title: Low serum levels of tricyclic antidepressants in amitriptyline- and doxepin-treated inpatients with depressive syndromes are associated with nonresponse.
abstract: Nonresponse to tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) treatment is observed in about one-third of depressed patients. The cause(s) for nonresponse - apart from disease-specific effects - might be the failure to build up sufficiently high serum TCA levels due to noncompliance, substance abuse, rapid metabolism, or low dose. We carried out a retrospective analysis relating antidepressant serum levels to patient data obtained in the naturalistic setting of the Psychiatric Hospital of the Bonn University during the introductory phase of drug-monitoring. Case reports of 110 depressed inpatients who were treated with amitriptyline or doxepin were analyzed with respect to the following: medication and comedication, daily dose, type and duration of treatment, serum TCA concentrations (analyzed by the fluorescence polarization immunoassay), age, sex, body weight, abuse of nicotine or alcohol intake, serum transaminases (ALT, alanine aminotransferase, and AST, aspartate amino transferase), gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GT) and creatinine, compliance, and response. The salient findings were: 1. Serum TCA concentrations increased linearly with the daily amitriptyline dose but not with that of doxepin. 2. Interindividually, there was an eight to ten-fold difference in serum TCA concentrations at steady-state with 150 mg/day of either drug; longitudinally, we observed intraindividually a coefficient of variation of 8% and 12% for amitriptyline and doxepin respectively. 3. With amitriptyline (150 mg/day), the correlation between age and serum TCA concentrations was low (r = 0.33, p < 0.055) and no correlation was found after the administration of doxepin (150 mg/day), nor was there any correlation between age and dose-adjusted serum TCA concentrations after the administration of either drug. 4. Nonresponders had significantly lower serum levels than responders. These results suggest that patients should not qualify as nonresponders unless it can be demonstrated (and it is clinically applicable) that the steady-state serum TCA levels are stable within the upper limit of the recommended therapeutic range and serum level.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany.
authors: M L
authors: ML
authors: Rao
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Deister
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Laux
authors: U
authors: U
authors: Staberock
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Höflich
authors: H J
authors: HJ
authors: Möller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology; D000639:Amitriptyline / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004316:Doxepin / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D005260:Female; D016231:Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay; D006801:Humans; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D004316:Doxepin; D000639:Amitriptyline