title: A learning curve for laparoscopic fundoplication. Definable, avoidable, or a waste of time?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine whether a learning curve for laparoscopic fundoplication can be defined, and whether steps can be taken to avoid any difficulties associated with it.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Although early outcomes after laparoscopic fundoplication have been promising, complications unique to the procedure have been described. Learning curve problems may contribute to these difficulties. Although training recommendations have been published by some professional bodies, there is disagreement about what constitutes adequate supervised experience before the solo performance of laparoscopic antireflux surgery, and the true length of the learning curve.
  
  
  METHODS
  The outcome of 280 laparoscopic fundoplications undertaken by 11 surgeons during a 46-month period was assessed prospectively. The experience was analyzed in three different ways: 1) by an assessment of the overall learning experience within chronologically arranged groups, 2) by an assessment of all individual experiences grouped according to the experience of individual surgeons, and 3) by a comparison of early outcomes of operations performed by the surgeons who initiated laparoscopic fundoplication with the early experience of surgeons beginning laparoscopic fundoplication later in the overall institutional experience.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The complication, reoperation, and laparoscopic to open conversion rates all were higher in the first 50 cases performed by the overall group, and in the first 20 cases performed by each individual surgeon. These rates were even higher in the initial first 20 cases, and the first 5 individual cases. However, adverse outcomes were less likely when surgeons began fundoplication later in the overall experience, when experienced supervision could be provided.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A learning curve for laparoscopic fundoplication can be defined. Experienced supervision should be sought by surgeons beginning laparoscopic fundoplication during their first 20 procedures. This should minimize adverse outcomes associated with an individual's learning curve.
authors: Royal Adelaide Centre for Endoscopic Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Australia.
authors: D I
authors: DI
authors: Watson
authors: R J
authors: RJ
authors: Baigrie
authors: G G
authors: GG
authors: Jamieson
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018662:Fundoplication / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome