title: Regulation of phosphoinositide phospholipases by hormones, neurotransmitters, and other agonists linked to G proteins.
abstract: The actions of many hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors are mediated by the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate catalyzed by specific isozymes of phospholipase C. This hydrolysis releases inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, which mobilizes Ca2+ ions from components of the endoplasmic reticulum, and 1,2-diacylglycerol, which activates isozymes of protein kinase C. The hormones and neurotransmitters activate beta-isozymes of phospholipase C through receptors that have seven transmembrane segments and couple to G proteins of the Gq and Gi/o families. Activation of phospholipase C by the Gq family involves their alpha-subunits, whereas activation by the Gi/o family involves their beta gamma-subunits. The growth factors activate gamma-isozymes of phospholipase C through receptors that become autophosphorylated due to their stimulated tyrosine kinase activity and provide binding sites for the Src homology domains of the isozymes. The molecular mechanisms by which agonists activate phopholipase isozymes are described in detail.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Exton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D004075:Diglycerides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D006728:Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D015544:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D043265:Phosphatidylinositol Diacylglycerol-Lyase; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) / Q000378:metabolism; D010738:Type C Phospholipases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C011439:1,2-diacylglycerol; D004075:Diglycerides; D006133:Growth Substances; D006728:Hormones; D007527:Isoenzymes; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D015544:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor); C068961:phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate kinase; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; D010738:Type C Phospholipases; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D043265:Phosphatidylinositol Diacylglycerol-Lyase; D002118:Calcium