title: Patients' perceptions of environmental factors that disturb sleep after cardiac surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Effective management of sleep disturbances after cardiac surgery requires insight into patients perceptions of which factors disturb sleep in the intensive care unit and after transfer from the intensive care unit.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe patients perceptions of environmental factors that disturbed sleep after cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of 102 patients was surveyed in a 300-bed, acute-care teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were interviewed several days before discharge from the hospital and rated the extent to which specific factors disturbed their sleep while in the intensive care unit and after transfer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The group mean for the extent of disturbance scores, averaged across all 35 environmental factors studied, was low during and after stay in the intensive care unit. However, selected items such as pain, and inability to get comfortable and perform a familiar nighttime routine, were moderately disturbing to many patients across phases of recovery. Patients varied widely in the number of factors, ranging from 0 to 33 factors, that disturbed sleep at least to some extent. Patients added factors that were not included in the original monitoring instrument.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients attribute disturbed sleep to specific factors after cardiac surgery. The number of factors that disturb sleep varies among patients. Nurses can modify many of the factors that disturb sleep to promote an environment that will facilitate improved sleep, thereby enhancing the acute phase of recovery from cardiac surgery.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cameron
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005260:Female; D006272:Health Facility Environment; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015205:Northwestern United States; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000150:complications; D010360:Patient Transfer; D010465:Perception; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012890:Sleep; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000451:nursing / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors