title: Brain capillary tissue plasminogen activator in a diabetes stroke model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) is normally expressed in rat brain capillaries. This study examines the expression of TPA in brain capillaries of diabetic rats in relation to focal ischemic brain injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetes type 1 was induced by streptozotocin for 7 days. Acute hyperglycemia was induced by 50% dextrose. Expression of TPA in brain capillaries was determined by Western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses. Focal stroke was produced by 1 hour of reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion. Physiological variables and cerebral blood flow were monitored during occlusion and within 1 hour of reperfusion. Neurological and neuropathologic examinations were performed after 24 hours of reperfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All rats developed comparable hyperglycemia (approximately 15 mmol/L). A complete depletion of TPA protein and 6.5-fold decrease in TPA mRNA were found in brain capillaries of diabetic rats, in contrast to normal TPA capillary levels in hyperglycemic rats. The blood flow in the periphery of the ischemic core was significantly reduced during reperfusion by 52% to 62% (P<.001) in diabetic rats and by 23% to 25% (P<.05) in hyperglycemic rats. The neurological score was worsened by 3.2-fold (P<.0003) by diabetes and by 24% by hyperglycemia only. Significant 41% (P<.007) and 29% (P<.05) increases in infarct volume and 163% (P<.007) and 60% increases in edema volume were found in diabetic rats relative to control and hyperglycemic rats, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetes type 1, but not acute hyperglycemia, produces downregulation of TPA in rat brain capillaries. This TPA reduction is associated with impaired restoration of blood flow after an ischemic insult, poor neurological outcome, and enhanced ischemic brain injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kittaka
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Schreiber
authors.forename: N W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Seeds
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: B V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Zlokovic
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001831:Body Temperature; D002196:Capillaries / Q000201:enzymology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D017931:DNA Primers; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012016:Reference Values; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D015424:Reperfusion; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator