title: Active immunotherapy of pancreatic cancer with tumor cells genetically engineered to secrete multiple cytokines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vaccination of tumor-bearing animals with tumor cells genetically engineered to secrete cytokines including interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) has been shown to induce effective tumor-specific immune responses capable of inhibiting local and metastatic disease. Previous unsuccessful attempts to enhance this immune response by means of the secretion of multiple cytokines possessing different immunologic mechanisms of action may have been due to the inherent inefficiency of the gene transfer systems used. We postulated that tumor cells genetically engineered by means of a novel gene transfer method resulting in high level secretion of both cytokines would be more effective than tumor cells secreting a single cytokine in inhibiting the growth of existing tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nonimmunogenic, murine pancreatic cancer cells (Panc02) were engineered to secrete IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-2 and IFN-gamma, or neomycin phosphotransferase. Mice were inoculated with 5 x 10(5) parental Panc02 tumor cells subcutaneously. Beginning 3 days later, animals then received a series of four weekly vaccinations with irradiated Panc02/Neo, Panc02/IL2, Panc02/IFN, or Panc02/IL-2/IFN.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with Panc02/Neo, Panc02/IL-2, or Panc02/IFN resulted in 0%, 40%, and 30% tumor-free survival, respectively. In contrast, 80% of animals vaccinated with Panc02/IL2/IFN were free of tumor at 100 days. All animals free of disease were resistant to subsequent tumor challenges.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show that vaccination with tumor cells that secrete high levels of multiple cytokines was more effective in treating established pancreatic tumors and represents an improvement over existing single cytokine strategies.
authors: Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors: B M
authors: BM
authors: Clary
authors: E C
authors: EC
authors: Coveney
authors: D G
authors: DG
authors: Blazer
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Philip
authors: H K
authors: HK
authors: Lyerly
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000276:immunology; D005818:Genetic Engineering; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D007167:Immunotherapy; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D010957:Plasmids; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007376:Interleukin-2; D007371:Interferon-gamma