title: The psychological and medical sequelae of war in Central American refugee mothers and children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the physical and mainly psychological sequelae of exposure to war in Central American children and their mothers who immigrated to the United States on average 4 years before the study began.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interview study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two immigrant Central American women caretakers and 1 of their children aged 5 to 13 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standardized and new measures were administered to assess children's physical and mental health symptoms and exposure to political violence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen of the 22 children had chronic health problems. Fifteen children and all of the adults had observed traumatic events, including bombings and homicides. Thirteen of the children showed mental health symptom profiles above established norms, although only 2 met the criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder according to their own reports. Many of the caretakers were unaware of their child's psychological distress. Four of the mothers exhibited posttraumatic stress disorder, and their symptoms predicted their child's mental health.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatricians are sometimes the first and only contacts these families have with health care providers. Caretakers' reports of children's mental health are often incomplete. It is therefore important for physicians to probe for "hidden" symptoms in refugee children. These family members may need referrals to social and psychological services, and pediatricians can open the gates to existing community networks of support. Because we found that maternal mental health influences the child's, the child's interests are well served when pediatricians also encourage the mother to contact services for herself if she confides that she is experiencing some of the severe psychological sequelae reported by the women in this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Steele Memorial Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Locke
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Southwick
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: McCloskey
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Fernández-Esquer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002489:Central America / Q000208:ethnology; D002648:Child; D002669:Child Welfare; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005260:Female; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008429:Maternal Welfare; D008875:Middle Aged; D012036:Refugees / Q000523:psychology*; D015206:Southwestern United States; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014857:Warfare