title: Targeted delivery of doxorubicin via sterically stabilized immunoliposomes: pharmacokinetics and biodistribution in tumor-bearing mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate benefits in tumor localization, availability, and noncancerous organ distribution of doxorubicin (DOX) delivered via small (< or = 120 nm) sterically stabilized immunoliposomes targeted against a tumor-associated antigen in fibrosarcoma-bearing mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  DOX-loaded liposomes were prepared with (i) specific monoclonal IgG3 antibody (32/2, D-SSIL-32/2); (ii) non-specific IgG3 (D-SSIL-IgG); or (iii) no IgG (D-SSL) on their surface. Equal DOX amounts were injected intravenously via each type of liposome into BALB/c mice carrying experimental lung metastases of a polyoma virus-induced fibrosarcoma (A9 ctc 220) expressing a polyoma virus-induced tumor-associated antigen (PAA) on their surface. Metastases occurred mainly in lung. Mice were treated at 3 stages of tumor development (micrometastases, medium-size metastases, and large, necrotic metastases). Performance evaluation was based on time-dependent quantification of DOX and DOX metabolites (DOX-M) in lung tumor, noncancerous organs, and plasma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (i) DOX delivered via both SSIL retained the prolonged circulation time typical of DOX delivered via D-SSL. (ii) DOX accumulation in noncancerous organs was similar for all preparations. Low levels of DOX-M were obtained for all three preparations in all organs except liver, suggesting a similar processing. (iii) Preparations differed in behavior in lung tumor depending on tumor size and microanatomy. Only at the micrometastases stage were the specifically targeted D-SSIL-32/2 superior to D-SSL and D-SSIL-IgG, delivering 2-4 times more drug into the tumor. (iv) DOX-M level in all three tumor stages was in the following order: D-SSIL-32/2 > > D-SSL > > D-SSIL-IgG, suggesting that DOX delivered as D-SSIL-32/2 is most available to tumor cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The advantage of specific targeting of sterically stabilized liposomes is expressed mainly in increasing availability of DOX to tumor cells in a way which is dependent on tumor microanatomy. The impact of this advantage to therapeutic efficacy remains to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Emanuel
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kedar
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Bolotin
authors.forename: N I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Smorodinsky
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Barenholz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001682:Biological Availability; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005260:Female; D005354:Fibrosarcoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D004337:Drug Carriers; D008081:Liposomes; D004317:Doxorubicin