title: Intracutaneous versus intramuscular hepatitis B vaccination in primary non-responding haemodialysis patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether hepatitis B vaccination given intracutaneously (i.c.) is more effective than intramuscularly (i.m.) in primary non-responding haemodialysis patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, randomized study of antibody responses to hepatitis B vaccine given i.c. or i.m., in 25 haemodialysis patients. Outcome measures were rates of seroconversion, mean and geometric mean levels of antibody achieved, and antibody levels 1 year after vaccination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With a dosing schedule of 10 micrograms vaccine once a week i.c. in the skin overlying the deltoideus muscle of the non-dominant arm during 12 consecutive weeks, antibody levels to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBsAg) of 10 IU/1 or more were achieved in nine of 10 evaluable patients, with a geometric mean of 70 IU/1. Nine months after the end of the vaccination anti-HBsAg levels had dropped to 9 +/- 4 IU/1 (M +/- SE), with a geometric mean of 5 IU/1, in the nine remaining evaluable patients. With a dosing schedule of 40 micrograms vaccine i.m. in the deltoideus muscle of the non-dominant arm at 0, 1, and 3 months, anti-HBsAg levels of at least 10 IU/1 were achieved in eight of 14 evaluable patients, with a geometric mean of 94 IU/1. Nine months after the end of the vaccination anti-HBsAG levels had dropped to 16 +/- 7 IU/1, with a geometric mean of 9 IU/1, in the nine remaining evaluable patients. Anti-HBsAg levels at 8 and 12 weeks were higher in the i.c. than in the group receiving vaccine i.m. (at 8 weeks 134 +/- 76 vs 39 +/- 20 IU/1, P < 0.05, and at 12 weeks 188 +/- 98 vs 47 +/- 18 IU/1 P < 0.01). The half-time of anti-HBsAg is about 13 weeks, both when the averaged absolute and when the geometric mean levels are used for the estimate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  intracutaneous route is a less practical but effective method of vaccination against hepatitis B in primary non-responding haemodialysis patients. The weekly 10 micrograms vaccine i.c. scheme resulted in the fastest development of protective antibody levels, within 8 weeks, which may be useful in previously non-immune persons who may be infected with hepatitis B virus (e.g. needle-stick accidents).
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Leiden, Kennemer Gasthuis, Haarlem, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Schrander-van der Meer
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: van Dorp
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Leer
mesh_terms: D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D005260:Female; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006511:Hepatitis B Antigens / Q000097:blood; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D006511:Hepatitis B Antigens; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines