title: Influence of patient-related variables on the outcome of carotid endarterectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Variability in outcome after carotid endarterectomy is well recognized. This study examines the importance of patient-related factors in determining outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred and sixty consecutive patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic severe (60% to 99%) internal carotid stenosis performed by one vascular surgeon have been studied prospectively. Patients were followed-up at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months and then yearly. Pre-, intra-, and perioperative details and follow-up information were entered on a database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple logistic regression identified a number of factors significantly associated with death and stroke. A history of crescendo transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) (p = 0.003, p = 0.0002) and being female (p = 0.03, p = 0.0001) were associated with both perioperative death and stroke within 30 days of operation, respectively. Deaths between 1 and 36 months were associated with ischemic heart disease (p = 0.03) and diabetes (p = 0.04), whereas stroke was associated with small internal carotid diameter (p = 0.02). The importance of symptoms at presentation on outcome was further emphasized by life-table analysis. In 98% of patients with amaurosis fugax, only 67% of those with crescendo TIAs were alive at 18 months (p < 0.01). The survival of patients with amaurosis was significantly better than those with TIAs (p < 0.01), transient stroke (p < 0.01), and progressive, stroke (p < 0.05). Similarly, postoperative stroke was significantly more common for patients with crescendo TIAs than those with amaurosis (p < 0.01), established stroke (p < 0.05), and TIA (p < 0.05). Transient stroke was associated with a poor outcome, with only 66% of patients being alive in 36 months and 14% having suffered a stroke (p < 0.05 compared with established stroke).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Presenting symptoms significantly predict outcome after carotid endarterectomy. This should be considered both in patient selection and comparison of patient series.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, London, England.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Golledge
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cuming
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Beattie
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Greenhalgh
mesh_terms: D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000601:surgery; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015993:Life Tables; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome