title: Primary cisplatin, methotrexate and vinblastine aiming at bladder preservation in invasive bladder cancer: multivariate analysis on prognostic factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although radical cystectomy is the standard therapy for invasive bladder cancer, cisplatin based multi-drug chemotherapy has proved to be effective for advanced transitional cell urothelial carcinoma. The potential for bladder preservation with neoadjuvant chemotherapy is currently under investigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A phase 2 protocol is presented for conservative treatment of muscle invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder consisting of primary cisplatin, methotrexate and vinblastine chemotherapy followed by reevaluation for bladder sparing surgery and surveillance. A total of 61 patients completed the protocol with a mean followup of 41.4 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial complete response to chemotherapy associated with tumor stage, size and configuration was noted in 20 patients (33%). Bladder preservation, intended only for the complete response group, was achieved in 16 patients (26%) but only 11 (18%) were alive with the bladder intact at study closure. Disease-free 5-year survival rate was 47% (95% confidence interval 65 to 26%). Tumor stage (p = 0.0007), size (p = 0.0003), response to chemotherapy (p = 0.002), patient age (p = 0.039) and tumor grade (p = 0.048) influenced survival. Multivariate analysis revealed response to chemotherapy (beta = 0.988, p = 0.034) and tumor size (beta = 0.978, p = 0.042) to be the only independent predictors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Induction of cisplatin, methotrexate and vinblastine chemotherapy is helpful in identifying patients with a greater chance for survival among those with locally advanced bladder cancer. However, a bladder preservation strategy based on this therapy is only of limited success.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Angulo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Chapado
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Flores
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015653:Cystectomy; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D013997:Time Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery; D014747:Vinblastine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D014747:Vinblastine; D002945:Cisplatin; D008727:Methotrexate