title: Comparison of intravenous nalbuphine infusion versus saline as an adjuvant for epidural morphine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Radical (three-quadrant) hemorrhoidectomy is a major anorectal surgery that may necessitate aggressive pain management. This study was undertaken to determine whether intravenous nalbuphine infusion as an adjuvant to epidural morphine could offer not only a good quality of pain relief but also a lower incidence of side effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty patients requiring epidural anesthesia for radical hemorrhoidectomy were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind study. At the end of the surgery, all patients received epidural morphine 4 mg for relief of postoperative pain. Thereafter, 2 mg and 3 mg of morphine were administered via the epidural route at 8 p.m. and 8 a.m., respectively, for a 48-hour observation period. Patients in group 1 received an adjuvant intravenous infusion of nalbuphine 15 micrograms/kg/h, whereas patients in group 2 received intravenous saline only. A rescue analgesic of intramuscular meperidine 40 mg (every 4 hours) was available for each patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients had adequate postoperative pain relief. Cumulative (48-hour) analgesic requirements were similar. During the 48-hour observation period, one patient in group 1 and six in group 2 demonstrated a PaCO2 above 45 mm Hg. No patient had an SaO2 below 90%. The incidence of nausea and/or vomiting was 13% in group 1 and 62% in group 2. The incidence of pruritus was 7% in group 1 and 62% in group 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that intravenous nalbuphine infusion as an adjuvant for epidural morphine reduces the incidence of side effects without decreasing the quality of pain relief.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, National Defense Medical Center/Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors: J J
authors: JJ
authors: Wang
authors: S T
authors: ST
authors: Ho
authors: O Y
authors: OY
authors: Hu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006484:Hemorrhoids / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D009266:Nalbuphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D009020:Morphine; D009266:Nalbuphine