Inhibition by clostridial neurotoxins of calcium-independent [3H]noradrenaline outflow from freeze-thawed synaptosomes: comparison with synaptobrevin hydrolysis.
Clostridial neurotoxins are known to inhibit regulated, i.e. calcium-dependent exocytosis. In the present study we have investigated their potential role in also inhibiting calcium-independent exocytosis. Synaptosomes from rat forebrain were preloaded with [3H]noradrenaline and permeabilized reversibly by freezing in Ca(2+)-free potassium glutamate containing dimethyl sulfoxide and the toxins to be assayed. Subsequently, outflow of radioactivity was measured in isotonic calcium-free potassium glutamate. The synaptic vesicle protein synaptobrevin-2/VAMP-2 and its toxin-dependent degradation were analysed by Western blotting. The light chain of tetanus toxin reduced the synaptosomal outflow of radioactivity, whereas the activity of the heavy chain was at the detection limit. The respective activities of the dichain toxins from Clostridium tetani and C. botulinum A, B and E were enhanced by pretreatment with dithiothreitol. Reduced single-chain tetanus toxin was less potent than reduced dichain tetanus toxin. Pretreatment with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid as an inhibitor of Zn(2+)-proteases abolished the actions of the tetanus toxin light chain and of the reduced dichain toxins. Hydrolysis of synaptobrevin-2/VAMP-2 was obtained with tetanus toxin light chain, reduced dichain tetanus toxin and C. botulinum B toxin. Its hydrolysis by single-chain tetanus toxin was less pronounced, and it was absent with botulinum toxins A and E. It is concluded that clostridial neurotoxins can not only inhibit calcium-dependent release but also affect calcium-independent outflow from synaptosomes. Since this is accompanied by selective intrasynaptosomal proteolysis of synaptobrevin, calcium-independent outflow may at least in part involve the vesicular release apparatus.
Hausinger
A
A
Biozentrum der Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
Volknandt
W
W
Zimmermann
H
H
Habermann
E
E
D000818:Animals; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000032:analysis*; D050683:R-SNARE Proteins; D051381:Rats; D013574:Synaptosomes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013744:Tetanus Toxin / Q000494:pharmacology*
D008565:Membrane Proteins; D050683:R-SNARE Proteins; D013744:Tetanus Toxin; D009638:Norepinephrine