title: Formation of nitrating and chlorinating species by reaction of nitrite with hypochlorous acid. A novel mechanism for nitric oxide-mediated protein modification.
abstract: Detection of 3-nitrotyrosine has served as an in vivo marker for the production of the cytotoxic species peroxynitrite (ONOO-). We show here that reaction of nitrite (NO2-), the autoxidation product of nitric oxide (.NO), with hypochlorous acid (HOCl) forms reactive intermediate species that are also capable of nitrating phenolic substrates such as tyrosine and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, with maximum yields obtained at physiological pH. Monitoring the reaction of NO2- with HOCl by continuous flow photodiode array spectrophotometry indicates the formation of a transient species with spectral characteristics similar to those of nitryl chloride (Cl-NO2). Reaction of synthetic Cl-NO2 with N-acetyl-L-tyrosine results in the formation of 3-chlorotyrosine and 3-nitrotyrosine in ratios that are similar to those obtained by the NO2-/HOCl reaction (4:1). Tyrosine residues in bovine serum albumin are also nitrated and chlorinated by NO2-/HOCl and synthetic Cl-NO2. The reaction of N-acetyl-L-tyrosine with NO2-/HOCl or authentic Cl-NO2 also produces dityrosine, suggesting that free radical intermediates are involved in the reaction mechanism. Our data indicate that while chlorination reactions of Cl-NO2 are mediated by direct electrophilic addition to the aromatic ring, a free radical mechanism appears to be operative in nitrations mediated by NO2-/HOCl or Cl-NO2, probably involving the combination of nitrogen dioxide (.NO2) and tyrosyl radical. We propose that NO2- reacts with HOCl by Cl+ transfer to form both cis- and trans-chlorine nitrite (Cl-ONO) and Cl-NO2 as intermediates that modify tyrosine by either direct reaction or after decomposition to reactive free and solvent-caged Cl. and .NO2 as reactive species. Formation of Cl-NO2 and/or Cl-ONO in vivo may represent previously unrecognized mediators of inflammation-mediated protein modification and tissue injury, and offers an additional mechanism of tyrosine nitration independent of ONOO-.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Eiserich
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Cross
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Halliwell
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van der Vliet
mesh_terms: D006997:Hypochlorous Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D009573:Nitrites / Q000737:chemistry*; D010648:Phenylacetates / Q000737:chemistry; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000737:chemistry; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D009573:Nitrites; D010648:Phenylacetates; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C008070:4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid; D014443:Tyrosine; D006997:Hypochlorous Acid; C025787:N-acetyltyrosine