title: Cepstral representation of speech motivated by time-frequency masking: an application to speech recognition.
abstract: A new spectral representation incorporating time-frequency forward masking is proposed. This masked spectral representation is efficiently represented by a quefrency domain parameter called dynamic-cepstrum (DyC). Automatic speech recognition experiments have demonstrated that DyC powerfully improves performance in phoneme classification and phrase recognition. This new spectral representation simulates a perceived spectrum. It enhances formant transition, which provides relevant cues for phoneme perception, while suppressing temporally stationary spectral properties, such as the effect of microphone frequency characteristics or the speaker-dependent time-invariant spectral feature. These features are advantageous for speaker-independent speech recognition. DyC can efficiently represent both the instantaneous and transitional aspects of a running spectrum with a vector of the same size as a conventional cepstrum. DyC is calculated from a cepstrum time sequence using a matrix lifter. Each column vector of the matrix lifter performs spectral smoothing. Smoothing characteristics are a function of the time interval between a masker and a signal. DyC outperformed a conventional cepstrum parameter obtained through linear predictive coding (LPC) analysis for both phoneme classification and phrase recognition by using hidden Markov models (HMMs). Compared with speaker-dependent recognition, an even greater improvement over the cepstrum parameter was found in speaker-independent speech recognition. Furthermore, DyC with only 16 coefficients exhibited higher speech recognition performance than a combination of the cepstrum and a delta-cepstrum with 32 coefficients for the classification experiment of phonemes contaminated by noises.
authors.affiliation: ATR Human Information Processing Research Laboratories, Kyoto, Japan. aik@hip.atr.co.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aikawa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawahara
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tohkura
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009622:Noise; D010470:Perceptual Masking; D010700:Phonetics; D013067:Speech Perception