title: Child mortality following standard, medium or high titre measles immunization in West Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended the use of high titre measles vaccine in 1989. Subsequent long term follow-up of several trials yielded results suggesting higher mortality among children inoculated with medium and high titre vaccines compared to standard titre vaccines, although none of the individual trials found significant differences in mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Long term survival after standard, medium and high titre measles vaccines has been investigated in a combined analysis of all West African trials with mortality data. In trials from Guinea-Bissau, The Gambia and Senegal, children received medium or high titre vaccines from 4 months of age and were compared to control groups recruited at the same time later receiving standard titre vaccine from 9 months of age. All children were followed up to at least 3 years old.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Combining trials of high titre vaccines showed higher mortality among the high titre group compared to the standard group: mortality ratio (MR) = 1.33 (95% CI : 1.02-1. 73). Mortality among recipients of medium titre vaccines was not different from that in the standard vaccine group, MR = 1.11 (95% CI: 0.54-2.27). In a combined analysis by sex, the adjusted mortality ratios comparing high titre vaccine with standard vaccine were 1.86 (95% CI : 1.28-2.70) for females and 0.91 (95% CI : 0.61-1.35) for males. The trials were not designed to study long term mortality. Adjustments for several possible sources of bias did not alter the results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combined analysis showed a decreased survival related to high titre measles vaccine compared with standard titre vaccines, though solely among females. As a result of these studies from West Africa and a study from Haiti, WHO has recommended that high titre measles vaccine no longer be used.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Research Unit, Danish Epidemiology Science Centre, Staten Seruminstitut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Knudsen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aaby
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Whittle
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Samb
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Simondon
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sterne
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fine
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005714:Gambia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006169:Guinea-Bissau / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008457:Measles / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008458:Measles Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D008459:Measles virus / Q000276:immunology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012675:Senegal / Q000453:epidemiology; D017678:Sex Distribution
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D008458:Measles Vaccine