title: Dissociation in aging Holocaust survivors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study explored relationships among dissociation, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in elderly Holocaust survivors with and without PTSD and in a demographically comparable group of nontraumatized subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Holocaust survivors with PTSD (N = 35) and without PTSD (N = 25) who had been recruited from the community and a comparison group (N = 16) were studied. Dissociation was evaluated with the Dissociative Experiences Scale. Past cumulative trauma and recent stress were evaluated with the Antonovsky Life Crises Scale and the Elderly Care Research Center Recent Life Events Scale, respectively. PTSD symptoms were assessed with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Holocaust survivors with PTSD showed significantly higher levels of current dissociative experiences than did the other groups. However, the extent of dissociation was substantially less than that which has been observed in other trauma survivors with PTSD. Dissociative Experiences Scale scores were significantly associated with PTSD symptom severity, but the relation between Dissociative Experiences Scale scores and exposure to trauma was not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Possible explanations for this finding include the age of the survivors, the length of time since the traumatic event, and possible unique features of the Holocaust survivor population. Nevertheless, the findings call into question the current notion that PTSD and dissociative experiences represent the same phenomenon. The findings suggest that the relationships among dissociation, trauma, and PTSD can be further clarified by longitudinal studies of trauma survivors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yehuda
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elkin
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Binder-Brynes
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kahana
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Southwick
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schmeidler
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Giller
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004213:Dissociative Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D017767:Holocaust / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D013534:Survival / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors