title: Racial factors cannot explain superior Japanese outcomes in stomach cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the stage-stratified survival of Japanese patients treated in Honolulu according to Western techniques with that of Japanese patients treated in Tokyo according to Japanese techniques, thus eliminating race as a potentially confounding variable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 312 Honolulu Japanese patients surviving Western-type gastric resection for neoplasm between 1974 and 1985, 279 were identified with invasive gastric adenocarcinoma unassociated with any second malignancy. This Honolulu cohort, treated by Western methods, was retrospectively compared with a similar, previously described cohort of 3176 Tokyo Japanese patients treated according to Japanese methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union Internationale Contre le Cancer criteria for stage-stratified survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite non-TNM prognostic factors favoring higher survival for the Honolulu Japanese patients, for every TNM stage, we observed higher survival for the Tokyo Japanese patients who were treated according to Japanese techniques. For stage I disease, the survival rates were 86% vs 96%, respectively (P < .001); for state II, 69% vas 77% (P = .15); for stage III, 21% vs 49% (P < .001); and for stage IV, 4% vs 14% (P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because all patients in this study are Japanese, race-related factors or the "different-disease" hypothesis cannot explain these results. Lymphadenectomy-related stage-migration and/or differing therapeutic efficacy seem more likely explanations.
authors.affiliation: Queen's Medical Center, Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hundahl
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Stemmermann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oishi
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044466:Asian People; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005743:Gastrectomy / Q000379:methods; D006254:Hawaii; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000208:ethnology; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009852:Omentum / Q000601:surgery; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome