title: Direct evidence that initial oxidative stress triggered by preconditioning contributes to second window of protection by endogenous antioxidant enzyme in myocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We tested the hypothesis that late preconditioning is associated with increased antioxidant enzyme activity induced by initial oxidative stress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isolated rat myocytes were preconditioned either with two cycles of 5 minutes of anoxia and 5 minutes of reoxygenation or with exogenous superoxide anion (O2-) generated by reaction of xanthine oxidase with xanthine. Myocytes were allowed to recover for 60 minutes or 24 hours, after which they were subjected to 60 minutes of anoxia and 60 minutes of reoxygenation. After 60 minutes or 24 hours, the protection was evidenced by decreased O2- production, increased Mn superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) activity, increased call viability, decreased LDH release, reduced malondialdehyde formation, high-energy phosphate preservation, and improved call morphology in preconditioned and O2(-)-treated myocytes. Immediately after treatment with O2- or repetitive, brief anoxia, O2- production was increased in myocytes. Longer anoxia resulted in loss of Mn-SOD activity in anoxic controls 24 hours later, whereas it was significantly increased in preconditioned and O2- -treated myocytes. O2- production was inhibited in preconditioned and O2(-)-myocytes. Myocytes treated with Mn-SOD during short, intermittent anoxia exhibited decreased activity of Mn-SOD and increased O2- production 24 hours later. Mn-SOD activity in late preconditioning was considerably higher than that in classic preconditioning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that a burst of oxygen free radicals generated during the initial periods of brief, repetitive anoxia increases myocardial antioxidant activity 24 hours later and that it contributes to the late cardioprotective effect of preconditioning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati (Ohio) Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0529, USA.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ashraf
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis*; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002470:Cell Survival; D003574:Cytochrome c Group / Q000378:metabolism; D005609:Free Radicals; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D003574:Cytochrome c Group; D005609:Free Radicals; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase