title: Effects of Special Olympics International on social competence in persons with mental retardation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the social and emotional goals of Special Olympics International, specifically whether Special Olympics facilitates social competence and self-esteem in persons with mental retardation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Findings were "triangulated" across three studies on the social competence, adaptation, and self-perceptions of 104 athletes from 1993 Team USA (mean age = 22 years; mean IQ = 59). Study 1 related behavior to athletes' length of time in Special Olympics. Study 2 compared Team USA to an appropriately matched group of non-Special Olympians. Study 3 assessed Team USA before and 4 months after their participation in the World Games held in Salzburg, Austria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to age and IQ, length of time in Special Olympics was the most powerful predictor of social competence. Special Olympics athletes had higher social competence scores and more positive self-perceptions than the comparison group. Team USA's behavioral data remained stable over time, suggesting that high pre-Game scores were not simply a function of parental or athlete pre-Game excitement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the most conservative meaning of triangulation, more support was found linking Special Olympics to social competence than to remaining behavioral domains.
authors.affiliation: Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Dykens
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D007360:Intelligence; D008297:Male; D012649:Self Concept; D012917:Social Adjustment; D013177:Sports