title: Differential modulation of vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cell function by photodynamic therapy of extracellular matrix: novel insights into radical-mediated prevention of intimal hyperplasia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been demonstrated to inhibit experimental intimal hyperplasia and to lead to expedient reendothelialization but negligible repopulation of the vessel media. The mechanism that underlies the differential ingrowth of cells into PDT-treated vessel segments is not understood. Because the extracellular matrix (ECM) is known to modulate specific cell functions, this study was designed to determine whether PDT of isolated ECM affects the function of endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  PDT of bovine aortic EC-ECM was performed with chloroaluminum sulfonated phthalocyanine and 675-nm laser light. Control specimens included untreated ECM, ECM-free plates, and ECM exposed to either light or photosensitizer only. Cell function was characterized by attachment, proliferation, and migration of ECs or SMCs that were plated onto identically treated matrixes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SMC attachment (86% +/- 0.4% vs 95% +/- 0.4%), proliferation (46% +/- 0.5% vs 100% +/- 1.4%), and migration (40% +/- 1.0% vs 100% +/- 0.9%) were significantly inhibited after PDT of ECM when compared with untreated ECM (all p < 0.001). In contrast, PDT of ECM significantly enhanced EC proliferation (129% +/- 6.2% vs 100% +/- 6.2%; p < 0.03) and migration (118% +/- 2% vs 100% +/- 0.8; p < 0.01), but did not affect attachment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This report establishes PDT-induced changes in the ECM with a result of inhibition of SMCs and stimulation of EC functions. It provides insight into how PDT-treated arteries can develop favorable EC repopulation without SMC-derived intimal hyperplasia. These findings may help provide a better understanding of the interactions between cells and their immediate environment in vascular remodeling.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Adili
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Statius van Eps
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Karp
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: LaMuraglia
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D002417:Cattle; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000494:pharmacology; D006965:Hyperplasia; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007834:Lasers; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D005609:Free Radicals; D007211:Indoles; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; C052736:chloroaluminum tetrasulfophthalocyanine; D000535:Aluminum