title: Influence of smoking on fertility in women attending an in vitro fertilization program.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the influence of cigarette smoking of women on the fertilization and pregnancy rates obtained by IVF treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred ninety-seven infertile, otherwise healthy women who entered an IVF program for the first time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fertility unit at the Women's University hospital of the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of 197 women (23 to 39 years old) who were divided into the following groups: nonsmokers (n = 68), passive smokers (n = 26), and active smokers (n = 103) according to the cotinine concentration measured in follicular fluid. The reason for infertility was strictly a tubal factor with apparently normal ovulatory cycles. To guarantee an objective recording of tobacco smoke exposure, the smoking habit was not determined by questionnaires, but by cotinine, the principal metabolite of nicotine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in fertilization and pregnancy rates between the different groups. The E2 serum levels were decreased significantly in women who smoked when compared with the results obtained from nonsmokers and passive smokers. Overall, a strong negative correlation of the cotinine and E2 levels was observed (r = -0.65).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that there is no clinically detectable impairment of fertilization potential due to female smoking and that there is a greater influence on the outcome of IVF by other factors.
authors.affiliation: University of Chieti, Italy.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sterzik
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Strehler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Santo
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Trumpp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abt
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rosenbusch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schneider
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000502:physiology*; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D004958:Estradiol