A canine model for determination of the therapeutic index of cytokine inhibitors.
Using tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibition in dog blood as a measure of efficacy, and canine emesis as a measure of toxicity, we were able to assign a therapeutic index to rolipram, a prototypic anti-inflammatory compound. Because both assays were performed in the same species, the ambiguities associated with comparing the physiologic effects of drugs on various species was avoided. Rolipram, a standard phosphodiesterase type IV inhibitor, was a prototypic test compound characterized by a number of cardiovascular and central nervous system side effects, as well as its in vitro and in vivo inhibition of TNF. Initial experiments with canine whole blood incubated with lipopolysaccharide resulted in nanogram-per-milliliter concentrations of TNF that could be significantly reduced by in vitro addition of a 0.03 microM concentration of rolipram. Because rolipram inhibited canine TNF production in vitro, a protocol was devised in which TNF inhibitory activity was measured in a series of blood samples from dogs infused with increasingly high doses of rolipram. This yielded the efficacy half of the therapeutic index, whereas the emetogenic dose represented the side effect portion of the index. Rolipram was infused stepwise into conscious dogs at gradually increasing doses. The infusion was stopped when vomiting occurred, and the cumulative dose was reported as the emetic dose. Rolipram caused emesis in dogs at a cumulative dose of 0.1 mg/kg. At each dose of rolipram, blood was collected. The whole blood was incubated in vitro with lipopolysaccharide to induce TNF production, which in turn was quantified by the L929 bio-assay. Theoretically, if the rolipram infusion raised blood values high enough, the rolipram in whole blood would inhibit TNF production and be reflected by a lack of TNF activity in the L929 assay. In this assay system, rolipram's 50% effective dose in the TNF assay was always at least 33-fold lower than its emetic dose of 0.1 mg/kg. This gave rolipram a therapeutic index of at least 33:1 (0.003 versus 0.1 mg/kg) on the basis of its activity in a canine efficacy model (TNF inhibition) and a toxicity model (emesis induction). Experimental compounds were tested for their emetic dose as well as TNF 50% effective dose, with the goal of obtaining a therapeutic index better than that of rolipram. Thus the coupling of cytokine activity with overt toxicity was used to arrive at the therapeutic index of a compound. The therapeutic index was used to rank compounds as to their efficacy/toxicity profile. This ranking was used to eliminate several anti-inflammatory compounds that had a therapeutic index less than that of rolipram.
Sekut
L
L
Department of Cell Physiology, Glaxo Research Institute, Glaxo Wellcome plc, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
Han
B
B
Baer
P
P
Verghese
M W
MW
Silverstein
R
R
Clifton
L
L
Dennis
S
S
Numerick
M J
MJ
Connolly
K M
KM
D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004285:Dogs; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D008297:Male; D011760:Pyrrolidinones / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D020889:Rolipram; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced
D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D011760:Pyrrolidinones; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D020889:Rolipram