title: Tobacco use habits of naval personnel during Desert Storm.
abstract: This study examined availability and usage of tobacco products, and their potential impact on the oral health of naval personnel deployed to Desert Storm. Of 4,200 surveys mailed to a randomly selected sample, 45.6% were returned (N = 1,915). The respondents included 55.9% who reported a present or former smoking habit, 34.1% who identified themselves as current smokers (SM), and 23.8% who were smokeless tobacco (ST) users. Tobacco products were easily and inexpensively accessible through ship stores, exchange, or military support organizations (USO). While in the Persian Gulf, 7.0% started SM and 9.3% started ST, resulting in an overall 4.7 and 6.1% increase in SM and ST, respectively. Of those who were already tobacco users, 29.2% reported more SM use and 19.0% used ST more often. Stress (35.1%) and boredom (21.4%) were the most frequently cited reasons to start or increase use. Although 30.5% of respondents reported military personnel have encouraged them to quit, 77.2% reported that anti-smoking efforts have been unsuccessful in influencing them to quit. Since the tobacco usage rate is higher in the military than in the civilian sector, greater emphasis on preventive efforts in warranted to promote health and wellness.
authors.affiliation: University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontics 64108, USA.
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Forgas
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008877:Middle East; D008889:Military Personnel; D009326:Naval Medicine; D010947:Plants, Toxic; D011897:Random Allocation; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless; D014481:United States / Q000208:ethnology; D014857:Warfare