title: Identification of betaine as an osmolyte in rat liver macrophages (Kupffer cells).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anisosmotic cell volume changes were identified recently as a critical factor in the regulation of eicosanoid formation in stimulated liver macrophages (Kupffer cells). Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether osmolytes are involved in the control of Kupffer cell function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cultured rat liver macrophages (Kupffer cells) were studied with respect to their functional adaptation to hyperosmotic environments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hyperosmotic exposure of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Kupffer cells led to sevenfold stimulation of prostaglandin E2 formation caused by a strong induction of cyclooxygenase 2. Hyperosmotic exposure was accompanied by approximately a 10-fold increase of Na(+)-dependent betaine uptake and betaine transporter-messenger RNA levels. Conversely, hypoosmotic exposure decreased betaine uptake and stimulated betaine release from Kupffer cells and the perfused rat liver. Addition of betaine (1 mmol/L) to hyperosmotically exposed Kupffer cells abolished the strong induction of cyclooxygenase 2 and the increase of prostaglandin E2 formation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study identifies the use of an osmolyte strategy in liver macrophages. Betaine serves as an osmolyte in Kupffer cells, whose transport is induced in response to increases of ambient osmolarity. Regulation of this transporter as well as betaine availability may represent a novel regulation site for Kupffer cell function.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectiology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Warskulat
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wettstein
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Häussinger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001622:Betaine / Q000378:metabolism*; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D050485:GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D007728:Kupffer Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D008297:Male; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D050485:GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C072207:betaine plasma membrane transport proteins; D001622:Betaine; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D015232:Dinoprostone