title: Staging and prognosis of T3b bladder cancer.
abstract: Individuals with extravesical extension of bladder cancer (stage T3b) have a worse prognosis than those with muscle-invasive disease confined to the bladder. Accurate staging of T3b bladder cancer becomes increasingly important as more effective methods of treating high-stage bladder cancer are developed. Despite aggressive attempts over the last three decades to stage muscle invasive disease more accurately, bladder cancer is still staged incorrectly in 30% to 50% of patients. The basis for accurate clinical staging resides in a thorough endoscopic resection and a careful bimanual examination. Imaging studies (transurethral ultrasonography, computed tomography [CT], and magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] can increase the accuracy of staging but are most reliable when performed before transurethral resection.
authors: Department of Urology, University of Texas MD, Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030-4095, USA.
authors: D A
authors: DA
authors: Levy
authors: H B
authors: HB
authors: Grossman
mesh_terms: D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D006801:Humans; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology*