title: Role of calcium in nitric oxide-mediated injury to rat gastric mucosal cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Perturbations in Ca2+ homeostasis as well as high levels of nitric oxide have been associated with gastric cellular injury. The purpose of this study was to examine whether high levels of endogenous or exogenous NO damage gastric cells by altering intracellular Ca2+.
  
  
  METHODS
  Epithelial cells were isolated from the rat stomach, and cell integrity was estimated by trypan blue exclusion and alamar blue dye absorption. Cytosolic intracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) were determined by indo-1 dye fluorescence. NO synthase activity was assessed radioenzymatically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Induction of Ca2+-independent NO synthase in response to endotoxin challenge resulted in decreased viability and an increase in [Ca2+]i in gastric mucosal cells. These responses were ameliorated by pretreatment with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester or dexamethasone. Treatment of cells with the NO donor S-nitrosoacetyl-penicillamine also decreased cell integrity and increased [Ca2+]i. The actions of S-nitroso-acetyl-penicillamine could be reduced by decreasing intracellular or extracellular Ca2+, by chelating Ca2+ with ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid or 1,2,-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N,N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester, by Ca2+ channel antagonism (nifedipine), or by displacing surface-bound Ca2+ (lanthanum). Furthermore, cell damage was reduced by inhibiting protein kinase C activity with either H-7 or staurosporine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Excessive levels of NO from either endogenous or exogenous sources results in a reduction in gastric cellular viability. This response seems to be related causally to an increase in [Ca2+]i and protein kinase C activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tripp
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Tepperman
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D004533:Egtazic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D007811:Lanthanum / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D010396:Penicillamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D026423:S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine; D019311:Staurosporine
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D002614:Chelating Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C070379:1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D004533:Egtazic Acid; D007811:Lanthanum; D026423:S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine; D003907:Dexamethasone; D001120:Arginine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D010396:Penicillamine; D019311:Staurosporine; D009543:Nifedipine; D002118:Calcium; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester