title: Valvular heart disease in primary antiphospholipid syndrome (PAPS): clinical and morphological findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe clinically and pathologically the valvular lesion of the primary antiphospholipid syndrome (PAPS).
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied six patients with PAPS and valvulopathy. Four of them died and had autopsy and two had valvular replacement. The study comprised 18 heart valves, 16 from autopsy and two, one mitral and one aortic, resected at surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Murmurs and echocardiographic findings kept correlation with gross pathology. Abnormalities were found in one or more valves in all patients including two of five aortic, two of five mitral, one of four pulmonary and two of four tricuspid. Co-existence of new and old lesions was observed. Pathologic findings included intravalvular thrombosis with focal necrosis, and hemorrhage, vascular proliferation, mild histiocytic/fibroblastic infiltration, laminated and verrucous fibrin deposits, laminated and/or nodular fibrosis, and focal calcification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PAPS valvular lesion consists mainly of superficial or intravalvular fibrin deposits and its subsequent organization: vascular proliferation, fibroblast influx, fibrosis and calcification. This results in valve thickening, fusion and rigidity leading to functional abnormalities. Inflammation is not a prominent feature of this lesion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, México, D.F., México.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: García-Torres
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Amigo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de la Rosa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morón
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Reyes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged