title: Concurrent spinal infusion of MK801 blocks spinal tolerance and dependence induced by chronic intrathecal morphine in the rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  MK801, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, has recently been reported to attenuate tolerance to, and withdrawal from morphine. This study analyzes tolerance and withdrawal in a chronic intrathecal coinfusion model of morphine and MK801.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intrathecal catheters, attached to 7-day miniosmotic infusion pumps, were implanted in rats and infused with saline, 20 nM/h morphine, MK801 (10 and 3 nM/h) + morphine; and 10 nM/h MK801. Analgesia was measured on the hot plate daily. On the day 7, groups received 3 mg/kg intraperitoneal naloxone and six signs of withdrawal were assessed: vocalization to air motion or light touch, abnormal posture, spontaneous vocalization, escape attempts, "wet dog shakes," and ejaculation. Similar groups were tested only on days 1 and 7. Intrathecal morphine dose-response curves were obtained on day 8. A separate morphine-tolerant group received 10 nM MK801 on day 7. Rats from each group received 10 nM intrathecal morphine 1 week later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coinfusion of MK801 with morphine resulted in a dose-dependent preservation of effect, and attenuated three of six signs of withdrawal. Coinfusion of MK801 (10 and 3 nM/h) prevented the reduction of potency observed with morphine alone. ED50 values (maximum percent effect, nM morphine) were: saline (16), morphine (496), MK801 (10 nM/h) + morphine (4), and 10 nM/h MK801 (0.3). Acute administration of MK801 was ineffective in restoring sensitivity to morphine. One week after cessation of infusion, there was no significant difference between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic spinal MK801 attenuates tolerance to, and withdrawal from spinal morphine in a dose-dependent fashion, supporting the hypothesis that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activity plays a role in the reorganization of spinal function produced by chronic opioid receptor activation. Chronic intrathecal MK801 appears to sensitize the spinal cord to intrathecal morphine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92103, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dunbar
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Yaksh
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009021:Morphine Dependence / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; D009020:Morphine