title: Bipedal lymphography in the management of carcinoma of the anal canal.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of metastatic pelvic lymph nodes evident on bipedal lymphography in a group of patients under consideration for combined radiation therapy and chemotherapy as definitive treatment for carcinoma of the anal canal. Lymphography was attempted in 32 patients and successful bilateral cannulation and opacification of nodes was achieved in 28 (88%). Seven patients had lymphographic evidence of external iliac node metastases (25%). When patients were categorized according to the extent of clinically evident disease at presentation, 0/15 patients with T1/T2 tumours had positive lymphograms whereas 7/13 patients with T3/T4 tumours and/or positive inguinal or peri-rectal nodes had positive lymphograms (Fisher's exact test p = 0.0015). All patients with a positive lymphogram had undergone CT scanning of the pelvis and in only one patient was external iliac node involvement detected. In none of these patients was visceral or more extensive nodal metastases discovered. Subsequently, the external iliac nodes with radiological evidence of metastases on lymphography were included in the treatment volume taken to radical dosage. The projected cause specific actuarial 5 year survival for this cohort of patients is 86% (median follow-up 4 years). Since the prognosis for patients who relapse in pelvic nodes is poor, bipedal lymphography is advocated as a staging procedure in patients with advanced primary tumours and in all patients with clinically positive inguinal or peri-rectal lymph nodes who are being considered for curative therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, North York, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Davey
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Saibil
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001005:Anus Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008220:Lymphography; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010388:Pelvis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed