title: The decision to extract: part II. Analysis of clinicians' stated reasons for extraction.
abstract: In a recently reported study, the pretreatment records of each subject in a randomized clinical trial of 148 patients with Class I and Class II malocclusions presenting for orthodontic treatment were evaluated independently by five experienced clinicians (drawn from a panel of 14). The clinicians displayed a higher incidence of agreement with each other than had been expected with respect to the decision as to whether extraction was indicated in each specific case. To improve our understanding of how clinicians made their decisions on whether to extract or not, the records of a subset of 72 subjects randomly selected from the full sample of 148, have now been examined in greater detail. In 21 of these cases, all five clinicians decided to treat without extraction. Among the remaining 51 cases, there were 202 decisions to extract (31 unanimous decision cases and 20 split decision cases). The clinicians cited a total of 469 reasons to support these decisions. Crowding was cited as the first reason in 49% of decisions to extract, followed by incisor protrusion (14%), need for profile correction (8%), Class II severity (5%), and achievement of a stable result (5%). When all the reasons for extraction in each clinician's decision were considered as a group, crowding was cited in 73% of decisions, incisor protrusion in 35%, need for profile correction in 27%, Class II severity in 15% and posttreatment stability in 9%. Tooth size anomalies, midline deviations, reduced growth potential, severity of overjet, maintenance of existing profile, desire to close the bite, periodontal problems, and anticipation of poor cooperation accounted collectively for 12% of the first reasons and were mentioned in 54% of the decisions, implying that these considerations play a consequential, if secondary, role in the decision-making process. All other reasons taken together were mentioned in fewer than 20% of cases. In this sample at least, clinicians focused heavily on appearance-related factors that are qualitatively determinable by physical examination of the surface structures of the face and teeth. They appear to have made primary use of indicators available on study casts and facial photographs and relatively little use of information that is available only on cephalograms or that involves the application of specialized orthodontic theories.
authors.affiliation: Radiology and Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baumrind
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Korn
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maxwell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry; D003657:Decision Making; D004954:Esthetics; D004955:Esthetics, Dental; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007180:Incisor / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D008311:Malocclusion, Angle Class I / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D003765:Models, Dental; D015588:Observer Variation; D009811:Odontometry; D009970:Orthodontics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000150:complications; D010781:Photography; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012690:Serial Extraction; D016896:Treatment Outcome