title: Preservation of the ration of cerebral blood flow/metabolic rate for oxygen during prolonged anesthesia with isoflurane, sevoflurane, and halothane in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In several animal studies, an increase in cerebral blood flow (CBF) produced by volatile anesthetics has been reported to resolve over time during prolonged anesthesia. It is important to investigate whether this time-dependent change of CBF takes place in humans, especially in clinical situations where surgery is ongoing under anesthesia. In this study, to evaluate the effect of prolonged exposure to volatile anesthetics (isoflurane, sevoflurane, and halothane), the CBF equivalent (CBF divided by cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) was determined every 20 min during anesthesia lasting more than 4h in patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four surgical patients were assigned to three groups at random to receive isoflurane, sevoflurane, or halothane (8 patients each). End-tidal concentration of the selected volatile anesthetic was maintained at 0.5 and 1.0 MAC before surgery and then 1.5 MAC for the 3 h of surgical procedure. Normothermia and normocapnia were maintained. Mean arterial blood pressure was kept above 60 mmHg, using phenylephrine infusion, if necessary. CBF equivalent was calculated every 20 min as the reciprocal of arterial-jugular venous oxygen content difference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CBF equivalent at 0.5 MAC of isoflurane, halothane, and sevoflurane was 21 +/- 4, 20 +/- 3, and 21 +/- 5 ml blood/ml oxygen, respectively. All three examined volatile anesthetics significantly (P<0.01) increased CBF equivalent in a dose-dependent manner (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 MAC). AT 1.5 MAC, the increase of CBF equivalent with all anesthetics was maintained increased with minimal fluctuation for 3 h. The mean value of CBF equivalent at 1.5 MAC in the isoflurane group (45 +/- 8) was significantly (P<0.01) greater than those in the halothane (32 +/- 8) and sevoflurane (31 +/- 8) groups. Electroencephalogram was found to be relatively unchanged during observation periods at 1.5 MAC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that CBF/CMRO2 ratio is markedly increased above normal and maintained during prolonged inhalation of volatile anesthetics in humans. It is impossible to determine whether these data indicate a stable CBF or whether CBF and CMRO2 are changing in parallel during the observation period. The unchanging electroencephalographic pattern suggests that the former possibility is more likely and that the increase of CBF produced by volatile anesthetics is maintained over time without decay, which has been reported in several animal studies. It also is suggested that isoflurane possesses greater capability to maintain global CBF relative to CMRO(2) than does halothane or sevoflurane. time.)
authors.affiliation: Yamaguchi Rosai Hospital, Yamaguchi, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tsuruta
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murakawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakabe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000758:Anesthesia; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004987:Ethers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006221:Halothane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects*; D000077149:Sevoflurane
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D004987:Ethers; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D007530:Isoflurane; D006221:Halothane