Cross-reactivity of stimulants found in sports drug testing by two fluorescence polarization immunoassays.
We investigated the usefulness of immunological methods for presumptive detection of stimulants found in sports drug testing. The ingestion of substances that show no cross-reactivity in tests commercially available for the detection of amphetamines can produce positive results in the urine. Human metabolism contributes to the positive results of some urine samples when the parent compound does not cross-react with the antibodies of the assay. Urine samples from healthy volunteers given stimulants were tested by chromatographic methods and by two different fluorescence polarization immunoassays (FPIA) from Abbott Laboratories for the analysis of amphetamines. According to the results obtained, we classified stimulants into four groups: detectable stimulants that gave rise to amphetamine by human metabolism (group 1); detectable ephedrines and related compounds, appearing in the urine either as parent compounds or originated by metabolism (group 2); detectable stimulants that displayed actual cross-reactivity with amphetamine tests (group 3); and stimulants not detected by FPIA (group 4). Most of the true doping cases due to the ingestion of stimulants may be detected by FPIA. The specificity of the results may be increased by combining immunological assays with different antibodies.
de la Torre
R
R
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
Badia
R
R
Gonzàlez
G
G
García
M
M
Pretel
M J
MJ
Farré
M
M
Segura
J
J
D000661:Amphetamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000652:urine; D000662:Amphetamines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000652:urine; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D001067:Appetite Depressants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000652:urine*; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D003429:Cross Reactions; D004300:Doping in Sports; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000652:urine; D016231:Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013806:Theophylline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine
D000662:Amphetamines; D001067:Appetite Depressants; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008694:Methamphetamine; C000490:clobenzorex; D013806:Theophylline; D000661:Amphetamine; D004809:Ephedrine; C003714:dimethylamphetamine; C000450:mefenorex; C026013:fenproporex; C004518:fenethylline