title: mtDNA provides the first known marker distinguishing proto-Indians from the other Caucasoids; it probably predates the diversification between Indians and Orientals.
abstract: The concomitant presence of the two sites Ddel at 10,394 and Alul at 10,397 has been considered an East-Asian marker of ancient origin (it was also observed in Australians, Melanesians and Native Americans). Unexpectedly, it was found in more than 50% of Indians (133 Hindus and 30 Tribals) who had shown Caucasoid characteristics not only at nuclear DNA but also at mtDNA level. It can therefore no longer be considered an exclusively East-Asian mtDNA feature. The analysis of more than 200 Caucasoids, mainly from the Mediterranean basin, showed that it is only sporadically present in these people. Thus it represents the first known marker which distinguishes Indians from the other Caucasoids. The lack of this marker in Indian mtDNA molecules carrying Caucasoid characteristics suggests that it predates the invasion of India by speakers of an Indo-European language and, if it is valid to extrapolate from Near Eastern data, the arrival in India of the farmers who spread the Dravidian language. If this polymorphism had a common origin in both Orientals and Indians, it should also predate the diversification between ancient Indians and Mongoloids.
authors.affiliation: University of Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Passarino
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Semino
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Modiano
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Bernini
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Santachiara Benerecetti
mesh_terms: D017954:Africa South of the Sahara; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics*; D044383:Black People / Q000235:genetics; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000208:ethnology; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005602:France / Q000208:ethnology; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000208:ethnology; D019083:Mediterranean Region / Q000208:ethnology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D012675:Senegal / Q000208:ethnology; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D005819:Genetic Markers