title: Magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography in long term survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with cranial irradiation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Successful treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has resulted in an increasing number of patients whose disease is cured. This treatment includes cranial irradiation as prophylaxis against central nervous system relapse. The late effects of irradiation are well documented, but their incidence is unknown. The authors investigated the late effects of this treatment modality further by scanning 35 long term survivors of ALL who received cranial irradiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five survivors of ALL with no known complication of treatment were included in this study. They were examined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of the circle of Willis. A control group of 24 patients who were cured of other childhood malignancies without exposure to cranial irradiation also were scanned.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen of 35 (43%) abnormalities were found in the study group versus 4/24 (17%) in the control group. Excluding minor atrophic changes that are known to be produced by irradiation and chemotherapy, there were 9/35 (26%) abnormalities in the study group and 1/24 (4%) in the control group (P < 0.05). These abnormalities included three tumors, a meningioma, a paranasal sinus rhabdomyosarcoma, and an anaplastic astrocytoma. In addition, there were two cases of large vessel vasculopathy, two small cystic infarcts, one diffuse white matter abnormality, and one cryptic vascular malformation. The abnormal control patient had a cerebellar infarct.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complications of cranial irradiation in the treatment of ALL appear to be more frequent than currently are appreciated. That these complications include tumors that are potentially treatable suggests that screening may be valuable for these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, United Bristol Health Care Trust, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Laitt
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Goddard
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wakeley
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Foreman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002941:Circle of Willis / Q000473:pathology*; D016371:Cranial Irradiation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000532:radiotherapy*