title: Phase II trial of subcutaneously administered granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a cytokine that is involved in the differentiation and proliferation of various hematopoietic precursors. It also has been reported to enhance the antitumor activity of various mature effector cells. Previous reports have noted preclinical antitumor activity in a murine model utilizing genetically engineered tumor cells and instances of tumor regression in patients with solid tumors receiving GM-CSF. In the present study, a Phase II trial of human recombinant GM-CSF (GM-CSFrh) in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was conducted to investigate further the potential antitumor activity of this cytokine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six eligible patients with metastatic RCC received 3 microgram/kg of GM-CSFrh subcutaneously for 14 days, with cycles repeated every 28 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two of 26 patients (8%; 95% confidence interval 1-25%) demonstrated partial tumor responses during GM-CSFrh therapy. Both individuals who responded had received prior therapy. A median of three cycles per patient were administered, and toxicity was mild.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GM-CSFrh may mediate tumor regression in patients with metastatic RCC; however, the level of activity in previously treated patients is low.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wos
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Olencki
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tuason
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Budd
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Peereboom
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sandstrom
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McLain
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Finke
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bukowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor