title: Development of a model for assessment of biomaterial encrustation in the upper urinary tract.
abstract: A need exists for ureteral stent materials capable of preventing or reducing encrustation. The aim of this study, therefore, was to develop an in vitro model producing biomaterial encrustation similar to that on stents in vivo. Three models were designed and evaluated. Polyurethane stent sections were immersed in human urine (37 degrees C, 5% CO2): (1) with and (2) without crushed human kidney stone and (3) in an artificial urine (37 degrees C, 5% CO2). Encrustation of similar composition, as determined by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray analysis, formed on stent materials in vivo, in artificial urine and in human urine with crushed kidney stone. Magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) and calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite) predominated in all encrustations. The reproducibility and ease of use of the artificial urine model provided optimum encrustation assessment of materials presently used in ureteral stents and evaluation of novel biomaterials.
authors: School of Pharmacy, Queen's University of Belfast, UK.
authors: M M
authors: MM
authors: Tunney
authors: M C
authors: MC
authors: Bonner
authors: P F
authors: PF
authors: Keane
authors: S P
authors: SP
authors: Gorman
mesh_terms: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011140:Polyurethanes; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014513:Ureter / Q000502:physiology*; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D011140:Polyurethanes; C485828:alpha-tricalcium phosphate; C485830:tetracalcium phosphate; C485838:calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous; C020243:calcium phosphate; C485829:calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous