title: High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of carminic acid, alpha- and beta-bixin, and alpha- and beta-norbixin, and the determination of carminic acid in foods.
abstract: During a study of natural food colours, a simple and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography system was developed for use with cochineal and annato. An isocratic mobile phase, consisting of methanol and 6% aqueous acetic acid, resolved bixin and norbixin, while a gradient system was used to separate carminic acid and the annato compounds. The carminic acid contents of cochineal extract, carmine and carmine hydrosoluble were determined using an isocratic mobile phase (40:60, v/v). The detection limit for carminic acid in the various products was approximately 100 ng/g. Carminic acid was determined quantitatively in fruit beverages, yogurt and candies. It was demonstrated that, because of decomposition, carminic acid was not suitable for use in candies when manufacturing temperatures above 100 degrees C were required. Most membrane filters are not suitable for use with cochineal solutions, but a cellulose membrane filter did not adsorb carminic acid and was used successfully to remove impurities from water-based cochineal products and food extracts containing carminic acid.
authors.affiliation: Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Protection Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont., Canada.
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Lancaster
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Lawrence
mesh_terms: D002329:Carmine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D005503:Food Additives / Q000032:analysis*; D005504:Food Analysis; D007536:Isomerism
chemical_list: D005503:Food Additives; D002338:Carotenoids; C004588:bixin; D002329:Carmine; C099823:norbixin