title: Albuminuria and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure in normoalbuminuric and microalbuminuric NIDDM patients. A longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the long-term relationships between 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (AMBP), urinary albumin excretion (UAE) rate, and metabolic control in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients with normo- and microalbuminuria.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective study of 23 NIDDM patients (11 with normoalbuminuria and 12 with microalbuminuria) receiving standard clinical care, including antihypertensive treatment, attending the outpatient clinic and 8 healthy control subjects. Twenty-four-hour AMBP and UAE were measured synchronously in addition to fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, and serum creatinine at baseline and after 4.6 (4.2-5.1) years [mean (range)].
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline systolic, but not diastolic, 24-h AMBP was significantly higher in diabetic patients compared with control subjects (146/80 [16/11] vs. 133/78 [9/9] mmHg, P < 0.05), but was similar in normoalbuminuric (143/81 [11/11] mmHg) and microalbuminuric (148/80 [20/10] mmHg) patients during strict blood pressure control. The annual increase in 24-h AMBP was equivalent in diabetic patients (0.6/-0.2 [2.6/1.5] mmHg/year) and control subjects (0.7/0.2 [1.2/1.4] mmHg/year, NS) and not significantly different from zero. Overall UAE did not change in control subjects (5.6 [1.6] vs. 4.4 [1.9]) (geometric mean [antilog SD]) or in the normoalbuminuric (8.7 [1.7] vs. 11.3 [3.0] micrograms/min) and microalbuminuric (35.7 [2.1] vs. 34.5 [3.2] micrograms/min) patients. In diabetic patients, the annual change in UAE correlated significantly with the annual change in the systolic (r = 0.61, P < 0.002) and diastolic (r = 0.54, P < 0.008) 24-h AMBP. In microalbuminuric patients, only the annual increase in systolic 24-h AMBP correlated significantly with the annual change in UAE (r = 0.71, P = 0.010), whereas in the normoalbuminuric patients, only the annual increase in diastolic 24-h AMBP and the annual change in UAE were significantly correlated (r = 0.66, P = 0.026). In a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, the annual progression in albuminuria in NIDDM patients was significantly determined by increases in systolic (parameter estimate 0.018, SE 0.006, P < 0.008) as well as in diastolic 24-h AMBP (parameter estimate 0.026, SE 0.011, P < 0.033).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In an outpatient clinical setting, 24-h AMBP is similar in NIDDM patients with normo- and microalbuminuria. Alterations in both 24-h AMBP and UAE are on average moderate and equivalent compared with those in healthy control subjects. Although the average change in albuminuria is small, a progression in albuminuria relates to increments in both systolic and diastolic 24-h AMBP.
authors.affiliation: Medical Department M, Aarhus Kommunehospital, Denmark.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Poulsen
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Mogensen
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000652:urine; D003971:Diastole; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013599:Systole; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D002784:Cholesterol; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D014280:Triglycerides