title: Impact of left ventricular dysfunction on cytokines, hemodynamics, and outcome in bypass grafting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction undergoing cardiac operation experience a higher rate of perioperative complications, the contribution of proinflammatory cytokines released during extracorporeal circulation is not well defined.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared arterial and mixed venous levels of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, soluble interleukin-2 receptor, and interleukin-2 at 10 points in time (24 hours before until 48 hours after extracorporeal circulation) in 21 patients with an ejection fraction of less than 0.45 (study group) to 15 patients with an ejection fraction of more than 0.55 (control group) undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting. The study and control group differed with regard to left ventricular ejection fraction (0.37 +/- 0.05 versus 0.66 +/- 0.11, p < 0.05) and reperfusion time (35 +/- 42 minutes versus 18 +/- 4 minutes, p = 0.07), but not age, sex, vessel involvement, number of grafts performed, cross-clamp time, extracorporeal circulation time, core temperature, and duration of ventilation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six patients in the study group required mechanical support and 1 died. There were no complications in the control group. In the study group, there were higher preoperative interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels and a higher maximum cytokine response to extracorporeal circulation for interleukin-2, soluble interleukin-2 receptor, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (all p < 0.05). Interleukin-6 correlated with duration of extracorporeal circulation, dose of norepinephrine and epinephrine support, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, right atrial pressure, heart rate, cardiac index, and inversely with systemic vascular resistance. Interleukin-6 was highest in patients with complications. Arterial and venous cytokine levels correlated closely.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preoperative left ventricular dysfunction is associated with a higher degree of proinflammatory cytokine release during elective coronary artery bypass grafting. This response is associated with impaired hemodynamics and a higher incidence of perioperative complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Muenster University Hospital, Germany.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dasch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Erren
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Möllhoff
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Scheld
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005112:Extracorporeal Circulation; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion / Q000379:methods; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2 / Q000032:analysis; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007376:Interleukin-2; D015850:Interleukin-6; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine