title: Gender comparisons of cognitive performances among vascular dementia, Alzheimer disease, and older adults without dementia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We hypothesized that women with Alzheimer disease (AD) would perform worse on a test of semantic memory but not on tests of other cognitive domains. We did not expect that women without dementia would perform more poorly than men without dementia on the same task.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore the specificity of a semantic memory deficit among women with AD by exploring gender differences among a group of subjects with vascular dementia (VD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study in which differences between men and women were explored using regression models to control for the potentially confounding effects of age, education, duration of dementia, and severity of dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Alzheimer's Disease Research Center Consortium of Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California.
  
  
  METHODS
  Volunteers, recruited from the community or clinic referrals, who met clinical criteria for AD (n = 159) or VD (n = 117) or met criteria for control status without dementia (n = 134).
  
  
  METHODS
  Five neuropsychological measures, commonly used in the diagnosis and assessment of dementia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women with VD scored lower than men with VD on 3 tests. However, when controlling for potential confounds, the gender difference was maintained only for the semantic memory task. Women with AD showed a strong trend to perform worse than men with AD on the test of semantic memory only. No gender differences were found among subjects without dementia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings support the existence of a semantic memory deficit for women with AD and suggest that a similar deficit may exist among women with VD.
authors.affiliation: Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Los Angeles, USA. buckwalt@mizar.usc.edu
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Buckwalter
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McCleary
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shankle
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dick
authors.forename: V W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Henderson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D003071:Cognition; D015140:Dementia, Vascular / Q000523:psychology*; D004493:Education; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed