title: Three-dimensional ultrastructure of the surface of the tongue of the rat snake, Elaphe climacophora.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many studies have been performed to clarify the relationship between behavioral performance of the tongue and Jacobson's organ. The purpose of the present study was to examine the ultrastructural features of the surface of the tongue of the rat snake, Elaphe climacophora, and to delineate the functional relationship between the tongue and Jacobson's organ from a morphological perspective.
  
  
  METHODS
  The three-dimensional ultrastructure of the surface of the tongue of the rat snake Elaphe climacophora was investigated by scanning electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of the surface of the bifurcated apex of the tongue was relatively smooth. Dome-shaped, hemispherical bulges or microfacets were compactly arranged on the epithelial cell surface over this entire region. Intercellular borders were clearly recognizable as striations. These features were almost the same as those of the dorsal surface of the transitional area between the bifurcated lingual apex and the anterior part of the lingual body. In the posterior half of the lingual body, no microfacets were seen at all. Both microridges and microvilli were compactly distributed on cell surfaces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No evidence was obtained from our ultrastructural analysis for an important role of the lingual apex in the vomeronasal system. By contrast, the epithelial surface of the body of the tongue appeared suitable for retaining stimulating compounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology, Nippon Dental University School of Dentistry at Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iwasaki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshizawa
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kawahara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017812:Colubridae / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D004848:Epithelium / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008871:Microvilli / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014059:Tongue / Q000648:ultrastructure*