title: A simple and generally applicable method to estimate the peripheral dose in radiation teletherapy with high energy x-rays or gamma radiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many articles have been published on the measurement of the dose to points outside the primary beam, often called the peripheral dose (PD), for instance, to the gonads, for specific treatment machines and/or techniques. We investigated the possibilities for developing a generalized method based on the data from several publications.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data from several publications were recalculated for a reference situation, then averaged, and the frequency distributions around the mean were determined. Published data were available for 60Co, 4, 6, 8, and 10 MV, and 18 to 25 MV for a large variety of treatment machines. Furthermore, an analysis of possible corrections for depth dependence, field elongation, irregularly shaped fields, wedges, and shielding blocks was carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency distributions of all published PD values for square fields for photon energies of 4 MV to 25 MV showed a standard deviation of 33%. The PD values of 60Co are significantly different with a standard deviation of 25%. A difference in the leakage radiation between cobalt machines and linear accelerators can possibly explain this difference, especially for large distances, where leakage radiation predominates. Taking the uncertainty of the risk factors into consideration, we conclude that the use of average values is justified. Although statistically not significant, the peripheral dose appears to be dependent on photon energy with a minimum around 6 MV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible to estimate the peripheral dose for photon energies of 4 MV to 25 MV with an accuracy of +/- 33%; for 60Co, the accuracy is even better. The variation of the PD between different treatment machines is so small that it is justified to use average PD values, irrespective of the treatment machine.
authors: Dr. Bernard Verbeeten Institute for Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Department of Clinical Physics, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
authors: P H
authors: PH
authors: Van der Giessen
mesh_terms: D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005836:Genitalia, Female; D005837:Genitalia, Male; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D017785:Photons / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011867:Radioisotope Teletherapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012542:Scattering, Radiation
chemical_list: D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes