title: Moderate hypothermia reduces cardiopulmonary bypass-induced impairment of cerebrovascular responses to platelet products.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether cerebral cortical microvascular responses to platelet-derived vasoactive substances are altered after normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and whether these alterations are modified by moderate hypothermia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pigs were placed on normothermic CPB (37 degrees C) for 2 hours and then perfused off CPB with normothermic blood for either 15 minutes (n = 8) or 60 minutes (n = 6). Another group was placed on moderately hypothermic CPB (25 degrees C) for 2 hours and then perfused off CPB at 37 degrees C for 15 minutes (n = 6). Alphastat pH management was used. In vitro responses of isolated cortical cerebral arterioles (90 to 170 microns internal diameter) to platelet-derived vasoactive substances were examined in a pressurized no-flow state with videomicroscopy. Microvessels from noninstrumented pigs (n = 14) were used as controls for in vitro studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cerebrovascular resistance and internal carotid artery blood flow were similar 15 minutes after CPB in both normothermic and hypothermic groups. However, relaxations of microvessels to adenosine 5' diphosphate or serotonin were reduced in vessels from both groups. One hour of after CPB cerebral perfusion did not change this pattern of altered vascular reactivity. Hypothermia caused a partial but significant reduction in impairment of responses to adenosine 5' diphosphate and serotonin. Microvascular relaxation to the endothelium-independent agent sodium nitroprusside and contraction to a thromboxane A2 analog were similar in all experimental groups, suggesting normal vascular smooth muscle responsiveness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that normothermic extracorporeal circulation reduces endothelium-dependent relaxation responses to products of platelet activation in the cerebral microcirculation. Moderate hypothermia attenuates the CPB-induced impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation, but has no effect on baseline cerebral blood flow after rewarming.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stamler
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Thurer
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Schoen
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Sellke
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003167:Complement Activation; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D015539:Platelet Activation; D012701:Serotonin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013552:Swine; D013928:Thromboxane A2 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D009599:Nitroprusside; D012701:Serotonin; D013928:Thromboxane A2; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate