title: Thermoregulatory vasoconstriction does not impede core warming during cutaneous heating.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although forced-air warming rapidly increases intraoperative core temperatures, it is reportedly ineffective postoperatively. A major difference between these two periods is that arteriovenous shunts are usually dilated during surgery, whereas vasoconstriction is uniform in hypothermic postoperative patients. Vasoconstriction may decrease efficacy of warming because its major physiologic purposes are to reduce cutaneous heat transfer and restrict heat transfer between the two thermal compartments. Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that thermoregulatory vasoconstriction decreases cutaneous transfer of applied heat and restricts peripheral-to-core flow of heat, thereby delaying and reducing the increase in core temperature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight healthy male volunteers anesthetized with propofol and isoflurane were studied. Volunteers were allowed to cool passively until core temperature reached 33 degrees C. On one randomly assigned day, the isoflurane concentration was reduced, to provoke thermoregulatory arteriovenous shunt vasoconstriction; on the other study day, a sufficient amount of isoflurane was administered to prevent vasoconstriction. On each day, forced-air warming was then applied for 2 h. Peripheral (arm and leg) tissue heat contents were determined from 19 intramuscular needle thermocouples, 10 skin temperatures, and "deep" foot temperature. Core (trunk and head) heat content was determined from core temperature, assuming a uniform compartmental distribution. Time-dependent changes in peripheral and core tissue heat contents were evaluated using linear regression. Differences between the vasoconstriction and vasodilation study days, and between the peripheral and core compartments, were evaluated using two-tailed, paired t tests. Data are presented as means +/-SD; P < 0.01 was considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cutaneous heat transfer was similar during vasoconstriction and vasodilation. Forced-air warming increased peripheral tissue heat content comparably when the volunteers were vasodilated and vasoconstricted: 48 +/- 7 versus 53 +/- 10 kcal/h. Core compartment tissue heat content increased similarly when the volunteers were vasodilated and vasoconstricted: 51 +/- 8 versus 44 +/- 11 kcal/h. Combining the two study days, the increase in peripheral and core heat contents did not differ significantly: 51 +/- 8 versus 48 +/- 10 kcal/h, respectively. Core temperature increased at essentially the same rate when the volunteers remained vasodilated (1.3 degrees C/h) as when they were vasoconstricted (1.2 degrees C/h).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors failed to confirm their hypothesis that thermoregulatory vasoconstriction decreases cutaneous transfer of applied heat and restricts peripheral-to-core flow of heat in anesthetized subjects. The reported difference between intraoperative and postoperative rewarming efficacy may result from nonthermoregulatory anesthetic-induced vasodilation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0648, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Clough
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kurz
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Sessler
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xiong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000758:Anesthesia; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced; D007530:Isoflurane; D008297:Male; D010313:Partial Pressure; D015742:Propofol; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D013990:Tidal Volume; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D007530:Isoflurane; D015742:Propofol