title: The gap protein knirps mediates both quenching and direct repression in the Drosophila embryo.
abstract: Transcriptional repression is essential for establishing localized patterns of gene expression during Drosophila embryogenesis. Several mechanisms of repression have been proposed, including competition, quenching and direct repression of the transcription complex. Previous studies suggest that the knirps orphan receptor (kni) may repress transcription via competition, and exclude the binding of the bicoid (bcd) activator to an overlapping site in a target promoter. Here we present evidence that kni can quench, or locally inhibit, upstream activators within a heterologous enhancer in transgenic embryos. The range of kni repression is approximately 50-100 bp, so that neighboring enhancers in a modular promoter are free to interact with the transcription complex (enhancer autonomy). However, kni can also repress the transcription complex when bound in promoter-proximal regions. In this position, kni functions as a dominant repressor and blocks multiple enhancers in a modular promoter. Our studies suggest that short-range repression represents a flexible form of gene regulation, exhibiting enhancer- or promoter-specific effects depending on the location of repressor binding sites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, UCSD, La Jolla 92093-0347, USA.
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Arnosti
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barolo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Levine
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D001483:Base Sequence; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D004330:Drosophila / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D017344:Genes, Insect; D007301:Insect Hormones / Q000502:physiology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D007301:Insect Hormones; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C074089:kni protein, Drosophila