title: Effects of increased intra-abdominal pressure upon intracranial and cerebral perfusion pressure before and after volume expansion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of elevated intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) upon intracranial (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) before and after intravascular volume resuscitation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intra-abdominal pressure was increased in five anesthetized swine by inflating an intraperitoneal balloon until the IAP was 25 mm Hg above baseline. Intravascular volume was then expanded and finally abdominal decompression was performed. Changes in ICP and systemic and pulmonary hemodynamic parameters secondary to increasing IAP were measured. The effect upon CPP was derived from these measurements. PaO2 and PaCO2 were maintained relatively constant by increasing ventilatory rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Elevated IAP significantly increased ICP (7.6 +/- 1.2 vs. 21.4 +/- 1.0), pleural pressure and central venous pressure; whereas cardiac index and CPP (82.2 +/- 6.3 vs. 62.0 +/- 10.0) decreased significantly. Intravascular volume expansion further significantly increased ICP (27.8 +/- 1.0), and significantly increased both mean arterial pressure (83.4 +/- 14.0 versus 103.4 +/- 8.9) and CPP (75.6 +/- 9.0). Abdominal decompression returned ICP (11.2 +/- 1.8) toward baseline and further increased CPP (79.8 +/- 9.7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated IAP increases ICP and decreases CPP and cardiac index. Volume expansion further increases ICP yet improves CPP via its greater positive effect upon mean arterial pressure (*p < 0.05, analysis of variance. All measurements are mean +/- SEM in mm Hg).
authors.affiliation: Division of General/Trauma Surgery, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298, USA.
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Bloomfield
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Ridings
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Blocher
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marmarou
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Sugerman
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001810:Blood Volume; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006439:Hemodynamics; D007427:Intracranial Pressure; D008150:Lower Body Negative Pressure; D011312:Pressure; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods; D013552:Swine