title: Treatment of normal individuals with granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor: donor experiences and the effects on peripheral blood CD34+ cell counts and on the collection of peripheral blood stem cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been used in patients to increase the level of circulating hematopoietic progenitors. Although G-CSF has been administered to some healthy individuals, the kinetics of mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs), the optimum dose schedule and the incidence and nature of adverse reactions in normal individuals are not completely defined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Normal individuals (n = 102) who received G-CSF for 5 or 10 days at doses of 2, 5, 7.5, or 10 micrograms per kg per day were studied. The subjects were observed for symptoms and physical changes, and blood samples were obtained for a variety of laboratory tests. After 5 or 10 days of G-CSF treatment, PBSCs were collected by apheresis and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 89 percent of the individuals completed the 5-day treatment protocol and 88 percent completed the 10-day protocol without modification of the dose of G-CSF administered. Ninety percent of donors experienced some side effect of G-CSF. The most frequent effects noted were bone pain (83%), headache (39%), body aches (23%), fatigue (14%), and nausea and/or vomiting (12%). The dose of G-CSF administered directly affected the proportion of people with bone pain (p = 0.025) or body aches (p = 0.045) or who were feeling hot or having night sweats (p = 0.02) or taking analgesics (p = 0.01). With the 5-day dose schedule, several changes in serum chemistries occurred, including increases in alkaline phosphatase (p = 0.001), alanine aminotransferase (p = 0.0013), lactate dehydrogenase (p = 0.0001), and sodium (p = 0.0001). Decreases occurred in glucose (p = 0.045), potassium (p = 0.0004), bilirubin (p = 0.001), and blood urea nitrogen (p = 0.0017). In donors who received G-CSF for 5 days, the absolute neutrophil count was increased after one G-CSF dose, and it reached a maximum on Day 6, as did the number of CD34+ cells (64.6 +/- 55.9 x 10(6) cells/L). In those same donors, the platelet count after apheresis on Day 6 was 32 +/- 13 percent lower than pretreatment values (250 +/- 42 x 10(9) cells/L). In donors receiving G-CSF for 10 days, the neutrophil count reached a maximum on Day 8, but the number of CD34+ cells peaked on Day 6 (58.3 +/- 52.1 x 10(5) cells/L) and then declined. The platelet count decreased from pretreatment values by 28 +/- 12 percent prior to apheresis on Day 11. When individuals were treated for 5 days with G-CSF, the quantity of CD34+ cells collected was directly related to the G-CSF dose. When 5 micrograms per kg per day was given, 2.80 +/- 1.81 x 10(8) cells were collected, compared with collection of 4.67 +/- 3.11 x 10(8) cells when 10 micrograms per kg per day was given (p = 0.04). More important, PBSCs collected after 10 days of G-CSF administration (5 micrograms/kg/day) had significantly fewer CD34+ cells (0.82 +/- 0.37 x 10(8) cells, p = 0.01) than did PBSCs collected after 5 days of G-CSF (5 micrograms/kg/day).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most normal donors receiving G-CSF experience side effects, but these are mild to moderate in degree. Some alterations in blood chemistries occur, but none were clinically serious. Because of the symptoms associated with G-CSF, these individuals must be monitored closely. The treatment of normal donors with G-CSF for more than 5 days significantly decreased the number of circulating CD34+ cells and the quantity collected by apheresis.
authors.affiliation: Blood Bank, University of Minnesota Hospital and Clinic, Minneapolis, USA.
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Stroncek
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Clay
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Petzoldt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jaszcz
authors.forename: F B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Oldham
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McCullough
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018952:Antigens, CD34 / Q000032:analysis; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D002412:Cations / Q000097:blood; D005221:Fatigue / Q000139:chemically induced; D005260:Female; D000069585:Filgrastim; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006261:Headache / Q000139:chemically induced; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006945:Hyperhidrosis / Q000139:chemically induced; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000139:chemically induced; D014019:Tissue Donors
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D018952:Antigens, CD34; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002412:Cations; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D000069585:Filgrastim