title: Effects of cigarette smoking on lung function in adolescent boys and girls.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the sex-specific effects of cigarette smoking on the level and growth of lung function in adolescence, when 71 percent of people in the United States who smoke tried their first cigarette.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the effects of cigarette smoking on the level and rate of growth of pulmonary function in a cohort of 5158 boys and 4902 girls 10 to 18 years of age, examined annually between 1974 and 1989 in six cities in the United States.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a dose-response relation between smoking and lower levels of both the ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second to forced vital capacity (FEB1/FVC) and the forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75 percent of FVC (FEF25-75). Each pack per day of smoking was associated with a 3.2 percent reduction in FEF25-75 for girls (P=0.01) and a 3.5 percent reduction in FEF25-75 for boys (P=0.007). Whereas the FVC level was elevated in smokers, the rate of growth of FVC and FEV1 was reduced. Among adolescents of the same sex, smoking five or more cigarettes a day, as compared with never smoking, was associated with 1.09 percent slower growth of FEV1 per year in girls (95 percent confidence interval 0.70 to 1.47) and 0.20 percent slower growth in boys (95 percent confidence interval, -0.16 to 0.56), and with 1.25 percent slower growth of FEF25-75 per year in girls (95 percent confidence interval 0.38 to 2.13) and 0.93 percent slower growth in boys (95 percent confidence interval, 0.21 to 1.65). Whereas girls who did not smoke reached a plateau of lung function at 17 to 18 years of age, girls of the same age who smoked had a decline of FEV1 and FEF25-75.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cigarette smoking is associated with evidence of mild airway obstruction and slowed growth of lung function in adolescents. Adolescent girls may be more vulnerable than boys to the effects of smoking on the growth of lung function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wypij
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Speizer
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ware
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Dockery
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000139:chemically induced; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008450:Maximal Midexpiratory Flow Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014481:United States; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000187:drug effects