title: Neuroimaging studies of postobliteration nidus changes in cerebral arteriovenous malformations treated by gamma knife radiosurgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Following radiosurgical treatment, the majority of patients with arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are periodically examined by means of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess the attainment of nidus obliterations, as well as adverse radiation effects in the surrounding brain. However, few neuroimaging studies of the long-term results following complete obliterations, confirmed by angiography, have been published to date.
  
  
  METHODS
  CT, MRI, magnetic resonance (MR) angiographic and angiographic images, obtained after angiographic confirmation of complete nidus obliteration, were reviewed in 11 AVM patients treated with gamma knife radiosurgery. The period between angiographic confirmation of nidus obliteration and these most recent examinations was 12-84 months (mean, 29 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In ten patients who were assessed by CT, the obliterated nidus was shown to be isodense (eight cases). A significant time-related decrease in contrast enhancement was observed within 1 to 2 postobliteration years (five/seven cases). Eight patients were evaluated by MRI. On T1-weighted imaging, the nidus was shown to be hypointense (six cases) or a mixture of hypointense and isointense areas (two cases). On T2-weighted imaging, nidus intensity varied more than than observed on T1-weighted imaging, and time-related intensity increases were observed (two/seven cases). No flow-signal void was demonstrated in any of these cases. In four of the seven cases, in which serial postobliteration follow-up MRI studies were conducted, significant gadolinium enhancement persisted 3 years or more after obliteration (maximum of 7 years). No vascular abnormalities were demonstrated in seven patients who were assessed by conventional angiography and/or MR angiography.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiosurgery-induced changes in a nidus may continue for several years after angiography has shown complete AVM obliteration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical College, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ide
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jimbo
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takakura
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lindquist
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Steiner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005720:Gamma Rays; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed