title: Sex differences in neuroanatomical and clinical correlations in schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate sex differences in relationships between brain and behavior in schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and whole brain volumes were obtained from magnetic resonance images of 91 patients with schizophrenia (54 men and 37 women) and 114 healthy comparison subjects (62 men and 52 women). Four independent symptom scales, based on the following symptom clusters, were derived from clinical data: negative, disorganization, Schneiderian hallucinations-delusions, and suspicion-hostility. Regression analyses incorporating the four clinical scales and neuroanatomical volumes were performed to investigate possible interactions between brain region and sex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant interactive effects of sex and frontal lobe volume were found in regression analyses of the disorganization and suspicion-hostility symptom scales. In men, higher frontal lobe volume was associated with milder severity of disorganization but was not correlated with severity of suspicion-hostility. In women, higher frontal lobe volume was associated with more severe disorganization as well as more severe suspicion-hostility. No associations were found between brain volume and severity of negative or Schneiderian symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences between male and female patients were observed in the relationships between frontal lobe volume and two of the four clinical dimensions examined. These findings suggest that aspects of the neuropathological basis for some symptoms of schizophrenia may be sexually dimorphic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Cowell
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kostianovsky
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Gur
authors.forename: B I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Turetsky
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gur
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000033:anatomy & histology