title: Intraoperative evaluation of renal cell carcinoma: a prospective study of the role of ultrasonography and histopathological frozen sections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nephron sparing surgery is being performed increasingly for treatment of renal cell carcinoma, including in select patients with a normal contralateral kidney. The number of tumors in the involved kidney (single versus multiple) and presence or absence of perinephric fat involvement (pathological stage T1 to 2 versus T3A) are important prognostic factors. In a prospective study we evaluated the accuracy of intraoperative histopathological frozen section analysis of renal capsular biopsies for assessing local tumor stage, and the accuracy of intraoperative ultrasonography for assessing tumor focality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intraoperative frozen section biopsies and ultrasonography were compared with information obtained from preoperative computerized tomography (CT), intraoperative inspection of the kidney by the surgeon and permanent histopathological specimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluated 99 patients (102 kidneys) with localized sold renal masses undergoing either radical nephrectomy (48) or nephron sparing surgery (54). Final pathological analysis revealed 95 renal cell carcinomas (stage T3A in 24), 6 oncocytomas and 1 angiomyolipoma. Multiple tumors were detected in 18 of 102 kidneys overall. Frozen section analysis identified 87% of the stage T3A lesions with no false-positive results, compared to CT, which only identified 67%. Ultrasonography identified 14 of 18 multifocal tumors (78%) and was not more accurate than the combination of CT and intraoperative inspection. However, during nephron sparing surgery ultrasonography was useful to localize the intrarenal extent of tumors (17 cases).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results clarify the role of intraoperative ultrasonography and frozen section analysis in patients undergoing nephron sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma. Frozen section analysis may be useful in select patients with small peripheral tumors who are under consideration for elective nephron sparing surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fichtner
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Novick
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Steinbach
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stöckle
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Filipas
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Störkel
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schweden
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Obuchowski
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hale
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005629:Frozen Sections; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009378:Neoplasms, Multiple Primary / Q000473:pathology; D009392:Nephrectomy; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography