title: Increased prevalence of alcoholism in relatives of depressed and bipolar children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous publications from the "Nortriptyline in Childhood Depression: Follow-up Study" reported increased prevalence rates of mood disorders and alcoholism in the relatives of prepubertal depressed subjects. This article presents data on the association versus independent transmission of alcohol and mood disorders in the families of these subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The follow-up study included 6- to 12-year-olds with major depressive disorder (MDD) and matched normal controls. After 2 to 5 years of follow-up, bipolarity developed in 31.7% of the MDD subjects. Family history data for the first- and second-degree relatives and first cousins of the 76 nonadopted MDD subjects and the 31 controls were obtained from the subjects' mothers, using the Family History-Research Diagnostic Criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of alcoholism among the relatives of the MDD and bipolar probands was two to three times that reported for control relatives and twice that reported for the relatives of adult MDD and bipolar probands. Mood disorders and maternal alcoholism were independently transmitted while paternal alcoholism increased the risk for mood disorder in offspring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The potential psychosocial and genetic effects of familial alcoholism need to be considered for the clinical management and investigation of childhood-onset mood disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Todd
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Geller
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Neuman
authors.forename: L W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hickok
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010553:Personality Development; D012307:Risk Factors