title: Antipyrine as a probe for human oxidative drug metabolism: identification of the cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyzing 4-hydroxyantipyrine, 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine, and norantipyrine formation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Antipyrine has been widely used as a probe drug for human oxidative drug metabolism. To evaluate the role of antipyrine as a model drug, we have identified the cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in 4-hydroxyantipyrine, 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine, and norantipyrine formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the following methods for this study: (1) determination of enzyme kinetics for antipyrine metabolite formation in human liver microsomes, (2) inhibition studies with antibodies and inhibitors, and (3) formation of metabolites by stable expressed human P450 enzymes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antipyrine biotransformation could be described by Michaelis-Menten kinetics: norantipyrine: maximum rate of metabolite formation (Vmax), 0.91 +/- 0.04 nmol . mg-1 . min-1; Michaelis-Menten constant (Km), 19.0 +/- 0.8 mmol/L; 4-hydroxyantipyrine: Vmax, 1.54 +/- 0.08 nmol . mg-1 . min-1;Km,39.6 +/- 2.5 mmol/L. Antibodies against CYP3A4 inhibited the formation of 4-hydroxyantipyrine by 25% to 65%. LKM-2 antibodies (anti-CYP2C) caused a 75% to 100% inhibition of norantipyrine and a 58% to 80% inhibition of 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine formation. Sulfaphenazole inhibited the formation of 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine and norantipyrine by about 50%. Furafylline and fluvoxamine inhibited norantipyrine, 4-hydroxyantipyrine, and 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine formation by about 30%, 30%, and 50%, respectively. Ketoconazole reduced formation of norantipyrine, 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine, and 4-hydroxyantipyrine by up to 80%. Formation in stable expressed enzymes indicated involvement of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C, and CYP3A4 in metabolite formation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antipyrine metabolites are formed by at least six hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C18, and CYP3A4). 4-Hydroxylation is mainly catalyzed by CYP3A4 and, to a lesser extent, by CYP1A2. The CYP2C subfamily contains the predominant enzymes for norantipyrine formation, and CYP1A2 is also involved. Formation of 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine is mediated by CYP1A2 and CYP2C9. Because several cytochrome P450 enzymes are involved in the formation of each metabolite, antipyrine is not well suited as a probe for distinct human cytochrome P450 enzymes.
authors.affiliation: Fischer-Bosch-Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heidemann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cosme
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eichelbaum
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000983:Antipyrine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001323:Autoantibodies; D001711:Biotransformation; D002384:Catalysis; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000077553:Edaravone; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D001323:Autoantibodies; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; C060729:anti-liver kidney microsome antibody; C007983:4-hydroxyantipyrine; C031820:3-hydroxymethylantipyrine; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D000077553:Edaravone; D000983:Antipyrine