title: An external audit of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the steady state performed in medical treatment facilities of the Department of Defense.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study provides the first objective assessment of a complete patient population undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the steady state. The authors determined the frequency of complications, particularly bile duct, bowel, vascular injuries, and deaths.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This retrospective study, conducted for the Department of Defense healthcare system by the Civilian External Peer Review Program, is the second complete audit of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Data were collected on 9130 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy between January 1993 and May 1994.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study sample consisted of clinical data abstracted from the complete records of 9054 (99.2%) of the 9130 laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed at 94 military medical treatment facilities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 10,458 cholecystectomies performed in the Military Health Services System, 9130 (87.3%) were laparoscopic and 1328 (12.7%) were traditional open procedures. Seventy-six medical records were incomplete: however, there was sufficient data to determine mortality and bile duct injury rates. Of the remaining 9054 cases, 6.09% experienced complications, including bile duct (0.41%), bowel (0.32%), and vascular injuries (0.10 percent). The mortality rate was 0.13%. Access via Veress technique was used in 57.6% and Hasson technique in 42.4% of patients. Intraoperative cholangiograms were performed in 42.7% of the cases with a success rate of 86.2%. Eight hundred ninety-two (9.8%) patients were converted to open cholecystectomies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the steady state, despite an increase in the percentage of laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed for nonmalignant gallbladder disease, there continues to be minimal complications and low mortality.
authors: Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors: D C
authors: DC
authors: Wherry
authors: M R
authors: MR
authors: Marohn
authors: M P
authors: MP
authors: Malanoski
authors: S P
authors: SP
authors: Hetz
authors: N M
authors: NM
authors: Rich
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001652:Bile Ducts / Q000293:injuries; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000293:injuries; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002763:Cholecystectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007422:Intestines / Q000293:injuries; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States