title: The leucine domain of the visna virus Tat protein mediates targeting to an AP-1 site in the viral long terminal repeat.
abstract: The visna virus Tat protein is a strong transcriptional activator and is necessary for efficient viral replication. The Tat protein regulates transcription through an AP-1 site proximal to the TATA box within the viral long terminal repeat (LTR). Previous studies from our laboratory using Tat-Gal4 chimeric proteins showed that Tat has a potent acidic activation domain. Furthermore, a region adjacent to the Tat activation domain contains a highly conserved leucine-rich domain which, in the context of the full-length protein, suppressed the activity of the activation domain. To further elucidate the role of this region, four leucine residues within this region of Tat were mutated. In transient-transfection assays using visna virus LTR-CAT as a reporter construct, the activity of this leucine mutant was dramatically reduced. Additionally, domain-swapping experiments using the N-terminal activation domain of VP16 showed that the leucine-rich domain of Tat confers AP-1 responsiveness to the chimeric VP16-Tat protein. A chimeric VP16-Tat construct containing the leucine mutations showed no increased AP-1 responsiveness in comparison with that of the VP16 activation domain alone. Furthermore, in competition experiments, a Gal4-Tat protein containing only the leucine region of Tat (amino acids 34 to 62) was able to inhibit by competition the activity of full-length Tat. These studies strongly suggest that this leucine-rich domain is responsible for targeting the Tat protein to AP-1 sites in the viral LTR. In addition, examination of the amino acid sequence of this region of Tat revealed a highly helical secondary structure and a pattern of residues similar to that in the leucine zippers in the bZIP family of DNA-binding proteins. This has important implications for the interaction of Tat with cellular proteins, specifically Fos and Jun, that contain bZIP domains.
authors.affiliation: Retrovirus Biology Laboratories, Division of Comparative Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Carruth
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Morse
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Clements
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002460:Cell Line; D017931:DNA Primers; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000378:metabolism*; D015696:Gene Products, tat / Q000378:metabolism*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D017405:Herpes Simplex Virus Protein Vmw65 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007930:Leucine / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017354:Point Mutation; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D012756:Sheep; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D014790:Visna-maedi virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004279:DNA, Viral; D015696:Gene Products, tat; D017405:Herpes Simplex Virus Protein Vmw65; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D007930:Leucine