title: Pooled air in open heart operations examined by transesophageal echocardiography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The clinical significance of pooled air detected by transesophageal echocardiography during open heart operations is not clear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight consecutive patients undergoing an open heart operation or an operation on the ascending aorta were divided into two groups on the basis of the absence (group 1, n = 14) or presence (group 2, n = 24) of pooled air. They were examined for intramyocardial echo contrast, ST segment elevation, conduction disturbances, and regional wall motion abnormalities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Echo contrast was found in no patient in group 1 and 66.7% of group 2 patients (p < 0.001). New regional wall motion abnormalities were detected in no patient in group 1 versus 33.3% of group 2 patients (p < 0.05), and ST segment elevation was seen in 33.3% of group 2 patients versus no group 1 patients (p < 0.05). Intramyocardial cardial echo contrast was newly detected after the appearance of pooled air more frequently in patients with ST segment elevation (p < 0.001). Atrioventricular block and sinus arrest appeared in 3 patients and 2 patients, respectively. Postoperative regional wall motion abnormalities were found in 25.0% of patients and were not closely related to intraoperative echo contrast findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pooled air, which is often detected in open heart operation by means of transesophageal echocardiography, is related to several cardiac events, including ST segment elevation, conduction disturbances, and regional wall motion abnormalities, although most of these are transient.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Surgery, Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Orihashi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsuura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sueda
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shikata
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mitsui
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sueshiro
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001011:Aorta / Q000601:surgery; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006329:Heart Conduction System; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D012189:Retrospective Studies