title: Development and role of retinal glia in regeneration of ganglion cells following retinal injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent observations have shown that the glial scar resulting from a surgical lesion of the immature retina differs from elsewhere in the central nervous system, in that it permits the through growth and reconnection of regenerating axons. This study in the opossum examines in detail the development and reaction to injury of retinal glia at different developmental stages, and specifically examines the distribution of the gliosis related inhibitory molecule, chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan (CSPG), making comparisons with a control site of gliosis in the cerebral cortex.
  
  
  METHODS
  A linear slit was cut into the retina or cortex with a fine tungsten probe. After a variable time delay, immunocytochemistry of the resulting gliosis was employed to detect astrocytes with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Müller cells with vimentin, and CSPG with CS-56 antibodies. GFAP was also used at different ages to examine the normal development of astrocytes in the retina of this species.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Astrocytes entered the retina 12 days after birth (P12), closely associated with blood vessels in the nerve fibre layer. In experiments at all ages studied, cellular continuity was re-established across the lesioned retina, which did not result in a significant astrocyte proliferation or CSPG expression. In contrast, cortical injury led to the development of a cystic cavity surrounded by astrocytes and CSPG. Müller cells expressed GFAP but not CSPG in the lesioned retina.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Successful regrowth of ganglion cells through a retinal lesion may be partly the result of the scarcity of astrocytes in the retina, which results in minimal gliosis, or of their apparent inability to express inhibitory molecules.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomy, University of Oxford.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: MacLaren
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000378:metabolism; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates / Q000032:analysis; D017950:Ganglia, Sensory / Q000254:growth & development*; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D005911:Gliosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009893:Opossums; D012167:Retinal Perforations / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D014746:Vimentin / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D014746:Vimentin; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates