title: Intestinal cell cycle regulations. Interactions of cyclin D1, Cdk4, and p21Cip1.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The p21Cip1 protein is a potent stoichiometric inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase activity, and p21Cip1 mRNA expression is localized to the nonproliferative compartment of the intestinal villus, suggesting an in vivo growth-inhibitory role in the gut. The authors determined whether nontransformed rat intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) underwent reversible cell cycle arrest by contact inhibition, and determined whether increases in the relative amount of p21 associated with cyclin D/Cdk4 protein complexes were associated with cell growth arrest.
  
  
  METHODS
  Density arrest was achieved by prolonged culture IEC-6 in confluent conditions (5 or more days). Release from density arrest was achieved by detaching the cells from the culture plate and reseeding them at a 1:4 ratio. The DNA synthesis was estimated by [3H]-thymidine incorporation and expressed as mean plus or minus standard error of the mean (n = 4). Cyclin D1, Cdk4, and p21 mRNA and protein levels were determined by standard Northern and Western blot analyses, respectively. Cyclin D1, Cdk4, and p21 protein complex formation was analyzed by immunoprecipitating the complexes from cell lysates with an antibody to one of the constituents, followed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blot analysis of the precipitated complexes using antibodies to the other proteins. The kinase activity of the immunoprecipitated Cdk4 was determined using recombinant Rb as substrate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The IEC-6[3H]-thymidine incorporation was decreased 7.5-fold from day 1 confluence to day 7 of confluence. Twenty-four hours after release from density arrest, there was a 43-fold increase in [3H]-thymidine incorporation. Cyclin D1 and Cdk4 mRNA levels remained relatively constant during contact inhibition, whereas immunoblotting showed that the levels of cyclin D1 and Cdk4 proteins decreased by 70.9% and 68.7%, respectively, comparing day 3 with day 9 during density arrest. The levels of cyclin D1 increased 5.8-fold and Cdk4 increased by 4.4-fold by 24 hours after reseeding the day 9 density-arrested cultures, coincident with the increase in DNA synthesis. The amount of p21 associated with the cyclin D1 and Cdk4 complex in the density-arrested cells was 170% of that observed in the reseeded, proliferating cells. More important, the p21::Cdk4 ratio was 6.4-fold higher in the density-arrested (quiescent) cells as compared with rapidly proliferating cells by 24 hours after release from growth arrest. Recovery of Cdk4-dependent kinase activity occurred by 4 hours after release from growth arrest, coincident with decreased binding of p21 to the complex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intestinal epithelial cells in culture can undergo density-dependent growth arrest. This process involves downregulation of cyclin D1 and Cdk4 at the level of protein expression, whereas the mRNA levels remain relatively unchanged. Further, during contact inhibition, there is more p21 associated with cyclin D1/Cdk4, which further contributes to the inhibition of the kinase complex. The authors also have shown that the process of contact inhibition is reversible, which may explain partly the ability of the intestinal epithelium to increase proliferative activity in response to injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-5729, USA.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Beauchamp
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Ko
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern / Q000379:methods; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019938:Cyclin D1; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D016213:Cyclins / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel / Q000379:methods; D004848:Epithelium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D011233:Precipitin Tests / Q000379:methods; D012313:RNA / Q000302:isolation & purification; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: C493958:Cdkn1a protein, rat; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D019938:Cyclin D1; D012313:RNA; D004247:DNA; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases