title: Immunoassay and immunohistology studies of chromogranin A as a neuroendocrine marker in patients with carcinoma of the prostate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neuroendocrine differentiation in carcinoma of the prostate is characterized by the expression of neuroendocrine cell products such as chromogranin A (CgA). We studied serum levels and tissue staining for CgA in prostate cancer to assess their clinical value.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 82 patients with prostate cancer, serum specimens were obtained at diagnosis and studied by both CgA and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) immunoassays. In 43 additional patients with prostate cancer, paraffin-embedded tissue from core biopsies or transurethral resections and serum samples were studied, respectively, by immunohistology and immunoassay for CgA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In serum samples from the 82 patients in whom CgA and PSA levels were measured, 26 of 82 (32%) had an elevated CgA (greater than 200 ng/mL), and 36 of 82 (44%) had an elevated PSA (greater than 4.0 ng/mL). Of the patients with Stage D2 cancer, 11 of 18 (61%) had an elevated CgA and 6 of 18 (33%) had an elevated PSA. Four of 5 patients with local recurrence had an elevated CgA, but only 1 patient had an elevated PSA. Of the 43 patients in whom serum and tissue CgA studies were performed, 12 (28%) had elevated serum CgA, and 15 of the 43 (35%) had CgA staining in their prostate tissue. Of the 14 of these patients with D2 disease (distant metastases), 9 (64%) had elevated serum levels of CgA and 6 (43%) had positive staining in their prostate tissue. Of the 9 patients with Stage D2 disease and elevated serum CgA, 6 had a normal serum PSA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our studies complement those of others and indicate that CgA has potential as a clinically useful serum and tumor marker for prostate cancer. Serum CgA measurements can identify some patients with advanced disease who do not have elevated serum PSA. However, further studies in larger groups of patients are needed to define the clinical value of CgA as a marker for prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, USA.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Deftos
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakada
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: di Sant'Agnese
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Cockett
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Abrahamsson
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D053379:Chromogranin A; D002864:Chromogranins / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C506150:CHGA protein, human; D053379:Chromogranin A; D002864:Chromogranins; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen