title: Triglycerides, fatty acids, sterols, mono- and disaccharides and sugar alcohols in human milk and current types of infant formula milk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate differences in the fatty acid composition, sterols, minor carbohydrates and sugar alcohols between human and formula milk.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the concentrations of triglycerides, sterols, di- and monosaccharides and sugar alcohols, as well as the fatty acid composition of 10 currently available types of formula milk for term babies. Results were compared with mature human milk from 99 exclusively breast-feeding Dutch women, who collected 24-hour samples in the second week (n = 99), sixth week (n = 99) and 3 months (n = 25) after delivery. Infant formula milk data were considered different if they fell outside the mean +/- 2s.d. range of corresponding human milk data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The triglyceride concentrations in human milk were lower than those of the formula milk, possibly due to an incomplete collection of fat-rich hindmilk. Formula milks tended towards a higher proportion of medium chain fatty acids and lower proportions of longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Formulas had cholesterol concentrations 3-35 times lower, and much higher phytosterol concentrations, compared with the human milk. In the formula milk types the glucose, sorbitol and myoinositol concentrations were generally lower, whereas the fucose and erythreitol concentrations were in the lower mean +/- 2s.d. human milk range. The galactose concentrations in the formulas were generally higher.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Formula milk and human milk differ considerably in fatty acid composition and concentrations of cholesterol, phytosterols, monosaccharides and sugar alcohols. The biological consequences of these differences in composition are uncertain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huisman
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: van Beusekom
authors.forename: C I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Lanting
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Nijeboer
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Muskiet
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Boersma
mesh_terms: D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000032:analysis; D004187:Disaccharides / Q000032:analysis; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005643:Fucose / Q000032:analysis; D005690:Galactose / Q000032:analysis; D005947:Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food / Q000032:analysis*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007294:Inositol / Q000032:analysis; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D009005:Monosaccharides / Q000032:analysis; D009426:Netherlands; D013012:Sorbitol / Q000032:analysis; D013261:Sterols / Q000032:analysis*; D013402:Sugar Alcohols / Q000032:analysis; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D004187:Disaccharides; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D009005:Monosaccharides; D013261:Sterols; D013402:Sugar Alcohols; D014280:Triglycerides; D005643:Fucose; D007294:Inositol; D013012:Sorbitol; D002784:Cholesterol; D005947:Glucose; D005690:Galactose