title: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cisatracurium in young and elderly adult patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of a muscle relaxant may differ in elderly compared with young adult patients for a variety of reasons. The authors compared the effects of a new muscle relaxant (cisatracurium) in young and elderly adults and used pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling to identify factors explaining differences in time course of effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one young (18-50 yr) and 33 elderly ( > 65 yr) patients anesthetized with nitrous oxide, isoflurane, and fetanyl were studied. Cisatracurium (0.1 mg/kg) was given after induction of anesthesia and later additional boluses of 0.025 mg/kg or an infusion of cisatracurium was given. Neuromuscular transmission was measured using the first twitch of the train-of-four response at the adductor pollicis after supramaximal stimulation of the ulnar nerve at 2 Hz every 15 s. Five venous blood samples were obtained for plasma drug concentration at intervals ranging from 2 to 120 min from every patient. Three additional samples were obtained from those who received an infusion. A population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model was fitted to the plasma concentration and effect data. The parameters of the model were permitted to vary with age to identify where differences existed between young and elderly adults.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Onset of block was delayed in the elderly; values being mean 3.0 (95% confidence interval 1.75-11.4) min and 4.0 (2.4-6.5) min in the young and elderly, respectively (P < 0.01). Duration of action was similar in the two groups. Plasma clearance was 319 (293-345) ml/min in the study population and did not differ between young and elderly patients. Apparent volume of distribution was 13.28 (9.9-16.7) 1 and 9.6 (7.6-11.7) 1 in the elderly and young adults, respectively (P < 0.05). There also were differences in pharmacodynamic parameters between the young and elderly; the predominant change being a slower rate of biophase equilibration (ke0) in the elderly (0.060 [0.052-0.068])/min compared with the young (0.071 [0.065-0.077]/min; P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pharmacokinetics of cisatracurium differ only marginally between young and elderly adults. Onset is delayed in the elderly because of slower biophase equilibration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Sorooshian
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Stafford
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Eastwood
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hull
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001279:Atracurium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; D001279:Atracurium