title: Protective properties of amino acids in liver preservation: effects of glycine and a combination of amino acids on anaerobic metabolism and energetics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we investigated the hepatoprotective effects of three storage solutions containing glycine (180 mM), glycylglycine (180 mM), and a mixture of 20 amino acids (combined concentration of 180 mM) on energy metabolism and levels of glucose and lactate (as an index of glycolytic flux) in rat livers. All effects were compared to those of livers flushed/stored with a modified University of Wisconsin solution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Glycine-treatment showed no improvement in liver energetics (ATP, ADP, AMP) and lactate accumulation; this solution had the lowest buffering capacity of the four tested (approximately 30% of the University of Wisconsin solution). The glycylglycine solution had the highest buffering capacity of the four solutions tested (including University of Wisconsin solution). Complete titration of the glycine-, combined amino acids-, and University of Wisconsin solutions (from 8.0 to pH = 6.0) resulted in a minor decrease in glycylglycine buffer pH; pH dropped by 0.2 pH units. In glycylglycine-treated livers, energetics showed an improvement over the first 1 h cold storage; ATP and 'energy charge' values remained high and ADP levels (and consequently total adenylate contents) were 0.7-2.4 micro mol/g greater than livers stored in University of Wisconsin solution. A 2-fold increase in lactate accumulation suggested that the improvement in liver energetics for the glycylglycine buffer was due to maintained flux through glycolysis brought about by enhanced buffering capacity. The solution containing a combination of amino acids exhibited maximum maintenance of liver energetics via increased glycolytic flux, despite its slightly inferior buffering capacity (85% of University of Wisconsin solution). ATP levels were maintained over the first 2 h storage and ADP levels (and consequently, total adenylate contents) were 1.2-2.1 micro mol/g greater than University of Wisconsin solution-treated livers during the entire 24 h storage period. Energy charge values for livers treated with the combination of amino acids were also significantly higher than with glycine-, glycylglycine- and University of Wisconsin solution-treatment; even at 24 h, energy charge was 0.36 (comparable to only 4 h storage in University of Wisconsin solution).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that a combination of amino acids may be required for maximum protection of the liver, and furthermore there may be several independent mechanisms, including buffering capacity, responsible for cytoprotection of the liver during cold storage.
authors: University Department of Surgery, Royal Free Hospital & School of Medicine, London, UK.
authors: T A
authors: TA
authors: Churchill
authors: C J
authors: CJ
authors: Green
authors: B J
authors: BJ
authors: Fuller
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000493:Allopurinol; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D000818:Animals; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D005978:Glutathione; D005998:Glycine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006033:Glycylglycine / Q000494:pharmacology; D007328:Insulin; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D009926:Organ Preservation; D019188:Organ Preservation Solutions; D011887:Raffinose; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D007328:Insulin; D019188:Organ Preservation Solutions; C055206:University of Wisconsin-lactobionate solution; D006033:Glycylglycine; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate; D000493:Allopurinol; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D005978:Glutathione; D000241:Adenosine; D011887:Raffinose; D005998:Glycine