title: A decade of gastroschisis in the era of antenatal ultrasound.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gastroschisis is an uncommon condition in which viscera protrude at the base of the umbilical cord. To investigate the possible relationships between antenatal ultrasound findings, patient demographics, smoking, alcohol consumption and this condition, 21 causes are reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records and antenatal ultrasounds of 21 children diagnosed with gastroschisis at the Adelaide Children's Hospital between 1 January 1985 and 31 December 1992 were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antenatal ultrasound was employed in 15 cases, and the diagnosis was accurately made in 13 (86.7%) of these. There were 17 live births, two elective terminations and two pre-term abortions. Seven of the 21 cases had associated anomalies. The anomalies included five atresias, a ventricular septal defect (VSD), and a dislocated gall-bladder. Postoperative complications (which included one death) occurred in seven of the 17 patients. Bowel dilatation or thickening was first detected on five ultrasound examinations performed before 21 weeks' gestation, and four ultrasounds after 21 weeks. The nine cases with bowel changes on ultrasound were associated with a high atresia rate and a longer hospital stay, but not with an increased complication rate. Maternal race, parity, and alcohol consumption were not associated with increased risk of fetal gastroschisis. All mothers were under 27 years of age. There were nine mothers who smoked during pregnancy and a disproportionate number of mothers who lived outside the metropolitan area with gastroschisis-affected offspring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bowel changes seen on antenatal ultrasound increase the chances of intestinal atresia and longer hospitalization. Smoking during pregnancy may be associated with an increased risk of gastroschisis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Nicholls
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Furness
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hayward
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006555:Hernia, Ventral / Q000151:congenital* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007409:Intestinal Atresia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008423:Maternal Age; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013021:South Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data