title: Local and regional variations in myofibrillar patterns in looping rat hearts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In chickens, cytodifferentiation, right side dominance in myofibril development, and variations in myofibrillar patterns in different areas and layers of the myocardial wall exist which have been implicated in the process of heart looping. Little comparable information is available for developing myofibrillar patterns in the early development of mammalian hearts.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have used transmission electron microscopy (TEM), confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM), and 3-D reconstruction techniques also present in the looping hearts of embryonic day (ED) 9.5 to 11.5 rat hearts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Local and regional variations and right side dominance in myofibrillar patterns were shown during looping in 9.5 through 11.5 days of development in embryonic rat heart. At 9.5 days of development, myofibrils near the lumen of the myocardial wall were primarily in circumferential bands while near the pericardial surface they were primarily in longitudinal bands. In older embryos, regional variations in myofibrillar organization was found in areas associated with the cardiac cushions, trabeculae, and myocardial wall of the developing heart chambers. Based on sarcomeric structure, myofibrils in the ventricle and outflow tract were more advanced than those found in the atrial wall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The local and regional patterns of myofibrils in looping rat hearts are similar to those which have been found in developing chicken hearts. This study and others indicate cytodifferentiation and development of the contractile apparatus has a crucial role in the process of heart looping.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208, USA.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chintanowonges
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shiraishi
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Borg
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Terracio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology*; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009210:Myofibrils / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014338:Truncus Arteriosus / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology