title: Molecular diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic cancer using a percutaneous technique.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The K-ras oncogene is activated by point mutations at codon 12 in most patients with exocrine pancreatic cancer. Mutant-enriched polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification can enhance the detection of mutated K-ras. This technique was applied to patients undergoing percutaneous fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy of suspect pancreatic lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five patients underwent percutaneous FNA of the pancreas for cytologic and molecular analysis. After preparing cytologic smears, the 22-gauge needle and syringe used for FNA were rinsed in RPMI-1640. The specimen was centrifuged, and DNA was extracted from the supernatant and subjected to mutant-enriched PCR using appropriate mismatched primers that introduce a BstNI restriction endonuclease clevage site at codon 12 of wild-type, but not mutant, K-ras. After digestion with BstNI, the DNA was reamplified. To increase assay sensitivity, the final five PCR cycles were completed incorporating 5 microCi of (alpha-32P)dCTP. The DNA was then redigested and subjected to gel electrophoresis and autoradiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median amount of DNA retrieved per specimen was 3.33 micrograms. Mutant K-ras was detected as a band of 143 bps; residual wild-type DNA was seen as a 114-bp fragment. Twenty-one of 25 specimens demonstrated mutated K-ras DNA. Two patients with nondiagnostic cytology results had mutated K-ras DNA; adenocarcinoma of pancreatic origin was confirmed in both cases after pancreatectomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The molecular diagnosis of pancreatic cancer through identifications of mutations in K-ras can be readily performed on specimens obtained by percutaneous FNA. As aggressive multimodality management of this disease becomes more common, pretreatment analysis of molecular determinants may have greater clinical significance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Frazier
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Charnsangavej
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Larry
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Abbruzzese
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D001483:Base Sequence; D001707:Biopsy, Needle / Q000379:methods; D003062:Codon; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010179:Pancreas / Q000473:pathology; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D017354:Point Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests
chemical_list: D003062:Codon