title: Prehospital endotracheal intubation of children by paramedics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the experience of an emergency medical services system with the use of liberal indications for prehospital pediatric endotracheal intubation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective review of prehospital and hospital patient records in an urban and suburban prehospital care system. The study included all children aged 15 years or younger who were intubated in the prehospital setting by King County paramedics from January 1, 1984, to December 31, 1990.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 7-year study period, 654 children were intubated, of which 355 (54%) were study patients. The median age of the patients was 3 years; 60% had an injury diagnosis. On arrival of the paramedics, 60% of the patients were in sinus rhythm, 62% had a systolic blood pressure of 70 mm Hg or greater, and 56% had a respiratory rate of 10 breaths per minute or greater. The Glasgow Coma Scale score was 8 or lower in 83% of the patients. Succinylcholine was used to facilitate intubation in 47% of patients. On arrival at the emergency department, 79% of the patients were in sinus rhythm; 75% had an adequate blood pressure (70 mm Hg or greater); 86% had a PaO2 value of 100 mm Hg or greater; and 74% had a PaCO2 value of 45 mm Hg or lower. Complications of intubation, more than half of which were classified as minor, were noted in 22.6% of patients. We were unable to determine the number of failed intubation attempts. Most of the patients (58%) survived to hospital discharge. Among cardiac arrest victims, only 12% survived.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a setting where paramedics practice with close medical direction, applying liberal indications for pediatric intubation and permitting the use of succinylcholine allowed paramedics to intubate children of different ages and diagnoses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brownstein
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shugerman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rivara
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Copass
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000592:standards*; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians / Q000193:education / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D009467:Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013390:Succinylcholine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014861:Washington
chemical_list: D009467:Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents; D013390:Succinylcholine