title: Resting electrocardiogram and risk of coronary heart disease in middle-aged British men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relation between resting electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective study of 7735 middle-aged men aged 40-59 years at entry (British Regional Heart Study). At baseline assessment each man completed a modified World Health Organization (WHO) (Rose) chest-pain questionnaire, gave details of his medical history and had a three-lead orthogonal electrocardiogram recorded. "Symptomatic CHD' refers to a history of anginal chest pain and/or a prolonged episode of central chest pain on WHO questionnaire and/or recall of a doctor diagnosis of CHD (angina or myocardial infarction).
  
  
  METHODS
  These were the first major CHD events, i.e. fatal CHD and non-fatal myocardial infarction, occurring during 9.5 years of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 611 first major CHD events during follow-up, 243 (40%) were fatal. After adjustment for age, other ECG abnormalities and symptomatic CHD, the ECG abnormalities most strongly associated with risk of a major CHD event were definite myocardial infarction (relative risk 2.5; 95% confidence interval 1.8-7.5) and definite myocardial ischaemia (1.9; 1.1-2.9). Other ECG abnormalities independently associated with a statistically significant increase in risk were left ventricular hypertrophy (2.2; 1.5-3.3), left axis deviation (1.3; 1.1-1.6) and ectopic beats, particularly if these were ventricular (1.6; 1.1-2.4). Three ECG abnormalities associated with a marked increase in CHD case-fatality rate were pre-existing myocardial infarction (67%), major conduction defect (71%) and arrhythmia (67%); the rate in men with none of these abnormalities was 32%. The relative risks associated with each ECG abnormality were similar in men with and without symptomatic CHD. The increase in risk in the presence of symptomatic CHD (2.4-fold) and ECG evidence of definite myocardial infarction (2.5-fold) was similar; the presence of both factors increased risk more than six-fold. The most serious ECG abnormalities-definite myocardial infarction and ischaemia-were useful predictors of future major CHD events only in men with symptomatic CHD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prognostic importance of major ECG abnormalities is strongly influenced by the presence of symptomatic CHD. In men with symptomatic CHD the resting electrocardiogram may help to define a group at high risk who may benefit from intervention. However, it has little or no value as a screening tool in middle-aged men without symptomatic CHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Whincup
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wannamethee
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Macfarlane
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Shaper
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology