title: Investigation of benefits and costs of an ophthalmic outreach clinic in general practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the advent of general practitioner fundholding, there has been growth in outreach clinics covering many specialties. The benefits and costs of this model of service provision are unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A pilot study aimed to evaluate an outreach model of ophthalmic care in terms of its impact on general practitioners, their use of secondary ophthalmology services, patients' views, and costs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study, from April 1992 to March 1993, of the introduction of an ophthalmic outreach service in 17 general practices in London was undertaken. An ophthalmic outreach team, comprising an ophthalmic medical practitioner and an ophthalmic nurse, held clinics in the practices once a month. Referral rates to Edgware General Hospital ophthalmology outpatient department over one year from the study practices were compared with those from 17 control practices. General practitioners' assessments of the scheme and its impact on their knowledge and practice of ophthalmology were sought through a postal survey of all partners and interviews with one partner in each practice. Patient surveys were conducted using self-administered structured questionnaires. A costings exercise compared the outreach model with the conventional hospital ophthalmology outpatient clinic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1309 patients seen by the outreach team in the study practices, 480 (37%) were referred to the ophthalmology outpatient department. The annual referral rate to this department from control practices was 9.5 per 10,000 registered patients compared with 3.8 per 10,000 registered patients from study practices. A total of 1187 patients were referred to the outpatient department from control practices. An increase in knowledge of ophthalmology was reported by 18 of 47 general practitioners (38%). Nineteen (40%) of 47 general practitioners took advantage of the opportunity for inservice training with the outreach team; they were more likely to change their routine practice for ophthalmic care or referral criteria for patients with cataracts or diabetes than those who did not attend for inservice training. The outreach scheme was popular with patients, for whom ease of access and familiarity of surroundings were major advantages. The cost per patient seen in the outreach clinics (48.09 pounds) was about three times the cost per patient seen in the outpatient department (15.71 pounds).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The model of ophthalmic outreach care in this pilot study was popular with patients and general practitioners and appeared to act as an effective filter of demand for care in the hospital setting. However, the educational impact of the scheme was limited. Although the unit costs (per patient) of the outreach scheme compared unfavourably with those of conventional outpatient treatment, potential health gains from this more accessible model of care require further exploration.
authors: Academic Department of Public Health, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, London.
authors: S J
authors: SJ
authors: Gillam
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Ball
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Prasad
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Dunne
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Cohen
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Vafidis
mesh_terms: D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005194:Family Practice / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D008131:London; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies