title: A mutant cytochrome b5 with a lengthened membrane anchor escapes from the endoplasmic reticulum and reaches the plasma membrane.
abstract: Many resident membrane proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) do not have known retrieval sequences. Among these are the so-called tail-anchored proteins, which are bound to membranes by a hydrophobic tail close to the C terminus and have most of their sequence as a cytosolically exposed N-terminal domain. Because ER tail-anchored proteins generally have short (< or = 17 residues) hydrophobic domains, we tested whether this feature is important for localization, using cytochrome b5 as a model. The hydrophobic domain of cytochrome b5 was lengthened by insertion of five amino acids (ILAAV), and the localization of the mutant was analyzed by immunofluorescence in transiently transfected mammalian cells. While the wild-type cytochrome was localized to the ER, the mutant was relocated to the surface. This relocation was not due to the specific sequence introduced, as demonstrated by the ER localization of a second mutant, in which the original length of the membrane anchor was restored, while maintaining the inserted ILAAV sequence. Experiments with brefeldin A and with cycloheximide demonstrated that the extended anchor mutant reached the plasma membrane by transport along the secretory pathway. We conclude that the short membrane anchor of cytochrome b5 is important for its ER residency, and we discuss the relevance of this finding for other ER tail-anchored proteins.
authors.affiliation: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Center of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pedrazzini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Villa
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Borgese
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D020126:Brefeldin A; D002460:Cell Line; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D003513:Cycloheximide / Q000494:pharmacology; D003517:Cyclopentanes / Q000494:pharmacology; D015786:Cytochromes b5 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D017931:DNA Primers; D004285:Dogs; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D003517:Cyclopentanes; D017931:DNA Primers; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D020126:Brefeldin A; D015786:Cytochromes b5; D003513:Cycloheximide