title: Th1-like antifilarial immune responses predominate in antigen-negative persons.
abstract: To characterize immune responses associated with the putatively immune state in bancroftian filariasis (that is, both microfilaria and antigen free), humoral and cellular responses were compared among antigen- and microfilaria-negative, antigen-positive and microfilaria-negative, and microfilaria-positive individuals. Antifilarial isotype levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses were measured by proliferation, by bioassay for interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-10, and by reverse transcription-PCR for IL-4, IL-5, and gamma interferon. The absence of circulating filarial antigen was associated with Th1-like responses, including significantly higher proliferative (P < 0.001) and IL-2 (P = 0.008) responses and a higher prevalence of gamma interferon (0.02 < P < 0.1) responses. Significantly elevated antifilarial immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) levels (P = 0.0035) were associated with antigenemia, whereas microfilaremia was associated with significantly decreased antifilarial IgG2 levels (P = 0.0014). IL-4 mRNA levels were not significantly different among the three groups; however, there was a subpopulation of microfilaremic individuals who did not make detectable levels of IL-4 mRNA and who produced low antifilarial IgG4 levels compared with those of individuals who had detectable levels of IL-4 mRNA. IL-5 mRNA levels also were not significantly different among groups; however, more microfilaremic individuals produced IL-5 mRNA in response to adult filarial antigens, and total parasite-specific IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA levels were significantly correlated (P = 0.05). Although longitudinal data are not currently available, the elevated Th1-like responses in antigen- and microfilaria-negative individuals are consistent with the hypothesis that these responses contribute to protection in putatively immune individuals.
authors: Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Centers for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341-3724, USA.
authors: K A
authors: KA
authors: Dimock
authors: M L
authors: ML
authors: Eberhard
authors: P J
authors: PJ
authors: Lammie
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000947:Antigens, Helminth / Q000097:blood*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005368:Filariasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D006205:Haiti / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D014958:Wuchereria bancrofti / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000947:Antigens, Helminth; D007376:Interleukin-2; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016753:Interleukin-10