title: DS-1, a modified Quillaja saponin, enhances ocular and nasal absorption of insulin.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to test DS-1, a modified Quillaja saponin, for its efficacy as an absorption enhancer. Anesthetized rats receiving eyedrops or nosedrops formulated with regular pork insulin in saline showed no hypoglycemic response, indicating no systemic absorption of insulin. However, rats receiving eyedrops or nosedrops formulated with insulin plus 0.025-0.10% DS-1 showed rapid absorption of insulin and a concomitant decrease in serum D-glucose levels. No response was observed following sublingual or buccal delivery of insulin. In conclusion, the modified saponin DS-1 was efficacious at enhancing nasal or ocular insulin delivery at extremely low concentrations. The mechanism of DS-1 action is not yet known.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, UAB Station 35294-0019, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Pillion
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Recchia
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Marciani
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Kensil
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D005079:Excipients / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D031990:Quillaja; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012503:Saponins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; C098259:DS-1 saponin; D005079:Excipients; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012503:Saponins