title: The effect of acute renal failure on mortality. A cohort analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if the high mortality in acute renal failure is explained by underlying illnesses (comorbidity).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort analytic study.
  
  
  METHODS
  An 826-bed general hospital providing primary, secondary, and tertiary care.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 16,248 inpatients undergoing radiocontrast procedures between 1987 and 1989, we identified 183 index subjects who developed contrast media-associated renal failure (defined as an increase in serum creatinine level of at least 25%, to at least 177 micromol/L [2 mg/dL], within 2 days of receiving contrast material) and 174 paired subjects, matched for age and baseline serum creatinine level, who underwent similar contrast procedures without developing renal failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Death during hospitalization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mortality rate in subjects without renal failure was 7%, compared with 34% in the corresponding index subjects with renal failure (odds ratio, 6.5; P<.001). After adjusting for differences in comorbidity, renal failure was associated with an odds ratio of dying of 5.5. Subjects who died after developing renal failure had complicated clinical courses characterized by sepsis, bleeding, delirium, and respiratory failure; most of these complications developed after the onset of renal failure. Deaths from renal causes were rare.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high mortality rate in acute renal failure is not explained by the underlying conditions alone. Renal failure appears to increase the risk of developing severe nonrenal complications that lead to death and should not be regarded as a treatable complication of serious illness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn, USA.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Viscoli
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Horwitz
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003287:Contrast Media; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D003404:Creatinine