The long-term biomechanical and viscoelastic performance of repairing anterior cruciate ligament after hemitransection injury in a goat model.
To test the healing of the partially torn anterior cruciate ligament, we transected the posterolateral bundle in 11 adult female goats and tested the ligaments at 12, 24, and 52 weeks and 3 years after surgery. As early as 12 weeks after surgery translucent fibrous tissue covered the wound. The differences in anteroposterior laxity between right and left knees measured at 45 degrees and 90 degrees of flexion were not significantly different at each period. Results of Instron testing of the posterolateral bundle revealed the normalized changes in load-relaxation and Young's modulus were not significantly different at each period, but the ultimate tensile strength and stiffness at 3 years were significantly higher than at 12 weeks (P < 0.05) Failure started at the repair site for the 12-week group, but at 24 and 52 weeks the failure occurred throughout the ligament. At 3 years, the specimens failed with bony avulsion, indicating the repaired tissue was not the weakest link of the bone-ligament-bone complex. This study shows that under favorable conditions, partial anterior cruciate ligament injuries are capable of repair. What is more important, the high ultimate tensile strength and stiffness of the 3-year repaired tissue indicate full structural repair of such an artificial transection injury may be possible.
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Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
Oakes
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McLean
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Deacon
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Lampard
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D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000503:physiopathology; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004548:Elasticity; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis; D006041:Goats; D006614:Hindlimb; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D012421:Rupture; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014783:Viscosity; D014945:Wound Healing