title: [A new two-chamber model for examination and demonstration of transdural fluid leakage after spinal anesthesia].
abstract: Various in vitro models have been introduced for comparative examinations of post-dural-puncture trauma and measurement of liquor leakage through puncture sites. These models allow simulation of subarachnoid, but not of peridural, pressure. A new two-chamber-model realizes the simulation of both subarachnoid and peridural pressure and allows observation of in vitro punctures with video-documentation. Frame grabbing and (computer-aided) image analysis show new aspects of spinal puncture effects. Therefore, post-dural-puncture trauma and retraction can be objectively visualized by this method, which has not previously been demonstrated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-chamber-model consists of two short aluminium cylinders. Native human dura patches (8X8 mm) from fresh cadavers are put (correctly oriented) between two special polyamide seals. Mounted between the upper and lower cylinder, these seals stretch the dura patch, which remains flexible and even in all directions. After filling of the lower (subarachnoid) and upper (peridural) chamber with Ringer lactate solution, positive or negative physiological pressure can be adjusted by way of two (Ringer lactate solution filled) infusion lines in each chamber. Puncturing is performed at an angle of 57 degrees to the dura. The model allows examination with epi-illumination and transmitted (polarized) light. In vitro punctures are observed through an inverted camera lens with an CCD-Hi8 video camera (Canon UC1HI) looking into the peridural chamber and documented by means of an S-VHS video recorder (Panasonic NV-FS200EG). After true-colour frame grabbing by a video digitizer (Fast Screen Machine II), single video frames can be optimized and analysed with a 486-66 MHz computer and conventional software (Corel Draw 3.0, Photostyler 1.1a, DDL Aequitas 1.00b). Punctures demonstrated in this paper have been done under simulation of a transdural gradient of 20 cm water similar to the situation of a recumbent patient (15 cm water in the subarachnoid and -5 cm water in the peridural chamber). The punctures were followed by short-time observation for up to 10 minutes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By making it possible to obtains a picture of the puncture site at 20-ms intervals (because of the PAL norm of 50 half-frames/s), video-documentation has become accepted as superior to conventional photography. When the Ringer lactate solution in the subarachnoid chamber is stained with methylene blue, transdural leakage can easily be observed. The result of this documentation technique demonstrate that not dural puncture can be atraumatic, when a 29-G Quincke needle is used. Calculation on the difference between a digitized video frame before and after the puncture clearly illustrates the dural trauma. Owing to their non-cutting tip, as expected, pencil-point needles leave diffuse changes across the dura patch, whereas a more local trauma was observed after puncturing with cutting-tip needles. The same computer calculation between two video frames allows examination of post-puncture-dural retraction of the puncture site. In this connection, we found that relevant dural retraction is a phenomenon limited to the first minute after puncture. Thin spinal needles with so-called modern tips (e.g. Whitacre, Atraucan) can minimize the post-dural-puncture trauma, whereas thicker, conventional, spinal needles (Quincke) leave considerable dural defects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The two-chamber-model presented allows easy simulation of physiological subarachnoid and peridural pressure. The Ringer lactate solution in the subarachnoid chamber corresponds to the liquor, whereas that in the peridural chamber corresponds to the intercellular (peridural) space. The tension of the dural patch between the polyamide seals is similar to the situation in an anotomical model observed by spinaloscopy (in an earlier study). With the video documentation and computer-aided analysis technique introduced, dural trauma and retraction of the puncture site can be examined and demo
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin, Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Enk
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Enk
mesh_terms: D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000502:physiology*; D004824:Epidural Space / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D011312:Pressure; D013346:Subarachnoid Space / Q000502:physiology
vernacular_title: Ein neues Zwei-Kammer-Modell zur Untersuchung und Demonstration transduraler Liquorverluste nach Spinalanästhesien.