title: Women's health. The role of advanced practice nurses in the 21st century.
abstract: Advanced practice nurses have the capability of providing a variety of services in women's health care. The role and functions of certified nurse midwives, nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, and certified registered nurse anesthetists are discussed. Current issues and barriers to advanced practice nursing are presented and include role definitions and regulations, second licensure, educational level, prescriptive authority, third party reimbursement, admitting privileges, and malpractice reform. Future directions and recommendations are provided.
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Spatz
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007349:Insurance, Health, Reimbursement; D008008:Licensure, Nursing; D009720:Nurse Clinicians / Q000458:organization & administration; D009721:Nurse Midwives / Q000458:organization & administration; D009722:Nurse Practitioners / Q000458:organization & administration; D009726:Nurses / Q000458:organization & administration*; D014481:United States; D016387:Women's Health