title: Affective language between depressed mothers and their children: the potential impact of psychotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether depressed mothers who had had psychotherapy were more able to communicate accurately about emotions than depressed mothers who had not had treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three groups of mother-child pairs were studied: mothers without psychiatric diagnosis or treatment (n = 31), depressed mothers without treatment (n = 10), and depressed mothers with psychotherapy (n = 43). Photographs of infants expressing emotions were viewed and discussed by the mother-child pair and were rated independently.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A comparison by analysis of variance and Duncan procedures revealed significant differences between groups in both mothers' and children's accuracy scores. Mothers who had had psychotherapy were more able to interpret emotional expression with accuracy (p < .05), particularly about negative emotions such as anger and sadness (p < .01), than were the mothers of the depressed no treatment group. Depressed mothers without treatment were more inaccurate (for example, sadness interpreted as anger).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychotherapy may contribute to the depressed mother's achievement of accuracy in speaking with her child about emotions. The depressed mother whose depressive illness goes untreated is more inclined to be inaccurate and may pass these inclinations on to her child. The generality of the psychotherapy variable makes these findings preliminary.
authors.affiliation: NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Free
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Alechina
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zahn-Waxler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003142:Communication; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D010552:Personality Assessment; D010553:Personality Development; D011613:Psychotherapy; D014705:Verbal Behavior