title: Pharmacokinetics of verapamil and norverapamil enantiomers after administration of immediate and controlled-release formulations to humans:evidence suggesting input-rate determined stereoselectivity.
abstract: Verapamil is a racemic calcium channel-blocking drug that undergoes extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism to an active metabolite, norverapamil. The enantiomers of verapamil and norverapamil have differing negative inotropic, chronotropic, and dromotropic activities and differing effects on vascular smooth muscles; the S-enantiomers having greater activity. It is hypothesized that the R/S concentration ratio of verapamil enantiomers may be input-rate dependent. The pharmacokinetics of verapamil and norverapamil enantiomers were studied in 11 young, healthy male and female volunteers after oral administration of 80 mg immediate-release (IR) verapamil every 8 hours, and a 240 mg dose once daily of controlled-release (CR) formulation on two separate occasions. Both dosage regimens were continued for 1 week with a minimum 1-week period between the two drug treatments. After the last dose of each regimen, plasma samples were collected over the period corresponding to the dosing interval. Enantiomer concentrations were determined using a microwave-facilitated precolumn derivatization with high performance liquid chromatographic quantification. Stereospecific assay revealed that: (1) stereoselective R- and S-enantiomer disposition occurred regardless of formulation administered; (2) a trend of R:S concentration ratios of verapamil differed between the two formulations; and (3) fluctuations between Cmax and Cmin values of the two formulations were statistically different over respective dosing intervals (greater fluctuation after CR administration). Using nonstereospecific data analyses, however, the pharmacokinetic parameters for verapamil and norverapamil were similar for both formulations over a 24-hour period. We suggest that kinetic differences can be attributed to differences in release rates of drug from the tablet matrices. The relative bioavailabilities of verapamil and norverapamil from the two products may, therefore, be subject to input rate-dependent processes.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Bhatti
authors.forename: R Z
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Lewanczuk
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Pasutto
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D014700:Verapamil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; C016904:norverapamil; D014700:Verapamil