title: The development of peripheral TNP-tolerance and suppressor function in Xenopus laevis, the South African clawed toad.
abstract: In adult Xenopus laevis, inducer- and effector-suppressor functions are located in the spleen. These peripheral suppressor functions must be established at this location near the end of metamorphosis, since both functions are in the thymus in premetamorphic and in developmentally-blocked metamorphosing larvae. This study examined whether TNP-conjugated self-antigens resulting from exposure to trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), will stimulate TNP-tolerance in premetamorphic, metamorphic, and in developmentally-blocked metamorphosing larvae. Premetamorphic and developmentally-blocked larvae produce little TNP-tolerance or peripheral suppressor function. However, when TNBS exposure includes the late stages of the metamorphic period, both TNP-tolerance and splenic anti-hapten suppressor function are demonstrable. Removal of suppressor function with cyclophosphamide prevents expression of tolerance, thus, they are functionally related. Suppressor function and tolerance both differentiate during the late metamorphic stages when new adult antigens are being expressed and incorporated into a library of self.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, OR 97202, USA.
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Ruben
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: R O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kaleeba
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Clothier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D006241:Haptens / Q000276:immunology*; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D007114:Immunization; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology; D010648:Phenylacetates / Q000276:immunology*; D013491:Suppressor Factors, Immunologic / Q000276:immunology; D014301:Trinitrobenzenes / Q000276:immunology*; D014302:Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid / Q000276:immunology*; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D006241:Haptens; D010648:Phenylacetates; D013491:Suppressor Factors, Immunologic; D014301:Trinitrobenzenes; D014302:Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid