title: The effects of alcohol consumption on laboratory-induced panic and state anxiety.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study tested whether alcohol consumption reduces anxiety and panic associated with a panic-challenge procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects with panic disorder were randomly assigned to consume either a moderate dose of alcohol or a nonalcoholic placebo. All subjects were told that they were drinking alcohol to control beverage expectancies. Following the beverage administration, subjects underwent a panic challenge (35% carbon dioxide) and a series of anxiety symptom assessments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects who consumed alcohol reported significantly less state anxiety both before and after the challenge. In response to the challenge, subjects who consumed alcohol experienced significantly fewer panic attacks when applying liberal panic criteria; however, this effect only approached significance when applying conservative panic criteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that alcohol acts acutely to reduce both panic and the anxiety surrounding panic, and they lend support to the view that drinking behavior among those with panic disorder is reinforced by this effect. We suggest that this process may contribute to the high rate at which alcohol-use disorders co-occur with panic disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Kushner
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Mackenzie
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fiszdon
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Valentiner
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Foa
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wangensteen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D015897:Comorbidity; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D010555:Personality Inventory; D010919:Placebos; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D000431:Ethanol