title: Lamivudine plus zidovudine compared with zalcitabine plus zidovudine in patients with HIV infection. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. North American HIV Working Party.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the safety and activity of lamivudine plus zidovudine with the safety and activity of zalcitabine plus zidovudine in patients with moderately advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who had received zidovudine.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, three-arm, 24-week study with a blinded extension through at least 52 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  21 sites in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico.
  
  
  METHODS
  254 patients who had received zidovudine (median duration of previous therapy, 20 months) and had absolute CD4+ cell counts of 100 to 300 cells/mm3.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomly assigned to receive one of three regimens: 150 mg of lamivudine twice daily plus 200 mg of zidovudine three times daily (low-dose lamivudine group); 300 mg of lamivudine twice daily plus 200 mg of zidovudine three times daily (high-dose lamivudine group); or 0.75 mg of zalcitabine plus 200 mg of zidovudine three times daily (zalcitabine group).
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunologic activity was assessed primarily by changes in absolute CD4+ cell counts; virologic activity was assessed by changes in plasma HIV RNA levels as measured by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Safety of the treatment regimens was assessed through the reporting of adverse events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  78% of patients completed 24 weeks of study treatment, and 63% of patients completed 52 weeks of study treatment. Changes in absolute CD4+ cell counts were significantly better for the low-dose and the high-dose lamivudine groups than for the zalcitabine group (median changes at 52 weeks were +42.5 cells/mm3 in the low-dose lamivudine group, +23.33 cells/mm3 in the high-dose lamivudine group, and -29.58 cells/mm3 in the zalcitabine group). Suppression of plasma HIV RNA levels was similar for all groups (median changes at 52 weeks were -0.48 log10 copies/mL in the low-dose lamivudine group, -0.51 log10 copies/mL in the high-dose lamivudine group, and -0.39 log10 copies/mL in the zalcitabine group). No significant differences in safety were seen among the three regimens, although the low-dose lamivudine regimen appeared to be better tolerated than the others.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with HIV infection who had previously received zidovudine, 150 mg of lamivudine plus zidovudine resulted in greater immunologic evidence of benefit than did 0.75 mg of zalcitabine plus zidovudine and was better tolerated than 300 mg of lamivudine plus zidovudine.
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bartlett
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Benoit
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Sepulveda
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Ehmann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tsoukas
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fallon
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Self
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rubin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001708:Biopterins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006678:HIV / Q000235:genetics; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24 / Q000097:blood; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D019259:Lamivudine; D008297:Male; D019798:Neopterin; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016047:Zalcitabine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24; D012367:RNA, Viral; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D001708:Biopterins; D019259:Lamivudine; D015215:Zidovudine; D019798:Neopterin; D016047:Zalcitabine