title: Aging effects on accommodation and outflow facility responses to pilocarpine in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relationships among age, outflow facility, and refractive and facility responses to pilocarpine in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Refraction, intraocular pressure, and outflow facility were determined in 30 normal volunteers aged 20 to 75 years, by coincidence refractometry, applanation tonometry, and Schiøtz tonography, respectively, before and 1 hour after a 30-microL drop of 2% or 6% pilocarpine. Simple regression of baseline facility, postpilocarpine facility, and facility change, on age and refractive change singly and jointly, was performed. Stepwise regression models and graphic conditioning plots were used to determine, for each facility variable, its relationship to age or refractive change specifically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline outflow facility and maximum pilocarpine-induced refractive change (ie, accommodation) declined with age, but the decrease in intraocular pressure and the facility response to pilocarpine did not. After adjusting for age, for baseline facility, there was no further relationship to 6% pilocarpine-induced accommodation, and a slight residual relationship to 2% pilocarpine-induced accommodation. After adjusting for both 2% or 6% pilocarpine-induced accommodation, the relationship to age was still significant. The facility increase after 2% or 6% pilocarpine did not depend on age and/or accommodative amplitude.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In humans, as previously described in rhesus monkeys, an age-related loss of ciliary muscle mobility may compromise the basal function of the trabecular meshwork. However, unlike monkeys, humans exhibit no loss of the intraocular pressure or outflow facility response to pilocarpine with age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Croft
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Oyen
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Gange
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Kaufman
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000187:drug effects*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000502:physiology*; D002924:Ciliary Body / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D010862:Pilocarpine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular
chemical_list: D018721:Muscarinic Agonists; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D010862:Pilocarpine