title: Comparison of acamprosate and placebo in long-term treatment of alcohol dependence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  About 50% of alcoholic patients relapse within 3 months of treatment. Previous studies have suggested that acamprosate may help to prevent such relapse. The aim of our study was to assess the efficacy and safety of long-term acamprosate treatment in alcohol dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we recruited 455 patients, aged 18-65 years, with chronic or episodic alcohol dependence. Patients were randomly allocated treatment with acamprosate (1998 mg daily for bodyweight > 60 kg; 1332 mg daily for < or = kg) or placebo for 360 days. Patients were assessed on the day treatment started and on days 30, 90, 180, 270, and 360 by interview, self-report, questionnaire, and laboratory screening. Patients were classified as abstinent, relapsing, or non-attending. Time to first treatment failure (relapse or non-attendance) was the primary outcome measure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven patients were excluded from the intention-to-treat analysis because they did not attend on the first treatment day and therefore received no medication. The acamprosate (n = 224) and placebo (n = 224) groups were well matched in terms of baseline demographic and alcohol-related variables. 94 acamprosate-treated and 85 placebo-treated patients completed the treatment phase: of those withdrawn, 104 (52 in each group) relapsed, 69 (33 vs 36, respectively) were lost to follow-up, 63 (31 vs 32) refused to continue treatment, 16 (15 vs 11) had concurrent illness, three (two vs one) died, ten (six vs four) had adverse side-effects, one (acamprosate treated) received the wrong medication, and three (placebo treated) were non-compliant. The proportion without treatment failure was higher in the acamprosate than in the placebo group throughout the treatment period (p < 0.001, Mantel-Cox). At the end of treatment, 41 (18.3%) acamprosate-treated and 16 (7.1%) placebo-treated patients had been continuously abstinent (p = 0.007). Mean cumulative abstinence duration was significantly greater in the acamprosate group than in the placebo group (138.8 [SD 137.5] vs 103.8 [119.0] days; p = 0.012). 148 patients (79 acamprosate, 69 placebo) completed 27 months follow-up: 27 (11.9%) acamprosate-treated and 11 (4.9%) placebo-treated patients remained continuously abstinent, and the mean cumulative abstinence duration was 230.8 days (259.1) and 183.0 days (235.2), respectively. Apart from occasional diarrhoea, there was no difference in side-effects between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acamprosate is an effective and well-tolerated pharmacological adjunct to psychosocial and behavioural treatment programmes for treatment of alcohol-dependent patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Innsbruck University Clinics, Austria.
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Whitworth
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: O M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Lesch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nimmerrichter
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oberbauer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Platz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Potgieter
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Fleischhacker
mesh_terms: D000077443:Acamprosate; D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D000431:Ethanol / Q000506:poisoning; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012008:Recurrence; D013654:Taurine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013695:Temperance; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D013654:Taurine; D000431:Ethanol; D000077443:Acamprosate