title: Accuracy of injection site identification among children with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: a comparison of traditional and new visual aids.
abstract: Children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) typically self-inject insulin twice daily. Injection sites must be rotated with each insulin administration to avoid lipohypertrophy. Lipohypertrophy results in erratic insulin release and threatens metabolic stability. To aid rotation, children are usually provided with a picture of a human figure with injection sites identified within a grid. Children often have difficulty using the charts or lack the skills necessary to identify injection sites. An alternative three-dimensional visual aid, a pair of "injection bears", simplifies injection site identification. Fifty-eight 6- to 11-year-old children with IDDM identified 10 injection sites using both the injection chart and the injection bears. Accuracy of injection site identification was compared on five subcomponents. Forty-four percent of informants recalled that their doctors recommended using injection charts. Of those recalling the recommendation, 81% never or rarely used charts at home. Thirty-nine percent of the informants reported a history of lipohypertrophy. Matched sample t-tests demonstrated that children committed significantly fewer identification errors on all subcomponents (P < or = .05) when using the injection bears. Chi square analyses indicated a significant preference (P < or = .05) for the injection bears, which may be a useful tool for insulin injection rotation with younger children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Monaco
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Geffken
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Silverstein
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001296:Audiovisual Aids; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000379:methods*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D010988:Play and Playthings; D012646:Self Administration / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin