title: Is preoperative ketorolac a useful adjunct to regional anesthesia for inguinal herniorrhaphy?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have become a popular component of analgesia regimens, particularly in combination with narcotics. We questioned whether there might also be a place for their use in conjunction with regional anesthesia and whether there was a preferable route for NSAID administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ilioinguinal and field blocks were performed preoperatively on seventy patients undergoing outpatient inguinal hernia repair. Patients were divided into a control group who received no ketorolac and four study groups who received a preoperative dose of 30 mg ketorolac by one of the following routes: i.v., i.m., p.o., or intrawound (i.w.). The ketorolac in the i.w group was mixed in the syringe with the local anesthetic used for the field block. i.v. and i.m. groups also received ketorolac at the time of the preoperative regional anesthesia and the PO group received the dose at least one hour preoperatively. All patients received a similar general anesthetic intraoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postoperative pain scores and analgesic requirements were lowest for the i.m., i.v., and i.w. groups. Pain scores and analgesic requirements for the PO group were less than for the control group but more than for the other three groups. Analgesic efficacy therefore ranked: i.m. = i.v. = i.w. > p.o. > control. Though no differences were found between groups in the time to discharge from the recovery room, the ease of nursing care paralleled the findings for pain scores and analgesia requirements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Beyond the analgesia provided by the regional anesthesia of the ilioinguinal and field blocks, the preoperative use of ketorolac further reduced postoperative pain scores and the need for additional postoperative analgesic medication. Comparable outcomes for the i.v., i.m. and i.w. groups indicate the lack of any benefit to concentrating the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug at the wound (i.w.) or to achieving high blood levels rapidly (i.v.). In conclusion, ketorolac is a useful supplement to ilioinguinal plus field block regional anesthesia for hernia surgery and is most effective administered parenterally.
authors.affiliation: Horev Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ben-David
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Baune-Goldstein
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Goldik
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gaitini
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000451:nursing / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007264:Inguinal Canal; D007267:Injections; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D020910:Ketorolac; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000451:nursing / Q000517:prevention & control; D010919:Placebos; D011292:Premedication; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014046:Tolmetin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D010919:Placebos; D014046:Tolmetin; D020910:Ketorolac