title: Causes of haloperidol discontinuation in patients with Tourette's disorder: management and alternatives.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuroleptics are considered the mainstay of treatment in Tourette's disorder, and haloperidol is deemed the treatment of choice by many. Factors such as treatment efficacy and the side effects that appear in response to neuroleptic administration have been implicated in affecting medication compliance. However, a detailed evaluation of these factors has yet to be undertaken in Tourette's disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 51 consecutive referrals to a Tourette's disorder clinic, 48 met DSM-III-R criteria for Tourette's disorder. Of these 48, 28 had previously received neuroleptics. In this set of 28 patients, 24 (16 male, 8 female) had initially received treatment with haloperidol, and they made up the present sample; their ages ranged from 10.4 to 47.9 years (mean = 27.1), and age at onset ranged from 2 to 16 years. Each patient completed an evaluation consisting of a Tourette Syndrome Questionnaire and a clinical interview with the patient and involoved family members. Charts were also reviewed to gather information concerning side effects and other factors that led to haloperidol discontinuation and/or noncompliance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Duration of treatment ranged from 3 days to 14 years (mean = 3.6 years). In this sample, 12.5% (3/24) of the subjects continued medication without interruption (mean +/- SD = 8.4 +/- 5.1 years of medication). Of the 21 patients who discontinued haloperidol, 66.7% (14/21) did so because they experienced intolerable side effects, 9.5% (2/21) because of the fear of experiencing certain side effects, and 14.3% (3/21) because of a combination of these factors. The principal side effects that led to discontinuation included dysphoric reactions, akathisia, nervousness, sedation, dystonic reactions, and cognitive dulling/feeling drugged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Careful monitoring of side effects and efficacy is essential to continued compliance with haloperidol. In addition, psychoeducation about potential consequences of medication administration may help promote compliance in those patients who develop fears of possible adverse reactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, USA.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barickman
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Friedhoff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000139:chemically induced; D017668:Age of Onset; D017109:Akathisia, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010352:Patient Dropouts; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D016312:Treatment Refusal
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D006220:Haloperidol