title: Potentiation of nitric oxide-mediated vasorelaxation by xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
abstract: Nitric oxide (NO), now almost synonymous with endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), reacts with superoxide anion radical (O2-) and forms a potentially toxic molecular species, peroxynitrite (ONOO-). Because xanthine oxidase (XO) seems to be a major O2- -producing enzyme in the vascular system, it is important to clarify the mechanism of XO regulation of NO/EDRF. We first characterized the inhibition of XO in vitro by three types of pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives. Kinetic studies indicated that 4-amino-6-hydroxpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (AHPP) and allopurinol competitively inhibited the conversion of xanthine to uric acid catalyzed by XO, with apparent Ki values of 0.17 +/- 0.02 and 0.50 +/- 0.03 micro M respectively; alloxanthine inhibited this conversion in a noncompetitive manner with an apparent Ki value of 3.54 +/- 1.12 microM. O2- generation in the xanthine/XO system assayed by lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence was suppressed most strongly by AHPP in a dose-dependent fashion; allopurinol itself appears to reduce the enzyme by transfer of an electron to O2, thus generating O(2-). AHPP significantly augmented EDRF-mediated relaxation of aortic rings from both rabbits and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) in a dose-dependent manner, whereas allopurinol did not affect the relaxation and only marginal potentiation of the vasorelaxation was observed with alloxanthine. Finally, iv injection of AHPP (50.4 mg/kg; 100 micromol/300 g rat) reduced the blood pressure of SHR rats to 70% of the initial pressure; this pressure is almost the blood pressure of normal rats. Allopurinol (100 micromol/300 g rat; iv) showed transient decrease in blood pressure and moderate reduction of hypertension of SHR (10%) was observed with iv injection of alloxanthine (100 mumol/300 g rat). On the basis of these results, it seems that XO regulates EDRF/NO via production of O2-.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akaike
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Horie
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maeda
mesh_terms: D000493:Allopurinol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010117:Oxypurinol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D011437:Propylamines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects*; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011437:Propylamines; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000493:Allopurinol; C052917:4-amino-3-(3-aminopropyl)phenol; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase; D010117:Oxypurinol