title: Changing physician behavior in ordering digoxin assays.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the ability to modify physicians' use of serum digoxin assays in a sustained fashion through (1) an educational intervention by a clinical pharmacist, and (2) changes in the computerized medical information system.
  
  
  METHODS
  A before/after methodology was used to compare test use by hospital staff physicians in two phases. Phase 1 was an educational intervention conducted by a clinical pharmacist with an 8-month follow-up. Phase 2 was a medical information system intervention with a 12-month follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult inpatients from July 1990 through December 1993 who received either digoxin therapy or at least one serum digoxin assay.
  
  
  METHODS
  Digoxin assays per patient day while receiving digoxin (assays/digoxin day), in-hospital mortality, and length of stay were compared before and after implementation of the interventions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 9468 patients received a digoxin and/or serum digoxin assay. Baseline use of serum digoxin assays was 0.178 assays/digoxin day. Following phase 1, the educational intervention, use declined 20.2% to 0.142 assays/digoxin day (p < 0.03). After phase 2, the implementation of changes in the medical information system, digoxin assay use was maintained at 16.3% less than that at baseline (p < 0.03). Patient mortality was unaffected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A low-intensity educational intervention by a clinical pharmacist supplemented by medical information system modification resulted in an important decrease in the use of digoxin assays. The change in physician behavior was sustained for more than 18 months. The model presented is not labor intensive, does not require continuous maintenance by healthcare personnel for a sustained effect, and may be widely applicable to healthcare providers.
authors: University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, USA.
authors: G L
authors: GL
authors: Fraser
authors: D E
authors: DE
authors: Wennberg
authors: J D
authors: JD
authors: Dickens
authors: C T
authors: CT
authors: Lambrew
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004077:Digoxin / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D017723:Drug Utilization Review; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007256:Information Systems; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'
chemical_list: D004077:Digoxin