title: Gender difference in apolipoprotein E-associated risk for familial Alzheimer disease: a possible clue to the higher incidence of Alzheimer disease in women.
abstract: Late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD) is associated with the apolipoprotein E (APOE)-epsilon4 allele. In late-onset familial AD, women have a significantly higher risk of developing the disease than do men. The aim of this study was to determine whether the gender difference in familial AD is a function of APOE genotype. We studied 58 late-onset familial AD kindreds. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to assess genotype-specific distributions of age at onset. Odds ratios were estimated by logistic regression with adjustment for age and by conditional logistic regression with stratification on families. All methods detected a significant gender difference for the epsilon4 heterozygous genotype. In women, epsilon4 heterozygotes had higher risk than those without epsilon4; there was no significant difference between epsilon4 heterozygotes and epsilon4 homozygotes. In men, epsilon4 heterozygotes had lower risk than epsilon4 homozygotes; there was not significant difference between epsilon4 heterozygotes and those without epsilon4. A direct comparison of epsilon4 heterozygous men and women revealed a significant twofold increased risk in women. We confirmed these results in 15 autopsy-confirmed AD kindreds from the National Cell Repository at Indiana University Alzheimer Disease Center. These observations are consistent with the increased incidence of familial AD in women and may be a critical clue to the role of gender in the pathogenesis of AD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Payami
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zareparsi
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Montee
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Sexton
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kaye
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Wijsman
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Heston
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Litt
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Schellenberg
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D053329:Apolipoprotein E2; D053318:Apolipoprotein E3; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics*; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics*; D006579:Heterozygote; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D053329:Apolipoprotein E2; D053318:Apolipoprotein E3; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4; D001057:Apolipoproteins E