title: Heeding the alcoholic beverage warning label during pregnancy: multiparae versus nulliparae.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compared the impact of the Federal Alcoholic Beverage Warning Label on multiparae (women with at least one previous live birth) and nulliparae (women with no previous live births). The label, implemented on November 18, 1989, urges women not to drink during pregnancy because of the risk of birth defects. If multiparae drank during prior pregnancies, delivering apparently normal babies, we hypothesized that the warning might be less salient for them.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 17,456 inner city black gravidas seen between September 1986 and September 1993 at one antenatal clinic. Time series analysis (ARIMA) examined trends in monthly means of antenatal drinking scores (alcohol consumption adjusted for weeks' gestation, age, parity and periconceptional drinking).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For nulliparae (n = 7,349), reported drinking began to show a significant decline in June 1990, 7 months after the implementation of the warning label (t = 2.00, p < .04). In contrast, multiparae (n = 10,107) showed no change in reported drinking (t = 1.23) postlabel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given previous results that multiparae drink more and that heavier drinkers are ignoring the warning label, these data are very distressing and suggests the importance of targeting multiparae for intensive prevention efforts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, Wayne State University, Detriot, Michigan 48202, USA.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hankin
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Firestone
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sloan
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ager
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sokol
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Martier
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D004348:Drug Labeling; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D063647:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008824:Michigan; D010298:Parity; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol