title: Continuous caudal anaesthesia with chloroprocaine as an adjunct to general anaesthesia in neonates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors prospectively evaluated the use of a continuous caudal epidural infusion of chloroprocaine as an adjunct to general anaesthesia during intra-abdominal surgery in neonates.
  
  
  METHODS
  The technique was used in 25 neonates ranging in age from 1 to 28 days and in weight from 2.2 to 4.9 kg. Following anaesthetic induction and tracheal intubation, an initial bolus dose of chloroprocaine 3% (1 or 1.5 ml.kg-1) was followed by a continuous infusion of 1 or 1.5 ml.kg-1.hr-1 administered through a caudal epidural catheter. No parenteral opioids were administered. The duration of the surgical procedures varied from one hour five minutes to three hours 15 min. The first three neonates received a bolus dose of 1.0 ml.kg-1 followed by an infusion of 1.0 ml.kg-1.hr-1 chloroprocaine 3%. These three neonates required an additional bolus dose followed by an increase in the infusion to 1.5 ml.kg-1.hr-1 to provide surgical anaesthesia. Adequate intraoperative anaesthesia was achieved in all 25 neonates with an infusion of 1.5 ml.kg-1.hr-1 of chloroprocaine 3%. This was evidenced by a lack of haemodynamic response to surgical manipulation. No neonate required more than 0.2% isoflurane or 70% nitrous oxide in oxygen. No episodes of haemodynamic instability (decreased blood pressure/bradycardia) related to the caudal epidural anaesthesia were noted. Twenty-three of 25 of the neonates' tracheas were extubated immediately (within 10 minutes) following the surgical procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caudal anaesthesia with a continuous infusion of chloroprocaine can be used as an adjunct to general anaesthesia during abdominal surgery in neonates. Our initial experience suggests that the combined technique may eliminate the need for parenteral opioids and limit the intraoperative requirements for inhalational anaesthetic agents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Missouri, Columbia 65212, USA.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Tobias
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Holcomb
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Morgan
mesh_terms: D000763:Anesthesia, Caudal; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011343:Procaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D011343:Procaine; C004616:chloroprocaine