title: Cardiac hypertrophy as a result of long-term thyroxine therapy and thyrotoxicosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the effects of long-term thyroxine treatment upon heart rate, blood pressure, left ventricular systolic function, and left ventricular size, as well as indices of autonomic function, and to compare findings with those in patients with thyrotoxicosis before and during treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional study of patients prescribed thyroxine long term (n = 11), patients with thyrotoxicosis studied at presentation (n = 23), compared with controls (n = 25); longitudinal study of patients with thyrotoxicosis studied at presentation and serially after beginning antithyroid drug treatment (n = 23).
  
  
  METHODS
  24 h ambulatory monitoring of pulse and blood pressure, echocardiography, forearm plethysmography, and autonomic function tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Long-term thyroxine treatment in doses that reduced serum thyrotrophin to below normal had no effect on blood pressure, heart rate, left ventricular systolic function or stroke volume index, but was associated with an 18.4% increase in left ventricular mass index (mean (SEM) 101.9 (3.09) g/m2 v controls 86.1 (4.61), P < 0.01). Thryoxine treatment, like thyrotoxicosis, had no effect on tests of autonomic function. Untreated thyrotoxicosis resulted in pronounced changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and an increase in heart rate during waking and sleep. Patients with thyrotoxicosis at presentation had an increase in left ventricular systolic function (ejection fraction 70.5 (1.66)% v 65.4 (1.79), P < 0.01; fractional shortening 40.4 (1.54)% v 35.6 (1.46), P < 0.01), increased stroke volume index (45.9 (2.4) ml/m2 v 36.6 (1.7), P < 0.001), and an increase in forearm blood flow, and decrease in vascular resistance. They had a similar degree of left ventricular hypertrophy to that associated with thyroxine treatment (99.3 (4.03) g/m2); all changes were corrected within 2 months by antithyroid drugs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients receiving thyroxine in the absence of significant changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and left ventricular systolic function is consistent with a direct trophic effect of thyroid hormone on the myocardium. The presence of left ventricular hypertrophy determines that further studies are essential to assess cardiovascular risk in patients taking thyroxine long term.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital.
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Ching
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Franklyn
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Stallard
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Daykin
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Sheppard
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Gammage
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000209:etiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013960:Thyroid Function Tests; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000503:physiopathology; D013971:Thyrotoxicosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013997:Time Factors; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D013972:Thyrotropin; D013974:Thyroxine