title: Kinetics of cytokine expression during primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection.
abstract: In the present study, we have determined the kinetics of constitutive expression of a panel of cytokines [interleukin (IL) 2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)] in sequential peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples from nine individuals with primary human immunodeficiency virus infection. Expression of IL-2 and IL-4 was barely detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However, substantial levels of IL-2 expression were found in mononuclear cells isolated from lymph node. Expression of IL-6 was detected in only three of nine patients, and IL-6 expression was observed when transition from the acute to the chronic phase had already occurred. Expression of IL-10 and TNF-alpha was consistently observed in all patients tested, and levels of both cytokines were either stable or progressively increased over time. Similar to IL-10 and TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma expression was detected in all patients; however, in five of nine patients, IFN-gamma expression peaked very early during primary infection. The early peak in IFN-gamma expression coincided with oligoclonal expansions of CD8+ T cells in five of six patients, and CD8+ T cells mostly accounted for the expression of this cytokine. These results indicate that high levels of expression of proinflammatory cytokines are associated with primary infection and that the cytokine response during this phase of infection is strongly influenced by oligoclonal expansions of CD8+ T cells.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1876, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Graziosi
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Gantt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vaccarezza
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Demarest
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Daucher
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Saag
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: O J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Welbon
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pantaleo
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Fauci
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007700:Kinetics; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000276:immunology; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016693:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007376:Interleukin-2; D015850:Interleukin-6; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016693:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma