title: Evolution of the gonosomal heterochromatin of Microtus agrestis: rapid amplification of a large, multimeric, repeat unit containing a 3.0-kb (GATA)11-positive, middle repetitive element.
abstract: The sex chromosomes of Microtus agrestis are extremely large due to the accumulation of constitutive heterochromatin. We have cloned and characterized a 2,999-bp (GATA)n-positive sequence, following HaeIII digestion, that is confined to the noncentromeric heterochromatin of the X chromosome. The cloned element exhibits an accumulation of certain oligomers, which are scattered throughout its entire length, and several copies of Chi-related sequence motifs, which are thought to be implicated in recombination. The latter might have been responsible for the extensive amplification of homologous genomic elements. The sequence has been amplified to a copy number of 1-2 x 10(4) within the genome of M. agrestis. In contrast to many satellite DNAs, which are thought to be an inevitable constituent of constitutive heterochromatin, the sequence exhibits a tissue-specific methylation pattern and is organized, not as a simple tandem array, but as a component of an extremely large, multimeric, higher-order repeat unit with a length of over 20 kb. This higher-order repeat accounts for at least 15-30% of the gonosomal heterochromatin in M. agrestis. Sequences homologous to pMAHAE2 are abundant in the genomes of all Microtus species. The copy number varies from approximately 100 per diploid genome in M. arvalis, M. oeconomus, and M. cabrerae to approximately 500 per diploid genome in M. guentheri and up to 1-2 x 10(4) in M. agrestis. Our molecular data indicate that the sequences of the pMAHAE2 family probably arose during the evolution of the common ancestor of Microtus and have subsequently been amplified extensively in the X chromosomes of M. agrestis in the phylogenetically very short period of less than 1 million years.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kalscheuer
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nanda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sperling
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Neitzel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003411:Arvicolinae / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002460:Cell Line; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D004247:DNA; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005784:Gene Amplification; D006570:Heterochromatin; D008745:Methylation; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012730:Sex Chromosomes
chemical_list: D006570:Heterochromatin; D004247:DNA