Agitation as a possible expression of generalized anxiety disorder in demented elderly patients: toward a treatment approach.
Symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder are commonly observed in elderly persons and especially in those suffering from dementia. In the demented elderly, these symptoms are often defined as agitation. Approximately 60% of demented persons will present with symptoms of agitation at some point during the course of their illness. The presence of agitation has devastating consequences for the patient and the caregiver. This paper reviews some of the existing literature with regard to the etiology and treatment of agitation in the demented elderly. Agitated behaviors are generally divided in three categories (verbal agitation physically nonaggressive agitation, and aggressive agitation). It is suggested that each category may have a different etiology and treatment; verbal agitation is often related to underlying medical conditions, physically nonaggressive behavior responds to behavioral treatment, and aggressive agitation is more likely to respond to a combination of behavioral and pharmacologic treatment.
Mintzer
J E
JE
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA.
Brawman-Mintzer
O
O
D000368:Aged; D000374:Aggression / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D002065:Buspirone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003024:Clozapine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003663:Decision Trees; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D017294:Ondansetron / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D012701:Serotonin / Q000502:physiology; D014196:Trazodone / Q000627:therapeutic use
D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D012701:Serotonin; D002220:Carbamazepine; D017294:Ondansetron; D003024:Clozapine; D002065:Buspirone; D014196:Trazodone