title: Development and validation of the State Hope Scale.
abstract: Defining hope as a cognitive set comprising agency (belief in one's capacity to initiate and sustain actions) and pathways (belief in one's capacity to generate routes) to reach goals, the Hope Scale was developed and validated previously as a dispositional self-report measure of hope (Snyder et al., 1991). The present 4 studies were designed to develop and validate a measure of state hope. The 6-item State Hope Scale is internally consistent and reflects the theorized agency and pathways components. The relationships of the State Hope Scale to other measures demonstrate concurrent and discriminant validity; moreover, the scale is responsive to events in the lives of people as evidenced by data gathered through both correlational and causal designs. The State Hope Scale offers a brief, internally consistent, and valid self-report measure of ongoing goal-directed thinking that may be useful to researchers and applied professionals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence 60045-2462, USA. crsnyder@kuhub.cc.ukans.edu
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Sympson
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Ybasco
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Borders
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Babyak
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Higgins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001076:Aptitude; D001240:Aspirations, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011340:Problem Solving; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012649:Self Concept