title: Characteristics of rural homebound older adults: a community-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency and characteristics of homebound older adults in a rural community.
  
  
  METHODS
  An epidemiological survey of an age-stratified random community sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  The rural mid-Monongahela Valley in Southwestern Pennsylvania.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 878 noninstitutionalized persons aged 68 years and older, fluent in English, and with at least grade 6 education.
  
  
  METHODS
  The frequency with which subjects left their homes, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, and additional information on demographics, self-reported health problems, health services utilization, IADLs, depression, and social support were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  10.3% of the sample was classified as homebound. In univariate analyses, being homebound was found to be associated significantly (P < .001) with being older, female, and widowed and with MMSE and IADL impairment, with more depressive symptoms and worse social supports, fair to poor self-rated general health, weight loss, and histories of stroke, angina, arthritis of the spine, and falls. In a multiple regression model, variables associated independently with homebound status were gender (odds ratio = 9.4, 95% confidence interval = 3.6 - 24.9), weight loss (OR = 3.7, CI = 1.7 - 8.2), IADL impairment (OR = 2.6, CI = 2.1 - 3.1), and depressive symptoms (OR = 2.1, CI = 1.3 - 3.2). Being homebound was also associated with recent acute hospitalization and use of home health and social services.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide evidence that homebound older adults have a disproportionate share of morbidity and disability and suggest a sociodemographic and clinical profile to help identify those older people at risk of being or becoming homebound. They also point to the need for home-based health services for the older adults, particularly in medically underserved communities such as rural areas.
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatrics and Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2593, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ganguli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gilby
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Belle
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D018577:Homebound Persons / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008507:Medically Underserved Area; D010414:Pennsylvania; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors