title: Effects of heat and moisture exchangers on minute ventilation, ventilatory drive, and work of breathing during pressure-support ventilation in acute respiratory failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of two commonly used heat and moisture exchangers on respiratory function and gas exchange in patients with acute respiratory failure during pressure-support ventilation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intensive care unit of a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen patients with moderate acute respiratory failure, receiving pressure-support ventilation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were assigned randomly to two treatment groups, in which two different heat and moisture exchangers were used: Hygroster (DAR S.p.A., Mirandola, Italy) with higher deadspace and lower resistance (group 1, n = 7), and Hygrobac-S (DAR S.p.A.) with lower deadspace and higher resistance (group 2, n = 7). Patients were assessed at three pressure-support levels: a) baseline (10.3 +/- 2.4 cm H2O for group 1, 9.3 +/- 1.3 cm H2O for group 2); b) 5 cm H2O above baseline; and c) 5 cm H2O below baseline. Measurements obtained with the heat and moisture exchangers were compared with those values obtained using the standard heated hot water humidifier.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline pressure-support ventilation, the insertion of both heat and moisture exchangers induced in all patients a significant increase in the following parameters: minute ventilation (12.4 +/- 3.2 to 15.0 +/- 2.6 L/min for group 1, and 11.8 +/- 3.6 to 14.2 +/- 3.5 L/min for group 2); static intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (2.9 +/- 2.0 to 5.1 +/- 3.2 cm H2O for group 1, and 2.9 +/- 1.7 to 5.5 +/- 3.0 cm H2O for group 2); ventilatory drive, expressed as P41 (2.7 +/- 2.0 to 5.2 +/- 4.0 cm H2O for group 1, and 3.3 +/- 2.0 to 5.3 +/- 3.0 cm H2O for group 2); and work of breathing, expressed as either power (8.8 +/- 9.4 to 14.5 +/- 10.3 joule/ min for group 1, and 10.5 +/- 7.4 to 16.6 +/- 11.0 joule/min for group 2) or work per liter of ventilation (0.6 +/- 0.6 to 1.0 +/- 0.7 joule/L for group 1, and 0.8 +/- 0.4 to 1.1 +/- 0.5 joule/L. for group 2). These increases also occurred when pressure-support ventilation was both above and below the baseline level, although at high pressure support the increase in work of breathing with heat and moisture exchangers was less evident. Gas exchange was unaffected by heat and moisture exchangers, as minute ventilation increased to compensate for the higher deadspace produced in the circuit by the insertion of heat and moisture exchangers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The tested heat and moisture exchangers should be used carefully in patients with acute respiratory failure during pressure-support ventilation, since these devices substantially increase minute ventilation, ventilatory drive, and work of breathing. However, an increase in pressure-support ventilation (5 to 10 cm H2O) may compensate for the increased work of breathing.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Anestesia e Rianimazione, Universita' degll Studi di Milano, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pelosi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Solca
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ravagnan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tubiolo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferrario
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gattinoni
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012119:Respiration / Q000502:physiology*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D012126:Respiratory Dead Space; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D014939:Work of Breathing / Q000502:physiology*