title: Clinical features of type III (mixed) paraesophageal hernia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The clinical presentation of patients with a paraesophageal hernia is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the progression of symptoms in patients with type III paraesophageal hernia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 25 patients (mean age 66 yr) with a type III paraesophageal hernia, who then had laparoscopic surgical repair. The patients characterized their symptoms as 1) chronic or 2) prompting evaluation (progressive or new). We defined postprandial distress as chest or epigastric pain, shortness of breath, or nausea or vomiting during or shortly after meals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified three distinct types of chronic symptoms: heartburn only (36%), heartburn and postprandial distress (32%), and postprandial distress only (32%). Twenty-three patients (92%) reported postprandial distress as the symptom prompting evaluation compared with only 10 patients (40%) reporting heartburn. Eight patients (32%) never had heartburn. Postprandial distress was their only symptom. Laparoscopic repair of the paraesophageal hernia resolved postprandial distress in 74% and improved symptoms in the remaining 26% of patients (mean follow-up 12 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Post-prandial distress is the most prominent symptom in patients with a type III paraesophageal hernia. Most patients had chronic symptoms of a sliding hiatal hernia but later featured more pronounced postprandial distress. However, one-third of the patients never experienced significant heartburn. A type III paraesophageal hernia should be suspected in patients, with or without heartburn, who develop new or progressive symptoms of postprandial distress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wo
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Branum
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: T N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Trus
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Mauren
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Waring
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018450:Disease Progression; D004435:Eating; D004935:Esophageal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D004947:Esophagus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006547:Hernia / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D059685:Herniorrhaphy; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic