title: The prostate: decreasing cost-effectiveness of biopsy with advancing age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the cost-effectiveness of prostate biopsy at different excess prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels as a function of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical decision analysis was performed with standard software (SMLTREE) to determine marginal effectiveness in quality adjusted life years (QALYs) and marginal cost-effectiveness in dollars per QALY of immediate prostate biopsy at different excess PSA levels between 0 ng/mL and 20 ng/mL. The probability of clinically significant cancer with a positive biopsy (pD+Bx+) was assumed to decrease with age from 1.0 at age 50 to 0.2 at age 70. Costs were based on charges at our hospital and were considered over a 2-year time frame.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With our base case assumptions there was a decrease in QALYs and an increase in costs doing an immediate prostate biopsy at all excess PSA levels between 0 ng/mL and 20 ng/mL, compared with not biopsying the prostate at > or = 70 years. Doubling pD+Bx+ from 0.2 to 0.4 in the 70-and-older age group resulted in a small increase in QALYs in biopsying the prostate at excess PSA levels between 0 ng/mL and 20 ng/mL. However, the marginal cost-effectiveness of prostate biopsy was very high, ranging from $275,000/QALY biopsying at an excess PSA level of 0 ng/mL to $68,000/QALY biopsying at an excess PSA level of 20 ng/mL. This compared with it being more effective and less costly to biopsy at all excess PSA levels > or = 0 ng/mL in 50-year old patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immediate prostate biopsy is not cost-effective and can be detrimental in patients > or = 70 years of age at all excess PSA levels between 0 ng/mL and 20 ng/mL.
authors: Department of Radiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York 14642, USA.
authors: R H
authors: RH
authors: Gottlieb
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Mooney
authors: A I
authors: AI
authors: Mushlin
authors: D J
authors: DJ
authors: Rubens
authors: P J
authors: PJ
authors: Fultz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology*; D001706:Biopsy / Q000191:economics; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000639:trends; D003658:Decision Making, Computer-Assisted; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D004180:Direct Service Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood / Q000191:economics; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000191:economics / Q000473:pathology; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen