title: Dosimetric evaluation of lead and tungsten eye shields in electron beam treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to report that commercially available eye shields (designed for orthovoltage x-rays) are inadequate to protect the ocular structures from penetrating electrons for electron beam energies equal to or greater than 6 MeV. Therefore, a prototype medium size tungsten eye shield was designed and fabricated. The advantages of the tungsten eye shield over lead are discussed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electron beams (6-9 MeV) are often used to irradiate eyelid tumors to curative doses. Eye shields can be placed under the eyelids to protect the globe. Film and thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) were used within a specially constructed polystyrene eye phantom to determine the effectiveness of various commercially available internal eye shields (designed for orthovoltage x-rays). The same procedures were used to evaluate a prototype medium size tungsten eye shield (2.8 mm thick), which was designed and fabricated for protection of the globe from penetrating electrons for electron beam energy equal to 9 MeV. A mini-TLD was used to measure the dose enhancement due to electrons backscattered off the tungsten eye shield, both with or without a dental acrylic coating that is required to reduce discomfort, permit sterilization of the shield, and reduce the dose contribution from backscattered electrons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transmission of a 6 MeV electron beam through a 1.7 mm thick lead eye shield was found to be 50% on the surface (cornea) of the phantom and 27% at a depth of 6 mm (lens). The thickness of lead required to stop 6-9 MeV electron beams is impractical. In place of lead, a prototype medium size tungsten eye shield was made. For 6 to 9 MeV electrons, the doses measured on the surface (cornea) and at 6 mm (lens) and 21 mm (retina) depths were all less than 5% of the maximum dose of the open field (4 x 4 cm). Electrons backscattered off a tungsten eye shield without acrylic coating increased the lid dose from 85 to 123% at 6 MeV and 87 to 119% at 9 MeV. For the tungsten eye shield coated with 2-3 mm of dental acrylic, the lid dose was increased from 85 to 98.5% at 6 MeV and 86 to 106% at 9 MeV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Commercially available eye shields were evaluated and found to be clearly inadequate to protect the ocular structures for electron beam energies equal to or greater than 6 MeV. A tungsten eye shield has been found to provide adequate protection for electrons up to 9 MeV. The increase in lid dose due to electrons backscattered off the tungsten eye shield should be considered in the dose prescription. A minimum thickness of 2 mm dental acrylic on the beam entrance surface of the tungsten eye shield was found to reduce the backscattered electron effect to acceptable levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Shiu
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Tung
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Gastorf
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Hogstrom
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Peters
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D005135:Eye Protective Devices; D007854:Lead; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014414:Tungsten
chemical_list: D007854:Lead; D014414:Tungsten