title: The relationship between ethnicity and advance directives in a frail older population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relationship between ethnicity and Health Care wishes, including Advance Directives, in a group of frail older persons in PACE (Program For All Inclusive Care Of The Elderly).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review of 1193 participants in the PACE program.
  
  
  METHODS
  Program of All Inclusive Care Of The Elderly (PACE), a comprehensive managed care demonstration program serving frail older participants at 10 sites across the nation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1193 older adults, all of whom met state criteria for nursing home level of care. There were 385 non-Hispanic whites, 364 blacks, 156 Hispanics, and 288 Asians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Presence or absence of advance directives, type of health care wishes selected including living will, durable power of attorney, and health care proxy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Frail older white, black, Hispanic and Asian Americans differ significantly in their health care wishes and how they choose to express them. Blacks were significantly more likely to select aggressive interventions and less likely than non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics to utilize a written instrument for expressing health care wishes. Whites were significantly more likely to utilize written documents for advance directives, whereas Asians were more likely to select less aggressive interventions but were unlikely to use written advance directives.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this population, we found significant ethnic variations in choice of health care wishes. Although health care wishes are an individual decision, an awareness of cross cultural patterns can assist practitioners in addressing the concerns of their patients, as well as assisting Health Care Policy Development.
authors.affiliation: University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, USA.
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Eleazer
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hornung
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Egbert
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Egbert
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eng
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hedgepeth
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McCann
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Strothers
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sapir
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D016223:Advance Directives / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001213:Asian / Q000523:psychology; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000523:psychology*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology