title: Identification of viable myocardium by nitrate echocardiography after myocardial infarction: comparison with planar thallium reinjection scintigraphy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to validate a new diagnostic tool, nitrate echocardiography (NE), for the identification of viable noncontracting myocardium in patients with a history of prior myocardial infarction (MI). Nitroglycerin (NTG) may be useful for this purpose for its peculiar pharmacodynamic action and may represent an option other than dobutamine echocardiography for the detection of hibernating segments in the presence of severely reduced coronary reserve.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty selected patients (pts) with an old MI were studied with NE and planar thallium scintigraphy with reinjection. NE was performed by administering i.v. NTG starting at 0.4 mcg/kg/minute with equal increments every five minutes up to 2 mcg/kg/minute or to early interruption of the test (decrease of systolic blood pressure > or = 20% or improvement of previously akinetic segments). Left ventricular wall motion was analyzed by dividing the left ventricle (LV) into 16 segments, and a wall motion score index (WMSI) was calculated. Thallium images were obtained at peak exercise, at four hours, and after reinjection. Myocardial viability was defined as an improvement in thallium uptake after reinjection in fixed defects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Basal echo demonstrated 74 akinetic segments; of these 21 (28%, 11 pts) showed improved contractility during NTG infusion at a mean dose of 0.87 +/-0.33 mcg/kg/minute. WMSI decreased from 1.69 +/- 0.29 to 1.46 +/- 0.31 (P = .001). The only hemodynamic response was a drop in systolic blood pressure (136 mmHg to 124; P = .02). Thallium studies showed 29 segments with a four-hour reversible defect and 79 segments with a four-hour fixed defect; of the latter, 14 regions demonstrated improvement in tracer uptake after reinjection (17.7%; 10 pts). Nine pts had a positive echo and thallium study, while 8 showed no improvement either during NE or after thallium reinjection. Two pts had a false-positive nitrate echocardiogram. Therefore, according to an echo/thallium study match, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy are 90%, 80%, 85%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NE is a reliable and low-cost method for the detection of viable noncontracting myocardium in selected patients with CAD but needs further validation for widespread application.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Belcolle Hospital, Viterbo, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pontillo
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Carboni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Capezzuto
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alessi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Achilli
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Piccini
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guerra
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002470:Cell Survival; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013793:Thallium
chemical_list: D013793:Thallium; D005996:Nitroglycerin