title: Prenatal diagnosis of fetal bladder and cloacal exstrophy by ultrasound. A report of three cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bladder and cloacal exstrophy can be diagnosed with prenatal ultrasound.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three cases of bladder and cloacal exstrophy were diagnosed prenatally by ultrasound and confirmed at birth. The ultrasound findings were a soft tissue mass in the lower abdominal wall (which appeared larger and more heterogeneous in cloacal exstrophy than in bladder exstrophy), absent bladder, malformation of the external genitalia and normal kidneys along with normal amniotic fluid volume.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal diagnosis of these defects will allow appropriate referrals prior to birth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough 04074, USA.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Pinette
authors.forename: Y Q
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Pinette
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Stubblefield
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blackstone
mesh_terms: D000032:Abortion, Therapeutic; D000328:Adult; D001746:Bladder Exstrophy / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D002988:Cloaca / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D004200:Diseases in Twins; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*