title: [3-D ultrasound in prenatal diagnosis].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Within the past several years, 3-D ultrasonography has developed to a highly advanced diagnostic procedure. The aim of this study was to define the advantages of 3-D ultrasound in prenatal diagnosis in comparison to the conventional 2-D technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since 1989 we have routinely examined a total of 458 fetuses (242 normal and 216 with anomalies) between 16 and 38 weeks of gestation, supplementing our conventional 2-D ultrasound scans with a 3-D examination using an abdominal volume transducer (Combison 330 and 530, 3.5/5 MHz, Kretztechnik Austria). With this system all 3 orthogonal planes can be displayed on the ultrasound monitor and high-quality 3-D surface or transparent images can be calculated and displayed on the ultrasound monitor as well without need for an external workstation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The comparison of the 2-D and 3-D techniques shows that 3-D provides a diagnostic gain in a large percentage of cases (64.2%). The simplest 3-D technique of the orthogonal image display provided a diagnostic gain in 46.2% (61/132) of the cases owing to the accurate topographic depiction of the desired image plane. The combined 3-D display (orthogonal format plus a 3-D surface or transparent view) provided a diagnostic gain in 71.5% (233/326) of the cases, due to the additional 3-D surface reconstruction and the ability to depict the skeletal anatomy in the transparent mode. Problems with 3-D imaging are encountered in patients with oligohydramnios, which prevents surface reconstruction, and in the examination of moving objects, which produce motion artifacts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Today 3-D ultrasonography offers both the patient and the examiner an entirely new visual experience in prenatal diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Universitäts-Frauenklinik Mainz.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Merz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bahlmann
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Macchiella
mesh_terms: D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000295:instrumentation*
vernacular_title: 3D-Sonographie in der pränatalen Diagnostik.