title: Lidocaine reduces reperfusion injury and neutrophil migration in canine lung allografts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depletion of neutrophils (PMNs) and inhibition of PMN endothelial adhesion ameliorate post-ischemic lung reperfusion injury. Lidocaine reduces PMN adhesion to endothelial surfaces in vivo, and inhibits upregulation of PMN-CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1) in vitro. We evaluated the effect of lidocaine on reperfusion injury, PMN adhesion, and PMN migration in preserved lung allografts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Donor lungs were flushed with modified Euro-Collins solution (4 degrees C) after prostaglandin E1 administration (250 micrograms), inflated with 550 mL (inspired oxygen fraction = 1.0), and stored for 24 hours at 1 degree C. Left lung allotransplantation was performed in 13 mongrel dogs. Immediately after reperfusion the recipient right pulmonary artery and bronchus were ligated to permit assessment of allograft function during a 6-hour postreperfusion period. Allograft gas exchange (every 15 minutes) and hemodynamics (every 60 minutes) were assessed. Peripheral blood PMN CD11b expression was determined by flow cytometry. After sacrifice allograft bronchoalveolar lavage fluid PMN count and allograft tissue myeloperoxidase activity were measured. Two groups were studied: In group I (n = 8) lidocaine hydrochloride was added to the donor flush (20 mg/L) solution. In addition lidocaine was given to the recipient at the time of thoracotomy (intravenous bolus of 4 mg/kg) followed by a continuous infusion of 4 mg/kg/h during implantation and the assessment period. Three dogs that did not reach effective lidocaine blood levels at the time of reperfusion (3 to 4 micrograms/mL) were excluded from analysis. Group II animals (n = 5) received no lidocaine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gas exchange in group I was superior throughout the assessment period (p < 0.05). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid PMN count in group I was reduced (0.36 x 10(6)PMN/mL versus 6.2 x 10(6) PML/mL; p < 0.03). Group I allograft myeloperoxidase activity was 0.17 U/mg/min compared with 0.28 U/mg/min in group II (p < 0.01). In lidocaine-treated animals PMN CD11b expression was maintained at basal levels 2 hours after reperfusion, compared with group II, in which upregulation of CD11b was observed. Lower lobe wet/dry ratio was not different in the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our observations indicate that lidocaine reduces reperfusion injury and inhibits PMN adhesion and subsequent migration to the lung allograft.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Barnes Hospital, St. Louis 63110, USA.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Patterson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018845:CD11 Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002634:Chemotaxis, Leukocyte / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D018845:CD11 Antigens; D008012:Lidocaine