title: Conformal mixed neutron and photon irradiation in localized and locally advanced prostate cancer: preliminary estimates of the therapeutic ratio.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of chronic toxicity and the probability of biochemical and histologic complete response among patients with nonmetastatic prostate cancer, treated with three dimensional (3D) conformal mixed neutron and photon irradiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between November 1991 and December 1994, 151 patients with prostate cancer were entered in three prospective dose-finding studies of conformal mixed neutron and photon irradiation. Patients with low stage, low to intermediate grade prostate cancer (T1-2NXM0, Gleason Score < or = 7) received 38 Photon Gy (PhGy) plus 9 (51 patients) or 10 (53 patients) Neutron Gy (NGy) to the prostate and seminal vesicles. Forty-seven patients with locally advanced prostate cancer (T3-4 N0-1 M0 and/or Gleason Score > or = 8) received 15 NGy + 18 PhGy to the prostate and seminal vesicles and 9 NGy + 18 PhGy to the pelvic lymph nodes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median follow-up was 16 months (range: 3-30 months). There was no Grade 3-5 GI or GU toxicity recorded. At 20 months, the actuarial rates of Grade 2 GI morbidity were 6 and 29% for the 9-10 and 15 NGy protocols, respectively (p = 0.07). At 20 months, the incidences of Grade 2 GU morbidity were 4 and 16%, respectively (p = 0.08). Stiffness in flexing or abducting the hips was seen in 20 and 42% of patients receiving 9-10 and 15 NGy, respectively (p = 0.01). Potency was maintained in 65% of all patients. Among patients with an initial PSA < or = 10, 100% had a 12-month PSA < 2 and 78% < 1 ng/ml. Negative postradiation biopsies were seen in 30% of patients 6 months, 79% at 12 months, and 84% of patients at 18 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of conformal mixed neutron and photon irradiation has been well tolerated with no severe bladder or rectal complications observed. However, because of the enhanced toxicity seen with 15 NGy, the current maximum dose levels of neutron irradiation have been limited to 11 NGy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. Jeff@rocdec.roc.wayne.edu
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Forman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duclos
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chuba
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yudelev
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Devi
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Court
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shamsa
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Littrup
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grignon
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maughan
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D004064:Digestive System / Q000528:radiation effects; D005214:Fast Neutrons / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017785:Photons / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D014566:Urogenital System / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen