title: Menstrual stage influences postoperative nausea and vomiting following epidural buprenorphine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although buprenorphine sometimes causes severe emesis, its relation to the menstrual cycle has not been reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective study on 68 reproductive-age women following lower extremity surgery under epidural anesthesia plus buprenorphine, to assess the effect of the day of the menstrual cycle on the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting. The patients were divided according to the phase of the menstrual cycle into four groups: day 1-7 group, day 8-14 group, day 15-24 group and day 25 to end of the cycle group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nausea and vomiting were reported in 46 patients (67.6%), and the incidence was higher in the day 25 to end of the cycle group than in the day 8-14 or day 15-24 groups, and higher in the day 1-7 group than in the day 8-14 group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that emesis after epidural buprenorphine is related to the menstrual cycle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Tokyo-to Aoyama Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kon
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamiyama
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ogawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007866:Leg / Q000601:surgery; D008597:Menstrual Cycle; D008619:Mepivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008787:Metoclopramide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000139:chemically induced*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000932:Antiemetics; D002047:Buprenorphine; D008619:Mepivacaine; D008787:Metoclopramide