title: Novel retinoic acid receptor ligands in Xenopus embryos.
abstract: Retinoids are a large family of natural and synthetic compounds related to vitamin A that have pleiotropic effects on body physiology, reproduction, immunity, and embryonic development. The diverse activities of retinoids are primarily mediated by two families of nuclear retinoic acid receptors, the RARs and RXRs. Retinoic acids are thought to be the only natural ligands for these receptors and are widely assumed to be the active principle of vitamin A. However, during an unbiased, bioactivity-guided fractionation of Xenopus embryos, we were unable to detect significant levels of all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acids. Instead, we found that the major bioactive retinoid in the Xenopus egg and early embryo is 4-oxoretinaldehyde, which is capable of binding to and transactivating RARs. In addition to its inherent activity, 4-oxoretinaldehyde appears to be a metabolic precursor of two other RAR ligands, 4-oxoretinoic acid and 4-oxoretinol. The remarkable increase in activity of retinaldehyde and retinol as a consequence of 4-oxo derivatization suggests that this metabolic step could serve a critical regulatory function during embryogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Blumberg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bolado
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Derguini
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chakravarti
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Heyman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Buck
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D002460:Cell Line; D005260:Female; D008024:Ligands; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012172:Retinaldehyde / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D012176:Retinoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D014981:Xenopus / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008024:Ligands; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D012176:Retinoids; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014801:Vitamin A; C099660:4-oxoretinaldehyde; C002202:4-oxoretinoic acid; D014212:Tretinoin; C041819:4-oxoretinol; D012172:Retinaldehyde