title: Effect of the laccase gene CNLAC1, on virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans.
abstract: To assess the relationship between melanin production by Cryptococcus neoformans and virulence on a molecular basis, we asked: (a) is CNLAC1, the laccase structural gene of C. neoformans, expressed in vivo?; (b) can mouse virulence be restored to cnlac1 (Mel-) mutants by complementation with CNLAC1?; and (c) will targeted gene deletion of CNLAC1 decrease virulence for mice? Melanin is produced when cryptococcal laccase catalyzes the oxidation of certain aromatic compounds, including L-dopa, to quinones, which then polymerize to melanin. To assess CNLAC1 transcription, RNA was extracted from C. neoformans in cerebrospinal fluid of infected rabbits. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction detected CNLAC1 transcript, indicating that laccase may be produced in the infected host. To assess the effect of CNLAC1 deletion on virulence, a Mel- mutant (10S) was obtained by disruption of the 5' end of the gene. After multiple backcrosses with a parental strain to remove unintended genetic defects introduced by the transformation process, a Mel- progeny was tested and found to be much less virulent for mice than a Mel+ progeny. Another Mel- strain (mel2), obtained from J.C. Edman (University of California at San Francisco, CA), produced CNLAC1 transcript but no detectable melanin. Characterization of this mutant revealed a base substitution in CNLAC1 that changed a histidine to tyrosine in a putative copper-binding site. When this base change was introduced into CNLAC1 by site-directed mutagenesis, it no longer transformed mel2 to Mel+, indicating the importance of this histidine in laccase activity. Complementation of a mel2-derived mutant with CNLAC1 restored the Mel+ phenotype and increased virulence. These results support the concept that the CNLAC1 gene product has a role in virulence.
authors: Clinical Mycology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors: S D
authors: SD
authors: Salas
authors: J E
authors: JE
authors: Bennett
authors: K J
authors: KJ
authors: Kwon-Chung
authors: J R
authors: JR
authors: Perfect
authors: P R
authors: PR
authors: Williamson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D042845:Laccase; D008543:Melanins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics*; D012331:RNA, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D008543:Melanins; D012331:RNA, Fungal; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D042845:Laccase