title: A [+18RGD] protamine variant for nontoxic and effective reversal of conventional heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin anticoagulation.
abstract: Protamine sulfate reversal of heparin anticoagulation causes adverse side effects. Additionally, protamine sulfate is relatively ineffective at reversing factor Xa inhibition caused by low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH, Enoxaparin). Previously, a +18 compound partially reversed heparin and LMWH with minimal toxicity. In the present study, a new +18 protamine-like variant, [+18RGD], with an added RGD sequence [acetyl-EA(R2A2R2A)4R2GRGDSPA-amide], was compared to a previously developed compound, [+18BE,Acetyl-EAA-(K2A2K2A)4K2-Amide] and standard protamine [Prot +21] regarding the reversal of conventional unfractionated heparin (Hep) and LMWH. These three agents were given at 1 mg per 100 IU activity of Hep or LMWH rapidly over 10 sec. Hemodynamic toxicity was based on maximum declines in blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, and oxygen consumption over the first 5 min after reversal (calculated as a total toxicity score, TTS). The more negative the TTS, the more toxic the agent. Degrees of toxicity (TTS) of [+18RGD], [+18BE],and[Prot +21] for reversal of Hep were -1.19, -2.00, and -7.32, respectively; and for reversal of LMWH they were -2.85, -3.98,and -6.17, respectively. These differences were significant for Hep (P < 0.01) and approached significance for LMWH (P = 0.07). Maximum hemodynamic perturbations paralleled the TTS pattern. [+18RGD] provided equal reversal efficacy to [Prot +21] for Hep, with a statistically significant (P < 0.05) lessening of platelet count declines (Plt 27, -46, and -55%, respectively). [+18RGD] improved reversal efficacy for LMWH, at 3, 10, and 30 min following its administration. At 3 min, antifactor Xa reversal was 72, 40, and 30%, respectively, for [+18RGD], [+18BE], and [Prot +21]; [+18RGD] effects were significantly better (P < 0.01). [+18RGD] reversed both Hep and LMWH anticoagulation with minimal toxicity. Such a compound should decrease clinical complications attending the use of standard protamine for reversal of conventional heparin or LMWH anticoagulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Wakefield
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Wrobleski
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kadell
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tejwani
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hulin
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Stanley
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006494:Heparin Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009842:Oligopeptides; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D011479:Protamines / Q000235:genetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006494:Heparin Antagonists; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; D009842:Oligopeptides; D011479:Protamines; C047981:arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid