title: Vitamin D receptors repress basal transcription and exert dominant negative activity on triiodothyronine-mediated transcriptional activity.
abstract: We have examined vitamin D receptor (VDR), thyroid hormone receptor (TR), and retinoid X receptor beta (RXR beta) binding to vitamin D response elements (VDREs), two thyroid hormone response elements (TREs) (DR4 and F2), and a retinoic acid response element (DR5). VDR/RXR bound well to the VDREs and to DR4 and DR5 using the electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Surprisingly, VDR/RXR also bound well to F2, which contains half-sites arranged as an inverted palindrome. In co-transfection experiments using CV-1 cells, we observed that VDR repressed basal transcription in the absence of ligand on DR3 and osteopontin VDREs and F2, but had no effect on DR4 or DR5. VDR selectively mediated ligand-dependent transcription on only VDREs. VDR also exhibited dominant negative activity as it blocked triiodothyronine (T3)-mediated transcriptional activity on DR4 and F2. These results demonstrate that VDR/RXR heterodimers can bind promiscuously to a wide range of hormone response elements, including inverted palindromes. Moreover, they show that unliganded VDRs, similar to TRs and retinoic acid receptors, can repress basal transcription. Last, they also suggest a novel repressor function of VDR on T3-mediated transcription which may be significant in tissues where VDR and TR are co-expressed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sugawara
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Chin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002645:Chickens; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000502:physiology*; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000502:physiology*; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005656:Fungal Proteins; C052130:GAL4 protein, S cerevisiae; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014284:Triiodothyronine