title: An intron splicing enhancer containing a G-rich repeat facilitates inclusion of a vertebrate micro-exon.
abstract: The average length of a vertebrate axon is approximately 130 nt. Decreasing the size of an internal axon to less than 51 nt induces axon skipping, implying a minimal size for exons. A few constitutively included internal exons, however, are extremely small. To investigate if such micro-exons require special mechanisms for their inclusion, we studied the sequences necessary for inclusion of a 6-nt axon from chicken cardiac troponin T (cTNT). In vivo, the cTNT micro-exon was not included in mRNA unless accompanied by a 134-nt sequence located next to the micro-exon in the downstream intron. Increasing the length of the micro-exon alleviated the requirement for the intron element, indicating that the lack of inclusion of the micro-exon in the absence of a facilitating sequence was due to its small size, rather than suboptimal splice sites. The intron element contained six copies of a G-rich 7-nt sequence. Multimers of the repeat supported exon inclusion, indicating that the repeat sequence is an important part of the intron element. The entire intron element activated inclusion of a heterologous 7-nt exon, suggesting that the intron element is a general enhancer for the splicing of micro-exons. In vitro, the intron element and the repeated sequence facilitated splicing of a heterologous exon. Because of the ability of the cTNT intron element to facilitate the splicing of heterologous exons, we have termed the element an intron splicing enhancer (ISE). Interestingly, the ISE demonstrated position independence in that it facilitated inclusion of the heterologous micro-exon when placed either upstream or downstream of the micro-exon. In vitro, the ISE or copies of the ISE G-rich repeat stimulated splicing of an adjacent intron. The ISE thus becomes one of only a few characterized ISEs containing a G-rich repeat and the first to work both upstream and downstream of a target axon.
authors.affiliation: Verna and Marrs McClean Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Carlo
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Sterner
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Berget
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D004247:DNA; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D005091:Exons; D007438:Introns; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012326:RNA Splicing; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
chemical_list: D004247:DNA