title: Histopathologic, stereologic, epidemiologic, and clinical parameters in the prognostic evaluation of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prognostic indicators that could assist in a more precise selection of patients with oral cancer for differentiated therapy would be clinically valuable.
  
  
  METHODS
  A consecutive series of 161 cases of intraoral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) occurring during a 5-year period in a population of 1.4 million inhabitants, was evaluated by histopathologic (the modified classification of Jakobsson et al.), stereologic, clinical, and epidemiologic parameters and the serum markers hemoglobin and rhesus blood group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Univariate analysis established a significant prognostic value in terms of cause-specific survival for T stage (P < .0001), stage (P < .0001), maximum tumor diameter (P < .0001), N stage (N+/NO) (P < .0001), alcohol consumption (P = .03), stereologic estimates of nuclear volume (P = .04), and the histomorphologic parameters mode of invasion (P = .001), pattern (P = .01), vascular invasion (P = .02), depth (P = .006), and mean histologic score. Tobacco consumption was borderline significant (P = .055). A multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazard analysis showed that both clinical (stage, P < .0001; size, P = .0027), epidemiologic (tobacco consumption, P = .0054), morphohistopathologic (mode of invasion P < .0001), and stereologic (nuclear volume, P = .0010) parameters had an independent significant effect on survival. Inversely, the mean histologic score had no prognostic value. From the final regression model prognostic forecasts were calculated. Twelve patients (25%) with stage I disease had unfavorable histologic and stereologic parameters. The observed survival (+/- 1 standard error of the estimate) for these patients was 33% +/- 18%. The observed survival for stage I patients with more favorable histologic and stereologic characteristics (n = 36) was 76% +/- 8%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of a combination of clinical, histologic, epidemiologic, and stereologic parameters will assist the design of treatment strategies for intraoral SCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bundgaard
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bentzen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wildt
authors.forename: F B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Søgaard
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D002467:Cell Nucleus; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008940:Mitotic Index; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D015996:Survival Rate