title: Synthesis and characterization of a caged receptor ligand suitable for chemical kinetic investigations of the glycine receptor in the 3-microseconds time domain.
abstract: Here we report the development and characterization of a new photolabile protecting group for the carboxyl group of neurotransmitters, 2-methoxy-5-nitrophenyl. The synthesis and characterization of a photolabile derivative of beta-alanine, caged beta-alanine, are described. beta-Alanine can activate the glycine receptor, a major inhibitory receptor in the mammalian central nervous system; the 2-methoxy-5-nitrophenyl derivative of beta-alanine combined with a laser-pulse photolysis method makes it possible to investigate the chemical kinetic mechanism of the receptor in the 3-microseconds time domain. The derivative is photolyzed by a laser pulse to release free beta-alanine within 3 microseconds and with a product quantum yield of 0.2. In aqueous solution in the dark and at neutral pH, the compound is more stable, by a factor of approximately of 25, than the analogous derivative of glycine [Ramesh, D., Wieboldt, R., Niu, L., Carpenter, B. K., & Hess, G. P. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 11074-11078]. 2-Methoxy-5-nitrophenyl-beta-alanine hydrolyzes in aqueous solution at neutral pH with a t1/2 of approximately 1.5 h. Neither the 2-methoxy-5-nitrophenyl-beta-alanine nor the 2-methoxy-5-nitrophenol photolysis side product activates, inhibits, or potentiates the response of glycine receptors in rat hippocampal neurons to glycine. Photolysis of 2-methoxy-5-nitrophenyl-beta-alanine by irradiation with a 600-ns laser pulse at 333 nm releases beta-alanine, which then activates glycine receptor-channels on neurons equilibrated with the caged compound, as detected by whole-cell current recording. Compared with the analogous derivative of glycine, in terms of quantum yield, photolysis rate, and stability, this new compound is not only a better candidate for use in chemical kinetic investigations of the glycine receptor, but can also be used in determining the location of glycine receptors in neuronal cells.
authors.affiliation: Section of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-2703, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wieboldt
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ramesh
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Hess
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007700:Kinetics; D007834:Lasers; D008024:Ligands; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010782:Photolysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018009:Receptors, Glycine / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015091:beta-Alanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C100370:2-methyl-5-nitrophenyl-beta-alanine; D008024:Ligands; D018009:Receptors, Glycine; D015091:beta-Alanine