title: Factors affecting urethrocystographic parameters in urinary continent women.
abstract: To evaluate the urethrocystographic changes in different conditions, 154 women were evaluated by using introital sonography. Patients were divided into three groups: group 1 (n = 103) normal, including 10 postmenopausal women; group 2 (n = 46) pregnant, including 16 women in the first trimester, 15 in the second trimester, and 15 in the third trimester; group 3 (n = 15) severe genitourinary prolapse. None of the 154 women had a history of urinary incontinence. The following parameters were measured at rest: urethral thickness, uretheral length, urethral inclination, and posterior urethrovesical angle. On maximum straining, urethral inclination, posterior urethrovesical angle, and rotational angle were measured. In general, age, parity, and menopause did not affect the urethrocystographic parameters in Group 1 patients. Postmenopausal women had a significant decrease in the urethral thickness compared with the premenopausal women (p = 0.026). Patients in Groups 2 and 3 had a significantly lower urethral position than those in group 1. However, hypermobility of the urethra was found only in Group 3. Different menstrual ages did not affect the urethral position but could affect the posterior urethrovesical angle at rest in the first trimester. Introital sonography, without the risk of radiation exposure, enables the observation of static and dynamic changes in the lower urinary tract, both repeatedly and reproducibly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D005260:Female; D052776:Female Urogenital Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010298:Parity; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000502:physiology; D011391:Prolapse; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014521:Urethra / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*