam is therefore less cost-efficient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Cooper Hospital/University Medical Center, Camden, USA.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Cernaianu
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: DelRossi
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Flum
authors.forename: T V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Vassilidze
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Cilley
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Grosso
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Boysen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016638:Critical Illness; D016527:Drug Costs; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008140:Lorazepam / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008140:Lorazepam; D008874:Midazolam