title: The inability of physicians to predict the outcome of in-hospital resuscitation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the accuracy, reliability, and discrimination of physicians' predictions of the outcome of in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), using a large series of detailed clinical vignettes of patients with known outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Faculty and resident physicians at three university-affiliated generalist training programs were given one-page summaries of admission data for patients who later underwent in-hospital CPR. These summaries included all pre-arrest variables known to be related to the outcome of CPR. Physicians were asked to estimate the probability that patients would survive the resuscitation long enough to be stabilized, and the probability of survival to discharge.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient cases were derived from a consecutive series of patients undergoing CPR at two urban teaching hospitals in Detroit, Michigan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Faculty members and residents at a university-based department of internal medicine and two university-based departments of family medicine were surveyed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Accuracy of the physician predictions was assessed by comparing the mean predicted probability of survival with the percentage of patients who actually survived. The reliability of probability estimates of survival was evaluated by assessing the numerical proximity of the estimates to the actual outcome of the resuscitative effort. The ability to discriminate between survivors and nonsurvivors was measured by comparing the mean predicted probability of survival for those patients who survived CPR with that for those who did not, and by stratifying physician predictions and measuring the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS. Physicians (n = 51) made a total of 713 estimates, and showed poor accuracy, reliability, and discrimination in predicting the outcome of in-hospital CPR. The mean predicted probability of survival to discharge did not differ between patients who actually survived to discharge and those who did not (29.5% vs 26.4%, z = 0.35, p = .73). Similarly, the mean predicted probabilities of surviving resuscitation were the same for patients who actually survived long enough to be stabilized and those who did not (37.8% vs 39.9%, z = 0.55, p = .58). Accounting for type of physician and institution by analysis of variance did not change this finding. The area under the ROC curve for the prediction of arrest survival was 0.476, which is not significantly different from 0.5, and is consistent with an ability to discriminate between survivors and nonsurvivors that is no better than random choice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physicians were no better at identifying patients who would survive resuscitation than would be expected by chance alone. Further work is needed to establish which variables are used by physicians in the decision-making process, and to design educational interventions that will make physicians more accurate prognosticators.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Wayne State University, Detrott, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ebell
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Bergus
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Warbasse
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bloomer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000592:standards*; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011336:Probability; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012494:Sampling Studies; D015996:Survival Rate