title: Lifetime exposure to environmental lead and children's intelligence at 11-13 years: the Port Pirie cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between environmental exposure to lead and children's intelligence at age 11-13 years, and to assess the implications of exposure in the first seven years of life for later childhood development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  375 children born in or around the lead smelting town of Port Pirie, Australia, between 1979 and 1982.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children's intelligence quotient (IQ) measured at 11-13 years of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IQ was inversely associated with both antenatal and postnatal blood lead concentrations. Verbal, performance, and full scale IQ were inversely related to blood lead concentration with no apparent threshold. Multivariate analyses indicated that after adjustment for a wide range of confounders, the postnatal blood lead concentrations (particularly within the age range 15 months to 7 years) exhibited inverse associations with IQ. Strong associations with IQ were observed for lifetime average blood lead concentrations at various ages. The expected mean full scale IQ declined by 3.0 points (95% confidence interval 0.07 to 5.93) for an increase in lifetime average blood lead concentration from 0.48 to 0.96 mumol/l (10 to 20 micrograms/dl).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to environmental lead during the first seven years of life is associated with cognitive deficits that seem to persist into later childhood.
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Baghurst
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McMichael
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sawyer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mudge
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000187:drug effects; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D007854:Lead / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D007854:Lead