title: Rapid kinetics of second messenger production in bitter taste.
abstract: The tasting of bitter compounds may have evolved as a protective mechanism against ingestion of potentially harmful substances. We have identified second messengers involved in bitter taste and show here for the first time that they are rapid and transient. Using a quench-flow system, we have studied bitter taste signal transduction in a pair of mouse strains that differ in their ability to taste the bitter stimulus sucrose octaacetate (SOA); however, both strains taste the bitter agent denatonium. In both strains of mice, denatonium (10 mM) induced a transient and rapid increase in levels of the second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) with a maximal production near 75-100 ms after stimulation. In contrast, SOA (100 microM) brought about a similar increase in IP3 only in SOA-taster mice. The response to SOA was potentiated in the presence of GTP (1 microM). The GTP-enhanced SOA-response supports a G protein-mediated response for this bitter compound. The rapid kinetics, transient nature, and specificity of the bitter taste stimulus-induced IP3 formation are consistent with the role of IP3 as a second messenger in the chemoelectrical transduction of bitter taste.
authors.affiliation: Basic Science Division, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, 10010, USA.
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Spielman
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sunavala
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dasso
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Breer
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Boekhoff
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Huque
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Whitney
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Brand
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D006153:Guanosine Diphosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015544:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015290:Second Messenger Systems; D013045:Species Specificity; D013395:Sucrose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013649:Taste / Q000502:physiology*; D013873:Thionucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D014059:Tongue / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D006153:Guanosine Diphosphate; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate; D015544:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D013395:Sucrose; D013873:Thionucleotides; C026879:sucrose octaacetate; C023427:guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate); C043414:denatonium