title: E-selectin appears in nonischemic tissue during experimental focal cerebral ischemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  E-selectin participates in leukocyte-endothelial adhesion and the inflammatory processes that follow focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. The temporal and topographical patterns of microvascular E-selectin presentation after experimental focal cerebral ischemia are relevant to microvascular reactivity to ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The upregulation and fate of E-selectin antigen during 2 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion (n = 4) and 3 hours of occlusion with reperfusion (1 hour, n = 4; 4 hours, n = 6; 24 hours, n = 6) were evaluated in the nonhuman primate. E-selectin and E:P-selectin immunoreactivities were semiquantitated with the use of computerized light microscopy video imaging and laser confocal microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three patterns of microvascular E-selectin expression, defined by the antibody E-1E4, were confirmed by complete elimination of E-1E4 binding after incubation with soluble recombinant human E-selectin: (1) Low immunoperoxidase intensity was observed in ischemic microvessels at 2 hours of occlusion extending to 4 hours of reperfusion (E-selectin/laminin = 0.32 +/- 0.10). (2) A significant fraction of ischemic microvessels displayed high-intensity E-selectin signal by 24 hours of reperfusion (0.61 +/- 0.17) compared with control and nonischemic tissues (2P < .003). (3) In the contralateral nonischemic basal ganglia and other nonischemic tissues, low but significant E-selectin levels appeared by 24 hours of reperfusion (2P = .0005). The latter were further confirmed by an E:P-selectin immunoprobe.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  E-selectin antigen is distinctively and significantly upregulated in nonhuman primate brain after focal ischemia and reperfusion. The late appearance of E-selectin in nonischemic cerebral tissues suggests stimulation by transferable factors generated during brain injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, Calif 92037, USA.
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Haring
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tsurushita
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tagaya
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: del Zoppo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000098:blood supply / Q000737:chemistry; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000032:analysis* / Q000276:immunology; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008833:Microcirculation; D010215:Papio; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D019040:E-Selectin; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes