title: Alcohol elimination and simulator performance of male and female aviators: a preliminary report.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this preliminary study of alcohol effects on aviators' flight simulator performance, we addressed some methodological issues regarding possible gender-related differences in response to alcohol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 11 male and 12 female general aviation pilots, ages 21-40. Subjects received 8 h of training before they were tested with alcohol. On the alcohol test day they were tested before drinking, while intoxicated (target BAC of 0.08%), and 8 h after drinking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average, observed peak BAC readings for men and women were within 0.003% of each other. We observed faster disappearance rates for women such that women reached the FAA cutoff of 0.04% approximately 1 h before men, on average. Compared to predrink performance, there was a significant decrement in simulator performance during acute intoxication, but not 8 h after drinking. There were no significant gender differences in performance before or after drinking alcohol. Slower rates of alcohol elimination were associated with larger performance changes 8 h after drinking. This is the first report to our knowledge suggesting a possible relation between alcohol elimination rate and change in performance after drinking alcohol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A 12.5% dose reduction for women appears to be adequate for achieving comparable peak BAC's for male and female groups. Future studies using measures of circadian rhythmicity in conjunction with pharmacokinetic and performance measures could potentially shed light on differences in subjects' acute and delayed responses to alcohol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dolhert
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mumenthaler
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Yesavage
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D001944:Breath Tests; D000431:Ethanol / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008183:Luteal Phase; D008297:Male; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol