title: Vascular reactivity during combined ultrafiltration-haemodialysis: influence of dialysate sodium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is well known that vascular reactivity is impaired during combined ultrafiltration-haemodialysis as compared to isolated ultrafiltration and haemofiltration, which might be related to differences in plasma osmolality. Therefore vascular reactivity was studied during combined ultrafiltration-haemodialysis in relation to sodium-related differences in plasma osmolality/tonicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  With each patient serving as his or her own control, nine stable dialysis patients (23-71 years) were studied during 2 h of combined ultrafiltration-haemodialysis (bicarbonate; UF rate 1.0 l/h)) at two different dialysate sodium concentrations: 134 and 144 mmol/l. Before dialysis as well as every 20 min during dialysis, blood pressure (Dinamap), heart rate (ECG), and forearm vascular resistance and venous tone (strain-gauge plethysmography) were measured. Relative blood volume was monitored continuously by an optical reflection method (Haemoguard 2000), while before and after dialysis blood was obtained for the estimation of plasma prostaglandin E2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High-sodium dialysis resulted in a significantly higher post-dialysis plasma sodium concentration (139. 9 vs 135.0 mmol/l; P<0.01) while the decrease in relative blood volume was significantly smaller as compared to low-sodium dialysis (-8.4 vs -18.4%; P<0.01). There were no significant differences in the different haemodynamic parameters between the two treatment modalities. Both high- and low-sodium dialysis were associated with a significant increase in forearm vascular resistance while venous tone remained unchanged. Although there was no significant difference in plasma PGE2 between the two treatment modalities, PGE2 increased significantly only during low-sodium dialysis. We found no relationship between changes in PGE2 and vascular reactivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that vascular reactivity during combined ultrafiltration-haemodialysis is not directly influenced by sodium-related changes in plasma tonicity. Although not directly studied, the reported improved haemodynamic stability with high-sodium dialysis is probably only mediated through a better preservation of plasma volume. Finally, an increase in plasma PGE2 as observed during low-sodium dialysis does not lead to a decrease in vascular tone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: van Kuijk
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Wirtz
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Grave
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Heer
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Menheere
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: van Hooff
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Leunissen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply; D017583:Hemodiafiltration / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood*; D014655:Vascular Resistance
chemical_list: D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D012964:Sodium