title: Viral infections in short-term injection drug users: the prevalence of the hepatitis C, hepatitis B, human immunodeficiency, and human T-lymphotropic viruses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence and correlates of four blood-borne viral infections among illicit drug injectors with up to 6 years of injecting experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from 716 volunteers recruited in 1988 and 1989. Test results for hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV), and human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II (HTLV) were examined across six sequential cohorts defined by duration of drug injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, seroprevalence of HCV, HBV, HIV, and HTLV was 76.9%, 65.7%, 20.5% and 1.8%, respectively, and 64.7%, 49.8%, 13.9%, and 0.5%, respectively, among those who had injected for 1 year or less. Among the newest initiates, HCV and HBV were associated with injecting variables, and HIV was associated with sexual variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high rates of HCV, HBV, and HIV infections among short-term injectors emphasizes the need to target both parenteral and sexual risk reduction interventions early. Renewed efforts at primary prevention of substance abuse are indicated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md 21205, USA.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Garfein
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vlahov
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Galai
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Doherty
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015142:Baltimore / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006800:Deltaretrovirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D015528:HIV Seroprevalence; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*