title: Cardiopulmonary sequelae after treatment for Hodgkin's disease: increased risk in females?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The treatment of Hodgkin's disease (HD) involves irradiation and chemotherapy. Both modalities may cause heart and lung injury. We aimed to assess 1) the occurrence of such injury, 2) the extent to which combined versus single-organ-affection resulted in disability, and 3) whether determinants for cardiopulmonary injury could be identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  A national cohort (n = 116) of HD patients (mean age 37 +/- 7 (SD) years, 67 males) was examined by interview, echocardiography, bicycle exercise test and lung function tests, 5-13 years after mediastinal irradiation with or without chemotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cardiac, pulmonary or combined sequelae occurred, respectively, in 21%, 15% and 19% of the patients affecting 75% of the females versus 41% of the males (P < 0.001). Of the patients with combined sequelae, 27% were disabled versus 4% of the rest (P < 0.05). Combined sequelae was associated with dyspnoea (P < 0.001) and reduced maximal exercise heart rate (P < 0.05). Compared to males, females had an increased risk of heart valve regurgitation (46% versus 16%, P < 0.001), pericardial thickening (22% versus 10%, P = 0.07) and reduced gas transfer (41% versus 22%, P = 0.03). Female gender was a significant risk factor for cardiac and/or pulmonary sequelae (OR 6.1, 95% CI 2.4-15.7), whereas age, follow-up period, smoking habits, histology, bulky mediastinal disease, radiation dose and chemotherapy were not. Mean exercise work capacity and O2-saturation were within normal limits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although cardiac and/or pulmonary sequelae were detected in more than half of the patients, only combined injury was associated with disability, dyspnoea and reduced performance. Females had an increased risk of cardiopulmonary sequelae, which could not be explained by treatment-related differences between the genders.
authors: Department of Thoracic Medicine, National Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors: M B
authors: MB
authors: Lund
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Kongerud
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Boe
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Nome
authors: A F
authors: AF
authors: Abrahamsen
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Ihlen
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Forfang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D006689:Hodgkin Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents