title: Heparin induces dimerization and confers proliferative activity onto the hepatocyte growth factor antagonists NK1 and NK2.
abstract: Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a potent epithelial mitogen whose actions are mediated through its receptor, the proto-oncogene c-Met. Two truncated variants of HGF known as NK1 and NK2 have been reported to be competitive inhibitors of HGF binding to c-Met, and to function as HGF antagonists (Lokker, N.A., and P.J. Godowski. 1993. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 17145-17150; Chan, A.M., J.S. Rubin, D.P. Bottaro, D.W. Hirschfield, M. Chedid, and S.A. Aaronson. 1991. Science (Wash. DC). 254:1382-1387). We show here, however, that NK1 acts as a partial agonist in mink lung cells. Interestingly, NK1, which is an HGF antagonist in hepatocytes in normal conditions, was converted to a partial agonist by adding heparin to the culture medium. The interaction of NK1 and heparin was further studied in BaF3 cells, which express little or no cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. In BaF3 cells transfected with a plasmid encoding human c-Met, heparin and NK1 synergized to stimulate DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. There was no effect of heparin on the IL-3 sensitivity of BaF3-hMet cells, and no effect of NK1 plus heparin in control BaF3 cells, indicating that the response was specific and mediated through c-Met. The naturally occurring HGF splice variant NK2 also stimulated DNA synthesis in mink lung cells and exerted a heparin-dependent effect on BaF3-hMet cells, but not on BaF3-neo cells. The activating effect of heparin was mimicked by a variety of sulfated glycosaminoglycans. Mechanistic studies revealed that heparin increased the binding of NK1 to BaF3-hMet cells, stabilized NK1, and induced dimerization of NK1. Based on these studies, we propose that the normal agonist activity of NK1 and NK2 in mink lung cells is due to an activating interaction with an endogenous glycosaminoglycan. Consistent with that model, a large portion of the NK1 binding to mink lung cells could be blocked by heparin. Moreover, a preparation of glycosaminoglycans from the surface of mink lung cells induced dimerization of NK1. These data show that the activity of NK1 and NK2 can be modulated by heparin and other related glycosaminoglycans to induce proliferation in cells expressing c-Met.
authors.affiliation: Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, USA. rhs@gene.com
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Schwall
authors.forename: L Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Godowski
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kahn
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Hillan
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Zioncheck
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005260:Female; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000494:pharmacology; D006493:Heparin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology*; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology; D008907:Mink; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000502:physiology; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D019859:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D018040:Receptors, Neurokinin-1 / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism; D018041:Receptors, Neurokinin-2 / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D018040:Receptors, Neurokinin-1; D018041:Receptors, Neurokinin-2; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor; D006493:Heparin; D004247:DNA; D019859:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases