title: Immunostimulatory DNA sequences necessary for effective intradermal gene immunization.
abstract: Vaccination with naked DNA elicits cellular and humoral immune responses that have a T helper cell type 1 bias. However, plasmid vectors expressing large amounts of gene product do not necessarily induce immune responses to the encoded antigens. Instead, the immunogenicity of plasmid DNA (pDNA) requires short immunostimulatory DNA sequences (ISS) that contain a CpG dinucleotide in a particular base context. Human monocytes transfected with pDNA or double-stranded oligonucleotides containing the ISS, but not those transfected with ISS-deficient pDNA or oligonucleotides, transcribed large amounts of interferon-alpha, interferon-beta, and interleukin-12. Although ISS are necessary for gene vaccination, they down-regulate gene expression and thus may interfere with gene replacement therapy by inducing proinflammatory cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and The Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0663, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roman
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tighe
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Corr
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lotz
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Raz
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000668:Ampicillin Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation; D001483:Base Sequence; D018899:CpG Islands; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006801:Humans; D007271:Injections, Intradermal; D007372:Interferons / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D014162:Transfection; D014611:Vaccination; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018664:Interleukin-12; D004247:DNA; D007372:Interferons; D001616:beta-Galactosidase