title: Molecular genetic tumor markers in the early diagnosis and screening of non-small-cell lung cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little progress has been made in decreasing lung cancer mortality by applying conventional methods to early diagnosis and screening. Recent advances in molecular oncology, however, have provided tools which may be of use in this area. Many genes involved in controlling cell growth and differentiation are abnormal in lung cancer cells. Such genes include K-ras, p53, rb, myc, her2/neu, and probably one or more tumor suppressor genes on chromosome 3p. The involvement of these genes in lung cancer is reviewed. The K-ras oncogene contains a mutation in codon 12 in many cases of non-small-cell lung cancer, particularly adenocarcinoma, and is thus a potentially useful lung cancer tumor marker. DESIGN; We have developed a highly sensitive, simple assay for ras mutations, and applied it to bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from patients undergoing evaluation for suspected lung cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In many cases, the ras assay was more sensitive than routine cytology and histopathology, demonstrating that this is a potentially clinically useful assay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Molecular genetic tumor markers, including mutations in ras and other genes, and/or immunohistochemical tumor markers, may provide tools which can be applied to bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or sputum, for use in diagnostic tests and in screening programs. The use of such markers may lead to decreased lung cancer mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Kaplan Cancer Center, New York University Medical Center, New York, USA.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Fishman
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Mills
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D016158:Genes, p53; D011905:Genes, ras; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor