title: Combination therapy with stavudine and didanosine in children with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection: pharmacokinetic properties, safety, and immunologic and virologic effects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To obtain preliminary information on the pharmacokinetic properties, tolerance, safety, and antiviral activity of combination therapy with stavudine and didanosine in children with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight children (median age, 6.6 years; range, 2.8 to 12 years) with advanced HIV disease (median CD4 + lymphocyte count at baseline, 42 cells/ microL; range, 8 to 553 cells/microL) were treated with stavudine (2 mg/kg per day in two divided doses) and didanosine (180 mg/m2 per day in two divided doses) for 24 weeks. Seven children had histories of prior zidovudine therapy. All children had received stavudine alone for 19 to 33 months before the addition of didanosine to the treatment regimen. Children were assessed clinically and with laboratory studies at baseline, weekly through week 4 of combination therapy, and every 4 weeks thereafter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of stavudine and didanosine plasma half-life values, clearances, and area under the plasma concentration-versus-time curves revealed no obvious clinical pharmacokinetic interaction between the drugs through study week 12. Combination therapy was well tolerated, and there were no drug-associated clinical or laboratory adverse events. Signs and symptoms of peripheral neuropathy were not observed. All three children with baseline CD4 + lymphocyte counts greater than 50 cells/muL had greater than 20% increases in their counts within the first 12 weeks of therapy; CD4 + lymphocyte count increases were not observed in the other children. Plasma HIV RNA concentrations showed median declines of 0.88 log10 (range, -3.41 log10 to 0.31 log10) and 0.30 log10 (range, -0.63 log10 to 0.89 log10) at study weeks 12 and 24, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combination therapy with stavudine and didanosine was well tolerated and safe in this small group of children with advanced HIV disease. Plasma HIV RNA concentration declines suggest a favorable effect of therapy on virus load. These findings should be confirmed, and the regimen's clinical efficacy should be examined, in controlled studies of HIV-infected children with less-advanced disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Kline
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Federici
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Rutkiewicz
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Shearer
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Dunkle
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016049:Didanosine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D018119:Stavudine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D012367:RNA, Viral; D018119:Stavudine; D016049:Didanosine