title: The risk of pregnancy after tubal sterilization: findings from the U.S. Collaborative Review of Sterilization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to determine the risk of pregnancy after tubal sterilization for common methods of tubal occlusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multicenter, prospective cohort study was conducted in U.S. medical centers. A total of 10,685 women who underwent tubal sterilization was followed up for 8 to 14 years. The risk of pregnancy was assessed by cumulative life-table probabilities and proportional hazards models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 143 sterilization failures was identified. Cumulative 10-year probabilities of pregnancy were highest after clip sterilization (36.5/1000 procedures) and lowest after unipolar coagulation (7.5/1000) and postpartum partial salpingectomy (7.5/1000). The cumulative risk of pregnancy was highest among women sterilized at a young age with bipolar coagulation (54.3/1000) and clip application (52.1/1000).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although tubal sterilization is highly effective, the risk of sterilization failure is higher than generally reported. The risk persists for years after the procedure and varies by method of tubal occlusion and age.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341-3724, USA.
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Wilcox
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Tylor
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trussell
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D044469:Racial Groups; D013246:Sterilization, Tubal / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*