title: Linkage disequilibrium between an allele at the dopamine D4 receptor locus and Tourette syndrome, by the transmission-disequilibrium test.
abstract: Dopaminergic abnormalities are implicated in the pathogenesis of Tourette syndrome (TS) and chronic multiple tics. We used the transmission-disequilibrium test (TDT) method to test for linkage disequilibrium between a specific allele (the seven-repeat allele (DRD4*7R) of the exon 3 VNTR polymorphic site) at the D4 dopamine receptor locus (DRD4) and expression of chronic multiple tics and TS. This particular allele had been shown in functional studies to have different binding properties compared with the other common alleles in this DRD4 polymorphic system. We studied 64 family trios (consisting of an affected person and two parents, at least one heterozygous for DRD4*7R), including 12 nuclear family trios and 52 trios from four large TS kindreds. The DRD4*7R allele was transmitted significantly more frequently than expected (chi 2 TDT ranging from 8.47 [P < .004] to 10.80 [P = .001], depending on breadth of disease definition and inclusion or exclusion of inferred genotypes). Confirmation of this finding will depend on either replication in other samples or the identification of a transmitted functional mutation within this sample.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven 06516, USA.
authors: D E
authors: DE
authors: Grice
authors: J F
authors: JF
authors: Leckman
authors: D L
authors: DL
authors: Pauls
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Kurlan
authors: K K
authors: KK
authors: Kidd
authors: A J
authors: AJ
authors: Pakstis
authors: F M
authors: FM
authors: Chang
authors: J D
authors: JD
authors: Buxbaum
authors: D J
authors: DJ
authors: Cohen
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Gelernter
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000235:genetics; D010375:Pedigree; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics*; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4; D013981:Tic Disorders / Q000235:genetics; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C493599:DRD4 protein, human; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4