title: Adenosine: potential modulator for vasovagal syncope.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the hypothesis that adenosine could provoke a vasovagal response in susceptible patients. Mechanisms of the vasovagal response were further explored by studying the adenosine-mediated reactions.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Increased sympathetic activity is frequently observed before vasovagal syncope. Recent studies have demonstrated that adenosine, in addition to its direct bradycardiac and vasodilatory effects, can increase sympathetic discharge by activating cardiovascular afferent nerves.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of adenosine and head-up tilt-table testing with or without isoproterenol were prospectively evaluated in 85 patients examined for syncope after negative results of electrophysiologic testing (51 men and 34 women, mean [+/- SD] age 61 +/- 17 years). Adenosine bolus injections of 6 mg and 12 mg were sequentially administered to patients in the upright position. The same protocol was implemented in 14 normal control subjects (7 men and 7 women, mean [+/- SD] age 38 +/- 10 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transient hypertension or tachycardia was observed in 57 (67%) and 20 (24%) patients after administration of 6 mg and 12 mg of adenosine, respectively, during the immediate phase (first 15 s), suggesting direct sympathetic activation. Hypotension and reflex tachycardia were observed in all patients during the delayed phase (15 to 60 s after adenosine injection), suggesting baroreceptor unloading. A vasovagal response was induced in 22 (26%) and 29 (34%) patients after adenosine administration and during tilt-table testing. Inducibility of a vasovagal response by these two methods was comparable (p = 0.12). Of the control subjects, one (7%) had a vasovagal response after adenosine administration and one (7%) had a positive response during tilt-table testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations support the idea that adenosine is an endogenous modulator of the cardiac excitatory afferent nerves. Sympathetic activation by adenosine can be direct (i.e., cardiac excitatory afferent nerves) and indirect (i.e., vasodilation and reflex sympathetic activation). Adenosine could be an important modulator in triggering a vasovagal response in susceptible patients during examination for syncope.
authors: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Section of Biostatistics and Peripheral Neuropathy Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors: W K
authors: WK
authors: Shen
authors: S C
authors: SC
authors: Hammill
authors: T M
authors: TM
authors: Munger
authors: M S
authors: MS
authors: Stanton
authors: D L
authors: DL
authors: Packer
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Osborn
authors: D L
authors: DL
authors: Wood
authors: K R
authors: KR
authors: Bailey
authors: P A
authors: PA
authors: Low
authors: B J
authors: BJ
authors: Gersh
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000294:innervation; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007545:Isoproterenol; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013575:Syncope / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018667:Tilt-Table Test
chemical_list: D000241:Adenosine; D007545:Isoproterenol