title: Effects of subject velocity on ground reaction force measurements and stance times in clinically normal horses at the walk and trot.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study reported here was to evaluate the effects of changing velocity on stance time and ground reaction force (GRF) measurements in horses at the walk and trot.
  
  
  METHODS
  Force plate gait analysis was used to evaluate clinically normal horses at variable velocities. Ground reaction force measurements and stance times were recorded and compared.
  
  
  METHODS
  12 adult horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from 192 valid trials at the walk and 162 valid trials at the trot. Vertical, braking, and propulsive peak forces and impulses were measured. Pearson's correlation coefficients were determined for velocity and stance time and all measured forces and impulses in the forelimbs and hind limbs. Trials were divided into distinct velocity ranges. Trials obtained at velocities within the established ranges were analyzed to evaluate changes in vertical, braking, and propulsive peak forces and impulses at differing speeds within the walk and trot gaits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the walk and trot, a significant negative correlation was found between velocity and forelimb and hind limb stance times. Velocity and stance time were significantly correlated with many of the GRF and impulse measurements. Velocity was significantly correlated with vertical and braking forces in the hind limbs at the walk, with vertical force in the forelimbs at the trot, and with braking force in the forelimbs and hind limbs at the trot. Velocity and stance time correlated significantly with forelimb and hind limb vertical impulses. Forelimb and hind limb stance times decreased significantly as velocity increased. Hind limb braking force increased and forelimb and hind limb vertical impulses decreased significantly as walk velocity increased. Forelimb braking force increased significantly between velocity ranges at the trot.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this study confirm that a significant negative linear correlation exists between subject velocity and stance times in clinically normal horses at the walk and trot. Significant correlations were also identified between velocity and many GRF measurements, indicating that subject velocity does influence the generation of GRF measurements in horses. Variation in subject velocity should be minimized when performing force-plate analysis in horses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Gaughan
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Roush
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Skaggs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005552:Forelimb; D005684:Gait; D006614:Hindlimb; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D008124:Locomotion; D011187:Posture; D013997:Time Factors; D016138:Walking