title: Physicochemical characterization of protein-free low density lipoprotein models and influence of drug loading.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Drug free and drug loaded protein-free low density lipoprotein (LDL) models consisting mainly of phospholipids, cholesterol, cholesterol esters, and triglycerides in ratios found for physiological LDL have been prepared. Their physicochemical characteristics were compared with those of physiological LDL.
  
  
  METHODS
  Different characterization methods were used: photon correlation spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray solution scattering, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Particle sizes are highly dependent on the preparation method and in particular on the homogenization conditions. Electron microscopy indicates that the size distributions of model systems are much broader than those of physiological LDL. The X-ray solution scattering patterns of the model systems display a temperature dependent maximum near 3.8 nm similar to that found in the patterns of physiological LDL. NMR indicates a comparable mobility of the lipid molecules in model particles and in physiological LDL. The influence of drug loading is similar to that found earlier for physiological LDL. In particular, the incorporation of the anti-cancer drug WB 4291 seems to have a fluidizing effect on the lipids in the core region of the particles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The preparation method of LDL model systems is of crucial importance as only the solvent evaporation method yielded systems in the size range of physiological LDL with acceptable high lipid concentrations. The fluidizing influence of temperature and drug incorporation (WB 4291) may be disadvantage in drug targeting.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, TU Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gerke
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Westesen
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Koch
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000032:analysis; D002788:Cholesterol Esters / Q000032:analysis; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009588:Nitrogen Mustard Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010316:Particle Size; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000032:analysis; D011506:Proteins / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D017356:Synchrotrons; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002788:Cholesterol Esters; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D009588:Nitrogen Mustard Compounds; D010743:Phospholipids; D011506:Proteins; D014280:Triglycerides; C016163:valrubicin; C066486:WB 4291; D004317:Doxorubicin; D002784:Cholesterol