title: Evaluation of the beta 2 adrenoceptor agonist/antagonist activity of formoterol and salmeterol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Salmeterol and formoterol have a lower intrinsic activity at beta 2 receptors than isoprenaline in human bronchus in vitro. The aim of the present study was to evaluate in vivo the beta 2 agonist/antagonist activity of salmeterol and formoterol at rest with low endogenous adrenergic tone, on exercise with raised endogenous adrenergic tone, and in the presence of fenoterol, an exogenous full beta 2 receptor agonist.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight normal subjects were randomised to receive single doses of placebo, salmeterol 300 micrograms, formoterol 72 micrograms, or propranolol 80 mg at weekly intervals. beta 2 adrenoceptor responses were evaluated at rest, at peak exercise, and after treatment with fenoterol 2.4 mg.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At rest salmeterol and formoterol exhibited equivalent beta 2 agonist activity with regard to decrease in serum potassium levels and increase in finger tremor, with propranolol having no effect. Salmeterol and formoterol, like propranolol, potentiated the hyperkalaemic delta response to exercise compared with placebo, consistent with beta 2 antagonism: (mean difference and 95% confidence interval (CI) compared with placebo) salmeterol 0.20 (0.02 to 0.38) mmol/l, formoterol 0.17 (0.00 to 0.34) mmol/l, propranolol 0.45 (0.08 to 0.82) mmol/l. Propranolol blunted the heart rate delta response to exercise, consistent with beta 1 blockade, whilst salmeterol and formoterol had no effect. Salmeterol and formoterol, like propranolol, attenuated the hypokalaemic, tremor, and heart rate delta responses to fenoterol compared with placebo, in keeping with beta 2 blockade: potassium, salmeterol 0.18 (0.0 to 0.36) mmol/l, formoterol 0.17 (-0.03 to 0.37) mmol/l, propranolol 0.80 (0.54 to 1.06) mmol/l; tremor, salmeterol -0.69 (-1.26 to -0.12) log units, formoterol -0.71 (-1.53 to 0.11) log units, propranolol -0.85 (-1.66 to -0.04) log units; heart rate, salmeterol -6 (-13 to 1) beats/min, formoterol -10 (-19 to -1) beats/min, propranolol -18 (-29 to -7) beats/min.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At rest with low endogenous adrenergic tone salmeterol and formoterol showed equivalent beta 2 mediated agonist activity in terms of serum potassium and finger tremor responses. In the presence of raised endogenous adrenergic tone at peak exercise and in the presence of fenoterol (an exogenous full beta 2 receptor agonist), salmeterol and formoterol, like propranolol, exhibited beta 2 receptor antagonism as evidenced by their attenuation of beta 2 receptor mediated responses. The degree of beta 2 blockade with formoterol and salmeterol was comparable but less than with propranolol. The relevance of these findings at extrapulmonary beta 2 receptors with regard to airway beta 2 responses remains unclear and warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grove
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Lipworth
mesh_terms: D018663:Adrenergic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D000420:Albuterol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004983:Ethanolamines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D000068759:Formoterol Fumarate; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood; D011433:Propranolol / Q000494:pharmacology; D000068299:Salmeterol Xinafoate; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014202:Tremor / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D018663:Adrenergic Agents; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D004983:Ethanolamines; D000068299:Salmeterol Xinafoate; D011433:Propranolol; D000420:Albuterol; D011188:Potassium; D000068759:Formoterol Fumarate