title: The acoustic properties of snores.
abstract: This study was undertaken in an attempt to characterize the acoustic properties of snoring sounds in the time and frequency domains, and to correlate between these properties and the mechanical events underlying their production. Three experimental set-ups were used: 1) Dog model--six mongrel dogs, in which partial upper airway obstruction was created by an implanted supraglottic balloon. Flow, supraglottic pressure, and snoring sounds were recorded during different degrees of obstruction. Fifteen to 20 snores from each dog (total 100 snores) were analysed. 2) Simulated human snores--Six simulated snores from each of four subjects were recorded in two locations (trachea and ambient) with simultaneous airflow, and their correlations examined. 3) Snoring patients--snores were recorded with an ambient microphone from nine subjects with "heavy" snoring and no obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Forty to 50 snores from each subject were analysed (total of 400 snores). The snoring sound was analysed in the time (time-expanded waveform) and frequency (power spectrum) domains. After analysing these snores, we were able to identify two dominant patterns which are distinctly different from each other: the "simple-waveform" and the "complex-waveform". The complex-waveform snore is characterized by repetitive, equally-spaced, train of sound structures, starting with a large deflection followed by a decaying amplitude wave. In the frequency domain, it is characterized by multiple, equally-spaced peaks of power (comb-like spectrum). Simple-waveform snores have a quasi-sinusoidal waveform, with a range of variants, and almost no secondary internal oscillations. Their power spectrum contains only 1-3 peaks, of which the first is the most prominent. We developed a mathematical representation of these waveforms, which is presented along with its implications. The complex-waveform snores result from colliding of the airway walls and represent actual brief airway closure. Simple-waveform snores are of higher frequency and probably result from oscillation around a neutral position without actual closure of the lumen.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Odeh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oliven
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gavriely
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000503:physiopathology; D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D012913:Snoring / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D013018:Sound Spectrography