title: Normothermic continuous blood cardioplegia improves electrophysiologic recovery after open heart surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Myocardial protection during open heart surgery is based on administration of oxygenated blood cardioplegia, the preferred temperature of which is still under debate. The current randomized study was designed to prospectively evaluate the quality of myocardial protection and the functional recovery of the heart with either normothermic (group N) or hypothermic (group H) oxygenated blood cardioplegia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Under continuous electrocardiographic Holter monitoring, 42 patients were randomly scheduled to receive either normothermic (33.5 degrees C) or hypothermic (10 degrees C) cardioplegia solutions during coronary bypass grafting surgery. Blood samples for creatinine phosphokinase, creatinine phosphokinase-MB, lactate, epinephrine, and norepinephrine were withdrawn during cardiopulmonary bypass via a coronary sinus cannula.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Active cooling in group H on initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass was characterized by transition through ventricular fibrillation in 75% of patients, whereas in group N atrial fibrillation occurred in 65% of patients. On myocardial reperfusion, sinus rhythm spontaneously resumed in 95% of group N patients compared to 25% in group H (P = 0.0003). In the latter, 75% of patients developed ventricular fibrillation often followed by complete atrioventricular block, which necessitated temporary pacing for a mean duration of 168 +/- 32 min. Both groups showed a similar incidence of intraventricular block and ST segment changes. However, the incidence of ventricular premature beats in the first 16 h after cardiopulmonary bypass was significantly greater in group H (P < 0.05), 20 +/- 26/h, compared to 3 +/- 5/h in group N. Blood concentrations of lactate, creatinine phosphokinase, epinephrine, and norepinephrine increased gradually during the operation, but the differences between the groups were not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current prospective human study suggests that the increased susceptibility for ventricular fibrillation and dysrhythmia, and the delayed recovery of the conduction system after hypothermic myocardial protection, are related to temperature-induced changes in vital cellular functions of the conduction tissue in the postischemic period. Both cardioplegic methods provide adequate myocardial protection but normothermic oxygenated blood cardioplegia may accelerate recovery of the heart after cardiopulmonary bypass.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gozal
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Glantz
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Luria
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Milgalter
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shimon
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Drenger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013696:Temperature