title: Direct and indirect costs of asthma in Canada, 1990.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To calculate the direct and indirect costs of asthma in Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost-of-illness study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  All Canadians receiving inpatient or outpatient care for asthma in 1990.
  
  
  METHODS
  Direct costs incurred by inpatient care, emergency services, physician and nursing services, ambulance use, drugs and devices, outpatient diagnostic tests, research and education. Indirect costs from productivity loss due to absence from work, inability to to perform housekeeping activities, need to care for children with asthma who were absent from school, time spent travelling and waiting for medical care, and premature death from asthma. All costs are in 1990 Canadian dollars.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depending on assumptions, the total cost of asthma was estimated to be between $504 million and $648 million. Direct costs were $306 million. The single largest component of direct costs was the cost of drugs ($124 million). The largest component of indirect costs was illness-related disability ($76 million).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Annual costs of treating asthma are comparable to the individual cost of infectious diseases, hematological diseases, congenital defects, perinatal illnesses, home care and ambulance services. Asthma costs may increase in the future, given current morbidity and mortality trends. Further evaluation of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of available asthma interventions in addition to aggregate cost data are required to determine whether resource allocation for the treatment of asthma can be improved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Krahn
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Berka
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Langlois
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Detsky
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000552:Ambulances / Q000191:economics; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics; D001071:Appointments and Schedules; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002654:Child Care / Q000191:economics; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016527:Drug Costs; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000191:economics; D017048:Health Care Costs; D015276:Health Care Rationing; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D009739:Nursing Services / Q000191:economics; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000191:economics; D010820:Physicians / Q000191:economics; D012109:Research Support as Topic; D014195:Travel; D026712:Value of Life