title: Intermittent aortic cross-clamping and cold crystalloid cardioplegia for low-risk coronary patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Blood cardioplegic strategies have been shown to increase myocardial oxygen uptake, replenish depleted energy stores, and improve myocardial function and survival in the high-risk subset of patients. However, the superiority of these techniques over intermittent aortic cross-clamping and crystalloid cardioplegia in low-risk patients is still controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study consisted of two parts. In the first part, we assessed the results of a recent cohort of 399 consecutive low-risk patients undergoing their first coronary artery bypass grafting between 1993 and 1995 using cold crystalloid cardioplegia (n = 128) and intermittent aortic cross-clamping (n = 271). In the second part of the study, 40 consecutive low-risk patients undergoing elective first time coronary artery bypass grafting were randomly divided into two equal groups. One group received cold crystalloid cardioplegia and the other group had myocardial management with intermittent aortic cross-clamping. The two groups were compared with respect to hemodynamic, biochemical and ultrastructural changes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall mortality rate, the perioperative myocardial in the need for intraaortic balloon pumps, and the need for inotropic agents were 0.25%, 1.5%, 1%, and 5.8%, respectively. No significant differences were observed between the groups with respect to these clinically defined end points.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both intermittent aortic cross-clamping and cold crystalloid cardioplegia techniques may be used safely in low-risk patients undergoing first-time coronary artery bypass grafting.
authors.affiliation: Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Center, University of Marmara, Instanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Alhan
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Karabulut
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tosun
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Karakoç
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Okar
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Demiray
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tarcan
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yiğiter
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D003080:Cold Temperature; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions