title: Mad-related genes in the human.
abstract: Resistance to the growth inhibitory effects of TGF-beta is common in human cancers. However, the mechanism(s) by which tumour cells become resistant to TGF-beta are generally unknown. We have identified five novel human genes related to a Drosophila gene called Mad which is thought to transduce signals from TGF-beta family members. One of these genes was found to be somatically mutated in two of eighteen colorectal cancers, and three of the other genes were located at chromosomal positions previously suspected to harbor tumour suppressor genes. These data suggest that this gene family may prove to be important in the suppression of neoplasia, imparting the growth inhibitory effects of TGF-beta-like ligands.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Riggins
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thiagalingam
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rozenblum
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kern
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Willson
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Markowitz
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Kinzler
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vogelstein
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D051778:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002887:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051898:Smad1 Protein; D051899:Smad2 Protein; D051901:Smad4 Protein; D015534:Trans-Activators; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D051778:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C079439:MXD1 protein, human; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C497399:SMAD1 protein, human; C497782:SMAD2 protein, human; C497796:SMAD4 protein, human; D051898:Smad1 Protein; D051899:Smad2 Protein; D051901:Smad4 Protein; D015534:Trans-Activators; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta