title: Transcutaneous ultrasound augments lysis of arterial thrombi in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  External ultrasound has a synergistic effect on thrombus disruption with thrombolytic agents in vitro. We hypothesized that transcutaneous ultrasound could augment thrombolysis in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thrombus formation was induced electrically in 48 pairs of iliofemoral arteries of 24 rabbits; arterial occlusions were documented angiographically. In 17 of 24 rabbits, 25000 units/kg streptokinase was then administered intravenously. The pairs of iliofemoral arteries were randomized to receive ultrasound treatment or no ultrasound treatment. Low-frequency (26 kHz) ultrasound (continuous wave, 18 W/cm2) was applied transcutaneously over the area of occlusion. In 7 of 24 rabbits, 14 thrombotically occluded iliofemoral arteries were exposed to ultrasound alone without streptokinase. The results were evaluated through the use of angiography (TIMI grade flow) and histopathology. After 30 +/- 10 minutes of activated sonication combined with intravenous streptokinase, 10 of 17 iliofemoral arteries (59%) treated with transcutaneous ultrasound were widely patent angiographically, with TIMI grade 3 flow. Histologically, the patent arteries had only minimal focal moral thrombus. The angiographic patency rate was significantly lower in the control groups: 1 of 17 arteries (6%) treated with streptokinase alone (P = .0012) and 1 of 14 arteries (7%) treated with ultrasound alone (P = .0036).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vivo transcutaneous ultrasound significantly augments lysis of thrombi with streptokinase in rabbit iliofemoral arteries.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif 90048, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishioka
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fishbein
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cercek
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Forrester
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Berglund
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Siegel
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography; D000818:Animals; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005263:Femoral Artery; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007083:Iliac Artery; D011817:Rabbits; D013300:Streptokinase / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D013300:Streptokinase