title: Vegetable, fruit, and cereal fiber intake and risk of coronary heart disease among men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine prospectively the relationship between dietary fiber and risk of coronary heart disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 1986, a total of 43,757 US male health professionals 40 to 75 years of age and free from diagnosed cardiovascular disease and diabetes completed a detailed 131-item dietary questionnaire used to measure usual intake of total dietary fiber and specific food sources of fiber.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 6 years of follow-up, we documented 734 cases of MI (229 were fatal coronary heart disease). The age-adjusted relative risk (RR) for total MI was 0.59 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.46 to 0.76) among men in the highest quintile of total dietary fiber intake (median, 28.9 g/d) compared with men in the lowest quartile (median, 12.4 g/d). The inverse association was strongest for fatal coronary disease (RR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.72). After controlling for smoking, physical activity and other known nondietary cardiovascular risk factors, dietary saturated fat, vitamin E, total energy intake, and alcohol intake, the RRs were only modestly attenuated. A 10-g increase in total dietary fiber corresponded to an RR for total MI of 0.81 (95% CI, 0.70 to 0.93). Within the three main food contributors to total fiber intake (vegetable, fruit, and cereal), cereal fiber was most strongly associated with a reduced risk of total MI (RR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.55 to 0.91 for each 10-g increase in cereal fiber per day).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest an inverse association between fiber intake and MI. These results support current national dietary guidelines to increase dietary fiber intake and suggest that fiber, independent of fat intake, is an important dietary component for the prevention of coronary disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Mass. 02115, USA.
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Rimm
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ascherio
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giovannucci
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spiegelman
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stampfer
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004032:Diet; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002523:Edible Grain; D002149:Energy Intake; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014675:Vegetables