title: Rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in drug-resistant depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lesion and neuroimaging studies suggest that left prefrontal lobe dysfunction is pathophysiologically linked to depression. Rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to prefrontal structures has a lateralised effect on mood in normal volunteers, and several preliminary studies suggest a beneficial effect of rTMS on depression. However, adequately controlled studies have not been conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have studied the effects of focal rTMS on the depressive symptoms in 17 patients with medication-resistant depression of psychotic subtype. The study was designed as a multiple cross-over, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Sham rTMS and stimulation of different cortical areas were used as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex rTMS resulted in a significant decrease in scores on the Hamilton depression rating scale HDRS (from 25.2 to 13.8) and the self-rated Beck questionnaire BQ (from 47.9 to 25.7). 11 of the 17 patients showed pronounced improvement that lasted for about 2 weeks after 5 days of daily rTMS sessions. No patient experienced any significant undesirable side-effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings emphasise the role of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in depression, and suggest that rTMS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex might become a safe, non-convulsive alternative to electroconvulsive treatment in depression.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pascual-Leone
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rubio
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pallardó
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Catalá
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000628:therapy*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation