title: Technique of laparoscopic ultrasound examination of the liver and pancreas.
abstract: Since the introduction of a recent laparoscopic ultrasound (LU), the value of this modality in examining the liver and pancreas has been reported. However, a precise scanning technique of LU has not previously been described. Based on our experience with intraoperative ultrasound during laparotomy, we have developed a technique for complete examination of the entire organs using a rigid LU probe. A 7.5-MHz rigid probe, 10 mm in diameter, was employed. The scanning was performed through three trocar ports: right subcostal, subxiphoid, and umbilical. For the liver, the subcostal scanning provided fundamental transverse views. The subxiphoid and umbilical scanning delineated the areas unable to be imaged by the subcostal scanning. For the pancreas, the subcostal and umbilical scanning demonstrated longitudinal and transverse views, respectively. The subxiphoid scanning enhanced examination of the pancreatic head. Three basic probe maneuvers (advancement-withdrawal, lateral movement, and rotation) and various scanning techniques (contact, probe-standoff, and compression scanning) should be utilized appropriately. With a rigid probe, complete LU examination of the liver and pancreas is possible using these techniques. We believe the present scanning method will help more surgeons learn LU.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1356 Lusitana Street, 6th floor, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Machi
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Zaren
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Noritomi
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sigel
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D010182:Pancreatic Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*