title: Distinct stages in adipogenesis revealed by retinoid inhibition of differentiation after induction of PPARgamma.
abstract: Retinoic acid (RA) inhibits adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes but is effective only early in adipogenesis. RA prevented induction of the adipogenic factors PPARgamma and C/EBPalpha. Using receptor-specific ligands, we determined that the effects of RA were mediated by liganded RA receptors (RARs) rather than retinoid X receptors. Preadipocytes expressed primarily RARalpha and RARgamma; during adipocyte differentiation, RARalpha gene expression was nearly constant, whereas RARgamma1 mRNA and protein levels dramatically decreased. Ectopic expression of RARgamma1 extended the period of effectiveness of RA by 24 to 48h; RARalpha expression had a similar effect, suggesting functional redundancy of RAR subtypes. Remarkably, RA inhibited differentiation when added after PPARgamma1 and PPARgamma2 proteins had already been expressed and resulted in the loss of PPARgamma proteins from cells. By 72 to 96 h after the induction of differentiation, RA failed to prevent differentiation of even ectopic-RAR-expressing cells. Thus, the unresponsiveness of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to RA after the induction of differentiation is initially due to the reduction in cellular RAR concentration rather than to the induction of PPARgamma. At later times cells continue along the differentiation pathway in a manner which is RA and RAR independent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, 19104, USA.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chawla
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lazar
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D008024:Ligands; D051379:Mice; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019076:Transgenes; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D008024:Ligands; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014212:Tretinoin