title: Attachment, invasion, chemotaxis, and proteinase expression of B16-BL6 melanoma cells exhibiting a low metastatic phenotype after exposure to dietary restriction of tyrosine and phenylalanine.
abstract: We previously reported that low levels of tyrosine (Tyr) and phenylalanine (Phe) alter the metastatic phenotype of B16-BL6 (BL6) murine melanoma and select for tumor cell populations with decreased lung colonizing ability. To more specifically characterize the effects of Tyr and Phe restriction on the malignant phenotype of BL6, we investigated in vitro attachment, invasion, proteinase expression, and chemotaxis of high and low metastatic BL6 variants. High metastatic variant cells were isolated from subcutaneous tumors of mice fed a nutritionally complete diet (ND cells) and low metastatic variant cells were isolated from mice fed a diet restricted in Tyr and Phe (LTP cells). Results indicate that attachment to reconstituted basement membrane (Matrigel) was significantly reduced in LTP cells as compared to ND cells. Attachment to collagen IV, laminin, and fibronectin were similar between the two variants. Invasion through Matrigel and growth factor-reduced Matrigel were significantly decreased in LTP cells as compared to ND cells. Zymography revealed the presence of M(r) 92,000 and M(r) 72,000 progelatinases, tissue plasminogen activator, and urokinase plasminogen activator in the conditioned medium of both variants; however, there were no differences in activity of these secreted proteinases between the two variants. Growth of the variants on growth factor-reduced Matrigel similarly induced expression of the M(r) 92,000 progelatinase. The variants exhibited similar chemotactic responses toward laminin. However, the chemotactic response toward fibronectin by LTP cells was significantly increased. MFR5, a monoclonal antibody which selectively blocks function of the alpha 5 chain of the alpha 5 beta 1 integrin, VLA-5, decreased the chemotactic response toward fibronectin of ND cells by 37%; the chemotactic response by LTP cells was reduced by 49%. This effect was specific for fibronectin-mediated chemotaxis since the chemotaxis toward laminin and invasion through Matrigel were not altered by the presence of MFR5. The surface expression of VLA-5 was significantly increased in LTP cells as compared to ND cells by flow cytometric analysis. These observations suggest that limitation of Tyr and Phe either directly modifies BL6 or selects for subpopulations with altered in vitro invasion, chemotaxis, and integrin expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacology/Toxicology Graduate Program, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University 99164-6510, USA.
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Uhlenkott
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Huijzer
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cardeiro
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Elstad
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Meadows
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002633:Chemotaxis; D004032:Diet; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental / Q000473:pathology*; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000378:metabolism*; D010960:Plasminogen Activators / Q000378:metabolism*; D017469:Receptors, Fibronectin / Q000378:metabolism; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017469:Receptors, Fibronectin; D014443:Tyrosine; D010649:Phenylalanine; D010960:Plasminogen Activators; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases