title: Phenylketonuria: plasma phenylalanine responses to different distributions of the daily phenylalanine allowance over the day.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To achieve smooth control of plasma phenylalanine concentrations in phenylketonuric patients, it is advocated to divide the daily intake of natural protein and amino acid supplements equally over the meals. However, this may be quite an encumbrance for the patient. We, therefore, investigated whether a breakfast with an unequal daily distribution results in an undue rise in the plasma phenylalanine concentration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma phenylalanine concentrations were measured in seven patients with phenylketonuria in response to three tests with breakfast and lunch, representing an equally or unequally divided daily distribution of the individually tailored phenylalanine intake. Breakfast contained 25%, 50%, or 75%, whereas lunch contained 30% or 10% of the individual daily phenylalanine allowance, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma phenylalanine concentrations showed postprandial increases of up to 26% above baseline. Generally, phenylalanine returned to baseline during the test and remained within the target range if baseline phenylalanine was within that range. Two patients having values in the upper target range showed a rise just above the target range for 60 minutes on an unequal daily distribution of phenylalanine. In another patient treated similarly, plasma phenylalanine did not return to baseline during the test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unequal distributions of the daily phenylalanine allowance are justified, provided that the patient is in good clinical condition, adjusted to the diet adequately, and the daily allowance is not exceeded. At this time, however, we cannot recommend this unequal daily distribution for daily practice.
authors.affiliation: Beatrix Children's Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: van Spronsen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Rijn
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Reijngoud
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Heymans
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018753:Diet, Protein-Restricted / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D002149:Energy Intake; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008612:Menu Planning; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood*; D010661:Phenylketonurias / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D010649:Phenylalanine