title: Gender differences in the behavioral manifestations of Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between gender and specific types of behavior problems that occur in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was an observational study using the Dementia Behavior Disturbance Scale to quantify and define behavioral problems encountered by caregivers. Multiple regressions were used to control for the possible influence of dementia severity as measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination and the duration of dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were sampled from the outpatient dementia clinics of Roger Williams Hospital and Miriam Hospital in Providence, Rhode Island.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 125 patients with probable Alzheimer's disease, defined by NINCDS-ADRDA diagnostic criteria, were included in the study. There were 75 women and 50 men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Caregivers rated the presence and frequency of 28 different behavior problems from the Dementia Behavior Disturbance Scale. Domains of behavior disturbance were then defined by a factor analysis of the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male and female groups were comparable for the demographic variables of age, education, and duration of dementia, as well as severity of depression, degree of cognitive impairment and overall severity of behavior disturbance. Among the six behavior factors that were defined, two were significantly related to gender. One factor, which included apathy and vegetative signs, was related to male gender; a second factor, which included reclusiveness and emotional lability, was related to female gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although overall severity of behavior disturbance in Alzheimer's disease may be related primarily to severity in dementia, significant differences in the types of behaviors manifested exist between males and females with the disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Ott
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Tate
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Heindel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000523:psychology*; D001519:Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012727:Sex Characteristics