title: Bacteremia in a pediatric hemodialysis unit secondary to Enterococcus fecalis.
abstract: Bacteremia is often a serious and recurring problem in children with hemodialysis catheters. We report an outbreak of Enterococcus bacteremia in a pediatric hemodialysis unit occurring from June 1992 to June 1993. During this period, 18 episodes of bacteremia occurred in eight children; 11 infections were polymicrobial. Enterococcus fecalis was associated with 13 infections in five patients (8 polymicrobial). Other pathogens included Enterobacter cloacae (5 infections), Staphylococcus (3), Staphylococcus epidermidis (2), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (2). All Enterococcus infections occurred in patients with dual-lumen subclavian venous catheters. Skin and catheter sites were culture negative, except in one patient. Rectal swabs were positive for Enterococcus in five patients. Enterococcus was not isolated from any source within the unit. Serotypes of all Enterococcus isolates were different, except for 2 isolates in the same patient. Starting in June 1993, catheters were flushed after dialysis with vancomycin or ampicillin. Since initiating this procedure, further episodes of Enterococcus bacteremia have not occurred. A questionnaire sent to other pediatric hemodialysis units failed to identify Enterococcus among 26 cases of bacteremia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) Enterococcus is an unusual pathogen for hemodialysis-related bacteremia in children; (2) patients with dialysis catheters were predisposed to this infection; (3) a common source for Enterococcus could not be identified by either culture or by serotyping; (4) flushing catheters with antibiotics after dialysis was effective prevention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Hymes
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Warshaw
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Clowers
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Newsome
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Keyserling
mesh_terms: D016470:Bacteremia / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002404:Catheterization; D002648:Child; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006436:Hemodialysis Units, Hospital; D006801:Humans; D013242:Sterilization; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014881:Water Supply