title: Study of paradoxical response to chemotherapy in tuberculous pleural effusion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Paradoxical worsening of disease, in spite of effective chemotherapy for tuberculosis, has been reported to occur in cases of intracranial tuberculoma, lymph node, and pulmonary tuberculosis. However, only rare case reports describe such paradoxical response in tuberculosis pleurisy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-one patients with proven tuberculous pleural effusion were retrospectively screened in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, in three major hospitals to look systematically at the incidence and features of paradoxical response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Paradoxical increase in the size of the effusion was detected in 10 of 61 patients. In six patients, the effusion became massive with worsening of dyspnoea requiring the use of corticosteroids in five patients and therapeutic aspiration in all six. However, complete resolution occurred in all 10 patients within 1-3 months. Three out of the 10 patients developed residual pleural thickening.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An incidence of 16% (10/61) paradoxical worsening of tuberculous effusion following the start of anti-tuberculous treatment has been documented. This resulted in respiratory distress necessitating therapeutic re-aspiration in six of 10 patients.
authors: Department of Medicine, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
authors: S A
authors: SA
authors: Al-Majed
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D013396:Suction; D014396:Tuberculosis, Pleural / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents