title: A multicenter randomized, masked comparison trial of natural versus synthetic surfactant for the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy and safety of two surfactant preparations in the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a randomized, masked comparison trial at 21 centers. Infants with RDS who were undergoing mechanical ventilation were eligible for treatment with two doses of either a synthetic (Exosurf) or natural (Infasurf) surfactant if the ratio of arterial to alveolar partial pressure of oxygen was less than or equal to 0.22. Crossover treatment was allowed within 96 hours of age if severe respiratory failure (defined as two consecutive arterial/alveolar oxygen tension ratios < or = 0.10) persisted after two doses of the randomly assigned surfactant. Four primary outcome measures of efficacy (the incidence of pulmonary air leak (< or = 7 days); the severity of RDS; the incidence of death from RDS; and the incidence of survival without bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) at 28 days after birth) were compared by means of linear regression techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The primary analysis of efficacy was performed in 1033 eligible infants and an analysis of safety outcomes in the 1126 infants who received study surfactant. Preentry demographic characteristics and respiratory status were similar for the two treatment groups, except for a small but significant difference in mean gestational age (0.5 week) that favored the infasurf treatment group. Pulmonary air leak (< or = 7 days) occurred in 21% of Exosurf- and 11% of infasurf-treated infants (adjusted relative risk, 0.53; 95% confidence interval, 0.40 to 0.71; p < or = 0.0001). During the 72 hours after the initial surfactant treatment, the average fraction of inspired oxygen (+/-SEM) was 0.47 +/- 0.01 for Exosurf- and 0.39 +/- 0.01 for infasurf-treated infants (difference, 0.08; 95% confidence interval, 0.06 to 0.10; p < 0.0001); the average mean airway pressure (+/-SEM) was 8.6 +/- 0.1 cm H2O; for Exosurf- and 7.2 +/- 0.1 cm H2O for Infasurf-treated infants (difference, 1.4 cm H2O; 95% confidence interval, 1.0 to 1.8 cm H2O; p < 0.0001). The incidences of RDS-related death, total respiratory death, death to discharge, and survival without bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 28 days after birth did not differ. The number of days of more than 30% inspired oxygen and of assisted ventilation, but not the duration of hospitalization, were significantly lower in Infasurf-treated infants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with Exosurf, Infasurf provided more effective therapy for RDS as assessed by significant reductions in the severity of respiratory disease and in the incidence of air leak complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Buffalo, State University of New York, USA.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hudak
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Farrell
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Auten
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Durand
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Horgan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Buckwald
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Belcastro
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Donohue
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Carrion
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Maniscalco
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Balsan
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Graeber
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Laskay
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Matteson
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Egan
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Brody
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Riddlesberger
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Montgomery
mesh_terms: D001997:Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / Q000453:epidemiology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005233:Fatty Alcohols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007902:Length of Stay; D016014:Linear Models; D010767:Phosphorylcholine; D011030:Pneumothorax / Q000453:epidemiology; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011656:Pulmonary Emphysema / Q000453:epidemiology; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012127:Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D005233:Fatty Alcohols; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants; D010767:Phosphorylcholine; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C047049:dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, hexadecanol, tyloxapol drug combination