title: Determinants of postprandial appetite sensations: macronutrient intake and glucose metabolism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  According to the glucostatic theory and the macronutrient balance concept, blood glucose and liver glycogen concentrations are important mediators of hunger and satiety. Results from acute postprandial studies are, however, still conflicting.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the associations between appetite sensations on the one hand and macronutrient intake and measures of glucose metabolism on the other hand.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six group-means from three different studies (a total of 64 test meals) were tested in linear regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive correlations were found between delta-mean postprandial satiety and serving weight (r = 0.84, p < 0.05), and carbohydrate content (g) (r = 0.86, p < 0.05) of the meals. Furthermore, delta-mean satiety correlated to delta-AUC for plasma glucose (r = 0.92, p < 0.01), lactate (r = 0.98, p < 0.001), insulin (r = 0.95, p< 0.01), noradrenaline (r = 0.97, p < 0.01), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (r = 0.93), p < 0.01) and net carbohydrate oxidation (r = 0.86, p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Total serving weight and carbohydrate content of the meals as well as postprandial glucose metabolism seem to be involved in the changes of postprandial hunger and satiety sensations after a meal. Due to the covariation between the single variables it is not possible, however, to distinguish between the different factors involved.
authors.affiliation: Research Department of Human Nutrition, Royal Veterinary and Agriculture University, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raben
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Holst
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Astrup
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite / Q000502:physiology*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007773:Lactates / Q000097:blood; D019344:Lactic Acid; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012527:Satiation / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D007328:Insulin; D007773:Lactates; D019344:Lactic Acid; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D009638:Norepinephrine