title: Racial-ethnic differences in prenatal diagnostic test use and outcomes: preferences, socioeconomics, or patient knowledge?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether use of chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis varies by racial-ethnic group and, if so, whether this variation is reflected in the prevalence of Down syndrome-affected births to women age 35 and older, the ages at which prenatal diagnosis is offered currently.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical charts of 238 women 35 years of age and older presenting for care at the University of California at San Francisco by 20 gestational weeks in 1993 and 1994 were reviewed to assess prenatal diagnostic test use. The prevalence of Down syndrome-affected births in California during 1983-1991 was obtained from the Birth Defects Monitoring Program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Latinas and African-American women were much less likely to undergo prenatal diagnosis than were whites and Asians. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), with white women serving as the reference group, were as follows: Asians 1.16 (0.57-2.36), Latinas 0.19 (0.08-0.43), and African-Americans 0.19 (0.04-0.49). Trends persisted, at diminished magnitude, after adjustment for socioeconomic characteristics: OR for Asians 1.77 (0.78-3.98) Latinas 0.28 (0.09-0.83) , and African-Americans 0.33 (0.10-1.10). Non-white women age 35 and older were significantly more likely than white women to give birth to a Down syndrome-affected infant: risk ratios for Asians 1.81 (1.61-2.03), Latinas 3.00 (2.74-3.28), and African-Americans 1.86 (1.63-2.11).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Racial-ethnic differences exist in prenatal diagnostic test use and associated outcomes in women aged 35 and older. Socioeconomic factors are partially responsible; patient education and preferences may play a role.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuppermann
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gates
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Washington
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000649:Amniocentesis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015193:Chorionic Villi Sampling / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008423:Maternal Age; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000208:ethnology*; D018566:Pregnancy, High-Risk; D015995:Prevalence; D012306:Risk; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors