title: Treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis with intravitreous cidofovir in patients with AIDS. A preliminary report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cytomegalovirus retinitis remains a major cause of illness in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and existing therapies for this condition are relatively ineffective and toxic.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of intravitreous cidofovir injections alone for initial and maintenance therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, nonrandomized, consecutive case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  University ophthalmology referral clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  22 patients with AIDS and cytomegalovirus retinitis. In 15 of 32 affected eyes, intravitreous cidofovir was administered as the initial treatment for cytomegalovirus retinitis (group A); 17 eyes had previously been treated with intravenous therapy (group B).
  
  
  METHODS
  All eyes were intravitreously injected with 20 micrograms of cidofovir at 5- to 6-week intervals. No patient in either group received systemic anticytomegalovirus therapy at any time during the study period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healing of retinitis was defined as resolution of retinal opacification and cessation of border progression. Progression, the primary end point, was defined as 750 microns of border progression or development of a new lesion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean duration of follow-up was 15.3 weeks (range, 5 to 44 weeks). Of the eyes with active retinitis, 100% (95% CI, 87% to 100%) healed in response to the initial injection. In two eyes (6%; CI, 0% to 15%), two episodes of retinitis progression occurred (one in each eye). Both of these eyes were in a patient with clinically resistant retinitis. In 3% of eyes (CI, 0% to 9%), the retina became detached. Mild iritis developed after 14% of the injections that had been preceded by prophylaxis with oral probenecid. Irreversible, visually significant hypotonia developed in one eye.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment and subsequent maintenance of cytomegalovirus retinitis with 20 micrograms of intravitreously injected cidofovir, given at 5- to 6-week intervals, is safe and highly effective.
authors.affiliation: University of California School of Medicine, San Diego, USA.
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Rahhal
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Arevalo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chavez de la Paz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Munguia
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Azen
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Freeman
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000328:Adult; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077404:Cidofovir; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003596:Cytosine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D063065:Organophosphonates; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012173:Retinitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014822:Vitreous Body
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D063065:Organophosphonates; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D003596:Cytosine; D000077404:Cidofovir