title: Advance directives in the emergency department: too few, too late.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine: 1) the number of patients arriving at the ED who had executed an advance directive (AD), 2) how many of the patients who had an AD brought the AD with them, and 3) whether those patients who did not have an AD had ever discussed ADs with their primary care providers (PCPs) or had ever heard of an AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional, observational survey of a convenience sample of high-risk patients presenting to the ED of a university hospital was performed. Patients presenting to the ED for acute complaints who were elderly or had an underlying disease that suggested a risk of death in the near future were considered high risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 238 patients surveyed, 90% had PCPs. However, only 22% had ADs. Of these, only 23% brought the AD to the ED. Of the patients who did not have ADs, 95% had never discussed ADs with their PCPs, and 42% did not know what an AD was. Blacks were less likely than whites to have ADs (p < 0.0002) or to know about them (p < 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of high-risk patients presenting to this ED do not have ADs. Among those high-risk patients who did have ADs, fewer than 25% brought the ADs with them. The development of ADs for high-risk patients and the availability of ADs in the ED are woefully inadequate. Emergency physicians need to collaborate with PCPs to remedy these deficiencies.
authors: Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors: K K
authors: KK
authors: Ishihara
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Wrenn
authors: S W
authors: SW
authors: Wright
authors: C M
authors: CM
authors: Socha
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Cross
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016223:Advance Directives / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged