Synergistic antiviral action of ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine on HIV type 1 infection in vitro.
Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors reduce the cellular supply of DNA precursors(dNTP) by interfering with their de novo synthesis. A secondary effect is the stimulation of the uptake and phosphorylation of extracellular deoxynucleosides, including their analogs, e.g., 3'-azidothymidine (AZT). Both effects are relevant to HIV replication, which requires dNTP and is impaired by the triphosphate of AZT. Earlier we demonstrated that ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors--hydroxyurea, and two deoxycytidine analogs specifically active in lymphoid cells--increased the phosphorylation of AZT in CEM cells by prolonging the S phase of the cell cycle. Here we tested the effects of long-term treatments on HIV proliferation in CEM cells and stimulated human lymphocytes infected with HIV-1IIIB. Treatment with low doses of AZT (0.05-0.1 microM) and either hydroxyurea (25-100 microM) or 2'-azido-2'-deoxycytidine (0.25-4 microM) lasted 2 weeks, during which p24 in the culture medium was monitored. Noninfected CEM cells were treated in parallel to measure the inhibition of cell growth, distribution along the cell cycle, dNTP pool size, and level of tritiated AZT phosphorylation. A clear synergism between AZT and ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors was observed at nontoxic doses that induced only minor changes in the cellular parameters measured. The reductase inhibitors by themselves interfered with replication only at doses that inhibited cell proliferation.
Giacca
M
M
International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano, Trieste, Italy.
Borella
S
S
Calderazzo
F
F
Bianchi
L C
LC
D'Agaro
P
P
Rampazzo
C
C
Bianchi
V
V
Reichard
P
P
D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002453:Cell Cycle; D003562:Cytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24 / Q000032:analysis; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006918:Hydroxyurea / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D010766:Phosphorylation; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012264:Ribonucleotide Reductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D013942:Thymine Nucleotides / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000494:pharmacology*
D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D013942:Thymine Nucleotides; D015215:Zidovudine; C015010:2'-azidocytidine; D003562:Cytidine; D012264:Ribonucleotide Reductases; C024157:thymidine 5'-triphosphate; D006918:Hydroxyurea