title: Glucagonostatic actions and reduction of fasting hyperglycemia by exogenous glucagon-like peptide I(7-36) amide in type I diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glucagon-like peptide I(7-36) amide (GLP-1) is a physiological incretin hormone that, in slightly supraphysiological doses, stimulates insulin secretion, lowers glucagon concentrations, and thereby normalizes elevated fasting plasma glucose concentrations in type II diabetic patients. It is not known whether GLP-1 has effects also in fasting type I diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 11 type I diabetic patients (HbA1c 9.1 +/- 2.1%; normal, 4.2-6.3%), fasting hyperglycemia was provoked by halving their usual evening NPH insulin dose. In random order on two occasions, 1.2 pmol . kg-1 . min-1 GLP-1 or placebo was infused intravenously in the morning (plasma glucose 13.7 +/- 0.9 mmol/l; plasma insulin 26 +/- 4 pmol/l). Glucose (glucose oxidase method), insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, GLP-1, cortisol, growth hormone (immunoassays), triglycerides, cholesterol, and nonesterified fatty acids (enzymatic tests) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Glucagon was reduced from approximately 8 to 4 pmol/l, and plasma glucose was lowered from 13.4 +/- 1.0 to 10.0 +/- 1.2 mmol/l with GLP-1 administration (plasma concentrations approximately 100 pmol, P < 0.0001), but not with placebo (14.2 +/- 0.7 to 13.2 +/- 1.0). Transiently, C-peptide was stimulated from basal 0.09 +/- 0.02 to 0.19 +/- 0.06 nmol/l by GLP-1 (P < 0.0001), but not by placebo (0.07 +/- 0.02 to 0.07 +/- 0.02). There was no significant effect on nonesterified fatty acids (P = 0.34), triglycerides (P = 0.57), cholesterol (P = 0.64), cortisol (P = 0.40), or growth hormone (P = 0.53).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therefore, exogenous GLP-1 is able to lower fasting glycemia also in type I diabetic patients, mainly by reducing glucagon concentrations. However, this alone is not sufficient to normalize fasting plasma glucose concentrations, as was previously observed in type II diabetic patients, in whom insulin secretion (C-peptide response) was stimulated 20-fold.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: W O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Creutzfeldt
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kleine
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Willms
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Orskov
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Holst
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nauck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D005215:Fasting; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D004763:Glucagon-Like Peptides; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000097:blood; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011498:Protein Precursors; C055453:glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36)amide; D004763:Glucagon-Like Peptides; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D005934:Glucagon