title: Undiagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus in the community.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) produces a wide range of symptoms, some of them mild; therefore it may be underdiagnosed. In a pilot study we tested the ability of a screening questionnaire to identify undiagnosed cases in the community.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 10-item questionnaire was mailed to 3500 women aged 18-65 randomly selected from a general practice list in Birmingham, UK. A random sample of 300 non-respondents were sent two further mailings. Women returning the questionnaire with three positive answers were to attend for an antinuclear antibody (ANA) test; and those testing positive were to be referred to a rheumatologist for standard clinical assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1153 (30%) of the women responded, and 307 of these gave three or more positive answers on the questionnaire. The survey disclosed three women with previously undiagnosed SLE; and, in addition, it picked up all four of the women whose SLE had been diagnosed previously.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of SLE revealed by this survey in Birmingham women is 200/100,000 (95% confidence interval 80 to 412), whereas the prevalence of diagnosed SLE in this age group is 54/100,000 (95% CI 47-62). Thus, a substantial number of undiagnosed cases exist, and further work needs to focus on the prevalence in different ethnic groups and the benefits of early diagnosis and treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: F D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Hobbs
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Bacon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015995:Prevalence; D011897:Random Allocation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires