title: Mechanical modulation of vertebral body growth. Implications for scoliosis progression.
abstract: METHODS
  The authors developed a rat-tail model to investigate the hypothesis that vertebral wedging during growth in progressive spinal deformities results from asymmetric loading in a "vicious cycle."
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To document growth curves with axial compression or distraction applied to tail vertebrae to determine whether compression load slows growth and distraction accelerates it.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Progression of skeletal deformity during growth is believed to be governed by the Hueter-Volkmann law, but there is conflicting evidence to support this idea.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight 6-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of three groups: compression loading, distraction loading, or sham (apparatus applied without loading). Under general anesthesia, two 0.7-mm diameter stainless steel percutaneous pins were used to transfix each of two vertebrae. The pins were glued to 25-mm diameter external ring fixators. Springs (load rate, 35 g/mm) were installed on three stainless steel threaded rods that were passed through holes in each ring and compressed with nuts to apply compression or distraction forces between 25-75% of bodyweight. Vertebral growth rates in microns/day were measured by digitizing the length of the vertebrae images in radiographs taken 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 weeks later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The loaded vertebrae grew at 68% of control rate for compressed vertebrae and at 114% for distracted vertebrae. (Differences statistically significant, P < 0.01 by analysis of variance.) For the compressed vertebrae, the pinned vertebrae, which were loaded at one of their two growth cartilages, grew at a reduced rate (85%), although this effect was not apparent for the distraction animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings confirm that vertebral growth is modulated by loading, according to the Hueter-Volkmann principle. The quantification of this relationship will permit more rational design of conservative treatment of spinal deformity during the adolescent growth spurt.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA.
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Stokes
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Spence
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Aronsson
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kilmer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016268:Internal Fixators; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013623:Tail / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology