title: The surgical treatment of brachial plexus injuries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Brachial plexus injuries cause a devastating loss of function in the arm. The aim of this study was to review the results of surgical treatment of patients with brachial plexus injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-seven patients were reviewed. Five patients did not undergo surgery. Forty-two patients had exploration and 38 had primary surgery with neurolysis, nerve graft or neurotization or a combination. Four patients had other reconstructive surgery primarily. Secondary reconstructive surgery consisted of joint fusions and tendon transfers to enhance or replace the primary surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nerve grafting achieved 62% Medical Research Council (MRC) grade M3 or better. Intercostal neurotization (ICN) of the musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) for elbow flexion achieved M3 or better in 69% of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primary nerve reconstruction, combined with joint fusions and tendon transfers, provides a worthwhile return of function to many patients. We advise early exploration (i.e. within 2 weeks when possible) for patients with complete C5-T1 lesions or C5,6,7 lesions in conjunction with high energy injuries. In order to obtain optimal results patients with brachial plexus injuries should be referred to appropriate units as early as possible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hand Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tonkin
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Eckersley
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Gschwind
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000294:innervation; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D059408:Pain Management; D012086:Reoperation; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000379:methods; D013710:Tendons / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery