title: MR of Toxoplasma encephalitis: signal characteristics on T2-weighted images and pathologic correlation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to determine if there are any T2-weighted MR signal characteristics of Toxoplasma encephalitis that might be useful in diagnosis and/or in gauging the effectiveness of medical therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed the MR, CT, thallium-201 SPECT brain scans, and medical records of 27 patients with medically proven (26) and biopsy proven (1) Toxoplasma encephalitis, supplemented by autopsy findings in 4 additional patients, 2 of whom had postmortem MR correlation. The neuropathologic literature was also reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 27 patients, we discovered three distinct imaging patterns. Ten (37%) patients had predominantly T2-weighted hyperintense lesions and had been on medical therapy an average of 3 days (excluding one outlier). Ten (37%) patients had T2-weighted isointense lesions and had received medical therapy an average of 61 days. Seven (26%) patients had lesions with mixed signal on T2-weighted images and had been on treatment an average of 6 days. Analysis of autopsy material from the four additional patients revealed the presence of organizing abscesses in three and necrotizing encephalitis in one, while the patient who had a brain biopsy demonstrated both types of pathologic lesions. In both cases having postmortem MRI, organizing abscesses appeared isointense to hypointense on T2-weighted images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a definite variation in the appearance of lesions of Toxoplasma encephalitis on T2-weighted images that precludes a definitive diagnosis based on signal characteristics alone. Pathologically, our data suggest that T2-weighted hyperintensity correlates with necrotizing encephalitis and T2-weighted isointensity with organizing abscesses. Furthermore, in patients on medical therapy the T2-weighted MR appearance may be a transition from hyperintensity to isointensity as a function of a positive response to antibiotic treatment, indicating that the signal change might be used to gauge the effectiveness of medical therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL 33136, USA.
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Brightbill
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Post
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Hensley
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruiz
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016781:Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology