title: HSV-tk gene therapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Enhancement by the local and distant bystander effect.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the bystander effect demonstrated in vitro for ganciclovir-mediated killing of a herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) gene-infected human squamous cell carcinoma is operative in vivo in a nude mouse model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study in a murine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tumors were grown as xenografts on the flanks of 20 nude mice. The tumors in the left flank were then infected with the HSV-tk gene. Then, after 48 hours, the animals were treated with intraperitoneal ganciclovir twice daily. Assessment of the tumors on both flanks was performed over a 31-day period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Resolution of tumors infected with HSV-tk gene in animals treated with ganciclovir; resolution of tumors uninfected with HSV-tk gene on the contralateral flank in animals treated with ganciclovir.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following HSV-tk gene therapy in nude mice, complete resolution of HSV-tk-gene-infected human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tumors was observed following ganciclovir treatment. Uninfected tumors were also noted to regress, but not completely resolve, in response to intraperitoneal ganciclovir (distant bystander effect).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms that the local and distant bystander effects exist in this murine model, enhancing the possibility of its role for treatment of human squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, University of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Stambrook
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.forename: Z P
authors.initials: ZP
authors.lastname: Pavelic
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pavelic
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gluckman
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D015774:Ganciclovir / Q000494:pharmacology; D005814:Genes, Viral / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012074:Remission Induction; D018139:Simplexvirus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D013937:Thymidine Kinase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D013937:Thymidine Kinase; D015774:Ganciclovir