title: Signal transduction pathways regulated by mitogen-activated/extracellular response kinase kinase kinase induce cell death.
abstract: Mitogen-activated/extracellular response kinase kinase (MEK) kinase (MEKK) is a serine-threonine kinase that regulates sequential protein phosphorylation pathways, leading to the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), including members of the Jun kinase (JNK)/stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) family. In Swiss 3T3 and REF52 fibroblasts, activated MEKK induces cell death involving cytoplasmic shrinkage, nuclear condensation, and DNA fragmentation characteristic of apoptosis. Expression of activated MEKK enhanced the apoptotic response to ultraviolet irradiation, indicating that MEKK-regulated pathways sensitize cells to apoptotic stimuli. Inducible expression of activated MEKK stimulated the transactivation of c-Myc and Elk-1. Activated Raf, the serine-threonine protein kinase that activates the ERK members of the MAPK family, stimulated Elk-1 transactivation but not c-Myc; expression of activated Raf does not induce any of the cellular changes associated with MEKK-mediated cell death. Thus, MEKK selectively regulates signal transduction pathways that contribute to the apoptotic response.
authors.affiliation: Division of Basic Sciences, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA.
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Diener
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Lange-Carter
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gleavy
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Jarpe
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Minden
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karin
authors.forename: L I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Zon
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000528:radiation effects; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D007700:Kinetics; D048728:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 1; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D050807:ets-Domain Protein Elk-1
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C494113:Elk1 protein, mouse; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D050807:ets-Domain Protein Elk-1; D004247:DNA; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D048728:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 1; C482578:Map3k1 protein, mouse