title: Differential activation of cell-mediated immune functions by encapsulated and surface-linked liposomal antigens.
abstract: Liposomes act as powerful adjuvants if physically associated with a protein antigen. Their effect on the immune response, however, varies with the nature of this linkage, surface-linked and encapsulated antigens having different properties. Cytometric analysis and cytokine measurements indicate that this difference may be due to the differential activation of T lymphocyte populations. Surface-linked antigen appears to preferentially stimulate CD4+ T cells to proliferate and mature into a typical Th1 phenotype; this is indicated by a positive shift in the CD4+/CD8+ ratio of sensitized splenocytes, a massive production of interferon-gamma, and the absence of interleukin-4 secretion. In contrast, encapsulated antigen, while stimulating spleen cell proliferation, does not significantly affect the CD4+/CD8+ ratio and induces only low levels of interferon-gamma production in the absence of interleukin-4 secretion. These results suggest that CD4+ and CD8+ populations are both expanded in response to encapsulated antigen but that neither typical Th1 nor Th2 phenotypes are induced. High-resolution immunocytochemical investigations show that this differential activation of T cell populations may be related to a different intracellular trafficking of antigens into professional antigen-presenting cells. Whereas surface-linked antigen remains predominantly in endosomal compartments where it may be associated with major histocompatibility (MHC) class II products for presentation to CD4+ T cells, encapsulated antigen escapes into the cytosol, reaching the MHC class I pathway for presentation to CD8+ T cells. The results therefore suggest that both liposomal antigens stimulate cell-mediated immunity albeit differently. This behavioral difference may be of practical importance in the design of adjuvants for the preferential potentiation of specific cytotoxic effector functions.
authors.affiliation: Département de Chimie-Biologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Canada.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fortin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shahum
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krzystyniak
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Thérien
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000276:immunology; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects; D008081:Liposomes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte; D008081:Liposomes