title: Black Americans have an increased rate of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor-associated angioedema.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the association of race and other patient characteristics associated with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor-associated angioedema.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective cohort study of participants in the Tennessee Medicaid Program ( >or= 15 years of age) to whom ACE inhibitors had been prescribed from 1986 through 1992.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 82 patients with confirmed angioedema during 51,752 person-years of ACE inhibitor use, giving an overall rate of angioedema of 1.6 per 1000 person-years of ACE inhibitor use. After potential confounding factors were controlled for, the adjusted relative risk (RR) of angioedema among black American users of ACE inhibitors was 4.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.9 to 6.8) compared with white subjects. In addition to race, other factors associated with a significantly increased relative risk in the entire population were the first 30 days of ACE inhibitor use (RR, 4.6; 95% CI, 2.5 to 8.5) compared to > 1 year of use, use of either lisinopril (RR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2 to 3.9) or enalapril (RR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.4 to 3.5) compared to captopril, and previous hospitalization for any diagnosis within 30 days (RR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1 to 3.6). Neither ACE inhibitor dose nor concurrent diuretic use was associated with the risk of angioedema.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that black Americans have a substantially increased risk of ACE inhibitor-associated angioedema compared with white subjects and that this increased risk cannot be attributed to an effect of dose, specific ACE inhibitor, or concurrent medications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA.
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Snowden
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Griffin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000799:Angioedema / Q000139:chemically induced*; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D044383:Black People; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors