title: Face-straight-down and face-near-straight-down positions in healthy, prone-sleeping infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency and physiologic consequences of the face-straight-down (FSD) position, a postulated mechanism for the sudden infant death syndrome in prone-sleeping infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey of 151 infants, aged 1 to 7 months, in Montreal showed that 33% slept prone. Ten healthy prone-sleeping infants were studied in their homes at age 10 to 22 weeks. Infrared video and cardiorespiratory recordings were made on 3 consecutive nights in the prone (nights 1 and 3) and lateral (night 2) positions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infants maintained the prone position during 17 of 19 studies, but only 4 of 9 infants maintained the lateral position. The FSD position was observed 27 times in 17 prone nights: median frequency, 0.6 times per night (interquartile range, 0 to 4), and median total duration, 3.3 minutes (0.8% of total sleep time). A related position, the face-near-straight-down (FNSD) position, occurred more often, 5.3 (1 to 10) time per prone night, for 22.4 minutes (5.8% of total sleep time). Most periods in the FSD and FNSD position had no physiologic consequences; however, 14% of FSD and 3% of FNSD episodes were associated with airway obstruction as indicated by snoring, paradoxical respiratory movements, apnea, and/or increased partial pressure of transcutaneous carbon dioxide. Spontaneous arousal and head turning terminated the FSD and FNSD episodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FSD and FNSD positions occur commonly in healthy prone-sleeping infants, and these positions can cause airway obstruction. We speculate that those infants with sudden infant death syndrome found in the FSD or FNSD position either have a congenital or an acquired defect in the arousal-head turning response or have encountered insurmountable environmental factors that prevent effective head turning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jean
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morielli
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Brouillette
mesh_terms: D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000209:etiology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D016684:Prone Position / Q000502:physiology*; D012119:Respiration / Q000502:physiology; D012890:Sleep; D013398:Sudden Infant Death / Q000209:etiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires