title: Biodistribution of the nitroimidazole EF5 (2-[2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl]-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl) acetamide) in mice bearing subcutaneous EMT6 tumors.
abstract: The characteristic reduction and binding of nitroimidazoles to cellular macromolecules in the absence of oxygen allows their use for detection and characterization of hypoxia. The biodistribution of a new nitroimidazole, EF5 (2-[2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl]-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl) acetamide), in mice bearing EMT6 tumors is described. Detection methods based on radioactivity and monoclonal antibody techniques are compared for liver and tumor. All nonexcretory tissues demonstrated similar levels of radioactivity at 0.5 hr postinjection of drug, demonstrating equivalent access of EF5 to all tissues. At 24 hr, when unbound drug has been cleared, the tissues with the highest binding are the liver, esophagus, bladder and tumor. Typically, liver tissue contains the highest level of radioactivity at this time. Examination of tumor and liver tissue by use of fluorescence microscopy and Cy3-bound monoclonal antibodies specific for EF5 adducts showed that the patterns of binding in tumor are considerably more heterogeneous than those of liver. Histograms of fluorescence intensity, with use of these antibodies, demonstrate average and maximal binding higher in tumors than in the liver. This divergence from the radioactivity data was determined to be unrelated to sampling error, differential antibody access or staining efficiency of liver vs. tumor tissue. A possible cause is the scavenging of radioactive drug metabolites by liver. The data presented herein suggest that EF5 is useful as a hypoxia detector and that monoclonal antibody detection methods can give detailed information on the distribution of EF5 binding. This technology may allow an accurate estimation of the oxygenation and/or nitroreductase levels in both tumor and normal tissues.
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, Department of Radiation Oncology, Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Laughlin
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tracy
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Lord
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Koch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D017341:Etanidazole / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000175:diagnosis; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D005466:Fluorocarbons
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D017341:Etanidazole; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; D010100:Oxygen; C096011:2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl)acetamide; D005466:Fluorocarbons