title: Microfabricated structures for integrated DNA analysis.
abstract: Photolithographic micromachining of silicon is a candidate technology for the construction of high-throughput DNA analysis devices. However, the development of complex silicon microfabricated systems has been hindered in part by the lack of a simple, versatile pumping method for integrating individual components. Here we describe a surface-tension-based pump able to move discrete nanoliter drops through enclosed channels using only local heating. This thermocapillary pump can accurately mix, measure, and divide drops by simple electronic control. In addition, we have constructed thermal-cycling chambers, gel electrophoresis channels, and radiolabeled DNA detectors that are compatible with the fabrication of thermocapillary pump channels. Since all of the components are made by conventional photolithographic techniques, they can be assembled into more complex integrated systems. The combination of pump and components into self-contained miniaturized devices may provide significant improvements in DNA analysis speed, portability, and cost. The potential of microfabricated systems lies in the low unit cost of silicon-based construction and in the efficient sample handling afforded by component integration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Mastrangelo
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Sammarco
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Man
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: B N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Johnsons
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Foerster
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fields
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Burke
mesh_terms: D001331:Automation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D001483:Base Sequence; D002197:Capillary Action; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics*; D017931:DNA Primers; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D012825:Silicon
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004247:DNA; D012825:Silicon