title: Is zinc protoporphyrin an indicator of iron-deficient erythropoiesis in maintenance haemodialysis patients?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP), a metabolic intermediate generated in the red blood cell by incorporation of zinc instead of iron, has been suggested to be a sensitive and specific parameter of absolute iron deficiency in haemodialysis (HD) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 62 HD patients, 29-86 years old, with ZPP levels > 50 mumol/mol haeme (normal value of ZPP < 40 mumol/mol haeme) assessing the value of ZPP as a marker of functional iron deficiency at different cut-off points of ZPP. None of the patients had apparent inflammatory disease, infectious disease, or malignancy. ZPP, haemoglobin, iron and ferritin levels were determined before, and after a 24-week period of once-weekly i.v. administration of 40 mg iron, to determine whether ZPP levels return to normal during adequate iron supplementation (960 mg iron/ patient).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant change in ZPP levels after iron supplementation in patients with a ZPP > 50 mumol/mol haeme (96.7 +/- 49.8 versus 88.4 +/- 43.5 mumol/mol haeme before and after iron administration respectively, P = n.s.). However, in patients with a ZPP > 90 mumol/mol haeme, there was a significant reduction in ZPP levels (141.2 +/- 54.5 versus 108.0 +/- 48.8 mumol/mol haeme, P < 0.001). Serum ferritin increased significantly in both groups. There was no correlation between ZPP and serum ferritin at any time during the study. There was also no correlation between serum aluminium levels and ZPP and no significant difference in changes in ZPP in patients receiving desferrioxamine therapy compared to those not receiving desferrioxamine therapy. We did find a significant correlation between moderately elevated total blood lead concentrations and ZPP levels at the end of the study. The ZPP levels were not significantly different in the range from 50-110 mumol/mol haeme before and after i.v. iron supplementation in the responders (10% increase of haemoglobin or 20% decrease of the recombinant human erythropoietin dose) compared with the non-responders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that ZPP cannot be used to predict the erythropoietic response to iron supplementation. However, ZPP levels may be an indicator of functional iron deficiency due to blockade of the reticuloendothelial iron release in haemodialysis patients.
authors.affiliation: Haemodialysis Unit Nünberg, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hammerschmidt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schreiber
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heidler
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Hörl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000097:blood*; D004912:Erythrocytes; D004920:Erythropoiesis; D005260:Female; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing) / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011524:Protoporphyrins / Q000097:blood*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D006435:Renal Dialysis
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D006454:Hemoglobins; D011524:Protoporphyrins; C017803:zinc protoporphyrin; D005293:Ferritins; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing); C035552:ferric gluconate