title: The effects of the menstrual cycle, race, and gender on adrenergic receptors and agonists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine possible effects of race, sex, and the menstrual cycle on adrenergic receptors (beta 2 and alpha 2) and agonists.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-three normotensive black men and women and white men and women were studied twice, approximately 6 weeks apart. Women were studied once during the follicular phase and once during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. beta 2-Adrenergic receptors and adenylate cyclase activity were examined on lymphocytes, and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors were examined on platelets. Norepinephrine and epinephrine were determined in plasma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women showed greater lymphocyte beta 2-receptor sensitivity (isoproterenol-stimulated cyclic adenosine monophosphate; p = 0.009). Women also showed greater postreceptor adenylate cycle activity independent of the beta-receptor (forskolin stimulation; p = 0.006). When these differences were controlled for, the gender-related differences in beta 2-receptor sensitivity were no longer evident. Black women had a reduced beta 2-receptor sensitivity in the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase, whereas white women showed no significant change (p = 0.018). Black subjects had lower lymphocyte beta 2-receptor density (Bmax) values than white subjects (p = 0.047). There were no significant effects on alpha 2-adrenergic receptors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that although there is no generalized effect of the menstrual cycle on adrenergic receptors in white women, such an effect may occur in black women. The findings also suggest that previously reported gender-related differences in beta 2-receptor sensitivity may be due to gender-related differences in postreceptor activity and not the beta 2-receptor per se.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, UCSD Medical Center, University of California 92103-0804, USA.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ziegler
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Nelesen
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Kennedy
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008597:Menstrual Cycle; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2