title: Test question modulates cue competition between causes and between effects.
abstract: The research reported in this article replicated the well-established phenomenon of competition between causes (C) as well as the more controversial presence and absence of competition between effects (E). The test question was identified as a crucial factor leading to each outcome. Competition between causes was obtained when the test question asked about the probability of E given C, p(E/C), implicitly compared with the probability of E given some alternative cause, p(E/C'). competition between effects was obtained when the test question asked about p(C/E) implicitly compared with p(C/E'). Under these conditions, effects competed for diagnostic value just as causes competed for predictive value. Additionally, some conditions in which neither causes nor effects competed were identified. These results suggest a bidirectional and noncompetitive learning process, the contents of which can be used in different ways (competitively or noncompetitively and forward or backward) as a function of test demands.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Deusto, Bilbao, Spain. univem05@sarenet.es
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matute
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arcediano
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D015984:Causality; D003071:Cognition; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning