title: Effects of a behavioral weight loss program stressing calorie restriction versus calorie plus fat restriction in obese individuals with NIDDM or a family history of diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this randomized trial was to compare the effects of a behavioral intervention focusing on either calorie restriction alone or calorie plus fat restriction on weight loss and changes in lipids and glycemic control in individuals with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or a family history of diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 44 obese women with NIDDM and 46 obese women with a family history of NIDDM and randomly assigned these subjects to calorie restriction (CAL) or to calorie plus fat restriction (CAL + FAT). All subjects participated in a 16-week behavioral weight loss program, with training in diet, exercise, and behavior modification. Subjects assigned to the CAL condition were given a 1,000-1,500 kcal/day goal and self-monitored calories consumed. Subjects assigned to the CAL+FAT condition had the same calorie goal, but were also given a fat goal (grams of fat/day), to produce a diet with < 20% of calories from fat; this group monitored both calories and fat grams.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among NIDDM subjects, weight loss of the subjects in the CAL+FAT condition was significantly greater than subjects in the CAL condition (7.7 vs. 4.6 kg) and the CAL+FAT condition group also maintained their weight loss better at the 1-year follow-up (5.2 vs. 1.0 kg). Significant decreases in glucose, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and total cholesterol were seen after 16 weeks of treatment among NIDDM subjects; these changes were similar in CAL and CAL+FAT groups, but a greater proportion of subjects in CAL condition required oral hypoglycemic medication. At the 1-year follow-up, all parameters had returned to baseline. No significant differences in weight loss or physiological changes were seen between CAL and CAL+FAT conditions in subjects with a family history of diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that using the combination of calorie and fat restriction may help promote weight loss in obese NIDDM patients. No other long-term benefits of this regimen were observed.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Pascale
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Wing
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mullen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bononi
mesh_terms: D001521:Behavior Therapy; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D003927:Diet, Diabetic; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D012648:Self Care; D013997:Time Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002784:Cholesterol; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D014280:Triglycerides