title: Anti-ischemic intervention as prognosis improvement in patients with coronary artery disease, with special focus on verapamil.
abstract: Angina pectoris is a significant risk predictor in patients with atherosclerotic heart disease. The major complications are myocardial infarction, heart failure, and arrhythmias. Plaque rupture turns stable angina pectoris into acute coronary syndrome by provoking platelet aggregation and thereby thrombus formation. Verapamil significantly inhibits platelet aggregation and thrombus formation, which may be one of several reasons for the protective effect of verapamil on reinfarction in patients recovering from myocardial infarction. Ischemia may lead to left ventricular dilation and diastolic dysfunction, and thereby heart failure. In postinfarction patients intervention with verapamil significantly reduced the use of diuretics compared with placebo, indicating that anti-ischemic intervention may prevent heart failure. Ventricular arrhythmias are significantly associated with arrhythmic as well as non-arrhythmic death. The lack of preferential association of ventricular arrhythmias with arrhythmic death rather than nonarrhythmic death may imply that arrhythmias are provoked by ischemia. Antiarrhythmic intervention in postinfarction patients significantly increases death and arrhythmic events compared with placebo, especially in patients with residual ischemia. This may be due to a significant slowing of conduction during ischemia in patients treated with antiarrhythmic agents. In animal studies anti-ischemic agents prevent or suppress ventricular arrhythmias during ischemia, whereas traditional antiarrhythmic drugs have no effect or even worsen the arrhythmias, especially during episodes with elevated sympathetic activity. Verapamil significantly reduces plasma norepinephrine levels and the norepinephrine release during ischemia, whereby ventricular arrhythmias may be prevented. Also, supraventricular arrhythmias are significantly associated with myocardial ischemia and are prevented by verapamil. In patients with atherosclerotic heart diseases, angina pectoris is a significant risk predictor, but anti-ischemic intervention should be considered even in patients in whom the major problem is heart failure or arrhythmias.
authors.affiliation: University of Copenhagen, Department of Cardiology, Hvidovre Hospital, Denmark.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Jespersen
mesh_terms: D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011379:Prognosis; D014700:Verapamil / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D014700:Verapamil