Effects of parental presence during children's venipuncture.
OBJECTIVE
To determine whether parental presence during venipuncture (VP) altered self-reported distress of the child, the parent, or the health professional (HP) performing VP.


METHODS
During nine consecutive months, 130 nonconsecutive 8-18-year-old children having VP in an urban pediatric ED were prospectively randomized into two groups of 65 patients each. Before VP, every child, parent, and HP completed a questionnaire developed to measure epidemiologic variables believed to influence distress during VP. The patients were randomized to have either a parent present or both parents absent during VP. The patients, the parents, and the HPs privately self-reported their distress during VP on a visual analog scale (VAS). Statistical significance was determined by the Mann-Whitney U (rank-sum) test.


RESULTS
In the parent-present group, distress scores were lower for the parent (p < 0.01) and for the child (p < 0.04) than they were in the parents-absent group. The HP performing VP had no difference in distress scores with and without parental presence (p < 0.55).


CONCLUSIONS
Parents and children having VP have less distress with parental presence. Health professional distress is not affected by parental presence.
Wolfram
R W
RW
Division of Emergency Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA.
Turner
E D
ED
D000328:Adult; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D011446:Prospective Studies