title: Extraocular muscle changes in experimental orbital venous stasis: some similarities to Graves' orbitopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is generally considered to have an autoimmune etiology. Recently, however, it has been hypothesized that orbital venous obstruction may contribute significantly to the clinical manifestations. To determine whether such obstruction could induce histologic and clinical findings consistent with GO, we developed an animal model of orbital venous obstruction by ligating the draining ophthalmic veins of the right eyes of four cats.
  
  
  METHODS
  The branches of the ophthalmic veins were isolated and ligated following a lateral orbitotomy. Weekly photographs and echographs were taken of the cats; one cat was killed at each of four time points, namely 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after surgery. Histologic stains were applied to isolated orbital tissues to characterize pathologic changes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinically, there was onset of marked proptosis, chemosis, and exotropia. Histological findings within the extraocular muscles included activation and the presence of acid mucopolysaccharides 1 week after ligation, increased collagen and the presence of lymphoid cells at 2 weeks after ligation, and persistent interstitial lymphocytic infiltrates the 3rd and 4th weeks after ligation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Without evoking a primary orbital inflammation or inducing a systemic autoimmune disease, an animal model has been developed that closely mimics many of the advanced clinical and histologic changes that occur in GO.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Saber
authors: J
authors: J
authors: McDonnell
authors: K M
authors: KM
authors: Zimmermann
authors: J E
authors: JE
authors: Yugar
authors: S E
authors: SE
authors: Feldon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005094:Exophthalmos / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D005099:Exotropia / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D005123:Eye / Q000098:blood supply*; D006111:Graves Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; D017233:Orbit Evisceration; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014680:Veins