title: Developmental differences in cytosolic calcium accumulation associated with surgically induced global ischemia: optimization of cardioplegic protection and mechanism of action.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effect of cardioplegic solutions with high concentrations of potassium or magnesium (or both) on cytosolic calcium accumulation was investigated with fura-2 in isolated perfused mature (n = 24) and aged (n = 24) rabbit hearts.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared cytosolic calcium accumulation before ischemia (control), during 30 minutes of ischemia and 30 minutes of reperfusion under global ischemia, or after treatment with potassium (20 mmol/L), magnesium (20 mmol/L), or both.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cytosolic calcium accumulation was increased during global ischemia in the mature heart (from 178.7 +/- 24.2 in the control group to 393.6 +/- 25.5 nmol/L; p < 0.005) and in the aged heart (from 187.4 +/- 18.7 in the control group to 501.0 +/- 46.1 nmol/L; p < 0.005). Potassium reduced cytosolic calcium accumulation during ischemia in both the mature and aged hearts (300.9 +/- 23.2 and 365.2 +/- 27.7 nmol/L, respectively; p < 0.05 vs global ischemia). Magnesium and potassium/magnesium completely controlled cytosolic calcium accumulation in the mature heart (198.7 +/- 27.5 nmol/L; p < 0.01 vs global ischemia and p < 0.05 vs potassium: 182.3 +/- 22.7 nmol/L; p < 0.05 vs global ischemia and potassium, respectively). Magnesium and potassium/magnesium attenuated cytosolic calcium accumulation in the aged heart (261.3 +/- 26.7, 262.3 +/- 25.2 nmol/L, respectively; p < 0.01 vs global ischemia). These changes in cytosolic calcium accumulation correlated with improved post-ischemic ventricular function. To investigate the mechanism(s) of magnesium-supplemented cardioplegic inhibition of cytosolic calcium accumulation, we performed parallel studies (n = 43) using nifedipine, ryanodine, and dimethylthiourea. Nifedipine with or without ryanodine reduced cytosolic calcium accumulation. Dimethylthiourea did not alter cytosolic calcium accumulation during global ischemia. Our results suggest that cytosolic calcium accumulation during global ischemia was mainly increased via the sarcolemmal 1-type calcium channel and the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium-release channel. The modulating action of potassium/magnesium cardioplegia on cytosolic calcium accumulation during ischemia would appear to act through the inhibition of the myocardial 1-type calcium channel and the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium-release channel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Senescent cardiac dysfunction correlates with increased ischemia-induced cytosolic calcium accumulation. Magnesium-supplemented potassium cardioplegia ameliorates this age-related phenomenon at normothermia and may have important implications in myocardial protection in the elderly population.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New England Deaconess Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsukube
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: McCully
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Federman
authors.forename: I B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Krukenkamp
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Levitsky
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D003600:Cytosol / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D008274:Magnesium / Q000494:pharmacology; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011188:Potassium / Q000494:pharmacology; D011817:Rabbits; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D008274:Magnesium; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium