title: Calcium 45 autoradiography and dual-isotope single-photon emission CT in a canine model of cerebral ischemia and middle cerebral artery occlusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether transient ischemia can be separated from permanent ischemia via calcium 45 autoradiography and to assess the applicability of dual isotope single-photon emission CT (SPECT) in the evaluation of cerebral blood flow.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined calcium influx in 12 dogs (group A) by using whole-brain calcium 45 autoradiography: Animals received 250 microCi/kg 24 hours after 30-minute (n = 6) or permanent (n = 6) middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Forty-eight hours after MCA occlusion, 5-mm coronal brain sections were fixed for either autoradiography or pathologic examination. In a separate study, 9 mongrel dogs (group B) were given 250 microCi/kg calcium 45 and a mean dose of 700 microCi/kg technetium Tc 99m hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime intravenously. A silicone plug was then injected into the internal carotid artery and angiography was performed to verify MCA occlusion. A 10th (control) animal did not undergo occlusion. In an 11th animal, placement of the plug could not be achieved and a slurry of microfibrillar collagen was injected into the carotid artery. No angiography was performed in animals 10 and 11. After occlusion, each animal was injected with a mean dose of 126 microCi/kg simultaneous acquisition for technetium 99m and 123I-iodoamphetamine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In group A, all animals who had permanent MCA occlusion showed infarction and increased calcium 45 uptake in infarcted territories. None of the animals who had 30-minute occlusion had either increased calcium 45 uptake or infarction at 48 hours. In group B, 7 or 10 dogs had SPECT findings that were consistent with the calcium autoradiographic marker for ischemia. One animal died during the procedure and 1 dog served as a control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calcium 45 autoradiography allowed distinction between areas of temporary and permanent occlusion. Iodoamphetamine imaging was not consistently sensitive to that level of ischemia. Timing of calcium influx may lead to insight that could impact timing of pharmacologic or endovascular intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-8896, USA.
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Purdy
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Horowitz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Carstens
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Devous
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Constantinescu
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Batjer
mesh_terms: D000662:Amphetamines; D000818:Animals; D001345:Autoradiography / Q000379:methods*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002132:Calcium Radioisotopes; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D010091:Oximes; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000662:Amphetamines; D002132:Calcium Radioisotopes; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D010091:Oximes; C041336:4-iodoamphetamine; D019690:Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime