title: Temperature changes in bovine mandibular bone during implant site preparation: an assessment using infra-red thermography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Changes in bone temperature during the sequence of drilling for implant site preparation using the Branemark technique were monitored using infra-red thermography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bovine mandibles were used to provide cortical bone of a similar quality to human mandibular bone. To ensure the consistency in the drilling procedure, one operator used a conventional dental handpiece with a motor provided by Nobelpharma. The manufacturer's specifications were followed during the implant site preparation, except that no irrigation was employed since infra-red radiation does not transmit through water. Thermal images were recorded using the Thermovision 900 system. A sequence of images was recorded during implant site preparation. Three drills were examined in terms of temperature changes during drilling over the entire area involved. The three drills used were a round bur, which determines the site of the fixture, a spiral drill (2 mm twist drill) which establishes the direction of the implant and finally a pilot drill (3 mm) which progressively increases the diameter of the site.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average values (n = 10 drill sequences) for maximum recorded temperature (Max T degrees C), change in temperature (delta T degrees C) from baseline and the area of involvement (mm2) for each drill in the 10 drill sequences were as follows: round, spiral (2 mm) and pilot (3 mm) drills gave maximum temperatures of 82.7 degrees C, 130.1 degrees C and 126.3 degrees C, respectively. The changes in temperature, delta T degrees C, were 45.7 degrees C, 79.0 degrees C and 78.9 degrees C for the round, 2 mm twist and 3 mm pilot drill, respectively. The average areas recorded for the round, spiral and pilot drills were 49 mm2, 140.1 mm2 and 273.0 mm2, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that the methodology employed accurately recorded temperature changes at and around the dental implant site, and provided preliminary baseline data against which the cooling efficacy of different irrigant systems may be compared.
authors.affiliation: Division of Restorative Dentistry, Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Benington
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Biagioni
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Crossey
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Hussey
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sheridan
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lamey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature; D002417:Cattle; D003754:Dental High-Speed Equipment / Q000009:adverse effects; D003755:Dental High-Speed Technique / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D005334:Fever / Q000209:etiology; D008334:Mandible / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods