title: Acid-base status and cardiovascular function in mink (Mustela vison) anaesthetized with ketamine/midazolam.
abstract: Heart rate, arterial blood pressure and blood acid-base status were determined in 18 adult female mink (mean (+/- SEM) body weight 1052 +/- 34 g) during long-term anaesthesia with either controlled ventilation (n=12) or spontaneous respiration (n=6). Surgical anaesthesia was induced by intramuscular injection of ketamine hydrochloride (Ketaminol Vet, 40.0 +/- 1.7 mg/kg) and midazolam hydrochloride (Dormicum 2.8 +/- 0.1 mg/kg) and maintained for at least 5 h by continuous intravenous infusion of this drug combination in 0.9% saline. For all animals, the mean rates of infusion of ketamine and midazolam were 48.4 +/- 1.6 and 1.61 +/- 0.12 mg/h, respectively. Following continuous infusion of the anaesthetics in isotonic saline, at a rate of 20 ml/h, a moderate 'dilution acidosis' developed, which could be corrected by replacement of part of the saline with sodium bicarbonate to a final concentration of approximately 25 mmol NaHCO3 per litre. However, when the animals were allowed to breathe spontaneously, an increase in heart rate and a combined respiratory and metabolic acidosis occurred, due to severe respiratory depression. Apart from these effects and a few cases of increased salivation, no adverse effects over time were observed on the arterial blood acid-base status and cardiovascular function of the animals during ketamine/midazolam anaesthesia. It is concluded that the procedure described for long-term anaesthesia in mink is convenient and safe for acute physiological experiments in this species, provided normal body temperature and pulmonary gas exchange is sufficiently maintained. Thus, the need for an adequately controlled artificial ventilation is strongly emphasized. Finally, a proposal for the composition of an intravenous solution, containing ketamine and midazolam hydrochloride, and sodium bicarbonate in saline, suitable for long-term anaesthesia in adult mink is presented.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Physiology, Institute of Medical Biology, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wamberg
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Svendsen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Johansen
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000187:drug effects*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008874:Midazolam / Q000494:pharmacology; D008907:Mink / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012996:Solutions / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D004338:Drug Combinations; D012996:Solutions; D007649:Ketamine; D008874:Midazolam