title: Recovery of overall and local lung function loss 18 months after irradiation for malignant lymphoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the local and overall pulmonary injury 3 to 18 months after irradiation and to investigate whether the changes in overall lung function can be predicted using the three-dimensional (3-D) dose distribution in combination with dose-effect relations for local injury; and to study the influence of chemotherapy on the injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Local perfusion (Q), ventilation (V), and tissue density were measured in 25 patients treated for malignant lymphoma, before, 3 to 4 months after, and 18 months after irradiation. Dose-effect relations for local injury, calculated using correlated single-photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) and computed tomographic (CT) data, were combined with the 3-D dose distribution, to calculate the estimated mean local changes over the complete lung for each patient. The result was correlated with the actual changes in pulmonary function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A dose-dependent increase with injury was observed at 3 to 4 months after irradiation, which at 18 months had recovered by approximately 50% to 60%. The estimated mean relative reduction of local Q predicted the change in overall lung function within 10% of the actually observed values in 63% to 73% of patients. Chemotherapy given before radiotherapy enhanced radiation-induced reduction of local Q significantly, with dose-modifying factors of 1.22 and 1.37 at 3 to 4 months and 18 months, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Partial recovery of radiation-induced reduction of local and overall lung function was observed at 18 months after irradiation. The overall functional outcome of most patients could be well predicted, based on the estimated mean local injury over the complete lung. Chemotherapy given before radiotherapy enhanced the radiation-induced reduction of local Q.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Huis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Boersma
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Damen
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Valdés Olmos
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van Zandwijk
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Lebesque
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006689:Hodgkin Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012119:Respiration / Q000528:radiation effects; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents