title: Influence of cognitive reserve on neuropsychological functioning in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the influence of cognitive reserve or brain reserve capacity on neuropsychological performance in early human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional group comparison study, based on neuropsychological performance, of HIV-1 seropositive and HIV-1 seronegative participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-five medically asymptomatic HIV-1-seropositive homosexual or bisexual men and 50 HIV-1-seronegative homosexual or bisexual male controls. Subjects were grouped by HIV-1 status (seropositive vs seronegative) and by cognitive reserve scores (low reserve vs high reserve).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cognitive reserve scores were based on a combination of years of education, a measure of occupational attainment, and an estimate of premorbid intelligence. Performance on a battery of neuropsychological tests was summarized by empirically derived factor scores and clinical summary ratings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HIV-1-seropositive subjects with low cognitive reserve scores exhibited significantly greater deficits on measures of attention and information processing speed, verbal learning and memory, executive functioning, and visuospatial performance than did the HIV-1-seropositive subjects with high cognitive reserve scores. In contrast, there were no significant group differences on these measures between both groups of HIV-1-seronegative subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early neuropsychological impairments in HIV-1 infection are most evident in individuals with lower cognitive reserve. As has been found in other neurologic disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, individuals with greater cognitive reserve may be less sensitive to the initial clinical effects of the underlying neuropathologic process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chaisson
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003071:Cognition; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009420:Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009790:Occupations