title: Evaluation of results with three-point visualization of zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To retrospectively evaluate the results of three-point visualization and liberal rigid fixation for the treatment of unilateral zygomaticomaxillary fractures by assessing the incidence and severity of complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen patients were examined an average of 19 months after 3-point visualization with multiple points of rigid fixation for their unilateral zygomaticomaxillary fractures. Patients were evaluated for asymmetry in globe position, superior tarsal fold size, diplopia, lateral canthus height, and malar projection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The following were found: two patients with significant changes in globe position, none with diplopia in direct gaze, two with diplopia in extreme gazes, two with severe tarsal fold asymmetry, five with mild tarsal fold asymmetry, and two with noticeable malar asymmetry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-point visualization and liberal rigid fixation for zygomaticomaxillary fracture treatment results in a low incidence of complications that are proportional in severity to the trauma sustained.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Makowski
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Van Sickels
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004172:Diplopia / Q000209:etiology; D015841:Enophthalmos / Q000209:etiology; D005094:Exophthalmos / Q000209:etiology; D005141:Eyelid Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008440:Maxillary Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D009916:Orbital Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D009917:Orbital Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D015051:Zygomatic Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*