title: Extracellularly applied ruthenium red and cADP ribose elevate cytosolic Ca2+ in isolated rat osteoclasts.
abstract: We demonstrated recently that the divalent cation-sensing receptor on the osteoclast, the Ca2+ receptor (CaR), is a functional component of a cell surface-expressed ryanodine receptor-like molecule (RyR). The objective of the present study was to further characterize this putative RyR by use of the two well-known cell-impermeant RyR modulators, ruthenium red and adenosine 3',5'-cyclic diphosphate ribose (cADPr). We found that, when applied extracellularly, ruthenium red (5 x 10(-8)-10(-4) M) and cADPr (5 x 10(-6) M) triggered an elevation of cytosolic [Ca2+]. Depolarization of the cell membrane by the application of 0.1 M K+ in the presence of 5 x 10(-6) M. valinomycin resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in the magnitude of the cytosolic Ca2+ response to extracellular ruthenium red (5 x 10(-9) and 5 x 10(-5) M), a phenomenon that was not seen when osteoclasts were hyperpolarized using 5 x 10(-3) M K+ with 5 x 10(-6) M valinomycin. In the presence of an intact nonleaky cell membrane, these results would favor a plasma membrane locus of action for the two modulators. Furthermore, pretreatment of osteoclasts with either modulator resulted in a markedly attenuated cytosolic Ca2+ transient elicited in response to the CaR agonist Ni2+, thus confirming an interaction between the cADPr- and ruthenium red-sensitive sites and the osteoclast CaR. The inhibition of the cytosolic Ca2+ response to Ni2+ induced by ruthenium red remained unchanged in the face of membrane potential changes. Finally, the cytosolic Ca2+ response to caffeine (5 x 10(-4) M), another RyR modulator, was also strongly attenuated by pretreatment with 5 x 10(-9) M ruthenium red. We conclude that ruthenium red and cADPr act on plasma membrane-resident sites and that both these sites interact with the process of divalent cation sensing.
authors.affiliation: Bone Research Unit, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Adebanjo
authors.forename: V S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Shankar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pazianas
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaidi
mesh_terms: D000246:Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012430:Ruthenium Red / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D012430:Ruthenium Red; D000246:Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; D002118:Calcium