title: Intramuscular rocuronium in infants and children. Dose-ranging and tracheal intubating conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rocuronium's rapid onset and intermediate duration of action with intravenous administration suggests that intramuscular administration might facilitate tracheal intubation without producing prolonged paralysis. Accordingly, in infants and children, the authors measured onset at the adductor pollicis and respiratory muscles to determine the optimal dose (phase I), then gave this optimal dose to determine the optimal time for tracheal intubation (phase II).
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors studied 45 unpremedicated patients aged 3 months to 5 yr. In phase I, 25 patients were anesthetized with nitrous oxide and halothane and breathed spontaneously; twitch tension and minute ventilation were measured. Rocuronium (800-2,400 micrograms/kg) was injected into the quadriceps or deltoid muscle; doses varied, using an "up-down" technique, the goal being to bracket the dose depressing twitch 75-90% within 5 min. In phase II, deltoid injections of the optimal dose from phase I (infants: 1,000 micrograms/kg; children: 1,800 micrograms/kg) were given to 20 patients anesthetized with 0.82-1.0% halothane. Tracheal intubation was attempted 1.5-3.0 min later; time to tracheal intubation was varied, using an "up-down" technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In phase I, 5 of 7 patients given quadriceps injections (1,200-2,200 micrograms/kg) had slow onset of twitch and ventilatory depression. With deltoid injections (800-2,400 micrograms/kg), all patients developed complete twitch depression; median time to 50% depression of minute ventilation was 3.2 min in infants and 2.8 min in children. In phase II, intubating conditions were consistently adequate or good-excellent at 2.5 min in infants and 3.0 min in children. Initial twitch recovery was at 57 +/- 13 min (mean +/- SD) in infants and 70 +/- 23 min in children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Deltoid injections of rocuronium, 1,000 micrograms/kg in infants and 1,800 micrograms/kg in children, rapidly permit tracheal intubation in infants and children, despite a light plane of anesthesia. Duration of action of these large doses might limit clinical utility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0648, USA.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luks
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Fisher
mesh_terms: D000732:Androstanols / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000379:methods; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003864:Depression, Chemical; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D000077123:Rocuronium
chemical_list: D000732:Androstanols; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; D000077123:Rocuronium