title: Blood flow in free muscle flaps measured by color Doppler ultrasonography.
abstract: Color Doppler ultrasonography, a noninvasive method for studying changes in blood flow, has been used to monitor 18 patients with free microvascular lower limb muscle flaps. The peak, mean, and minimum velocities, resistance indices, and diameters of the flap pedicle arteries and also of the limb recipient arteries proximal to the microvascular anastomoses were measured at 2 and 6 weeks and 3, 6, and 9 months after surgery. The peak velocities did not significantly differ from each other, but the mean velocity in the flap pedicle arteries was 12.5% higher than that in the recipient arteries throughout the study period. End diastolic velocity in the pedicle was positive (toward the ultrasound probe) at 2 weeks (mean, 2 cm/sec, SD 10), 6 weeks (mean, 5 cm/sec, SD 16), and 3 months (mean, 3 cm/sec, SD 13) after surgery and significantly higher (P < 0.05) than at 6 months (mean, 7 cm/sec, SD 11), when the pattern of blood flow was normal forward/backward flow during systole/diastole. The resistance indices of the pedicle at 2 weeks (Ri = 0.978), 6 weeks (Ri = 0.936), and 3 months (Ri = 1.001) were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than at 6 months (Ri = 1.108), when the pedicle and recipient artery indices were the same. The diameter of the pedicle arteries was 14% smaller than those of the recipient arteries, but did not change during follow-up. This prospective clinical study shows that blood flow in the pedicle of a free microvascular muscle flap is increased until 6 months after surgery, mainly due to the increased minimum velocity of the pedicle in diastole and decreased resistance index. These findings can be attributed to the loss of vessel tone after denervation and are in accordance with earlier studies showing that denervated muscles lose their autoregulation and that blood flow increases, but that these phenomena subside with time. Increased blood flow in free muscle flaps can explain the high success rate of microanastomoses and positive effect on wound healing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Töölö Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Salmi
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Tierala
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Tukiainen
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Asko-Seljavaara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007869:Leg Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D011150:Popliteal Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000502:physiology*; D016909:Tibial Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color