title: Glucocorticoid-dependent induction of interleukin-6 receptor expression in human hepatocytes facilitates interleukin-6 stimulation of amino acid transport.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors studied the effects of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) on glutamine and alanine transport in isolated human hepatocytes. They also evaluated the role of dexamethasone in modulating this response and its effects on the expression of the plasma membrane high-affinity IL-6 receptor.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Animal studies indicate that cytokines are important mediators of the increased hepatic amino acid uptake that occurs during cancer and sepsis, but studies in human tissues are lacking. The control of transport by cytokines and cytokine receptor expression in the liver may provide a mechanism by which hepatocytes can modulate amino acid availability during catabolic disease states.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human hepatocytes were isolated from wedge biopsy specimens and plated in 24-well trays. Interleukin-6 and TNF-alpha, in combination with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone, were added to hepatocytes in culture, and the transport of radiolabeled glutamine and alanine was measured. Fluorescent-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis was used to study the effects of dexamethasone on IL-6 receptor number in the well-differentiated human hepatoma HepG2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both IL-6 and TNF-alpha exerted a small stimulatory effect on alanine and glutamine transport. Dexamethasone alone did not alter transport rates, but pretreatment of cells augmented the effects of both cytokines on carrier-mediated amino acid uptake. Dexamethasone pretreatment and a combination of IL-6 and TNF-alpha resulted in a greater than twofold increase in transport activity. Fluorescent-activated cell sorter analysis demonstrated that dexamethasone induced a threefold increase in the expression of high-affinity IL-6 receptors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interleukin-6 and TNF-alpha work coordinately with glucocorticoids to stimulate amino acid uptake in human hepatocytes. Dexamethasone exerts a permissive effect on cytokine-mediated increases in transport by increasing IL-6 receptor expression on the cell surface. It is likely that this upregulation of IL-6 receptors "primes" human liver cells for subsequent stimulation by cytokines. The resulting increase in hepatic amino acid transport provides the liver with substrate to support key metabolic pathways during catabolic states.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Bode
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Tanabe
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Souba
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D002469:Cell Separation / Q000379:methods; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018123:Receptors, Interleukin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D019947:Receptors, Interleukin-6; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D015703:Antigens, CD; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D015850:Interleukin-6; D018123:Receptors, Interleukin; D019947:Receptors, Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D003907:Dexamethasone