title: Current thoughts regarding treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: The available evidence indicates that pulmonary rehabilitation benefits patients with symptomatic COPD. The effect of pulmonary rehabilitation programs on health care use is promising but requires further investigation. In contrast, aerobic lower extremity training is of benefit in several areas of importance to patients with COPD. These areas include exercise endurance, perception of dyspnea, quality of life, and self-efficacy. The exact role of upper extremity exercise training programs requires further studies but should be used in patients who develop symptoms with arm activities. Psychological support improves the awareness of the patient and increases his or her understanding of the disease, but when used alone it is of limited value. Pulmonary rehabilitation when coupled with smoking cessation, optimization of blood gases, and medications offers the best treatment option for patients with symptomatic airflow obstruction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary/Critical Care, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Celli
mesh_terms: D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008173:Lung Diseases, Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011656:Pulmonary Emphysema / Q000601:surgery; D012119:Respiration