title: The effects of pentoxifylline on circulating adhesion molecules in critically ill patients with acute renal failure treated by continuous veno-venous hemofiltration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Circulating adhesion molecules appear to be excellent markers of endothelial activation in critically ill patients. Pentoxifylline (PTX) may limit sequelae of inflammation and subsequent endothelial activation by various mechanisms. The influence of PTX on the plasma levels of soluble adhesion molecules in critically ill patients undergoing continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) was studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, blinded study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical investigation in the surgical intensive care unit of a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen consecutive patients suffering from acute renal failure (ARF) with postoperative complications who received continuous pentoxifylline (CVVH-PTX) i.v. were compared with 14 patients with ARF who did not receive PTX (CVVH control group).
  
  
  METHODS
  Pump-driven CVVH was carried out with a blood flow ranging from 120 to 150 ml/min. All patients received fentanyl and midazolam continuously and were on mechanical ventilation. PTX (300 mg) was given as a loading dose, followed by continuous infusion of 1.2 mg/kg per h for the next 5 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From arterial blood samples, plasma levels of soluble adhesion molecules (endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecules [sELAM-1], and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 [sICAM-1], vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 [sVCAM-1], and P-selectin granule membrane protein [sGMP-140] were measured using enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assays (ELISA). Measurements were carried out before the start of CVVH to establish baseline values and continued during the next 5 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven of the CVVH-PTX patients and 8 of the CVVH control patients survived during the investigation period. In the CVVH-PTX patients 2.4 +/- 0.3 g/day of PTX was given. At baseline, plasma levels of sELAM-1, sICAM-1, and sVCAM-1 were markedly higher than normal in both groups. In the CVVH control patients, all measured soluble adhesion molecules increased further during the study period (sELAM-1 from 90 +/- 22 to 134 +/- 30 ng/ml; sICAM-1 from 958 +/- 173 to 1460 +/- 209 ng/ml; sVCAM-1 from 1100 +/- 188 to 1804 ng/ml; sGM-140 from 499 +/- 102 to 688 +/- 121 ng/ml) (p < 0.05), whereas in the PTX-treated CVVH patients, plasma levels of all soluble adhesion molecules remained almost unchanged. The PaO2/FIO2 increased in the PTX-treated patients (from 209 +/- 67 to 282 +/- 58 mmHg) and remained almost unchanged in the CVVH control patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Leukocyte/endothelial interactions play an important role in the inflammatory process. Circulating adhesion molecules may serve as markers of the extent of inflammation. Continuous i.v. administration of PTX was successful in blunting the increase of soluble adhesion molecules in critically ill patients undergoing CVVH. Whether these effects result from improved circulation at the microcirculatory level or from (direct or indirect) beneficial effects on endothelial cells warrants further controlled studies.
authors.affiliation: Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boldt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heesen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hempelmann
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects*; D004729:Endothelium, Lymphatic / Q000166:cytology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D009504:Neutrophils; D010431:Pentoxifylline / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D010431:Pentoxifylline