title: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the new podophyllotoxin derivative NK 611. A study by the AIO groups PHASE-I and APOH.
abstract: NK 611 is a new podophyllotoxin derivative in which a dimethyl amino group replaces a hydroxyl group at the sugar moiety of etoposide. This results in profound physico-chemical differences: NK 611 is much less hydrophobic than etoposide. Preclinical studies have shown that NK 611 is advantageous in terms of bioavailability and of the potency of its anticancer activity. A clinical phase I study was performed in cancer patients within the framework of the AIO. Additionally, its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics were investigated. NK 611 was given to 26 patients at doses ranging from 60 to 140 mg/m2 [maximum tolerated dose (MTD) 120 mg/m2] in a 30-min infusion. Plasma and urine samples were collected from 25 patients and analyzed using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay procedure. The concentration versus time curve of total NK 611 in plasma samples was best described by a three-compartment model. The overall median pharmacokinetic values were as follows (ranges are given in parentheses): mean residence time (MRT) 16.5 (5.4-42.3)h, terminal half-life 14.0 (8.2-30.5)h, volume of distribution at steady state (V(ss)) 11.4 (7.9-18.1) l/m2 and plasma clearance (Cl(p)) 15.1 (3.6-36.4) ml min-1 m-2. The total systemic drug exposure, represented by the area under the curve (AUC), varied between 53.4 and 532.0 micrograms ml-1 h. The mean AUC (+/- SD) increased with the dose from 78.7 +/- 3.7 micrograms ml-1 h at 60 mg/m2 up to 202.8 +/- 157.2 micrograms ml-1 h at 120 mg/m2. The mean urinary excretion (UE) fraction of unchanged drug at 48 h after the end of the infusion varied between 3.0% and 25.8% of the total dose delivered. Analysis of ultrafiltrate samples showed a protein binding of approx.. 99%. The percentage reduction in white blood cells (WBC) and neutrophils (ANC) correlated with the dose, AUC, and AUC(free). The best relationship between the percentage of reduction in ANC and a pharmacokinetic parameter (AUC) took a nonlinear Hill-type form. The laboratory parameter for kidney or liver function did not correlate with the AUC. The variation of pharmacokinetic parameters within each dose level was profound. The reason for this pharmacological behavior remains unclear and should be investigated in further studies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital, Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mross
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hüttmann
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Herbst
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hanauske
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schilling
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Manegold
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Burk
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Hossfeld
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002452:Cell Count / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007260:Infusion Pumps; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D011034:Podophyllotoxin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C080080:NK 611; D011034:Podophyllotoxin