title: Effect of concentration problems on the malleability of children's aggressive and shy behaviors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous research has demonstrated the central role of early childhood concentration problems in the development of aggression and other maladaptive behaviors. The present study investigated the moderating effect of concentration problems on the impact of a classroom-based preventive intervention directed at aggressive and shy behaviors in an epidemiologically defined sample of 1,084 urban first-grade children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Concentration problems, aggressive behavior, and shy behavior were assessed by a structured teacher interview (the Teacher Observation of Classroom Adaptation-Revised) in the fall and spring of first grade.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with high ratings on concentration problems in the fall had higher levels of teacher-rated aggressive and shy behavior in the spring than did children without such problems. The intervention reduced aggressive and shy behavior in children regardless of fall concentration level. Boys, but not girls, in the intervention condition with high concentration problems had higher levels of spring aggression than those without such problems, but they also showed the greatest reductions in aggressive behavior from fall to spring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that aggressive behavior is malleable in children with concentration problems, provide further evidence on the etiological significance of concentration problems for the development of maladaptive behavior, and highlight the importance of directly targeting concentration problems to maximize preventive intervention impact.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Hygiene, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Rebok
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Krener
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kellam
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression; D001288:Attention; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D012621:Seasons; D012737:Sex Factors; D012792:Shyness