title: Seasonal changes in affective state measured prospectively and retrospectively.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The study was designed to investigate whether seasonal mood and behavioural changes are detectable prospectively in a non-clinical population in the way they have been reported in retrospective studies. The specificity of any seasonal fluctuation in affective state was also investigated by measuring anxiety as well as depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  To measure seasonal fluctuations in affect and behaviour prospectively, 25 women were interviewed every month for one year using four scales (depression, anxiety, stress, and behavioural change). Retrospective accounts of mood and behaviour at the end of the year were collected with the Seasonal Pattern and Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seasonal depression peaked in winter as did atypical behaviour when measured either prospectively or retrospectively, but the difference between winter and summer was much more pronounced in the retrospective data. No seasonal effect was found for anxiety or psychosocial stressors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results obtained by retrospective techniques have limited reliability. In the future, more prospective studies with unbiased, standardised instruments are recommended to measure seasonal variations in affect and behaviour.
authors: School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Nayyar
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Cochrane
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016574:Seasonal Affective Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D012621:Seasons