title: Increased levels of exhaled nitric oxide during nasal and oral breathing in subjects with seasonal rhinitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Allergic rhinitis is associated with nasal mucosal inflammation. Exhaled nitric oxide may be a useful marker of inflammation and has recently been shown to be increased in patients with asthma.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether exhaled levels of nitric oxide are increased with nasal breathing in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis compared with nonatopic individuals and whether there is an increase with oral breathing consistent with lower respiratory inflammation in the absence of clinical asthma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nitric oxide levels in exhaled air were measured by chemiluminescence in 18 nonatopic volunteers and 32 patients with seasonal rhinitis. Measurements were made with both nasal and oral exhalation and orally after 10 seconds and 60 seconds of breath-holding. The detection limit was 1 part per billion (ppb).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In control subjects nasal levels of nitric oxide in exhaled air (mean +/- SD, 24.7 +/- 9.2 ppb) were higher than those after oral exhalation (11.1 +/- 2.5 ppb, p less than 0.0001). Breath-holding significantly increased levels of nitric oxide in exhaled air in a time-dependent manner. Levels of exhaled nitric oxide were significantly higher for all measurements in patients with seasonal rhinitis, with levels without breath-holding of 35.4 +/- 11.3 ppb (p less than 0.001) in nasally exhaled air and 16.3 +/- 5.9 ppb (p less than 0.001) in orally exhaled air. Nasal levels were significantly higher than oral levels in subjects with rhinitis (p less than 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that exhaled nitric oxide may be a useful marker for nasal inflammation in patients with seasonal rhinitis and suggest that generalized airway inflammation may be present, even without clinical asthma, in such patients.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacology Group, Southampton General Hospital, England.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bryden
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Devoy
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Howarth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D001239:Inhalation / Q000276:immunology; D009058:Mouth Breathing / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009305:Nasopharynx; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D012119:Respiration / Q000276:immunology*; D006255:Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide