title: Synaptic mechanisms of thiopental-induced alterations in synchronized cortical activity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anesthetic depth after barbiturate administration has been correlated with distinct electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns. The current study used a rat neocortical brain slice micro-EEG preparation to investigate synaptic mechanisms underlying thiopental-induced transitions in synchronized neuronal activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Concentration-dependent cellular actions of thiopental were investigated in brain slices using specific pharmacologic probes, whole cell patch clamps, and extracellular field recordings. Theta-Like micro-EEG oscillations were elicited in neocortical slices by mimicking subcortical cholinergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) afferent input with carbachol (100 microM), a cholinergic agonist, and bicuculline (10 microM) a GABAA antagonist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the presence of 20 microM thiopental, micro-EEG slowing from theta (7.3 +/- 0.9 Hz, mean +/- SD, n = 19) to delta frequencies (2.5 +/- 0.5 Hz, n = 11) was associated with a threefold prolongation of inhibitory currents. Burst suppression activity occurred at 50 microM thiopental, and appeared to result from direct activation of GABAA-gated chloride currents, observed with voltage clamp recordings, and mimicked with a direct acting GABAA agonist, muscimol (1 microM). Isoelectric activity occurred at 100 microM thiopental, and likely resulted from reduced glutamatergic transmission, evidenced by depressed excitatory postsynaptic potentials. Glutamatergic excitation was required for burst suppression activity, because glutamate receptor antagonists blocked thiopental-induced bursts; forcing a transition to isoelectric activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thiopental produced a continuum of EEG-like states in brain slices similar to those observed in vivo. The progression of thiopental-induced effects appear to have resulted from specific cellular actions that were recruited in a concentration-dependent manner. Progressive enhancement of synaptic inhibition followed by depression of excitatory transmission led to micro-EEG frequency slowing, burst suppression, and isoelectric activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5117, USA.
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lukatch
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: MacIver
mesh_terms: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D009118:Muscimol / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018079:Receptors, GABA / Q000187:drug effects; D013569:Synapses / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013874:Thiopental / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D018079:Receptors, GABA; D009118:Muscimol; D013874:Thiopental