Daily mortality and air pollutants: findings from Köln, Germany.
OBJECTIVE
For the APHEA study, the short term effects of air pollutants on human health were investigated in a comparable way in various European cities. Daily mortality was used as one of the health effects indicators. This report aims to demonstrate the steps in epidemiological model building in this type of time series analysis aimed at detecting short term effects under a poisson distribution assumption and shows the tools for decision making. In addition, it assesses the impact of these steps on the pollution effect estimates.


METHODS
Köln, Germany, is a city of one million inhabitants. It is densely populated with a warm, humid, unfavourable climate and a high traffic density. In previous studies, smog episodes were found to increase mortality and higher sulphur dioxide (SO2) levels were connected with increases in the number of episodes of croup.
Daily total mortality was obtained for 1975-85. SO2, total suspended particulates, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) data were available from two to five stations for the city area, and size fractionated PM7 data from a neighbouring city. The main tools were time series plots of the raw data, predicted and residual data, the partial autocorrelation function and periodogram of the residuals, cross correlations of prefiltered series, plots of categorised influences, chi 2 statistics of influences and sensitivity analyses taking overdispersion and autocorrelation into account.


CONCLUSIONS
With regard to model building, it is concluded that seasonal and epidemic correction are the most important steps. The actual model chosen depends very much on the properties of the data set. For the pollution effect estimates, trend, season, and epidemic corrections are important to avoid overestimation of the effect, while an appropriate short term meterology influence correction model may actually prevent underestimation. When the model leaves very little over-dispersion and autocorrelation in the residuals, which indicates a good fit, correction for them has consequently little impact. Given the model, most of the range of SO2 values (5th centile to 95th centile) led to a 3-4% increase in mortality (significant), particulates led to a 2% increase (borderline significant, less data than for SO2), and NO2 had no relationship with mortality (measurements possibly not representative of actual exposure). Effects were usually delayed by a day.
Spix
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GSF-Research Centre for Environment and Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Neuherberg, Germany.
Wichmann
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D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D004391:Dust / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D009026:Mortality; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis
D000393:Air Pollutants; D004391:Dust; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide