title: The concept of the sagittal orbital-globe relationship in craniofacial surgery.
abstract: Euophthalmos, the normal relationship of the orbital rims to the eyes, is critical to planning and to surgical correction of craniofacial deformities. The four most easily localized anthropometric (soft tissue) landmarks for the sagittal orbital-globe relationship are orbitale superius (os), orbitale inferius (oi), orbitale laterale (ol), and nasion (n), all referenced to apex corneae (acor). The normal adult values for os, oi, ol, and n were extracted from the literature. Age-specific anthropometric landmarks were computed from age-specific Bolton cephalometric templates. A vernier caliper was used to measure preoperatively the surface orbital landmarks in patients with various syndromic and nonsyndromic craniosynostotic disorders. Preoperative measurements were compared with the derived normative data to determine the necessary sagittal orbital translocation for frontal advancement (n=19) and frontal-midfacial advancement (n=2). Postoperative orbital anthropometry documented the degree of normalization of the sagittal orbital-globe relationship. The problems with current instrumentation for orbital anthropometry are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Bostion, MA, USA.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Mulliken
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Godwin
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pracharktam
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Altobelli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005094:Exophthalmos / Q000601:surgery; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009915:Orbit / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012886:Skull / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D013518:Surgery, Plastic