title: Breast reduction under intravenous sedation: a review of 50 cases.
abstract: Breast reduction is a surgical procedure most commonly performed on an inpatient basis under general anesthesia. In the current climate of health care reform, we must evaluate such procedures to determine if there are alternate, less expensive, but equally safe means to perform them. Our purpose is to present our experience with 50 bilateral breast reductions performed under local anesthesia with intravenous sedation between October of 1991 and October of 1994. We have excluded bilateral reductions under 500 gm total, unilateral reductions, mastopexies, and gynecomastia procedures. Patients were sedated with intravenous Versed and fentanyl and a local solution consisting of marcaine, lidocaine, and 1:2000,000 epinephrine. Intercostal blocks were not used routinely. Monitoring and sedation were performed by nonanesthesia personnel in 49 patients. There were no complications relating to the sedation or to the local solution. All reductions were performed by the inferior pedicle technique. The average patient age was 28.0 years (20 to 67 years). The total breast tissue resected was 1372 gm (516 to 2948 gm), with 33 patients having resections greater than 1000 gm. Operative times averaged 3 hours (115 to 275 minutes). Forty-nine of the 50 patients tolerated the procedure with little or no recall. Twenty-eight patients were discharged on the same day as admission. One patient recalled some significant discomfort during parts of the procedure. All stated that they would again have the procedure performed under local anesthesia with intravenous sedation. Our conclusions are as follows: (1) Breast reduction can be performed safely and comfortably under local anesthesia with intravenous sedation. (2) Patients should be chosen on their acceptability as intravenous sedation candidates and not with regard to the amount of breast tissue removed. (3) There will be a subset of patients who can be discharged on the same day.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery at the Naval Medical Center, Portsmouth, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Zukowski
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ash
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Klink
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Messa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine; D003363:Cost Control; D004837:Epinephrine; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008012:Lidocaine; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D008874:Midazolam; D018579:Patient Selection; D011398:Promethazine; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008012:Lidocaine; D011398:Promethazine; D008874:Midazolam; D005283:Fentanyl; D002045:Bupivacaine; D004837:Epinephrine