title: An endogenous protectant effect of cardiac cyclic GMP against reperfusion-induced ventricular fibrillation in the rat heart.
abstract: 1. After a period of myocardial ischaemia, reperfusion of the myocardium can elicit cardiac arrhythmias. Susceptibility to these arrhythmias declines with time, such that a preceding period of more than approximately 40 min ischaemia is associated with few reperfusion-induced arrhythmias. We have tested the hypothesis that this decline in susceptibility occurs, in part, because of protection by endogenous guanosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP). 2. Rat isolated hearts were subjected to 60 min left regional ischaemia followed by reperfusion (n = 10 per group). Methylene blue (20 microM), a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor, raised the incidence of reperfusion-induced ventricular fibrillation (VF) from 10% in control hearts to 80% (P < 0.05). This effect of methylene blue was abolished by co-perfusion with zaprinast (100 microM), a phosphodiesterase inhibitor which, in the rat heart, is cyclic GMP-specific (specific for the type-V phosphodiesterase isozyme). 3. Methylene blue reduced cyclic GMP levels in the ischaemic, non-ischaemic and reperfused myocardium (P < 0.05) to 50 +/- 10, 52 +/- 12 and 70 +/- 7 fmol mg-1 tissue wet weight, respectively from control values of 143 +/- 38, 147 +/- 43 and 156 +/- 15 fmol mg-1. Co-perfusion with zaprinast prevented this effect, and cyclic GMP levels were actually elevated (P < 0.05) to 366 +/- 102, 396 +/- 130 and 293 +/- 22 fmol mg-1 in ischaemic, non-ischaemic and reperfused myocardium, respectively. Zaprinast by itself also elevated cyclic GMP content. Cyclic AMP levels were not affected by zaprinast or methylene blue. 4. In conclusion, when endogenous cardiac cyclic GMP synthesis is reduced, susceptibility to reperfusion-induced VF after sustained ischaemia is substantially increased. The effect is prevented by inhibiting cyclic GMP degradation. Therefore cyclic GMP appears to be an endogenous intracellular cardioprotectant, and its actions may account for the low susceptibility to VF normally encountered in hearts reperfused after sustained ischaemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, King's College, University of London.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pabla
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bland-Ward
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Curtis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000494:pharmacology; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009712:Nucleotides, Cyclic / Q000378:metabolism; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011688:Purinones / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D009712:Nucleotides, Cyclic; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D011688:Purinones; C011145:zaprinast; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D008751:Methylene Blue