title: Viral, host and environmental risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study in Haimen City, China.
abstract: To identify specific environmental, viral, and genetic risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the interaction of such factors, we are conducting a prospective study in a high-incidence area of China. Questionnaires were completed and biosamples collected by 60,984 men ages 30-64 years, at study entry. Within 2.5 years, 183 deaths from HCC had occurred. Each HCC case was matched with 5 controls and compared for items on the questionnaire. In addition to chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the significant risk factors were: occupation (peasant), corn consumption (in the 1970s), family history of HCC, and history of an episode of acute hepatitis as an adult. HBV, consumption of aflatoxins, a genetic factor, and possibly a second hepatitis virus infection contribute to the risk of HCC.
authors.affiliation: Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: London
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McGlynn
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Buetow
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lustbader
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections