title: Cigarette smoking potentiates endothelial dysfunction of forearm resistance vessels in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Role of oxidized LDL.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Risk factors for atherosclerosis such as hypercholesterolemia and hypertension are associated with endothelial dysfunction of conduit and resistance vessels; however, the interaction of these risk factors and underlying mechanisms affecting endothelial function remain to be determined. The present study investigated the role of long-term smoking and hypercholesterolemia and their impact on endothelial function of peripheral resistance vessels in relation to plasma levels of autoantibodies against oxidized LDL, which has been implicated in the development of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The vascular responses to the endothelium-dependent agent acetylcholine (7.5, 15, 30, and 60 micrograms/min) and the endothelium-independent agent sodium nitroprusside (1,3, and 10 micrograms/min) were studied in normal control subjects (n = 10), patients with hypercholesterolemia (n = 15), long-term smokers (n = 15), and hypercholesterolemic patients who smoked (n = 15). Drugs were infused into the brachial artery, and forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography. The FBF responses to acetylcholine were significantly blunted in all three patient groups compared with normal control subjects (P < .05). The acetylcholine-induced increase in FBF was significantly attenuated in patients with hypercholesterolemia who smoked compared with hypercholesterolemic nonsmokers and normocholesterolemic smokers (P < .05 for both). The response to sodium nitroprusside was not statistically different in all four groups. Plasma levels of autoantibody titer against oxidized LDL were inversely related to acetylcholine-induced changes in FBF (r = -.53, P < .002) and were substantially increased in the group with both risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that cigarette smoking and hypercholesterolemia synergistically impair endothelial function and that their combined presence is associated with increased plasma levels of autoantibodies against oxidized LDL. These observations raise the possibility that long-term smoking potentiates endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic patients by enhancing the oxidation of LDL.
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik III, Universität Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Heitzer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ylä-Herttuala
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luoma
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kurz
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Münzel
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Just
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olschewski
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Drexler
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010646:Phentolamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014655:Vascular Resistance; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014666:Vasomotor System / Q000187:drug effects; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D001323:Autoantibodies; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009599:Nitroprusside; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine; D000109:Acetylcholine; D010646:Phentolamine