title: Magnetic resonance image-guided stereotactic cingulotomy for intractable psychiatric disease.
abstract: We describe the modern operative technique of magnetic resonance (MR) image-guided stereotactic cingulotomy and discuss the indications, results, and complications of this procedure. A retrospective analysis of psychiatric outcome was performed for 34 patients with intractable major affective disorder and/or obsessive-compulsive disorder who underwent MR image-guided stereotactic cingulotomy since 1991. Fourteen patients underwent multiple cingulotomies (50 total procedures). Overall, 38% of the patients were classified as responders, 23% as possible responders, and 38% as nonresponders. Of the patients who did not respond to initial cingulotomies and who underwent multiple cingulotomies, 36% became responders, 36% possible responders, and 28% nonresponders. There were no deaths or long-term side effects related to the procedure. The therapeutic results of MR image-guided stereotactic cingulotomy are similar to the results of earlier methods of cingulotomy, and the use of MR imaging offers substantial technical advantages. This procedure also compares favorably with other neurosurgical procedures performed for intractable psychiatric disease with a low rate of undesired side effects. Cingulotomy is safe and well tolerated, with over one-third of the patients demonstrating significant improvement; however, prospective long-term follow-up studies are needed to further define the role of surgery in treating intractable psychiatric disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Spangler
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Cosgrove
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Ballantine
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Cassem
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Rauch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nierenberg
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Price
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000295:instrumentation; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery*; D012086:Reoperation; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016896:Treatment Outcome