title: Excess mortality and its relation to hypertension and proteinuria in diabetic patients. The world health organization multinational study of vascular disease in diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the extent that mortality in IDDM and NIDDM patients is in excess of that of the general population and examine its relation to hypertension and proteinuria in diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A stratified random sample of 4,714 diabetic patients aged 35-55 years participating in the World Health Organization Multinational Study of Vascular Disease in Diabetes has been followed up from 1975 to 1987. Excess mortality, compared with the background population, was assessed in terms of standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for each of the 10 international cohorts. The relationship between excess mortality and proteinuria/hypertension was examined by diabetes type and sex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SMRs were in general higher in patients with IDDM (ranging from 188 to 686 for men and from 336 to 790 for women) than with NIDDM (from 138 to 370 for men and from 126 to 435 for women). For both diabetes types and in both sexes, SMRs decreased with increasing age and increased with increasing diabetes duration. Patients with both hypertension and proteinuria experienced a strikingly high mortality risk: 11-fold for men with IDDM and 18-fold for women with IDDM and 5-fold for men with NIDDM and 8-fold for women with NIDDM. Even in the absence of proteinuria and hypertension, SMRs were significantly increased in both IDDM (284 men and 360 women) and NIDDM (192 men and 236 women) patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considerable international differences were found not only in mortality rates for the two types of diabetes but also in the extent of excess mortality among centers. IDDM patients had a high excess mortality in comparison with the general population. The significant excess mortality was demonstrated even in patients without proteinuria and without hypertension for both sexes and diabetes types.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Medicine, University of London, U.K.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Head
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Fuller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000401:mortality*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000401:mortality*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000401:mortality*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011507:Proteinuria; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D014944:World Health Organization