title: Involvement of the pRb/p16/cdk4/cyclin D1 pathway in the tumorigenesis of sporadic malignant melanomas.
abstract: Biopsies from 61 sporadic metastatic malignant melanomas and five melanoma cell lines were examined for homozygous deletions and mutations in the CDKN2 gene (p16). As the p16 protein is involved in a cell cycle regulatory pathway consisting of at least pRb, cdk4 and cyclin D1, the tumours were also screened for amplifications of the last two genes. Moreover, the transcript levels of the genes were determined and the results compared with the immunohistochemically assessed expression of pRb. Altogether, homozygous deletions of CDKN2 were found in seven tumours (11%) and two of five cell lines, whereas a mutation was detected in only one biopsy, indicating that in sporadic melanomas the former mechanism is predominant for inactivating this gene. Notably, in total 59% of the metastatic lesions lacked detectable expression of p16 mRNA, whereas all the biopsies were found to express pRb. In accordance with the postulated negative feedback loop between p16 and pRb, one melanoma cell line showed overexpression of CDKN2 mRNA together with very low levels of the Rb protein. Amplification of the other two genes may not be important in the tumorigenesis of melanomas, as only one CDK4 and no CCND1 amplification was observed. However, highly elevated CDK4 mRNA levels, compared with that seen in a panel of normal tissues, were observed in 76% of the tumours, accompanied in 71% of the cases by high expression of the CCND1 cyclin activator. Although a low frequency of CDKN2 DNA aberrations was observed, the high number of tumours that lacked CDKN2 expression but showed overexpression of CDK4 and/or CCND1, suggest that functional inactivation of pRb through this pathway may be involved in the development or progression of sporadic human melanomas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Tumour Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Maelandsmo
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Flørenes
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hovig
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oyjord
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Engebraaten
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Holm
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Børresen
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fodstad
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D019938:Cyclin D1; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D016213:Cyclins / Q000235:genetics*; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D016161:Genes, Retinoblastoma; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D016213:Cyclins; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D019938:Cyclin D1; C495900:CDK4 protein, human; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases