title: 4-Hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase from Pseudomonas sp. CBS3. Purification, characterization, gene cloning, sequence analysis and assignment of structural features determining the coenzyme specificity.
abstract: 4-Hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase from Pseudomonas sp. CBS3 was purified by five consecutive steps to apparent homogeneity. The enrichment was 50-fold with a yield of about 20%. The enzyme is a homodimeric flavoprotein monooxygenase with each 44-kDa polypeptide chain containing one FAD molecule as a rather weakly bound prosthetic group. In contrast to other 4-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylases of known primary structure, the enzyme preferred NADH over NADPH as electron donor. The pH optimum for catalysis was pH 8.0 with a maximum turnover rate around 45 degrees C. Chloride ions were inhibitory, and competitive with respect to NADH. 4-Hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase from Pseudomonas sp. CBS3 has a narrow substrate specificity. In addition to the transformation of 4-hydroxybenzoate to 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate, the enzyme converted 2-fluoro-4-hydroxybenzoate, 2-chloro-4-hydroxybenzoate, and 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate. With all aromatic substrates, no uncoupling of hydroxylation was observed. The gene encoding 4-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase from Pseudomonas sp. CBS3 was cloned in Escherichia coli. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame of 1182 bp that corresponded to a protein of 394 amino acid residues. Upstream of the pobA gene, a sequence resembling an E. coli promoter was identified, which led to constitutive expression of the cloned gene in E. coli TG1. The deduced amino acid sequence of Pseudomonas sp. CBS3 4-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase revealed 53% identity with that of the pobA enzyme from Pseudomonas fluorescens for which a three-dimensional structure is known. The active-site residues and the fingerprint sequences associated with FAD binding are strictly conserved. This and the conservation of secondary structures implies that the enzymes share a similar three-dimensional fold. Based on an isolated region of sequence divergence and site-directed mutagenesis data of 4-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase from P. fluorescens, it is proposed that helix H2 is involved in determining the coenzyme specificity.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Seibold
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matthes
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Eppink
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lingens
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Van Berkel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D015109:4-Hydroxybenzoate-3-Monooxygenase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001419:Bacteria / Q000201:enzymology; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002845:Chromatography; D002846:Chromatography, Affinity; D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D002852:Chromatography, Ion Exchange; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017886:Durapatite; D004579:Electron Transport; D004926:Escherichia coli; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D007700:Kinetics; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009243:NAD / Q000378:metabolism; D009249:NADP / Q000378:metabolism; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D009243:NAD; D009249:NADP; D017886:Durapatite; D015109:4-Hydroxybenzoate-3-Monooxygenase