title: Progression of trophoblast into the endometrium during implantation in the western spotted skunk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In mustelid carnivores, several blastocysts become implanted either approximately 12 days following fertilization or after a delay of implantation. In the western spotted skunk, implantation occurs following a long period of delayed implantation and a brief activation stage. Within each implantation chamber, a large number of trophoblastic plaques form, and the syncytial trophoblast of these plaques adheres to and penetrates into the uterine luminal epithelium. The presence of multiple attachment sites was used to analyse the way in which trophoblast adheres to, penetrates, and removes uterine epithelium and its subsequent association with the subepithelial vascular plexus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Implantation chambers from 18 western spotted skunks were collected during the first week postimplantation and the tissue prepared for light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A series of trophoblastic plaques, which form a ring peripheral to the embryonic shield, attach to and penetrate the uterine epithelium. As new trophoblastic plaques are forming, the initial plaques enlarge and spread along the basal lamina of the luminal epithelium, and trophoblastic processes project through this basal lamina. Subsequently there is a stage of consolidation in which cytotrophoblast increases greatly in amount, attachment sites coalesce, and the luminal epithelium is eliminated. Syncytial trophoblast intrudes into endometrial gland lumina and surrounds subepithelial capillaries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is suggested that the affinity of syncytial trophoblast for apical junctional complexes of uterine epithelial cells facilitates intrusion of syncytial trophoblast between cells, possibly guided by the marginal ridges of the uterine cells. The trophoblast shows no tendency to adhere to or invade maternal capillaries. This lack of adhesion to endothelial cells suggests either a change in adhesive properties of trophoblast following epithelial penetration or differences in adhesive properties between surface epithelial cells and endothelial cells. Although trophoblast differentiation appears to be chronologically regulated, it could be responding to maternally derived factors.
authors: Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, USA.
authors: A C
authors: AC
authors: Enders
authors: R A
authors: RA
authors: Mead
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D010064:Embryo Implantation / Q000502:physiology*; D004717:Endometrium / Q000166:cytology*; D005260:Female; D012889:Mephitidae / Q000502:physiology*; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011247:Pregnancy; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology