title: Cloning and transcription factor-binding sites of the human c-rel proto-oncogene promoter.
abstract: We report here the cloning, sequencing, functional analysis and DNase I footprinting of the human c-rel promoter region. The results revealed an 824-bp BsaAI-StuI minimal promoter region with a large number of NF-kappa B, Ap2 and Sp1-binding sites, some of them variants of known consensus sequences. This is the first promoter in the Rel/NF-kappa B/I kappa B family to be subjected to a detailed footprinting analysis for the binding of transcription activator proteins. Our finding of 14 Ap2-binding sites may indicate why the human c-rel promoter, unlike the chicken c-rel promoter, has a strong function and is highly responsive to phorbol esters. The presence of five NF-kappa B and six Sp1-binding sites in turn adds to growing evidence that, in mammals, the promoter of the Rel/NF-kappa B/I kappa B family may utilize multiple NF-kappa B- and Sp1-binding sites for their interactive regulation. Furthermore, there are putative binding sites for the PU.1 and Oct 1/2 transcription activator proteins, also present in the mouse c-rel promoter, which may help explain the preferential transcription of the c-rel gene in B- and T-lymphoid cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107-6799, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viswanathan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mendoza
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Yunis
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D018983:DNA Footprinting; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D020569:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-rel; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D020569:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-rel; D014157:Transcription Factors; D004247:DNA