title: Implementation of local guidelines for cost-effective management of hypertension. A trial of the firm system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of an intensive intervention to implement guidelines for cost-effective management of hypertension on medication use and cost, blood pressure control, and other resource use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort trial based on the Cleveland Veterans' Affairs Medical Center Firm System.
  
  
  METHODS
  General internal medicine teaching clinic in a large university-affiliated Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients seen in the intervention firm (n = 1273) and control firm (n = 884) clinics in the 3-month period following the introduction of the guidelines.
  
  
  METHODS
  The control firm received guidelines and usual education for the cost-effective outpatient management of hypertension. The intervention firm received guidelines plus intensive guideline-based education and supervision.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of guideline medications was greater in the intervention firm as compared with the control. The intervention firm initiated more hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), 17.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 14.8, 20.1) of patients versus 11.9% (CI 9.3, 14.8) in the control firm (p = .002). Atenolol was initiated in 7.2% (CI 5.6, 9.0) in intervention firm versus 4.7% (CI 3.2, 6.6) in the control (p = .03). In addition, the use of nonguideline medications was less in the intervention firm. The intervention firm initiated less long-acting nifedipine, 7.8% (CI 6.0, 9.8) versus 10.6% (CI 8.2, 13.5) in the control (p = .04). Blood pressure control demonstrated greater improvement in the intervention firm (p = .02). Use of guidelines was associated with decreased costs for antihypertensive medications in the intervention firm as a whole as compared with the control firm. There was no increased use in other measured resources in the intervention firm including the number of outpatient laboratory services obtained, clinic visits, emergency room visits, or hospitalizations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intensive implementation of guideline-based education and supervision was associated with an increased use of guideline medications, decreased use of costly alternative agents, and no decrement in the measured outcomes of care.
authors.affiliation: Medical Service, Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH, USA.
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Aucott
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pelecanos
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dombrowski
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Fuehrer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Laich
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Aron
mesh_terms: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001262:Atenolol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education; D006787:Hospitals, Veterans; D006801:Humans; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009820:Ohio; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide; D001262:Atenolol; D009543:Nifedipine