title: Abnormal electroretinogram associated with developmental brain anomalies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have encountered abnormal ERGs associated with optic nerve hypoplasia, macular, optic nerve and chorioretinal colobomata and developmental brain anomalies. Brain anomalies include cortical dysgenesis, lissencephaly, porencephaly, cerebellar and corpus callosum hypoplasia. We describe six exemplar cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scotopic and photopic ERGs adherent to international standards were performed as well as photopic ERGs to long-duration stimuli. CT or MRI studies were also done. The ERGs were compared to age-matched normal control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ERG changes include reduced amplitude b-waves to blue and red stimuli under scotopic testing conditions. Implicit times were often delayed. The photopic responses also showed reduced amplitude a- and b-waves with implicit time delays. The long-duration photopic ERG done in one case shows attenuation of both ON- and OFF-responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Common underlying developmental genetic or environmental unifying casualties are speculated to be at fault in causing these cases of associated retinal and brain abnormalities. No single etiology is expected. Multiple potential causes acting early in embryogenesis effecting neuronal induction, migration and differentiation are theorized. These occur at a time when brain and retinal cells are sufficiently undifferentiated to be similarly effected. We call these cases examples of Brain Retina Neuroembryodysgenesis (BRNED). Homeobox and PAX genes with global neuronal developmental influences are gene candidates to unify the observed disruption of brain and retinal cell development. The ERG can provide a valuable clinical addition in understanding and ultimately classifying these disorders.
authors.affiliation: Children's Mercy Hospital Department of Surgery, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine.
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Cibis
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003623:Dark Adaptation; D004596:Electroretinography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010786:Photoreceptor Cells / Q000503:physiopathology; D012160:Retina / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed