title: Training physicians and health care providers to accurately read coronary arteriograms. A training program.
abstract: Patterns in visual interpretation of coronary arteriograms (CAs) frequently cause incorrect assessment of percent diameter stenosis (%DS). These errors result in overestimating the results of angioplasty as well as of the number of arteries significantly affected by coronary artery (CAD) disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one physicians, nurses, and students participated in the standardization of 45 Kodachromes (39 arteries, 6 phantoms) and 5 photographic reproductions. Eleven of the 41 participated in a three-part training program designed to eliminate errors and improve accuracy of interpreting %DS from CAs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Improvement in reading %DS was seen in 69% of CAs with statistical (P < or = 0.05) improvement in one third of these cases, whose narrowings ranged from 4% to 84%DS. Variability of reporting was reduced in 26% of the cases. Skewing, representing an overestimation of "severe" disease and underestimation of "less severe" disease, was reduced with statistical improvement (P < or = 0.05) in reported %DS noted after training. Similar improvement was seen with phantoms but not in photographic images where the arterial edges were outlined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The outcomes of clinical management, invasive and interventional (mechanical, thrombolytic) procedures, as well as research studies depend in part upon the accuracy of reading %DS from CAs. Most studies to date have completed using extremely unreliable estimates of %DS with resultant problems in data interpretation. The use of this standardized training program has led to significant improvement in accurately assessing CAD.
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical Cardiology & Research, Cedar Falls, Iowa, USA.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gaede
mesh_terms: D002309:Cardiology / Q000193:education*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000473:pathology; D004496:Education, Continuing; D004509:Education, Nursing, Continuing; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013337:Students, Medical