title: Immunopathogenesis of fish allergy: identification of fish-allergic adults by skin test and radioallergosorbent test.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As the consumption of fish increases in the United States, the importance of allergic reactions to fish has become clear. Since most previous studies on fish allergy have focused on children reacting mainly to codfish, there is a need to investigate allergic reactions to other fish in adults.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify fish-allergic adults, and to assess cross-reactivity among different species of fish by RAST inhibition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-nine individuals who reported fish allergy were selected for study; 32 (82%) were atopic as defined by two or more positive skin tests to common inhalant allergens and a history of allergic reactions and 33 (85%) experienced allergic symptoms within 30 minutes after ingesting fish. The most frequently reported symptoms were hives (69%), itching (69%), and wheezing/chest tightness (54%). Study subjects were skin tested with fish extracts and their sera assayed for IgE antibodies to different fish species.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-six (92%) of the subjects tested had a positive skin test to at least one of 17 fish extracts tested; 9/35 (26%) reacted to all 17 extracts. Of the atopic (two or more positive skin tests to common inhalant allergens plus a personal and/or family history of allergy) and nonatopic fish-tolerant controls, 20/26 (77%) reacted by skin test to one or more fish extracts tested; the most prevalent positive reaction was to anchovy (73%). A significant correlation (P < .01) was observed between skin test reactivity of fish-allergic subjects to most fish extracts and fish RAST reactions. Radioallergosorbent inhibition testing demonstrated significant cross-reactivity among pollack, salmon, trout, and tuna; and between mackerel and anchovy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that fish-allergic subjects may be clinically sensitive to more than one species of fish. Skin test reactivity to fish by itself is not an adequate criterion for the confirmation of clinically relevant fish allergy; consequently, fish-allergic subjects with positive skin tests to several fish species should exercise caution when eating fish until tolerance can be demonstrated by double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge, at the patient's earliest convenience.
authors.affiliation: Inselspital Hopital de L'ile, Universität von Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Helbling
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: McCants
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Musmand
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Lehrer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D003429:Cross Reactions; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes / Q000276:immunology*; D005512:Food Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011852:Radioallergosorbent Test; D012758:Shellfish / Q000009:adverse effects; D012882:Skin Tests
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens