title: Cigarette smoking and bone mineral density in the elderly.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that cigarette smoking is associated with reduced bone mineral density in elderly men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  These comprised 224 men and 186 women aged 61-73 years, born and resident in East Hertfordshire.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lumbar spine and femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) were determined by dual energy x ray absorptiometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for potential confounding variables, men who were current smokers were found to have a lumbar spine BMD that was 7.3% (95% CI 0.4, 14.2) lower than men who had never smoked. Similarly, women who were current smokers had a BMD value that was 7.7% (95% CI 0.3, 15.6) lower than in women who had never smoked. The difference at the femoral neck was smaller and not statistically significant. For both men and women, each decade of smoking was associated with a reduction of 0.015 g/cm2 in BMD at the lumbar spine (95% CI: men 0.002, 0.027; women 0.003, 0.028). At the femoral neck the reduction in BMD was 0.011 g/cm2 (95% CI 0.003, 0.020) for men and 0.004 g/cm2 (95% CI -0.003, 0.012) for women with each decade of smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show an adverse effect of smoking on BMD which was most noticeable at the lumbar spine, and seemed stronger in men than women. This effect could not be explained by differences in life style between smokers and nonsmokers.
authors: MRC Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital.
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Egger
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Duggleby
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Hobbs
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Fall
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Cooper
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000209:etiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000503:physiopathology*