title: Adverse effects of bone wax in surgery of the orbit.
abstract: The goal of this article is to establish the incidence and scope of adverse reactions to bone wax in a large orbital surgical series. We report two patients with bone wax granulomas of the orbit as a remote surgical complication. These are the first reported cases of adverse reactions to bone wax in the ophthalmic literature. A chart review was conducted on all patients from the University of British Columbia Orbit Clinic that had surgery with temporary or permanent removal of orbital bone. Two patients with bone wax granulomas were identified. In one case, intraoperative cultures grew Staphylococcus aureus, confirming that the wax may indeed act as a nidus for infection. No cases of pseudoarthrosis have occurred. This syndrome of chronic granulomatous giant cell foreign body inflammation has characteristic clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic features. The literature regarding adverse reactions to bone wax is reviewed, and specific implications for orbital surgery are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Vancouver Hospital, University of British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rootman
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D004338:Drug Combinations; D015818:Eye Infections, Bacterial / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015745:Granuloma, Foreign-Body / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D006101:Granuloma, Giant Cell / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D006488:Hemostasis, Surgical; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009915:Orbit / Q000601:surgery*; D009916:Orbital Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D010168:Palmitates / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000209:etiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014885:Waxes / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D006490:Hemostatics; D010168:Palmitates; D014885:Waxes; C055480:bone wax