The effect of early craniocervical decompression on functional outcome in neonates and young infants with myelodysplasia and symptomatic Chiari II malformations: results from a prospective series.
The indications for hindbrain decompression in neonates and young infants with spinal dysraphism who experience brain stem dysfunction in association with Chiari II malformations have remained controversial. This largely reflects the fact that the postoperative outcome in such patients has often been poor, which has supported the belief that much of the brain stem compromise in these patients is congenital and inherently irreversible. However, in a previous retrospective review of our operative results between 1975 and 1989, we noted that a significant component of the brain stem dysfunction in these children was an acquired phenomenon that potentially was reversible with prompt operative intervention. Accordingly, we hypothesized that with early craniocervical decompression, excellent functional outcome could be achieved in a majority of neonates and young infants with symptomatic Chiari II malformations. On the basis of this premise, we prospectively treated all such patients since 1989 with urgent brain stem decompression after other potential causes for brain stem dysfunction, such as progressive hydrocephalus, had been ruled out. All children underwent limited suboccipital craniectomies, cervical laminectomies extending beneath the inferior extent of the cerebellar tissue, and dural decompressions. The outcome in these patients has been favorable in comparison with previous studies. Ten of the 13 children treated according to this protocol recovered normal or nearly normal brain stem function shortly after decompression; 1 child had mild residual unilateral lower cranial nerve paresis. None of these children required a tracheostomy for ventilatory support, and only one required a temporary gastrostomy. The other three children all exhibited bilateral vocal cord paralysis and severe central hypoventilation by the time decompression was performed and failed to have any meaningful recovery of function. We conclude that early recognition of the symptoms of brain stem compromise in neonates and young infants with spinal dysraphism coupled with urgent evaluation and decompression are effective in producing prompt resolution of the brain stem dysfunction in most affected patients. Conversely, the prognosis for recovery is poor in children who exhibit bilateral vocal cord paralysis by the time of decompression.
Pollack
I F
IF
Department of Neurological Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA.
Kinnunen
D
D
Albright
A L
AL
D001139:Arnold-Chiari Malformation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000601:surgery; D003389:Cranial Nerve Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D003399:Craniotomy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007796:Laminectomy; D008297:Male; D008591:Meningomyelocele / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D009408:Nerve Compression Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology