title: Effect of systemic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist (ketamine) on primary and secondary hyperalgesia in humans.
abstract: Ketamine reduces nociception by binding noncompetitively to the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, activation of which increases spinal hypersensitivity. We studied 19 healthy, unmedicated male volunteers, aged 20-31 yr. Burn injuries were produced on the medial surface of the dominant calf with a 25 x 50 mm rectangular thermode. On 3 separate days, at least 1 week apart, subjects received a bolus of either ketamine 0.15 mg kg-1, ketamine 0.30 mg kg-1 or placebo, delivered by a mechanical infusion pump over 15 min. The bolus was followed by continuous infusion of ketamine 0.15 mg kg-1 h-1, ketamine 0.30 mg kg-1 h-1 or placebo, respectively, for 135 min. Ketamine reduced the magnitude of both primary and secondary hyperalgesia, and also pain evoked by prolonged noxious heat stimulation, in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, ketamine did not alter phasic heat pain perception (perception of transient, painful, thermal stimuli) in undamaged skin. The analgesic effects of ketamine in the burn injury model are in agreement with results from experimental studies, and can be distinguished from those of local anaesthetics and opioids. Side effects caused by continuous infusion of ketamine 0.15 and 0.30 mg kg-1 h-1 were frequent but clinically acceptable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Skejby University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ilkjaer
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brennum
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wernberg
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Dahl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002056:Burns / Q000188:drug therapy; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007649:Ketamine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D007649:Ketamine