title: Induction of ceramide glucosyltransferase activity in cultured human keratinocytes. Correlation with culture differentiation.
abstract: Ceramides are the major component of the extracellular lipids that comprise the epidermal permeability barrier. They are derived from glucosylceramides (GlcCer) upon their extrusion from lamellar granules into the extracellular space in the upper layers of the epidermis. To better understand the regulation of the unique pathway for ceramide production in epidermis, we have studied the activity of the enzyme responsible for GlcCer synthesis, ceramide glucosyltransferase (CerGlc transferase), during keratinocyte culture differentiation. Human keratinocyte cultures were expanded in low calcium keratinocyte growth medium (KGM) and then switched to either normal calcium KGM (nKGM) or "complete" Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/Ham's F-12 (3:1) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (cDMEM). At 7 and 10 days after the medium switch, electron microscopy revealed that cDMEM cultures were more fully differentiated morphologically and contained numerous lamellar granules. The GlcCer/DNA content of cDMEM cultures increased to 6 times that of day 0 cultures and was nearly 4 times greater than that of nKGM cultures, whereas the total lipid/DNA content of cDMEM cultures increased to only 1.8 times that of day 0 cultures and was approximately 1.2 times that of nKGM cultures. CerGlc transferase activity/DNA increased 6 times in cDMEM cultures but <1.5 times in nKGM cultures. By contrast, beta-glucocerebrosidase activity, which is responsible for the conversion of GlcCer to ceramide, increased to a similar extent in both differentiating culture systems. Treatment of cultures with the reversible CerGlc transferase inhibitor, DL-threo-1-phenyl-2-(palmitoylamino)-3-morpholino-1-propanol, prevented the increase of GlcCer in cDMEM cultures, and blocked conversion of exogenously added ceramide to GlcCer. A low level of CerGlc transferase activity, relative to that in differentiated keratinocytes, was detected in cultures of other human cell types. These results indicate that CerGlc transferase activity is induced during epidermal differentiation and that regulation of this enzyme may be an important determinant of the specialized production and compartmentalization of epidermal sphingolipids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Sando
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Madison
mesh_terms: D009327:4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002518:Ceramides / Q000378:metabolism; D002793:Cholic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism; D005962:Glucosylceramidase / Q000378:metabolism; D005964:Glucosyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000201:enzymology*; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D013107:Sphingolipids / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C095823:1-phenyl-2-palmitoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol; D002518:Ceramides; D002793:Cholic Acids; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D008055:Lipids; D009025:Morpholines; D013107:Sphingolipids; C008550:morpholinopropane sulfonic acid; C037974:N-(7-(4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole))-6-aminocaproyl sphingosine; D005964:Glucosyltransferases; C023246:ceramide glucosyltransferase; D005962:Glucosylceramidase; D009327:4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan; C028213:3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate