title: Effects of U-74389G, a novel 21-aminosteroid, on small intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury in horses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of the 21-aminosteroid, U-74389G, on reperfusion of the equine jejunum, using total (TVO) and partial (PVO) vascular occlusion during the ischemic period.
  
  
  METHODS
  TVO: 16 healthy horses were randomly allotted to 3 groups-4 horses received the vehicle alone, 6 horses received a low dosage (3 mg/kg o body weight), and 6 horses a high dosage (10 mg/kg) of U-7438G. PVO: 10 healthy horses were randomly allotted to 2 groups--5 horses received the vehicle alone, and 5 horses received the low dosage (3 mg/kg) of U-74389G.
  
  
  METHODS
  TVO was induced for 1 hour followed by 2 hours of reperfusion. During PVO, blood flow was reduced to 20% of baseline for 2 hours, followed by 2 hours of reperfusion. For both models, either the vehicle alone or the drug was given 15 minutes prior to reperfusion. Samples were obtained before, during, and after ischemia for determination of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, malondealdehyde (MDA) concentration, concentration of conjugated dienes (PVO experiment only), and morphometric analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TVO: tissue concentration of MDA and MPO activity were not altered in any group by ischemia or reperfusion. During ischemia, mucosal volume and surface area were reduced. After reperfusion, no further reduction occurred. After initial decrease in submucosal volume during ischemia, there was a significant increase after reperfusion in the vehicle-only group (P < 0.05). PVO: there were no alterations in the concentration of either MDA or conjugated dienes. There was significant increase in the activity of MPO during ischemia and reperfusion (P < 0.05). These effects were similar for the vehicle-only and drug groups. During ischemia, there was a significant decrease in mucosal surface area and volume (P < 0.05), that was continued during reperfusion for the vehicle-only (P < 0.05). Submucosal volume increased during ischemia and reperfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reduced blood flow during ischemia (PVO group) caused continued loss in mucosal volume and surface area during reperfusion. At the dosage given, the 21-aminosteroid, U-74389G, was not effective in preventing continued reduction in mucosal volume and surface area after restoration of blood supply in the horses subjected to reduced blood flow.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Vatistas
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Hildebrand
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Harmon
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Woliner
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nieto
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Enos
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Magliano
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Drake
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006736:Horses; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000098:blood supply / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D007583:Jejunum / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000032:analysis; D008641:Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000032:analysis; D011281:Pregnatrienes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D011281:Pregnatrienes; C074965:U 74389F; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D009195:Peroxidase