title: Influence of preconditioning on rat heart subjected to prolonged cardioplegic arrest.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ischemic preconditioning (IP) can reduce lethal injury to the myocardium induced by prolonged ischemia. However, little is known about the effect of preconditioning on the heart subjected to cardioplegic arrest and hypothermic preservation. We evaluated the effect of IP on myocardial metabolism, mechanical performance, and coronary endothelial function after cardioplegic arrest and prolonged hypothermic preservation.
  
  
  METHODS
  An isovolumic Langendorff perfused rat heart model was used, and hearts were divided into two groups. The first group (IP, n = 14) was preconditioned by 5 minutes of global normothermic (37 degrees C) ischemia followed by 10 minutes of normothermic reperfusion before 6 hours of cold (4 degrees C) preservation, followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion. The second group (control, n = 15) was subjected to 6 hours of cold preservation followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion without preconditioning. Mechanical function was assessed using left ventricular balloon by constructing pressure-volume curves in two ways: at defined left ventricular volumes or at defined left ventricular end-diastolic pressures. Initially, the volume of the balloon was increased incrementally from 0 to 150 microL in 25-microL steps. Measurements were then repeated with loading balloon to achieve left ventricular end-diastolic pressure of 5, 10, 15, or 20 mm Hg. Myocardial function was assessed before ischemia and at 15 or 60 minutes of reperfusion. Metabolic status of the heart was evaluated by measuring the release of purine catabolites during the initial 15 minutes of reperfusion and concentrations of myocardial nucleotides at the end of reperfusion. Endothelium-mediated vasodilatation was evaluated using 10 mumol/L 5-hydroxytryptamine before and after ischemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure values were significantly lower in the IP group, by 20% to 40%, during the reperfusion phase at each volume of the balloon compared with the control group. The rate-pressure product was more favorable during reperfusion in the IP than in the control group because of a 15% increased heart rate in the IP group. The release of purine catabolites from the heart during the reperfusion phase was reduced (p < 0.01) in the IP group (0.66 +/- 0.04 mumol) relative to the control group (0.92 +/- 0.06 mumol). No difference in the recovery of systolic function, myocardial adenosine triphosphate concentration, or endothelial function was observed between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under conditions of cardioplegic arrest and hypothermic preservation, IP can offer additional protection for the heart by preventing an increase in diastolic stiffness. However, metabolic improvement or better preservation of the systolic or endothelial function was not observed in this model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, National Heart and Lung Institute, Harefield Hospital, Harefield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ogino
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Smolenski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zych
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Seymour
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Yacoub
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D002306:Cardiac Volume; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000503:physiopathology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D006339:Heart Rate; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D009711:Nucleotides / Q000032:analysis; D011687:Purines / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012701:Serotonin; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists; D013997:Time Factors; D014664:Vasodilation; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D017725:Ventricular Pressure
chemical_list: D009711:Nucleotides; D011687:Purines; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists; D012701:Serotonin; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate