title: Melanin, melanin "ghosts," and melanin composition in Cryptococcus neoformans.
abstract: Melanin synthesis is associated with virulence for the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. Exposure of nonmelanized C. neoformans 4067 cells to 4 M guanidinium isothiocyanate followed by 6 M HCl at 100 degrees C resulted in complete solubilization of cellular structures. However, exposure of melanized C. neoformans 24067 to the same conditions produced a suspension of black particles. Analysis of black particles with transmission and scanning electron microscopy revealed cell "ghosts" with electron-dense walls. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy of suspensions of black particles revealed a signal indicative of a stable free radical population. The magnitude of the ESR signal was increased by illumination, Zn2+ ions, and basic pH. Boiling the black particles produced only a small reduction in the magnitude of the ESR signal. These ESR changes are characteristic of melanin. Exposure of melanized black cells to 0.1 or 0.5% NaOCl bleached the cells white and abolished the ESR signal, consistent with melanin disruption. ESR spectroscopy was used to study the rate of stable free radical formation, taken as an index of melanization, of C. neoformans 24067 cells growing in medium with 1.0 mM L-dopa at 30 and 37 degrees C over the course of 14 days. Melanization was slower at 37 degrees C. but by day 14, cells grown at 30 and 37 degrees C. had comparable levels or melanin. ESR spectroscopy of seven melanized C. neoformans strains revealed that some strains differed by up to eightfold in melanin content. The ESR spectra of C. neoformans 24067 grown in minimal medium containing either 1.0 mM catechol, dopamine, or L-dopa revealed large differences in signal amplitude. The relative melanin contents were 0.05, 0.45, and 1.0 for C. neoformans grown in media with catechol, dopamine. and L-dopa, respectively. Quantitative analysis revealed that melanin comprised 15.4% of the dry mass of the cell after 10 days of growth in medium containing 1.0 mM L-dopa. The results suggest (i) a useful protocol for isolating C. neoformans melanin, (ii) a role for melanin in maintaining cell wall integrity, (iii) disruption of melanin by NaOCl, (iv) strain differences in melanin content after growth in L-dopa, and (v) quantitative and/or qualitative differences in the melanin produced after growth in various substrates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aisen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casadevall
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D002396:Catechols / Q000378:metabolism; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism; D003453:Cryptococcosis / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism; D006146:Guanidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D017879:Isothiocyanates / Q000494:pharmacology; D007980:Levodopa / Q000378:metabolism; D008543:Melanins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013045:Species Specificity; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D002396:Catechols; D005609:Free Radicals; D006146:Guanidines; D017879:Isothiocyanates; D008543:Melanins; C054435:guanidine isothiocyanate; D007980:Levodopa; C034221:catechol; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid; D004298:Dopamine