title: Dynamic cholescintigraphy: induction and description of gallbladder emptying.
abstract: The main purposes of this study were to investigate the best parameter for describing gallbladder emptying and whether gallbladder bile emptying should be induced with a bolus injection or continuous infusion of cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8).
  
  
  METHODS
  Gallbladder emptying was measured by dynamic cholescintigraphy. Twelve healthy subjects and six patients with gallstones were examined twice with CCK-8 infusion cholescintigraphy, 0.3 ng CCK-8 kg per min for 60 min under identical circumstances. Another six healthy subjects randomly received bolus injection (0.04 microgram/kg) and infusion of CCK-8 (0.3 ng/kg per min for 60 min), respectively, during cholescintigraphy on two separate occasions. The choice of bolus dose was based on recommendations from the CCK-8 manufacturer. The infusion dose was chosen to produce plasma CCK concentrations similar to postprandial plasma CCK levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A parameter of gallbladder emptying, mean ejection fraction (EF), was defined as 100% minus the area under the time-activity curve normalized to 100% and divided by the time interval from maximum to minimum counts per minute. This parameter proved superior to the well known parameters, EFmax. and EF30, in regard to reproducibility in healthy subjects. The slope of the regression line for the mean EF was 0.998 and the intercept value approximately 0% (p = 0.0001). The mean coefficient of variation was 4%. Apart from a higher mean coefficient of variation, similar reproducibility results were seen in the six patients. The measurements of EF30 in healthy subjects scattered more widely around the mean compared to the mean EF and EFmax, which indicates poorer ability to separate normal from abnormal gallbladder emptying. Intravenous bolus injection of CCK-8 resulted in incomplete gallbladder emptying with a mean EF value of 16% (s.d. 9%; range 7%-32%) compared to 49% (s.d. 7%; range 37%-57%) following CCK-8 infusion (p = 0.004). Abdominal discomfort was observed in all subjects after administration of the bolus injection, whereas no complaints were reported during infusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mean EF is the best parameter for describing gallbladder emptying. Moreover, slow infusion of a physiological dose of CCK-8 is preferable to induce gallbladder emptying because it results in more complete emptying and has no side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Toftdahl
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Højgaard
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Winkler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016473:Gallbladder Emptying / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007098:Imino Acids; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012844:Sincalide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019784:Technetium Tc 99m Diethyl-iminodiacetic Acid
chemical_list: D007098:Imino Acids; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D019784:Technetium Tc 99m Diethyl-iminodiacetic Acid; D012844:Sincalide