title: Twenty-four hour urinary nitrate excretion in 48 populations from 30 countries: an ECP-INTERSALT collaborative study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is considerable interest in the possible role of nitrate in gastric carcinogenesis, but little information on nitrate intake around the world. This is the first study to give comprehensive standardised data on nitrate excretion as a marker of intake, using 48 worldwide population samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urinary nitrate excretion has been shown to be a valid measure of nitrate intake in people under 50. This report presents data on 24-hour urinary nitrate excretion from urine collections obtained in the INTERSALT study, based on random samples of men and women aged 20-49 from each of 48 population samples in 30 countries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was large variation in urinary nitrate excretion both within and between samples; within-sample (individual) distributions tended to be skewed towards higher values. Median values of the samples ranged from 0.42 mmol/day (Labrador, Canada) to 3.52 (Beijing, People's Republic of China) in men and 0.44 mmol/day (Colombia) to 3.44 (Beijing) in women. Overall, median values were higher in men than women by 11% on average (higher in men in 37 of 48 population samples). Comparison by geographical region of median values for men and women combined showed relatively low values in the samples in North America and Northern Europe (range 0.46-0.88 mmol/day), slightly higher values in Western Europe and Africa (0.68-1.11), and intermediate to high values in Southern Europe, Eastern and Central Europe and India (0.86-2.47). The highest median values were found in the Far Eastern samples (up to 3.48). Median values in the Central and South American samples ranged from 0.48 mmol/day (Colombia) to 1.37 (Xingu Indians of Brazil, and Argentina).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the first time, these data give standardized information on urinary nitrate excretion from different geographical regions of the world, and provide a basis for the further exploration of the role of nitrate in the aetiology of disease in human populations.
authors.affiliation: European Cancer Prevention (UK) Headquarters, Lady Sobell Gastrointestinal Unit, Wexham Park Hosptial, Slough, Berks, UK.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Joossens
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Packer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kesteloot
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leach
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dyer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stamler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stamler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009566:Nitrates / Q000652:urine*; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates