title: Removal of surface bacteria by irrigation.
abstract: We examined the efficacy of various irrigation solutions delivered through a power irrigator to remove bacteria from three different surfaces. Titanium, stainless-steel, and cortical bone surfaces were coated with three different bacterial species: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. They were then irrigated with 1 L of fluid delivered by jet lavage. The fluids tested were normal saline and solutions of bacitracin, neomycin, and soap. One set of specimens was not irrigated, as a control. After irrigation, the specimens were sonicated to remove residual bacteria, and the sonicate was quantitatively cultured to allow evaluation of the amount of residual bacteria on the surface. The results showed that removal of bacteria reflects an interaction between bacterial species, surface characteristics, and irrigation solution. Fewer bacteria were present in all the irrigation groups than in the control. Soap solution was as good as or better than any other solution at removing all three types of bacteria from all three surfaces, although not all of the pairwise comparisons were statistically significant. There was a significant advantage to soap solution over antibiotic irrigant or saline alone in removing Staphylococcus epidermidis from metallic surfaces. The use of soap solution for irrigation seems to improve the removal of some bacteria from some surfaces in this experimental model and may represent a better type of irrigation additive.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Trauma Service, University of Missouri Hospitals and Clinics, Columbia, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Anglen
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Apostoles
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gainor
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lane
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001414:Bacitracin; D001419:Bacteria; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000382:microbiology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D006801:Humans; D009355:Neomycin; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012915:Soaps; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013232:Steel; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation; D014025:Titanium; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D012915:Soaps; D013232:Steel; D001414:Bacitracin; D014025:Titanium; D009355:Neomycin