title: Gabexate mesilate, a synthetic protease inhibitor, attenuates endotoxin-induced pulmonary vascular injury by inhibiting tumor necrosis factor production by monocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In order to determine whether gabexate mesilate, a synthetic protease inhibitor with anticoagulant properties, is useful for the treatment of adult respiratory distress syndrome, we examined its effect on endotoxin-induced pulmonary vascular injury in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Research laboratory at a university medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats (180 to 220 g.)
  
  
  METHODS
  Animals received intravenous infusions of endotoxin (5 mg/kg iv) or saline (control). Pulmonary vascular injury was assessed 6 hrs after administration of endotoxin in terms of the increase in vascular permeability. Rats received gabexate mesilate (10 mg/kg ip), heparin, antithrombin III, an inactive derivative of activated factor X (a selective inhibitor of thrombin generation), or N-[2-[4-(2,2-dimethyl-propionyloxy) phenylsulfonylamino] benzoyl] aminoacetic acid (ONO-5046) (a potent granulocyte elastase inhibitor) 30 mins before endotoxin administration. Leukocytopenia was induced by administration of methotrexate. The effects of the gabexate mesilate on the function of activated neutrophils and the production of tumor necrosis factor -alpha (TNF-alpha) by endotoxin-stimulated monocytes were examined in vitro using neutrophils and monocytes prepared from healthy human volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pulmonary vascular permeability was determined by measuring the vascular leakage of intravenously administered 125I-labeled bovine serum albumin. Intravenous administration of endotoxin significantly increased pulmonary vascular permeability. Gabexate mesilate significantly inhibited pulmonary vascular injury observed 6 hrs after the administration of endotoxin. Pulmonary vascular injury was not attenuated by the administration of heparin, heparin plus antithrombin III, or the inactive derivative of activated factor X, but pulmonary vascular injury was significantly attenuated in animals with methotrexate-induced leukocytopenia and in those animals treated with N-[2-[4-(2,2-dimethyl-propionyloxy) phenylsulfonylamino] benzoyl] aminoacetic acid. Gabexate mesilate in concentrations of 10(-4) to 10(-3) M inhibited the release of granulocyte elastase and leukocyte aggregation stimulated by N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine and the opsonized zymosan-activated production of superoxide radical by neutrophils in vitro. Gabexate mesilate significantly inhibited the endotoxin-induced increase in the serum concentration of TNF-alpha in vivo and, at a concentration of 10(-8) M, the production of TNF-alpha by endotoxin-stimulated monocytes in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that gabexate mesilate attenuated endotoxin-induced pulmonary vascular injury mainly by inhibiting TNF-alpha production by monocytes, which may play a central role in sepsis-related lung injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Kumamoto University Medical School, Honjo, Kumamoto, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okajima
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uchiba
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okabe
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takatsuki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D004926:Escherichia coli; D016670:Gabexate / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008297:Male; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016670:Gabexate