title: Randomized trial of bolus phenylephrine or ephedrine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section.
abstract: Thirty-eight healthy women undergoing elective Caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia at term were allocated randomly to receive boluses of either phenylephrine 100 micrograms or ephedrine 5 mg for maintenance of maternal arterial pressure. The indication for administration of vasopressor was a reduction in systolic pressure to < or = 90% of baseline values. Maternal arterial pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were measured every minute by automated oscillometry. Cardiac output (CO) was measured by cross-sectional and Doppler echocardiography before and after preloading with 1500 ml Ringer lactate solution and then every 2 min after administration of bupivacaine. Umbilical artery pulsatility index (PI) was measured using Doppler before and after spinal anaesthesia. The median (range) number of boluses of phenylephrine and ephedrine was similar; 6 (1-10) vs 4 (1-8) respectively. Maternal systolic BP and CO changes were similar in both groups, but the mean [95% CI] maximum percentage change in maternal HR was larger in the phenylephrine group (-28.5 [-24.2, -32.9]%) than in the ephedrine group (-14.4 [-10.6, -18.2]%). As a consequence atropine was required in 11/19 women in the phenylephrine group compared with 2/19 in the ephedrine group (P < 0.01). Mean umbilical artery pH [95% CI] was higher in the phenylephrine group (7.29 [7.28-7.30]) than in the ephedrine group (7.27 [7.25-7.28]). The results of the present study support the use of phenylephrine for maintenance of maternal arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for elective Caesarean section.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Dryburn Hospital, Durham.
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Robson
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Redfern
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Boys
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal; D002585:Cesarean Section; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007022:Hypotension / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011247:Pregnancy; D014469:Umbilical Arteries; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D010656:Phenylephrine; D004809:Ephedrine