title: Management of intracranial hemorrhage associated with anticoagulant therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intracranial hemorrhage may be a particularly devastating complication of anticoagulant therapy. Very few accounts have reported data on the duration of anticoagulant discontinuation following intracranial hemorrhage or the intensity of anticoagulation during treatment for it, although we must adequately manage such a complication.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the management of warfarin-related intracranial hemorrhages in 27 patients with cardiac diseases. We evaluated the degree of anticoagulation using the thrombotest. Anticoagulants were stopped as soon as the diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhage was established by computed tomographic scan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mechanical valve prosthesis patients, who required intensive long-term anticoagulant therapy, constituted the majority of our series (74.1%). Intraoperative hemostasis was brought under control despite low thrombotest values (13%-68%) at the time of surgery except for the acute subdural hematoma (SDH) patients with cerebral contusion. Early resumption of anticoagulant therapy (within 3 days) did not cause intracranial rebleeding in any operative patient. All the chronic SDH patients and some of the subcortical hematoma patients had a good outcome. All three patients with acute SDH and contusion, however, had a fatal outcome because of intracranial rebleeding within a short period of time or ineffective intraoperative hemostasis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The patients with anticoagulant-related intracranial hemorrhage may undergo surgery with thrombotest values approximately between 20% and 60%, and anticoagulants can be resumed after an interval of 3 days. Aggressive surgery should particularly be performed in patients with anticoagulation-related chronic SDH or subcortical hemorrhage, as in the cases of anticoagulant-unrelated intracranial hemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical College, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawamata
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takeshita
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Izawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kagawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takakura
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000009:adverse effects; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000009:adverse effects; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D014859:Warfarin; D013988:Ticlopidine; D001241:Aspirin