title: Use of botulinum toxin in stroke patients with severe upper limb spasticity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Spasticity can contribute to poor recovery of upper limb function after stroke. This is a preliminary evaluation of the impact of botulinum toxin treatment on disability caused by upper limb spasticity after stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen patients with severe spasticity and a non-functioning arm were treated with intramuscular botulinum A neurotoxin (median age at treatment 54.5 years; median time between onset of stroke and treatment 1.5 years). Baseline and assessments two weeks after treatment were compared to assess efficacy. The duration of improvement in disability was documented. Outcome measures used were; passive range of movement at the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and fingers; modified Ashworth scale to assess spasticity of biceps and forearm finger flexors; an eight point scale to assess the degree of difficulty experienced by the patient or carer for each functional problem defined before treatment; the presence of upper limb pain. The biceps, forearm finger flexors, and flexor carpiulnaris were treated with intramuscular botulinum toxin. Up to a total dose of 400-1000 mouse units (MU) of Dysport (Speywood) or 100-200 MU of BOTOX (Allergan) was used in each patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Functional problems reported by the patients before treatment were difficulty with cleaning the palm, cutting fingernails, putting the arm through a sleeve, standing and walking balance, putting on gloves, and rolling over in bed. Hand hygiene improved in 14 of 17 patients; difficulty with sleeves improved in four of 16; standing and walking balance improved in one of four; shoulder pain improved in six of nine; wrist pain improved in five of six. Passive range of movement at shoulder, elbow, and wrist improved after treatment. Benefit was noted within two weeks and lasted one to 11 months. No adverse effects occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This preliminary study suggests that intramuscular botulinum toxin is a safe and effective treatment for reducing disability in patients with severe upper limb spasticity.
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University of Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Bhakta
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cozens
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bamford
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Chamberlain
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001132:Arm / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001905:Botulinum Toxins