title: Therapeutic suggestion has not effect on postoperative morphine requirements.
abstract: This study was designed to confirm the effect of therapeutic intraoperative auditory suggestion on recovery from anesthesia, to establish the effect of preoperative suggestion, and to assess implicit memory for intraoperative information using an indirect memory task. Sixty consenting unpremedicated patients scheduled for elective gynecologic surgery were randomly divided into three equal groups: Group 1 received a tape of therapeutic suggestions preoperatively, and the story of Robinson Crusoe intraoperatively; Group 2 heard the story of Peter Pan preoperatively and therapeutic suggestions intraoperatively; Group 3 heard the Crusoe story preoperatively and the Peter Pan story intraoperatively. A standardized anesthetic technique was used with fentanyl, propofol, isoflurane, and nitrous oxide. After surgery, all patients received patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with a standardized regimen. In the 24 h postsurgery, morphine use was recorded every 6 h and at 24 h an indirect memory test (free association) was used to test for memory of the stories. Anxiety scores were measured before surgery and at 6 and 24 h postsurgery. There were no significant differences between groups for postoperative morphine use, pain or nausea scores, anxiety scores, or days spent in hospital after surgery. Seven of 20 patients who heard the Pan story intraoperative gave a positive association with the word "Hook," whereas 2 of 20 who did not hear the story gave such an association. Indirect memory for the Pan story was established using confidence interval (CI) analysis. (The 95% CI for difference in proportion did not include zero). No indirect memory for the Crusoe story could be demonstrated. This study did not confirm previous work which suggested that positive therapeutic auditory suggestions, played intraoperatively, reduced PCA morphine requirements. In contrast, a positive implicit memory effect was found for a story presented intraoperatively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: van der Laan
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Sebel
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Winograd
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Baumann
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bonke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D001364:Awareness / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine; D011300:Preoperative Care; D013404:Suggestion
chemical_list: D009020:Morphine