title: The rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air: fireworks-related injuries to children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the epidemiology of fireworks-related injuries to children treated in a pediatric emergency department.
  
  
  METHODS
  A descriptive study of a consecutive series of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The emergency department of a large urban children's hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children treated for injuries associated with fireworks during the 22-year period from 1972 through 1993.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred sixteen children were treated for fireworks-related injuries. Ninety-five percent of patients were injured during the 3-week period of June 22 to July 14 during the study years. Seventy-one percent of patients were male, and the average age was 8.5 years, with a range of 1 month to 17 years. The child was a bystander in 26% of cases, and adult supervision was present in 54% of cases. One patient died, and 11% of children required admission to the hospital, with an average length of stay of 7.8 days (range, 1 to 37 days). Fifteen children (5%) went to the operating room for treatment of injuries. Thirty-three patients (10%) had permanent sequelae from their injuries, including 7 children (2%) with complete or partial loss of vision in one eye. The eyes were injured in 29% of cases, followed by hands and fingers (22%), other head and face sites (18%), and lower extremities (16%). The primary injury was a burn in 72% of cases. Firecrackers were associated with 42% of injuries, followed by bottle rockets (12%), other types of rockets (7%), Roman candles (11%), sparklers (7%), fountains (5%), jumping jacks (4%), and class B (illegal) fireworks (4%). Sixty-seven percent of sparkler-related injuries occurred among children 5 years and younger (Fisher's exact test, P = .000002; odds ratio [OR] = 10.00, 95% confidence interval 3.52 < OR < 29.24). Permanent sequelae were more common for eye injuries caused by rockets than eye injuries caused by other types of fireworks (Fisher's exact test, P = .03; OR = 6.72, 95% confidence interval 1.18 < OR < 38.18). Charges for medical care of a fireworks-related injury averaged $1385 per patient (range, $44 to $15 071).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fireworks are associated with serious injuries. Findings of this large consecutive series describe the epidemiology of these injuries. Children and their families should be encouraged to enjoy fireworks at public fireworks displays conducted by professionals. Fireworks for individual private use should be banned.
authors.affiliation: Ohio State University College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Columbus, USA.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Knapp
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Shields
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002056:Burns / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004630:Emergencies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006230:Hand Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data