title: Influence of infection on patent ductus arteriosus and chronic lung disease in premature infants weighing 1000 grams or less.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypotheses that (1) infection increases ductal dilatory prostaglandins and inflammatory mediators that may influence the closure of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), increasing the incidence of late episodes of PDA (after 7 days) and the rate of closure failures, and (2) the concurrence of PDA and infection increases the risk of chronic lung disease (CLD).
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fourteen premature infants (birth weight, 500 to 1000 gm) were prospectively assessed for PDA and infection. Serum levels of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor alpha were measured routinely in all infants and when PDA or infection was present. Multivariate assessment of risk factors for PDA closure failure and for CLD was done by logistic regression, and expressed as an odds ratio and as 95% confidence intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Late PDA episodes were more frequent in infants with infection than in those without infection. A temporally related infection (<5 days between both diagnoses) was associated with an increased risk of PDA closure failure (odds ratio, 19.1 (confidence interval, 4 to 90)). In addition to birth weight and the severity of initial respiratory failure, PDA and infection increased the risk of CLD (odds ratio, 11.7 (confidence interval, 1.7 to 81) for PDA; odds ration, 3.1 (confidence interval, 1 to 11) for infection). Furthermore, when both factors were temporally related, they further increased the risk of CLD (odds ratio, 29.6 (confidence interval, 4.5 to >100)). Infants with infection and those with PDA had higher levels of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha than did control subjects. Levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha were also elevated in infants with infection and in those with late PDA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infection adversely influences PDA outcome by increasing the risk of late ductal reopening and PDA closure failures. Increased levels of prostaglandins and tumor necrosis factor alpha in infants with infection may explain the poor PDA outcome. The concurrence of PDA and infection potentiates their negative effects on the risk of CLD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Sosenko
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chandar
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hummler
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Claure
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bancalari
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D004374:Ductus Arteriosus, Patent / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D007239:Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011460:Prostaglandins F / Q000097:blood; D018805:Sepsis / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D011460:Prostaglandins F; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C100006:prostaglandin F1