title: Bladder exstrophy from childhood into adult life.
abstract: Exstrophy of the bladder is rare and the incidence of bladder exstrophy is calculated to be from 1 per 30,000 to 50,000 live births with male to female ratio ranging from 1.5-5 to 1(1-4). It was found that persistence or overgrowth of the cloacal membrane on the lower anterior abdominal area, prevents normal mesenchymal ingrowth. This causes divergence of the lower abdominal muscular structures and forces the genital ridges to fuse caudal to the cloacal membrane. The stage of ingrowth of the urorectal septum at the time of rupture determines whether one will produce an exstrophic urinary tract alone (classic bladder exstrophy or epispadias) or cloacal exstrophy with the hindgut interposed between the hemibladders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Hospital and University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287-2101, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ben-Chaim
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Docimo
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Jeffs
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gearhart
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001746:Bladder Exstrophy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004842:Epispadias / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis