title: Opening Pandora's box: the unpredictability of reassurance by a normal test result.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the rate of failure of patient reassurance after a normal test result and study the determinants of failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Replicated single case study with qualitative and quantitative data analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  University teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  40 consecutive patients referred for echocardiography either because of symptoms (10 patients) or because of a heart murmur (30). 39 were shown to have a normal heart.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical consultations and semistructured patient interviews were tape recorded. Structured interviews with consultant cardiologists were recorded in survey form.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient recall of the explanation and residual understanding, doubt, and anxiety about the heart after the test and post-test consultation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 10 patients presenting with symptoms were left with anxiety about the heart despite a normal test result and reassurance by the consultant. Of 28 patients referred because of a murmur but shown to have no heart abnormality, 20 became anxious after detection of the murmur; 11 had residual anxiety despite the normal test result.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reassurance of the "worried well"-anxious patients with symptoms or patients concerned by a health query resulting from a routine medical examination or from screening-constitutes a large part of medical practice. It seems to be widely assumed that explaining that tests have shown no abnormality is enough to reassure. The results of this study refute this and emphasise the importance of personal and social factors as obstacles to reassurance.
authors: St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors: I G
authors: IG
authors: McDonald
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Daly
authors: V M
authors: VM
authors: Jelinek
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Panetta
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Gutman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002309:Cardiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003142:Communication; D003253:Consultants; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D006337:Heart Murmurs / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000592:standards