title: Paediatric renal trauma: caution with conservative management of major injuries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The kidney is the most frequently injured abdominal organ in children and controversy surrounds some aspects of management. This study looks at the experience of our institution and reviews the literature towards developing an optimal strategy for managing this common childhood injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and forty-two cases of paediatric renal trauma are reported from a catchment population of approximately 240,000 children < 14 years of age over a 12 year period. Injuries were classified into four groups: groups 1 and 2 were regarded as minor injuries (85%) and group 3 and 4 injuries were those with extravasation of urine or pedicle injury (15%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The male:female ratio was 2:1 with an average age of 8.5 years. Major renal injuries frequently required large amounts of resuscitation fluid. Associated injuries were present in 41% of all cases with an average of two injuries each. With one exception in each case, the development of complications and the need for early surgery were confined to major injuries. There were no long-term complications. The renal loss rate was 2.1%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Renal injuries can be usefully classified into major or minor by determining whether extravasation of urine or pedicle injury is present. Minor injuries should be managed conservatively. Major injuries causing ongoing haemorrhage require urgent surgery. Other major injuries should be imaged regularly and patients with more severe urinomas benefit from early elective surgery at 2-5 days. In cases where extravasation of urine has not shown clear evidence of settling by 5 days' elective surgery probably results in less morbidity and fewer complications than protracted conservative treatment.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Trauma Service, Starship Children's Health, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thompson-Fawcett
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kolbe
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003710:Demography; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006417:Hematuria / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology