Guidelines for the management of essential mixed cryoglobulinemia.
The principal therapeutic procedures and when they are clinically indicated in the management of essential mixed cryoglobulinemia (EMC) have been the subject of much debate. This paper reviews current knowledge and our experience in the treatment of this complex disease. It is generally agreed that patients with purpura, the primary symptom of EMC, should avoid long periods of sitting or standing in the same position. Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs can be used for the management of arthralgias and/ or arthritis. Low dose steroids (0.5-0.3 mg/kg/die) are usually sufficient to control the purpura, arthralgias, arthritis and weakness, while larger doses (0.5-1.5 mg/kg/die) are needed to treat the renal involvement, peripheral neuropathy and serositis. Since the discovery of the association between EMC and viral infections, the appropriateness of cytotoxic drugs has been re-evaluated and they are no longer used. With the low antigen content diet, a regimen designed to restore a saturated mononuclear phagocytic system, good results have been obtained in the treatment of purpura, arthralgias, weakness and peripheral neuropathy. Furthermore, this dietary regimen may play a steroid sparing role. Plasma exchange is widely used in the management of severe renal involvement, hyperviscosity syndrome, sensory motor neuropathy and liver involvement in EMC.
Tavoni
A
A
Clinical Immunology Unit, University of Pisa, Italy.
Mosca
M
M
Ferri
C
C
Moriconi
L
L
La Civita
L
L
Lombardini
F
F
Bombardieri
S
S
D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000941:Antigens / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003449:Cryoglobulinemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010956:Plasmapheresis
D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000941:Antigens; D003603:Cytotoxins; D016898:Interferon-alpha