title: Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase prevents myocardial and systemic vascular barrier dysfunction during early cardiac allograft rejection.
abstract: NO is produced during cardiac allograft rejection by expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in the rejecting heart. Recent evidence indicates that NO modulates vascular permeability under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The present study explored the effects of early acute cardiac allograft rejection, and specifically the effects of NO, on myocardial and systemic vascular barrier function using a quantitative double-tracer permeation method in a rat cardiac transplant model. Early allograft rejection increased albumin permeation twofold to fivefold in the allograft heart and systemic vasculature (brain, lung, sciatic nerve, diaphragm, retina, muscle, kidney, and uvea) compared with isografts and controls. There were no detectable differences in regional blood flow or hemodynamics, suggesting that increased albumin permeation resulted from increased vascular permeability. iNOS mRNA was expressed in the allograft heart and native lung and was associated with increased serum nitrite/nitrate levels. iNOS inhibition with aminoguanidine prevented or attenuated allograft heart and systemic vascular barrier dysfunction and reduced allograft serum nitrite/nitrate levels to isograft values. Aminoguanidine did not affect the mild histological changes of rejection present in allografts. These data demonstrate the novel observations that (1) endothelial barrier function is compromised in the systemic vasculature, particularly in the brain, remote from the site of allograft rejection; (2) allograft vascular barrier dysfunction is associated with increased NO production and iNOS mRNA expression in the affected tissues (eg, native lung and grafted heart); and (3) inhibition of NO production by iNOS prevents vascular barrier dysfunction in the allograft heart and systemic vasculature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Worrall
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Suau
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Allison
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Misko
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Tilton
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Ferguson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects; D002199:Capillary Permeability; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D006084:Graft Rejection; D006146:Guanidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011912:Rats, Inbred ACI; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000378:metabolism; D016042:Transplantation, Heterotopic; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior
chemical_list: D006146:Guanidines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012709:Serum Albumin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; C004479:pimagedine