title: Conformal radiation treatment of prostate cancer using inversely-planned intensity-modulated photon beams produced with dynamic multileaf collimation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To implement radiotherapy with intensity-modulated beams, based on the inverse method of treatment design and using a multileaf collimation system operating in the dynamic mode.
  
  
  METHODS
  An algorithm, based on the inverse technique, has been integrated into the radiotherapy treatment-planning computer system in our Center. This method of computer-assisted treatment design was used to derive intensity-modulated beams to optimize the boost portion of the treatment plan for a patient with a T1c cancer of the prostate. A dose of 72 Gy (in 40 fractions) was given with a six-field plan, and an additional 9 Gy (in five fractions) with six intensity-modulated beams. The intensity-modulated fields were delivered using dynamic multileaf collimation, that is, individual leaves were in motion during radiation delivery, with the treatment machine operating in the clinical mode. Exhaustive quality assurance measurement and monitoring were carried out to ensure safe and accurate implementation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dose distribution and dose-volume histogram of the "inverse method" boost plan and of the composite (72 Gy primary + 9 Gy boost) plan were judged clinically acceptable. Compared to a manually designed boost plan, the inverse treatment design gave improved conformality and increased dose homogeneity in the planning target volume. Film and ion chamber dosimetry, performed prior to the first treatment, indicated that each of the six intensity-modulated fields was accurately produced. Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) measurements performed on the patient confirmed that the intended dose was delivered in the treatment. In addition, computer-aided treatment-monitoring programs assured that the multileaf collimator (MLC) position file was executed to the specified precision. In terms of the overall radiation treatment process, there will likely be labor savings in the planning and the treatment phases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have placed into clinical use an integrated system of conformal radiation treatment that incorporated the inverse method of treatment design and the use of dynamic multileaf collimation to deliver intensity-modulated beams. The system can provide better treatment design, which can be implemented reliably and safely. We are hopeful that improved treatment efficacy will result.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Burman
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chui
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Kutcher
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Leibel
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: LoSasso
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bortfeld
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Reinstein
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spirou
authors.forename: X H
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zelefsky
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fuks
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017785:Photons / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted