title: Wheat bran and psyllium diets: effects on N-methylnitrosourea-induced mammary tumorigenesis in F344 rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experimental and epidemiologic evidence suggests that increased dietary fiber is associated with decreased breast cancer risk. Little is known about the role played by different types of fiber and, particularly, mixtures of soluble and insoluble fibers similar to those consumed by human populations in reducing breast cancer risk. High intake of fiber may suppress bacterial hydrolysis of biliary estrogen conjugates to free (absorbable) estrogens in the colon and thus may decrease the availability of circulating estrogens necessary for the development and growth of breast cancers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of wheat bran (an insoluble fiber) and psyllium (a soluble fiber) alone and in combination on overall estrogen status, on fecal bacterial beta-D-glucuronidase (a key diet-responsive estrogen-deconjugating enzyme) activity, and on the induction of mammary tumors in rats treated with N-methylnitrosourea (MNU).
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fifty virgin female F344 rats were fed the NIH-07 diet from 28 days of age until 50 days of age; they were then given a single dose (40 mg/kg of body weight) of MNU by tail vein injection. Three days later, they were randomly assigned to one of five experimental dietary groups (30 animals per group). Soft, white wheat bran (45% dietary fiber content) and psyllium (80% dietary fiber content) were added to a modified (high-fat) American Institute of Nutrition (AIN)-76A diet at the following percents, respectively: 12% + 0% (group 1), 8% + 2% (group 2), 6% + 3% (group 3), 4% + 4% (group 4), and 0% + 6% (group 5). Blood, urine, and feces were collected and analyzed by radioimmunoassay techniques for estrogens. Cecal contents were analyzed for bacterial beta-D-glucuronidase activity. After 19 weeks on the experimental diets, the rats were killed, and mammary tumors were counted and classified by histologic type. Cumulative tumor incidence was evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier life-table method and the logrank test. Tumor number was evaluated by the chi-squared test of association, and tumor multiplicity was evaluated by the Mantel-Haenszel chi-squared test. All statistical tests were two-tailed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As the level of psyllium relative to that of wheat bran increased, the total tumor number and multiplicity of mammary adenocarcinomas in rats decreased as a statistically significant linear trend across groups 1-5 (P < .05). Compared with the group given wheat bran alone, the group given the 1:1 (wheat bran:psyllium) combination had maximum protection against mammary tumorigenesis, while the groups given the 4:1 or 2:1 (wheat bran:psyllium) combination or psyllium alone had intermediate protection. No statistically significant differences in circulating estrogens or urinary estrogen excretion patterns were observed among the five experimental groups. Fecal estrogen excretion, however, decreased with increasing levels of psyllium (P < .01), and cecal beta-D-glucuronidase activity exhibited a decreasing trend with respect to the increasing psyllium content of the diet across groups 1-5 (P < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of a 4%:4% mixture of an insoluble (wheat bran) fiber and a soluble (psyllium) fiber to a high-fat diet provided the maximum tumor-inhibiting effects in this mammary tumor model. Although increasing levels of dietary psyllium were associated with decreased cecal bacterial beta-D-glucuronidase activity, these changes were not reflected in decreased circulating levels of tumor-promoting estrogens. Therefore, the mechanism(s) by which mixtures of soluble and insoluble dietary fibers protect against mammary tumorigenesis remains to be clarified.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition and Endocrinology, American Health Foundation, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Zang
authors.forename: T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Wynn
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Simi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rivenson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002432:Cecum / Q000201:enzymology / Q000382:microbiology; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004967:Estrogens / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005966:Glucuronidase / Q000378:metabolism; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008770:Methylnitrosourea; D011620:Psyllium / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004967:Estrogens; D008770:Methylnitrosourea; D011620:Psyllium; D005966:Glucuronidase