title: The location of the vertebral artery foramen and its relation to posterior lateral mass screw fixation.
abstract: METHODS
  This study evaluated the anatomic relationship between the vertebral artery foramen and the posterior midpoint of the cervical lateral mass using cervical spine specimens.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine quantitatively the location of the vertebral artery foramens from C3 to C6 and their relationship to the posterior midpoints of the lateral masses.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Anatomic studies of the cervical nerve root and facet relative to lateral mass screw placement have been addressed. It is necessary to know the correct location of the vertebral artery foramen during lateral mass screw placement to minimize the risk of injury to the vertebral artery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-three cervical spines from C3 to C6 were directly evaluated for this study. Anatomic evaluation included the dimension of the vertebral artery foramen and its projection on the posterior aspect of the lateral mass. The vertical distance from the posterior midpoint of the lateral mass to the posterior border of the vertebral artery foramen, and the angle between the parasagittal plane and the line connecting the posterior midpoint of the lateral mass with the lateral limit of the vertebral artery foramen, were also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The vertical distances from the posterior midpoint of the lateral mass to the vertebral artery foramens at C3-C6 averaged from 9.3 to 12.2 mm for male and female specimens. The average angles medial to the sagittal plane, between the parasagittal plane and the line connecting the posterior midpoint of the lateral mass with the lateral limit of the vertebral artery foramen, from C3 to C5, were found to range from 6.0 degrees to 6.3 degrees for male specimens and from 5.3 degrees to 5.5 degrees for female specimens. At C6, the average angles lateral to the sagittal plane, between the parasagittal plane and the line connecting the posterior midpoint of the lateral mass with the lateral limit of the vertebral artery foramen, were 6.4 degrees for male specimens and 5.4 degrees for female specimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study indicated that there is no risk of damaging the vertebral artery if a screw is directed perpendicular to the posterior aspect of the lateral mass at C3-C5 and 10 degrees lateral to the sagittal plane at C6 starting at the midpoint of the lateral mass.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, USA.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Ebraheim
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Yeasting
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001863:Bone Screws; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008488:Medical Illustration; D008875:Middle Aged; D009333:Neck; D013131:Spine / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000601:surgery; D014711:Vertebral Artery / Q000033:anatomy & histology*