title: Madelung deformity in skeletally immature patients: morphologic assessment using radiography, CT, and MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to define the pathoanatomy of the distal radius and surrounding soft tissues, identify the factors that may contribute to diminished forearm rotation, and relate these findings to alterations in wrist motion in skeletally immature patients with the Madelung deformity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four skeletally immature female patients with bilateral Madelung deformities (eight wrists) underwent evaluation of each wrist with radiography, CT, and MRI to assess the morphology of the deformity. Two patients (four wrists) had isolated idiopathic Madelung deformities, and two patients (four wrists) had Madelung deformities secondary to dyschondrosteosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Radiographically, all wrists demonstrated dorsal bowing of the radius, marked ulnar tilting of the radius and radial tilting of the ulna, volar tilting of the distal articular surface of the radius, and triangulation of the epiphysis. On CT, patients with the idiopathic deformity demonstrated dorsal ulnar subluxation and relative supination of the carpus with respect to the distal radius. Patients with dyschondrosteosis demonstrated no ulnar subluxation and relative pronation of the carpus. All wrists demonstrated a fixed pronated deformity of the distal radius. On MRI, a physeal bar that bridged the distal metaphysis of the radius to the epiphysis was identified in all eight wrists, located on the volar aspect of the radius at the lunate facet. An anomalous volar ligament, a volar radiotriquetral ligament, and the short radiolunate ligament were hypertrophied in seven wrists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on its location, it is likely that a physeal bar impedes the normal development of the distal radius ulnarly. Hypertrophy of the short radiolunate ligament may be an important contributing factor to carpal pyramidalization owing to tethering on the volar pole of the lunate. Diminished forearm rotation is likely related to carpal malalignment, a fixed pronated deformity of the distal radius, and dorsal bowing of the radius.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Hospital, OH 43210, USA.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wiand
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lubbers
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kean
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cook
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D011884:Radius / Q000002:abnormalities; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014457:Ulna / Q000002:abnormalities; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology