title: Radiation-attenuating surgical gloves: effects of scatter and secondary electron production.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of scatter and secondary electron production on the protection provided by flexible radiation-attenuating gloves.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four sets of radiation-attenuating flexible gloves and one set of standard surgical gloves were tested for scattering characteristics and secondary electron production caused by the interactions of x rays inside the gloves. A thin-window ion chamber was used to measure the penetration of secondary electrons in polyethylene. A diagnostic-type chamber was used to measure forward-scattered and backscattered x rays produced by the gloves.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forward-scattered and backscattered x rays added an average of about 13% to the exposure of the hands. Secondary electrons increased the signal in the thin-window chamber by large factors but were weakly penetrating, and only a small fraction produced by x rays of 90 kVp and higher energies contributed to dose to basal cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Forward-scattered and backscattered x rays reduce the effectiveness of radiation-attenuating gloves, and secondary electron dose to basal cells in the back of the hand can further reduce effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Texas Houston Medical School 77030, USA.
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: O R
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Mulhern
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D004583:Electrons; D017575:Gloves, Protective; D006225:Hand / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011095:Polyethylenes; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011871:Radiology; D012542:Scattering, Radiation
chemical_list: D011095:Polyethylenes