title: Carbonate in struvite stone detected in Raman spectra compared with infrared spectra and X-ray diffraction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In regard to identify the compositions of urinary stones, the infrared spectra is a contemporary routine method. However, it is difficult to detect the absorption of carbonate in struvite stone by infrared spectra, because NH4 absorption of magnesium ammonium phosphate overlaps CO3 absorption of carbonate at 1420-1435 cm-1. With the purpose of demonstrating the existence of carbonate in struvite stones, the analysis of these stones by means of Raman spectra has been tried.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty urinary stones, the chemical compositions of which were previously determined by infrared spectroscopy, were submitted to Raman spectrum analysis, and subsequently to analysis by x-ray diffraction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty of 40 urinary stones were found to be composed of struvite and of mixed struvite-calcium oxalate by infrared analysis. Twelve of these stones were shown to have Raman spectra of magnesium ammonium phosphate, and the other stones to have spectra of apatite. By x-ray diffraction magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals were detected in 25 of these struvite stones and hydroxyl-apatite in another 3, and 2 cases were undeterminable. For other components, such as calcium oxalate, uric acid and cystine, the analytical results of infrared spectra coincided with those of Raman spectra and x-ray diffraction. Carbonate was detected in only a part of one struvite stone by Raman spectra.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Above-mentioned results may indicate that carbonate is only a minor component of urinary stones. Therefore, most of 1420-1435 cm-1 bands on the infrared spectra of struvite stones do not indicate CO3 absorption of carbonate, but NH(4) absorption of magnesium ammonium phosphate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Takasaki
mesh_terms: D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000032:analysis; D002254:Carbonates / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006490:Hemostatics; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000737:chemistry*; D017616:Magnesium Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D010710:Phosphates / Q000032:analysis*; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D000069877:Struvite; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000737:chemistry; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D002254:Carbonates; D006490:Hemostatics; D017616:Magnesium Compounds; D010710:Phosphates; C016189:whewellite; D002129:Calcium Oxalate; C016188:weddellite; D000069877:Struvite