title: Molecular nature of colon tumors in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer, familial polyposis, and sporadic colon cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Microsatellite instability (replication error [RER]) is a characteristic of tumors in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC), but the mechanism of HNPCC carcinogenesis is not yet understood. To clarify the nature of HNPCC tumors, RER and genetic changes were compared between HNPCC and non-HNPCC tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  RER and genetic changes were analyzed in 21 HNPCC, 389 familial adenomatous polyposis, and 206 sporadic tumors using polymerase chain reaction, single-strand conformation polymorphism, sequencing, and Southern hybridization. RESULTS. in HNPCC, 95% tumors at all stages showed RER positivity (altered loci, 4.3 of 5). In familial adenomatous polyposis and sporadic tumors, RER positivity (1.7 of 5) was 3% in adenoma and intramucosal carcinoma, 13%-24% in invasive carcinoma, and 35% in carcinoma metastasized to liver. Fifty percent of RER-positive HNPCC tumors had both germline and somatic mutations of hMSH2 or hMLH1 gene, whereas 6% of RER-positive non-HNPCC had somatic mutation. APC, p53, and K-ras-2 mutations and loss of heterozygosity of tumor-suppressor genes were significantly less frequent (P = 0.03 to 0.0006) but transforming growth factor beta type II receptor mutation was significantly more frequent (P = 0.000001) in HNPCC than in non-HNPCC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RER positivity occurs from an early stage of carcinogenesis in HNPCC but in later stages in non-HNPCC. Most HNPCC tumors may develop through different genetic changes from those in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence, although a certain percentage develops through APC mutation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Konishi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kikuchi-Yanoshita
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muraoka
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Onda
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okumura
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kishi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iwama
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koike
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ushio
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chiba
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nomizu
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Konishi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Utsunomiya
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyaki
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000236:Adenoma / Q000235:genetics; D011125:Adenomatous Polyposis Coli / Q000235:genetics*; D000328:Adult; D001483:Base Sequence; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000235:genetics; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D003123:Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis / Q000235:genetics*; D004261:DNA Replication; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D017491:Genes, APC / Q000235:genetics; D016158:Genes, p53 / Q000235:genetics; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein; D009154:Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005656:Fungal Proteins; C088859:MLH1 protein, S cerevisiae; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein