title: Effect of specimen fixation method on pullout tests of pedicle screws.
abstract: METHODS
  Experimental axial pullout tests of a new type of pedicle screw were done on cadaveric lumbar vertebrae. The manner in which specimens were secured in the testing apparatus was varied to determined influence of specimen fixation method on the maximum pedicle screw pullout force.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the appropriateness of embedding (i.e., potting) spinal specimens in polymer resin (e.g., bone cement or Plastic Padding [Plastic Padding Ltd., High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, England]) for axial pullout tests of pedicle screws. Several different specimen fixation methods were examined to make recommendations for the standardization of future experimental testing protocols.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Axial pullout of transpedicular screws, although not a likely clinical mode of failure, is a popular experimental testing mode for evaluating screw-bone biomechanics. A wide variety of techniques for securing a vertebral specimen to counter the axial pullout force has been reported (including the use of polymer resin) with a correspondingly wide range in the resulting axial pullout strengths. The possible influence of the specimen fixation method on pedicle screw axial pullout strength has not been addressed previously.
  
  
  METHODS
  Axial pullout tests of pedicle screws (DDS, Plus Endoprothetik, Rotkreuz, Switzerland) from the pedicles of 21 isolated lumber vertebral bodies were done using a Model 810 MTS Universal Testing Machine (MTS Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota). The specimens were secured in a custom-made vise fixture either as is or after the vertebral bodies were potted in Plastic Padding up to the pedicle origin. Some of the potted specimens were wrapped first in latex to prevent polymer resin intrusion, and the others were unprotected. Pullout tests were attempted on both the left and right pedicles of each specimen, and the maximum pedicle screw pullout force was recorded. Measurement of bone mineral density by means of dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, in addition to macroscopic and scanning electron microscopy histologic analyses, microradiography, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, was done post-test to assist in the interpretation of the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The maximum pedicle screw pullout force was found to be dependent on both the bone mineral density and the mode of fixation of the vertebrae. Embedding in polymer resin without protection of the specimen (i.e., latex wrapping) led to several instances of well-documented polymer resin intrusion; in these specimens, mean maximum pedicle screw pullout force was significantly greater than that of specimens secured without polymer resin and that of embedded specimens for which intrusion did not occur.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Polymer resin intrusion can have a significant effect on the biomechanical characteristics of the bone-pedicle screw interface. When polymer resins are used to secure vertebral specimens for in vitro biomechanical tests of the bone-pedicle screw interface, it is important to either prevent intrusion (e.g., with a latex wrapping) or document post-test (e.g., through the methods described in this article) that intrusion did not occur for the specimens included in the analysis.
authors.affiliation: Iowa Spine Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Gilbertson
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Goel
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Griss
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Ryken
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology; D001863:Bone Screws; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins