title: Intrathecal clonidine and baclofen in the management of spasticity and neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury: a case study.
abstract: Spasticity and pain are common disabling sequelae following spinal cord injury (SCI) and are often difficult to manage. The two problems are also not infrequently related. A variety of pharmacological and other approaches have been described for management of these problems in SCI. This case study reports a 32-year-old woman with an established incomplete C5 tetraplegia (anterior cord syndrome) who developed severe, intractable anal spasm following a hemorrhoidectomy, which persisted despite very good healing. This prevented evacuation of her bowels and resulted in severe rectal pain and episodes of autonomic dysreflexia. Attempts to modify the rate and mode of delivery of intrathecal baclofen through an existing programmable infusion pump failed to reduce anal sphincter spasm or improve symptoms. A right-sided pudendal block with lignocaine provided some relief. Clonidine was added to baclofen in the pump reservoir and both drugs were administered intrathecally in combination. This resulted in an immediate improvement in anal sphincter spasm and pain relief, allowing rapid reestablishment of her normal bowel pattern without need for any supplemental analgesia. It appears that intrathecal clonidine may have an important role in the treatment of spasticity, either as a single or an adjuvant agent, when intrathecal baclofen alone is ineffective or there is increasing tolerance to baclofen. Intrathecal clonidine may also prove useful in the management of intractable neuropathic pain.
authors.affiliation: Spinal Injuries Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Middleton
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Siddall
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Molloy
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Rutkowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001418:Baclofen / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015918:Infusion Pumps, Implantable; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010148:Intractable Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013565:Sympatholytics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; D013565:Sympatholytics; D001418:Baclofen; D003000:Clonidine