title: Mercury release during autoclave sterilization of amalgam.
abstract: Natural teeth are an invaluable teaching tool for preclinical instruction in operative dentistry and endodontic techniques. Cavity preparation in teeth containing amalgam restorations is a realistic simulation of an often experienced clinical situation. As various pathogens are contained in saliva, teeth must be disinfected before use by students. The purpose of this study is to indirectly evaluate whether mercury vapor is released from amalgam restorations in such teeth during steam autoclave sterilization. Mercury vapor detection, sample mass changes and x-ray fluorescence data were collected from experimental steam autoclave sterilization of amalgam samples sealed in autoclave bags. All of the data showed evidence of mercury vapor generation coincident to steam autoclave sterilization. Mercury vapor levels within the room where amalgam was exposed to steam autoclave sterilization reached levels that constitute an unnecessary health risk to dental personnel. The volume of amalgam tested simulated that contained in 175 amalgam restored teeth. Initial venting of the autoclave chamber produced mercury vapor concentrations significantly in excess of OSHA vapor concentration ceiling levels. Thus, the use of a steam autoclave for sterilization of amalgam containing teeth for use in preclinical laboratory exercises may be harmful to personnel involved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson 39216-4505, USA.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Parsell
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Karns
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Buchanan
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D003723:Dental Amalgam / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent; D006801:Humans; D007754:Laboratories, Dental; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D012307:Risk Factors; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013227:Steam; D013242:Sterilization / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013818:Thermogravimetry; D014481:United States; D014489:United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration; D014691:Ventilation; D014835:Volatilization; D000078329:Workforce
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D003722:Dental Alloys; D013227:Steam; C033470:Dispersalloy; D003723:Dental Amalgam; D008628:Mercury