title: Peroxynitrite inhibits glutamate transporter subtypes.
abstract: The reuptake of glutamate in neurons and astrocytes terminates excitatory signals and prevents the persistence of excitotoxic levels of glutamate in the synaptic cleft. This process is inhibited by oxygen radicals and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Here we show that another biological oxidant, peroxynitrite (ONOO-), formed by combination of superoxide (O2-) and nitric oxide (NO), potently inhibits glutamate uptake by purified or recombinant high affinity glutamate transporters reconstituted in liposomes. ONOO- reduces selectively the Vmax of transport; its action is fast (reaching > or = 90% within 20 s), dose-dependent (50% inhibition at 50 microM), persistent upon ONOO- (or by product) removal, and insensitive to the presence of the lipid antioxidant vitamin E in the liposomal membranes. Therefore, it likely depends on direct interaction of ONOO- with the glutamate transporters. Three distinct recombinant glutamate transporters from the rat brain, GLT1, GLAST, and EAAC1, exhibit identical sensitivity to ONOO . H2O2 also inhibits reconstituted transport, and its action matches that of ONOO- on all respects; however, this is observed only with 5-10 mM H202 and after prolonged exposure (10 min) in highly oxygenated buffer. NO, released from NO donors (up to 10 mM), does not modify reconstituted glutamate uptake, although in parallel conditions it promotes cGMP formation in synaptosomal cytosolic fraction. Overall, our results suggest that the glutamate transporters contain conserved sites in their structures conferring vulnerability to ONOO- and other oxidants.
authors.affiliation: Center of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Trotti
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gjesdal
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Racagni
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Danbolt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Volterra
mesh_terms: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D027322:Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; D000818:Animals; D001693:Biological Transport, Active / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007700:Kinetics; D008081:Liposomes; D009566:Nitrates / Q000633:toxicity*; D016877:Oxidants / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D027322:Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; D008081:Liposomes; D009566:Nitrates; D016877:Oxidants; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C039642:peroxynitric acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid