title: A method of incorporating organ motion uncertainties into three-dimensional conformal treatment plans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We describe a method of incorporating organ motion into three-dimensional (3D) conformal treatment plans, which predicts the effect of organ motion on the calculated dose to both the clinical target volume (CTV) and nontarget organs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The method is based on measurements of organ motion by means of multiple computed tomography (CT) scans from a group of "reference" patients, in which the data consist of previously drawn contours of the target and nontarget organs. A computer program records the differences in contour position and shape that occur between scans in the reference data, and according to those differences adjusts the contours and dose calculation points of a "study" patient currently being planned, thus simulating organ motion. Dose-volume histograms (DVHs) are accumulated, and the process is repeated over the set of reference patient scans, resulting in a set of treatment plans that are ranked according to a dose-based endpoint. Two plans are selected corresponding to specified lower and upper confidence limits in the endpoint, and the DVHs from these plans are displayed for comparison with the DVHs from the nominal plan in the absence of motion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As an example of the method's use, it is applied to a 6-field conformal treatment plan for prostate cancer. Confidence limit DVHs of the CTV and rectal wall (in which the plans were ranked by probabilities for tumor control and normal tissue complication, respectively) are presented and compared to those from the nominal plan.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The method provides a means of estimating the uncertainty in dose delivered by a treatment plan when organ motion is present. It is generally applicable to any treatment site for which data in the form of multiple CT scans are available, and can be extended to include other treatment uncertainties such as variation in patient positioning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA. magerasg@mskcc.org
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Mageras
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Kutcher
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Leibel
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Zelefsky
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Melian
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fuks
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted