title: A cortical neuropeptide with neuronal depressant and sleep-modulating properties.
abstract: Acetylcholine (ACh) plays a key role in the transitions between the different phases of sleep: Slow-wave sleep requires low ACh concentrations in the brain, whereas rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep is associated with high levels of ACh. Also, these phases of sleep are differentially sensitive to a number of endogenous neuropeptides and cytokines, including somatostatin, which has been shown to increase REM sleep without significantly affecting other phases. Here we report the cloning and initial characterization of cortistatin, a neuropeptide that exhibits strong structural similarity to somatostatin, although it is the product of a different gene. Administration of cortistatin depresses neuronal electrical activity but, unlike somatostatin, induces low-frequency waves in the cerebral cortex and antagonizes the effects of acetylcholine on hippocampal and cortical measures of excitability. This suggests a mechanism for cortical synchronization related to sleep.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Lecea
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Criado
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Prospero-Garcia
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Gautvik
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schweitzer
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Danielson
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Dunlop
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Siggins
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Henriksen
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Sutcliffe
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000378:metabolism; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D002460:Cell Line; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007395:Interneurons / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D009928:Organ Specificity; D011485:Protein Binding; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017481:Receptors, Somatostatin / Q000378:metabolism; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D013004:Somatostatin / Q000737:chemistry; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D009479:Neuropeptides; D011498:Protein Precursors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017481:Receptors, Somatostatin; C099323:cortistatin; D013004:Somatostatin; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D000109:Acetylcholine