title: Induction of apoptosis by pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate and N-acetylcysteine in vascular smooth muscle cells.
abstract: Pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) have been used as antioxidants to prevent apoptosis in lymphocytes, neurons, and vascular endothelial cells. We report here that PDTC and NAC induce apoptosis in rat and human smooth muscle cells. In rat aortic smooth muscle cells, PDTC induced cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and DNA strand breaks consistent with apoptosis. In addition, overexpression of Bcl-2 suppressed vascular smooth muscle cell death caused by PDTC and NAC. The viability of rat aortic smooth muscle cells decreased within 3 h of treatment with PDTC and was reduced to 30% at 12 h. The effect of PDTC and NAC on smooth muscle cells was not species specific because PDTC and NAC both caused dose-dependent reductions in viability in rat and human aortic smooth muscle cells. In contrast, neither PDTC nor NAC reduced viability in human aortic endothelial cells. The use of antioxidants to induce apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells may help prevent their proliferation in arteriosclerotic lesions.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Biology Laboratory and the Department of Molecular and Cellular Toxicology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshizumi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Perrella
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haber
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schlegel
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001011:Aorta; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002843:Chromatin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D004247:DNA / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D016716:PC12 Cells; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013859:Thiocarbamates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002843:Chromatin; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D007328:Insulin; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D013859:Thiocarbamates; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; C020972:pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D004247:DNA; D000111:Acetylcysteine