title: A controlled HIV/AIDS-related health education programme in Managua, Nicaragua.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the impact of a community-wide intervention to increase HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, change attitudes and increase safer-sex practices in Managua, Nicaragua.
  
  
  METHODS
  Household-based health education intervention trial comprising a knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) survey at baseline, a health education intervention and a follow-up KAP survey. Four neighbourhoods were included, two received the intervention, and the other two served as controls. Randomly selected residents aged 15-45 years were interviewed at baseline (n = 2160) and follow-up (n = 2271) using an identical questionnaire. The intervention consisted of a health education campaign that emphasized HIV transmission and condom use. OUTCOME AND ANALYSIS: Knowledge levels regarding transmission and prevention of HIV infection, self-reported use of condoms, levels of worries about HIV/AIDS and perceptions of personal risk of HIV infection. Comparisons between baseline and follow-up employed chi 2 tests with continuity correction. The influence of the intervention was examined in multivariate logistic models including an appropriate interaction term.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intervention and control samples were comparable with regard to sex, age, and age at first intercourse. Significantly less intervention residents had formal education (P < 0.001). At baseline, outcome variables were generally similar in control and intervention samples. Condom use increased from 9 to 16% (P = 0.003) among intervention women, but only from 9 to 11% (P = 0.5) in control women (test for interaction, P = 0.08). Among men, increases were from 31 to 41% (P < 0.001) and from 30 to 37% (P = 0.06), respectively (test for interaction, P = 0.3). Levels of worries about HIV/AIDS decreased in all groups, but perception of individual risk increased only among intervention women (test for interaction, P = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This household-targeted health education intervention appears to have had some effect; however, sustained efforts are needed further to improve levels of knowledge and to increase condom use in Managua.
authors.affiliation: Asociación de Trabajadores en Educación, Salud e Integración Social (TESIS), Managua, Nicaragua.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pauw
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ferrie
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rivera Villegas
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Medrano Martínez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gorter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Egger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006266:Health Education; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009527:Nicaragua; D012737:Sex Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires