title: Prospective study of combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin for unresectable or metastatic malignant pleural mesothelioma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was designed to determine the efficacy and side effects of a combination of cyclophosphamide (C), doxorubicin (D), and cisplatin (P) in patients with inoperable, unresectable, or metastatic malignant pleural mesothelioma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three patients with unresectable or metastatic malignant pleural mesothelioma were entered onto the study. The median age was 62 years (range, 42-74 years); there were 20 males and 3 females; the median performance status was 1 (Zubrod's scale). The histologic types included epithelial (14 patients), sarcomatoid (4 patients), unclassified (4 patients), and mixed type (1 patient). Twenty patients were known to have been exposed to asbestos and 3 were not. All patients were treated with the following starting dose of chemotherapy: a cycle comprised of C, 500 mg/m2 intravenously, day 1; D, 50 mg/m2 intravenously, day 1; and P, 80 mg/m2 intravenously, day 1 every 3 weeks. The cisplatin dose was reduced to 50 mg/m2 for the subsequent courses. For the assessment of tumor response, all patients had computed tomography scans of the chest after each three cycles of chemotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 7 of 23 patients (30%) had partial responses (durations of responses [weeks]: 158+, 91+, 70+, 41+, 40, 39, 25), three had minor responses, and 14 had stable or progressive disease. One partial responder later underwent surgical resection and no viable tumors cells were found in the pathologic specimen. All patients have stopped treatment, and eight are still alive. The most common side effect was granulocytopenia (grade 4, 52%; grade 3, 17%). Other hematologic side effects were modest. Nonhematologic side effects included mild to moderate nausea and vomiting, neutropenic fever (three patients), peripheral neuropathy (one patient), and congestive heart failure (one patient). The overall median duration of survival was 60 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combination chemotherapy with CDP was well tolerated and had significant activity against unresectable or metastatic malignant pleural mesothelioma. The median duration of responses was 60 weeks; however, the survival rate was far from satisfactory. Continued development of new approaches including the biologic understanding of tumor development and testing new agents is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: F V
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Fossella
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Umsawasdi
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chasen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Komaki
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: McMurtrey
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000380:Agranulocytosis / Q000139:chemically induced; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D018450:Disease Progression; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008654:Mesothelioma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000556:secondary; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000139:chemically induced; D010997:Pleural Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012074:Remission Induction; D015996:Survival Rate; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D004317:Doxorubicin; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D002945:Cisplatin