title: Involvement of glutamate receptors in strychnine- and bicuculline-induced allodynia in conscious mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are inhibitory neurotransmitters that appear to be important in sensory processing in the spinal dorsal horn. Intrathecal administration of strychnine (strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor antagonist) or bicuculline (GABAA antagonist) was reported to induce allodynia. Although the strychnine-induced allodynia was shown to be mediated through the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptor, it is not clear whether the bicuculline-evoked-allodynia is mediated through the glutamate receptor system or how different the allodynia induced by strychnine and bicuculline are.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male ddY mice weighing 20 +/- 2 g were used in this study. A 27-G stainless-steel needle attached to a microsyringe was inserted between the L5 and L6 vertebrae by a slight modification of the method of Hylden and Wilcox. Drugs in vehicle were injected slowly into the subarachnoid space to conscious mice at 22 +/- 2 degrees C. The volume of the intrathecal injection was 5 microliters. Studies on allodynia were carried out essentially according to the method of Yaksh and Harty.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intrathecal administration of strychnine or bicuculline in conscious mice resulted in allodynia elicited by nonnoxious brushing of the flanks. The maximum allodynia induced by strychnine was observed 5 min after intrathecal injection, but that induced by bicuculline was observed 10 min after intrathecal injection. Both responses gradually decreased over the experimental period of 50 min. The allodynia induced by strychnine was dose-dependently relieved by NMDA receptor antagonists (D-AP5, ketamine, and 7-C1-KYNA) and non-NMDA receptor antagonists (GAMS and CNQX) but not by metabotropic receptor antagonists (L-AP3 and L-AP4). On the other hand, allodynia induced by bicuculline was dose-dependently relieved by GAMS, L-AP3, and L-AP4, but not by D-AP5, ketamine, 7-C1-KYNA, and CNQX. Whereas the strychnine-evoked allodynia was dose-dependently relieved by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor methylene blue, the bicuculline-induced one was dose-dependently relieved by methylene blue but not by L-NAME.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that both strychnine- and bicuculline-evoked allodynia were mediated through pathways that include the glutamate receptor and nitric oxide systems but in a different manner. the current study suggests that GABA and glycine may modulate responses to an innocuous tactile stimulus as inhibitory neurotransmitters at presynaptic and postsynaptic sites in the spinal cord, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Onaka
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Minami
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nishihara
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ito
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001640:Bicuculline / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018756:GABA Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018684:Glycine Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced*; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate / Q000502:physiology*; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D013331:Strychnine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018756:GABA Antagonists; D018684:Glycine Agents; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D013331:Strychnine; D001640:Bicuculline