title: Expression of Mad, an antagonist of Myc oncoprotein function, in differentiating keratinocytes during tumorigenesis of the skin.
abstract: The Myc oncoprotein is associated with cell proliferation and is often down-regulated during cell differentiation. The related Mad transcription factor, which antagonises Myc activity, is highly expressed in epidermal keratinocytes. Mad also inhibits cell proliferation in vitro. To study Mad expression in keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, we have analysed Mad RNA expression in regenerating and hyperproliferative epidermal lesions and epidermal tumours of varying degrees of differentiation using the RNA in situ hybridisation and RNAase protection techniques. Mad was strongly expressed in differentiating suprabasal keratinocytes in healing dermal wounds and in benign hyperproliferative conditions, but also in squamous cell carcinomas, in which the keratinocytes retain their differentiation potential. However, Mad expression was lost in palisading basal carcinoma cells and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas, which lacked the epithelial differentiation marker syndecan-1. We therefore suggest that Mad expression is closely associated with epithelial cell differentiation, and that this association is retained in epithelial tumours of the skin.
authors.affiliation: Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lymboussaki
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaipainen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hatva
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Västrik
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jeskanen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jalkanen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stenbäck
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alitalo
mesh_terms: D015127:9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D051778:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D002273:Carcinogens; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D000078404:Epidermal Cells; D004817:Epidermis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D015347:RNA Probes; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D051778:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D002273:Carcinogens; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C079439:MXD1 protein, human; C499479:Mad protein, mouse; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D015347:RNA Probes; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D015127:9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene