title: Diet and plasma lipids in women. I. Macronutrients and plasma total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in women: the Framingham nutrition studies.
abstract: This study examined relationships between diet and plasma total and LDL cholesterol levels in a population-based sample of 695 premenopausal and 727 postmenopausal women participating in the Framingham Offspring/Spouse Study. Regression analyses controlled for age, caloric intake, apolipoprotein E isoform type, estrogen use, and important CVD risk factors indicated that plasma total and LDL-cholesterol levels were directly associated with consumption of saturated fat and inversely associated with total calorie intake. In contrast, dietary cholesterol was not a predictor of plasma total or LDL cholesterol levels. Total cholesterol levels were also directly associated with total fat, oleic acid, and animal fat, and inversely associated with carbohydrate intake. Stepwise regressions with key nutrients indicated that saturated fat was consistently associated with total and LDL cholesterol levels in Framingham women. These analyses suggest that diet explains 2% of the variability in these lipid levels in a cross-sectional sample of women; the full model explains 22-27%.
authors.affiliation: Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Millen
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Franz
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Quatromoni
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Gagnon
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Sonnenberg
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ordovas
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Cupples
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening; D008404:Massachusetts; D008593:Menopause / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004041:Dietary Fats; D002784:Cholesterol