title: Miniature sodium-selective ion-exchange optode with fluorescent pH chromoionophores and tunable dynamic range.
abstract: An extension into the fluorescence mode of ion-exchange optodes is described, allowing miniaturization and its concomitant benefits. A micrometer-size, fluorescent fiber-optic sodium sensor is described, based on a highly sodium-selective, crown ether-capped calix[4]arene ionophore, capable of ratiometric operation. Three sensor configurations are given, employing different lipophilic, fluorescent pH chromoionophores (Nile Blue derivatives), demonstrating the ability to improve the detection limit and tune the dynamic range to the desired region of interest. Two of the sensors are of special interest in that their working ranges lie within those desired for measuring intracellular cytosolic or blood levels of sodium at the respective physiological pH. These optodes have excellent sodium selectivity, with other physiologically relevant cations (e.g., potassium, calcium, and magnesium) being highly discriminated. Three simple mathematical relationships are given for the three experimentally used fluorescent signal mechanisms (intensity, intensity ratios, and inner-filter or energy transfer effects), permitting visualization on a single graph and enabling direct comparison of the different sensors' optical responses on a common platform. Finally, these optodes measure the sample's sodium activity, rather than the concentration, provided that the sample's pH is measured simultaneously by another sensor, such as a glass electrode.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-1055, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shortreed
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kopelman
mesh_terms: D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D005453:Fluorescence; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007476:Ionophores; D055100:Optical Fibers; D012964:Sodium / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D007476:Ionophores; D012964:Sodium