title: Weight fluctuation, mortality and vascular disease in Pima Indians.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship of weight fluctuation to mortality rates and incidence of vascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of Pima Indians, 572 of whom had non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and 766 without diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals were invited biennially to research examinations. The root mean square error (RMSE) of the linear trend of weight with time for the first four examinations after age 20 years was used as an index of weight fluctuation. Subjects were followed from the fourth examination until death or until 31 December 1991. The mortality rate ratio (MRR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) for those with a high weight fluctuation index relative to those with a lower value were determined. The median duration of follow up was 9.3 (range 0.1-22.6) years.
  
  
  METHODS
  All cause mortality (n = 356); incidence of diabetic retinopathy (n = 145), diabetic nephropathy (n = 132) and electrocardiographic abnormalities (n = 82).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant relationship between weight fluctuation and mortality for diabetic subjects (MRR = 1.0, 95% CI 0.8-1.3, p = 0.91). Nondiabetic subjects with a high weight fluctuation index had a higher mortality rate than those with a lower index (MRR = 1.5, 95% CI 1.0-2.1, p = 0.03); the association was stronger among men than among women. The excess mortality in the high weight fluctuation group was not due to cardiovascular diseases, but to noncardiovascular causes and the risk for alcohol-related death was particularly increased. Weight fluctuation was not associated with the incidence of diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy or electrocardiographic abnormalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high weight fluctuation index was associated with higher mortality rates in nondiabetic, but not in diabetic, Pima Indians. The excess mortality is largely due to noncardiovascular causes of death and may reflect lifestyle factors associated with weight fluctuation, rather than its metabolic effects.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Arthritis Epidemiology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ 85014, USA.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: L T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Jacobsson
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: McCance
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Narayan
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Pettitt
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Knowler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*