title: Sustained cocaine abstinence in methadone maintenance patients through voucher-based reinforcement therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic cocaine abuse remains a serious and costly public health problem. This study assessed the effectiveness of a voucher-based reinforcement contingency in producing sustained cocaine abstinence.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized controlled trial compared voucher-based reinforcement of cocaine abstinence to noncontingent voucher presentation. Patients were selected from 52 consecutively admitted injecting heroin abusers in a methadone maintenance treatment program. Patients with heavy cocaine use during baseline period (N = 37) participated. Except where otherwise indicated, the term cocaine abuse is used in this article in a generic sense and not according to the DSM-III-R definition. Patients exposed to abstinence reinforcement received a voucher for each cocaine-free urine sample (ie, negative for benzoylecgonine) provided three times per week throughout a 12-week period; the vouchers had monetary values that increased as the number of consecutive cocaine-free urine samples increased. Control patients received noncontingent vouchers that were matched in pattern and amount to the vouchers received by patients in the abstinence reinforcement group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients receiving vouchers for cocaine-free urine samples achieved significantly more weeks of cocaine abstinence (P = .007) and significantly longer durations of sustained cocaine abstinence (P = .001) than controls. Nine patients (47%) receiving vouchers for cocaine-free urine samples achieved between 7 and 12 weeks of sustained cocaine abstinence; only one control patient (6%) achieved more than 2 weeks of sustained abstinence. Among patients receiving vouchers for cocaine-free urine samples, those who achieved sustained abstinence ( > or = 5 weeks) had significantly lower concentrations of benzoylecgonine in baseline urine samples than those who did not achieve sustained abstinence (P < or = .01). Patients receiving voucher reinforcement rated the overall treatment quality significantly higher than controls (P = .002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Voucher-based reinforcement contingencies can produce sustained cocaine abstinence in injecting polydrug abusers.
authors.affiliation: Addiction Research Center, Intramural Research Program of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Md, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Brooner
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Montoya
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Cone
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Schuster
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Preston
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D003042:Cocaine; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000628:therapy; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000628:therapy; D014040:Token Economy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine; D008691:Methadone