title: Simultaneous fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis of two distinct transcriptional elements within a single cell using engineered green fluorescent proteins.
abstract: Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is widely used as a reporter gene in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. However, the fluorescence levels of wild-type GFP (wtGFP) are not bright enough for fluorescence-activated cell sorting or flow cytometry. Several GFP variants were generated that are brighter or have altered excitation spectra when expressed in prokaryotic cells. We engineered two GFP genes with different combinations of these mutations, GFP(S65T,V163A) termed GFP-Bex1, and GFP(S202F,T203I,V163A) termed GFP-Vex1. Both show enhanced brightness and improved signal-to-noise ratios when expressed in mammalian cells and appropriately excited, compared with wtGFP. Each mutant retains only one of the two excitation peaks of the wild-type protein. GFP-Bex1 excites at 488 nm (blue) and GFP-Vex1 excites at 406 nm (violet), both of which are available laser lines. Excitation at these wavelengths allows for the independent analyses of these mutants by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, permitting simultaneous, quantitative detection of expression from two different genes within single mammalian cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Tjioe
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lorincz
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Parks
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Herzenberg
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Herzenberg
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D002469:Cell Separation; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods*; D015870:Gene Expression; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins