title: Sustained pulmonary vasodilation after inhaled nitric oxide for hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in swine.
abstract: It has been shown that pulmonary vasodilation is sustained after discontinuation of inhaled nitric oxide (INO) during moderate hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) in swine. The present investigations demonstrated how INO dose, hypoxia duration, and endogenous NO production influence this important phenomenon. Fifteen adolescent Yorkshire swine were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 5 each) and underwent the following phasic experimental protocol: (I) Baseline ventilation (FIO2 = .3); (II) Initiating HPH (FIO2 = .16 to .18, PaO2 = 45 to 55 mm Hg); (III) INO at 10 ppm; (IV) Posttreatment observation; (V) INO of 80 ppm; and (VI) Posttreatment observation. Phase II (pretreatment hypoxia) lasted 30 minutes in group A (short hypoxia) and 120 minutes in group B (long hypoxia). N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (NAME) was used to inhibit nitric oxide synthase (NOS) throughout the experiment in group C (short hypoxia + NAME). Hemodynamics and blood gases were monitored by systemic and pulmonary artery catheters placed by femoral cutdown. Analysis of variance with post-hoc adjustment was used to compare groups at each phase, and the paired t test was used for comparisons within a group. With respect to baseline mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), there were no significant differences among the three groups. MPAP and PVR were significantly higher in group C than in group A during phase II, (MPAP, 76% +/- 8% v 33% +/- 2%; PVR, 197% +/- 19% v 78% +/- 10%; P < .05). There were no significant differences in MPAP or PVR during phases III through VI. When MPAP was expressed as percent dilation, 80 ppm caused significantly more dilation than did 10 ppm in all three groups. Groups A and C had significantly higher sustained pulmonary artery dilation after 80 ppm than after 10 ppm (A, 82% +/- 31% v 17% +/- 11%; C, 68% +/- 10% v 42% +/- 12%; both P < .05), but group B did not (43% +/- 15% v 30% +/- 9%; P = .25). High dose results in stronger vasodilation than low dose during and after INO for moderate HPH of short duration. Long hypoxia blunts this high-dose advantage. Endogenous NO inhibition augments HPH but does not decrease pulmonary vasodilation during or after INO.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Childrens Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Emil
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kanno
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Berkeland
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kosi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Atkinson
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000209:etiology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D011897:Random Allocation; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide