title: Rapid improvement of acute pulmonary edema with sublingual captopril.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that sublingual captopril produces a more rapid improvement of acute pulmonary edema (APE) than does placebo, when added to a standard regimen of O2, nitrates, morphine, and furosemide.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in an urban teaching hospital ED. Adults brought to the ED with APE were given captopril or placebo sublingually. Every 5 minutes a clinical APE distress score (APEX) was obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the first 40 minutes of treatment, the mean APEXs were significantly better for the patients given captopril [p < 0.001, F = 14.5, one-way (repeated-measures) analysis of variance (ANOVA)]. At 30 minutes, the patients given captopril had a mean APEX improvement of 43% (i.e., to 57% of initial distress); the group given the current standard regimen plus placebo improved only 25% (i.e., to 75% of initial distress; p = 0.03, multiway ANOVA). In addition, there was less respiratory failure necessitating mechanical ventilation in the captopril patients (9%) vs the placebo patients (20%), which did not achieve significance (p = 0.10, Fisher's exact test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In APE, the addition of sublingual captopril to the standard regimen of O2, nitrates, morphine, and furosemide produces more rapid clinical improvement than does the standard regimen alone.
authors.affiliation: New York University, New York, USA. hamilton@is2.nyu.edu
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Gallagher
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000286:Administration, Sublingual; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002216:Captopril / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D005665:Furosemide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009566:Nitrates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D004232:Diuretics; D009294:Narcotics; D009566:Nitrates; D009020:Morphine; D005665:Furosemide; D002216:Captopril