title: Cytokine regulation by virus infection: bovine viral diarrhea virus, a flavivirus, downregulates production of tumor necrosis factor alpha in macrophages in vitro.
abstract: Bovine bone marrow-derived macrophages were infected in vitro with noncytopathic or cytopathic strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Infection with both biotypes resulted in a decreased production of tumor necrosis factor alpha upon stimulation with heat-inactivated Salmonella dublin or lipopolysaccharide. Other macrophage functions were not downregulated, indicating that the observed effect was not due to a loss in macrophage viability. The downregulated production of tumor necrosis factor alpha in infected macrophages may contribute to the well-documented immunosuppression in animals infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Jungi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pfister
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strasser
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sileghem
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Peterhans
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002470:Cell Survival; D001908:Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D012475:Salmonella / Q000276:immunology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha