title: Reduction of postburn hyperalgesia after local injection of ketorolac in healthy volunteers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs may be particularly effective against prostaglandin-mediated, post-injury hyperalgesia and related inflammatory pain. However, their usefulness may be limited by their systemic side effects. The current study determined if local effectiveness can be achieved by low-dose intradermal nonsteroidal antiinflamatory drug administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy volunteers were asked to make magnitude estimations of the pain induced by a contact thermal stimulator at 1 degree C increments between 43 and 51 degrees C at three 1 x 1 cm study sites on each forearm during three study phases:(1) baseline; (2) after pretreatment with 10 microl 0.9% saline (n=1 site on each forearm), 0.3 mg ketorolac (n=1 on each forearm), or nothing (n=1 on each forearm); and (3) after "injury" by a mild burn at the ketorolac- and saline-treated sites on one arm or by injection of 10 nmol bradykinin at all three sites on the other arm. The effects of pretreatment on the pain induced by thermal testing were assessed using repeated-measures analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pretreatment with ketorolac had a selective effect on the postburn injury hyperalgesia, reducing the increase in pain intensity (P<0.05) but not the decline in pain threshold. It had no effect on the responses to thermal stimuli before injury or on the pain of burning, which were similar at ketorolac- and saline-treated sites. The effect of pretreatment with ketorolac on bradykinin-induced hyperalgesia was not achieved after bradykinin injection at sites pretreated with saline as well as ketorolac.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8051, USA.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lundell
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Brull
authors.forename: T Z
authors.initials: TZ
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Kitahata
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: LaMotte
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002056:Burns / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007271:Injections, Intradermal; D020910:Ketorolac; D014046:Tolmetin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D014046:Tolmetin; D001920:Bradykinin; D020910:Ketorolac