title: Extraction of human epidermis treated with retinol yields retro-retinoids in addition to free retinol and retinyl esters.
abstract: Vitamin A, all-trans-retinol, is metabolized to retinoic acid in vivo by a tightly controlled two-step conversion. Retinoic acid then binds to nuclear receptors and modulates cellular proliferation and differentiation. Because only a small fraction of retinol applied topically can be metabolized to retinoic acid, alternative pathways of retinol metabolism in skin were investigated. Retinol (0.4%) was applied to adult human skin under occlusion for 6 h to 4 d. The conversion of retinol into various metabolites such as 14-hydroxy-4,14-retro-retinol, anhydroretinol, 4-oxo-retinol, retinyl esters, and retinyl glucuronides was investigated. The level of 14-hydroxy-retro-retinol was increased from undetectable at time 0 to 326 ng/g wet weight of tissue at 6 h (6% of the retinol level) and maintained approximately the same concentration at 24 h to 409 ng/g wet weight (1.9% of the retinol level); it decreased to 48 ng/g wet weight of tissue (12% of its maximum level) by 4 d. Anhydroretinol was undetectable at time 0, increased only slightly at 6 h, and remained at the same level. We did not detect 4-oxo-retinol. Because 14-hydroxy-retro-retinol was found in the retinol-treated areas, its effects on epidermis were compared with those of retinol. Topical application of trans-retinol (0.3%) significantly increased both epidermal thickness and cellular retinoic acid binding protein II mRNA, whereas 14-hydroxy-4,14-retro-retinol (0.3%) did not increase either of these well-characterized cutaneous retinoid responses. Retinol, when applied topically in pharmacologic doses to human epidermis, remained as free retinol, was metabolized primarily to retinol ester, and was metabolized to a lesser extent to retro-retinoids and didehydroretinol.
authors: Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.
authors: E A
authors: EA
authors: Duell
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Derguini
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Kang
authors: J T
authors: JT
authors: Elder
authors: J J
authors: JJ
authors: Voorhees
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004224:Diterpenes; D004817:Epidermis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004952:Esters / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D012176:Retinoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D014020:Tissue Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004224:Diterpenes; D004952:Esters; D012176:Retinoids; D014020:Tissue Extracts; D014801:Vitamin A; C072014:14-hydroxy-4,14-retro-retinol