title: Diagnosis of chronic venous disease of the lower extremities: the "CEAP" classification.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test a new classification of chronic venous disease (CVD)--based on clinical, etiologic, anatomic, and pathophysiologic data (the CEAP system)--in a series of patients by using objective tests to establish all diagnoses.
  
  
  METHODS
  The CEAP classification was applied to 102 extremities in 70 consecutive patients with CVD. Diagnoses were based on objective testing with continuous-wave Doppler studies, duplex scanning, plethysmography, venous pressure, and phlebography, which were applied selectively (the more invasive methods were reserved for cases of greater severity).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Use of this classification provided an organized categorization of the key elements of the venous abnormalities in each case and clarified the interrelationships among the clinical manifestations, cause of the process, and anatomic distribution of involvement. For example, in this series of 102 extremities, 79% had primary venous disease, 18% had secondary disease, and 3% had congenital abnormalities. Ulcers were found in 7% of extremities with primary CVD and 44% with secondary CVD. Of the cases with ulceration, 43% were due to primary incompetence and 57% to postthrombotic disease. Reflux was the pathophysiologic problem in 86% of the total series and in 80% of ulcer cases. Similar relationships can be delineated for cases with varicose veins, edema, or skin changes. Study of the specific facets of the CEAP classification provided precise information about the cause and the effect of venous abnormalities that could be compared with cases in other series.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of the CEAP classification with diagnoses determined by objective testing accurately identifies categories of CVD. The objective date provide a clear description of the abnormalities in each case and may be used for analyses of meaningful relationships between categories of CVD. Adoption of this objective method of classifying CVD will facilitate interinstitutional studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Straub Clinic & Hospital, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Kistner
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eklof
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Masuda
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology