title: Relative risk and economic consequences of inpatient care among patients with renal failure.
abstract: During the final phases of chronic renal disease, inpatient care comprises an enormous share of morbidity and direct medical costs. Using an attributable risk methodology, this study calculated inpatient resource utilization and associated costs for chronic renal failure (CRF) and ESRD. A national hospital survey was used to identify the 348,962 hospitalizations for patients with renal failure in 1991. Among persons under the age of 65, pre-ESRD CRF patients had the same number of hospitalizations (nearly 75,000) as ESRD patients. Age-adjusted relative risk calculations indicate that patients with renal failure experience greater inpatient morbidity compared with other populations with chronic, progressive diseases. For example, compared with persons with diabetes, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, and emphysema, renal patients were at significantly higher risk of hospitalization for congestive heart failure, pneumonia, sepsis, electrolyte disorders, and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Overall, renal failure patients were ten times more likely to be hospitalized (relative risk, 10.0; 95% confidence interval, 10.00 to 10.04) and, on average, were hospitalized nearly 1 day longer (P < 0.01) compared with the non-renal failure population in 1991. As a result, the economic consequences of inpatient care for the treatment of renal failure were enormous. In 1991, 222,827 hospitalizations, 1.5 million days of inpatient care, and $2.2 billion were attributable to renal failure. Further studies that examine other components of direct medical costs (e.g., long-term care, outpatient care, and pharmaceuticals) as well as indirect costs associated with the treatment and care of renal failure patients are warranted.
authors: Medical Technology and Practice Patterns Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Thamer
authors: N F
authors: NF
authors: Ray
authors: S N
authors: SN
authors: Fehrenbach
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Richard
authors: P L
authors: PL
authors: Kimmel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D004646:Emphysema / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007297:Inpatients; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000191:economics; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid / Q000191:economics; D006278:Medicare / Q000191:economics; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012306:Risk; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology