title: Effects of dietary sodium on blood pressure in IDDM patients with nephropathy.
abstract: The objectives of the study were to assess the effects of moderate sodium restriction on blood pressure in insulin-dependent diabetic (IDDM) patients with nephropathy and high normal or mildly hypertensive blood pressure (primary objective), and to document possible associated changes of exchangeable body sodium, body volumes, components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, atrial natriuretic peptide, and catecholamines (secondary objective). Sixteen patients with untreated systolic blood pressure > or = 140 < 160 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure > or = 85 < 100 mmHg were included in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. After a 4-week run-in period on their usual diet and a 2-week dietary training period to reduce sodium intake to about 90 mmol/day, eight patients received 100 mmol/day sodium supplement (group 2) and eight patients a matching placebo (group 1) for 4 weeks while continuing on the reduced-sodium diet. Patients were examined at weekly intervals. Main response variables were mean values of supine and sitting systolic and diastolic blood pressure as measured in the clinic and by the patients at home. The differences in blood pressure between the beginning and the end of the blinded 4-week study period were calculated and the differences in changes between the two patient groups were regarded as the main outcome parameters. During the blinded 4-week study period, average urinary sodium excretion was 92 +/- 33 (mean +/- SD) mmol/day in group 1 and 199 +/- 52 mmol/day in group 2 (p = 0.0002). The differences in blood pressure changes between the two patient groups were 3.9(-1.2 to 9) mmHg [mean (95% confidence intervals)] for systolic home blood pressure, 0.9(-3.7 to 5.5) mmHg for diastolic home blood pressure, 4.9(-3.3 to 13.1) mmHg for clinic systolic blood pressure and 5.3(1 to 9.7 mmHg, p = 0.02) for clinic diastolic blood pressure. Combining all patients, there were relevant associations between changes of urinary sodium excretion and blood volume (Spearman correlation coefficient r = 0.57), blood pressure and angiotensin II (diastolic: r = -0.7; systolic: r = -0.48), and exchangeable body sodium and renin activity (r = -0.5). In conclusion, in this study of IDDM patients with nephropathy and high normal or mildly hypertensive blood pressure, a difference in sodium intake of about 100 mmol/day for a period of 4 weeks led to a slight reduction of clinic diastolic blood pressure. Studies including larger numbers of patients with various stages of nephropathy and hypertension are needed to definitely clarify the effects of sodium restriction in IDDM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolic Diseases and Nutrition (WHO-Collaborating Centre for Diabetes), Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mühlhauser
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Prange
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Sawicki
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bender
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dworschak
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schaden
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000450:Aldosterone / Q000097:blood; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000097:blood; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001810:Blood Volume; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003971:Diastole; D004039:Diet, Sodium-Restricted; D002149:Energy Intake; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D004911:Erythrocyte Volume; D006400:Hematocrit; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000097:blood; D010919:Placebos; D011188:Potassium / Q000652:urine; D012083:Renin / Q000097:blood; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013599:Systole
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos; D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D000804:Angiotensin II; D000450:Aldosterone; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor; D012964:Sodium; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; D012083:Renin; D011188:Potassium; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine