title: Hypertonic saline improves brain resuscitation in a pediatric model of head injury and hemorrhagic shock.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Brain injury accompanied by hypovolemic shock is a frequent cause of death in multiply injured children. Hypertonic saline (HTS) has been shown to return hemodynamics to normal in adult models, without increasing intracranial pressure (ICP) as seen with crystalloids. To assess fluid resuscitation, the authors evaluated HTS versus lactated Ringer's solution (LR) with respect to hemodynamics and cerebrovascular hemoglobin oxygen saturation (Sco2) in anesthetized, head-injured, 1-month-old piglets.
  
  
  METHODS
  Group 1 (n = 6) was studied for 3.5 hours after a cryogenic brain injury and no shock. Groups 2 and 3 had cryogenic brain injury followed by hemorrhagic shock, in which mean arterial pressure (MAP) was reduced to 40 to 50 mm Hg and maintained for 30 minutes. Group 2 (n = 5) was then resuscitated with 1 mL of 7.5% HTS per 1 mL of blood loss. Group 3 (n = 6) was resuscitated with 3 mL of LR per 1 mL of blood loss. Sco2 was determined by near-infrared spectroscopy in the injured region of the brain. All data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MAP, ICP, temperature, serum sodium, and cardiac output (CO) were similar in all groups during baseline and between groups 2 and 3 during shock. After resuscitation, MAP, CO, and core temperature were similar in all three groups, and serum sodium was increased in the HTS group (by 29%). Sco2 increased transiently after cryogenic injury in all groups, then gradually decreased to below baseline. After shock, Sco2 decreased precipitously in group 2 and 3. After resuscitation, Sco2 was different in the two resuscitation groups, increasing in the HTS group, above baseline values, but remaining below baseline values in the LR group (P < .002). ICP was lowered by HTS resuscitation and increased by LR resuscitation (P < .002)
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our model of head injury and shock, resuscitation with either HTS or LR restored MAP and CO to control levels. However, during shock, the injured brain was severely deoxygenated, and administration of HTS restored cerebral oxygenation whereas LR did not, reflecting improved cerebral resuscitation by HTS without elevating ICP. The data suggest that HTS is a better resuscitation fluid than LR in head-injured children with hemorrhagic shock.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Kurth
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Duhaime
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McKernan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Templeton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000517:prevention & control; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D007427:Intracranial Pressure; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012769:Shock / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic