title: Increase in fasting insulin and glucose over seven years with increasing weight and inactivity of young adults. The CARDIA Study. Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults.
abstract: To characterize 7-year changes in fasting serum insulin and glucose concentrations, the authors analyzed population-based data on 3,095 nondiabetic black and white men and women who were initially aged 18-30 years in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Measurements were made of fasting insulin (by an assay with little cross-reactivity to proinsulin) and fasting glucose on frozen samples from baseline and Year 7 examinations. Over the 7-year period, mean fasting insulin increased 10-25%, mean fasting glucose increased 7-10%, and mean body mass increased 7-12% across the four race-, sex-groups. The strongest predictor of both insulin increase and glucose increase was an increase in body mass over the 7 years. Adjusted for age and examination time period in race-, sex-specific repeated measures analyses, fasting insulin increased longitudinally by approximately 5 microU/mL per 5 kg/m2 increase in body mass index (p < 0.05). Adjusted for age and time period, fasting insulin increased over the 7 years by approximately 2.5 microU/mL per 0.08 unit increase in waist/hip ratio (p < 0.05), although this association was much stronger cross-sectionally. In a similar model, each 100 unit decrease in physical activity longitudinally predicted a 0.1-0.2 microU/mL increase in fasting insulin (p < 0.05 in black men only); this association was stronger and statistically significant in all race-, sex-groups cross-sectionally. Fasting insulin was not associated with energy intake either cross-sectionally or longitudinally, but age- and time-adjusted associations of insulin change with change in several nutrients (e.g., energy from fat) were statistically significant in whites. The authors conclude that marked increased in weight in young adulthood adversely alters glucose and insulin metabolism, and that, if not reversed, this may lead to harmful health consequences in later life.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55454-1015, USA.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Folsom
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Wagenknecht
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Winkhart
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yunis
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hilner
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Savage
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Flack
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D005082:Physical Exertion; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D015430:Weight Gain; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin