title: [Stratification of the thromboembolic risk in patients with non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation: assessment of left atrial dysfunction].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with non rheumatic atrial fibrillation (NRAF) have an increased risk for thromboembolic complications. Recent evidence suggests that left atrial appendage function (contraction, filling dynamics) may provide clues to the thrombogenic potential of this structure. The aim of this study was to identify left atrial spontaneous echocontrast and thrombus between patients with NRAF and their relationship with left atrial appendage function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transthoracic (TTE) and biplane or multiplane transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) were performed in 143 patients with chronic NRAF enrolled in the Trieste Area Study on non rheumatic Atrial Fibrillation (TASAF), an ongoing prospective community study with a follow-up period of 2 years. The maximal and minimal areas of the left atrial appendage were measured during three cardiac cycles and the peak emptying and filling velocities profile were obtained by pulsed wave Doppler at the orifice of the left atrial appendage. The left atrium and appendage were inspected for thrombus and spontaneous echocontrast.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Left atrial appendage thrombus was present in 37 patients (26%) and spontaneous echocontrast in 60 patients (42%), 45% of patients with spontaneous echocontrast had thrombus. Univariate analysis identified positive correlation of thrombus with duration of atrial fibrillation (p = 0.05), hypertension (p = 0.01), left atrial area (p = 0.005), mitral annular calcification (p = 0.01), left ventricular dysfunction (p = 0.03) and a non significant correlation with the mitral valve prolapse (p = 0.08) in the TTE. The presence of mitral regurgitation did not demonstrate a protective effect (p = 0.73) against thrombosis. The variables of left atrial appendage function identifying a subgroup of patients with increased risk of thrombus formation were: shortening fraction of the area in the horizontal and vertical sections (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.002 respectively), the peak filling and emptying velocity in horizontal (p = 0.0001 equal for both) and vertical sections (p = 0.0001 equal for both). In summary these patients have a larger left atrial maximal area (p = 0.004) and a lower flow velocity profile (p < 0.00001) and more intense spontaneous echocontrast (p < 0.00001) than the others. Spontaneous echocontrast was correlated with left ventricular dysfunction (p = 0.008), left atrial area (p = 0.02) and there was a non-significant correlation with mitral annular calcification (p = 0.09) and lower left ventricular shortening fraction (p = 0.06). Transesophageal echocardiography variables have identified the subgroup of patients with an increased risk of echocontrast formation. This was positively associated with a low flow velocity profile (p = 0.0001), a left atrial appendage low shortening fraction in horizontal section (p = 0.001) and in vertical section (p = 0.05) and a low peak filling velocity in horizontal section (p = 0.003) and in vertical section (p = 0.004) and a low peak emptying velocity in horizontal section (p = 0.003) and in vertical section (p = 0.001). Prophylactic therapy with anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents has little benefits in our experience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spontaneous echocontrast and low flow profile velocity (low peak emptying and filling velocity) and increased area of left atrial appendage were strongly associated with left atrial and/or appendage thrombus in patients with NRAF. The assessment of left atrial appendage function by TEE is an important component of the comprehensive evaluation of potentially increased risk of thrombus formation.
authors.affiliation: Centro Cardiovascolare, Ospedale Maggiore, Trieste.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scardi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pandullo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mazzone
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zecchin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D016279:Atrial Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000209:etiology*; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000150:complications
vernacular_title: La stratificazione del rischio tromboembolico nei pazienti con fibrillazione atriale non reumatica: il contributo della disfunzione auricolare sinistra.