title: Screening. The next century.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Screening for cervical cancer and its precursors has traditionally been performed by Papanicolaou smear. As cost considerations have become more important and as developing countries have begun to initiate screening programs, other approaches to screening have been considered.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proposed new methods potentially useful for screening for cervical cancer and its precursors were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cervical cancer screening using unaided or aided visual approaches, human papillomavirus DNA testing and typing, cervical photography, and automated Pap smear screening instruments are all potentially valuable when used alone or in combination, depending on the country.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New techniques will make it possible to screen high risk, low-income populations for cervical cancer and its precursors and to do so more cost-effectively than is possible using conventional Western approaches. In addition, the latest technology can enhance the screening methods traditionally used in industrialized countries and can increase the positive and negative predictive value of the screening method.
authors.affiliation: Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Richart
mesh_terms: D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014626:Vaginal Smears; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral