title: Vascular endothelial growth factor is sufficient to produce iris neovascularization and neovascular glaucoma in a nonhuman primate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the angiogenic peptide vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is sufficient to produce iris neovascularization in a nonhuman primate (Macaca fascicularis).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight eyes of 4 animals were studied. The 165-amino acid isoform of human recombinant VEGF (VEGF165) was injected into the vitreous of 5 cynomolgus monkey eyes (doses ranging from 0.25-2.5 micrograms per injection). Equal amounts of inactivated human recombinant VEGF (2 eyes) or vehicle (1 eye) were injected into contralateral control eyes. Eyes were assessed by slitlamp biomicroscopy, tonometry, iris color photography, fluorescein angiography, histopathologic examination, and immunostaining with antibodies against proliferating cell nuclear antigen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 5 bioactive VEGF-injected eyes developed neovascularization with dilated and tortuous iris vessels that leaked fluorescein. None of the 3 control eyes exhibited any iris vascular changes. Inflammation was absent in both treatment groups. A dose response to VEGF was observed in the single animal that received 2.5 micrograms and 0.25 microgram in the right and left eyes, respectively. Iris vessel endothelial cells were positive for proliferating cell nuclear antigen in the bioactive VEGF-injected eyes only. Injections of 1.25 micrograms of VEGF every 3 days during a 30-day period produced advanced iris neovascularization, ectropion uvea, and neovascular glaucoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravitreal injections of recombinant human VEGF165 in amounts comparable with those measured in eyes with active neovascularization are sufficient to produce noninflammatory iris neovascularization in a nonhuman primate. Prolonged exposure to VEGF165 can produce ectropion uveae and neovascular glaucoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Tolentino
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Gragoudas
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chatzistefanou
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ferrara
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Adamis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D015355:Glaucoma, Neovascular / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D007267:Injections; D007498:Iris / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D014129:Trabecular Meshwork / Q000473:pathology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D014822:Vitreous Body
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors