title: Opportunistic bronchopulmonary infections after lung transplantation: clinical and radiographic findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess clinical and radiographic findings in opportunistic bronchopulmonary infections after lung transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five episodes of opportunistic bronchopulmonary infection occurred in 27 (35%) of 77 lung transplant recipients during a 4-year period. Causative organisms, radiographic patterns, and mortality were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) was the most common pathogen (25 episodes), followed by Aspergillus species (seven episodes), Pneumocystis carinii (six episodes), herpes simplex virus (four episodes), Mycobacterium avium complex (two episodes), and M tuberculosis (one episode). Eighteen of the 25 episodes (72%) of CMV pneumonitis occurred in the first 4 months after transplantation; 24 (96%) occurred within the 1st year. Radiographic patterns of symptomatic CMV pneumonitis were diffuse haziness (60%), focal haziness (33%), and focal consolidation (7%). Aspergillus species locally invaded a necrotic bronchial anastomosis in three patients, each within 4 months of transplantation. P carinii was seen as focal haziness and caused no symptoms. Radiographic findings, when present, were seen almost exclusively in the transplanted lung. Despite three deaths attributable to opportunistic bronchopulmonary infection, the difference between the survival rates of patients with and those of patients without bronchopulmonary infection was not statistically significant (82% and 81%, respectively, 1 year after transplantation).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Opportunistic bronchopulmonary infections are common after lung transplantation. The most common pathogen is CMV, which causes diverse chest radiographic patterns. Opportunistic bronchopulmonary infections do not adversely affect overall mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shreeniwas
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Schulman
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Berkmen
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: McGregor
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Austin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D016041:Heart-Lung Transplantation; D006561:Herpes Simplex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008172:Lung Diseases, Fungal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D016040:Lung Transplantation; D008297:Male; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D011024:Pneumonia, Viral / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011859:Radiography; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors