title: Relation of hormone-replacement therapy to measures of plasma fibrinolytic activity. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Investigators.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mechanisms by which replacement hormones may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease are not fully understood. Of specific interest is a potential effect of replacement hormones on plasma fibrinolytic activity, a putative determinant of thrombotic events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We investigated the relation of current use of replacement hormones to three measures of plasma fibrinolytic activity: tissue-type plasminogen activator (TPA) antigen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) antigen, and D-dimer. The sample was composed of 288 women, free of clinical cardiovascular disease, who were selected for a case-control study of atherosclerosis: 142 women with ultrasonographic evidence of carotid intimal-medial thickening (cases) and 146 control subjects. Twenty percent (59 women) reported current use of replacement hormones. TPA antigen and PAI-1 antigen were highly correlated with each other (r = .67), whereas D-dimer correlated only weakly with TPA or PAI-1. Compared with nonusers, current users of replacement hormones had lower mean levels of TPA and PAI-1 antigens, suggesting enhanced fibrinolytic potential. In the entire sample, the multivariate-adjusted geometric mean values of TPA antigen were 6.3 and 7.3 ng/mL among current users and nonusers, respectively (P = .01); the corresponding values for PAI-1 antigen were 6.1 and 7.5 ng/mL (P = .13). These results were generally consistent for both atherosclerosis cases and their control subjects. D-dimer levels were lower in current hormone users than in nonusers, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > .15) in any of the analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of replacement hormones appears to be associated with enhancement of endogenous fibrinolytic potential. Enhanced plasma fibrinolytic activity among hormone users may explain, in part, the inverse association between hormone replacement therapy and coronary heart disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55454-1015, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shahar
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Folsom
authors.forename: V V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Salomaa
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Stinson
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: McGovern
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimakawa
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Chambless
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000032:analysis*; D005342:Fibrinolysis; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000032:analysis*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; C036309:fibrin fragment D; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator