title: Aerosolized pentamidine as alternative primary prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in adult hepatic and renal transplant recipients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the safety and efficacy of aerosolized pentamidine (AP) as alternative primary prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in adult liver and kidney transplant recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of medical records.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care urban teaching hospital with active liver and kidney transplant programs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult liver and kidney transplant recipients intolerant of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) therapy and referred to the AP clinic between June 1991 and December 1994.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each patient received monthly AP, 300 mg, delivered by a nebulizer (Respirgard-II), preceded by inhaled albuterol, 180 micrograms. During the period of follow-up, information related to side effects of AP and incidence of PCP was recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 35 patients were identified, 18 liver and 17 kidney transplant recipients. Fourteen patients received AP as initial prophylaxis because of prior sensitivity to TMP-SMX. In another 19 patients, initial TMP-SMX therapy was discontinued for leukopenia (5), elevated liver function test values (4), rash (3), nausea (2), renal failure (2), seizure (2), and thrombocytopenia (1). In addition, two patients received AP in the setting of organ rejection. Liver transplant recipients received AP for an average of 4.28 +/- 1.6 months, and renal transplant recipients received AP for an average of 5.71 +/- 4.3 months. Adverse effects of AP included bronchospasm (two), dyspnea (one), cough (one), and nausea (one). AP therapy was discontinued in only one patient due to severe bronchospasm. There were no cases of PCP in the 35 patients receiving AP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations suggest that AP is well tolerated and may be an effective alternative for PCP prophylaxis in adult liver and kidney transplant recipients intolerant to TMP-SMX therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Deaconess Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saukkonen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Garland
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koziel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000336:Aerosols; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010419:Pentamidine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D010419:Pentamidine; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination