title: Some observations on the biting behavior of Anopheles gambiae s.s., Anopheles arabiensis, and Anopheles funestus and their implications for malaria control.
abstract: Studies were carried out in three villages in western Kenya on the biting behavior of Anopheles gambiae s.s., Anopheles arabiensis, and Anopheles funestus. Blood feeding behavior and departure from houses were studied under the impact of permethrin-impregnated eaves-sisal curtains. Only 2-13% of the female vector population was collected biting before 2200 hr. Over 90% of the villagers went to bed by 2100 hr. An. funestus was 6.6-8.2 times more likely to bite people indoors than outdoors, while An. gambiae s.l. females were only 2 times as likely. Under the influence of permethrin-impregnated sisal curtains placed under the eaves of village houses, there was a marked egress of blood-fed An. funestus and An. gambiae s.s. Permethrin seems to have induced exophily of half-gravid female An. gambiae s.s. While An. gambiae s.s. remained highly anthropophagic under the impact of permethrin, An. funestus shifted to feeding more on cattle. An arabiensis were largely zoophilic. Our results underline the difficulties of controlling An. gambiae s.s., the principal African malaria vector. New strategies must be found to control this vector.
authors.affiliation: Vector Biology and Control Research Center, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Githeko
authors.forename: N I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Adungo
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Karanja
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Hawley
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vulule
authors.forename: I K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Seroney
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Ofulla
authors.forename: F K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Atieli
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Ondijo
authors.forename: I O
authors.initials: IO
authors.lastname: Genga
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Odada
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Situbi
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Oloo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000502:physiology*; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods