title: Recurrent hepatitis C virus hepatitis in liver transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus: association with rejection and increased immunosuppression after transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recurrent hepatitis C virus is associated with significant morbidity and mortality after liver transplantation. However, the risk factors for clinical recurrence including the role of rejection and immunosuppression have not been defined in patients receiving tacrolimus (FK506) as primary immunosuppression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-six consecutive adult liver transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus as primary immunosuppression were monitored; 31 of 66 underwent transplantation for end-stage liver disease caused by hepatitis C virus. Median follow-up for the patients in the study was 3 1/2 years. Recurrent hepatitis C virus hepatitis determined on histopathologic evaluation developed in 58% (18 of 31). A number of clinical variables including rejection and intensity of immunosuppression were assessed for patients with and without recurrence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rejection episodes preceding recurrence were documented in 72% (13 of 18) of patients with recurrence compared with 23% (3 of 13) in those without recurrence (p=0.007). A total of 33% (5 of 15) of patients with no rejection experienced recurrence versus 83% (5 of 6) with one episode of rejection (p=0.06) and 80% (8 of 10) with more than one episode of rejection (p=0.04). The mean number of steroid boluses for the treatment of rejection was higher for patients with recurrence (2.3 versus 0.77, p=0.01). Overall immunosuppression (as measured by steroids boluses, recycles, OKT3, and azathioprine) was significantly more intense for patients with recurrence (p=0.013).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Greater rejection concurrent with increased immunosuppression was associated with a higher recurrence of hepatitis C in liver transplant recipients.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15240, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gayowski
authors.forename: O K
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Ndimbie
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nedjar
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Wagener
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006084:Graft Rejection; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016559:Tacrolimus