title: A PET study of the neural systems of stuttering.
abstract: The cause of stuttering is unknown. Failure to develop left-hemispheric dominance for speech is a long-standing theory although others implicated the motor system more broadly, often postulating hyperactivity of the right (language nondominant) cerebral hemisphere. As knowledge of motor circuitry has advanced, theories of stuttering have become more anatomically specific, postulating hyperactivity of premotor cortex, either directly or through connectivity with the thalamus and basal ganglia. Alternative theories target the auditory and speech production systems. By contrasting stuttering with fluent speech using positron emission tomography combined with chorus reading to induce fluency, we found support for each of these hypotheses. Stuttering induced widespread overactivations of the motor system in both cerebrum and cerebellum, with right cerebral dominance. Stuttered reading lacked left-lateralized activations of the auditory system, which are thought to support the self-monitoring of speech, and selectively deactivated a frontal-temporal system implicated in speech production. Induced fluency decreased or eliminated the overactivity in most motor areas, and largely reversed the auditory-system underactivations and the deactivation of the speech production system. Thus stuttering is a disorder affecting the multiple neural systems used for speaking.
authors.affiliation: Research Imaging Center and Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 78284, USA.
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ingham
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ingham
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Downs
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jerabek
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Lancaster
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000503:physiopathology; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D011932:Reading; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology; D013342:Stuttering / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed