title: The interrelationship between ethnicity and gestational diabetes in fetal macrosomia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the possibility of an ethnic influence on the development of macrosomia (birth weight > 90th percentile for gestational age) in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively followed all African-American and Latino women enrolled in the Temple diabetes-in-pregnancy program. GDM was diagnosed in 103 African-American and 36 Latino women during the study period (1991-1994) according to the criteria of Carpenter and Coustan. All women were treated according to our previously published protocols. Data were collected on gestational weight gain, previous history of macrosomia, body mass index (BMI), and level of maternal glycemic control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insulin therapy was required in 53 women (37.5%) to maintain fasting blood glucose levels at < 95 mg/dl and 2-h postprandial levels at < 120 mg/dl. Macrosomia developed in 50% of the neonates of Latino women versus 19% of neonates of African-American women (relative risk 2.68; 95% confidence interval 1.57-4.59). Potential confounding factors were not significantly different between the Latino and African-American women: mean blood glucose 96.6 +/- 15.7 vs. 96.5 +/- 22.4 mg/dl; BMI 29.0 +/- 5.5 vs. 31.5 +/- 8.2 kg/m2; pregnancy weight gain 29.2 +/- 12.7 vs. 30.9 +/- 20.5 lb; and parity 1.8 +/- 1.5 vs. 1.6 +/- 1.4, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have demonstrated that Latino women with GDM are at higher risk for having macrosomic infants in comparison with African-American women. This ethnic variation in fetal growth may be due to varying influences of in utero growth promoters among these populations as well as underlying genetic factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Homko
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sivan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nyirjesy
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Reece
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001034:Apgar Score; D001724:Birth Weight; D002585:Cesarean Section; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005320:Fetal Macrosomia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010414:Pennsylvania; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin