title: Esophageal carcinoma metastatic to the brain: clinical value and cost-effectiveness of routine enhanced head CT before esophagectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the value of screening enhanced head CT before esophagectomy for carcinoma, identify increased risk factor(s) for brain metastases, and determine metastasis incidence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thoracic surgery files of patients undergoing esophagectomies for squamous carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, and undifferentiated carcinomas between January 1984 and March 1993 were reviewed regarding sex, size (length) of neoplasm, and brain metastases. Surgical pathology and tumor registry files also were reviewed. Records of patients with brain metastases were reviewed in detail.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred thirty-four esophagectomies were performed for 230 adenocarcinomas (202 male, 28 female) and 104 squamous carcinomas (61 male, 43 female). In 9 males and 1 female with adenocarcinomas and 1 male and 1 female with squamous carcinomas, brain metastases developed. Surgical pathology files identified 293 additional esophageal carcinomas, including 2 males with adenocarcinomas metastatic to brain. Tumor registry files identified I additional male with brain metastasis from an undifferentiated esophageal neoplasm. No statistically significant preoperative characteristic of esophageal carcinomas with proneness to brain metastases was found, except large size of primary neoplasm. Preoperative screening head CT done on approximately 240 patients who underwent esophagectomies showed no metastases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brain metastases from carcinomas of the esophagus are relatively uncommon (3.6% in the esophagectomy cohort). They tend to occur in patients with large primary neoplasm, probably especially adenocarcinomas involving the esophagogastric junction, and with findings of local invasion and lymph node metastases by CT and/or microscopically. It may be reasonable to obtain head CT as a last preoperative staging procedure in such patients. Routine preoperative head CT for staging is not cost effective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Hospitals, Ann Arbor 48109-0030, USA.
authors.forename: T O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Gabrielsen
authors.forename: O P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Eldevik
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Orringer
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Marshall
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000191:economics / Q000556:secondary*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D016629:Esophagectomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000191:economics