title: Who administers? Who cares? Medical administrative and clinical employment in the United States and Canada.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compared US and Canadian health administration costs using national medical care employment data for both countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from census surveys on hospital, nursing home, and outpatient employment in the United States (1968 to 1993) and Canada (1971 and 1986) were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 1968 and 1993, US medical care employment grew from 3.976 to 10.308 million full-time equivalents. Administration grew from 0.719 to 2.792 million full-time equivalents, or from 18.1% to 27.1% of the total employment. In 1986, the United States deployed 33,666 health care full-time equivalent personnel per million population, and Canada deployed 31,529. The US excess was all administrative; Canada employed more clinical personnel, especially registered nurses. Between 1971 and 1986, hospital employment per capita grew 29% in the United States (mostly because of administrative growth) and fell 14% in Canada. In 1986, Canadian hospitals still employed more clinical staff per million. Outpatient employment was larger and grew faster in the United States. Per capita nursing home employment was substantially higher in Canada.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If US hospitals and outpatient facilities adopted Canada's staffing patterns, 1,407,000 fewer managers and clerks would be necessary. Despite lower medical spending, Canadians receive slightly more nursing and other clinical care than Americans, as measured by labor inputs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Cambridge Hospital/Harvard Medical School, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: D U
authors.initials: DU
authors.lastname: Himmelstein
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lewontin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Woolhandler
mesh_terms: D000288:Administrative Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002170:Canada; D006280:Health Workforce / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D009735:Nursing Homes; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; D010564:Personnel, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States