title: Evidence for a relation between inspired gas mixture and the left ventricular contrast achieved with Albunex in a canine model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In a previous experiment, a marked reduction in the right- and left-sided contrast effect of Albunex was noted in an intubated animal spontaneously breathing isoflurane in 100% oxygen. The theory suggests that the time course of echogenicity of microbubbles in liquid is dependent on the pressure and the gradients of dissolved gases. The present set of experiments tested whether the loss of contrast occurs at commonly used therapeutic concentrations of inspired oxygen.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This research tested the hypothesis that the left ventricular (LV) contrast effect achieved with intravenous injection of the ultrasound contrast agent Albunex is related to the inspired oxygen content.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intubated dogs were maintained in a spontaneously respiring anesthetic state on isoflurane and mixtures of oxygen (12-50%) in nitrogen. FIO2 was held steady for 15 min prior to injection of 0.08 ml/kg of Albunex. The contrast effects were recorded from a transthoracic short-axis view. Left and right ventricular brightness curves were generated from digitized sequences of end-diastolic frames. The minimum and maximum brightness and area under the time-brightness curves were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The LV maximum brightness and area under the curve showed significant negative correlations (p = < 0.004) with the FIO2, while the minimum brightness showed a significant positive correlation (p = < 0.002). No significant correlations were found for the right ventricular brightness parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings show an important relationship between the FIO2 and loss of the contrast effect of Albunex. This loss occurs at oxygen concentrations in the therapeutic range, but could be overcome by increasing the dose of Albunex. The mechanism is likely related to an outward nitrogen gradient causing a loss of echogenicity. The clinical implication is that patients on supplemental oxygen may require higher doses of Albunex to achieve optimal opacification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0277, USA.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Geiser
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Buss
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Wible
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003720:Densitometry; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; C060687:Albunex; D003287:Contrast Media