title: ACE inhibitor co-therapy in patients with heart failure: rationale for the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study (RALES).
abstract: Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor therapy in conjunction with loop diuretics and, possibly, digoxin, is associated with a relatively high incidence of recurrent heart failure and death. Even high doses of ACE inhibitors may not completely suppress the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; aldosterone "escape' may occur through non-angiotensin II dependent mechanisms involving corticotropin, atrial natriuretic peptide, serum potassium, and deficient high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Addition of spironolactone (an aldosterone receptor blocker) to an ACE inhibitor regimen causes marked diuresis and symptomatic improvement. The Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study (RALES) was organized to explore the role of combination therapy with spironolactone in patients with heart failure. Patients with New York Heart Association Functional Class II-IV heart failure and left ventricular ejection fractions < or = 40% who were on regimens comprising an ACE inhibitor, loop diuretic, and, possibly, digoxin were randomized to receive placebo or spironolactone in doses of 12.5, 25, 50, or 75 mg per day. Eve at the lowest dose of spironolactone, a significant decrease in plasma N-terminal pro-atrial natriuretic peptide occurred, with concomitant increase in concentrations of plasma renin and urinary aldosterone. As prophylaxis for heart failure, a daily dose of 25 mg of spironolactone and monitoring of serum potassium concentrations are recommended; symptomatic therapy in refractory or severe heart failure may require doses as high as 100 mg b.i.d. The RALES Mortality Trial will follow up 1400 similar patients for 3 years to determine the effect of the addition of spironolactone on combined mortality and hospitalization for heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109-0366, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pitt
mesh_terms: D000450:Aldosterone / Q000097:blood*; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D013148:Spironolactone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; D013148:Spironolactone; D000450:Aldosterone