title: Risk assessment of carcinogens in food with special consideration of non-genotoxic carcinogens. Scientific arguments for use of risk assessment and for changing the Delaney Clause specifically.
abstract: The document "Risk Assessment of Carcinogens in Food with Special Consideration of Non-Genotoxic Carcinogens" was produced by the International Federation of Societies of Toxicologic Pathologists on the occasion of its triannual meeting in Tours, France, April 23-26, 1995. Subsequently, it was endorsed by the North American Society of Toxicologic Pathologists at its annual meeting in San Diego, CA, USA, June 11-15, 1995. This document was written to address up-to-date risk assessment of carcinogens and anachronisms in the Delaney Clause of the US Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act which have become evident since its enactment in 1958. In the intervening years, major progress has been made in understanding mechanisms of cancer induction and in recognizing causes of human cancer. The Clause in conjunction with its present legal interpretation and implementation does not provide for rational, scientific evaluation of carcinogens. It ignores the fact that the diverse mechanisms now known to underlie cancer increases in rodents exposed to high doses of chemicals are often inapplicable to man. In this regard, current evaluation of chemicals based on the tenets of the Delaney Clause is irrational in many cases. The document presents several examples of chemicals to which humans may be exposed through food and which illustrate the need for science-based risk assessment. Appropriate risk assessment methods are available to provide assurance of negligible risk, and accordingly, it is recommended that the Delaney Clause be rescinded as it has outlived its usefulness. This will enable US governmental agencies to regulate the use of chemicals in foods by using appropriate current scientific methods on a case by case basis within the context of other relevant legislation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pathology and Toxicology, American Health Foundation, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karbe
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fenner-Crisp
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Iatropoulos
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Weisburger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000145:classification / Q000592:standards*; D004247:DNA / Q000187:drug effects*; D005421:Flavoring Agents / Q000592:standards*; D005503:Food Additives / Q000592:standards*; D005524:Food Technology / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D005421:Flavoring Agents; D005503:Food Additives; D004247:DNA