title: Dissociation, somatization, and affect dysregulation: the complexity of adaptation of trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A century of clinical research has noted a range of trauma-related psychological problems that are not captured in the DSM-IV framework of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study investigated the relationships between exposure to extreme stress, the emergence of PTSD, and symptoms traditionally associated with "hysteria," which can be understood as problems with stimulus discrimination, self-regulation, and cognitive integration of experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  The DSM-IV field trial for PTSD studied 395 traumatized treatment-seeking subjects and 125 non-treatment-seeking subjects who had also been exposed to traumatic experiences. Data on age at onset, the nature of the trauma, PTSD, dissociation, somatization, and affect dysregulation were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PTSD, dissociation, somatization, and affect dysregulation were highly interrelated. The subjects meeting the criteria for lifetime (but not current) PTSD scored significantly lower on these disorders than those with current PTSD, but significantly higher than those who never had PTSD. Subjects who developed PTSD after interpersonal trauma as adults had significantly fewer symptoms than those with childhood trauma, but significantly more than victims of disasters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PTSD, dissociation, somatization, and affect dysregulation represent a spectrum of adaptations to trauma. They often occur together, but traumatized individuals may suffer from various combinations of symptoms over time. In treating these patients, it is critical to attend to the relative contributions of loss of stimulus discrimination, self-regulation, and cognitive integration of experience to overall impairment and provide systematic treatment that addresses both unbidden intrusive recollections and these other symptoms associated with having been overwhelmed by exposure to traumatic experiences.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: van der Kolk
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pelcovitz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Mandel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McFarlane
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Herman
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000339:Affect; D004213:Dissociative Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011613:Psychotherapy; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology