title: Comparative SEM and TEM observations of nanoleakage within the hybrid layer.
abstract: Most adhesive interface studies have involved SEM demonstration of the penetration of adhesive resins into demineralized dentin surfaces with subsequent creation of hybrid layers. Nanoleakage is a term that describes the diffusion of small ions or molecules within the hybrid layer in the absence of gap formation. The present microscopic study examined the nanoleakage of the hybrid layer using a silver nitrate staining technique. Adhesive dentin sandwiches, which were immersed in a silver nitrate solution, were prepared for both SEM and TEM examination using both the Clearfil Liner Bond and All-Bond 2 adhesive systems. Both systems demonstrated silver accumulation within the hybrid layers. Clearfil Liner Bond System showed scattered silver particles at the bottom two-thirds of the hybrid layer by both SEM and TEM observation, whereas All-Bond 2 revealed stained fiber-like structures within the full thickness of the hybrid layer. To evaluate the quality of the hybrid layer, the utilization of tracer molecules such as silver nitrate that are detectable by both SEM and TEM is proposed. It is important to determine the location and morphology of these nanometer-sized porosities that may permit the hydrolysis of collagen fibers and degradation of adhesive monomers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshiyama
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ebisu
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Burrow
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takatsu
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ciucchi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Pashley
mesh_terms: D003094:Collagen; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D003763:Dental Leakage / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003804:Dentin / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D003806:Dentin Permeability; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007477:Ions; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D008854:Microscopy, Electron / Q000379:methods; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012835:Silver Nitrate
chemical_list: C074864:All-Bond system; C084544:Clearfil Linerbond System; D003188:Composite Resins; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D007477:Ions; D008689:Methacrylates; D003094:Collagen; D012835:Silver Nitrate