title: Antagonism of xylazine in white-tailed deer with intramuscular injection of yohimbine.
abstract: Eighteen free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were captured near Chestertown, Maryland (USA) from 15 February to 21 March, and 7 October to 13 November 1986. Deer were immobilized by intramuscular injection of 1.1 to 2.2 mg/kg xylazine hydrochloride and 1.8 to 4.4 mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride. Four captive deer from The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania (USA), were immobilized on 16 September 1986 with 1.5 to 2.0 mg/kg xylazine hydrochloride. Intramuscular injection of yohimbine hydrochloride (0.4 mg/kg) was used to antagonize the immobilizations. Free-ranging adult ( > or = 17 months) males could stand after a mean (+/-SE) time of 7.3 +/- 2.4 min, adult females after 8.6 +/- 1.7 min, male fawns after 5.7 +/- 3.3 min, and female fawns after 8.9 +/- 1.9 min. Captive adult males could stand after 20.2 +/- 3.4 min. Intramuscular injections of yohimbine hydrochloride effectively and safely antagonized the xylazine hydrochloride in immobilized deer and were easier to administer than intravenous injections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forestry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, USA.
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Wallingford
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lancia
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Soutiere
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003670:Deer / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007103:Immobilization; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000662:veterinary; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D013565:Sympatholytics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014991:Xylazine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D013565:Sympatholytics; D014991:Xylazine; D015016:Yohimbine; D007649:Ketamine