title: The expression of the MDM2 gene, a p53 binding protein, in thyroid carcinogenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The authors previously found p53 mutations in 24% of malignant thyroid tumors, representing a wide stating spectrum. Overexpression of MDM2, most often due to gene amplification, has been suggested to be an additional mechanism for abrogation of the p53 function. In the current study, MDM2 gene expression and amplification were examined in a randomly selected subset of these tumors to explore the possibility that wild-type p53 may be inactivated by complexing with MDM2 in specimens without p53 mutations.
  
  
  METHODS
  MDM2 gene expression and amplification were studied by Northern and Southern blot analysis, respectively. Twenty-two thyroid tumors were included: 16 papillary carcinomas, 1 follicular carcinoma, 3 anaplastic carcinomas, and 2 multinodular goiters (adenomatous goiters).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A two- to threefold increase in MDM2 expression in 4 of 20 thyroid carcinomas was found. It was noteworthy that all of these four samples harbored p53 mutations. The association between increased MDM2 expression and p53 mutation was statistically significant (P < 0.005). No evidence of MDM2 gene amplification or rearrangement accounting for such an increase in MDM2 expression was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genetic and/or environmental factors contributing to random p53 mutations also may cause increased MDM2 expression. Given the moderate increase in MDM2 expression without associated genetic alterations such as gene amplification and rearrangement, MDM2 may not play any significant role in the development and progression of thyroid carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Medical Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: al-Sedairy
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Farid
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001483:Base Sequence; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000235:genetics*; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D005784:Gene Amplification; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; C497206:MDM2 protein, human; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2