title: Unilateral spinal anesthesia using low-flow injection through a 29-gauge Quincke needle.
abstract: Restriction of sympathetic denervation during spinal anesthesia may minimize hemodynamic alterations. Theoretically, the use of nonisobaric anesthetics may allow unilateral anesthesia and thus restrict sympathetic denervation to one side of the body. The present prospective study investigates the incidence of unilateral spinal anesthesia using hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% (1.4 mL, 1.6 mL, 1.8 mL, or 2.0 mL) injected via a 29-gauge Quincke needle with a pump-controlled injection flow of 1 mL/min. In 96 consecutive patients undergoing unilateral surgery of the lower extremities, spinal anesthesia was performed in the lateral decubitus position, which was maintained for 20 min postinjection. Increases in foot temperature of at least 0.5 degrees C were defined as sympathetic blockade. The incidence of unilateral block was not significantly influenced by the amount of bupivacaine. For all 96 patients, the incidence of unilateral sympathetic and complete motor block was 69% and 77%, respectively. Frequency of unilateral sensory block (assessed by pinprick and temperature discrimination) was significantly lower (28%). Strict unilateral spinal anesthesia was achieved in 24 cases (25%). Twenty minutes after injection of the local anesthetic, mean arterial blood pressure decreased significantly in patients with bilateral sympathetic blockade from 87 +/- 8 to 83 +/- 8 mm Hg (P < 0.01) but not in patients with unilateral sympathetic blockade (from 87 +/- 11 to 85 +/- 10 mm Hg). In conclusion, low-flow injection (1 mL/min) of hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% via a 29-gauge Quincke needle prevented bilateral sympathetic blockade in more than 69% of the patients. The data further suggest that loss of temperature discrimination alone is not a reliable estimation of sympathetic block.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Enk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Penner
mesh_terms: D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine; D006801:Humans; D009046:Motor Neurons; D009339:Needles; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods; D009475:Neurons, Afferent; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine