title: Successful use of pentoxifylline in male-factor infertility and previous failure of in vitro fertilization: a prospective randomized study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to determine whether the use of pentoxifylline (PF) would improve the in vitro fertilization (IVF) rate and outcome in couples with male factor infertility and previous failure of fertilization in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective randomized controlled study was conducted in an assisted conception unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-nine couples with previous failed fertilization in vitro attributable to male factor or male-factor infertility without previous IVF were recruited for the study. Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation was performed using a combination of gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist and human menopausal gonadotropin. Oocytes of the same grade and maturity were inseminated with spermatozoa treated with PF or control spermatozoa. A maximum of three embryos was replaced after 48 hr and all other embryos were cryopreserved. Pregnancy outcome was followed up and evidence of fetal or neonatal anomalies reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significantly higher fertilization rate occurred in the group where oocytes were inseminated with spermatozoa treated with PF compared with controls (56.3 versus 30.7%; P < 0.05). Fertilization occurred in 45 of the 49 cycles (92%). In seven cycles, only the oocytes that were inseminated with spermatozoa treated with PF fertilized, in contrast to only one cycle where the oocytes inseminated with control sperm fertilized (P < 0.05). Fifty-seven PF and 31 control embryos were replaced and 11 clinical pregnancies occurred. Three of the pregnancies occurred in the seven cycles in which only PF embryos were replaced, one in the single cycle where control embryos were replaced and seven from the 37 cycles in which both PF and control embryos were replaced. There was no evidence of congenital malformations in any of the offsprings resulting from this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that PF improves the fertilization rate and outcome in couples with male factor infertility and poor fertilization rates. This study does not suggest any increase in teratogenicity or evidence of congenital malformations in pregnancies following IVF cycles where PF was used.
authors.affiliation: Bourn Hall Clinic, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rizk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fountain
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Avery
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blayney
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Macnamee
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brinsden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization / Q000187:drug effects*; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male; D008297:Male; D010431:Pentoxifylline / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D010431:Pentoxifylline