title: Immunization of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice with glutamic acid decarboxylase-derived peptide 524-543 reduces cyclophosphamide-accelerated diabetes.
abstract: NOD mice constitute a model for studying the prevention of human autoimmune type 1 diabetes. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) could be a key antigen involved in this disease, and GAD65 peptide 524-543 has been implicated in early T cell response in young NOD mice. We performed two i.p. injections of GAD peptide 524-543 (100 micrograms at each injection), together with Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA), into female NOD mice at 30 and 45 days old. Diabetes was accelerated 2 weeks later by a single injection of cyclophosphamide (CY), which acts against suppressive mechanisms. Treatment with GAD 524-543 peptide delayed the onset of diabetes and reduced its incidence (28% versus 60%; P < 0.001) compared with control mice injected with FIA alone, or GAD peptide 534-553, or an irrelevant peptide. In the same group, the severity of lymphocytic inflammation of pancreatic islets was reduced (P < 0.03). Up to 3 months after peptide injections, a strong splenocytic proliferative response occurred in immunized NOD mice against the immunizing peptide alone (but not against a panel of seven other GAD65-derived peptides). After peptide challenge of splenocytes in vitro, protection against CY-accelerated diabetes was associated with higher peptide-specific production of T helper type 2 (Th2)-associated interleukins 4 and 10, whereas Th1-associated interferon-gamma and IL-2 were proportionally less represented. During contransfer, T splenocytes from GAD 524-543-immunized mice were able to reduce the capacity of T cells from diabetic donors to transfer the disease adoptively (P < 0.01), demonstrating the generation of cellular mechanisms that actively suppress the disease. It is concluded that immunization of NOD mice with GAD65 peptide 524-543 can counteract CY-accelerated diabetes, possibly through active cellular suppression linked to a shift of Th1/Th2 balance toward the production of Th2 cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-10. This study provides additional support for the notion that GAD, and more precisely its epitope 524-543, could be one of the key targets for the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice, as well as for the efficacy of disease-specific peptide therapy in type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immuno-Endocrinology, INRA/ENVN, University School of Medicine, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saï
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Rivereau
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Granier
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haertlé
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martignat
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000633:toxicity*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000276:immunology*; D007114:Immunization; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000473:pathology; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D010446:Peptide Fragments; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase