title: Fusion of valve cushions as a key factor in the formation of congenital bicuspid aortic valves in Syrian hamsters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bicuspid aortic valve is the most frequent congenital cardiac malformation in humans. However, the morphogenesis of the defect is still unknown. Previous work showed that, in the Syrian hamster, congenital bicuspid aortic valves with the aortic sinuses arranged in ventrodorsal orientation are expressions of a trait the variation of which takes the form of a continuous phenotypic spectrum, ranging from a tricuspid aortic valve with no fusion of the ventral commissure to a bicuspid aortic valve devoid of any raphe. The present study was designed to elucidate the mechanism involved in the formation of bicuspid aortic valves in Syrian hamsters as a possible starting point for further investigation of this process in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample examined consisted of 80 embryos, aged between 10 days, 16 hours and 13 days, 1 hour postcoitum. Most (n = 59) of the embryos belonged to a laboratory-inbred family of Syrian hamsters with a high incidence of bicuspid aortic valves. The study was carried out using scanning electron microscopy and histological techniques for light microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three embryos showed a still undivided conotruncus. In all of these cases there were six mesenchymal semilunar valve primordia protruding into the lumen of the conotruncus. In a further 29 embryos, the conotruncus had just divided into the aortic and pulmonary channels; the embryos were at the beginning of the valvulogenesis. In 13 of these 29 embryos there were three well-defined aortic valve cushions, right, left, and dorsal, whereas in the other 16, the right and left valve cushions were more or less fused toward the lumen of the aorta; when they were completely fused, only two aortic valve cushions, a ventral and a dorsal, could be identified. In the remaining 28 embryos, the aortic valve cushions showed a marked degree of excavation. In 23 of these cases, the valve exhibited a basically tricuspid architecture, whereas it was unequivocally bicuspid in the other five.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All variants of the aortic valve morphologic spectrum occurring in the Syrian hamster develop from three mesenchymal valve cushions, right, left, and dorsal, after normal septation of the conotruncus. The bicuspid condition of the aortic valve is not the consequence of improper development of the conotruncal ridges, conotruncal malseptation, valve cushion agenesis, or lesions acquired after a normal valvulogenesis. Fusion of the right and left valve cushions at the beginning of the valvulogenesis appears to be a key factor in the formation of bicuspid aortic valves. Each aortic valve acquires its specific morphology prior to the end of the valvulogenetic process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sans-Coma
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Durán
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thiene
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Arqué
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Chápuli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cardo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006224:Cricetinae; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development; D008297:Male; D008647:Mesocricetus; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning