title: Condensation pressure during amalgam placement in patients.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the condensation pressure during amalgam placement in patients. Forty-four practitioners were asked to fill two class 2 cavities in the lower jaw on their patients in their own practice with the aid of a force-measuring plugger. This device, with semiconductor strain gauges, allowed the dentist to have an identical tactile feedback as with any other plugger. Three different amalgams, with different shapes of alloy particles, were tested. The results showed a maximum condensation pressure of 8.9+/-2.4 MPa and 5.5+/-1.8 MPa with a small and a large amalgam plugger, respectively. Average condensation pressures were 3.7+/-1.3 MPa for the small and 2.2+/-0.9 MPa for the large instrument. The total working time required to fill a cavity was on average 131 s; the amalgam was effectively condensed for 44 s. No significant differences between amalgams with different shapes of alloy particles, no influence of time of day, and no difference between female and male dentists were found. This study showed that the condensation pressure is lower than often recommended, and that it is not statistically different from the values obtained in a previous laboratory study.
authors: Department of Operative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Bern, School of Dental Medicine, Switzerland.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Lussi
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Brunner
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Portmann
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Buergin
mesh_terms: D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D003723:Dental Amalgam / Q000737:chemistry*; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent / Q000379:methods*; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010316:Particle Size; D011312:Pressure; D012666:Semiconductors; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D014110:Touch
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; C033470:Dispersalloy; D012834:Silver; D003723:Dental Amalgam; C047093:ANA 2000; C072894:Valiant PhD