title: Surgical complications of transaxillary arteriography: a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to review the complications of transaxillary arteriography (TRAX), determine clinical factors associated with their occurrence, and define optimal treatment methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of 842 consecutive TRAX studies performed in a large, urban, tertiary care, academic medical center was undertaken. Patients with complications were compared with a concurrent randomized control group without complications with the use of a multivariate analysis model. Results of operative therapy for nerve injury were compared with those of nonoperative therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen (2.3%) complications were identified including 14 nerve injuries, four expanding hematomas/pseudoaneurysms without neurologic deficit, and one puncture site thrombosis. Several statistically significant or suggestive findings associated with the occurrence of complications were identified: female sex (odds ratio [OR] = 4.7), systolic blood pressure > or = 150 mm Hg at the conclusion of TRAX (OR = 9.5), periprocedural systemic heparin anticoagulation (OR = 7.9), concomitant use of intraarterial thrombolysis or percutaneous angioplasty (OR = 12.0), and duration of procedure > or = 90 minutes (OR = 4.0). Patients who underwent prompt exploration (< or = 4 hours from symptom onset) for nerve injuries were more likely to have complete resolution of their neurologic deficits (five of six patients) than those who were observed or underwent delayed operation (three of eight patients) (OR = 8.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aggressive treatment of post-TRAX hypertension, limitation of TRAX duration, delay of postprocedure anticoagulation, and use of alternative sites for arterial puncture in female patients or patients undergoing catheter-based intervention may reduce the incidence of TRAX-related complications. In patients who have neurologic deficits prompt surgical exploration of the puncture site with decompression of the involved nerve(s) may reduce the incidence of prolonged deficits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Chitwood
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Shepard
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Shetty
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Nypaver
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Ernest
mesh_terms: D017541:Aneurysm, False / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D000792:Angiography / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001365:Axilla; D001916:Brachial Artery; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006406:Hematoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D059348:Peripheral Nerve Injuries; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D011677:Punctures / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors