title: Gender, type of treatment, dysfunctional attitudes, social support, life events, and depressive symptoms over naturalistic follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study investigated gender differences in depressive symptoms during a naturalistic follow-up for outpatients with major depressive disorder in the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. Specifically, the study investigated whether gender interacted with type of treatment received, dysfunctional attitudes, life events, or social support to predict severity of depressive symptoms. In addition, aspects of these psychosocial factors (need for approval, interpersonal life events, and close friendships), hypothesized to be more salient for women, were examined to determine if they had a differential impact on level of depressive symptoms in men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Assessments conducted 6, 12, and 18 months after treatment included measures of depressive symptoms, dysfunctional attitudes, current life events, and social support. Data were available for 188 subjects (134 women and 54 men). Regression analyses were conducted to examine whether gender as a main effect, or interacting with dysfunctional attitudes, life events, social support, or subtypes of these variables, predicted cross-sectional or longitudinal measures of depressive symptoms during follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A consistent finding of the study was that over the 18 months of this naturalistic follow-up, there were no main effects for gender or any significant interactions involving gender and any of the variables of interest. The study demonstrated that life events and social support were related to severity of depressive symptoms for both genders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite differential prevalence rates of major depression for men and women, findings do not support a different process in outcome of illness for men and women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zlotnick
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Shea
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Pilkonis
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Elkin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ryan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007099:Imipramine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008016:Life Change Events; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory; D010919:Placebos; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011613:Psychotherapy; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D012944:Social Support; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos; D007099:Imipramine