title: Role of c-jun in human myeloid leukemia cell apoptosis induced by pharmacological inhibitors of protein kinase C.
abstract: Recent study results suggest that protein kinase C [PKC (EC 3.1.4.3)] -dependent up-regulation of c-jun may be involved in leukemic cell programmed cell death, or apoptosis, occurring in response to various chemotherapeutic agents. The current study was undertaken to further evaluate the contribution of c-jun in apoptosis with the use of two highly specific pharmacological inhibitors of PKC (calphostin C and chelerythrine). To address this issue, two human leukemic cell lines, HL-60 and U937, and a U937 subline stably expressing a dominant negative c-jun mutant (TAM67) were exposed to calphostin C and chelerythrine, and c-jun expression was monitored at both the mRNA and protein levels. Both PKC inhibitors induced the classic morphological features of apoptosis as well as internucleosomal DNA degradation in a concentration- and schedule-dependent manner. Concomitant with these changes, unequivocal increases were observed in c-jun mRNA (U937 and HL-60) and protein (U937). In contrast, up-regulation of c-jun mRNA and protein in TAM67-expressing cells exposed to both PKC inhibitors was markedly attenuated relative to effects observed in parental U937 cells. Importantly, despite impaired up-regulation of c-jun at both the message and protein levels, TAM67-expressing cells were equally susceptible to PKC inhibitor-induced apoptosis as parental and empty vector U937 cells. Collectively, these findings raise the possibility that c-jun up-regulation in human myeloid leukemia cells undergoing PKC inhibitor-associated apoptosis represents a response to, rather than a cause of, apoptotic events. They further suggest that this phenomenon involves pathways that do not require PKC activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond 23298, USA.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Freemerman
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Birrer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Szabo
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Valerie
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053119:Benzophenanthridines; D004249:DNA Damage; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D016758:Genes, jun; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010617:Phenanthridines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun / Q000502:physiology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D053119:Benzophenanthridines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009281:Naphthalenes; D010617:Phenanthridines; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C016299:chelerythrine; D011493:Protein Kinase C; C058819:calphostin C