title: The risk of seizure recurrence after a first unprovoked afebrile seizure in childhood: an extended follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the long-term recurrence risks after a first unprovoked seizure in childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective study, 407 children who presented with a first unprovoked seizure were then followed for a mean of 6.3 years from the time of first seizure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred seventy-one children (42%) experienced subsequent seizures. The cumulative risk of seizure recurrence was 29%, 37%, 42%, and 44% at 1, 2, 5, and 8 years, respectively. The median time to recurrence was 5.7 months, with 53% of recurrences occurring within 6 months, 69% within 1 year, and 88% within 2 years. Only 5 recurrences (3%) occurred after 5 years. On multivariable analysis, risk factors for seizure recurrence included a remote symptomatic etiology, an abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG), a seizure occurring while asleep, a history of prior febrile seizures, and Todd's paresis. In cryptogenic cases, the risk factors were an abnormal EEG and an initial seizure during sleep. In remote symptomatic cases, risk factors were a history of prior febrile seizures and age of onset younger than 3 years. Risk factors for late recurrences (after 2 years) were etiology, an abnormal EEG, and prior febrile seizures in the overall group and an abnormal EEG in the cryptogenic group. These are similar to the risk factors for early recurrence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of children with a first unprovoked seizure will not have recurrences. Children with cryptogenic first seizures and a normal EEG whose initial seizure occurs while awake have a particularly favorable prognosis, with a 5-year recurrence risk of only 21%. Late recurrences do occur but are uncommon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10467, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shinnar
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Moshe
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: O'Dell
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alemany
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Newstein
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Goldensohn
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Hauser
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012640:Seizures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012890:Sleep; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors