title: Malignant insulinoma: permanent hepatic artery embolization of liver metastases--preliminary results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate permanent hepatic artery embolization of liver metastases of malignant insulinoma as a therapeutic procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three female patients had persistent severe hypoglycemia after distal pancreatectomy because of a malignant insulinoma. Computed tomography (CT) and CT-portography (CTAP) were used for tumor assessment and follow-up and demonstrated multiple hypervascular metastases 0.5-3 cm in diameter in both lobes of the liver. Unilobar sequential transcatheter embolization of the hepatic artery was performed with an interval of 1-2 months between the procedures. Permanent occlusion was achieved by using a mixture of n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate and ethiodized oil as an embolizing agent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all patients, embolization of the hepatic artery was technically feasible and complete occlusion could be obtained. In two patients, collaterals originating from the right inferior phrenic artery were embolized superselectively 3 months after bilobar embolization. CTAP at that time revealed marked decrease in tumor size of more than 50%. All patients responded to the treatment as confirmed by normalization of measurable hormone levels, glucose levels, and disappearance of symptoms. Two patients are still alive after 24 and 31 months from the time of the first embolization. Current investigations revealed normal laboratory data and no further tumor progression in the liver. The third patient died 15 months after the first embolization; she also had developed ileus due to local recurrence of the primary tumor and lymph node metastases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hepatic arterial embolization appears to be an effective means of palliation for liver metastases of malignant insulinoma. Long-term improvement seems most likely to be the result of extensive ischemia from permanent occlusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Winkelbauer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nierderle
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Graf
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prokesch
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thurnher
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wildling
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lammer
mesh_terms: D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D004659:Enbucrilate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D004998:Ethiodized Oil; D005260:Female; D006499:Hepatic Artery; D006801:Humans; D007340:Insulinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D011859:Radiography; D014014:Tissue Adhesives
chemical_list: D014014:Tissue Adhesives; D004998:Ethiodized Oil; D004659:Enbucrilate