title: The carrot, the stick and the general practitioner: how have changes in financial incentives affected health promotion activity in general practice?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Financial incentives for increasing health promotion activity in primary care, introduced with the 1990 contract for general practitioners, were amended in 1993 and are now focused on cardiovascular disease. Payments for health promotion clinics were abolished and target payments were introduced.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study aimed to evaluate the effect of the change, in June 1993, in financial incentives for health promotion activity in primary care on the distribution of health promotion payments in two family health services authorities.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study was undertaken in which data from two family health services authorities were used to determine the annual level of health promotion payments per 1000 practice population before and after the contractual amendment. Health promotion clinic payment data were analysed for 78 practices in Bedfordshire Family Health Services Authority and 85 practices in Kensington, Chelsea and Westminster Family Health Services Authority. Changes in health promotion payments were calculated and related to two measures of relative need: all cause standardized mortality ratios, for patients aged 74 years or less, of the electoral ward in which the practice is located; and the Jarman underprivileged area score. High relative need was defined as a standardized mortality ratio of over 100 or more than 25% of the practice population living in electoral wards with a Jarman score of over 30.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Health promotion payments were more evenly distributed after the change in June 1993 than before between the two family health services authorities and between general practices. Single-handed practices were carrying out more clinics in 1992 than multi-partner practices and consequently were one of the greatest financial losers as a result of the change. In addition, practices located in electoral wards with high relative needs lost proportionally more than those in electoral wards with lower needs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in the general practitioner health promotion contract have created new financial winners and losers. It now appears that health promotion payments are more evenly distributed but that the distribution is unrelated to need or treatment given. More evidence on the effectiveness of health promotion interventions is required before policies aimed at promoting better health through primary care can be fully evaluated.
authors: Department of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Langham
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Gillam
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Thorogood
mesh_terms: D004739:England; D005194:Family Practice / Q000191:economics*; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D012052:Reimbursement, Incentive / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012189:Retrospective Studies