Self-handicapping and intrinsic motivation: buffering intrinsic motivation from the threat of failure.
High and low self-handicappers (as measured by E. E. Jones & F. Rhodewalt's [1982] Self-Handicapping Scale) were asked to play a game of pinball (in a competitive or noncompetitive setting) after they had practices as much as they wanted on a related task (thus, not practicing could have served as a self-handicap). High self-handicappers who did not practice much became more involved in the game and subsequently reported enjoying the game more than high self-handicappers who practiced a lot. Furthermore, the effects on enjoyment were mediated by task involvement, suggesting that the protection afforded by self-handicapping affects intrinsic motivation by allowing the individual to become absorbed in the activity instead of focusing on performance concerns. Individuals who self-handicap may be providing themselves with the "breathing room" they need to become absorbed in an activity and to experience the activity as enjoyable.
Deppe
R K
RK
Department of Psychology, Southwestern College, Winfield, Kansas 67156, USA. deppe@jinx.sckans.educ
Harackiewicz
J M
JM
D000124:Achievement; D000328:Adult; D003163:Competitive Behavior; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011214:Practice, Psychological; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012649:Self Concept