title: Pulmonary tuberculosis in Guinea-Bissau: clinical and bacteriological findings, human immunodeficiency virus status and short term survival of hospitalized patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study tuberculosis patients in Guinea-Bissau with regard to clinical findings, bacteriologically verified diagnosis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status and short term survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  763 consecutive patients referred to the tuberculosis clinic with pulmonary symptoms underwent clinical examination and Ziehl-Neelsen sputum microscopy. Sputum for culture of mycobacteria on Löwenstein-Jensen medium was collected from all hospitalized patients, who were also screened by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the presence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies. HIV-positivity was confirmed by Western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  350 patients were diagnosed with tuberculosis and hospitalized. Adequate sputum samples were obtained from 301 patients, of whom 184 (61%) were positive on direct microscopy and the remaining 116 patients were diagnosed from clinical findings. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was cultured from 184 patients and M. avium in 16 patients, whereas in 101 patients the culture was negative. HIV-1 antibodies were found in 3.0%, HIV-2 antibodies in 16.4%, and dual infections in 2.0%. These figures, however, did not differ significantly from those of randomly selected age and sex matched controls. The prevalence of HIV-antibodies was statistically as common in patients with culture verified tuberculosis as in patients with clinically defined tuberculosis. Clinical acquired immunodeficiency syndrome was commonly diagnosed (80/301 patients) but significantly more often in HIV-positive, culture-positive tuberculosis patients, as were weight loss and lymphadenopathy. There was no statistical difference in short-time survival rate between the various patient groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The diagnostic criteria applied, which are generally used in developing countries, identified most patients with pulmonary tuberculosis; however, a substantial number of patients are treated for tuberculosis without definite diagnostic criteria. The prevalence of HIV-infection was high but statistically no significant difference was demonstrated between the patient groups, controls and patients hospitalized for diseases other than tuberculosis.
authors: Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Stockholm.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Nauclér
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Winqvist
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Dias
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Koivula
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Lacerda
authors: S B
authors: SB
authors: Svenson
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Biberfeld
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Norberg
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Källenius
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000821:virology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006169:Guinea-Bissau / Q000453:epidemiology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015498:HIV-2 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009170:Nontuberculous Mycobacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017678:Sex Distribution; D015996:Survival Rate; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000821:virology