title: Direct fetal therapy for hydrops secondary to congenital atrioventricular heart block.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The outcome for the fetus with hydrops fetalis secondary to complete congenital heart block is almost uniformly poor. Transplacental fetal therapy with inotropic drugs may be unreliable in the hydropic fetus. We describe our experience of direct fetal therapy with digoxin and furosemide in three cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the first two cases, fetal hydrops secondary to congenital heart block was detected at 33 and 31 weeks. Direct fetal therapy with digoxin and furosemide was given and the mothers received digoxin concurrently. The neonates were born normally at 35 weeks and 33 weeks; one required ventricular pacing, but both are currently alive and well. In the third case, fetal hydrops was detected at 24 weeks, when furosemide was used alone for direct fetal therapy. The mother developed chorioamnionitis at 29 weeks and was delivered by cesarean; the infant died of cardiac failure after 48 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Initial direct fetal therapy with digoxin and furosemide followed by transplacental treatment with digoxin and direct fetal therapy with diuretics might improve the perinatal salvage of hydropic fetuses with congenital heart block. Treatment must be individualized because development of infection and preterm labor might defeat the objective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anandakumar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Biswas
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chia
authors.forename: Y C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ratnam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004077:Digoxin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005665:Furosemide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006327:Heart Block / Q000150:complications / Q000151:congenital* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D015160:Hydrops Fetalis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D004232:Diuretics; D004077:Digoxin; D005665:Furosemide