title: The significance of ultrasonographically diagnosed fetal wrist position anomalies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to determine the clinical significance of ultrasonographically diagnosed fetal wrist position anomalies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The relationship of the fetal hand to the forearm was prospectively evaluated in all second- and third-trimester scans over a 5-year period. If an abnormal wrist position was detected, a targeted scan, including echocardiography, was performed. The outcomes of abnormal pregnancies were obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An abnormal relationship of the hand to the forearm was found in 22 fetuses in 27,467 scans. Nine had a normal karyotype, and 13 had an abnormal karyotype. Among the nine with normal chromosomes, three had evidence of a movement disorder. Three with normal karyotypes are alive; two of these are the only normally functioning survivors. They had no other major anomalies and were shown prenatally to have normal movement of the limbs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An abnormal fetal wrist position is associated with a high incidence of karyotype and movement abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan 48073, USA.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Paluda
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Comstock
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D002882:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13; D002887:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D011003:Ploidies; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014314:Trisomy; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014953:Wrist / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*