title: Perspective volume rendering of CT and MR images: applications for endoscopic imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use perspective volume rendering (PVR) of computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging data sets to simulate endoscopic views of human organ systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Perspective views of helical CT and MR images were reconstructed from the data, and tissues were classified by assigning color and opacity based on their CT attenuation or MR signal intensity. "Flight paths" were constructed through anatomic regions by defining key views along a spline path. Twelve movies of the thoracic aorta (n=3), tracheobronchial tree (n=4), colon (n=3), paranasal sinuses (n=1), and shoulder joint (n=1) were generated to display images along the flight path. All abnormal results were confirmed at surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PVR fly-through enabled evaluation of the full range of tissue densities, signal intensities, and their three-dimensional spatial relationships.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PVR is a novel way to present volumetric data and may enable noninvasive diagnostic endoscopy and provide an alternate method to analyze volumetric imaging data for primary diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, S-072B, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5105, USA.
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Beaulieu
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Argiro
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ringl
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Norbash
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Feller
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Dake
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Jeffrey
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Napel
mesh_terms: D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000473:pathology; D001980:Bronchi / Q000473:pathology; D003106:Colon / Q000473:pathology; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000473:pathology; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000473:pathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014132:Trachea / Q000473:pathology