title: Effect of correcting outcome data for case mix: an example from stroke medicine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To show the influence of variations in case mix on clinical outcome indicators for patients admitted to hospital with acute stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  "Before and after" cohort study, with prospective, consecutive identification of patients and prospective follow up; multiple logistic regression analyses to correct for case mix variations.
  
  
  METHODS
  University teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  216 patients with stroke identified before the introduction of an organised stroke service, and 252 patients with stroke identified after its introduction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case fatality at 30 days and 12 months; for survivors at 12 months, proportions of patients who were independent (according to the Oxford handicap scale) and of those living at home.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Crude outcome data suggested that patients in the cohort identified after the introduction of the stroke service were significantly more likely to be alive, independent, and living at home than patients managed before the stroke service. After adjustment for age and sex these "improvements" were less impressive but still significant. After adjustment for many other possible prognostic indicators, however, the differences between the two groups for all four outcomes were non-significant, suggesting that the "improvements" may have been entirely due to differences in case mix between the two cohorts, rather than the new stroke service.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Variations in case mix have a crucial influence on the interpretation of outcome data, and this is particularly important in non-randomised comparative studies. Such studies, comparing performance within and between different provider units, are likely to become increasingly common in the new reformed NHS. To allow meaningful interpretation, these studies must try to correct for case mix.
authors.affiliation: University of Edinburgh, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Western General Hospital.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Davenport
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Warlow
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000401:mortality / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000628:therapy*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003953:Diagnosis-Related Groups; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome