title: Use of two-dimensional and contrast echocardiography for venous cannula placement in venovenous extracorporeal life support.
abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of two-dimensional and contrast echocardiograms to identify venous cannula position. Sequential sampling of 20 infants was evaluated by contrast echocardiography after meeting institutional criteria for extracorporeal life support. Each infant was placed on venovenous extracorporeal life support using a double-lumen cannula. After surgical placement was thought to be satisfactory, optimal two-dimensional images of the cannula were obtained via a subxiphoid or apical view and 2 ml agitated normal saline were injected rapidly into the nearest infusion port. Patient demographics and mixed venous saturations were noted. Distance of the venovenous cannula to tricuspid valve and distance of the venovenous cannula from the intra-atrial septum was recorded. Echocardiograms were available for review on 18 of the 20 patients. Position of the venovenous cannula in relationship to the tricuspid valve was as follows: < 5 mm (8); 5-10 mm (5); > 10 mm (5). Mixed venous saturations decreased, which indicated less recirculation when the orientation of the tip of the cannula was toward the lateral wall in those who required repositioning. The authors conclude that two-dimensional and contrast echocardiography aid in the positioning of the venovenous cannula. Satisfactory position is approximately 5 mm from the tricuspid valve, with orientation toward the lateral wall of the right atrium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Kentucky, USA.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Sobczyk
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Cook
mesh_terms: D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000592:standards*; D005112:Extracorporeal Circulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008021:Life Support Systems / Q000592:standards; D008297:Male