title: Maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of congenital urinary tract anomalies.
abstract: To study maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of congenital urinary tract anomalies, we interviewed mothers of 118 affected infants born to residents of western Washington State during 1990 and 1991 and mothers of 369 control infants randomly selected from those without birth defects delivered during those years in five hospitals in King County, Washington. Maternal smoking was associated with an increased risk of congenital urinary tract anomalies in offspring (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2, 4.5). This risk was higher among light smokers (1-1000 cigarettes during the pregnancy) (OR = 3.7; 95% CI = 1.7, 8.6) than among heavy smokers (OR = 1.4; 95% CI = 0.6, 3.3). Our results corroborate previous findings and support the hypothesis of a causal relation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Hickok
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Daling
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Fantel
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Checkoway
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000002:abnormalities*; D014861:Washington