title: Fibrinolysis and diabetic retinopathy in NIDDM.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  By contributing to a prothrombotic state, increased levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) may be involved in the pathogenesis of the vascular complications of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). The objective of this study was to compare levels of components of the fibrinolytic system in NIDDM subjects with and without retinopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 135 Caucasian NIDDM subjects treated with oral therapy or diet alone were classified by the presence or absence of retinopathy, and fasting blood samples were taken for assay of PAI-1 antigen and activity, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), t-PA complexed with PAI-1, euglobulin clot lysis time (a measure of overall fibrinolytic activity), glucose, HbA1c, cholesterol, triglyceride, and insulin levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects with retinopathy had a longer disease duration than those without (9 vs. 5 years, P < 0.0001) and had lower levels of PAI-1 (PAI-1 antigen) (geometric mean and 95% confidence interval), 13.9 (10.4-18.6) vs. 24.1 (21.2-27.4) ng/ml (P < 0.0005); t-PA antigen, 9.6 (8.6-10.7) vs. 11.5 (10.8-12.3) ng/ml (P < 0.01); t-PA--PAI-1 complexes, 6.2 (5.2-7.2) vs. 7.8 (6.8-8.8) ng/ml (P < 0.05); and insulin, 11.5 (9.3-14.3) vs. 19.5 (17.0-22.3) mU/l (P < 0.0005). Euglobulin clot lysis time was shorter in the subjects with retinopathy, 273 (238-312) vs. 327 (303-352) min. When entered into a logistic regression model, disease duration, PAI-1 antigen, and HbA1c remained as significant independent associates of the presence of retinopathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results do not support the hypothesis that impaired fibrinolysis due to elevated PAI-1 is associated with the development of retinopathy because fibrinolysis is indeed enhanced and PAI-1 lower in subjects with retinopathy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medicine, University of Leeds, U.K. michaelm@pathology.leeds.ac.uk
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Mansfield
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003927:Diet, Diabetic; D005260:Female; D005342:Fibrinolysis; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood*; D013997:Time Factors; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000097:blood*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002784:Cholesterol; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D014280:Triglycerides