title: Effects of organizational change in the medical intensive care unit of a teaching hospital: a comparison of 'open' and 'closed' formats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effects of change from an open to a closed intensive care unit (ICU) format on clinical outcomes, resource utilization, teaching, and perceptions regarding quality of care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study; prospective economic evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical ICU at a university-based tertiary care center. For the open ICU, primary admitting physicians direct care of patients with input from critical care specialists via consultation. For the closed ICU, critical care specialists direct patient care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive samples of 124 patients admitted under an open ICU format and 121 patients admitted after changing to a closed ICU format. Readmissions were excluded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparison of hospital mortality with mortality predicted by the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) system; duration of mechanical ventilation; length of stay; patient charges for radiology, laboratory, and pharmacy departments; vascular catheter use; number of interruptions of formal teaching rounds; and perceptions of patients, families, physicians, and nurses regarding quality of care and ICU function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean +/- SD APACHE II scores were 15.4 +/- 8.3 in the open ICU and 20.6 +/- 8.6 in the closed ICU (P=.001). In the closed ICU, the ratio of actual mortality (31.4 percent) to predicted mortality (40.1 percent) was 0.78. In the open ICU, the ratio of actual mortality (22.6 percent) to predicted mortality (25.2 percent) was 0.90. Mean length of stay for survivors in the open ICU was 3.9 days, and mean length of stay for survivors in the closed ICU was 3.7 days (P=.79). There were no significant differences between periods in patient charges for radiology, laboratory, or pharmacy resources. Nurses were more likely to say that they were very confident in the clinical judgment of the physician primarily responsible for patient care in the closed ICU compared with the open ICU (41 percent vs 7 percent; P<.Ol), and nurses were the group most supportive of changing to a closed ICU format before and after the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on comparison of actual to predicted mortality, changing from an open to a closed ICU format improved clinical outcome. Although patients in the closed ICU had greater severity of illness, resource utilization did not increase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stocking
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Podsadecki
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Christenson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pohlman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: MacRae
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Humphrey
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siegler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D002641:Chicago; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000458:organization & administration*; D007902:Length of Stay; D016015:Logistic Models; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009738:Nursing Service, Hospital; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D014481:United States