title: Frequency and clinical implications of increased pulmonary artery pressures in liver transplant patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the pulmonary hemodynamics and identify predictors of pulmonary hypertension in a group of patients before liver transplantation and to determine whether pulmonary hypertension in these patients is related to survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 362 patients before their first liver transplantation (between 1985 and 1993), the clinical history, laboratory data, and results of pulmonary function tests were recorded. Pulmonary artery (PA) catheterization was performed after induction of anesthesia at the time of transplantation. Monthly follow-up was maintained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A hyperdynamic circulation was often present -- an increased mean cardiac output (7.6 L/min), increased mean PA pressure (20.9 mm Hg), correlation of mean PA pressure with cardiac output (r = 0.25; P<0.001), and decreased mean pulmonary vascular resistance (60 dynes times s/cm5). Mean PA pressures were more than 25 mm Hg in 72 patients (20%). Pulmonary hypertension (defined as mean PA pressure of more than 25 mm Hg and pulmonary vascular resistance in excess of 120 dynes times s/cm5) occurred in 15 patients (4%). Pulmonary function tests revealed obstruction in 7%, restriction in 18%, and low diffusing capacity in 46%. By univariate analysis, lower forced expiratory volume in 1 second, forced vital capacity, and total lung capacity were the only preoperative factors associated with pulmonary hypertension (P<0.05). Survival was significantly lower in patients with acute fulminant hepatitis (P<0.001), the group with the highest mean PA pressure, than in those with other diagnoses. Increased PA pressures or mild to moderate pulmonary hypertension was not found to be associated with a worse survival by univariate or multivariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased PA pressure is common in liver transplant patients (20%). "True" pulmonary hypertension occurred in only 4% of our patients and was not associated with an adverse outcome.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Krowka
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Plevak
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Rettke
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Cortese
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Wiesner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000503:physiopathology; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011669:Pulmonary Wedge Pressure; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D016019:Survival Analysis