title: Clinical trial of retrograde warm blood reperfusion versus standard cold topical irrigation of transplanted hearts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A prospective, randomized clinical study involving 34 patients undergoing heart transplantation compared myocardial preservation of donor hearts maintained with continuous reperfusion with retrograde warm blood cardioplegia during surgical implantation versus the standard cold topical irrigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hearts in both groups were arrested with a standard crystalloid solution and maintained in a cold saline solution during transportation. In the retrograde group, cardioplegia was administered through a catheter in the coronary sinus during surgical implantation. An average of 471 +/- 30 mL of hyperkalemic crystalloid solution diluted 1:4 in warm blood from the oxygenator was infused. In the standard group, the heart was kept cold by topical irrigation of cold saline solution and was reperfused only when the ascending aorta was unclamped.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preoperative characteristics of donors and recipients were similar in the two cohorts. Ischemic time average 139 +/- 12 minutes in the retrograde group compared with 130 +/- 11 minutes in the standard group (p = 0.57). Cardiopulmonary bypass time averaged 89 +/- 4 minutes in the retrograde group and 110 +/- 12 minutes in the standard group (p = 0.12). Defibrillation at reperfusion was performed in 4 patients (4/17, 24%) in the retrograde group and 12 patients (12/18, 67%) in the standard group (p = 0.01). There were no deaths in the retrograde group (0/17), whereas in the standard group, 3 patients (3/17) died of early graft failure (p = 0.11). Four early graft failures occurred in the standard group (p = 0.06). Two patients (2/17, 12%) were weaned from bypass with ventricular assist devices in the standard group. The number of subendocardial necrotic cells in the first two weekly endomyocardial biopsy specimens averaged 2.7 +/- 0.8 cells/mm2 in the retrograde group and 5.9 +/- 2.4 cells/mm2 in the standard group (p = 0.12).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retrograde warm blood reperfusion appears to improve the initial recovery of transplanted hearts. The technique is easy to use and may be a useful approach to graft protection during surgical implantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carrier
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Solymoss
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cartier
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Leclerc
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Pelletier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D009336:Necrosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013696:Temperature; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014336:Troponin / Q000097:blood; D020107:Troponin T
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D007527:Isoenzymes; D014336:Troponin; D020107:Troponin T; D003402:Creatine Kinase