title: Phase I trial of ZD1694, a new folate-based thymidylate synthase inhibitor, in patients with solid tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To perform a phase I clinical and pharmacologic study of ZD1694 (Tomudex, Alderley Park, United Kingdom), a new folate-based thymidylate synthase (TS) inhibitor, in patients with advanced malignancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  From February 1991 to January 1993, 61 patients with a range of solid tumor received 161 courses of ZD1694 given as a single 15-minute intravenous infusion every 3 weeks, at escalating doses from 0.1 to 3.5 mg/m2. Pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis was performed with the first two courses of treatment. There were 33 men and 28 women with a median age of 53 years (range, 21 to 73). Fifty-five patients (90%) had previously received chemotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reversible liver toxicity and dose-related gastrointestinal (GI) and bone marrow toxicity occurred at > or = 1.6 mg/m2. Liver function usually returned to normal with repeated treatment, but GI and bone marrow toxicities generally became more severe. No renal toxicity was observed. The maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) was 3.5 mg/m2, at which, in addition to antiproliferative toxicities, four of six patients (67%) developed severe malaise that consisted of anorexia, nausea, and asthenia, with rapidly decreasing performance status that limited re-treatment. Abnormal liver function was also seen in four patients (67%). At 3.0 mg/m2, grades III and IV diarrhea were seen in six of 23 patients (26%) and grade IV myelosuppression in two others. Liver toxicity was self-limiting and not associated with severe malaise. Two patients had a partial response to treatment. PK analysis showed that plasma elimination was triexponential, with pronounced variability in the mean terminal half-life (t1/2gamma) for a given dose ranging from 8.2 to 105 hours. There was a linear relationship between dose and both the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and maximum concentration (Cmax), but no clear association between these parameters and response or toxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dose of ZD1694 recommended for phase II trials is 3.0 mg/m2.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hanwell
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Planting
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verweij
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Jackman
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Harrap
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Kennealey
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Judson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D011799:Quinazolines; D013876:Thiophenes; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase; C068874:raltitrexed