title: Stepping over obstacles: dividing attention impairs performance of old more than young adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tripping over an obstacle is a common cause of falls in the elderly. An earlier study of abilities to avoid stepping on suddenly appearing obstacles found that, although healthy old adults had a lower rate-of-success than young adults, the magnitude of that difference was not large. The present study inquired whether dividing attention during such a task would differentially affect young and old healthy adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rates-of-success were observed in 16 young and 16 old healthy adults (mean ages 24 and 72 years) in avoiding stepping on a band of light that was suddenly projected across their gait path while they walked at their comfortable gait speed. This virtual obstacle was placed at predicted next-footfall locations to give 350 or 450 msec available response times before footfall. During most of the trials the subjects were asked, in addition to trying not to step on the obstacle, simultaneously to respond vocally as quickly as possible when red lights near the end of the walkway turned on. These attention-dividing reaction time tests were of two types: synchronized, when only red lights lit at intervals synchronized with the appearance of the obstacle, and unsynchronized, when green or yellow lights lit in addition to the red lights, with lighting intervals not synchronized with the appearance of the obstacle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When synchronized and unsynchronized reaction time tests were conducted concurrently with the obstacle avoidance tasks, mean rates-of-success in avoidance decreased significantly in both young and old adults. With available response times of 350 msec, mean success rates decreased from their no-division values in the young adults by 14.7% for synchronized reaction and by 19.9% for unsynchronized reaction, attention-dividing tests. Corresponding mean decreases for the old adults were 32.0 and 35.7%. This age difference in the effects of dividing attention was significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both young and old adults had a significantly increased risk of obstacle contact while negotiating obstacles when their attention was divided, but dividing attention degraded obstacle avoidance abilities of the old significantly more than it did in the young. Diminished abilities to respond to physical hazards present in the environment when attention is directed elsewhere may partially account for high rates of falls among the elderly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Medical Center, USA.
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ashton-Miller
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Giordani
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Guire
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011930:Reaction Time; D016138:Walking