title: Adenosine deaminase inhibition prevents free radical-mediated injury in the postischemic heart.
abstract: In the presence of its substrates hypoxanthine and xanthine, xanthine oxidase generates oxygen free radicals that cause postischemic injury. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the burst of xanthine oxidase-mediated free radical generation in the reperfused heart is triggered by a large increase in substrate formation, which occurs secondary to the degradation of adenine nucleotides during ischemia. It is not known, however, whether blocking this substrate formation is sufficient to prevent radical generation and functional injury. Therefore, studies were performed in isolated rat hearts in which xanthine oxidase substrate formation was blocked with the adenosine deaminase inhibitor erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (EHNA), and measurements of contractile function and free radical generation were performed. Chromatographic measurements of the intracellular adenine nucleotide pool showed that preischemic administration of EHNA blocked postischemic hypoxanthine, xanthine, and inosine formation. Electron paramagnetic resonance spin trapping measurements of free radical generation showed that inhibition of adenosine deaminase with EHNA blocked free radical generation and that it also increased the recovery of contractile function by more than 2-fold. Exogenous infusion of hypoxanthine and xanthine totally reversed the protective effects of EHNA. These results demonstrate that blockade of xanthine oxidase substrate formation by adenosine deaminase inhibition can prevent free radical generation and contractile dysfunction in the postischemic heart.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Khatchikian
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Zweier
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000227:Adenine Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D058892:Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors; D000818:Animals; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005609:Free Radicals; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000378:metabolism; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000227:Adenine Nucleotides; D058892:Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005609:Free Radicals; D013481:Superoxides; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; C010192:9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase; D000225:Adenine