title: Novel isoforms of synexin in Xenopus laevis: multiple tandem PGQM repeats distinguish mRNAs in specific adult tissues and embryonic stages.
abstract: Synexin (annexin VII) is a calcium-dependent, phospholipid-binding and membrane fusion protein in the annexin gene family, which forms calcium channels and may play a role in exocytotic secretion. We report here the cloning and characterization of five novel isoforms of cDNAs encoding Xenopus synexin from brain, oocyte and stage 24 cDNA libraries. The most prevalent Xenopus synexin has 1976 bp of cDNA sequence, which contains a 1539 bp open reading frame of 512 amino acids encoding a 54 kDa protein. This Xenopus protein is 6 kDa larger than the previously reported human and mouse synexins with which it shares approx. 73% identity in the C-terminal region and approx. 44% identity in the N-terminal region. Further studies with PCR revealed the molecular basis of the substantial divergence in the Xenopus synexin's N-terminal domain. The domain equivalent to the mammalian tissue-specific cassette exon occurs at a different position and is variable in size and sequence. The most interesting observation relates to the occurrence of different forms of synexin due to the varying numbers of tandem PGQM repeats that are expressed differently in different adult tissues and embryonic stages. For these reasons we have labelled this set of unique isoforms annexin VIIb, referring to mammalian forms, which lack the PGQM tandem repeats, as annexin VIIa. In spite of these differences from annexin VIIa, the form of recombinant annexin VIIb with three PGQM repeats was found to be catalytically active. We interpret these results to indicate that the actual calcium and phospholipid binding sites are conserved in Xenopus, and that the variations observed between members of the synexin gene family in the regulatory domain clearly point towards the tissue- and stage-specific roles of individual members, possibly involving the exocytotic process.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell Biology and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.forename: Z Y
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Zhang-Keck
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Caohuy
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McPhie
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Pollard
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D017310:Annexin A7 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D001483:Base Sequence; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002417:Cattle; D002837:Chromaffin Granules / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000502:physiology*; D005091:Exons; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D009865:Oocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014981:Xenopus
chemical_list: D017310:Annexin A7; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011994:Recombinant Proteins