title: Ontogenetic expression of spot 35 protein (calbindin-D28k) in human olfactory receptor neurons and its decrease in Alzheimer's disease patients.
abstract: Expression of a calcium-binding protein, spot 35 protein (S-35, calbindin-D28k), was investigated immunohistochemically in the human olfactory mucosa of patients who ranged in age from 16 weeks of fetal development to 98 years old, including some with Alzheimer's disease (AD). S-35 immunoreactivity was observed clearly in olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) and olfactory nerve bundles that were identified previously with antibodies to olfactory marker protein (OMP) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE). Throughout all ages, the mean number of ORNs immunoreactive for OMP did not change significantly, whereas the mean number of NSE- and S-35-immunoreactive ORNs declined markedly in the postnatal infant, young, and old patients when compared with that of the prenatal fetuses. S-35-immunoreactive ORNs decreased significantly in AD patients when compared with AD control patients. These results indicate that ORNs in humans express S-35 and that there is an age-related trend in the expression of S-35. Furthermore, the marked decrease of S-35 expression in ORNs of AD patients suggests that cell excitability associated with calcium ions and cell protective function against overload of intracellular calcium ions decline in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington 40536-0084, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamagishi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takami
authors.forename: T V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Getchell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000378:metabolism*; D064092:Calbindin 1; D064026:Calbindins; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002531:Cerebellum; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D051842:Olfactory Marker Protein; D009831:Olfactory Mucosa / Q000737:chemistry*; D018034:Olfactory Receptor Neurons / Q000737:chemistry*; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D064030:S100 Calcium Binding Protein G
chemical_list: C576498:CALB1 protein, human; D064092:Calbindin 1; D064026:Calbindins; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C497597:OMP protein, human; D051842:Olfactory Marker Protein; D064030:S100 Calcium Binding Protein G; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase