title: Metabolism of glucose, glycogen, and high-energy phosphates during transient forebrain ischemia in diabetic rats: effect of insulin treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyperglycemia associated with diabetes mellitus will exacerbate neurologic injury after global brain ischemia. Studies in a rat model of forebrain ischemia (bilateral carotid occlusion plus hypotension for 10 min) discovered that acute restoration of normoglycemia in diabetics, using an insulin infusion, resulted in a neurologic outcome that was similar to normoglycemic rats without diabetes. The current study evaluated cerebral glucose, glycogen, lactate, and high-energy phosphate concentrations to identify metabolic correlates that might account for an alteration in postischemic outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-four pentobarbital-anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to three groups: chronically hyperglycemic diabetic rats (D; N = 18); insulin-treated, acutely normoglycemic diabetic rats (ID; N = 18); and nondiabetic rats (ND; N = 18). These groups were further divided into groups of six rats each that received either no ischemia, forebrain ischemia of 10 min duration without reperfusion, or ischemia plus 15 min of reperfusion. Brains were excised after in situ freezing, and metabolites were measured using enzymatic fluorometric techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before ischemia, D rats had greater concentrations of brain glucose (12.18 +/- 2.67 micromol/g) than did either ID (5.10 +/- 1.33) or ND (3.20 +/- 0.27) rats (P < 0.05). Preischemic brain glycogen was similar in all groups. At the completion of ischemia, brain lactate concentrations in D were 86% greater than in ID and 61% greater than in ND (P < 0.05), reflecting a higher intraischemic consumption of glucose plus glycogen in D (P < 0.05). High-energy phosphate concentrations, as assessed by the energy charge of the adenylate pool, were better preserved in D (energy charge = 0.60 +/- 0.28) than in either ID (0.29 +/- 0.09) or ND (0.36 +/- 0.07; P < 0.05) rats. After 15 min of reperfusion, the energy charge returned to preischemic values (i.e., 0.91-0.92) in all groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies demonstrated greater intraischemic carbohydrate consumption and lactate production in D than in ID or ND rats. Under these conditions, intraischemic-but not postischemic-energy status was better in D rats. Acute insulin therapy in ID rats resulted in a metabolic profile that was similar to that of ND rats. These results suggest that, in this model, primary energy failure during ischemia is not the origin of greater injury in hyperglycemic diabetics, nor is energy enhancement the origin of improved outcome after acute insulin treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Medical School, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Lanier
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Hofer
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Gallagher
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000378:metabolism*; D007773:Lactates / Q000378:metabolism; D019344:Lactic Acid; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013311:Streptozocin
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D007773:Lactates; D019344:Lactic Acid; D013311:Streptozocin; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D006003:Glycogen; D005947:Glucose