title: Importance of microdeletions of chromosomal region 22q11 as a cause of selected malformations of the ventricular outflow tracts and aortic arch: a three-year prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the incidence of microdeletions of chromosomal region 22q11 in a population of infants coming to a regional pediatric cardiac center with selected abnormalities of the ventricular outflow tracts and aortic arch and, further, to provide phenotypic/genetic correlations to determine whether patients with 22q11 deletions can be clinically recognized in infancy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  DiGeorge syndrome and velocardiofacial syndrome are frequently associated with malformations of the ventricular outflow tracts and aortic arch. Both are usually caused by microdeletions of chromosomal region 22q11. The overall importance of such deletions as a cause of these cardiac malformations remains to be established.
  
  
  METHODS
  All infants with the candidate cardiac phenotypes during a 34-month period were studied. Dysmorphic features, type of cardiac defect, serum calcium concentration, and thymic status were recorded. Cytogenetic studies, including high-resolution karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization using cosmids (cEO or cH748) from the DiGeorge critical region, were performed after clinical assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty infants (including 36 with tetralogy of Fallot with or without pulmonary atresia) were seen during the study period. Twenty-six infants (52%) were dysmorphic, including 19 who were considered to have a phenotypic appearance consistent with 22q11 deletion. Genetic analysis confirmed hemizygosity for 22q11 in 8 of these 19 cases. Results of fluorescence in situ hybridization studies were normal in 22 infants without dysmorphic features and in 5 infants with dysmorphic features not suggestive of a 22q11 deletion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microdeletions of chromosomal region 22q11 are an important cause of selected malformations of the ventricular outflow tracts and aortic arch and account for about 15% to 20% of cases. These deletions may be clinically recognized in early infancy and can be rapidly confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization.
authors: Wessex Cardiothoracic Centre, Southampton General Hospital, United Kingdom.
authors: S A
authors: SA
authors: Webber
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Hatchwell
authors: J C
authors: JC
authors: Barber
authors: P E
authors: PE
authors: Daubeney
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Crolla
authors: A P
authors: AP
authors: Salmon
authors: B R
authors: BR
authors: Keeton
authors: I K
authors: IK
authors: Temple
authors: N R
authors: NR
authors: Dennis
mesh_terms: D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000002:abnormalities; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D002892:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22 / Q000235:genetics*; D004062:DiGeorge Syndrome / Q000235:genetics; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000235:genetics*; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D006996:Hypocalcemia / Q000235:genetics; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007621:Karyotyping; D010641:Phenotype; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018633:Pulmonary Atresia / Q000235:genetics; D011666:Pulmonary Valve Stenosis / Q000235:genetics; D013771:Tetralogy of Fallot / Q000235:genetics