title: Symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, with special emphasis on syncope and postprandial exacerbation of symptoms.
abstract: We undertook a prospective study of the symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with the aim of profiling symptomatic morbidity in detail, determining the prevalence of anxiety and depression, and describing the prevalence and associations of syncope and postprandial symptom exacerbation. A questionnaire was administered to consecutive outpatients; 70 with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 43 with coronary artery disease, 32 with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, and to 40 normal subjects. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients underwent exercise testing, echocardiography, and Holter monitoring. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients had a high frequency of cardiac symptoms and, on average, had a level of symptomatic morbidity equivalent to that of chronic stable angina and dilated cardiomyopathy. There was no evidence for an excess of anxiety (14%) or depression (6%) in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Syncope and presyncope, especially provoked by exertion or posture change, were characteristic and common symptoms in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A history of syncope was associated with an abnormal blood pressure response to exercise in over 50% of cases that may be the mechanism of syncope in some. Postprandial exacerbation of symptoms occurred in over one-third of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients, half of coronary disease patients, and infrequently in dilated cardiomyopathy. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients with postprandial symptoms had a greater frequency of angina, were more symptomatic, and had a reduced exercise capacity, suggesting that postprandial symptoms are a marker for more severe disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Gilligan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nihoyannopoulos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sbarouni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dritsas
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Oakley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000209:etiology; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000150:complications; D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D004435:Eating; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013575:Syncope / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology