title: The ciliary ganglion and vitreous cavity shape.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To learn the influence of the ciliary ganglion on the postnatal growth of eyes with unimpaired visual input and of eyes beneath an image diffusing goggle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Newborn chicks received unilateral ciliary ganglionectomy or unilateral sham operation and were reared either with or without a goggle ipsilateral to the surgical procedure. Ocular refractions and ultrasound measurements were made on anesthetized chicks; eyes enucleated postmortem were measured in axial and equatorial dimensions with calipers and studied histologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Excessive growth of open eyes in the equatorial dimensions followed ciliary ganglionectomy and became more pronounced as the chicks grew older. There was only a modest increase in axial growth. Ganglionectomy also induced relative hyperopia; lens thinning contributed to this effect and likely was a direct result of disrupted parasympathetic input to the ciliary muscle. Ganglionectomy also slightly increased the thickness of the choroid in the posterior pole but not in more peripheral locations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the ciliary ganglion exerts an inhibitory influence on the postnatal growth of open eyes; the main effect is in the equatorial dimension of the vitreous cavity, with a smaller effect on axial length. Ciliary ganglionectomy exerted minimal influence on the development of experimental myopia, known to be induced by the goggle regimen. The amount of equatorial expansion in goggle-induced myopia was greater than after ganglionectomy alone, indicating that other factors besides the ciliary ganglion can influence the equatorial dimension of the vitreous cavity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Capehart
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Stone
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D002829:Choroid / Q000254:growth & development; D002924:Ciliary Body / Q000294:innervation*; D005123:Eye / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D005260:Female; D005726:Ganglia, Parasympathetic / Q000502:physiology*; D015171:Ganglionectomy; D006956:Hyperopia / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009216:Myopia / Q000473:pathology; D009799:Ocular Physiological Phenomena; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development*