title: Physical enhancement of dermatologic drug delivery: iontophoresis and phonophoresis.
abstract: Iontophoresis and phonophoresis are emerging technologies capable of enhancing drug penetration through the stratum corneum, the principal barrier to percutaneous absorption. With utilization of applied electric current or ultrasonic waves, respectively, iontophoresis and phonophoresis have shown efficacy in an increasing number of clinical applications. This article reviews the underlying principles, current status, and potential of iontophoresis and phonophoresis in dermatologic therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Kassan
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stiller
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003879:Dermatologic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D015612:Phonophoresis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D003879:Dermatologic Agents