title: Constructing retinal fundus photomontages. A new computer-based method.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop computer algorithms for reconstructing 24-bit color, wide-angle composite retinal fundus images from a set of adjacent 45 degrees fundus slides. The authors present the description, technical details, and results of the image reconstruction technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with retinal degeneration underwent fundus photography with a 45 degrees field-of-view fundus camera. Individual photographic slides were digitized for creating fundus montages. Background variations in individual 45 degrees images were modeled to first- or second-order two-dimensional polynomial functions to generate a background image. The background image was subtracted from the original image to obtain background corrected image. Background corrected images were registered and spatially transformed using a first- or second-order two-dimensional polynomial warp model to reconstruct a composite retinal fundus montage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors successfully reconstructed 24-bit color, 100 degrees field-of-view, composite retinal fundus images. The computer-reconstructed montages are an improvement over manually generated montages because computer analysis can be performed on the computer-based montages. In addition, background variations and discontinuities between individual photographs observed in manually generated montages are reduced greatly in computer-generated montages. Most important, the computer-generated montages are better aligned than the manually generated photomontages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This method of reconstructing a wide-angle composite retinal fundus image from a set of adjacent small- and wide-angle fundus slides is a new tool for creating montages as large as 100 degrees field of view. The computer-generated montages may be used for documenting and quantifying retinal findings. This can greatly assist studies of retinal manifestations of diseases, such as gyrate atrophy, retinitis pigmentosa, sickle cell disease, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmic Genetics and Clinical Services Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1860, USA.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mahurkar
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Vivino
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Trus
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Kuehl
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Datiles
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Kaiser-Kupfer
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D010781:Photography; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology*; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000473:pathology*