title: Resistance to antidepressant medications and short-term clinical response to ECT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traditionally, it has been widely assumed that the likelihood of response to ECT is independent of the adequacy of previous treatment with antidepressant medications. However, recent research has raised the possibility that medication-resistant patients with depression have a poorer clinical ECT outcome than patients who have not failed previous adequate medication trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medication resistance of 100 patients with primary, unipolar, nonpsychotic major depression was evaluated during the index episode with the Antidepressant Treatment History Form. Patients were recruited and treated with ECT at three sites; standardized ECT and clinical assessment procedures were used. Clinical outcome was assessed immediately and 1 week after completion of the ECT course.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients who previously had failed one or more adequate antidepressant medication trials were less likely to respond to subsequent ECT than patients not known to be medication resistant. This finding held within each study site, whether clinical response was assessed categorically or in terms of the magnitude of symptomatic improvement and after the authors accounted for other potential predictors of clinical outcome. Resistance to heterocyclic antidepressants predicted poorer outcome after ECT, while resistance to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors did not show significant predictive relations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While a substantial percentage of medication-resistant patients respond to ECT, clinical outcome in this group is inferior to that of patients without established medication resistance. The predictive power of medication resistance is generalizable across diverse clinical settings, particularly for heterocyclic antidepressants, which perhaps suggests an overlap in the mechanisms of actions of ECT and this medication class.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prudic
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Haskett
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mulsant
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Pettinati
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Rifas
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Sackeim
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000628:therapy*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors