title: Prednisone improves renal function and proteinuria in human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if prednisone ameliorates the course of human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy (HIV-AN).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty consecutive HIV-infected adults with biopsy-proven HIV-AN (n = 17) or clinical characteristics of HIV-AN (n = 3) with serum creatinine concentrations > 177 mumol/L (2 mg/dL) or proteinuria > 2.0 g/d or both were prospectively evaluated and treated with prednisone at a dose of 60 mg/d for 2 to 11 weeks, followed by a tapering course of prednisone over a 2- to 26-week period. Serum creatinine concentration, 24-hour protein excretion, serum albumin, and steroid-related adverse effects were assessed before and after treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen patients had serum creatinine concentrations > 117 mumol/L (2 mg/dL). Two of them progressed to end stage renal disease (ESRD) in 4 to 5 weeks. In 17 patients serum creatinine levels decreased from 717 +/- 103 mumol/L (8.1 +/- mg/dL) (mean +/- SE) to 262 +/- 31 mumol/L (3.0 +/- 0.4 mg/dL) (P < 0.001). Five patients relapsed after prednisone was discontinued and were retreated. In these 5 the serum creatinine declined from 728 +/- 107 mumol/L (8.2 +/- 1.2 mg/dL) to 344 +/- 47 mumol/L (3.9 +/- 0.5 mg/dL) (P < 0.01) in response to the second course of prednisone. Twelve of 13 tested patients showed a reduction in 24-hour urinary protein excretion with an average decrement from 9.1 +/- 1.8 g/d to 3.2 +/- 0.6 g/d (P < 0.005). Serum albumin increased from 24.4 +/- 3.6 g/L to 29.3 +/- 2.6 g/L (P = NS) in the 11 patients with paired 24-hour urine collections for whom pre- and post-treatment determinations were available. In one non-azotemic patient with nephrotic syndrome, protein excretion declined from 15.2 to 2.2 g/day and the serum albumin increased from 4.0 g/L to 31.0 g/L. The 20 patients have been followed for a median of 44 weeks (range 8 to 107). Eight ultimately required maintenance dialysis. Eleven died from complications of HIV disease 14 to 107 weeks after institution of prednisone; none was receiving prednisone at the time of death. Seven are alive and free from ESRD a median of 25 weeks (range 8 to 81) from the initiation of prednisone therapy. Six patients developed a total of seven serious infections while receiving prednisone, including Mycobacterium avium-complex infection in 2 and CMV retinitis in 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prednisone improves serum creatinine and proteinuria in a substantial proportion of adults with HIV-AN. Corticosteroid-related side effects are not prohibitive. A prospective, randomized controlled trial is required to confirm these preliminary results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Austen
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Emancipator
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Herbener
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gripshover
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mbanefo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Phinney
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Salata
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Weigel
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Kalayjian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012008:Recurrence
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D003404:Creatinine; D011241:Prednisone