title: Mucosally activated circulating human B cells in diarrhea express homing receptors directing them back to the gut.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recirculation of mucosal lymphocytes has been established in animals but not in humans. Specific antibody-secreting cells in the blood of patients with diarrhea, initially activated in gut mucosa, are potential recirculating cells. The aim of this study was to determine whether these cells circulate back to gut by analyzing their homing receptors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood mononuclear cells, separated with immunomagnetic cell sorting into receptor-positive and receptor-negative populations, were assayed for pathogen-specific antibody-secreting cells and all immunoglobulin-secreting cells using enzyme-linked immunospot assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The gut mucosa homing receptor alpha4beta7 was expressed more frequently on pathogen-specific antibody-secreting cells than on immunoglobulin-secreting cells of healthy controls (P<0.001). Conversely, L-selectin, a homing receptor for peripheral lymph nodes, was found on remarkably fewer antibody-secreting cells of the patients compared with immunoglobulin-secreting cells of controls (32.9% and 70.3%, respectively; P<0.001). Three to 6 months after the disease, specific antibody-secreting cells had disappeared and frequency of L-selectin-and alpha4beta7-expressing cells had returned to control levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Circulating mucosally activated antibody-secreting cells express a set of homing receptors guiding them back to the gut. This provides evidence for recirculation of mucosal lymphocytes in humans.
authors.affiliation: National Public Health Institute, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kantele
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arvilommi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kontiainen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salmi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jalkanen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Savilahti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Westerholm
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kantele
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000096:biosynthesis; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D002469:Cell Separation; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology*; D019041:L-Selectin / Q000378:metabolism; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000276:immunology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016201:Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D018106:CD28 Antigens; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors; D007136:Immunoglobulins; D016201:Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing; D019041:L-Selectin