Transesophageal cardiac pacing during magnetic resonance imaging: feasibility and safety considerations.
The feasibility and safety of transesophageal cardiac pacing during clinical MRI at 1.5 Tesla is considered. An MRI compatible pace catheter was developed. In vitro testing showed a normal performance of the pulse generator, image artifacts that extended less than 11 mm from the catheter, and a less than 5% increase in noise. Cardiac stimulation induced by MRI was not observed and, theoretically, is not expected. Potentially, tissue around the catheter tip may become heated. This heating (delta tau) was monitored. Eight dogs were exposed to MRI during pacing. For low RF radiation exposure, a time-averaged squared B1 field below 0.08 p tau 2 (SAR < 0.03 W/kg), delta tau was below 1 degree C. For high RF radiation exposure, but at normal RF radiation specific absorption rate (0.4 W/kg) delta tau was 5 degrees C. Thus, transesophageal atrial pacing during MRI at low RF exposure seems to be possible to perform cardiac stress studies or to correct unstable heart rates.
Hofman
M B
MB
Department of Clinical Physics and Engineering, ICaR-VU, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
de Cock
C C
CC
van der Linden
J C
JC
van Rossum
A C
AC
Visser
F C
FC
Sprenger
M
M
Westerhof
N
N
D000818:Animals; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects; D004285:Dogs; D004947:Esophagus / Q000293:injuries; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging