title: Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase and insulin-dependent diabetes in patients with autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I.
abstract: To evaluate the association of autoimmunity to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and IDDM-associated human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types, we studied a unique group of 47 patients with autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1, a recessive disease not associated with HLA. GAD65 antibodies (GAD65-Ab), GAD67-Ab, islet cell antibodies, and HLA-DQA1, -DQB1, and -DRB1 were analyzed in relation to IDDM or a decreased insulin secretory capacity. GAD65-Ab were found in six of the eight diabetic patients 0.9-8.0 yr before the onset of IDDM and in 16 (41%) nondiabetic patients during a follow-up of 2.4-19.5 yr. Eleven (28%) nondiabetic patients had GAD67-Ab and islet cell antibodies. Fasting C peptide (mean +/- SD, 0.5 +/- 0.24 vs. 1.03 +/- 0.49 nmol/L; P = 0.003) and first phase insulin response (75.6 +/- 37.9 vs. 166.4 +/- 112.7 mU/L; P = 0.019) were lower in patients with than in those without GAD65-Ab. No HLA genotype predominated in the IDDM patients or GAD65-Ab-positive nondiabetic patients, but the IDDM high risk genotypes were decreased in frequency among the patients with GAD65-Ab. In conclusion, nondiabetic autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 patients frequently have GAD65-Ab together with a decreased insulin secretory capacity, suggesting subclinical islet cell inflammation not invariably progressing to diabetes. This is not associated with HLA haplotypes conferring susceptibility to or protection from IDDM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tuomi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Björses
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Falorni
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Partanen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perheentupa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lernmark
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miettinen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005802:Genes, MHC Class II; D005838:Genotype; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000276:immunology*; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens / Q000097:blood; D059848:HLA-DQ alpha-Chains; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000097:blood; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; D006650:Histocompatibility Testing; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016884:Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D002096:C-Peptide; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens; D059848:HLA-DQ alpha-Chains; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; C069050:HLA-DQA1 antigen; C069051:HLA-DQB1 antigen; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; D007328:Insulin; C024211:islet cell antibody; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase