title: Tensile properties of nondegenerate human lumbar anulus fibrosus.
abstract: METHODS
  The in vitro tensile behavior of multiple-layer samples of anulus fibrosus were investigated from nondegenerate intervertebral discs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the intrinsic tensile behavior of nondegenerate anulus fibrosus and the variations with position and age in the intervertebral disc.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Tension is an important loading mode in the anulus fibrosus. The tensile behavior of single- and multiple-layer samples of anulus fibrosus has been shown to vary with specimen orientation, position in the disc, and environmental conditions. Little is known of the changes in these site-specific tensile properties of the anulus with aging or degeneration of the intervertebral disc.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multiple-layer specimens of anulus fibrosus were harvested with an orientation parallel to the circumference of the disc. Constant strain rate and uniaxial tensile tests were performed in 0.15 mol/l NaCl at slow strain rates to measure the intrinsic properties of the collagen-proteoglycan matrix of the anulus fibrosus. The tensile modulus, failure stress, failure strain, and strain energy density were determined. Statistical analyses were done to evaluate regional and age-related differences in these properties.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant radial and circumferential variations in the intrinsic tensile properties of anular samples were detected. The anterior anulus fibrosus had larger values for tensile moduli and failure stresses than the posterolateral anulus. Also, the outer regions of the anulus had greater moduli and failure stresses and lower failure strains than the inner regions. Strain energy density did not vary significantly with region. Significant, but very weak, correlations were detected between tensile properties and age of the intervertebral disc.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observed variations in tensile behavior of multiple-layer anulus samples indicate that larger variations in tensile modulus and failure properties occur with radial position in the disc than from anterior to posterolateral regions. This pattern is likely related to site-specific variations in the tensile properties of the single-layer samples of anulus fibrosus lamellae and the organization of successive lamellae and their interactions. The results of the present study suggest that factors other than age, such as compositional and structural variations in the disc, are the most important determinants of tensile behavior of the anulus fibrosus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Medical School, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ebara
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Iatridis
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Setton
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: V C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Mow
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weidenbaum
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000502:physiology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013718:Tensile Strength / Q000502:physiology