title: Promoter elements and second messenger pathways involved in transcriptional activation of tyrosine hydroxylase by ionomycin.
abstract: Membrane depolarization, or agents which increase intracellular calcium, elicit transcriptional activation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). In this study we analyze the factors involved in the regulation of the TH promoter by a calcium ionophore. PC12 cells were transiently transfected with plasmids containing wild type or mutated 5' flanking sequences of the rat TH gene, fused to bacterial chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT). Point mutations introduced into the consensus cAMP-regulatory element (CRE) abolished the induction of CAT by ionomycin indicating that it is essential for mediating the calcium response. An intact and functional AP1 site did not confer calcium inducibility when the CRE/CaRE sequence was mutated. The extent and kinetics of the increase in intracellular calcium as well as the induction of CAT activity under the control of TH promoter by ionomycin were similar in PC12 cells and in the A123.7, protein kinase A (PKA) deficient cell line. In both cell lines addition of ionomycin rapidly increased the phosphorylation of transcription factor CREB at Ser-133. These results suggest that the activation of TH transcription by ionomycin does not require PKA. However, KN62 an inhibitor of Ca2+/calmodulin dependent (CaM) kinases prevented the induction indicating possible involvement of CAM kinases in the calcium response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nankova
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hiremagalur
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Menezes
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zeman
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sabban
mesh_terms: D015124:8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002999:Clone Cells; D016384:Consensus Sequence; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D015759:Ionomycin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007476:Ionophores / Q000494:pharmacology; D007700:Kinetics; D016716:PC12 Cells; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017354:Point Mutation; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D051381:Rats; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015290:Second Messenger Systems; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D007476:Ionophores; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D015124:8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate; D015759:Ionomycin; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase; D002118:Calcium