title: Comparison of intranasal midazolam and sufentanil premedication in pediatric outpatients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intranasally administered midazolam was compared with sufentanil as a premedicant for 60 patients, aged 1/2 to 6 years, undergoing outpatient surgery of 2 hours or less.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty minutes before anesthetic induction (halothane in 50% nitrous oxide/oxygen), patients were randomly assigned to receive either intranasal midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) or sufentanil (2 microg/kg). A "blinded" observer evaluated preoperative emotional state, response to premedication, induction, and emergence from anesthesia and side effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children who had not previously cried were more likely to cry when midazolam was administered compared with sufentanil (71% versus 20%, p = 0.0031). Of 31 midazolam patients, 20 experienced nasal irritation. Approximately 15 to 20 minutes after drug administration, most patients in both groups could be comfortably separated from their parents. The sufentanil group appeared to be more sedated and more cooperative during induction of anesthesia. Vital signs and oxygen saturation did not change significantly with either medication before or after surgery, although two sufentanil patients had a moderate reduction in ventilatory compliance after anesthetic induction. Sufentanil was associated with more nausea and vomiting than midazolam (34% versus 6%, p < 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both intranasal midazolam and sufentanil provide rapid, safe, and effective sedation in small children before anesthesia for ambulatory surgery. Sufentanil provided somewhat better conditions for induction and emergence. Midazolam causes more nasal irritation during instillation, and sufentanil causes more postoperative nausea and vomiting. Both drugs enabled patients to be separated from their parents with a minimum of distress. Patients in the midazolam group were discharged approximately 40 minutes earlier (p <0.005).
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zedie
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Amory
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: O'Hara
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D017409:Sufentanil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D017409:Sufentanil; D008874:Midazolam