title: Serum screening for Down's syndrome between 8 and 14 weeks of pregnancy. International Prenatal Screening Research Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the value of serum screening for Down's syndrome at 8-14 weeks of pregnancy using seven potential serum markers (alpha-fetoprotein, unconjugated oestriol, total human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), free alpha-hCG, free beta-hCG, pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A), and dimeric inhibin A).
  
  
  METHODS
  Stored blood samples collected from women at about 10 weeks of pregnancy, prior to having chorionic villus sampling procedure on account of advanced maternal age, were retrieved from pregnancies associated with Down's syndrome and from matched unaffected pregnancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one obstetric centres in nine countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-seven pregnancies associated with Down's syndrome each matched with five controls (except in two cases that were matched with four controls) for maternal age (same five year age groups), duration of storage of the serum sample (same calendar year), and gestational age (usually same week of pregnancy).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The levels of two potential markers differed between affected and unaffected pregnancies sufficiently to be of value in screening--free beta-hCG and PAPP-A. The median free beta-hCG level in affected pregnancies was 1.79 times the median level for unaffected pregnancies, and the median PAPP-A level was 0.43 times the normal median. These two markers were combined with maternal age to estimate a woman's risk of having a fetus with Down's syndrome. A screening programme that used a risk cutoff level of 1:300 would detect 63% of affected pregnancies and also classify 5.5% of unaffected pregnancies as screen positive. None of the other five markers added more than 2% detection for the same false-positive rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The performance of screening using maternal age and serum-free beta-hCG and PAPP-A at 10 weeks of pregnancy was better than the double test (alpha-fetoprotein and hCG with maternal age) and similar to the triple test (alpha-fetoprotein, unconjugated oestriol and hCG with maternal age) at 15-22 weeks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Medical College, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Wald
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Densem
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Petterson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000032:analysis; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human / Q000032:analysis; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D015292:Glycoprotein Hormones, alpha Subunit / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007265:Inhibins / Q000032:analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011266:Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A / Q000032:analysis; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human; D015292:Glycoprotein Hormones, alpha Subunit; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins; D007265:Inhibins; D011266:Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A