title: Physical abuse, smoking, and substance use during pregnancy: prevalence, interrelationships, and effects on birth weight.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish the singular and combined occurrence of physical abuse, smoking, and substance use (i.e., alcohol and illicit drugs) during pregnancy and its effect on birth weight.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urban public prenatal clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  414 African American, 412 Hispanic, and 377 white pregnant women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Occurrence of physical abuse was 16%; smoking, 29.5%; and alcohol/illicit drug use, 11.9%. Significant relationships existed between physical abuse and smoking for African American and white women. For African American women, 33.7% of women who were not abused smoked, versus 49.5% of women who were abused (chi 2 = 8.21; df = 1; p < 0.005). Alcohol/illicit drug use was 20.8% for nonabused women compared with 42.1% for abused women (chi 2 = 18.18; df = 1; p < 0.001). For white women, 46.6% of women who were not abused smoked, versus 59.6% of those who were abused (chi 2 = 5.22; df = 1; p < 0.005). As a triad, physical abuse, smoking, and alcohol/ illicit drug use were significantly related to birth weight (F[3, 1040] = 30.19, p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physical abuse during pregnancy is common, readily detected with a five-question screen, and associated with significantly higher use of tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs. Clinical protocols that integrate assessment and intervention for physical abuse, smoking, and substance use are essential for preventing further abuse and improving smoking and substance cessation rates.
authors.affiliation: Health Promotton & Disease Prevention, Texas Woman's University, College of Nursing, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McFarlane
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Soeken
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015142:Baltimore; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D044383:Black People; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009732:Nursing Care / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000208:ethnology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology*; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000208:ethnology*; D013781:Texas; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American