title: Vascular applications of telepresence surgery: initial feasibility studies in swine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Telepresence surgery is a novel technology that will allow procedures to be performed on a patient at locations that are physically remote from the operating surgeon. This new method provides the sensory illusion that the surgeon's hands are in direct contact with the patient. We studied the feasibility of the use of telepresence surgery to perform basic operations in vascular surgery, including tissue dissection, vessel manipulation, and suturing.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prototype telepresence surgery system with bimanual force-reflective manipulators, interchangeable surgical instruments, and stereoscopic video input was used. Arteriotomies created ex vivo in segments of bovine aortae or in vivo in femoral arteries of anesthetized swine were closed with telepresence surgery or by conventional techniques. Time required, technical quality (patency, integrity of suture line), and subjective difficulty were compared for the two methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All attempted procedures were successfully completed with telepresence surgery. Arteriotomy closures were completed in 192+/-24 sec with conventional techniques and 483+/-118 sec with telepresence surgery, but the precision attained with telepresence surgery was equal to that of conventional techniques. Telepresence surgery was described as intuitive and natural by the surgeons who used the system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Blood-vessel manipulation and suturing with telepresence surgery are feasible. Further instrument development (to increase degrees of freedom) is required to achieve operating times comparable to conventional open surgery, but the system has great potential to extend the expertise of vascular surgeons to locations where specialty care is currently unavailable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bowersox
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Cordts
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000601:surgery; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D002417:Cattle; D004210:Dissection; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000601:surgery; D008328:Man-Machine Systems; D013677:Medical Laboratory Science / Q000295:instrumentation; D012371:Robotics; D013536:Suture Techniques; D013552:Swine; D017216:Telemedicine; D013996:Time and Motion Studies; D014654:Vascular Patency; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D014741:Video Recording