title: cis-acting elements in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNAs direct viral transcripts to distinct intranuclear locations.
abstract: Two distinct intranuclear locations were identified for alternatively spliced RNA transcripts expressed from the pNL4-3 infectious molecular clone of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1. Multiply spliced HIV RNA encoding tat was detected within the nucleus in large clusters; immunostaining and colocalization studies using laser-scanning confocal microscopy revealed that these structures contained the non-small nuclear ribonucleoprotein RNA processing factor, SC35. In contrast, unspliced gag RNA was detected in much smaller granules distributed throughout the nucleus, with little or no association with SC35-containing granules. Analyses of nuclear RNA expressed from recombinant plasmids encoding gag (pCMVgag-2) alone or tat (pCMVtat-2) alone revealed distributions corresponding to those obtained with pNL4-3, indicating that expression within the context of the HIV provirus was not required for the distinct RNA locations detected for these transcripts. The presence of unspliced gag RNA in small granules was confirmed in infections of H9 T-lymphocytic cells, indicating that gag localization was not restricted to transient expression systems. The intranuclear distribution of gag RNA was dependent on specific RNA sequences. Deletion of a portion of the gag gene of pCMVgag-2, containing a cis-repressing inhibitory region, resulted in redirection of unspliced gag RNA from small granules into large SC35-containing clusters. The addition of the Rev-responsive element, RRE, to the deleted pCMVgag-2 construct resulted in RNA transcripts which were no longer associated with SC35. We also identified a cellular intron, rabbit beta-globin-intervening sequence 2 (IVS-2) which, when introduced into pCMVgag-2, redirected unspliced gag RNA into SC35-containing granules and permitted rev-independent Gag expression. These findings suggest that redirecting intranuclear RNA localization may influence gene expression. Color micrographs from this article are available for view at http//128.231.216.2/lmmhome.htm.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Berthold
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maldarelli
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001692:Biological Transport; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology*; D015683:Gene Products, gag / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000378:metabolism*; D011817:Rabbits; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D015683:Gene Products, gag; D012367:RNA, Viral