Isotope dilution mass spectrometric measurements indicate that arachidonylethanolamide, the proposed endogenous ligand of the cannabinoid receptor, accumulates in rat brain tissue post mortem but is contained at low levels in or is absent from fresh tissue.
Arachidonylethanolamide (AEA) isolated from porcine brain binds to cannabinoid receptors, mimics cannabinoid pharmacologic effects, and has been proposed as an endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand. Demonstration of co-distribution of AEA and cannabinoid receptors in various brain regions could provide supportive evidence for this role. We have performed isotope dilution mass spectrometric measurements of AEA and have demonstrated AEA production by rat tissue homogenates in vitro from exogenous arachidonate and ethanolamine. No detectable endogenous AEA (<3.5 pmol/g of tissue) was observed in fresh rat brain, whether or not inhibitors of AEA hydrolysis were present during tissue processing. AEA (>1 nmol/g) was produced during saponification of brain phospholipid extracts. This appears not to reflect hydrolysis of N-arachidonylethanolamine phospholipid precursors of AEA, because Streptomyces chromfucsis phospholipase D, which is active against NAPE, failed to generate AEA from brain phospholipids despite substantial conversion of phospholipids to phosphatidic acid. Such experiments suggested that the abundance of N-arachidonylethanolamine phospholipid in fresh rat brain may be less than 1 in 10(6) phospholipid molecules. AEA generated during saponification of tissue phospholipids appears to arise from base-catalyzed aminolysis of arachidonate-containing glycerolipids, because AEA was produced from synthetic (1-stearoyl, 2-arachidonoyl)-phosphatidylethanolamine under saponification conditions, and the amount produced increased 300-fold when free ethanolamine was included in the hydrolysis solution. Although AEA was not detectable (<0.17 pmol/mg of protein) in fresh rat brain, AEA accumulated post mortem to levels of 126 pmol/mg of brain protein. These findings do not exclude the possibility that AEA is rapidly synthesized and degraded locally in vivo, but they indicate that the AEA content of fresh rat brain and of NAPE precursors from which AEA might be derived are exceedingly low and that AEA can be produced artifactually from biological materials.
Kempe
K
K
Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
Hsu
F F
FF
Bohrer
A
A
Turk
J
J
D000818:Animals; D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003903:Deuterium; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D008024:Ligands; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D010739:Phospholipase D / Q000378:metabolism; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D011865:Radioisotope Dilution Technique; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D043882:Receptors, Cannabinoid; D011955:Receptors, Drug / Q000378:metabolism; D013302:Streptomyces / Q000201:enzymology; D013997:Time Factors; D014316:Tritium
D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D008024:Ligands; D010743:Phospholipids; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; D043882:Receptors, Cannabinoid; D011955:Receptors, Drug; D014316:Tritium; D003903:Deuterium; D010739:Phospholipase D; C078814:anandamide