title: The structure of the prostaglandin EP4 receptor gene and related pseudogenes.
abstract: The EP4 prostaglandin receptor (EP4R) is a member of the seven transmembrane receptor superfamily. We have obtained the human EP4 receptor gene sequence and determined its structure relative to EP4R cDNA synthesized from peripheral blood lymphocytes. The EP4R gene spans approximately 22 kb and consists of three exons separated by two introns. The first exon (530 bp) is noncoding. After an intron of 472 bp, the second exon contains a short (43 bp) 5' sequence before a 289-amino-acid open reading frame (ORF). An 11.5-kb intron is found at the end of transmembrane 6, and the rest of the ORF is in exon 3. The gene structure is analogous to those of the thromboxane, PGI, and PGD receptors. The deduced initiation site does not contain a conventional TATA box but is 70% GC-rich and contains CCAAT boxes, SP1 and AP2 motifs, and motifs consistent with activation by proinflammatory cytokines. Southern blot analysis of human genomic DNA shows two genes with homology to the EP4R gene. Both appear to be pseudogenes with 70% amino acid identity to the EP4R up to the "ERY" sequence at the end of transmembrane 3, where an Alu-like repetitive sequence element was found. The ORF sequence is also interrupted by a stop codon. The pseudogenes differ in that one contains a second "repetitive element" (a line 1 repeat) in the 5' end of the ORF. Northern blot analysis of human mRNA using a pseudogene probe showed hybridization only to the EP4 receptor transcript. PCR also failed to detect expression of either pseudogene. This study defines the gene structure of EP4R and suggests the existence of two related pseudogenes.
authors.affiliation: Receptor Systems Unit, Glaxo Wellcome Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, England.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Foord
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stolz
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bufflier
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D015723:Gene Library; D005796:Genes; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011544:Pseudogenes; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E / Q000235:genetics*; D058309:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; C545650:PTGER4 protein, human; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E; D058309:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype