title: Understanding mammary gland development through the imbalanced expression of growth regulators.
abstract: Functional differentiation of mammary tissue progresses in distinct phases spanning puberty and pregnancy. Here we have analyzed and compared the effects of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF beta 1), TGF alpha, and whey acidic protein (WAP), the Notch-related cell fate protein Int3, and p53 and pRb on mammary development. We chose transgene expression from the WAP gene promoter which is only active in mammary alveolar cells. The imbalanced expression of these molecules specifically altered development and differentiation of the gland. While TGF alpha did not disturb alveolar outgrowth, little or no alveolar structures developed in the presence of Int3. TGF beta 1, WAP, and the expression of SV40 T-antigen-which inactivates p53 and PRb-reduced overall alveolar development. The expression of individual milk protein genes was affected differentially by the transgenes. A WAP-lacZ transgene served as an additional indicator of terminal differentiation of alveolar cells, Homogeneous expression of lacZ was seen in mice transgenic for lacZ, or for TGF alpha and lacZ. In contrast, only a few differentiated cells were observed in the presence of TGF beta 1 and Tag. Thus, the expression of growth regulators in the same defined subset of mammary cells results in distinct developmental changes and a specific pattern of alveolar differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biochemistry and Metabolism, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, maryland 20892-1812, USA.
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gallahan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zimmer
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Furth
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hennighausen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000235:genetics*; D007774:Lactation / Q000235:genetics; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D011247:Pregnancy; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D000074562:Receptor, Notch4; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D051880:Receptors, Notch; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000235:genetics; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha / Q000235:genetics; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics; D019076:Transgenes / Q000502:physiology; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D006133:Growth Substances; D008894:Milk Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D000074562:Receptor, Notch4; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D051880:Receptors, Notch; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C024471:whey acidic proteins; C073572:Notch4 protein, mouse