title: Is postoperative radiotherapy for thymoma effective?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors determined the effect of postoperative mediastinal irradiation in preventing local and pleural recurrence of thymoma.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The role of mediastinal irradiation after incomplete resection or biopsy of an invasive thymoma is well established. However, routine use of adjuvant mediastinal irradiation for patients with thymoma after complete resection remains controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  During the 19-year period from 1973 to 1992, operations were performed on 89 patients with thymoma. Of these 89 patients, 80 patients who underwent gross complete tumor resection including adjacent tissues that appeared to be invaded by tumor were selected for this study. The effects of postoperative mediastinal irradiation on the recurrence rate of thymoma were analyzed according to histologic type, clinical stage, and whether adhesions to or invasion of the pleura or pericardium were present.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recurrence of thymoma was observed in 13 of 80 (16.3%) patients. No recurrence was observed in 23 patients with noninvasive thymoma. In patients with invasive thymoma whose tumor was macroscopically adherent to the pleura but not microscopically invasive (p1), recurrence was observed in 4 of 11 patients (36.4%) when mediastinal irradiation was not performed, but in none of 10 patients who received mediastinal irradiation. However, in patients with microscopic pleural invasion (p2), a high recurrence rate was observed with mediastinal irradiation (40%, 6/15 patients) or without mediastinal irradiation (30%, 3/10 patients). Postoperative mediastinal irradiation for patients with microscopical invasion to pericardium (c2) did not decrease the recurrence rate. Analysis of the mode of recurrence showed that mediastinal irradiation may have been effective in preventing local recurrence, but it did not control the pleural dissemination that was observed in 12 of 13 recurrent cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mediastinal irradiation is not necessary for patients with noninvasive thymoma. In patients with invasive thymoma, postoperative mediastinal irradiation is effective in preventing recurrence in patients with p1 thymoma, but not in patients with p2 or c2 tumors. Further adjuvant therapy should be performed to supplement mediastinal irradiation in patients with p2 or c2 thymoma, even after complete resection.
authors: Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Haniuda
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Miyazawa
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Yoshida
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Oguchi
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Sakai
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Izuno
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Sone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006338:Heart Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010496:Pericardium; D010997:Pleural Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D011182:Postoperative Care; D013945:Thymoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D013953:Thymus Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery