title: Accuracy and reliability of disposable pressure transducers coupled with modern pressure monitors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the bedside accuracy of direct patient pressure monitoring when used with new and clinically used disposable blood pressure (BP) transducers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory bench and critical care units in an adult and children's hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-five bedside patient monitors (25 Marquette Electronics, 25 Spacelab Medical, and 25 Hewlett-Packard), and 100 disposable transducers (50 from Utah Medical Products and 50 from Abbott Critical Care Systems [25 new, 25 clinically used of each manufacturer]) were tested.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A +/- 2% accuracy requirement for bedside monitors and the +/- 3% American National Standards Institute accuracy standard for disposable BP transducers were used. To test the accuracy of the bedside monitors, a certified transducer simulator was used to apply 100 mm Hg to each bedside monitor. To test the accuracy of the disposable BP transducers, a very accurate (+/- 0.05%) pneumatic dead weight tester was used to apply pressures to the transducer. A digital power supply and a 6 1/2 digit voltmeter were used. The average output of the bedside monitors when 100 mm Hg was applied was 99.90 +/- 0.83 mm Hg, with the worst cases being 98 and 103 mm Hg. For all 100 disposable pressure transducers, the average output was 100.03 +/- 0.55 mm Hg, with the worst cases being 98.53 and 101.36 when 100 mm Hg was applied. There was no important difference in the accuracy of the transducers obtained from the two vendors nor whether the transducers had been used clinically.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All disposable BP transducers tested were much more accurate than the American National Standards Institute standard for accuracy. Even the worst case transducers were twice as accurate as required by the American National Standards Institute standard. Only one bedside monitor was outside the +/- 2% accuracy range (103 mm Hg). Based on these findings, this author recommends that fixed calibration disposable transducers and fixed calibration bedside pressure monitoring systems be used. The clinical risks of air embolism and infection from the calibrating mercury manometer and the complexity of the calibration task are the overriding factors for making these recommendations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Informatics, LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT 84143, USA.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Gardner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015924:Blood Pressure Monitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D002138:Calibration; D002648:Child; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000209:etiology; D004209:Disposable Equipment / Q000592:standards* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014160:Transducers, Pressure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards* / Q000600:supply & distribution