title: Effect of varying etching times on the bond strength of ceramic brackets.
abstract: Damage to the enamel surface when debonding orthodontic ceramic brackets has been a clinical concern. Ideally, bond failure at the bracket-adhesive interface should occur without damaging the enamel surface. The purpose of this study was to determine the shear bond strength and debonding failure modes of ceramic brackets with varying etching times. Sixty freshly extracted human premolars were pumiced and divided into six groups of 10 teeth. Each group was assigned an etching time interval of either 30, 20, 15, 10, 5, or 0 seconds with 37% phosphoric acid. Ceramic orthodontic brackets were bonded to each etched tooth by using the same orthodontic bonding system. The teeth were mounted in phenolic rings and stored in deionized water at 37 degrees C for 48 hours. A Zwick universal testing machine (Zwick GmbH and Co., Ulm, Germany) was used to determine shear bond strengths. The residual adhesive on the enamel surface was evaluated with the Adhesive Remnant Index. The results of the analysis of variance indicated that there were significant differences in bond strengths between the various etching times (p=0.0001). The Duncan multiple range test revealed that the 5-second and no etch group exhibited significantly lower bond strengths. The results of the Chi square test evaluating the residual adhesives on the enamel surface also revealed significant differences (p=0.0001). However, when the 5- and 0-second groups were dropped from the test, the Chi square test revealed no significant differences between the 30-, 20-, 15-, and 10-second groups (p=0.211). In conclusion, decreasing etching time between 30 and 10 seconds does not significantly affect either bond strength or the site of bond failure.
authors.affiliation: University of Iowa, College of Dentistry, USA.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Bishara
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Boyer
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Jakobsen
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D000269:Adhesives / Q000737:chemistry; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001641:Bicuspid; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods; D017005:Dental Debonding / Q000009:adverse effects; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000293:injuries / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D010756:Phosphoric Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000269:Adhesives; D010756:Phosphoric Acids