title: Safety and pharmacokinetics of recombinant human superoxide dismutase administered intratracheally to premature neonates with respiratory distress syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As a first step in the evaluation of recombinant human CuZn superoxide dismutase (rhSOD) in the prevention of neonatal lung injury, safety and pharmacokinetics of intratracheally (IT) administered rhSOD were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six preterm infants weighing 750 to 1250 g with respiratory distress syndrome were studied in three sequential groups (placebo, 0.5, and 5 mg/kg). Placebo or rhSOD was administered IT 30 minutes after the first surfactant dose. Serial blood and urine studies, rhSOD levels, tracheal aspirate fluid (TAF) markers of acute inflammation, radiographs, and ultrasounds were performed over the 28-day study period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum SOD concentrations were similar at baseline for all three groups (geometric mean 0.2, upper-lower limit 0.1 to 0.2 microgram/mL). In the 0.5-mg/kg group, levels were highest at 12 hours (geometric mean 0.7, upper-lower limit 0.5 to 0.8 microgram/mL) and returned to baseline by day 3. In the 5-mg/kg group, levels were highest at 6 hours (geometric mean 3.0, upper-lower limit 2.3 to 4.0 micrograms/mL) and returned to baseline by day 4. Concentrations of SOD in TAF were also similar at baseline for all three groups (geometric mean 0.2, upper-lower limit 0.2 to 0.3 microgram/mL). There were no significant increases in the placebo group, but levels in the 0.5-mg/kg group were highest when first sampled at 24 hours (geometric mean 1.1, upper-lower limit 0.8 to 1.4 micrograms/mL) and returned to baseline by day 3. In the 5-mg/kg group, levels were also highest when sampled at 24 hours (geometric mean 1.4, upper-lower limit 0.9 to 2.1 micrograms/mL) and returned to baseline by day 4. Urine levels were highest at 12 hours in both the 0.5-mg/kg (geometric mean 1.3, upper-lower limit 1.0 to 1.7 micrograms/mL) and 5-mg/kg infants (geometric mean 6.4, upper-lower limit 3.9 to 10.4 micrograms/mL) and decreased significantly by day 2 to 3. rhSOD activity assays (serum, TAF, and urine) demonstrated that the enzyme still possessed significant activity. No adverse effects of rhSOD were found. TAF neutrophil chemotactic activity and albumin concentrations, important acute lung injury markers, were significantly lower in the high-dose rhSOD group compared with the other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data suggest that a single IT dose of rhSOD results in significant increases in both concentration and activity of the antioxidant in serum, TAF, and urine for 2 to 3 days. The enzyme appears to be well tolerated, and TAF inflammatory markers are reduced after administration. This has important implications in rhSOD trials to prevent acute and chronic lung injury in preterm neonates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology), SUNY Stony Brook School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA.
authors.forename: W N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Rosenfeld
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Parton
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Flaster
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kassem
mesh_terms: D016903:Drug Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007249:Inflammation; D007322:Instillation, Drug; D008297:Male; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000652:urine; D012127:Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000652:urine; D014132:Trachea
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase