title: Relationships between ATP depletion, membrane potential, and the release of neurotransmitters in rat nerve terminals. An in vitro study under conditions that mimic anoxia, hypoglycemia, and ischemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is known that the extracellular accumulation of glutamate during anoxia/ischemia is responsible for initiating neuronal injury. However, little information is available on the release of monoamines and whether the mechanism of its release resembles that of glutamate, which may itself influence the release of monoamines by activating presynaptic receptors. This study was designed to characterize the release of both amino acids and monoamines under chemical conditions that mimic anoxia, hypoglycemia, and ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The contents of synaptosomes in adenine nucleotides (ATP, ADP, and AMP), amino acids (aspartate, glutamate, taurine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid), and monoamines (dopamine, noradrenaline, and 5-hydroxytryptamine) were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, after the synaptosomes were subjected to anoxia (KCN + oligomycin), hypoglycemia (2 mmol/L 2-deoxyglucose in glucose-free medium), and ischemia (anoxia plus hypoglycemia).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The anoxia- and ischemia-induced release or noradrenaline, dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and glutamate correlated well with ATP depletion. The correlation observed between glutamate levels and the release of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in ischemic conditions suggests a functional linkage between the two transmitter systems. However, the antagonists of presynaptic glutamate receptors failed to alter the amount of monoamines released. The inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase by ouabain had an effect similar to that produced by ischemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The decrease in Na+ and K+ gradients resulting from the energy depletion of the synaptosomes under ischemic conditions or resulting from the inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase by ouabain promotes the reversal of the neurotransmitter transporters. The decrease in uptake of neurotransmitters may also contribute to the rise in the extracellular concentration of different transmitters observed during brain ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Neurociências de Coimbra, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Carvalho
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D002545:Brain Ischemia; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000378:metabolism; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D007003:Hypoglycemia; D002534:Hypoxia, Brain; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D010042:Ouabain / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013574:Synaptosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D002395:Catecholamines; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate; D010042:Ouabain; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D002118:Calcium