title: Insulin modulation of beta-adrenergic vasodilator pathway in human forearm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insulin modulates sympathetic vasoconstriction, but the mechanisms underlying this effect are not completely elucidated. We have recently investigated the insulin effect on the alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic vasoconstriction pathway, where it is still conflicting with the possible insulin influence on the beta-adrenergic vasodilator pathway. The aim of the present study was to investigate this issue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study was performed on the forearm of healthy humans, and all test substances were infused into the brachial artery at systemically ineffective rates. In five subjects, we evaluated isoproterenol-induced vasodilation (1, 3, 6, and 9 ng. kg-1. min-1) both under control conditions and during insulin infusion (0.05 mU. kg-1. min-1). In another group of five subjects, we tested whether the vasorelaxant effect of sodium nitroprusside (1, 2, 4, and 8 ng . kg-1 . min-1) was modified by insulin. Moreover, to explore whether the interaction between insulin and forearm beta-adrenergic pathway participates in insulin modulation of sympathetic-evoked vasoconstriction, we measured in six normal subjects the forearm vascular response to lower-body negative pressure under control conditions and during intrabrachial infusion of insulin alone and in combination with a selective beta-adrenergic blocking agent (propranolol 10 micrograms/100 mL per minute). Finally, to verify whether insulin interaction with the beta-adrenergic pathway may also account for insulin modulation of alpha 2-adrenergic vasoconstriction, we assessed the vascular response to a selective alpha 2-adrenergic agonist before and after propranolol administration. Insulin exposure potentiated the vascular responsiveness to isoproterenol but did not affect the vasodilator response to sodium nitroprusside. Furthermore, the insulin-induced attenuation of sympathetic vasoconstriction was partially corrected by propranolol. In contrast, the insulin modulation of alpha 2-adrenergic vasoconstriction was not influenced by beta-adrenergic blockade.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, our results suggest that insulin modulation of sympathetic-induced vasoconstriction is carried out through an interaction of the hormone with the pathways of both alpha 2-and beta -adrenergic receptors.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo, Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lembo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Iaccarino
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vecchione
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rendina
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Parrella
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Trimarco
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D001916:Brachial Artery; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D007269:Injections, Intra-Arterial; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D011433:Propranolol / Q000494:pharmacology; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014666:Vasomotor System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D007328:Insulin; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009599:Nitroprusside; D011433:Propranolol; D007545:Isoproterenol