title: Evaluation of multiple frequency bioelectrical impedance and Cole-Cole analysis for the assessment of body water volumes in healthy humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the application of a Cole-Cole analysis of multiple frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MFBIA) measurements to predict total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW) in humans. This technique has previously been shown to produce accurate and reliable estimates in both normal and abnormal animals.
  
  
  METHODS
  The whole body impedance of 60 healthy humans was measured at 496 frequencies (ranging from 4 kHz to 1 MHz) and the impedance at zero frequency, Ro, and at the characteristic frequency, Zc, were determined from the impedance spectrum, (Cole-Cole plot). TBW and ECW were independently determined using deuterium and bromide tracer dilution techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  At the Dunn Clinical Nutrition Centre and The Department of Biochemistry, University of Queensland.
  
  
  METHODS
  60 healthy adult volunteers (27 men and 33 women, aged 18-45 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results presented suggest that the swept frequency bioimpedance technique estimates total body water, (SEE = 5.2%), and extracellular water, (SEE = 10%), only slightly better in normal, healthy subjects than a method based on single frequency bioimpedance or anthropometric estimates based on weight, height and gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has undertaken the most extensive analysis to date of relationships between TBW (and ECW) and individual impedances obtained at different frequencies ( > 400 frequencies), and has shown marginal advantages of using one frequency over another, even if values predicted from theoretical bioimpedance models are used in the estimations. However in situations where there are disturbances of fluid distribution, values predicted from the Cole-Cole analysis of swept frequency bioimpedance measurements could prove to be more useful.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Medical and Health Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Cornish
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jebb
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001834:Body Water; D017097:Electric Impedance; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005110:Extracellular Space; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors