title: Childhood antecedents of adolescent personality disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the childhood antecedents of personality disorders that are diagnosed in adolescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomly selected community sample of 641 youths was assessed initially in childhood and followed longitudinally over 10 years. Childhood behavior ratings were based on maternal report; diagnoses of adolescent personality disorders were based on data obtained from both maternal and youth informants. Four composite measures of childhood behavior problems were used: conduct problems, depressive symptoms, anxiety/fear, and immaturity. Adolescent personality disorders were considered present only if the disorders persisted over a 2-year period. For all analyses, personality disorders were grouped into the three clusters (A, B, and C) of DSM-III-R.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Logistic regression analyses indicated that all four of the putative childhood antecedents were associated with greater odds of an adolescent personality disorder 10 years later. Childhood conduct problems remained an independent predictor of personality disorders in all three clusters, even when other childhood problems were included in the same regression model. Additionally, depressive symptoms emerged as an independent predictor of cluster A personality disorders in boys, while immaturity was an independent predictor of cluster B personality disorders in girls. No moderating effects of age at time of childhood assessment were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the view that personality disorders can be traced to childhood emotional and behavioral disturbances and suggest that these problems have both general and specific relationships to adolescent personality functioning.
authors.affiliation: Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Psychiatry Service, NY 10468, USA.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skodol
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bezirganian
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Brook
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011897:Random Allocation; D012307:Risk Factors; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012737:Sex Factors