title: Venous recanalization by metallic stents after failure of balloon angioplasty or surgery: four-year experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This retrospective study describes our updated experience in treating venous stenoses and occlusions with metallic endovascular stents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gianturco, Palmaz, and Wallstent stents were placed in 55 patients over a 4-year period. Stent sites included the subclavian veins (9), innominate veins (3), superior vena cava (4), inferior vena cava (3), iliac veins (29), femoral veins (5), and portal veins (6). The most common indications for stent placement were malignant stenoses and chronic pelvic venous occlusions. Venoplasty and/or urokinase were used as ancillary therapy. Patients were anticoagulated for 3-6 months. Follow-up included clinical assessment and duplex ultrasound.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lifetable analysis shows 59%, 63%, and 72% primary, primary assisted, and secondary 1-year patency rates, respectively. The 4-year primary patency rates were the same. Duration of patency depended on the venous site. Death was a complication of stent placement in 2 patients and 12 patients died within 6 months after stent placement from primary disease progression. Although early failures were more common in stents placed across occlusions than stenoses, 1-year secondary patency rates were comparable. Primary patency rates were only slightly lower in patients with malignant obstruction than in patients with benign disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endovascular stent placement provides a nonsurgical alternative for reestablishment of venous flow and symptomatic relief in patients with benign as well as malignant venous obstruction.
authors: Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Hospital and Clinic, 420 Delaware Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455-0392, USA.
authors: G K
authors: GK
authors: Nazarian
authors: W R
authors: WR
authors: Austin
authors: S A
authors: SA
authors: Wegryn
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Bjarnason
authors: D J
authors: DJ
authors: Stackhouse
authors: W R
authors: WR
authors: Castañeda-Zúñiga
authors: D W
authors: DW
authors: Hunter
mesh_terms: D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015993:Life Tables; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D014654:Vascular Patency