title: Temperature-controlled laser photocoagulation of soft tissue: in vivo evaluation using a tissue welding model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laser surgical procedures involving photocoagulation of soft tissue have relied on subjective visual endpoints. The thermal damage to the denatured tissue in these procedures is highly dependent on the tissue temperatures achieved during laser irradiation. Therefore, a system capable of real time temperature monitoring and closed loop feedback was used to provide temperature controlled photocoagulation (TCPC).
  
  
  METHODS
  The TCPC system consisted of a 1.32 microns Nd:YAG laser, an infrared thermometer, and a microprocessor for data acquisition and feedback control. A porcine skin model was used. Tissue welds were completed to evaluate the photocoagulation effects at different predetermined temperatures. A quantitative measurement of tissue photocoagulation was obtained by tensile strength measurements of the laser repairs. Histology of the irradiated tissue was used to determine the extent of thermal injury associated with different photocoagulation temperatures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The TCPC system was capable of maintaining a relatively constant temperatures (+/- 4 degrees C) during laser irradiation. The tensile strengths of acute repairs increased with temperature over the range studied (65-95 degrees C). Tensile measurements made after several days of healing showed that higher temperature (95 degrees C) welds had lower strengths than repairs completed at lower (65 degrees C or 75 degrees C) temperatures and were significantly lower at 3 days. Acute histology showed that the amount thermal damage was strongly dependent on the tissue temperature and increased both in tissue depth and lateral to the repair with temperature. The histologic results suggest that the increase in the acute repair tensile strength as the weld temperature increased was due to an increase in the depth of tissue photocoagulation. The increase in the lateral tissue injury measured histologically for higher temperature welds likely resulted in the decreased chronic tensile strengths, as a healing response to excessive thermal damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tissue temperatures can be controlled during laser photocoagulation of skin. The degree of acute and chronic tissue damage is highly dependent on the temperature during welding. By controlling the tissue temperature during laser procedures, the surgical outcome can be more reliably predicted and reproduced, as compared to the conventional open loop methods. In addition, the use of a TCPC system should significantly reduce the learning curve for photothermal surgical procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Poppas
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Massicotte
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Wolga
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Kung
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Retik
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Freeman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D062109:Dermatologic Surgical Procedures; D006358:Hot Temperature; D017075:Laser Coagulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D013718:Tensile Strength