title: Resilience and vulnerability among preschool children: family functioning, temperament, and behavior problems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of child temperament and stressful family functioning on child behavior problems among preschool children.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred forty-five preschool children, aged 2 to 5 years, were evaluated by teachers, mothers, and independent observers. Teachers reported on child temperament; from these ratings, two dimensions of temperament were derived: difficult/easy and approachability. Mothers reported on two dimensions of family functioning: conflict and expressiveness. Both teachers and independent observers rated child behavior problems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with more difficult temperaments who were in high-conflict families had the most internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, while children with easy temperaments had fewer such problems, regardless of levels of family conflict. Difficult children whose families were highly expressive engaged in the most observed aggression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that temperament is involved in both protective and vulnerability processes. A difficult temperament operates as a vulnerability factor for internalizing and externalizing behavior problems and observed aggression, while an easy temperament functions as a protective mechanism for these outcomes.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tschann
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Chesney
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alkon
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Boyce
mesh_terms: D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D002666:Psychology, Child; D013694:Temperament