title: Mania due to general medical conditions: frequency, treatment, and cost.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mania due to general medicine conditions may occur in patients in a variety of settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the charts of patients admitted to an adult psychiatric service over a nine-year period (Jan. 1985 to Dec. 1993). Patients were diagnosed with Organic Affective Syndrome (ICD-9 code 293.83) in 241 episodes (N = 227 patients). There were forty-seven manic or mixed episodes in forty patients (0.72% of all admissions).
  
  
  RESULTS
  When DSM-IV criteria for Mood Disorder due to a General Medical Condition manic or mixed type (MDGMC) was applied, we found twenty-five patients with twenty-seven episodes (N = 30 treatment trials). Irritable mood predominated in twenty-seven (90%) of the thirty trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment included anticonvulsants in 63 percent, neuroleptics 63 percent, and lithium 40 percent. Favorable responses to anticonvulsants were seen; however combination therapy was used more frequently. Further research in this area is needed.
authors.affiliation: Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, USA.
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Goforth
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: O R
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Dueño
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D017722:Hospital Charges; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies