title: Mortality risks associated with specific clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is often related to disease in particular organ systems. We examined the risks of mortality associated with 8 clinical manifestations of SLE and determined whether these risks differed among patients with different sociodemographic characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using life table analysis, we determined the associations of hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, arthritis, serositis, nephritis, psychosis, and seizures with both all-cause mortality and SLE-related mortality in a cohort of 408 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over a median duration of follow-up of 11 years, 144 patients died; 78 deaths (54%) were SLE related. In univariate analyses, the presence of hemolytic anemia, serositis, nephritis, psychosis, and seizures was associated with greater all-cause mortality, while the presence of arthritis was protective. In multivariate analyses that controlled for patient demographic characteristics, nephritis (relative risk, 2.34) and seizures (relative risk, 1.77) were associated with poorer overall survival. Nephritis and seizures, along with thrombocytopenia, were also associated with greater SLE-related mortality, while leukopenia was protective. The risk of death in association with these clinical manifestations did not differ among patient age, sex, race, or socioeconomic subgroups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of nephritis and seizures each increased the risk of death in patients with SLE approximately 2-fold. Thrombocytopenia also increased the risk of SLE-related mortality, while leukopenia was protective.
authors.affiliation: Medical Service, Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Calif., USA.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pyun
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Studenski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000743:Anemia, Hemolytic / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D001168:Arthritis / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D002423:Cause of Death; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007970:Leukopenia / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D015993:Life Tables; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009393:Nephritis / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D012306:Risk; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D012700:Serositis / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality