title: On the origin of extracellular glutamate levels monitored in the basal ganglia of the rat by in vivo microdialysis.
abstract: Several putative neurotransmitters and metabolites were monitored simultaneously in the extracellular space of neostriatum, substantia nigra, and cortex and in subcutaneous tissue of the rat by in vivo microdialysis. Glutamate (Glu) and aspartate (Asp) were at submicromolar and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was at nanomolar concentrations in all brain regions. The highest concentration of dopamine (DA) was in the neostriatum. Dynorphin B (Dyn B) was in the picomolar range in all brain regions. Although no GABA, DA, or Dyn B could be detected in subcutaneous tissue, Glu and Asp levels were 5 and approximately 5 and approximately 0.4 microM, respectively. Lactate and pyruvate concentrations were approximately 200 and approximately 10 microM in all regions. The following criteria were applied to ascertain the neuronal origin of substances quantified by microdialysis: sensitivity to (a) K+ depolarization, (b) Na+ channel blockade, (c) removal of extracellular Ca2+, and (d) depletion of presynaptic vesicles by local administration of alpha-latrotoxin. DA, Dyn B, and GABA largely satisfied all these criteria. In contrast, Glu and Asp levels were not greatly affected by K+ depolarization and were increased by perfusing with tetrodotoxin or with Ca2+-free medium, arguing against a neuronal origin. However, Glu and Asp, as well as DA and GABA, levels were decreased under both basal and K+-depolarizing conditions by alpha-latrotoxin. Because the effect of K+ depolarization on Glu and Asp could be masked by reuptake into nerve terminals and glial cells, the reuptake blocker dihydrokainic acid (DHKA) or L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (PDC) was included in the microdialysis perfusion medium. The effect of K+ depolarization on Glu and Asp levels was increased by DHKA, but GABA levels were also affected. In contrast, PDC increased only Glu levels. It is concluded that there is pool of releasable Glu and Asp in the rat brain. However, extracellular levels of amino acids monitored by in vivo microdialysis reflect the balance between neuronal release and reuptake into surrounding nerve terminals and glial elements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Herrera-Marschitz
authors.forename: Z B
authors.initials: ZB
authors.lastname: You
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goiny
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Meana
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Silveira
authors.forename: O V
authors.initials: OV
authors.lastname: Godukhin
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Espinoza
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pettersson
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Loidl
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lubec
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nylander
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Terenius
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ungerstedt
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000737:chemistry*; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000737:chemistry; D003998:Dicarboxylic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000032:analysis*; D006221:Halothane / Q000494:pharmacology; D007608:Kainic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D017551:Microdialysis; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000032:analysis; D014179:Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011188:Potassium / Q000494:pharmacology; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers; D013111:Spider Venoms / Q000494:pharmacology; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000737:chemistry; D013779:Tetrodotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014520:Urethane / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D003998:Dicarboxylic Acids; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D014179:Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers; D013111:Spider Venoms; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D014520:Urethane; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D013779:Tetrodotoxin; C020889:dihydrokainic acid; C020763:alpha-latrotoxin; C083486:pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid; D011188:Potassium; D007608:Kainic Acid; D002118:Calcium; D006221:Halothane