title: Genetic counseling in a Navajo hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer kindred.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cross-cultural genetic counseling was provided to an extended Navajo Indian family in which the MLH1 gene mutation for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) had been identified. The family had been observed by the authors since 1983 and over the years had been provided with intensive education regarding the natural history of HNPCC as well as recommendations for cancer surveillance and management that was responsive to this natural history.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following identification of the MLH1 mutation, DNA from family members was evaluated by a reference laboratory (OncorMed, Gaithersburg, MD), where sequences were checked in both the forward and reverse directions against the published sequence for MLH1. The 4bp deletion beginning at the first nucleotide of codon 727 was easily visualized in the heterozygous condition in both affected and predispositional individuals. The family was reeducated as a group and then provided further education individually during genetic counseling sessions, at which time they were appraised of potential penalties, such as insurance and employer discrimination, and psychological sequelae that could result from knowledge of the MLH1 mutation. Strict confidentiality of this information was assured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DNA testing was performed on 51 family members. Twenty-three individuals were counseled, seven of whom were positive for MHL1. Reactions ranged from full acceptance of the genetic implications to traditional Navajo reasoning such as the family had been cursed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DNA-based genetic counseling requires comparison and empathy, coupled with intensive preeducation regarding potential penalties and advantages that might emanate from this knowledge. Special care must be given to patients' culture, beliefs, and traditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA.
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Drouhard
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Vasen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cavalieri
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nord
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Smyrk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lanspa
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Whelan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de la Chapelle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001130:Arizona; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003123:Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis / Q000235:genetics*; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D004247:DNA / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D005817:Genetic Counseling; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D010375:Pedigree; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D004247:DNA