title: Feasibility study of the treatment of primary unresectable carcinoma of the pancreas with 103Pd brachytherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of 103Pd brachytherapy in the management of primary unresectable carcinoma of the pancreas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between August 1988 and January 1992, 11 patients with biopsy-proven primary unresectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreas were treated with 103Pd brachytherapy during laparotomy. The median age was 66 (range 57-70). The most common presenting symptoms were weight loss (eight patients), pain (six patients), and nausea/vomiting (four patients). Less common symptoms were jaundice (two patients), early satiety (two patients), and ascites (one patient). All patients underwent laparotomy and surgical staging. Eight patients had T3N0M0 disease, two patients had T3N1M0 disease, and one patient had T3N1M1 disease. The surgical procedure performed was biliary bypass in six patients, biopsy only in four patients, and gastric bypass in one patient. The average tumor dimension was 4.0 cm. The median activity, matched peripheral dose (MPD) and implanted volumes were 95.3 mCi, 124.4 Gy, and 33 cm3, respectively. The median initial dose rate was 0.21 Gy per hour. Five patients received postoperative external beam radiation therapy (median 45 Gy) and seven patients received chemotherapy postoperatively. The median follow-up was 7 months (range 1-19).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median survival for the entire group of patients was 6.9 months. Ten of 11 patients have died, with 1 patient presently alive and receiving chemotherapy for metastatic disease to the liver, but without local progression radiographically. Five of 11 patients (45%) were locally controlled, defined as either a complete response or freedom from progression at the site of the implant as evaluated by computed tomography scan. In the other six patients, the median time to local progression was 6.9 months. Five patients developed distant metastases (four liver, one subcutaneous nodule). Two patients failed in regional sites (one omentum, one paraaortic lymph node). Four of 11 patients (36%) developed acute postoperative complications that included one gastric outlet obstruction, one duodenal perforation, and two with sepsis. One of 11 patients (9%) developed a late complication of radiation enteritis 5 months after implantation. The median survival for patients experiencing complications was 1.7 months as compared to 8.4 months for the patients who did not develop a complication (p = 0.10). Pain relief was obtained in five out of six (83%) of the patients presenting with pain for a median duration of 24 weeks. Local control did not appear to be related to the MPD, dose rate, implanted volume, treatment with external beam irradiation, or the use of chemotherapy. Patients were more likely to develop a complication if the MPD was greater than 115 Gy (four out of six patients) as compared to those whose MPD was less than 115 Gy (one out of five patients) (p = 0.12).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because there was no improvement in median survival over conventional modalities, and the complication rate was high; we do not recommend 103Pd brachytherapy as a component of the treatment of unresectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raben
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mychalczak
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Minsky
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Casper
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Harrison
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010165:Palladium / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D011868:Radioisotopes; D010165:Palladium