title: Hemostatic markers in acute ischemic stroke. Association with stroke type, severity, and outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hemostatic markers can identify activation of the coagulation system in stroke patients. We evaluated whether the levels of these markers at the time of stroke are correlated with stroke severity, type, or mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured fibrinopeptide A, cross-linked D-dimer, and beta-thromboglobulin in 70 patients within 1 week of stroke. We examined the association between the level of each of these markers and survival. We adjusted for the possible confounding effect of age, stroke type, or stroke severity using a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median follow-up was 1.22 years. Fourteen patients died during follow-up. Univariate survival analysis identified age (hazard ratio, 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00 to 1.12), stroke type (hazard ratio, 4.44; 95% CI, 1.29 to 15.23), initial Toronto Stroke Scale score (hazard ratio, 5.05; 95% CI, 2.08 to 12.27), cross-linked D-dimer (hazard ratio, 6.43; 95% CI, 2.83 to 14.62), fibrinopeptide A (hazard ratio, 2.14; 95% CI, 1.26 to 3.63), and beta-thromboglobulin (hazard ratio, 7.63; 95% CI, 2.22 to 26.28) as significantly associated with mortality. In a multivariate model, initial stroke severity and each of the hemostatic markers were independently associated with subsequent mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated hemostatic markers after acute ischemic stroke identify patients with increased risk for mortality. This association appears to be independent of stroke severity or stroke type.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson 85724, USA. feinberg@u.arizona.edu
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Feinberg
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bruck
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kittelson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality*; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006487:Hemostasis / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers