title: Hemodynamic effects of medetomidine-midazolam-butorphanol and medetomidine-midazolam-buprenorphine combinations and reversibility by atipamezole in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the hemodynamic effects of medetomidine (1 mg/m2 of body surface area; dosage, 39 to 46 micrograms/kg of body weight, IM) and midazolam (1 mg/kg of body weight, i.v.) combined with butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg, i.v.), buprenorphine (10 micrograms/kg, i.v.) or saline solution. Reversibility of these effects by atipamezole (2.5 mg/m2; dosage, 97.5 to 115 micrograms/kg, IM) was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  2 treated groups and 1 control group, without repetition.
  
  
  METHODS
  15 clinically normal dogs (3 groups of 5).
  
  
  METHODS
  Medetomidine was administered at time 0; midazolam and butorphanol, buprenorphine, or saline solution at time 20; and atipamezole at time 60. Heart rate, systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures, central venous pressure, body temperature, cardiac output, and arterial and mixed venous blood gas tensions and pH were measured. Cardiac index, stroke index, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances, and left and right stroke work indexes were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Body temperature, heart rate, cardiac index, and stroke index were significantly decrease below baseline values in some groups. Central venous pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and systemic vascular resistance were significantly increased above baseline in all groups. Arterial and venous PO2 and pH decreased in all groups and PCO2 increased, but these changes were more pronounced when buprenorphine was administered. Arterial pressure decreased after atipamezole administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combinations seemed to result in cardiorespiratory depressant effects of similar importance and most of these effects, which are related to medetomidine, were reversed by atipamezole.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Obstetrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, university of Liege, Belgium.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pypendop
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Serteyn
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verstegen
mesh_terms: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020926:Medetomidine; D008874:Midazolam / Q000494:pharmacology; D011669:Pulmonary Wedge Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D000700:Analgesics; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007093:Imidazoles; C050701:atipamezole; D002047:Buprenorphine; D020926:Medetomidine; D002077:Butorphanol; D008874:Midazolam