title: Induction of phosphoglycerate kinase 1 gene expression by hypoxia. Roles of Arnt and HIF1alpha.
abstract: To identify new dimerization partners for the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (Arnt), we used its N-terminal region (amino acids 1-470) as a target in a two-hybrid screening procedure, and we cloned the murine form of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF1alpha). Sequence comparisons reveal substantial identity between mouse and human HIF1alpha. Hypoxia induces a 10-fold accumulation of phosphoglycerate kinase 1 mRNA in wild type mouse hepatoma (Hepa 1c1c7) cells; the induction mechanism is Arnt dependent because induction does not occur in Arnt-defective cells. Furthermore, induction of phosphoglycerate kinase 1 mRNA requires Arnt's N-terminal region, which mediates DNA binding and heterodimerization; in contrast, induction does not require Arnt's C-terminal region, which mediates transactivation. We also show that a GAL4-HIF1alpha fusion protein transactivates a GAL4-dependent gene in the absence of Arnt, that HIF1alpha's transactivation capability is inducible by hypoxia, and that both hypoxia responsiveness and transactivation capability reside within the C-terminal 83 amino acids of HIF1alpha. Our findings generate new insights into the mechanism by which Arnt and HIF1alpha induce transcription in response to hypoxia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5332, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Whitlock
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D051784:Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator; D001483:Base Sequence; D001704:Biopolymers; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000235:genetics*; D002460:Cell Line; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010735:Phosphoglycerate Kinase / Q000235:genetics*; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C497396:ARNT protein, human; C497397:Arnt protein, mouse; D001704:Biopolymers; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; C497443:Hif1a protein, mouse; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051784:Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator; D010735:Phosphoglycerate Kinase