title: Effects of aluminum on bone surface ion composition.
abstract: Aluminum induces net calcium efflux from cultured bone. To determine whether aluminum alters the bone surface ion composition in a manner consistent with predominantly cell-mediated resorption, a combination of cell-mediated resorption and physicochemical dissolution or physicochemical dissolution alone, we utilized an analytic high-resolution scanning ion microprobe with secondary ion mass spectroscopy to determine the effects of aluminum on bone surface ion composition. We cultured neonatal mouse calvariae with or without aluminum (10(-7) M) for 24 h and determined the relative ion concentrations of 23Na, 27Al, 39K, and 40Ca on the bone surface and eroded subsurface. Control calvariae have a surface (depth approximately 6 nm) that is rich in Na and K compared with Ca(Na/Ca) = 24.4 + 1.4, mean + 95% confidence limit of counts per second of detected secondary ions, K+Ca = 13.2 + 0.9). Aluminum is incorporated into the bone and causes a depletion of surface Na and K relative to Ca (Na/Ca = 9.6 + 0.7, K/Ca = 4.9 + 0.4; each p < 0.001 versus control). After erosion (depth approximately 50 nm), control calvariae have more Na and K than Ca (Na/Ca = 16.0 + 0.1, K/Ca = 7.5 + 0.1); aluminum again depleted Na and K relative to Ca (Na/Ca = 4.1 + 0.1 K/Ca = 1.9 + 0.1; each p < 0.001 versus control). Aluminum produced a greater net efflux of Ca (362 +/- 53, mean +/- SE, nmol/bone/24 h) than control (60 +/- 30, p < 0.001). With aluminum, the fall in the ratios of both Na/Ca and K/Ca coupled with net Ca release from bone indicates that aluminium induces a greater efflux of Na and K than Ca from the bone surface and is consistent with an aluminum-induced removal of the bone surface. This alteration in surface ion concentration and calcium efflux is consistent with that observed when calcium is lost from bone through a combination of cell-mediated resorption and physicochemical dissolution.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Unit, University of Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bushinsky
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Sprague
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hallegot
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Girod
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Chabala
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Levi-Setti
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000633:toxicity*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002413:Cations, Divalent / Q000378:metabolism; D002414:Cations, Monovalent / Q000378:metabolism; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D051379:Mice; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D012886:Skull / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D002413:Cations, Divalent; D002414:Cations, Monovalent; D000535:Aluminum; D002118:Calcium