title: The influence of dietary salt level on water consumption, farrowing, and reproductive performance of lactating sows.
abstract: During two consecutive lactations using a switch-back design, 16 sows received a corn, cassava, barley, and soybean meal diet supplemented with either 8.5 or 1 g/kg of NaCl (.4% Na or .1% Na, respectively). The average daily water consumption during the 4-wk lactation period was greater (P < .01) for the sows fed the high-salt diet than for those fed the low-salt diet (13.9 vs 12.4 L, respectively). Urine production accounted for 27% of the water intake during lactation. This resulted in a difference during the entire lactation period of 42.2 L in water consumption (P = .07) and 11.4 L in urine production (P = .07). The Na and Cl concentrations of the urine for sows fed the high-salt diet were higher than for sows fed the low-salt diet (P < .05), but the K, Mg, P, and Ca concentrations were not influenced. The milk composition, measured at d 1, 13, and 27 of lactation, was relatively independent of the dietary salt level, except for the Cl concentration at d 1 after farrowing, which was higher (P < .05) for sows fed the high-salt diet. The moisture and ash content of the milk increased with the length of the lactation, irrespective of the diet. The increased ash content on d 13 and 27 of lactation was accounted for by the increased concentrations of P and Ca. There was no effect of dietary salt level on weight change of the sow or on the growth performance of the pigs. The interval from weaning to estrus (n = 13, t = 2.48, P = .029) was shorter for sows fed the high-salt diet than for sows fed the low-salt diet (6.2 +/- 1.0 and 12.6 +/- 3.1 d, respectively). More sows were unsuccessfully mated after receiving the low-salt diet during lactation. These results indicate that a low-salt diet for lactating sows results in lower water consumption, lower urine production, and lower Na and Cl concentrations in the urine. Milk composition, weight change of the sow, and growth performance of the pigs were not altered, but reproductive failures afterward may point to a salt deficiency during lactation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Nutrition, Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seynaeve
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Wilde
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Janssens
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: De Smet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002712:Chlorides / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004326:Drinking / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000502:physiology*; D005527:Food, Fortified; D001467:Hordeum / Q000592:standards; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology*; D008274:Magnesium / Q000032:analysis; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000652:urine; D011897:Random Allocation; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology*; D012964:Sodium / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013025:Glycine max / Q000592:standards; D013552:Swine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology; D003313:Zea mays / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D010758:Phosphorus; D012964:Sodium; D008274:Magnesium; D002118:Calcium