title: Linkage of genes essential for synthesis of a polysaccharide capsule in Sphingomonas strain S88.
abstract: Several structurally related capsular polysaccharides that are secreted by members of the genus Sphingomonas are being developed as aqueous rheological control agents for diverse industrial and food applications. They include gellan (S-60), welan (S-130), rhamsan (S-194), S-657, S-88, S-198, S-7, and NW-11. We refer to these polysaccharides as sphingans, after the genus name. This paper characterizes the first gene cluster isolated from a Sphingomonas species (S88) that is required for capsule synthesis. Overlapping DNA segments which spanned about 50 kbp of S88 DNA restored the synthesis of sphingan S-88 in capsule-negative mutants. The mutations were mapped into functional complementation groups, and the contiguous nucleotide sequence for the 29-kbp cluster was determined. The genetic complementation map and the DNA sequences were interpreted as an extended multicistronic locus containing genes essential for the assembly and secretion of polysaccharide S-88. Many of the deduced amino acid sequences were similar to gene products from other polysaccharide-secreting bacteria such as Rhizobium meliloti (succinoglycan), Xanthomonas campestris (xanthan gum), and Salmonella enterica (O antigen). The S88 locus contained a four-gene operon for the biosynthesis of dTDP-L-rhamnose, an essential precursor for the sphingans. Unexpectedly, there were also two genes for secretion of a lytic or toxin-like protein nested within the polysaccharide cluster. The conservation and linkage of genes that code for a defensive capsule and genes for secretion of an offensive lysin or toxin suggest a heretofore unknown pathogenic life history for Sphingomonas strain S88.
authors.affiliation: Shin-Etsu Bio, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thorne
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mikolajczak
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Armentrout
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Pollock
mesh_terms: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D016667:Bacterial Capsules / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D001482:Base Composition; D001483:Base Sequence; D002240:Carbohydrate Sequence; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D003062:Codon; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D005816:Genetic Complementation Test; D006088:Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000235:genetics*; D009876:Operon / Q000235:genetics; D010442:Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational / Q000235:genetics; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017384:Sequence Deletion
chemical_list: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D003062:Codon