title: Endoscopic correction of vesicoureteral reflux secondary to posterior urethral valves.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We review our experience with children with high grade vesicoureteral reflux secondary to posterior urethral valves treated endoscopically with subureteral polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) injection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1985 and 1994, 54 infants and children were diagnosed with posterior urethral valves of whom 38 (70%) had vesicoureteral reflux. In 9 patients reflux resolved after valve ablation. Seven patients underwent nephroureterectomy for nonfunctioning kidneys and in 2 reflux was treated with continuous chemoprophylaxis. The remaining 20 patients underwent an antireflux procedure, including reimplantation of the ureters in 5 and subureteral polytetrafluoroethylene injection in 15. Of the 15 patients who underwent injection 6 had unilateral and 9 had bilateral vesicoureteral reflux. According to the international classification reflux was grade IV in 6 ureters and grade V in 18. Patient age at injection ranged from 8 months to 6 years (mean 2.2 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reflux was eliminated in 17 ureters after a single subureteral polytetrafluoroethylene injection. Five ureters required 2 injections and 2 ureters required 3 to correct reflux. Followup of the 15 patients ranges from 1 to 10 years. Followup voiding cystography in the 15 patients (24 ureters) showed no evidence of recurrence of reflux. No clinically untoward effects were noted in these children from the use of polytetrafluoroethylene as an injectable material.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subureteral polytetrafluoroethylene injection is a simple and effective endoscopic alternative to open surgery for the management of high grade vesicoureteral reflux secondary to posterior urethral valves.
authors.affiliation: Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Puri
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007267:Injections; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018666:Ureteroscopy; D014521:Urethra / Q000002:abnormalities*; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene