title: Hyperventilation alters colonic motor and sensory function: effects and mechanisms in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND & AIMS. Hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia affects hemodynamic function and enhances colonic motility. The aims of this study were to determine the effects of hypocapnic hyperventilation on colonic motility and sensation in health and to explore the putative neurohumoral mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  In experiment 1, colonic tone, sensation, plasma levels of cortisol, beta-endorphin, selected gut neuropeptides, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and splanchnic blood volume were measured during two sequences of hypocapnic hyperventilation. In experiment 2, colonic tone and sensation were assessed during eucapnic hyperventilation and abdominal compression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypocapnic hyperventilation, but not eucapnic hyperventilation or abdominal compression, significantly increased colonic tone and sensitivity to balloon distention (P = 0.017) without altering humoral mediators or splanchnic blood volume. Plasma norepinephrine level increased (P = 0.017) and splanchnic blood volume decreased (P = 0.028) during 5 minutes after hyperventilation, consistent with homeostatic responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased colonic tone and sensation during hypocapnic hyperventilation are not caused by colonic compression. These effects of hyperventilation are not mediated humorally but may result from direct metabolic effects of hypocapnia on colonic muscle or from changes in central autonomic control of colonic smooth muscle.
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Bharucha
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Camilleri
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Thomforde
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003106:Colon / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D006985:Hyperventilation / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016857:Hypocapnia / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000097:blood; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D012677:Sensation; D013152:Splanchnic Circulation; D001615:beta-Endorphin / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D009479:Neuropeptides; D001615:beta-Endorphin; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine