title: Synthesis and targeted delivery of an azidothymidine homodinucleotide conferring protection to macrophages against retroviral infection.
abstract: The infectivity and replication of human (HIV-1), feline (FIV), and murine (LP-BM5) immunodeficiency viruses are all inhibited by several nucleoside analogues after intracellular conversion to their triphosphorylated derivatives. At the cellular level, the main problems in the use of these drugs concern their limited phosphorylation in some cells (e.g., macrophages) and the cytotoxic side effects of nucleoside analogue triphosphates. To overcome these limitations a new nucleoside analogue homodinucleotide, di(thymidine-3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxy-D-riboside)-5'-5'-p1-p2-pyrophosphat e (AZTp2AZT), was designed and synthesized. AZTp2AZT was a poor in vitro inhibitor of HIV reverse transcriptase, although it showed antiviral and cytotoxic activities comparable to those of the parent AZT when added to cultures of a HTLV-1 transformed cell line. AZTp2AZT encapsulated into erythrocytes was remarkably stable. Induction of erythrocyte-membrane protein clusterization and subsequent phagocytosis of AZTp2AZT-loaded cells allowed the targeted delivery of this impermeant drug to macrophages where its metabolic activation occurs. The addition of AZTp2AZT-loaded erythrocytes to human, feline, and murine macrophages afforded almost complete in vitro protection of these cells from infection by HIVBa-L, FIV, and LP-BM5, respectively. Therefore, AZTp2AZT, unlike the membrane-diffusing azidothymidine, acts as a very efficient antiretroviral prodrug following selective targeting to macrophages by means of loaded erythrocytes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry Giorgio Fomaini, Urbino, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Magnani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casabianca
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fraternale
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brandi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gessani
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giovine
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Damonte
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Flora
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Benatti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002415:Cats; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D017931:DNA Primers; D054306:Dideoxynucleotides; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D016089:Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D007700:Kinetics; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000821:virology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013942:Thymine Nucleotides / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects*; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D017931:DNA Primers; D054306:Dideoxynucleotides; D011355:Prodrugs; D013942:Thymine Nucleotides; C098899:azidothymidine homodinucleotide; D015215:Zidovudine