title: Long-term angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with high-dose enalapril retards nitrate tolerance in large epicardial arteries and prevents rebound coronary vasoconstriction in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rebound myocardial ischemia develops in patients with unstable or stable angina pectoris after sudden cessation of nitroglycerin therapy. Long-term nitroglycerin infusion is associated with increases in plasma renin activity and catecholamine release rates, both of which may lead to excess angiotensin II and alpha-adrenergic-mediated vasoconstriction, particularly on withdrawal of nitroglycerin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronically instrumented dogs were treated for 5 days with nitroglycerin (1.5 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 i.v.) alone or in combination with the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor enalapril (0.1 mg/kg two times daily or 1 mg/kg). With long-term nitroglycerin therapy, the left anterior circumflex artery was maximally dilated 4 hours after the start of nitroglycerin infusion (9.5 +/- 0.6%) and returned to baseline levels within the third day of treatment (baseline, 2.52 +/- 0.07 mm; day 3, 2.55 +/- 0.07 mm; P = NS), indicating a complete loss of nitroglycerin-induced coronary vasodilatation. Nitroglycerin infusion also was accompanied by a transient increase in plasma renin activity. Sudden withdrawal of nitroglycerin infusion caused a progressive constriction of the left anterior circumflex artery, which peaked 4 hours after nitroglycerin infusion cessation (-7.8 +/- 0.2%). This occurred in the absence of elevated plasma renin activity. Concomitant treatment with high-dose enalapril (1 mg.kg-1.d-1) markedly reduced the degree of tolerance and prevented the rebound constriction on cessation of nitroglycerin therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term ACE inhibition with high-dose enalapril reduces nitroglycerin tolerance and prevents rebound vasoconstriction in coronary arteries. These phenomena were not associated with an activated circulating renin-angiotensin system. This observation suggests that during long-term nitroglycerin treatment, intrinsic abnormalities of the vascular smooth muscle may have developed that are suppressed by concomitant ACE inhibitor therapy. The present study also favors a combination of nitroglycerin and ACE inhibitors to maintain nitrate sensitivity of the vasculature during long-term nitroglycerin treatment.
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik III, University of Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Münzel
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bassenge
mesh_terms: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000187:drug effects*; D004285:Dogs; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D004656:Enalapril / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity*; D012083:Renin / Q000097:blood; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D004656:Enalapril; D012083:Renin; D005996:Nitroglycerin