The use of second-trimester genetic sonogram in guiding clinical management of patients at increased risk for fetal trisomy 21.
OBJECTIVE
To test the efficacy of ultrasound in detecting fetuses with trisomy 21.


METHODS
From November 1, 1992, to December 31, 1995, a second-trimester genetic sonogram was offered to all women with singleton fetuses at increased risk (at least 1:274) for trisomy 21, who had either declined genetic amniocentesis or chose to have a sonogram before deciding whether to undergo an amniocentesis. In addition to standard fetal biometry, the following ultrasound markers for aneuploidy were evaluated: structural anomalies (including face, hands, and cardiac [four-chamber view and outflow tracts]), short femur, short humerus, pyelectasis, nuchal fold thickening, echogenic bowel, choroid plexus cysts, hypoplastic middle phalanx of the fifth digit, wide space between the first and second toes, and two-vessel umbilical cord. Outcome information included the results of genetic amniocentesis, if performed, or the results of postnatal pediatric assessment and follow-up.


RESULTS
Five hundred seventy-three patients had a genetic sonogram between 15 and 23 weeks' gestation: 378 patients had advanced maternal age (at least 35 years), 141 had abnormal serum biochemistry, and 54 had both. The majority (495, or 86.3%) had a normal genetic sonogram (absence of abnormal ultrasound markers); 51 (9%) had one marker present, and 27 (4.7%) had two or more markers present. Outcome was obtained on 422 patients (the remaining were ongoing pregnancies or were lost to follow-up). Twelve of 14 fetuses with trisomy 21, one fetus with trisomy 13, and one fetus with triploidy had two or more abnormal ultrasound markers present; one fetus with trisomy 21 had one abnormal marker and one had a completely normal ultrasound. When one or more abnormal ultrasound markers were present, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for trisomy 21 were 92.8%, 86.7%, 19.4%, and 99.7%, respectively. When two or more abnormal ultrasound markers were present, the corresponding values were 85.7%, 96.8%, 48%, and 99.5%. In the study population, the amniocentesis rate was 12.7% overall and 17.3% in cases with known outcome.


CONCLUSIONS
Second-trimester genetic sonogram may be a reasonable alternative for patients at increased risk for fetal trisomy 21 who wish to avoid amniocentesis. In experienced hands, this approach may result in a high detection rate of trisomy 21 (93%), with an amniocentesis rate of less than 20%.
Vintzileos
A M
AM
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School/St. Peter's Medical Center, New Brunswick, USA.
Campbell
W A
WA
Rodis
J F
JF
Guzman
E R
ER
Smulian
J C
JC
Knuppel
R A
RA
D000328:Adult; D000649:Amniocentesis; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008423:Maternal Age; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D018566:Pregnancy, High-Risk; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal