title: Exogenous sex hormone use, correlates of endogenous hormone levels, and the incidence of histologic types of sarcoma of the uterus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We analyzed data from a population-based, multi-center, case-control study to determine whether the occurrence of histologic types of uterine sarcoma is related to exogenous hormone use and/or to two correlates of endogenous estrogens: excess weight and cigarette smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred sixty-seven women with newly-diagnosed uterine sarcoma (56 leiomyosarcoma, 85 mixed mullerian tumors, and 26 endometrial stromal sarcomas) were interviewed by telephone regarding possible risk factors for these neoplasms, For comparison, 208 women identified at random from the general population of the study areas were interviewed as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Use of oral contraceptives was positively associated with the risk of leiomyosarcoma (odds ratios [OR] = 1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.7, 4.1), primarily among women who last used these medications 15 or more years prior to diagnosis. Use of noncontraceptive estrogens was directly associated with the risk of mixed mullerian tumors, but only among recent and long-term users of these medications. Women in the highest quantile of body mass index (> or = 27.5 kg/m2) one year prior to diagnosis were at increased risk of each type of uterine sarcoma (leiomyosarcoma, OR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.1, 5.7; mixed mullerian tumors, OR = 2.9, 95% CI = 1.3, 6.7; stromal sarcoma, OR = 3.5, 95% CI = 1.1, 10.9). Women who had ever smoked cigarettes were at reduced risk of leiomyosarcoma (OR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.3, 1.1) and stromal sarcoma (OR = 0.5, 95% CI = 0.2, 1.2), but the relationship was not more pronounced among heavy smokers; no association with smoking was observed with mixed mullerian tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several of these findings parallel those from studies of endometrial carcinoma and may indicate a role for unopposed estrogen in the etiology of histologic types of uterine sarcoma.
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Daling
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Gammon
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Liff
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Watt
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Newcomb
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D004967:Estrogens; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007890:Leiomyosarcoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D018200:Mixed Tumor, Mullerian / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D009765:Obesity; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D012509:Sarcoma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D012907:Smoking; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013689:Telephone; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D014904:Western Australia / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D004967:Estrogens