title: Endoscopic forehead lift: technique and case presentations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The advent of the endoscopic forehead lift has provided an alternative to the conventional open approach. This article describes the basic technique, with some modifications, and reports three clinical cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The subperiosteal forehead technique rejuvenates the upper third of the face with no scalp resection, minimal risks of hypesthesia, limited risk of alopecia, reduced tissue trauma, small camouflaged scars, less bleeding and edema, improved postoperative comfort and faster recovery compared with the standard open techniques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The endoscopic subperiosteal forehead lift is a useful technique for providing rejuvenation of the upper third of the face. It reduces or eliminates forehead rhytids by eliminating the reflex contracture of the frontalis and contributes to softening of the vertical glabellar rhytids. Longitudinal studies will be required to assess the effectiveness of this technique compared with open techniques.
authors.affiliation: University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA.
authors.forename: C O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Wise
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000505:Alopecia / Q000517:prevention & control; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000517:prevention & control; D003286:Contracture / Q000517:prevention & control; D004487:Edema / Q000517:prevention & control; D019723:Endoscopes; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005546:Forehead / Q000601:surgery*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D006987:Hypesthesia / Q000517:prevention & control; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D010521:Periosteum / Q000601:surgery; D015361:Rhytidoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors