title: Transverse sinus dural fistula: combined surgical and endovascular approach: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The treatment of a large dural sinus fistula can be very difficult and complicated. The very extensive and complex nature of these malformations may require a combination therapy in the form of surgery and multistaged embolization. The transverse sinus fistula in our patient was fed by multiple large high-flow feeders and was draining retrograde into the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) and the cortical veins. The SSS did not fill in the late venous phase of the carotid angiogram, suggesting increased venous pressure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case of transverse sinus dural fistula is described that was managed by a combination of surgery and embolization. The complex nature of this malformation encouraged us to adopt a combination of multistaged embolization and surgery for the management and clinical control. The patient underwent embolization of multiple feeders from the branches of the external carotid artery. After this procedure, the patient underwent endovascular occlusion of the transverse sinus via the SSS. Throughout the endovascular treatment, the patient had concomitant intracranial pressure monitoring and SSS pressure monitoring, along with transcranial cerebral oximetry (TCCO). Despite this aggressive endovascular intervention, the fistula could not be completely closed. The patient then underwent surgical excision of the transverse sinus along with duraplasty and cranioplasty.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patient had a good recovery and posttreatment angiogram revealed normal antegrade flow in the SSS with no evidence of the fistula. The combined surgical and endovascular techniques are described and their use in clinical practice is discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The complexity of certain large dural sinus fistulae should not be underestimated. They may require a prolonged multistaged treatment for their total obliteration. Also, despite the large size and complexity of the disease, complete cure can be achieved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago 60612, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Misra
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nijensohn
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Debrun
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Charbel
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Alp
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Ausman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001159:Arterio-Arterial Fistula / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D002342:Carotid Artery, External / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D002346:Carotid Sinus / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010092:Oximetry; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed