title: Persistent elevation of plasma insulin levels is associated with increased cardiovascular risk in children and young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyperinsulinemia has been considered to be a potent cardiovascular risk factor. The present investigation examines persistently elevated fasting insulin levels from childhood to young adulthood and its influence on cardiovascular risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A longitudinal cohort was constructed from two cross-sectional surveys in a community-based population over an 8-year period: 1606 individuals (39% were black) aged 5 to 23 years participated in the first survey. Stability in rankings (persistence) of insulin levels was shown by the presence of significant correlations between year 1 and year 8 values (r=.23 to .36, P<.0001), with a greater magnitude in older subjects. Compared with subjects with levels of insulin consistently in the lowest quartile, those with levels always in the highest quartile showed higher (P<.001) levels of body mass index (+9 kg/m2), triglycerides (+58 mg/dL), LDL cholesterol (+11 mg/dL), VLDL cholesterol (+8 mg/dL), glucose (+9 mg/dL), systolic blood pressure (+7 mm Hg), and diastolic blood pressure (+3 mm Hg); lower (P<.001) levels of HDL cholesterol (-4 mg/dL): and higher (P<.05) prevalence of parental history of diabetes (3.3-fold) and hypertension (1.2-fold). There were 739 young adults aged 20 to 31 years at follow-up. As adults, individuals with consistently elevated insulin versus those with consistently decreased insulin had increased (P<.05) prevalence of obesity (36-fold), hypertension (2.5-fold), and dyslipidemia (3-fold), which was attributed to both baseline insulin and change of insulin from baseline to follow-up. In addition, clustering of these risk factors was stronger (P<.05) in adults with persistent insulin elevation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated insulin levels persist from childhood through young adulthood, resulting in a clinically relevant adverse cardiovascular risk profile in young adults.
authors.affiliation: Tulane National Center for Cardiovascular Health, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, La. 70112-2824, USA.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Berenson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors