title: Confirmation of a "safety zone" by intraoperative cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Creating a "safety zone" during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is defined as dissection of the cystic duct as close as possible to the gallbladder.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 29 out of 802 cases in which laparoscopic cholecystectomy was difficult to perform due to uncertainty about the orientation of Calot's triangle, intraoperative cholangiography was performed, using a titanium clip as a marker that designated the safety zone. The distance between the clip and the common hepatic duct or the common bile duct could be determined by evaluation of two intraoperative cholangiograms taken in different orientation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  If the clip was located in the safety zone, and was distant from the common hepatic duct or common bile duct, the safety of preparation around the clip was ensured. No complication was encountered in these cases with this method. Eventually, no biliary tract injury was experienced, and the overall conversion rate to open cholecystectomy was only 0.4% (3 of 802 consecutive cases).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This method of confirming the safety zone by intraoperative cholangiography is a useful procedure for avoiding inadvertent injury to the biliary tract.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endoscopy, Jichi Medical School, Yakushiji, Tochigi 329-04, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ido
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Isoda
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kawamoto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ioka
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nagamine
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Taniguchi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumagai
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kimura
mesh_terms: D001649:Bile Duct Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D001659:Biliary Tract / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries; D002758:Cholangiography / Q000379:methods*; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects; D003549:Cystic Duct / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control