title: Cerebral effects of resuscitation with hypertonic saline and a new low-sodium hypertonic fluid in hemorrhagic shock and head injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A 2400-mOsm/L hypertonic solution (isosal) with a lower sodium content, compared with conventional 7.5% hypertonic saline, was formulated using a mixture of sodium chloride, glucose, and mixed amino acids. This solution was developed to minimize hypernatremia during resuscitation. We assessed the effects of isosal on hemodynamics, brain edema, and plasma sodium concentration after head injury associated with hemorrhagic shock. DESIGN. Prospective, randomized laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one adult female Suffolk sheep, weighing 39 to 49 kg.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animals were subjected to a 2-hr period of hemorrhagic shock to a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 40 to 45 mm Hg in the presence of a freeze injury to the cerebral cortex. The hemorrhagic shock/head injury phase was followed by 2 hrs of resuscitation with isosal, a new 2400-mosm/L low-sodium hypertonic fluid, 2400 mosm/L of 7.5% hypertonic saline, or lactated Ringer's solution. Initial resuscitation was with a bolus injection of 8 mL/kg of the study solution; subsequent resuscitation in all three groups was with lactated Ringer's solution as needed to maintain baseline cardiac output.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serial hemodynamics, intracranial pressure, electrolytes, and osmolarity were measured. AT the end of resuscitation, the animals were killed and brain water content (mL H2O/g dry weight) of the injured and uninjured areas was determined. Resuscitation volumes were significantly lower in the isosal (19 +/- 5 mL/kg) and 7.5% hypertonic saline (14 +/- 2 mL/mg) groups compared with the lactated Ringer's solution (35 +/- 5 mL/kg) group. Intracranial pressure after 2 hrs of resuscitation was significantly lower in the isosal (7 +/- 1 mm Hg) and hypertonic saline groups (4 +/- 1 mm Hg). Water content in all areas of the brain was significantly lower in the hypertonic saline group compared with the lactated Ringer's solution group. Brain water content in the isosal group was lower than in the lactated Ringer's solution group only in the cerebellum. Plasma sodium content was lower in the isosal group than in the hypertonic saline group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After combined head injury and shock, isosal and 7.5% hypertonic saline have similar effects on hemodynamics and intracranial pressure. Hypertonic saline induces a greater degree of brain dehydration; isosal resuscitation results in smaller increases in plasma sodium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, USA.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Sheikh
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Wisner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006982:Hypertonic Solutions / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007427:Intracranial Pressure; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011897:Random Allocation; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D000077331:Ringer's Solution; D012756:Sheep; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D012964:Sodium / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D006982:Hypertonic Solutions; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D000077331:Ringer's Solution; D012964:Sodium