title: Good Samaritan surgeon wrongly accused of contributing to President Lincoln's death: an experimental study of the President's fatal wound.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  When President Abraham Lincoln was shot in the back of the head at Ford's Theater in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865, he was immediately rendered unconscious and apneic. Doctor Charles A. Leale, an Army surgeon, who had special training in the care of brain injuries, rushed to Lincoln's assistance. When Doctor Leale probed the wound in Lincoln's thickened scalp, feeling for the bullet, he dislodged a blood clot, and Lincoln began to breathe again. However, Lincoln progressively deteriorated and died at 7:22 AM on April 15, 1865. During the postmortem examination of Lincoln's body, numerous secondary missiles of bone and metal were found in the track of pultaceous brain tissue, extending completely through the brain to the front of the skull. In February 1995, an article in a popular magazine alleged that Doctor Leale had caused further (fatal) damage to Lincoln's brain by thrusting his finger into the brain through the bullet hole. The article alleged (wrongly) that most bullet wounds of the brain incurred in Civil War times were not fatal.
  
  
  METHODS
  The following study demonstrates that it is impossible to introduce even the tip of the little finger through a hole in the skull resulting from a .41-caliber bullet fired from a derringer. In our study, a .41-caliber derringer was used to fire bullets into numerous fresh skulls; the bullet holes all had razor-sharp edges and were much too small to accommodate a fingertip.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thus, the allegation that President Lincoln's brain was damaged further because Doctor Leale thrust his finger through the bullet hole into the brain parenchyma is not valid. In this study, experimental data are presented to demonstrate the foregoing point.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The wound made by John Wilkes Booth's derringer ball in Lincoln's brain was devastating; it was clearly the cause of his death. Good Samaritan surgeon Leale has been falsely accused of contributing to Lincoln's death.
authors.affiliation: College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lattimer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laidlaw
mesh_terms: D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000266:history* / Q000473:pathology; D005197:Famous Persons; D005389:Firearms; D005554:Forensic Medicine; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006708:Homicide / Q000266:history; D006801:Humans; D012886:Skull / Q000293:injuries; D014481:United States; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000266:history* / Q000473:pathology