title: Oncogene expression in carotid body tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The genetic etiology of carotid body tumors is suggested by the familial occurrence of the neoplasm. Environmental influences are also implied by the fact that the tumor is more common in those living at high altitudes. However, the development of sporadic tumors occurring at sea level, which account for the majority of cases, remains unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical and pathologic features of 13 carotid body tumors excised in 13 patients were reviewed. Two patients had bilateral tumors, one with a strong family history, and two patients had recurrent carotid body tumors. All tumors were benign except for one that had local lymph gland metastases. All patients were followed up for a period ranging from 1 to 17 years. Each tumor was examined for the oncoproteins c-myc, bcl-2 c-erbB-2, c-erbB-3 and c-jun and for the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  c-myc immunoreactivity was observed in all tumors and, in 12 of 13 cases, was present in more than 10% of tumor cells, bcl-2 immunoreactivity was found in 11 cases with 6 tumors exhibiting more than 10% immunopositive cells, c-jun expression was found in 5 cases with 3 tumors containing more than 10% immunopositive cells. Only two tumors were positive for c-erb-B2 immunoreactivity with a cytoplasmic staining pattern. One tumor was positive for c-erb-B3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The oncogenes c-myc, bcl-2 and c-jun, are abnormally expressed in some carotid body tumors. Their expression may contribute to the genesis of carotid body tumors.
authors.affiliation: Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Medicine, The Queen's University of Belfast, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Barros D'Sa
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Buchanan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002345:Carotid Body Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun / Q000378:metabolism; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000378:metabolism; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases