title: Time from symptom onset to treatment and outcomes after thrombolytic therapy. GUSTO-1 Investigators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to examine the relations among patient characteristics, time to thrombolysis and outcomes in the international GUSTO-I trial.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Studies have shown better left ventricular function and decreased infarct size as well as increased survival with earlier thrombolysis, but the relative benefits of various thrombolytic agents with earlier administration are uncertain.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the relations of baseline characteristics to three prospectively defined time variables: symptom onset to treatment, symptom onset to hospital arrival (presentation delay) and hospital arrival to treatment (treatment delay). We also examined the relations of delays to clinical outcomes and to the relative 30-day mortality benefit with accelerated tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) versus streptokinase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Female, elderly, diabetic and hypertensive patients had longer delays at all stages. Previous infarction or bypass surgery was an additional risk factor for treatment delay. Early thrombolysis was associated with lower overall mortality rate (< 2 h, 5.5%; > 4 h, 9.0%), but no additional relative benefit resulted from earlier treatment with accelerated t-PA versus streptokinase (p = 0.38). Longer presentation and treatment delays were both associated with increased mortality rate (presentation delay < 1 h, 5.6% and > 4 h, 8.6%; treatment delay < 1 h, 5.4%, and > 90 min, 8.1%). As time to treatment increased, the incidence of recurrent ischemia or reinfarction decreased, but the rates of shock, heart failure and stroke increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Earlier treatment resulted in better outcomes, regardless of thrombolytic strategy. Elderly, female and diabetic patients were treated later, adding to their already substantial risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Newby
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Rutsch
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Califf
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Simoons
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Aylward
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Woodlief
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Topol
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Van de Werf
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010960:Plasminogen Activators / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013300:Streptokinase / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D013997:Time Factors; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D013300:Streptokinase; D010960:Plasminogen Activators; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator