title: Proteinuria and blood pressure as causal components of progression to end-stage renal failure. Northern Italian Cooperative Study Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the prognostic factors possibly related to end-stage renal failure development.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prognostic factors affecting chronic renal failure progression were analysed in 456 patients who had participated in a formal, multicentre, prospective randomized trial aimed at verifying the role of protein restriction in slowing down or halting the progression of chronic renal failure. The 24-month follow-up foreseen by the protocol was completed by 311 patients and 69 reached an end-point. An inductive analysis on patient survival was made by using the Cox proportional hazard regression model, using a stepwise procedure in order to select only those factors which are significantly associated with survival. For each individual risk factor, a univariate descriptive analysis of survival was performed using the Kaplan-Meier technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Underlying nephropathy, baseline plasma creatinine, proteinuria, and plasma calcium were all shown to be related to end-stage renal failure onset. Hypertensive patients (mean blood pressure > 107 mmHg) had a worst cumulative renal survival but the degree of proteinuria was even more important as a prognostic factor of renal death than hypertension. The cumulative renal survival of patients whose proteinuria decreased during the trial follow-up was better than those of patients without changes. However, the interaction between baseline lying mean blood pressure and proteinuria was not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only primary renal disease and proteinuria were related to renal survival, being baseline plasma creatinine confounding factor. By blocking the possible causal role of proteinuria and hypertension, end-stage renal failure could be prevented in a significant percentage of patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Ospedale di Lecco, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Locatelli
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marcelli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Comelli
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alberti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Graziani
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Buccianti
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Redaelli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giangrande
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine