title: The impact of laparoscopic cholecystectomy on the management and outcome of biliary tract disease in North Carolina: a statewide, population-based, time-series analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has had a major impact on the treatment of patients with biliary tract disease, but the magnitude and the details of its effects on biliary surgery remain incompletely described. The purpose of this study was to perform a statewide, population-based, time-series analysis of the effects of LC on biliary surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient data were obtained from the statewide hospital discharge database that collects data from all 157 hospitals in the state of North Carolina. All patients with hospital admissions for biliary tract disease from 1988 through 1993 were selected for analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of open cholecystectomy (OC) dropped from 100 percent of all cholecystectomies in 1988 to 32.3 percent in 1993, while LC increased from eight cases in 1988 to over 7,800 per year in 1993. The increase in the rate of LC was not associated with an increase in the overall rate of cholecystectomy. Bile duct (BD) repairs increased from 13 in 1988 to a high of 36 in 1992. There was a strong, statistically significant correlation between the rate of LCs and the rate of BD repairs (R = 0.89, p = 0.0001). Hospital charges and component charges were lower for patients having elective LC compared to those having elective OC (p = 0.001). This remained true after stratification by age and type of gallbladder disease. Hospital stays were shorter for patients having LC than for those having OC (p = 0.001 for all). Surgeons in smaller hospitals were slower at adopting LC. Younger and board certified surgeons adopted LC more rapidly than older and non-board certified surgeons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In North Carolina, LCs progressed from nonexistent to the dominant approach for managing patients with cholelithiasis in a matter of a few years. Associated with this change were shorter hospitalizations and lower charges. Contrary to other published reports, North Carolina did not experience an increase in the overall rate of cholecystectomy with the adoption of LC. There was a highly correlated increase in the rate of bile duct repairs in the first years of the study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599-7210, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rutledge
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Fakhry
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Meyer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002763:Cholecystectomy / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D017722:Hospital Charges / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D017678:Sex Distribution; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors