title: Survival of Medicare patients after enrollment in hospice programs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Each year more than 220,000 Medicare beneficiaries receive care from hospice programs designed to enhance the quality of the end of life. Enrollment requires certification by a physician that the patient has a life expectancy of less than six months. We examined how long before death patients enrolled in hospice programs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using 1990 Medicare claim data, we analyzed the characteristics and survival of 6451 hospice patients followed for a minimum of 27 months with respect to mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients' mean age was 76.4 years; 92.4 percent were white. Half the patients were women, and 80.2 percent had cancer of some type. The most common diagnoses were lung cancer (21.4 percent), colorectal cancer (10.5 percent), and prostate cancer (7.4 percent). The median survival after enrollment was only 36 days, and 15.6 percent of the patients died within 7 days. At the other extreme, 14.9 percent of the patients lived longer than six months. Survival varied substantially according to diagnosis, even after adjustment for age and co-existing conditions. The unadjusted survival after enrollment was shortest for those with renal failure, those with leukemia or lymphoma, and those with liver or biliary cancer; it was longest for those with chronic lung disease, those with dementia, and those with breast cancer. Patients at for-profit, larger, outpatient, or newer hospices lived longer after enrollment than those in other types of hospice programs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most patients who enter hospice care do so late in the course of their terminal illnesses. The timing of enrollment in hospice programs varies substantially with the characteristics of the patients and the hospices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Christakis
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Escarce
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003704:Dementia / Q000401:mortality; D035082:Federal Government; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality; D017051:Hospice Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008173:Lung Diseases, Obstructive / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000401:mortality; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States