title: Aortic valve repair and replacement after balloon aortic valvuloplasty in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the incidence, indications, and results of surgical repair or replacement of the aortic valve after balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) for congenital aortic stenosis in children. This study was designed to evaluate patterns of failure requiring operation after BAV for congenital aortic stenosis and to review our experience with successful repair, rather than replacement, of selected aortic valves after BAV.
  
  
  METHODS
  From March 1986 to June 1995, 60 patients with congenital aortic stenosis aged 1 day to 27 years (mean +/- standard deviation, 7.3 +/- 6 years) underwent BAV. Twenty-three patients (38%) required operation a mean of 44 +/- 37 months (range, 1 to 110 months) after BAV, because of severe aortic insufficiency in 13 patients and recurrent or residual aortic stenosis in 10 patients. Severe aortic insufficiency was invariably due to avulsion of a cusp from the annulus, with resulting cusp prolapse and insufficiency. Operative intervention consisted of valve replacement in 14 patients and valve repair in 9 patients. Repair techniques included reattachment of an avulsed cusp to the aortic annulus, relief of commissural fusion, and debridement of thickened cusps.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Actuarial freedom from surgical intervention after BAV was 88% +/- 4% at 1 year, 70% +/- 6% at 5 years, and 51% +/- 12% at 9 years. The need for aortic valve operation was unrelated to age at the time of BAV, indication for operation (aortic insufficiency versus aortic stenosis), age of operation, or preoperative gradient. All patients survived aortic valve operation; there was one late death at an average follow-up of 27 +/- 20 months (range, 2 to 61 months) after aortic valve operation. Stenosis was well relieved in all patients undergoing valve replacement. The 9 valve repair patients have been followed for 22 +/- 14 months (range, 1 to 47 months). Echocardiographic follow-up of the valve repair patients revealed a mean residual aortic stenosis peak instantaneous gradient of 32 mm Hg and mild aortic insufficiency or less in all patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aortic valve operation is required in 5% to 7% of patients yearly after BAV. The need for operation appears to be unrelated to age at the time of BAV; aortic insufficiency predominates over aortic stenosis as an indication for operative intervention. Valve repair can be applied in some patients after BAV with good intermediate-term results and may delay the need for aortic valve replacement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Minich
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Shaddy
authors.forename: L Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Tani
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Orsmond
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Sturtevant
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: McGough
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000601:surgery*; D001022:Aortic Valve Insufficiency / Q000601:surgery*; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000151:congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D002404:Catheterization; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017211:Treatment Failure