title: The angiogenic factor midkine is expressed in bladder cancer, and overexpression correlates with a poor outcome in patients with invasive cancers.
abstract: Midkine (MK) is a member of a family of heparin-binding growth factors, which are reported to be angiogenic. We have investigated by RNase protection analysis the expression of MK in 47 primary bladder tumors and 7 normal bladder samples. MK mRNA transcripts were detectable in 46 (98%) of 47 of the tumors and in 5 (70%) of 7 of the normal bladder samples. However, median MK expression was 4-fold higher in tumors than in the normal bladder (P < 0.004). In eight tumors (17%), MK expression was elevated more than 10-fold compared with the median value of the normal bladder specimens. There was no statistically significant difference in expression between superficial and invasive tumors (P < 0.50). Seven (32 %) of 22 patients with invasive cancers are alive at 1 year with no evidence of recurrence; in 5 (70%) of these patients, MK expression in the tumor was within the normal range at the time of presentation. By contrast, in only 2 (13%) of 15 patients who died or whose tumors recurred or progressed was MK expression in the normal range (P < 0.01). Overall, median MK expression in invasive tumors that caused death, progressed, or recurred within 12 months was 3-fold higher than that found in the tumors of those patients who were clear of disease at 12 months (P < 0.04). Thus, overexpression of MK is associated with the development of bladder cancer and in invasive cancers predicts a poor clinical outcome in the short term.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Angiogenesis Group, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cranston
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fuggle
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bicknell
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000078792:Midkine; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D011379:Prognosis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000078792:Midkine