Bicycle accidents and drivers' visual search at left and right turns.
The accident data base of the City of Helsinki shows that when drivers cross a cycle path as they enter a non-signalized intersection, the clearly dominant type of car-cycle crashes is that in which a cyclist comes from the right and the driver is turning right, in marked contrast to the cases with drivers turning left (Pasanen 1992; City of Helsinki, Traffic Planning Department, Report L4). This study first tested an explanation that drivers turning right simply focus their attention on the cars coming from the left-those coming from the right posing no threat to them-and fail to see the cyclist from the right early enough. Drivers' scanning behavior was studied at two T-intersections. Two well-hidden video cameras were used, one to measure the head movements of the approaching drivers and the other one to measure speed and distance from the cycle crossroad. The results supported the hypothesis: the drivers turning right scanned the right leg of the T-intersection less frequently and later than those turning left. Thus, it appears that drivers develop a visual scanning strategy which concentrates on detection of more frequent and major dangers but ignores and may even mask visual information on less frequent dangers. The second part of the study evaluated different countermeasures, including speed humps, in terms of drivers' visual search behavior. The results suggested that speed-reducing countermeasures changed drivers' visual search patterns in favor of the cyclists coming from the right, presumably at least in part due to the fact that drivers were simply provided with more time to focus on each direction.
Summala
H
H
Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
Pasanen
E
E
Räsänen
M
M
Sievänen
J
J
D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D001288:Attention; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D001642:Bicycling / Q000293:injuries*; D005133:Eye Movements; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009949:Orientation; D010470:Perceptual Masking; D011930:Reaction Time; D012307:Risk Factors; D014796:Visual Perception