title: Effectiveness and safety of intranasal ipratropium bromide in common colds. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the tolerability and clinical effectiveness of intranasal ipratropium bromide for the treatment of symptoms of common colds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  3 university student health services.
  
  
  METHODS
  411 previously healthy persons 14 to 56 years of age who had cold symptoms that had lasted for no more than 36 hours, rhinorrhea subjectively judged to be of at least moderate severity, and documented nasal discharge of at least 1.5 g over a 1-hour observation period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Either 1) ipratropium bromide nasal spray 0.06% in buffered salt solution, two 42-micrograms sprays per nostril administered by metered pump spray; 2) control nasal spray, which consisted of buffered salt solution; or 3) no treatment. Treatments were self-administered three or four times daily during waking hours for 4 days. After receiving their morning dose, patients stayed at the study center for 6 hours on study day 1 and 3 hours on study day 2; symptom severity was recorded and nasal mucus discharges were collected and weighed hourly during these periods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ipratropium recipients had 26% less nasal discharge than controls (P = 0.0024) and 34% less nasal discharge than untreated patients (P = 0.0001). Severity of rhinorrhea as judged subjectively was reduced in ipratropium recipients by 31% compared with controls and by 78% compared with untreated patients (P = 0.0001 for both comparisons). In addition to being associated with reductions in daily assessments of the severity of rhinorrhea (P < or = 0.003), ipratropium was associated with reduced sneezing on study days 2 (20% difference; P = 0.03) and 4 (30% difference; P = 0.02) but not with reduced nasal congestion compared with the control spray. Ipratropium was generally well tolerated but was associated with higher rates of blood-tinged mucus (16.8% in the ipratropium group compared with 3.6% in the control group; P = 0.01) and nasal dryness (11.7% in the ipratropium group compared with 3.6% in the control group; P = 0.021) than the control spray. Patient assessments of the overall effectiveness of treatment were more favorable for ipratropium than for the control spray (P < or = 0.026) or for no treatment (P < or = 0.002) on each day of inquiry (study days 1, 2, and 5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intranasal ipratropium bromide provides specific relief of rhinorrhea and sneezing associated with common colds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908, USA.
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Hayden
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Diamond
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Korts
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Wecker
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003139:Common Cold / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009241:Ipratropium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012912:Sneezing; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D009241:Ipratropium