title: Symptoms of depression, acute myocardial infarction, and total mortality in a community sample.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression has been shown to adversely affect the prognosis of patients with established coronary artery disease, but there is comparatively little evidence to document the role of depression in the initial development of coronary disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study participants were 409 men and 321 women who were residents of Glostrup, Denmark, born in 1914. Physical and psychological examinations in 1964 and 1974 established their baseline risk factor and disease status and their level of depressive symptomatology. Initial myocardial infarction (MI) was observed in 122 participants, and there were 290 deaths during follow-up, which ended in 1991. A 2-SD difference in depression score was associated with relative risks of 1.71 (P = .005) for MI and 1.59 (P < .001) for deaths from all causes. These findings were unchanged after we controlled for risk factors and signs of disease at baseline. There were no sex differences in effect sizes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High levels of depressive symptomatology are associated with increased risks of MI and mortality. The graded relationships between depression scores and risk, long-lasting nature of the effect, and stability of the depression measured across time suggest that this risk factor is best viewed as a continuous variable that represents a chronic psychological characteristic rather than a discrete and episodic psychiatric condition.
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Medicine Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. foot@acpub.duke.edu
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Barefoot
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schroll
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D008950:MMPI; D008297:Male; D009026:Mortality; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis