title: Exposure to environmental complexity promotes recovery of cognitive function after traumatic brain injury.
abstract: This study was designed to determine whether exposure to a complex environment after traumatic brain injury (TBI) would promote the recovery of cognitive function. Rats were injured at a moderate level of fluid percussion injury (2.1 atm) or were prepared for injury but were not injured (sham injury). Immediately after the injury or sham injury, the injured/complex (n = 8) and the sham/complex (n = 7) groups were placed into a complex environment. The complex environment was a 89 x 89-cm enclosure with different types of bedding and objects that provided motor, olfactory, tactile, and visual stimulation. The injured/standard (n = 8) and the sham/standard (n = 8) groups were returned to the animal vivarium where they were housed individually in standard wire mesh cages (24 x 20 x 18 cm). On days 11-15 (postinjury), performance in the Morris water maze was assessed. Analysis of the latency to reach the goal platform indicated that injured animals recuperating in the complex environment performed significantly better than injured animals recovering in the standard environment (p < 0.01). In fact, injured animals in the complex environment performed as well as both sham-injured groups. The improved performance of injured rats recovering in the enriched environment occurred in the absence of environmentally induced alterations in brain weight. These results indicate that exposure to environmental complexity enhances recovery of cognitive function after TBI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University/Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hamm
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Temple
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: O'Dell
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Pike
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Lyeth
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001274:Atmospheric Pressure; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning; D009929:Organ Size; D051381:Rats; D012016:Reference Values; D012931:Social Environment; D012934:Social Isolation; D013997:Time Factors