Automated sample preparation for monitoring groundwater pollution by carbamate insecticides and their transformation products.
We investigated automated on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatographic (LC) techniques for monitoring carbamates and their transformation products. Analytical determinations were performed by LC with UV or postcolumn fluorescence detection (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Method 531.1 for carbamate insecticides) after preconcentration with on-line SPE using C18 Empore extraction disks. On-line SPE/LC/thermospray mass spectrometry with time-scheduled selected-ion monitoring was used as confirmatory method. The method was used to determine pesticide traces in well waters of a typical aquifer in the Almeria area (Andalucia, south of Spain) from March 1993 to February 1994. The major pollutants, found in highest amounts, were carbofuran, methiocarb, and methomyl, at levels of 0.32, 0.3, and 0.8 micrograms/L, respectively. According to results of seasonal variation studies, pollution by carbamate insecticides is sporadic and exceeds the limit of 0.5 micrograms/L for total pesticides allowed by the European Economic Community Drinking Water Directive only twice a year. 3-Hydroxycarbofuran and methiocarb sulfone also were detected, showing the importance of including the main toxic break-down products of carbamate insecticides in future monitoring programs.
Chiron
S
S
Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Environmental Chemistry Department, Barcelona, Spain.
Valverde
A
A
Fernandez-Alba
A
A
Barceló
D
D
D001322:Autoanalysis; D001711:Biotransformation; D002219:Carbamates; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D012621:Seasons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
D002219:Carbamates; D007306:Insecticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical