title: Technology advancements in hearing protection circa 1995: active noise reduction, frequency/amplitude-sensitivity, and uniform attenuation.
abstract: Conventional hearing protection devices represent a mature technology that has been widely used since the late 1950s. When worn consistently and correctly such devices can provide suitable hearing protection in many, if not most noise-hazardous or aurally annoying situations. However, such devices have often been implicated in compromised auditory perception, degraded signal detection, and reduced speech communication abilities. In some instances this can create hazards for the wearer, or at the very least, resistance to use by those in need of hearing protection. Recent technological developments have been used to augment hearing protectors in an attempt to alleviate these problems for the user while providing adequate attenuation. Operational characteristics, design alternatives, performance data, and applications for active noise reduction, active sound transmission, frequency selectively, adjustable attenuation, amplitude sensitivity, and uniform attenuation features in hearing protectors are discussed, and recommendations are provided.
authors.affiliation: Auditory Systems Laboratory, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061-0118, USA.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Casali
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Berger
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology; D003142:Communication; D004430:Ear Protective Devices / Q000639:trends; D004581:Electronics; D004867:Equipment Design; D009623:Noise, Occupational