title: Enhanced cellular uptake of oligonucleotides by EGF receptor-mediated endocytosis in A549 cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to investigate the feasibility of utilizing epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor-mediated endocytosis to enhance cellular uptake and targeting of oligonucleotides in epithelial cancer cells. To overcome the problem of endosomal entrappment associated with receptor-mediated delivery, we also examined the effects of two fusogenic peptides, polymyxin B and influenza HA2 peptide, for their capability to promote cytoplasmic delivery of oligonucleotides.
  
  
  METHODS
  A molecular conjugate consisting of EGF and poly-L-lysine (PL) was synthesized and complexed with 5' fluorescently-labeled oligonucleotide. Cellular uptake of the complex in presence or absence of the fusogenic peptides was monitored fluorometrically. Microscopic studies were performed to visualize the intracellular distribution of the oligonucleotide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cells treated with the complex exhibited intracellular fluorescence intensity significantly enhanced over free oligonucleotide-treated controls. The uptake of the complex was shown to occur via the EGF receptor-mediated pathway. Fluorescence microscopic studies revealed cellular internalization of the complex, however, the complex appeared to be accumulated in endocytic vesicles. Exposure of the cells to complex in presence of HA2 peptide and polymyxin B resulted in a more diffused intracellular fluorescence pattern and a corresponding increase in fluorescence intensity. These results are consistent with the known fusion and destabilizing activities of the peptides.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since EGF receptors are overexpressed in many cancer cell types, the EGF-PL conjugate may potentially be used as an effective and selective delivery system to enhance uptake of oligonucleotides into cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26506, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Deshpande
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Toledo-Velasquez
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thakkar
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rojanasakul
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D004705:Endocytosis / Q000502:physiology*; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000502:physiology*; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; D006389:Hemagglutinins, Viral / Q000633:toxicity; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000378:metabolism*; D011112:Polymyxin B / Q000633:toxicity; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; D006389:Hemagglutinins, Viral; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D011112:Polymyxin B