title: Seeding of vascular grafts with genetically modified endothelial cells. Secretion of recombinant TPA results in decreased seeded cell retention in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Seeding of small-diameter vascular grafts with endothelial cells (ECs) genetically engineered to secrete fibrinolytic or antithrombotic proteins offers the potential to improve graft patency rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sheep venous ECs were transduced with a retroviral vector encoding human tissue plasminogen activator (TPA). The ECs were seeded onto 4-mm-ID synthetic (Dacron) grafts. Retention of the seeded ECs was measured 2 hours after placement of the seeded grafts both in vitro in a nonpulsatile flow system and in vivo (in sheep) as femoral and carotid interposition grafts. On exposure to flow in vitro, ECs transduced with TPA were retained at a significantly lower rate (median, 67%) than either untransduced ECs (81%) or ECs transduced with a control retroviral vector producing beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal) (80%) (P < .05 for TPA versus either control). On implantation in vivo, ECs transduced with TPA were retained at a very low rate (median, 0%), significantly less than the retention of ECs transduced with the beta-Gal vector (32%; P < .00001). Decreased in vivo retention of ECs transduced with TPA correlated modestly with increased in vitro cellular passage level (r2 = .48; P < .0001) but not with in vivo blood flow rate (P = .45). Addition of the protease inhibitor aprotinin to the cell culture and graft perfusion media resulted in a significant (P < .05) increase in in vitro retention of ECs transduced with TPA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased TPA expression significantly decreases seeded EC adherence in vitro and in vivo. Gene therapy strategies for decreasing graft thrombosis may require expression of antithrombotic molecules that lack proteolytic activity.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md, USA.
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shayani
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Virmani
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Dichek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007611:Aprotinin / Q000494:pharmacology; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000601:surgery* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D017690:Cell Transplantation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000601:surgery* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005342:Fibrinolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000235:genetics; D006085:Graft Survival; D018056:Hemorheology; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011093:Polyethylene Terephthalates; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012212:Rheology; D012756:Sheep / Q000601:surgery; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D011093:Polyethylene Terephthalates; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D007611:Aprotinin; D001616:beta-Galactosidase; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator