title: A soluble domain of the membrane-anchoring chain of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA2) folds in Escherichia coli into the low-pH-induced conformation.
abstract: The extensive refolding of the membrane-anchoring chain of hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus (termed HA2) in cellular endosomes, which initiates viral entry by membrane fusion, suggests that viral HA is meta-stable. HA2 polypeptide residues 38-175 expressed in Escherichia coli are reported here to fold in vivo into a soluble trimer. The structure appears to be the same as the low-pH-induced conformation of viral HA2 by alpha-helical content, thermodynamic stability, protease dissection, electron microscopy, and antibody binding. These results provide evidence that the structure of the low-pH-induced fold of viral HA2 (TBHA2) observed crystallographically is the lowest-energy-state fold of the HA2 polypeptide. They indicate that the HA2 conformation in viral HA before low pH activation of its fusion potential is metastable and suggest that removal of the receptor-binding chain (HA1) is enough to allow HA2 to adopt the stable state. Further, they provide direct evidence that low pH is not required to form the membrane-fusion conformation but acts to make this state kinetically accessible in viral HA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Wharton
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Weissenhorn
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Calder
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Hughson
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Skehel
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Wiley
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites; D002942:Circular Dichroism; D003545:Cysteine; D004220:Disulfides; D004926:Escherichia coli; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; D006389:Hemagglutinins, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008081:Liposomes; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011487:Protein Conformation; D017510:Protein Folding; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012995:Solubility; D013816:Thermodynamics; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004220:Disulfides; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; D006389:Hemagglutinins, Viral; D008081:Liposomes; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; D003545:Cysteine