title: Urine toxicology screens in drivers suspected of driving while impaired from drugs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Police departments, in conjunction with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, have developed a standardized evaluation aimed at identifying drivers impaired by drugs other than ethanol. These evaluations are performed by specially trained police officers known as Drug Recognition Experts.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the evaluations of 242 drivers detained for driving while impaired in the City and County of Denver from January 1, 1988 to June 30, 1990.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All drivers had urine toxicology screens performed, which were positive for a mean 1.2 +/- 0.9 SD (range zero to four) for drugs having the potential for causing driving impairment. The 193/242 urine screens (79.8%) testing positive showed the following drugs: cannabis 162 (66.9%), stimulants (including cocaine metabolites) 80 (33.1%), depressants (benzodiazepines and barbiturates) 24 (9.9%), narcotics 12 (5.0%), inhalants (toluene) 1 (0.4%), hallucinogens (LSD) 1 (0.4%), and other 3 (1.2%). Drug Recognition Experts, based on their initial evaluation, were able to predict correctly some or all of the drugs found on the urine screens in 178/242 (73.6%) of cases. Overall agreement between the Drug Recognition Experts opinions and urine screen results had a kappa value (p < 0.05) of 0.41.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a high rate (79.8%) of positive urine toxicology screens in drivers suspected of nonethanol drug impairment. In most cases, Drug Recognition Experts were able to reliably predict the results of these screens.
authors.affiliation: Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tomaszewski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bingham
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Saltzman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kulig
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000652:urine; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000652:urine; D003042:Cocaine / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D002186:Cannabinoids; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D003042:Cocaine