title: High amplitude contractions in the middle third of the oesophagus: a manometric marker of chronic alcoholism?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oesophageal motor abnormalities have been reported in alcoholism.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of chronic alcoholism and its withdrawal on oesophageal disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  23 chronic alcoholic patients (20 men and three women; mean age 43, range 23 to 54).
  
  
  METHODS
  Endoscopy, manometry, and 24 hour pH monitoring 7-10 days and six months after ethanol withdrawal. Tests for autonomic and peripheral neuropathy were also performed. Motility and pH tracings were compared with those of age and sex matched control groups: healthy volunteers, nutcracker oesophagus, and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  14 (61%) alcoholic patients had reflux symptoms, and endoscopy with biopsy showed oesophageal inflammation in 10 patients. One patient had an asymptomatic squamous cell carcinoma. Oesophageal motility studies in the alcoholic patients showed that peristaltic amplitude in the middle third was > 150 mm Hg (95th percentile (P95) of healthy controls) in 13 (57%), the ratio lower/ middle amplitude was < 0.9 in 15 (65%) (> 0.9 in all control groups), and the lower oesophageal sphincter was hypertensive (> 23.4 mm Hg, P95 of healthy controls) in 13 (57%). All three abnormalities were present in five (22%). Abnormal reflux (per cent reflux time > 2.9, P95 of healthy controls) was shown in 12 (52%) alcoholic patients, and was unrelated to peristaltic dysfunction. Subclinical neuropathy in 10 patients did not effect oesophageal abnormalities. Oesophageal motility abnormalities persisted at six months in six patients with ongoing alcoholism, whereas they reverted towards normal in 13 who remained abstinent; reflux, however, was unaffected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oesophageal peristaltic dysfunction and reflux are frequent in alcoholism. High amplitude contractions in the middle third of the oesophagus seem to be a marker of excessive alcohol consumption, and tend to improve with abstinence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grande
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Monforte
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ros
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Toledo-Pimentel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Estruch
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lacima
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Urbano-Marquez
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pera
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015415:Biomarkers; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015154:Esophageal Motility Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004945:Esophagoscopy; D004947:Esophagus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers