title: Learned helplessness, attributional style, and depression in epilepsy. Bozeman Epilepsy Surgery Consortium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We wished to examine the relevance of the theory of learned helplessness in general, and attributional style in particular, to the understanding of depression among patients with epilepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with lateralized temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) (right = 73, left = 70) were administered two self-report depression inventories [Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (CES-D)]. Depression scores were examined in relation to a key component of the revised theory of learned helplessness (attributional style) using the Optimism/Pessimism Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Attributional style was significantly associated with increased self-reported depression and remained significant when the effects of several confounding variables were controlled [age, age at onset, laterality of TLE, sex, and method variance].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that the concept of learned helplessness in general, and attributional style in particular, are related to the genesis of depression in epilepsy. Because they are known to be related to depression in the general population, and because specific techniques for intervention and prevention are available, greater consideration of learned helplessness and attributional style in the genesis of depression in epilepsy may be worthwhile.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53792-5132, USA.
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Hermann
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Trenerry
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Colligan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001290:Attitude; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006380:Helplessness, Learned; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008950:MMPI; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010551:Personality; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011336:Probability