title: 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance spectral changes during and after forebrain ischemia in hypoglycemic, normoglycemic, and hyperglycemic rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The severity of brain injury in animal models of forebrain ischemia increases with blood glucose level. During ischemia, energy failure is slower and maintenance of ion gradients is prolonged as the level of glycemia increases. It is not clear how the level of glycemia influences recovery of ion homeostasis on reperfusion. It has been shown that changes in the intensity of the multiple-quantum 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals reflect changes in intracellular Na+ levels. We have used 23Na NMR spectroscopy to evaluate the influence of the level of glycemia on changes in Na+ concentration during and after forebrain ischemia in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single-quantum (SQ) and double-quantum (DQ) 23Na NMR spectra were measured before and during 10-minute forebrain ischemia and during reperfusion in hypoglycemic, normoglycemic, and hyperglycemic rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The DQ 23Na NMR signal increased to 210% of preischemia intensity in all rats, but a delay in this increase was observed in normoglycemic and hyperglycemic animals. The rate of the DQ 23Na NMR signal increase was fastest in hypoglycemic (apparent first-order rate constant 0.673 +/- 0.046 min-1, P < .002 compared with normoglycemic animals) and slowest in hyperglycemic (0.285 +/- 0.024 min-1, P < .03) rats. During reperfusion, the signal intensity recovered rapidly in hypoglycemic (0.385 +/- 0.050 min-1) and normoglycemic (0.464 +/- 0.047 min-1) rats, whereas in hyperglycemic animals recovery was slow (0.108 +/- 0.044 min-1, P < .0001 compared with normoglycemic animals). The SQ 23Na NMR signal intensity increased to 117% of preischemia level in hypoglycemic (P < .05 compared with normoglycemic animals) and to 107% in normoglycemic and hyperglycemic animals during reperfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The slower increase in the 23Na DQ NMR signal intensity during forebrain ischemia in rats with higher blood glucose levels suggests that Na+ homeostasis is maintained longer in these animals. On reperfusion, the slower recovery of the DQ 23Na NMR signal intensity in hyperglycemic animals likely indicates a slower recovery of Na+ homeostasis, perhaps contributing to the increased neuronal injury after cerebral ischemia in hyperglycemic animals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Tyson
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peeling
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D006706:Homeostasis; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010313:Partial Pressure; D016548:Prosencephalon / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015424:Reperfusion; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D012964:Sodium; D010100:Oxygen