title: Integrated cardioplegia allows complex valve repairs in all patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traditionally, most surgeons have taken adversarial positions with respect to whether cardioplegia should be given warm or cold, antegrade or retrograde, continuous or intermittent. Because each method has weaknesses, myocardial protection is compromised when only one method is employed. It is our contention that an "integrated" approach that combines all of the aforementioned principles will improve myocardial protection, allowing the time needed for complex valve repairs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four patients (25 undergoing complex mitral valve repairs and 9 undergoing Ross procedures) have undergone complex valve repair since we began using an integrated cardioplegic strategy that incorporates all of the techniques mentioned above and is based on the following principles: (1) Cardioplegia is infused antegrade and retrograde, warm and cold. (2) Surgical precision is optimized by a dry, bloodless field using cold intermittent arrest to limit ischemia when visualization is needed. (3) Continuous blood cardioplegia is used when visualization is not problematic, thereby avoiding unnecessary ischemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average age was 46 +/- 4 years (range, 9 to 79 years), and 9 patients (26%) were having reoperations. All mitral patients had severe mitral regurgitation, 52% (13/25) had a preoperative ejection fraction less than 0.40, and 40% (10/25) had pulmonary artery pressures greater than 60 mm Hg. In the Ross patients 33% (3/9) had an ejection fraction less than 0.40, including 2 patients who concomitantly underwent complex mitral valve repair. Despite cross-clamp times of 187 +/- 12 minutes (range, 138 to 267 minutes) in the Ross group and 139 +/- 8 minutes (range, 92 to 218 minutes) in the complex mitral valve repair group with a predicted mortality (Parsonnet) of approximately 10%, no patients died, only 5 (15%) required inotropes, none required intraaortic balloon pumping, only 1 (3%) required antiarrhythmics, and the average postoperative hospital stay was 8 days in the mitral repair group and 5 days in the Ross group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We believe an integrated approach incorporating the strategies of warm and cold blood cardioplegia, antegrade and retrograde delivery, and continuous and intermittent infusion affords better myocardial protection, avoids unnecessary ischemia, facilitates technical ease of operation, and results in a more stable postoperative course. Integrating these modalities into a comprehensive strategy (instead of relying on one) maximizes each method's strength while minimizing weaknesses, thereby allowing surgeons to perform complex valve repairs safely in all patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Illinois, Chicago 60612, USA.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Murcia-Evans
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Hartz
mesh_terms: D001022:Aortic Valve Insufficiency / Q000601:surgery; D001769:Blood; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000601:surgery*; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000601:surgery*; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion / Q000379:methods; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions