title: [Evolution modes of eukaryote retrotransposons].
abstract: A number of general problems of molecular macroevolution of retroposons were examined, including the question of the ratio of the contributions of genomic replication and retrotransposition to mutational variability of retrotransposons, as well as that of the influence of stress-induced transpositional variability on the rate of evolution and the phylogenetic trees of retrotransposons. It is thought that the substitution fixation rate in genes of retrotransposons is determined by the transposition rate and the probability of mutation upon replication of copies of retransposons in the genome and upon retrotransposition, as well as by selection stabilizing the function of proteins of the retroreplicative mechanism. By means of molecular-evolutionary parameters, estimated for Drosophila retrotransposons and animal retroviruses, it was shown that spontaneous retrotransposition makes the dominant contribution to the frequency of mutation, and the expected fixation rate of nucleotide substations is on the order of 2 x 10(-8) per position per year. This version of evolution of retrotransposons agrees with the results of phylogenetic analysis of trees of macroevolution. Another version, associated with stress-induced transpositions, gives a very high rate of evolution, on the order 3 x 10(-6) fixations of nucleotide substitutions per position per year. This version seems improbable, as it leads to a significant hidden genetic load.
authors.forename: Iu I
authors.initials: IuI
authors.lastname: Vul'f
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Makarova
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Ratner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D004261:DNA Replication; D005057:Eukaryotic Cells; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016678:Genome; D009154:Mutation; D018626:Retroelements; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018626:Retroelements
vernacular_title: Rezhimy évoliutsii retrotranspozonov éukariot.