title: The axis-inducing activity, stability, and subcellular distribution of beta-catenin is regulated in Xenopus embryos by glycogen synthase kinase 3.
abstract: The serine/threonine kinase Xgsk-3 and the intracellular protein beta-catenin are necessary for the establishment of the dorsal-ventral axis in Xenopus. Although genetic evidence from Drosophila indicates that Xgsk-3 is upstream of beta-catenin, direct interactions between these proteins have not been demonstrated. We demonstrate that phosphorylation of beta-catenin in vivo requires an in vitro amino-terminal Xgsk-3 phosphorylation site, which is conserved in the Drosophila protein armadillo. beta-catenin mutants lacking this site are more active in inducing an ectopic axis in Xenopus embryos and are more stable than wild-type beta-catenin in the presence of Xgsk-3 activity, supporting the hypothesis that Xgsk-3 is a negative regulator of beta-catenin that acts through the amino-terminal site. Inhibition of endogenous Xgsk-3 function with a dominant-negative mutant leads to an increase in the steady-state levels of ectopic beta-catenin, indicating that Xgsk-3 functions to destabilize beta-catenin and thus decrease the amount of beta-catenin available for signaling. The levels of endogenous beta-catenin in the nucleus increases in the presence of the dominant-negative Xgsk-3 mutant, suggesting that a role of Xgsk-3 is to regulate the steady-state levels of beta-catenin within specific subcellular compartments. These studies provide a basis for understanding the interaction between Xgsk-3 and beta-catenin in the establishment of the dorsal-ventral axis in early Xenopus embryos.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, 98195-7370, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yost
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kimelman
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Moon
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000737:chemistry; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000737:chemistry; D047108:Embryonic Development; D004627:Embryonic Induction; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D038341:Glycogen Synthase Kinases; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009024:Morphogenesis; D009154:Mutation; D010766:Phosphorylation; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014981:Xenopus / Q000196:embryology*; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D051176:beta Catenin
chemical_list: C495266:CTNNB1 protein, Xenopus; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D051176:beta Catenin; D038341:Glycogen Synthase Kinases; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3