title: Inhibitory control in young children and its role in emerging internalization.
abstract: We examined inhibitory control as a quality of temperament that contributes to internalization. Children were assessed twice, at 26-41 months (N = 103) and at 43-56 months (N = 99), on repeated occasions, in multiple observational contexts and using parental reports. Comprehensive behavioral batteries incorporating multiple tasks were designed to measure inhibitory control at toddler and preschool age. They had good internal consistencies, corresponded with maternal ratings, and were developmentally sensitive. Individual children's performance was significantly correlated across both assessments, indicating stable individual differences. Girls surpassed boys at both ages. Children's internalization was observed while they were alone with prohibited objects, with a mundane chore, playing games that occasioned cheating, being induced to violate standards of conduct, and assessed using maternal reports. Inhibitory control was significantly associated with internalization, both contemporaneously and as a predictor in the longitudinal sense. The implications for considering children's temperament as a significant, yet often neglected contributor to developing internalization are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kochanska
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: T Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Jacques
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Vandegeest
mesh_terms: D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003242:Conscience; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010988:Play and Playthings; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D002666:Psychology, Child; D012737:Sex Factors; D012951:Socialization; D013694:Temperament; D014743:Videotape Recording