title: Incidence of nausea and vomiting in outpatients undergoing general anesthesia in relation to selection of intraoperative opioid.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the incidence of nausea and vomiting in outpatients in relation to selection of, or withholding of, intraoperative opioid.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, double-blind control trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  University general hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  200 unpremedicated ASA status 1 and 11 patients, 8 to 80 years old, undergoing general anesthesia for ambulatory surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomized to four groups, three of which received equipotent doses of different opioids intravenously (i.v.) during induction of anesthesia. Group 1 received nalbuphine 0.25 mg/kg, Group 2, alfentanil 20 ug/kg; Group 3, fentanyl 2 ug/kg; and Group 4, normal saline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluated (1) incidence and severity of nausea and vomiting in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) and over the next 24 hours; (2) time to PACU discharge; (3) need for antiemetic therapy; and (4) need for analgesic rescue in the PACU. The incidences of nausea and vomiting were similar in all groups, as were time to discharge, antiemetic, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug requirements. The highest incidences of nausea and vomiting occurred at 6 hours in all groups (23% and 9.5%, respectively). Group 1 required lower rescue doses of morphine in the PACU but this result may have been an artifact due to employing the mixed agonist-antagonist opioid, nalbuphine, in this group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Opioid administration at the doses employed during induction of anesthesia does not promote postoperative nausea or vomiting, nor increase length of stay in the PACU.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, San Ignacio Hospital, Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cepeda
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Granados
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cuervo
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Carr
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015760:Alfentanil / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D002648:Child; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009266:Nalbuphine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D015760:Alfentanil; D009266:Nalbuphine; D005283:Fentanyl