title: The risk for and severity of bleeding complications in elderly patients treated with warfarin. The National Consortium of Anticoagulation Clinics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether increasing age is associated with an increased risk for bleeding during warfarin treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Combined retrospective and prospective cohort studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  6 anticoagulation clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  2376 patients receiving warfarin for various indications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bleeding events categorized as minor (resulting in no costs or consequences), serious (requiring testing or treatment), life-threatening, or fatal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  812 first bleeding events (4 fatal, 33 life-threatening, 222 serious, and 553 minor) occurred during 3702 patient-years. Age was inversely related to the mean warfarin dose and dose-adjusted prothrombin time ratio. The unadjusted incidence of minor bleeding complications did not vary according to age group: 18.0 per 100 patient-years for patients younger than 50 years of age, 21.5 for patients 50 to 59 years of age, 24.0 for patients 60 to 69 years of age; 23.5 for patients 70 to 79 years of age, and 16.3 for patient 80 years of age and older. The unadjusted incidence of serious bleeding complications also did not vary according to age group: 9.3 per 100 patient-years for patients younger than 50 years of age, 7.1 for patients 50 to 59 years of age, 6.6 for patients 60 to 69 years of age, 5.1 for patients 70 to 79 years of age, and 4.4 for patients 80 years of age and older. The unadjusted incidence of life-threatening or fatal complications combined was significantly higher among the oldest patients: 0.75 per 100 patient-years for patients younger than 50 years of age, 0.97 for patients 50 to 59 years of age, 1.10 for patients 60 to 69 years of age, 0.68 for patients 70 to 79 years of age, and 3.38 for patients 80 years of age and older. Patients 80 years of age and older had a relative risk of 4.5 (95% CI, 1.3 to 15.6) compared with patients younger than 50 years of age. After adjustment for the intensity of anticoagulation therapy and the deviation in the prothrombin time ratio using Cox and Poisson regression, age was not generally associated with the occurrence of bleeding; relative risk estimates ranged from 0.99 to 1.03 per year of age (lower-bound 95% CI, 0.97 to 1.01; upper-bound 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.09). The single exception was life-threatening and fatal complications in patients 80 years of age or older (relative risk, 4.6 [CI, 1.2 to 18.1]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age did not appear to be an important determinant of risk for bleeding in patients receiving warfarin, with the possible exception of age 80 years or older. The intensity of anticoagulation therapy and the deviation in the prothrombin time ratio were much stronger predictors of risk for bleeding.
authors.affiliation: Northwest Veterans Affairs Health Services Research and Development Field Program (152), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Fihn
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Callahan
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: McDonell
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Henikoff
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011517:Prothrombin Time; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin