title: Patient-controlled intranasal analgesia (PCINA) for the management of postoperative pain: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare patient-controlled intranasal analgesia (PCINA) for post-operative pain management with ward-provided pain therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, prospective pilot study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  20 ASA status I and II orthopedic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  On the first postoperative day, 20 patients were randomized to receive either PCINA for 4 hours followed by 5 hours of ward-provided pain therapy (Group 1; n = 10) or ward-provided pain therapy for 5 hours followed by 4 hours of PCINA (Group 2; n = 10). The PCINA device used permits self-administration up to a maximum 0.025 mg dose of fentanyl every 6 minutes. Pain intensity (101-point numerical rating scale) and vital signs, as well as possible side effects, were registered at 30-minute intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within 30 minutes after the start of PCINA, pain intensity had decreased significantly in both groups. At the 60, 150, 210, 240, 270, 390, 420, and 480 minute measuring points, there was a significant intergroup difference in pain intensity, the level being significantly lower in the PCINA period. The handling of the PCINA device presented no problem to any patient. The PCINA fentanyl requirement was 0.415 +/- 0.083 mg (Group 1) and 0.408 +/- 0.06 mg (Group 2), respectively (NS). The ward-provided pain therapy included pethidine, tramadol, metamizole, acetaminophen, codeine, and diclofenac alone or in combination. Patient satisfaction was greater with PCINA than with ward-provided pain therapy (p < 0.0005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PCINA provides an adequate, noninvasive mode of postoperative pain management. The PCINA device is easy to handle and offers new perspectives in the management of postoperative pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Steglitz Medical Center, Free University of Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Striebel
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Olmann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Spies
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brummer
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D005283:Fentanyl