title: Localization of dermal edema in lipodermatosclerosis, lymphedema, and cardiac insufficiency. High-frequency ultrasound examination of intradermal echogenicity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic edema in venous insufficiency is associated with leg ulceration, whereas in lymphedema skin ulceration is less frequent and edema from cardiac failure does not cause major skin changes. The reason for these differences is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to investigate, by means of ultrasound, the distribution of intradermal fluid in patients with edema associated with lipodermatosclerosis, lymphedema, or cardiac insufficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen patients with lipodermatosclerosis, 10 with lymphedema, 16 with leg edema from heart insufficiency, and 16 healthy control subjects were studied. Ultrasound images were obtained with a 20 MHz scanner. The echogenicity of the dermis was quantified by image analysis and the echogenicity of the upper (subepidermal) and lower portions of the dermis were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In any type of edema the dermal echogenicity was lower than that of the control group, indicating intradermal edema. In normal skin the upper dermis was only slightly less echogenic than the lower dermis. In patients with lipodermatosclerosis a low-echogenic area was present in the upper dermis, which suggests the papillary dermis as a preferential site of edema formation. In contrast, in lymphedema dermal echogenicity was uniformly distributed, whereas in patients with heart failure the lower portion of the dermis was less echogenic than the upper dermis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that intradermal echogenicity shows characteristic patterns in different types of edema, which indicates that localization of fluid varies in the dermis, from subepidermal (lipodermatosclerosis), uniform (lymphedema), to deep dermal (heart failure). These differences may help in understanding the origin of different skin sequelae of edema.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gniadecka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001834:Body Water / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004487:Edema / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007866:Leg / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D007871:Leg Ulcer / Q000209:etiology; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D012594:Scleroderma, Localized / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012867:Skin / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000150:complications