title: The influence of the wider use of surfactant therapy on neonatal mortality among blacks and whites.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surfactant therapy reduces morbidity and mortality among premature infants with the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Fetal pulmonary surfactant matures more slowly in white than in black fetuses, and therefore RDS is more prevalent among whites than among blacks. We reasoned that the increased use of surfactant after its approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1990 might have reduced neonatal mortality more among whites than among blacks.
  
  
  METHODS
  We merged vital-statistics information for all 1563 infants with very low birth weights (500 to 1500 g) born from 1987 through 1989 or in 1991 and 1992 to residents of St. Louis with clinical data from the four neonatal intensive care units in the St. Louis area; we then compared neonatal mortality during two periods, one before and one after the FDA's approval of surfactant for clinical use (1987 through 1989 and 1991 through 1992).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of surfactant increased by a factor of 10 between 1987 through 1989 and 1991 through 1992. The neonatal mortality rate among all very-low-birth-weight infants decreased 17 percent, from 220.3 deaths per 1000 very-low-birth-weight babies born alive (in 1987 through 1989) to 183.9 per 1000 (in 1991 through 1992; P = 0.07). This decrease was due to a 41 percent reduction in the mortality rate among white newborns with very low birth weights (from 261.5 per 1000 to 155.5 per 1000; P = 0.003). In contrast, among black infants, the mortality rate for very-low-birth-weight infants did not change significantly (195.6 per 1000 and 196.8 per 1000). The relative risk of death among black newborns with very low birth weights as compared with white newborns with similar weights was 0.7 from 1987 through 1989 and 1.3 from 1991 through 1992 (P = 0.02). The differences in mortality were not explained by differences in access to surfactant therapy, by differences in mortality between black and white infants who received surfactant, or by differences in the use of antenatal corticosteroid therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After surfactant therapy for RDS became generally available, neonatal mortality improved more for white than for black infants with very low birth weights.
authors.affiliation: Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamvas
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Wise
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Wampler
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Noguchi
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Walentik
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Schramm
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Cole
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044383:Black People; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D007226:Infant Mortality / Q000639:trends; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D008923:Missouri / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012127:Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality*; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants