title: A phase II study of interferon-alpha, interleukin-2 and 5-fluorouracil in advanced renal carcinoma: clinical data and laboratory evidence of protease activation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To confirm the activity and evaluate the toxicity of the combination of subcutaneous interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) with intravenous 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in patients with advanced and recurrent renal carcinoma and of performance status 0-2. Additionally, to examine protease, complement and neutrophil activation as potential mediators of IL-2 toxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-five patients were treated in an 8-week cycle with IFN-alpha (6 MU/m2 on day 1 in weeks 1 and 4 and thrice weekly in weeks 2-3, and 9 MU/m2 thrice weekly in weeks 5-8) IL-2 (20 MU/m2 on days 3-5 in weeks 1 and 4 and 5 MU/m2 thrice weekly in weeks 2-3) and 5-FU (750 mg/m2 on day 1 of weeks 5-8). Patients responding to the first cycle were eligible to continue with further cycles. Toxicity and effects on quality of life were assessed using World Health Organization criteria and the Rotterdam Symptom Checklist and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Serum levels of C3a, prekallikrein and elastase-alpha 1 proteinase inhibitor (elastase-alpha 1-antitrypsin) were assayed in a subset of patients before, during and after the administration of high-dose IL-2 in week 1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were partial remissions in nine patients, with responses in 24% (95% CI 10-38%) of evaluable patients and 16% of all patients. Amongst 25 evaluable patients who had undergone nephrectomy, the response rate was 32% (95% CI 14-50%), whereas there was only one response amongst 22 patients who had not undergone nephrectomy. The median survival for patients with stable disease or partial remission exceeded 22 months. Outcome and survival were related to performance status, number of sites of metastases and nephrectomy. This group of patients was of relatively poor performance status and 18 patients (36%) failed to complete one 8-week treatment cycle. Cardiovascular and renal toxicities were less than those seen with intravenous IL-2 schedules but 44% of patients experienced at least one grade III toxicity and only 14% reported less than two grade II toxicities. Plasma levels of elastase-alpha 1 proteinase inhibitor exceeded the normal range in three of seven patients tested before treatment and increased in all seven patients after treatment with IL-2. The same three patients had raised levels of C3a before treatment and in all patients examined, C3a increased after treatment with IL-2. In contrast, plasma prekallikrein concentrations were below normal before treatment and decreased further afterwards.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms the activity of this regimen in patients of good performance status, with limited sites of disease and in those who are fit for nephrectomy, but also showed that treatment was associated with considerable toxicity. The administration of IL-2 is associated with protease activation which may be a suitable target for pharmacological intervention in attempts to ameliorate toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Medicine Research Unit, St James University Hospital, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Joffe
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Banks
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Forbes
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hallam
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Velikova
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crossley
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Whicher
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Selby
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015926:Complement C3a / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010196:Pancreatic Elastase / Q000378:metabolism; D011288:Prekallikrein / Q000378:metabolism; D011788:Quality of Life; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016898:Interferon-alpha; D007376:Interleukin-2; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin; C037741:alpha 1-antitrypsin-leukocyte elastase complex; D015926:Complement C3a; D011288:Prekallikrein; D010196:Pancreatic Elastase; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase; D005472:Fluorouracil