title: Double-blind, randomized study of primary hormonal treatment of stage D2 prostate carcinoma: flutamide versus diethylstilbestrol.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with stage D2 prostate carcinoma are often treated initially with hormones to decrease endogenous testosterone. Therapy with diethylstilbestrol (DES), leuprolide, or bilateral orchiectomy has been reported to be equivalent. DES is the cheapest preparation, but has the potential for serious cardiovascular or thromboembolic complications. Flutamide is a novel antiandrogen with fewer side effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) conducted a double-blind, randomized study to compare the efficacy of flutamide (250 mg three times daily) to DES (1 mg three times daily) as the primary hormonal therapy for patients with stage D2 prostate cancer. Patients were stratified by performance status, disease sites, and history of cardiovascular disease at randomization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-eight patients received DES and 44 flutamide. Patient characteristics were evenly distributed between the two treatments. The overall response rate was similar (DES, 62%; flutamide, 50%). Grade III or worse cardiovascular or thromboembolic toxicity developed in 33.3% of patients on DES and in 17.6% on flutamide (P = .051). Other toxicities were similar between the two treatment arms. However, DES produced significantly longer time to treatment failure (26.4 v 9.7 months, P = .016) and longer survival than flutamide (43.2 v 28.5 months, P = .040).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As the primary hormonal therapy for stage D2 prostate cancer, DES caused more serious cardiovascular or thromboembolic complications than flutamide. Despite this, flutamide was not as active an initial agent as DES. However, the effectiveness of flutamide in conjunction with other agents compared with DES remains undetermined, and the optimal initial hormone therapy of stage D2 prostate cancer requires further studies.
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester Cancer Center, New York, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yeap
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Khanna
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Witte
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schinella
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Trump
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D004054:Diethylstilbestrol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005485:Flutamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D012074:Remission Induction; D015996:Survival Rate; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000139:chemically induced; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D004054:Diethylstilbestrol; D005485:Flutamide