title: Goldenhar, Möbius and hypoglossia-hypodactyly anomalies in a patient: syndrome or association?
abstract: The Möbius, Goldenhar and hypoglossia-hypodactyly anomalies are usually sporadic conditions with a recurrence risk of about 2%. The combination of Goldenhar and one or the two others is rare, whereas the concomitant occurrence of Möbius and hypoglossia-hypodactyly, and/or Poland, and/or Klippel-Feil anomaly is well known. Pathogenetically, vascular disruptions around the 4th embryonic week have been hypothesized. In vivo and pathological studies as well as animal models support this theory for all the above-mentioned combinations. Whether a preceding blastogenetic alteration is an influencing factor or a disorganization mutation, remains unclear. We describe a 3-year-old girl with bilateral anotia, epidermoid on the right eye, 6th and 7th nerve palsy, hypoglossia, left hypodactyly, and ventricular septal defect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We wish to emphasize the aetiological relevance of vascular disruptions in this previously unreported combination of Möbius, Goldenhar and hypoglossia-hypodactyly anomalies. The concurrence of anomalies in this patient represents an association and not a pleiotropic syndrome.
authors: Universitätskinderklinik, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Preis
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Majewski
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Hantschmann
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Schumacher
authors: H G
authors: HG
authors: Lenard
mesh_terms: D000010:Abducens Nerve; D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003389:Cranial Nerve Diseases / Q000150:complications; D005154:Facial Nerve; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000002:abnormalities*; D006053:Goldenhar Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D013577:Syndrome; D014059:Tongue / Q000002:abnormalities*