title: Prospective characterization of the clinicopathologic and immunologic features of an immunodeficiency syndrome affecting juvenile llamas.
abstract: The clinicopathologic and immunologic features of 15 llamas affected with juvenile llama immunodeficiency syndrome (JLIDS) are described. Healthy adult (n = 10) and juvenile (n = 10) llamas served as controls. JLIDS llamas were characterized by wasting, and clinically apparent, repeated infections were frequently observed. The median age at which a health problem was first perceived was 11.6 months. All 15 affected llamas died or were killed, and JLIDS was confirmed at necropsy. The median duration of illness was 3.5 months. Lymphocyte blastogenesis assays showed suppressed responses (particularly to Staphylococcus sp. Protein A) in JLIDS llamas. No evidence of retroviral infection was detected. Mild, normocytic, normochromic, non-regenerative anemia, low serum albumin concentration and low to low-normal globulin concentrations were typically found on initial clinical evaluation. Lymph node biopsies showed areas of paracortical depletion. All llamas affected with JLIDS had low serum IgG concentrations, pre-vaccination titers against Clostridium perfringens C and D toxoids of < or = 1:100, and no titer increase following vaccination.
authors: Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA.
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Hutchison
authors: F B
authors: FB
authors: Garry
authors: E B
authors: EB
authors: Belknap
authors: D M
authors: DM
authors: Getzy
authors: L W
authors: LW
authors: Johnson
authors: R P
authors: RP
authors: Ellis
authors: S L
authors: SL
authors: Quackenbush
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Rovnak
authors: E A
authors: EA
authors: Hoover
authors: G L
authors: GL
authors: Cockerell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000382:microbiology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002161:Camelids, New World / Q000276:immunology; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary; D003016:Clostridium perfringens / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis; D007153:Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013950:Thymus Gland / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014121:Toxoids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014611:Vaccination / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; C035454:Clostridium perfringens toxoid; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D014121:Toxoids