title: Elastase in gingival crevicular fluid from smokers and non-smokers with chronic inflammatory periodontal disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare elastase concentrations in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from individual sites of smokers and non-smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve pairs of smokers and non-smokers with untreated, moderate to advanced chronic inflammatory periodontal disease were matched for gender, age, ethnicity and the clinical and radiographic extent of disease. Durapore filter strip samples were collected over 30 s from two mesiopalatal sites on upper left posterior teeth. Samples were analysed for: 1) polymorphonuclear neutrophil leucocyte (PMNL) cell counts; 2) PMNL elastase-alpha 1-antitrypsin complex in the GCF supernatant by ELISA; and 3) functional elastase, free or bound to alpha 2-macroglobulin, estimated from activity against N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-alanyl-prolyl-norvalyl-p-chlorothiobenzyl ester in supernatant and lysates of GCF PMNLs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no differences in disease parameters between groups except that bleeding on probing was less extensive in smokers (P<0.001). Cell counts and elastase content of crevicular PMNLs showed no differences between groups. Lower concentrations of elastase were found in GCF supernatants from smokers than non-smokers. This difference was observed for functional elastase (mean [s.d.] = 30.21 [17.60] against 73.77 [75.26] ng microliter(-1), p<0.05) and elastase complexed with alpha 1-antitrypsin (8.97 [6.54] ng microliter(-1) against 25.71 [22.07] ng microliter(-1), p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smokers have lower elastase concentrations in GCF than non-smokers. Further investigation is required to elucidate the underlying cause and its relationship with periodontal disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St Thomas's Hospitals, London, UK.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Alavi
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Odell
authors.forename: P Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Coward
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000201:enzymology*; D006801:Humans; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000201:enzymology; D010196:Pancreatic Elastase / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000201:enzymology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism*; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin / Q000378:metabolism; D000511:alpha-Macroglobulins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin; C037741:alpha 1-antitrypsin-leukocyte elastase complex; D000511:alpha-Macroglobulins; D010196:Pancreatic Elastase; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase