title: A model for the modulation transfer function of cardiovascular x-ray systems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To derive a theoretical model for the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the complete imaging chain of a cardiovascular x-ray system. A sufficiently accurate MTF model may be used in quantitative coronary arteriographic applications to decrease the systematic overestimation of small coronary vessels. The model could be used to restore blurred images in image restoration applications and also may be used for image quality assurance measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Digital images of a step wedge phantom were acquired at different modes (5-, 7-, and 9-inch) of the image intensifier and at different kilovolt levels of the x-ray generator. From these images the MTFs that were used to estimate the parameters of the model were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total MTF of the cardiovascular x-ray imaging chain consisting of image intensifier, video camera, optical elements, and analog/digital converter can be modeled by the simple formula MTF = e-(w/f)R, where w is the frequency in linepairs per millimeter. The constants frequency f and the device index n are parameters that can be derived for an individual x-ray system using the phantom. In this formula, the contribution from the focus of the x-ray source has been excluded. The mean square error (MSE) between the measured values and those assessed from the theoretical model of the MTF for the horizontal direction was found to be equal to 0.00003 for the 5-inch mode of image intensifier, and for the vertical resolution at the 9-inch mode this MSE was equal to 0.00038. In addition, we have demonstrated that the contributions of the video camera and the image intensifier to the total MTF can be replaced by an imaginary electron-optical device.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An accurate representation for the MTF of a cardiovascular x-ray system has been derived. This MTF model can be used in x-ray image quality assurance measurements and in quantitative image processing applications.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Leiden, Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Rezaee
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: van der Zwet
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gerbrands
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Reiber
mesh_terms: D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D055096:Optical Devices; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement