title: Safety evaluation of a polymerized hemoglobin solution in a murine infection model.
abstract: Several investigators have observed that free hemoglobin may increase the mortality rate in experimental Escherichia coli peritonitis in animals. This effect is probably mediated by the heme moiety of hemoglobin, but the mechanism remains controversial. Free hemoglobin might impair neutrophil function, and it might serve as a source of iron, which is necessary for bacterial replication. Several modified hemoglobin solutions, developed as blood substitutes, are currently being tested in clinical studies, but concern exists that these solutions may have the potential to exacerbate a bacterial infection. At the Central Laboratory of the Netherlands Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, a blood substitute based on modified hemoglobin (PolyHbXl) has been developed that has improved oxygen affinity and prolonged vascular retention. In the present study the potential risk of this solution on the promotion of infections has been evaluated. PolyHbXl was intravenously injected into mice in a clinically relevant dose of 1.5 gm/kg body weight 1 hour before intravenous administration of a sublethal number of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, E. coli, or Candida albicans organisms. PolyHbXl did not promote the proliferation of any of these microorganisms in the liver and spleen, nor did it lead to an increased mortality rate in the mice. Also, the in vitro proliferation of L. monocytogenes, S. typhimurium, and E. coli was not increased by PolyHbXl. In conclusion, PolyHbXl does not affect the course of infection with various microorganisms in mice, and no indication was found that this new blood substitute compromises the host defense against infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Langermans
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: van Vuren-van der Hulst
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Bleeker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D001704:Biopolymers / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001802:Blood Substitutes / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000254:growth & development; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000254:growth & development; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000254:growth & development; D008099:Liver / Q000382:microbiology; D051379:Mice; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000254:growth & development; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000494:pharmacology; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D013154:Spleen / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D001704:Biopolymers; D001802:Blood Substitutes; D006454:Hemoglobins; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine