title: Ten-year experience with the artificial urinary sphincter in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of the artificial urinary sphincter survival and continence were first evaluated 5 years ago. We now evaluated the effects of the artificial urinary sphincter more than a decade after implantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Before 1985 an artificial urinary sphincter was implanted in 22 male and 14 female consecutive patients 4 to 30 years old (median age 12). In addition, between 1985 and 1990, 18 other children underwent artificial urinary sphincter implantation. Results of both series were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 25 sphincters in the original series that were functioning after 5 years 1 was removed and 2 patients were lost to followup, resulting in 22 functioning implants (61% of the patients). Mean survival time of the prostheses was 12.1 years and average followup for functioning sphincters was 13.7 years. There was no statistically significant difference in artificial urinary sphincter survival between the original group at 5 years and the second group treated after 1985. Of the patients in both groups with sphincters in place 32 of 39 (82%) were dry. Augmentation cystoplasty was performed in 9 of 18 patients (50%) in the second series (5 preoperatively and 4 postoperatively) compared to 10 of 36 (28%) in the original series at 5 years (3 preoperatively and 7 postoperatively). Renal failure developed in 6 patients from both series.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The artificial urinary sphincter is a durable long-term solution for children with intractable incontinence. Long-term surveillance of the urinary tract is mandatory because of the potential for renal failure in patients who have bladder hypertonicity after placement of the device.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Levesque
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Atala
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zurakowski
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colodny
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Retik
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000601:surgery; D016741:Urinary Sphincter, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects