title: Facial soft-tissue thicknesses in the adult male Zulu.
abstract: The morphometric method of forensic facial reconstruction rests heavily on the use of facial soft tissue depth measurements. In reconstructing the Negroid face, much use has been made of the tables of soft tissue thickness of American Negroid cadavers. However, the genetic complexities of American blacks are well known. In addition it is felt that measurements made on the living are of more value than those made on the dead. In view of this it was decided to set up a table of norms for facial soft tissue depths of the living Zulu, an African Negroid who has remained relatively free from genetic admixture with other populations. The tightly controlled sample consisted of 55 healthy male Zulus, aged 20 to 35. Tissue depths at established landmarks were measured from lateral and oblique cephalometric radiographs. These were then combined with ultrasonic readings at other landmarks on the subject's face to yield a comprehensive set of tissue depth data. This paper presents a set of average facial soft tissue depth measurements from the Zulu face that results in the development of a new profile. It also provides a method for linking two systems of measurement.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biostatistics, Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Aulsebrook
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: M Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Işcan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People / Q000235:genetics*; D002508:Cephalometry; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D013019:South Africa / Q000208:ethnology; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014481:United States; D001741:Black or African American