title: Semiquantitative measurement of cytokine messenger RNA in endomyocardium and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from human heart transplant recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cytokines play a central role in inflammatory responses and in specific immune responses directed toward alloantigens. The pattern and quantity of cytokines produced in graft rejection can yield valuable information regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the antigraft response.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the polymerase chain reaction to semiquantitatively measure changes in the amount of messenger RNA from the interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-2, interleukin-4, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, and the interleukin-2 receptor genes in the peripheral blood and endomyocardium of cardiac allograft recipients during the first 8 weeks after transplantation. A total of 328 samples of resting (n = 251) and stimulated (n = 77, stimulated with phytohemagglutinin and lipopolysaccharide for 18 hours) peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected from 16 patients were measured. To measure intragraft cytokine levels, we analyzed 150 endomyocardial biopsy specimens from 19 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No elevation in expression was seen before injection, but, after the onset of rejection and concomitant with treatment, there was a decrease in detectable mRNA (p < 0.05) for the pro-inflammatory monokines interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in resting peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and a decrease for the T-cell derived cytokines interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 in stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These changes in mRNA expression occurred coincidentally with decreases in the percentage of lymphocytes and monocytes in the peripheral blood after administration of rejection therapy. In endomyocardial biopsy specimens, there were no detectable changes in the quantities of cytokine mRNA specimens for the interferon-gamma, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, interleukin-1ra, and interleukin-1 beta genes before rejection. In general, the levels of these cytokines were near the lower limits of detection by our assay in endomyocardial biopsies, mRNA from the interleukin-2, interleukin-4, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-2R genes were undetectable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that changes in the expression of cytokine mRNA in both peripheral blood mononuclear cells and endomyocardial biopsy specimens as measured by the semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction method used in this study does not effectively predict rejection. The decline in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cytokine mRNA after rejection treatment is likely due to changes in the proportion of lymphocytes and monocytes in the peripheral blood in concert with a steroid-induced downregulation by cytokine gene transcription.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294, USA.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Lagoo
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Naftel
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kirklin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lagoo-Deenadayalan
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Savunen
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: McGiffin
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004699:Endocardium / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics*; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine