title: Intrahepatic metastases in hepatocellular carcinoma: evidence for spread via the portal vein as an efferent vessel.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mechanism and pathogenesis of the high frequency of intrahepatic metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not yet been elucidated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred thirty-one tumors ( < or = 5 cm in diameter) of resected specimens of HCC were examined for the relationship between mode of tumor spread and tumor size. Efferent vessels in HCC were identified by direct injection of radiopaque material into the tumor in 23 resected liver specimens selected from the 231 tumors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most frequent site for tumor spread in HCC was capsular invasion followed by extracapsular invasion, vascular invasion, and finally intrahepatic metastasis. Radiopaque material injected directly into 23 resected tumors entered the portal vein in only 17 tumors and entered into both the portal and hepatic veins in six tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that tumor spread in HCC progresses from capsular invasion to intrahepatic invasion and that the portal vein may act as an efferent tumor vessel.
authors: First Department of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Japan.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Toyosaka
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Okamoto
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Mitsunobu
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Oriyama
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Nakao
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Miura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011169:Portal Vein; D011859:Radiography