title: Electrical stimulation and biofeedback effect on recovery of tenodesis grasp: a controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evaluate the effectiveness of electrical stimulation and biofeedback on the recovery of tenodesis grasp in tetraplegic individuals during the initial phase of acute rehabilitation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 2 x 2 block design was used with subjects randomized to treatment groups. Forty-five subjects completed the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inpatient occupational therapy department.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inpatients with tetraplegia, first admission for rehabilitation after an acute spinal cord injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  The four treatment groups were: conventional treatment, electrical stimulation, biofeedback, and combined electrical stimulation and biofeedback. The treatment period was between 5 and 6 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Manual muscle testing and scoring of activities of daily living performance by a blinded evaluator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All four treatment groups showed improvements. No treatment group was superior to the others.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biofeedback and electrical stimulation alone or in combination offer no advantages over conventional rehabilitation treatment of wrist extensors in tetraplegic patients after spinal cord injury.
authors.affiliation: Occupational Therapy Department, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kohlmeyer
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Yarkony
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Jaeger
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000379:methods*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005385:Fingers / Q000503:physiopathology; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications; D016896:Treatment Outcome