[Public health nurse staffing requirements for health examination of infants and children in municipalities of Japan].
In accordance with the Maternal and Child Health Service Act, public health centers and municipalities offer health education, health counseling, health examinations, and home visits for children and their mothers in their jurisdiction. On the basis of the new Maternal and Child Health Service Act, municipalities will have the responsibility to effectively promote health examination for three-year-old children beginning in 1997. To provide health examinations to infants and children, establishing a health personnel system, especially the public health nurse program, is extremely important. The purpose of this study is to determine fundamental facts concerning health manpower development among public health nurses in the municipalities, by reviewing research on health examinations for both infants and children. To determine personnel staffing requirements necessary for health examinations of infants and children in the municipalities of Japan, pertinent references were systematically reviewed. The main results are as follows; 1) The correlation coefficients between the total working hours of the public health nurse for MCH and the population per area and number of birth per year were significantly positive. 2) Total working hours for health examination of three-year-old children per 100 births per year, by the public health nurse were 143 hours, of which 79% were spent just for performing the examination itself. 3) Due to the lack of health personnel, rural towns and villages with small populations required public health nurses to be assisted by other staff, most often public health nurses from prefectural Health Centers. For example, in those areas with a population of less than 3,000, 43% of the total volume of work performed by public health nurses during the health examinations of three-year-old children required the assistance of prefectural public health nurses. 4) On the other hand, in those areas with populations more than 10,000, 88% of the total volume of work required to be performed by public health nurses during the health examinations for three-year-old children was covered by municipal public health nurses. 5) When the total number of working hours of the public health nurse for Maternal and Child Health was divided into the four parts of planning, implementation, evaluation and training, 86.7% of working hours were spent on implementation itself. 6) In those cities designated by the Government, the health personnel system was sufficient to carry out these health examinations. 7) It was found that in towns and villages with small populations, the health examinations for infants and children can be better carried out in combination with assistance by prefectural public health nurses. 8) The review of the findings suggests that it is important to clarify by further studies not only the relationship between the health manpower system and implementation of the health examination but also the relationship between this system and the effectiveness of the health examination in near future.
Hoshi
T
T
Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan.
Nakahara
T
T
Takabayashi
K
K
Gunji
A
A
D000328:Adult; D002669:Child Welfare; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D010808:Physical Examination; D011637:Public Health Nursing; D014504:Urban Health; D000078329:Workforce