title: Quantitative brain magnetic resonance imaging in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anatomic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been limited by small samples or measurement of single brain regions. Since the neuropsychological deficits in ADHD implicate a network linking basal ganglia and frontal regions, 12 subcortical and cortical regions and their symmetries were measured to determine if these structures best distinguished ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anatomic brain MRIs for 57 boys with ADHD and 55 healthy matched controls, aged 5 to 18 years, were obtained using a 1.5-T scanner with contiguous 2-mm sections. Volumetric measures of the cerebrum, caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, amygdala, hippocampus, temporal lobe, cerebellum; a measure of prefrontal cortex; and related right-left asymmetries were examined along with midsagittal area measures of the cerebellum and corpus callosum. Interrater reliabilities were .82 or greater for all MRI measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects with ADHD had a 4.7% smaller total cerebral volume (P = .02). Analysis of covariance for total cerebral volume demonstrated a significant loss of normal right > left asymmetry in the caudate (P = .006), smaller right globus pallidus (P = .005), smaller right anterior frontal region (P = .02), smaller cerebellum (P = .05), and reversal of normal lateral ventricular asymmetry (P = .03) in the ADHD group. The normal age-related decrease in caudate volume was not seen, and increases in lateral ventricular volumes were significantly diminished in ADHD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This first comprehensive morphometric analysis is consistent with hypothesized dysfunction of right-sided prefrontal-striatal systems in ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Md, USA.
authors.forename: F X
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Castellanos
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Giedd
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Hamburger
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Vaituzis
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Dickstein
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Sarfatti
authors.forename: Y C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Vauss
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Snell
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kaysen
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Krain
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Ritchie
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rajapakse
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rapoport
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D007839:Functional Laterality; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology