title: Serologic evidence that factor IX inhibitor in the plasma of hemophilia B patients detects factor IX on normal red cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with hemophilia B lack factor IX (F IX). These patients may become alloimmunized after the transfusion of F IX concentrates and may develop F IX inhibitors, which have been characterized as polyclonal IgG4 alloantibodies. Two cases in which F IX inhibitors caused difficulty in compatibility testing and antibody identification were encountered. It was hypothesized that, because F IX is present in normal plasma, it might be adsorbed by red cells in vivo and then be detected during antibody screening tests with serum containing F IX inhibitors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sera from two African American half-brothers with hemophilia B were incompatible with all common and rare red cell phenotypes tested in the anti-human globulin test, but did not react with each other's red cells. The brothers' red cell antibodies were neutralized with both normal plasma and a commercially available F IX concentrate, which indicated that the red cell incompatibility was most probably caused by their F IX inhibitors. Red cells from an unrelated patient with hemophilia B and a very low titer of F IX inhibitor were tested against the half-brothers' sera and did not react. The compatible red cells from one of the half-brothers and the unrelated patient with hemophilia B adsorbed F IX from normal plasma or F IX concentrate after 37 degrees C incubation; this rendered them incompatible with the plasma containing F IX inhibitor from the other half-brother.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  F IX appears to be present on normal red cells and may be detected during compatibility and antibody identification procedures when serum or plasma containing F IX inhibitors is tested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Hospital and Clinic, Minneapolis, USA.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Moertel
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Stroncek
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Key
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000737:chemistry*; D005164:Factor IX / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006467:Hemophilia A / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D005164:Factor IX