title: Manipulation under anaesthetic of children's fractures: use of the image intensifier reduces radiation exposure to patients and theatre personnel.
abstract: During simulated manipulation of children's forearm fractures, levels of scattered radiation from both plain radiographs and an image intensifier in different modes were measured at various sites on the surgeon, anaesthetist, radiographer, and patient both with and without recommended shielding. By using fluoroscopy in the pulsed screening mode but allowing only single pulses to occur, radiation levels could be substantially reduced to the eye, thyroid, and gonads of all those exposed. The radiographer and the anaesthetist were so far from the source and guarded by various pieces of equipment that levels were almost unrecordable. Effective dose equivalent for the surgeon using pulsed mode, based on circa six pulses per manipulation, during 100 manipulations per year, would equate to 1 microSv even in the unshielded state (< 0.1 microSv shielded), which is approximately 1/1,000 of background radiation at sea level. Because the current dose limit is 50 mSv (50,000 microSv) per year for employees, we are many orders of magnitude in the safety zone.
authors: Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Neath General Hospital, Wales.
authors: W N
authors: WN
authors: Keenan
authors: A F
authors: AF
authors: Woodward
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Price
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Eckloff
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Richards
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Powell
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Shanahan
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia; D002648:Child; D005543:Forearm Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008349:Manipulation, Orthopedic; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011827:Radiation; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement