title: Changes in granulocyte colony-stimulating factor concentration in patients with trauma and sepsis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To better understand the role of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) after the inflammatory response.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum G-CSF concentrations were measured serially in 19 trauma and 15 sepsis patients. Changes in G-CSF concentration were compared with those in the neutrophil ratio, phagocytic and bactericidal activities, and other cytokines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  G-CSF concentrations in trauma patients were elevated on day 1, but quickly decreased within 7 days. G-CSF reached its maximum 3 hours after injury, parallel with peaks of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8, but not of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). In sepsis patients, G-CSF as well as TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 concentrations were markedly elevated at diagnosis and remained high during the course of the illness. These levels decreased significantly in the 11 survivors. Up to 3 days after the trauma, nonsegmented neutrophil ratios were higher than those thereafter. Neutrophil phagocytic and bactericidal activities remained normal during the course of disease in both conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that G-CSF plays an important role in the maturation and maintenance of function of neutrophils during the inflammatory response to trauma and sepsis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Traumatology, Osaka University Medical School, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishino
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimazu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology; D018805:Sepsis / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor