title: Episodes of care for abdominal pain in a primary care practice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the usefulness of episodes of care in describing the clinical epidemiology of abdominal pain in the primary care setting and to develop methods to analyze clinician decision-making strategies during abdominal pain episodes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Complete episodes of care for nonpregnant adults with nonspecific abdominal pain from an established episode-based clinical information system were supplemented and validated by medical record review. Utilization decisions during episodes were quantified by summing the costs of all visits, services, tests, and referrals ordered or performed by the clinician. A decision model was used to analyze significant influences on utilization decisions.
  
  
  METHODS
  An established faculty practice site of a Midwestern academic family practice department.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred ten nonpregnant adults who had nonspecific abdominal pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Utilization and costs generated during the episode of care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average abdominal pain episode required 1.32 visits and cost $123.36. In more than half of all episodes (51%), a specific diagnosis was not reached. The most common specific diagnoses were gastritis and gastroesophageal reflux disease (5% each). Bivariate analyses showed that two variables, clinician uncertainty about diagnosis and a nonspecific diagnosis, were significantly associated with episode cost. Patient age, gender, comorbidity, and the presence or absence of specific clinical findings were not associated with episode cost. Stepwise regression modeling resulted in a two-factor model. Clinician uncertainty and complexity explained only 9% of the variance in episode cost.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Episodes of abdominal pain most often remained undiagnosed. The decision model did not predict episode cost. Utilization decisions did not seem to be driven by commonly cited clinical risk factors, but by diagnostic uncertainty or individualized decision rules.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Practice, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Klinkman
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology; D000328:Adult; D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017050:Episode of Care; D005194:Family Practice / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D012017:Referral and Consultation