title: Chromium- and nickel-induced cytotoxicity in normal and transformed human keratinocytes: an investigation of pharmacological approaches to the prevention of Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity.
abstract: Chromium and nickel compounds cause irritancy but can also induce allergic contact dermatitis. The aims of this study were to characterize the direct cytotoxic effects of Cr(VI), Cr(III) and Ni(II) salts on keratinocytes, and to investigate pharmacological strategies to protect cells against Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity. Normal human keratinocytes and the HaCaT keratinocyte cell line were used. Cell viability was assessed by neutral red dye uptake, the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) eluted stain assay and measurement of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the medium. The assays varied slightly in their sensitivities (neutral red > MTT > LDH) although all three gave similar results. In both cell types, the relative order of cytotoxicity of the salts was Cr(VI) >> Ni(II) > Cr(III). There were no major differences between chromium salts of a common valency. Normal human keratinocytes showed a much greater variability in their response to Cr(VI) and Ni(II) salts than HaCaT cells and were generally more resistant to Cr(VI)- and Ni(II)-induced cytotoxicity. Several drugs were screened for their potential to protect both cell types against the cytotoxic effects of Cr(VI), specifically the reducing agents ascorbic acid, cysteine and glutathione, and the Cr(VI) cellular uptake inhibitors 4,4'-diisothiocyanato-2,2'-stilbenedisulphonic acid (DIDS) and 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanato-2,2'-stilbenedisulphonic acid (SITS). All five drugs provided concentration-dependent protection against Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity but only ascorbic acid offered complete protection. Several of these pharmacological approaches to the prevention of Cr(VI) cytotoxicity confirm previous clinical studies on the inactivation of Cr(VI), while the clinical potential of others has yet to be investigated.
authors: Department of Medicine, University of Sheffield, U.K.
authors: M C
authors: MC
authors: Little
authors: D J
authors: DJ
authors: Gawkrodger
authors: S
authors: S
authors: MacNeil
mesh_terms: D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002857:Chromium / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D009499:Neutral Red / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D009532:Nickel / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles
chemical_list: D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D002857:Chromium; D009499:Neutral Red; C022838:nickel chloride; D009532:Nickel; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; C022616:thiazolyl blue; D001205:Ascorbic Acid