title: Brueghel syndrome: its distinction from Meige syndrome.
abstract: A critical historical evaluation of the cranial dystonias supports the separation of the dystonia of the motor trigeminal nerve producing a widely opened mouth (Brueghel syndrome) from the more common facial dystonias with blepharospasm (Meige syndrome). In a patient with Brueghel syndrome, paroxysmal hyperpnea coincided with dystonic gaping; the finding of upbeating nystagmus suggests pontine localization in the pathogenesis of this rare disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Gilbert
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004850:Eponyms; D005260:Female; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008512:Medicine in the Arts; D008538:Meige Syndrome / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000266:history; D009055:Mouth; D010151:Paintings / Q000266:history; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications