title: Outpatient N-acetylcysteine treatment for acetaminophen poisoning: an ethical dilemma or a new financial mandate?
abstract: The mainstay of treatment for acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity, produced by the accumulation of the toxic metabolite N-acetylbenzoquinoneimine, is an enteral 18-dose course of N-acetylcysteine (NAC). However, absence of characteristic symptomatology is a frequent reason for premature cessation of NAC and early discharge of the toxic acetaminophen poisoned patient. We report a series of confirmed acetaminophen poisonings who were discharged early with NAC and instructions to self-administer. All cases of acute acetaminophen poisoning without concomitant drugs, reported to a certified Regional Poison Information Center for a 3-mo period of time, were reviewed. Inclusion criteria included patients who were discharged with orders to complete the course of NAC outside of a hospital, despite toxic serum acetaminophen concentrations. Data parameters evaluated included age, amount taken, symptoms, laboratory results, treatment, and medical outcome. 131 cases of confirmed toxic acetaminophen poisoning yielded 6 patients who received 4 to 6 doses of NAC during hospitalization, but were discharged to home with the remaining 11-13 doses. Patients' ages ranged from 16-28 y (mean 20.0 y). Serum acetaminophen concentrations measured at 4 h post-ingestion ranged from 171-198 mcg/ml (mean 182 mcg/ml). Follow-up by the certified Regional Poison Information Center at 1-3 w post-discharge determined dosing compliance to be 83%. All 6 patients remained asymptomatic with normal liver function testing. Since health care reform encourages practitioners to reconsider established approaches to the delivery of health care, perhaps home delivery of NAC would not only be clinically preferred to premature cessation of the antidote, but also offer cost savings. Self-administration of NAC in the home setting may be representative of a new era in America's health care delivery system.
authors.affiliation: Pittsburgh Poison Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bricker
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Krenzelok
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000506:poisoning*; D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000506:poisoning*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011039:Poison Control Centers; D011041:Poisoning / Q000188:drug therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012646:Self Administration
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D000082:Acetaminophen; D000111:Acetylcysteine