title: Effect of wavelength and bandwidth on the clinical reliability of laser Doppler recordings.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of wavelength and bandwidth on laser Doppler flowmeter signals from vital and root-filled teeth, and to establish their sensitivity and specificity. Twenty human subjects were recruited, each with a vital tooth and the contralateral tooth root filled but not restored apart from the palatal access cavity. Readings were taken from these teeth for 3 min at 20 Hz for each of 3.1 kHz, 14.9 kHz and 22.1 kHz bandwidths using a modified laser Doppler blood flow monitor which permitted simultaneous recording using 810 nm and 633 nm light sources with a probe of four optical fibres with 0.25 mm separation. Ten traces from each combination of variables was examined by 10 trained observers who indicated if the traces came from vital or root-filled teeth judged by the amplitude and regularity of pulsatility of the trace. From the accuracy of their replies, sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Median flux values were higher for vital teeth than for root-filled teeth and for the 810 nm wavelength than for the 633 nm wavelength. Flux values increased with wider bandwidth using the 810 nm light source. With the 633 nm light source, the highest flux values were recorded using the 3.1 kHz bandwidth. Using the Mann-Whitney U test, there was a highly significant difference between readings from vital and root-filled teeth for the 3.1 kHz/810 nm wave length combination (p<0.003) and a significant difference for the 3.1 kHz/633 nm wavelength group (p<0.02). Comparison of other groups showed no significant difference (p>0.05). The 810 nm wavelength showed good sensitivity but poor specificity at 14.9 and 22.1 kHz bandwidths. The 633 nm wavelength showed good specificity, but poor sensitivity, at 14.9 and 22.1 kHz bandwidths. The 3.1 kHz bandwidth showed the best sensitivity and specificity for both wavelengths. Sensitivity and specificity were increased if the results of fast Fourier analysis were considered in addition to observations of flux values and pulsatility of traces. The 810 nm/3.1 kHz combination offered the greatest sensitivity and specificity as a test to distinguish between root-filled and vital teeth. This combination was best when the results of Fourier analysis were considered in addition to visual observations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dental Surgery, United Medical and Dental Schools, Guy's Hospital, London, England.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Odor
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Pitt Ford
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: McDonald
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000098:blood supply*; D003791:Dental Pulp Test / Q000379:methods*; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006801:Humans; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D007834:Lasers; D015588:Observer Variation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011786:Quality Control; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric