title: Citicoline improves verbal memory in aging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the verbal memory of older volunteers given citicoline.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group design was employed in the initial study. After data analysis, a subgroup was identified whose members had relatively inefficient memories. These subjects were recruited for a second study that used a crossover design. The subjects took either placebo or citicoline, 1000 mg/d, for 3 months in the initial study. In the crossover study, subjects took both placebo and citicoline, 2000 mg/d, each for 2 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were 47 female and 48 male volunteers 50 to 85 years old. They were screened for dementia, memory disorders, and other neurological problems. Of the subjects with relatively inefficient memories, 32 participated in the crossover study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Verbal memory was tested at each study visit using a logical memory passage. Plasma choline concentrations were measured at baseline; at days 30, 60, and 90 in the initial study; and at day 60 of each treatment condition in the crossover study. Plasma choline concentrations and memory scores were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance and covariance, followed by planned comparisons when appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the initial study, citicoline therapy improved delayed recall on logical memory only for the subjects with relatively inefficient memories. In the crossover study, the higher dosage of citicoline was clearly associated with improved immediate and delayed logical memory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Citicoline therapy improved verbal memory functioning in older individuals with relatively inefficient memories. Citicoline may prove effective in treating age-related cognitive decline that may be the precursor of dementia.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Spiers
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Hochanadel
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Lieberman
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wurtman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002794:Choline / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003566:Cytidine Diphosphate Choline / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010919:Placebos; D013060:Speech
chemical_list: D018697:Nootropic Agents; D010919:Placebos; D003566:Cytidine Diphosphate Choline; D002794:Choline