title: Ketoacids attenuate glucose uptake in human trophoblasts isolated from first-trimester chorionic villi.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that ketoacids (acetoacetic acid and beta-hydroxybutyrate) diminish glucose transport in trophoblasts cultured from first-trimester chorionic villi.
  
  
  METHODS
  First-trimester trophoblasts were obtained by transabdominal chorionic villus sampling for subsequent cytogenetic analysis. The cells were established as a continuous line exhibiting trophoblast characteristics. Trophoblasts were cultured in Ham's F12/Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (1:1) supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum. Experiments were initiated by a 24-hour preincubation in serum-free Ham's F12/Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium followed by incubation with ketoacids (acetoacetic acid and beta-hydroxybutyrate, 0 to 10 mmol/L) in the presence or absence of insulin-like growth factor-I (100 ng/ml). The cells were challenged with 2-deoxy-[1,2-3H]D-glucose (0.1 mmol/L) for 5 minutes and then cell-associated radioactivity was measured. Total ribonucleic acid was extracted from cells incubated with ketoacids in the presence or absence of insulin-like growth factor-I, and Northern blots were probed with a phosphorus 32-labeled complementary deoxyribonucleic acid fragment encoding the rat GLUT 1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ketoacids caused a dose-dependent inhibition of glucose transport. At 5 mmol/L acetoacetic acid there was a > 50% reduction in the rate of glucose transport in both control and insulin-like growth factor-I-treated cells. The diminution in glucose uptake by trophoblasts was not due to cellular toxicity of the ketoacids because there was no significant difference in trypan blue exclusion or lactate dehydrogenase release between control and ketoacid-treated cells. Northern analysis revealed that the steady-state expression of GLUT1 messenger ribonucleic acid was diminished in ketone-treated cells, but this effect was overcome by coincubation of cultures with insulin or insulin-like growth factor-I.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that ketoacids can suppress the uptake of glucose into first-trimester human trophoblasts. Because ketoacidosis in pregnant women with diabetes mellitus is a frequent clinical consequence of poor metabolic control, it is possible that elevated levels of acetoacetic acid and beta-hydroxybutyrate may impair the transport of glucose across the placental trophoblast and into the fetal circulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, USA.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Shubert
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Landon
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Gabbe
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kniss
mesh_terms: D000090:Acetoacetates / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002824:Chorionic Villi; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; D006801:Humans; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000494:pharmacology; D007651:Keto Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000090:Acetoacetates; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates; D007651:Keto Acids; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C495677:SLC2A1 protein, human; C016635:acetoacetic acid; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D005947:Glucose