title: Infection and cross-protection studies of winter dysentery and calf diarrhea bovine coronavirus strains in colostrum-deprived and gnotobiotic calves.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate in vitro antigenic relations, in vivo cross-protection, and isotype antibody responses to a winter dysentery (WD) and calf diarrhea strain of bovine coronavirus (BCV). DESIGN AND ANIMALS: Gnotobiotic and colostrum-deprived calves were inoculated oronasally with a WD (DBA) or a calf diarrhea (DB2) BCV, and were challenge exposed with the heterologous BCV.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nasal swab and feces specimens and blood samples were collected. Fecal and nasal specimens were assayed for BCV shedding by antigen-capture ELISA or immune electron microscopy. Bovine coronavirus antigens were detected in nasal epithelial cells by immunofluorescence. Antibody titers to BCV in serum were assayed by virus neutralization (VN), and BCV antibody isotype titers in feces and sera were quantitated by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All calves developed diarrhea and shed BCV nasally and in feces, then recovered and were protected from BCV-associated diarrhea after challenge exposure with the heterologous BCV. After challenge exposure with either strain, fecal shedding of DBA was detected in 1 of 4 calves and nasal shedding of DB2 was detected in 2 of 4 calves. Immunoglobulin M was the principal coproantibody to BCV early, followed predominantly by IgA. Immunoglobulin G1 coproantibody titers to BCV were low, but increased after challenge exposure. Immunoglobulin G1 antibodies were predominant in serum. After challenge exposure, all serum antibody isotype titers increased except IgG2. The VN antibody responses paralleled serum IgG1 antibody responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immunoglobulin A coproantibodies at challenge exposure were associated with protection against diarrhea. Nasal shedding of BCV after challenge exposure confirmed field data documenting reinfection of the respiratory tract of cattle, suggesting that, in closed herds, respiratory tract infections constitute a source of BCV transmission to cows (WD) or young calves.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Wooster 44691, USA.
authors.forename: Z R
authors.initials: ZR
authors.lastname: El-Kanawati
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsunemitsu
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Saif
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D000917:Antibody Formation; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases; D003126:Colostrum; D017934:Coronavirus / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018352:Coronavirus Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary*; D004403:Dysentery / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D005856:Germ-Free Life; D006386:Hemagglutination Tests; D007132:Immunoglobulin Isotypes / Q000097:blood; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000821:virology; D009500:Neutralization Tests
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007132:Immunoglobulin Isotypes