title: ERCP in association with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A strategy to minimize the number of unnecessary ERCPs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the evolution of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) as the standard operation for benign gallbladder disease, the role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the management of common bile duct (CBD) stones has to be defined.
  
  
  METHODS
  From November 1990 to April 1994 we attempted LC in 1,788 patients. Eighty-nine patients underwent ERCP preoperatively under the following indications: jaundice or a history of jaundice, cholangitis, gallstone pancreatitis, abnormal liver function tests, and a sonogram showing either CBD stones or a dilated CBD. With intent to minimize the number of unnecessary ERCPs only patients with jaundice, cholangitis, and high abnormalities on the liver function tests (LFTs) were directly referred for ERCP. All other patients with suspected choledocholithiasis were initially investigated with intravenous cholangiography (IVC) and tomography; only patients with positive findings on IVC subsequently underwent ERCP. Eighteen patients underwent ERCP postoperatively and the indications included jaundice, bile leak, and abnormal intraoperative cholangiogram.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 89 patients having ERCP preoperatively 54 patients (60.7%) were found to have CBD stones which were removed endoscopically in all cases except in one patient where a large CBD stone was removed during laparoscopic exploration of the CBD. Eight patients of the 18 patients having ERCP postoperatively were found to have CBD stones and all of them had their CBD cleared endoscopically. There were no mortalities, while four patients developed a mild pancreatitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there is an increasing tendency to clear the bile duct with a laparoscopic approach, ERCP and sphincterotomy has a certain role in conjunction with LC in the management of patients with a high suspicion of CBD stones, particularly in institutions where there is easy access to expert interventional endoscopic techniques.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, Athens University Hippocration Hospital, Greece.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bonatsos
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leandros
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polydorou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Romanos
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dourakis
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Birbas
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Golematis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001646:Bile; D002758:Cholangiography; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D002761:Cholangitis / Q000175:diagnosis; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000175:diagnosis; D003137:Common Bile Duct Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004108:Dilatation, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D042882:Gallstones / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D007565:Jaundice / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000175:diagnosis; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D016717:Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography