title: Are there gender differences related to stress or pharmacological echocardiography?
abstract: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of adult mortality in the United States. Data collected from the era preceding contemporary revascularization techniques indicated that chest pain syndromes among women carried a more favorable cardiac prognosis than such symptoms in men. More recent information indicates that many women with chest pain do not have CAD and that, among those who do, clinical manifestations first appear an average of 10 years later than in men, at a time when risk factors and comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia are more prevalent. The toll that this disease exacts among women catches up with that among men after women go through menopause, so that coronary heart disease accounts for nearly equal annual mortality rates in the two genders and for more deaths among women than is attributable to all cancers. The initial, widely held impression that chest pain is more benign in women is being replaced by a growing awareness that coronary disease is not. It appears from published experience that any potential bias in the management of women with possible CAD is overcome once the diagnosis is established. It is clear that a reliable method for the evaluation of women with known or suspected CAD is required. Stress electrocardiography, perfusion imaging, and radioventriculography suffer from a number of limitations, particularly in women. This paper discusses the rationale for and performance of stress echocardiography. Although the specific application of this method in females has been the subject of relatively limited clinical investigations, we believe that it holds great promise as the diagnostic test of choice for women.
authors.affiliation: Mid-America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO, USA.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Crouse
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Kramer
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004280:Dobutamine; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D004280:Dobutamine