title: Hyperfractionated conformal radiotherapy in locally advanced prostate cancer: results of a dose escalation study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was initiated to assess the incidence of chronic complications and histologic and biochemical control following hyperfractionated conformal radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between October 1991 and October 1994, 49 patients with locally advanced prostate cancer were entered on the first two dose levels of a prospective dose-escalation study using hyperfractionated three dimensional conformal radiotherapy. The first 25 patients received a minimum tumor dose of 78 Gy to the prostate and seminal vesicles in 6 weeks at 1.3 Gy, b.i.d. No increase in chronic toxicity compared with conventional radiotherapy was noted; therefore, an additional 24 patients were treated to a minimum tumor dose of 82.8 Gy to the prostate and seminal vesicles in 7 weeks at 1.15 Gy, b.i.d. Toxicity was scored according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group morbidity grading scale. Efficacy was assessed through scheduled postradiation prostate specific antigen values and ultrasound-guided biopsies. The median follow-up for the entire group was 20 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hyperfractionated external radiation was well tolerated with minimal acute morbidity. At 30 months, the actuarial probability of Grade 2 gastrointestinal toxicity was 17%. At 30 months, the actuarial probability of Grade 2 genitourinary toxicity was 16%. There was no statistically significant difference between the two dose levels. No Grade 3 or 4 gastrointestinal or genitourinary toxicity was noted. At 12 months, 84% of patients had a prostate specific antigen < or = 4; and 53% < or = 1 ng/ml. At 12 months, 71% of patients had post radiation biopsies that were either negative (55% or showed a marked therapeutic effect (16%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of hyperfractionated conformal radiotherapy facilitated dose escalation with no increase in chronic toxicity compared to standard doses. The initial tumor response based on prostate specific antigen measurements and postradiation biopsies is highly encouraging. Based on these results, an increase in dose to 87.4 Gy has been planned according to the schema of this ongoing dose escalation study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.jeff@rocdec.roc.wayne.edu
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Forman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duclos
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shamsa
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Orton
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011881:Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D000135:Acid Phosphatase; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen