title: Lactoferrin in thyroid lesions: immunoreactivity in fine needle aspiration biopsy samples.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lactoferrin is an iron-binding protein that has been used for distinguishing normal from neoplastic conditions in many different tissues. In order to improve evaluation of thyroid lesions, we studied the lactoferrin immunoreaction in cytologic smears obtained by fine needle aspiration and in biopsy samples from primary neoplasms and from adenomatous goiter.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study on fine needle aspiration cytology samples and corresponding available biopsies from thyroid lesions in patients examined at São Paulo County Hospital between 1982 and 1992, performed in order to evaluate lactoferrin immunoreactivity in morphologically well characterized samples from neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions. Immunoperoxidase procedures were performed using monospecific polyclonal rabbit antihuman lactoferrin as a primary antibody and biotinylated goat antirabbit IgG as a secondary antibody. Amplification was performed with the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex, and the color sign of the positive reactions was developed using a diaminobenzidine solution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lactoferrin was not detected in cytologic smears from goiters, whereas only one biopsy was slightly positive (1/21, or 4.76%). One smear from adenoma showed low positive staining (1/19, or 5.26%), which was present in 4 of 13 biopsies (30.77%) from adenoma. Papillary carcinomas were positive in 19 of 33 smears (57.58%) and in 100% of biopsies, whereas 31.25% (5/16) of follicular carcinoma smears were positive for lactoferrin, detected in all the biopsy samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lactoferrin immunoreactivity was strongly associated with neoplastic proliferation and may be used as a useful auxiliary marker to distinguish malignant from benign thyroid lesions in cytologic smears and biopsy samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, São Paulo State School of Medicine, Brazil.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yossie Asato de Camargo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Longatto Filho
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bisi
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Kanamura
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Alves Abelin
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D015415:Biomarkers; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D018276:Carcinoma, Medullary / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D006042:Goiter / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007781:Lactoferrin / Q000032:analysis* / Q000276:immunology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007781:Lactoferrin