title: Elevated interleukin 6 is induced by prostaglandin E2 in a murine model of inflammation: possible role of cyclooxygenase-2.
abstract: Injection of mineral oils such as pristane into the peritoneal cavities of BALB/c mice results in a chronic peritonitis associated with high tissue levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6). Here we show that increased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis causes induction of IL-6 and that expression of an inducible cyclooxygenase, Cox-2, may mediate this process. Levels of both PGE2 and IL-6 are elevated in inflammatory exudates from pristane-treated mice compared with lavage samples from untreated mice. The Cox-2 gene is induced in the peritoneal macrophage fraction isolated from the mice. A cause and effect relationship between increased macrophage PGE2 and IL-6 production is shown in vitro. When peritoneal macrophages are activated with an inflammatory stimulus (polymerized albumin), the Cox-2 gene is induced and secretion of PGE2 and IL-6 increases, with elevated PGE2 appearing before IL-6. Cotreatment with 1 microM indomethacin inhibits PGE2 production by the cells and reduces the induction of IL-6 mRNA but has no effect on Cox-2 mRNA, consistent with the fact that the drug inhibits catalytic activity of the cyclooxygenase but does not affect expression of the gene. Addition of exogenous PGE2 to macrophages induces IL-6 protein and mRNA synthesis, indicating that the eicosanoid stimulates IL-6 production at the level of gene expression. PGE2-stimulated IL-6 production is unaffected by addition of indomethacin. Taken together with the earlier finding that indomethacin diminishes the elevation of IL-6 in pristane-treated mice, the results show that PGE2 can induce IL-6 production in vivo and implicate expression of the Cox-2 gene in the regulation of this cytokine.
authors.affiliation: Departmment of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hinson
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shacter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007249:Inflammation / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007700:Kinetics; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013729:Terpenes / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D007527:Isoenzymes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013729:Terpenes; C009042:pristane; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D015232:Dinoprostone