title: Microbial translocation in neonates and infants receiving long-term parenteral nutrition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore whether episodes of endogenous septicemias due to microbial translocation are clinically relevant in neonates and infants who are receiving long-term parenteral nutrition (PN).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational cohort study of 2 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neonates and infants who underwent surgical procedures and required PN because of gastrointestinal abnormalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surveillance cultures of the oropharynx and gut were obtained at the first of PN and thereafter twice each week. These cultures were processed for all microorganisms, except for coagulase-negative staphylococci, in a semiquantitative manner to detect overgrowth. A blood sample was taken for culture from both the central venous line and peripheral vein on clinical indication only. Microbial translocation was diagnosed when the microorganisms that were isolated from the blood sample were also carried in the throat and/or rectum within the 2 weeks preceding the episode of septicemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 94 infants, 10 (11%) experienced 24 episodes of septicemia (ie, 7.3 septicemic episodes per 1000 days of PN). Six infants experienced 15 episodes of microbial translocation due to enteric microorganisms, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Candida species, and enterococci. Microbial translocation occurred after a median of 58 days of PN (range, 32 to 286 days). The enteric organisms that caused septicemia were always present in the throat and/or rectum and in high concentrations ( > 10(5) colony-forming units per gram [ie, overgrowth]) in 60% of the translocation episodes. All but one episode occurred in infants with an abnormal serum bilirubin level ( > 17 mumol/L [0.99 mg/dl]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In neonates and infants who are receiving PN, septicemia may be a gut-related phenomenon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Institute of Child Health, London, England.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pierro
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: van Saene
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Donnell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ewan
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Nunn
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lloyd
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000209:etiology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018988:Bacterial Translocation; D002175:Candida / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000295:instrumentation; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000295:instrumentation; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D016469:Fungemia / Q000209:etiology; D006554:Hernia, Umbilical / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D006932:Hyperbilirubinemia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007415:Intestinal Obstruction / Q000151:congenital / Q000601:surgery; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology; D007709:Klebsiella / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000382:microbiology; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012007:Rectum / Q000382:microbiology; D013997:Time Factors