title: Tandem arrangement of the human serum albumin multigene family in the sub-centromeric region of 4q: evolution and chromosomal direction of transcription.
abstract: The albumin gene family is comprised of four genes encoding: serum albumin (ALB), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), alpha-albumin (ALF), and vitamin D-binding protein (DBP; also known as GC). The genes are regulated developmentally, expressed in the liver, and the proteins are secreted into the bloodstream. The GC gene, and the tandemly linked ALB and AFP genes, have been previously localized to human chromosome 4q11-13. Using techniques of fluorescence in situ hybridization to chromatin fibres, chromosome walking and DNA sequencing of genomic clones, we now report on the chromosomal location of the ALF gene and the organization of the entire gene family. The four genes are tandemly linked in the 4q sub-centromeric region: 5'ALB-5'AFP-5'ALF-5'GC3'-centromere, and hence are transcribed in the same, centromere-bound, direction. The linear arrangement of the four genes along the chromosome is not correlated with their temporal expression in the human ontogeny. It appears that GC is very close (and may be the gene proximal) to the centromere. The linear chromosomal arrangement of the four genes and the structural differences between them are congruent with the following evolutionary divergence of the gene family. Starting with the first duplication of an ancestral progenitor gene, a single evolutionary line led to the contemporary GC, leaving ALB/AFP/ALF on the other line of descent. The second duplication occurred in this ALB lineage, giving rise to ALB and the AFP/ALF progenitor, and the third, most recent one, gave rise to the AFP-ALF pair.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishio
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heiskanen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palotie
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bélanger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dugaiczyk
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D002503:Centromere / Q000235:genetics*; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002894:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005091:Exons; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014809:Vitamin D-Binding Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D012709:Serum Albumin; D014809:Vitamin D-Binding Protein; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins; C023442:alpha-albumin