title: Transvaginal uterine cervical dilation with fluoroscopic guidance: preliminary results in patients with infertility.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess efficacy of uterine cervical dilation performed with fluoroscopic guidance to treat patients with infertility who have cervical stenosis, false channels within the endocervical canal, or both.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen patients in whom infertility was diagnosed were referred because the uterine lumen could not be accessed. Three of the patients had endometriosis. With fluoroscopic guidance, the cervix was cannulated and the endocervical canal was dilated with an angioplasty balloon or with dilators. Five patients underwent simultaneous fallopian tube recanalization. Five of 15 patients who underwent dilation subsequently underwent in vitro fertilization for embryo transfer (IVF-ET) or intrauterine insemination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four patients became pregnant. Of those four, one underwent IVF-ET and one underwent intrauterine insemination. Two patients became pregnant spontaneously. In the five patients who underwent IVF-ET or intrauterine insemination and in the remaining eight patients, the cervix could be easily cannulated up to 7 months after dilation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dilation of the uterine cervix may provide options for treatment in selected patients with infertility. The effect of dilation on patients with other sequelae of cervical obstruction such as endometriosis remains uncertain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Dickey
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Zreik
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Hsia
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Eschelman
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Keefe
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Olive
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Pollak
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosenblatt
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Glickman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000473:pathology*; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D004106:Dilatation / Q000379:methods; D004624:Embryo Transfer; D004715:Endometriosis / Q000150:complications; D005184:Fallopian Tube Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D007315:Insemination, Artificial; D011247:Pregnancy