title: Short-segment pedicle instrumentation. Biomechanical analysis of supplemental hook fixation.
abstract: METHODS
  This biomechanical study of fractures in cadaver vertebrae used specially designed pedicle screws to determine screw strains during loading of two different fixation constructs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The authors determined the relative benefit of adding offset sublaminar hooks to standard pedicle screw constructs to reduce screw bending moments and prevent fixation failure and sagittal collapse.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Clinical studies have demonstrated a high incidence of early screw failure in short-segment pedicle instrumentation constructs used to treat unstable burst fractures. Strategies to prevent early construct failure include longer constructs, anterior strut graft reconstruction, and use of offset sublaminar hooks at the ends of standard short-segment pedicle instrumentation constructs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human cadaver spines with an L1 burst fracture were instrumented with a standard short-segment pedicle instrumentation construct using specially instrumented pedicle screws. Mechanical testing was carried out in flexion, extension, side bending, and torsion, and stiffness and screw bending moments were recorded. Offset hooks were applied initially, then removed and testing repeated. Stiffness data were compared to intact and postfracture results, and between augmented and standard constructs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Addition of offset laminar hooks, supralaminar at T11 and infralaminar at L2, to standard short-segment pedicle instrumentation constructs increased stiffness in flexion by 268%, in extension by 223%, in side bending by 161%, and in torsion by 155% (all were significant except torsion). Sublaminar hooks also reduced pedicle screw bending moments to roughly 50% of standard in both flexion and extension (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Supplemental offset hooks significantly increase construct stiffness without sacrificing principles of short-segment pedicle instrumentation, and absorb some part of the construct strain, thereby reducing pedicle screw bending moments and the likelihood of postyield deformation and clinical failure.
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Chiba
authors: R F
authors: RF
authors: McLain
authors: S A
authors: SA
authors: Yerby
authors: T A
authors: TA
authors: Moseley
authors: T S
authors: TS
authors: Smith
authors: D R
authors: DR
authors: Benson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015519:Bone Density; D001863:Bone Screws; D004548:Elasticity; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000601:surgery; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013131:Spine / Q000502:physiology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*