title: Treatment of patients with melanoma of the extremity using hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion with melphalan, tumor necrosis factor, and interferon gamma: results of a tumor necrosis factor dose-escalation study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate response rates and systemic and regional toxicity of hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion (ILP) for treatment of in-transit metastases of extremity melanoma using escalating-dose tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in conjunction with melphalan and interferon gamma (IFN).
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients received IFN 0.2 mg2 for 2 days followed by a 90-minute ILP with TNF and IFN (0.2 mg) given at time 0 and melphalan (10 mg/L limb volume) given at 30 minutes. Twenty-six patients were treated with 4 mg of TNF and 12 patients received 6 mg of TNF. All patients had assessable disease in the perfusion field and all but two patients were assessable for response at 1 month after treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean peak perfusate TNF levels in the 4-mg group were 4.8 micrograms/mL, compared with 7.4 micrograms/mL for the 6-mg group (P = .03). The complete response rate in the 4-mg TNF group was 76%, with an overall objective response rate of 92%, compared with 36% and 100% for the 6-mg group. Subgroup analyses showed that the lower complete response rate in the 6-mg TNF group was not explained by differences in disease burden or prior regional therapy. Systemic drug toxicity was short-lived, easily managed, and related to perfusate leak more than to TNF perfusate dose. Regional toxicity, particularly painful myopathy and neuropathy, was greater with the 6-mg dose level and was considered dose-limiting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ILP with 4 mg TNF, IFN, and melphalan can lead to complete local responses in the majority of patients with extremity melanoma. Escalating the TNF dose to 6 mg did not increase the complete response rate and increased regional toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Fraker
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andrich
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D010478:Chemotherapy, Cancer, Regional Perfusion; D005121:Extremities; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000628:therapy*; D008558:Melphalan / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012983:Soft Tissue Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D008558:Melphalan