title: Use of care and subsequent mortality: the importance of gender.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In light of recent discussions on access that have emphasized the need to relate access measures to outcomes, we examined the relationship between three self-reported utilization and access to care measures and the risk of subsequent mortality. DATA SOURCES AND DESIGN: A nationally representative sample from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey that included adults 25-64 years of age without publicly funded health insurance was followed prospectively from initial interview in 1971 through 1975.
  
  
  METHODS
  Complete baseline and follow-up information was obtained on 4,491 persons (90 percent). Baseline access and use was assessed with answers to three questions: having a usual source of care, obtaining a general checkup, and not obtaining needed care (or forgone care). The relationships between the access and use measures and mortality by 1987 in men and women were examined using survival analyses. The analyses adjusted for race, and for baseline age, education, income, residence, insurance status, employment status, the presence of morbidity on examination, self-rated health, smoking status, leisure exercise, alcohol consumption, and obesity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for all other baseline variables, not obtaining a general checkup was associated with higher mortality in women (hazard ratio = 1.64 [95% confidence interval = 1.16, 2.32]), but not in men (hazard ratio = 1.07 [95% confidence interval = 0.80, 1.42]). Reporting a usual source of care and forgone care were not related to subsequent mortality in either women or men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reporting a general checkup is an outcome-related utilization measure in women only. Further development of access and use indicators should address gender differences in health care use.
authors.affiliation: Primary Care Institute, Highland Hospital, Rochester, NY, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Franks
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Clancy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007348:Insurance, Health; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology