title: Intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS), a new method of imaging the biliary tree and related structures, during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  An IOUS probe (Aloka, Tokyo, Japan) with a 7.5-MHz linear-array transducer was used during cholecystectomy in 124 patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis (45 men, 79 women; mean age, 48 +/- 14 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The examination of the common bile duct (CBD) was excellent in 117 patients but unsatisfactory in 7 cases (5.6%) at the level of the head of the pancreas. In 5 patients, IOUS showed unsuspected choledocholithiasis: a subsequent intraoperational cholangiogram confirmed this. In five cases IOUS was able to help the surgeon to localize a Calot area obscured by inflammation. Postoperatively, one patient had an injury of the cystic duct stump: a nasobiliary tube resolved the bile leakage after 7 days. Another patient was submitted to postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for a choledocholithiasis recognized by a trans-cystic-tube cholangiography: the stone was suspected but not demonstrated either by laparoscopic IOUS or by intraoperative cholangiography. During the follow-up period, one patient had an episode of acute pancreatitis. ERCP showed a small stone wedged in the sphincter of Oddi.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IOUS may be a real alternative to cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy since it is safer and offers a complete examination of the biliary tree. It has some disadvantages which can solved by additional experience.
authors.affiliation: Clinica Chirurgica VI, Istituto di Scienze Biomediche Ospedale San Paolo, Via A. di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Santambrogio
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Opocher
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mantovani
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ghelma
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Panzera
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Verga
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Spina
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D003135:Common Bile Duct / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*