title: Five-year followup of a prospective trial of radical cystectomy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy: Nordic Cystectomy Trial I. The Nordic Cooperative Bladder Cancer Study Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chemotherapy is widely used in patients with locally advanced bladder cancer but until now there has been no conclusive evidence that this therapy improves survival. The Nordic Cooperative Bladder Cancer Study Group conducted a randomized phase III study to assess the possible benefit of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with bladder cancer undergoing radical cystectomy after short-term radiotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our trial included 325 patients with locally advanced stage T1 grade 3 or stages T2 to T4aNXM0 bladder cancer allocated randomly into a chemotherapy or no chemotherapy group (control). The chemotherapy schedule consisted of 2 cycles of 70 mg./m.2 cisplatin and 30 mg./m.2 doxorubicin with a 3-week interval between the cycles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 5 years the overall survival rate was 59% in the chemotherapy group and 51% in the control group (p = 0.1). The corresponding cancer specific survival rate was 64 and 54%, respectively. In regard to treatment, no difference was observed for stages T1 and T2 disease, while there was a 15% difference in overall survival for patients with stages T3 to T4a disease (p = 0.03). In a multivariate analysis only chemotherapy and T category emerged as independent prognostic factors. The relative death risk for patients who received chemotherapy was 0.69 (95% confidence interval 0.49 to 0.98) compared to the control group after adjustment for the other tested factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neoadjuvant chemotherapy seems to improve long-term survival after cystectomy in patients with stages T3 to T4a bladder carcinoma, while no survival benefit was found for stages T1 to T2 disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: P U
authors.initials: PU
authors.lastname: Malmström
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rintala
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wahlqvist
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hellström
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hellsten
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hannisdal
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015653:Cystectomy; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D004317:Doxorubicin; D002945:Cisplatin