title: Impending malunions of the hand. Treatment of subacute, malaligned fractures.
abstract: Malunions of the hand present a challenging problem to the orthopaedic surgeon. Angular and rotational deformities, and shortening and articular incongruity, can lead to significant functional impairment or dysesthetic appearance. The prevention of malunion should remain a primary goal. When displaced fractures of the metacarpals or phalanges present within the first or second weeks, properly performed closed or open reduction with percutaneous pinning or internal fixation are excellent options with predictable results. Malaligned fractures that present later frequently cannot be readily reduced. Once fully united, treatment options have included corrective osteotomy if function is significantly impaired or if appearance is objectionable; for patients who are not suitable for surgery for medical or other reasons, or for whom appearance is acceptable, intensive occupational therapy to maximize function may yield sufficiently serviceable clinical results. During the past several years, the senior author (BL) has chosen to be more proactive in the prevention of malunions of the hand. In the authors' experience, results of aggressive surgical treatment of subacute, malaligned fractures in selected patients have produced results comparable with or superior to those reported for later reconstructive procedures. With the proliferation of managed care, there has been an increasing frequency of delayed referral patterns for fracture treatment by hand specialists. Definitive treatment of these "impending malunions" is preferable to passive treatment delay and secondary reconstructive procedures, offering both earlier correction of alignment and earlier opportunity for return of function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lester
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mallik
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017760:Bone Malalignment / Q000601:surgery; D001864:Bone Wires; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D017759:Fractures, Malunited / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006227:Hand Deformities, Acquired / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery; D006230:Hand Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography