title: Distribution of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in vocal control nuclei of the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus).
abstract: The present study used histochemical methods to map the distributions of choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the vocal control nuclei of a psittacine, the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus). The distributions of ChAT and AChE in budgerigars appeared similar to that in oscine songbirds despite evidence that these systems have evolved independently. The magnicellular nucleus of the lobus parolfactorius in budgerigars, like the area X in songbirds, contained many ChAT labeled somata, fibers, and varicosities and stained densely for AChE. In contrast, the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA) and the supralaminar area of the frontal neostriatum in budgerigars, like the RA and the magnicellular nucleus of the neostriatum (MAN) in songbirds, respectively, contained few or no ChAT labeled somata, fibers, and varicosities and stained lightly for AChE. The central nucleus of the lateral neostriatum in budgerigars, like the higher vocal center (HVC) in songbirds, contained no ChAT labeled somata, moderate densities of ChAT labeled fibers and varicosities, and moderate levels of AChE staining. Two nuclei, the oval nucleus of the hyperstriatum ventrale (HVo) and the oval nucleus of the anterior neostriatum (NAo), contained no ChAT labeled somata, dense ChAT labeled fibers and varicosities, and moderate to high levels of AChE staining. The HVo and the NAo have no counterparts in songbirds but may be important vocal control nuclei in the budgerigar. Cholinergic enzymes are also described in other regions which may be involved in budgerigar vocal behavior, including the basal forebrain, the torus semicircularis, and the hypoglossal nuclei (nXII).
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park 20742, USA.
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Cookson
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Heaton
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Brauth
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002795:Choline O-Acetyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D010311:Parrots; D016548:Prosencephalon / Q000201:enzymology*; D014828:Vocalization, Animal
chemical_list: D002795:Choline O-Acetyltransferase; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase