title: Cytoplasmic dynein (ddlc1) mutations cause morphogenetic defects and apoptotic cell death in Drosophila melanogaster.
abstract: We report the molecular and genetic characterization of the cytoplasmic dynein light-chain gene, ddlc1, from Drosophila melanogaster. ddlc1 encodes the first cytoplasmic dynein light chain identified, and its genetic analysis represents the first in vivo characterization of cytoplasmic dynein function in higher eucaryotes. The ddlc1 gene maps to 4E1-2 and encodes an 89-amino-acid polypeptide with a high similarity to the axonemal 8-kDa outer-arm dynein light chain from Chlamydomonas flagella. Developmental Northern (RNA) blot analysis and ovary and embryo RNA in situ hybridizations indicate that the ddlc1 gene is expressed ubiquitously. Anti-DDLC1 antibody analyses show that the DDLC1 protein is localized in the cytoplasm. P-element-induced partial-loss-of-function mutations cause pleiotropic morphogenetic defects in bristle and wing development, as well as in oogenesis, and hence result in female sterility. The morphological abnormalities found in the ovaries are always associated with a loss of cellular shape and structure, as visualized by a disorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Total-loss-of-function mutations cause lethality. A large proportion of mutant animals degenerate during embryogenesis, and the dying cells show morphological changes characteristic of apoptosis, namely, cell and nuclear condensation and fragmentation, as well as DNA degradation. Cloning of the human homolog of the ddlc1 gene, hdlc1, demonstrates that the dynein light-chain 1 is highly conserved in flies and humans. Northern blot analysis and epitope tagging show that the hdlc1 gene is ubiquitously expressed and that the human dynein light chain 1 is localized in the cytoplasm. hdlc1 maps to 14q24.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, National University of Singapore.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dick
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Salz
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chia
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002696:Chlamydomonas / Q000502:physiology; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D017931:DNA Primers; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D004398:Dyneins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005407:Flagella / Q000502:physiology; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D017344:Genes, Insect; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000235:genetics; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D010053:Ovary / Q000502:physiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004398:Dyneins