Identification of formaldehyde as the metabolite responsible for the mutagenicity of methyl tertiary-butyl ether in the activated mouse lymphoma assay.
Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), which is added to gasoline as an octane enhancer and to reduce automotive emissions, has been evaluated in numerous toxicological tests, including those for genotoxicity. MTBE did not show any mutagenic potential in the Ames bacterial assay or any clastogenicity in cytogenetic tests. However, it has been shown to be mutagenic in an in vitro gene mutation assay using mouse lymphoma cells when tested in the presence, but not in the absence, of a rat liver-derived metabolic activation system (S-9). In the present study, MTBE was tested to determine if formaldehyde, in the presence of the S-9, was responsible for the observed mutagenicity. A modification of the mouse lymphoma assay was employed which permits determination of whether a suspect material is mutagenic because it contains or is metabolized to formaldehyde. In the modified assay, the enzyme formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FDH) and its co-factor, NAD+ are added in large excess during the exposure period so that any formaldehyde produced in the system is rapidly converted to formic acid which is not genotoxic. An MTBE dose-responsive increase in the frequency of mutants and in cytotoxicity occurred without FDH present, and this effect was greatly reduced in the presence of FDH NAD+. The findings clearly demonstrate that formaldehyde derived from MTBE is responsible for mutagenicity of MTBE in the activated mouse lymphoma assay. Furthermore, the results suggest that the lack of mutagenicity/clastogenicity seen with MTBE in other in vitro assays might have resulted from inadequacies in the test systems employed for those assays.
Mackerer
C R
CR
Stonybrook Laboratories Inc., Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA.
Angelosanto
F A
FA
Blackburn
G R
GR
Schreiner
C A
CA
D000818:Animals; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity*; D005742:Gasoline; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007940:Leukemia L5178; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity*; D051379:Mice; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests / Q000379:methods; D009153:Mutagens / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D012997:Solvents / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity*
D005742:Gasoline; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D009153:Mutagens; D012997:Solvents; D005557:Formaldehyde; C043243:methyl tert-butyl ether