title: The obligate role of protein kinase C in mediating clinically accessible cardiac preconditioning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac preconditioning is an adaptation of cardiomyocytes that promotes tolerance to a subsequent ischemic insult. Adenosine receptor signaling is proposed as a mediator of preconditioning, but its mechanism of protection remains unknown. We hypothesized that protection against hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) injury could be conferred in a rat ventricle by adenosine-mediated protein kinase C (PKC) activation and that adenosine-mediated cardioprotection could be extended to human ventricular muscle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isolated rat and human ventricular muscle (VM) strips were subjected to 30 minutes of hypoxia and 60 minutes of reoxygenation (H/R control). The VM was pretreated with 125 mumol/L adenosine, an adenosine antagonist ((p-Sulfophenyl) theophylline [SPT] 50 mumol/L) and adenosine (adenosine + SPT), or with a PKC inhibitor (chelerythrine, 10 mumol/L) and adenosine (adenosine + chelerythrine) before H/R Developed force (DF) and tissue creatine kinase (CK) activity were assessed at end reoxygenation. Human trabeculae were obtained from diseased explanted hearts at cardiac transplantation and were also subjected to H/R injury. Human VM was pretreated with adenosine (125 mumol/L) before H/R injury. Results are expressed as mean +/- standard error of mean.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the rat, adenosine pretreatment conferred protection of DF against H/R injury (adenosine, 62% +/- 6%; H/R control, 27% +/- 2%, p < 0.05). Adenosine + SPT or adenosine + chelerythrine eliminated the functional recovery conferred by adenosine. This recovery of contractile function was associated with greater tissue CK activity (adenosine, 415 +/- 40 units/gm; H/R control, 78 +/- 13 units/gm, p < 0.05). The protective effects of adenosine against H/R were present in the human ventricle and with recovery of DF in adenosine (66% +/- 5%) and H/R control (24% +/- 4%), p < 0.05.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adenosine, a clinically accessible agonist, induces protection against H/R injury through a PKC-mediated mechanism in the rat ventricle. Further, the protection conferred by adenosine against H/R extends to the human ventricle.
authors: Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA.
authors: J C
authors: JC
authors: Cleveland
authors: D R
authors: DR
authors: Meldrum
authors: R T
authors: RT
authors: Rowland
authors: B C
authors: BC
authors: Sheridan
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Banerjee
authors: A H
authors: AH
authors: Harken
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000201:enzymology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000201:enzymology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000502:physiology*; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1 / Q000502:physiology; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D003402:Creatine Kinase