title: Different pattern of local and systemic release of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators in severely injured patients with chest trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Excessive release of proinflammatory cytokines has been involved in pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since injured patients with chest trauma reveal a high risk for posttraumatic acute respiratory distress syndrome, local and systemic release of proinflammatory cytokines and their naturally occurring inhibitors were determined in the early posttraumatic period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators were measured in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from 16 patients with multiple injuries including severe chest injury (Injury Severity Score of 34.4 +/- 2.3 points) and compared with healthy volunteers (n = 17).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumor necrosis factor-alpha was detectable neither in plasma nor in BALF. Interleukin-1beta and interleukin-8 were significantly increased in BALF from injured patients, while plasma levels were similar in both groups. Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors p55 and p75 and interleukin-1ra were markedly elevated in plasma (p < or = 0.01) and BALF (p < or = 0.001) from injured patients compared with controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Highly increased concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines in BALF, but not in circulation, indicate a strong local inflammatory response early after multiple injuries combined with chest injury rather than severe systemic inflammation. In contrast, anti-inflammatory mechanisms seem to be activated locally and systemically.
authors.affiliation: Division of Trauma Surgery and Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keel
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ecknauer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stocker
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ungethüm
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Steckholzer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kenney
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gallati
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Trentz
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ertel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000209:etiology; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D013898:Thoracic Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C507763:IL1RN protein, human; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D007375:Interleukin-1; D016209:Interleukin-8; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha