title: St John's wort for depression--an overview and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate if extracts of Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) are more effective than placebo in the treatment of depression, are as effective as standard antidepressive treatment, and have fewer side effects than standard antidepressant drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review and meta-analysis of trials revealed by searches.
  
  
  METHODS
  23 randomised trials including a total of 1757 outpatients with mainly mild or moderately severe depressive disorders: 15 (14 testing single preparations and one a combination with other plant extracts) were placebo controlled, and eight (six testing single preparations and two combinations) compared hypericum with another drug treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pooled estimate of the responder rate ratio (responder rate in treatment group/responder rate in control group), and numbers of patients reporting and dropping out for side effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypericum extracts were significantly superior to placebo (ratio = 2.67; 95% confidence interval 1.78 to 4.01) and similarly effective as standard antidepressants (single preparations 1.10; 0.93 to 1.31, combinations 1.52; 0.78 to 2.94). There were two (0.8%) drop outs for side effects with hypericum and seven (3.0%) with standard antidepressant drugs. Side effects occurred in 50 (19.8%) patients on hypericum and 84 (52.8%) patients on standard antidepressants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is evidence that extracts of hypericum are more effective than placebo for the treatment of mild to moderately severe depressive disorders. Further studies comparing extracts with standard antidepressants in well defined groups of patients and comparing different extracts and doses are needed.
authors.affiliation: Projekt Münchener Modell, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Linde
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Mulrow
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pauls
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Weidenhammer
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Melchart
mesh_terms: D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D020902:Hypericum; D010569:Perylene / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D011794:Quercetin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014966:Xanthenes / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014966:Xanthenes; D010569:Perylene; D011794:Quercetin