title: CYFRA 21-1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Evaluation as a tumor marker in non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The CYFRA 21-1, a newly developed sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), was used to measure soluble cytokeratin 19 fragment in serum that is expressed in simple epithelium and its malignant counterpart. The present study was designed to investigate whether CYFRA 21-1 is a sensitive and specific tumor marker for non-small cell lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  CYFRA 21-1 assay, using two specific monoclonal antibodies (KS 19.1 and BM 19.21) for cytokeratin 19, was measured in 312 serum samples, including 164 lung cancer, 118 benign pulmonary disease, and 30 healthy individuals. The sensitivity of CYFRA 21-1 was also compared with two other markers, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC), in 164 patients with lung cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median value of healthy individuals was 1.3 ng/mL (95th percentile 1.8). In patients with benign pulmonary diseases, the median was 1.5 ng/mL (95th percentile 2.9). There is no significant difference between sexes, smoking habit, and the subgroups of benign pulmonary disease, such as tuberculosis, pneumonia, or COPD. Using the cutoff value of 3.3 ng/mL, defined at 95% specificity for benign lung disease, the sensitivities of CYFRA 21-1 for squamous cell carcinoma (n=74), adenocarcinoma (n=54), undifferentiated large cell carcinoma (n=11), and small cell lung cancer (n=25) were 62%, 39%, 36%, and 20%, respectively. Despite the cell types, the sensitivities of CYFRA 21-1 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC, n=169) were 51% (CEA 42%, SCC 20%). The sensitivity of CEA was significantly higher in patients with adenocarcinoma (58%) than other markers; while in patients with squamous cell carcinoma, CYFRA 21-1 assay has the highest sensitivity. The median level of CYFRA 21-1 in squamous cell carcinoma is significantly higher than that of other cell types (Mann-Whitney test, p<0.001). The serum level and sensitivity of CYFRA 21-1 were well correlated with staging and tumor size in squamous cell carcinoma. The CYFRA 21-1 values were measured for monitoring progression of disease in 20 patients with squamous cell carcinoma. There is significant difference in paired observation of CYFRA 21-1 level in patients with progressive disease (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, p<0.05), but no difference was observed in patients with stabilized disease (p>0.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For patients with NSCLC, especially in squamous cell carcinoma, CYFRA 21-1 is not only a sensitive and specific tumor marker, but also may be a useful adjunctive marker for disease monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Division of Chest Medicine, Veteran General Hospital-Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Ger
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000097:blood; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000097:blood; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen / Q000097:blood; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000097:blood*; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000097:blood; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000097:blood; D018450:Disease Progression; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004848:Epithelium / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007633:Keratins / Q000097:blood*; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000097:blood; D008173:Lung Diseases, Obstructive / Q000097:blood; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000097:blood; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000097:blood; D015843:Serpins / Q000097:blood; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors; D015843:Serpins; C051072:squamous cell carcinoma-related antigen; D007633:Keratins