title: Patient-controlled analgesia for conscious sedation during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adequate comfort is essential to patients undergoing invasive procedures. This study was designed to evaluate whether patient-controlled analgesia could improve sedation for ERCP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomized to receive standard sedation (n = 31) or patient-controlled analgesia (n = 31). The patients were blinded to the randomization. After the procedure the patient, physician, and nurse each rated their satisfaction with sedation using a verbal rating scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference between the patient's mean satisfaction score for the conventional and patient-controlled analgesia groups (9.3 and 9.6, respectively, p = 0.5). The physicians rated sedation higher in the conventional group compared with the patient-controlled analgesia group (8.6 and 8.2, respectively, p = 0.02). Physicians and nurses' scores correlated (r = 0.53, p = 0.0001), but there was no correlation between scores reported by either physicians or nurses and the patients' scores (r = 0.2 and r = 0.05, respectively). Oxygen saturation less than 90% occurred for more than 1 minute in three patients who received standard sedation but in none who used patient-controlled analgesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This trial demonstrates that patient-controlled analgesia during ERCP is as effective as standard sedation with respect to patient satisfaction. Physicians and nurses, however, are not good proxies for assessing patient satisfaction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710.
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Jowell
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eisen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Onken
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Bute
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ginsberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled / Q000379:methods*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008614:Meperidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008614:Meperidine; D008874:Midazolam