title: Radioimmunotherapy: recent results and future directions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review antibody structure, function, and production; suitable radioisotopes for radioimmunotherapy; challenges facing the field; recent clinical results; toxicity; and future directions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The radioimmunotherapy literature was reviewed, with an emphasis on clinical results and future directions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest complete response rates (overall, approximately 50%) have been achieved in patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Challenges that currently face radioimmunotherapy include circulating free antigen, binding of antibodies to nonspecific Fc receptors, insufficient tumor penetration, antigenic heterogeneity and insufficient antigen expression, antigenic modulation, and development of human antimouse antibodies. Possible approaches to these challenges, including high-dose radioimmunotherapy and chemotherapy followed by autologous bone marrow transplantation, the use of radionuclides such as yttrium 90 (90Y) and copper 67 (67Cu), and the development of humanized and bifunctional antibodies, are under investigation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although radioimmunotherapy is a relatively new field, substantial progress has been made. Additional research will ultimately resolve many of the challenges that currently face radioimmunotherapy and hopefully lead to the cure of some currently incurable malignancies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Wilder
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: DeNardo
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: DeNardo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000912:Antibodies, Neoplasm / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007938:Leukemia / Q000532:radiotherapy; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000532:radiotherapy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D016499:Radioimmunotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage
chemical_list: D000912:Antibodies, Neoplasm; D011868:Radioisotopes