title: Tyrosine kinases are required for catecholamine secretion and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells.
abstract: Nicotine-induced catecholamine secretion in bovine adrenomedullary chromaffin cells is accompanied by rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple cellular proteins, most notably the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). The requirement for activation of tyrosine kinases and MAPKs in chromaffin cell exocytosis was investigated using a panel of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Genistein and tyrphostin 23, two compounds that inhibit tyrosine kinases by distinct mechanisms, were found to inhibit secretion by > 90% in cells stimulated by nicotine, 55 mM KCl, or the Ca2+ ionophore A23187. Inhibition of secretion induced by all three secretagogues correlated with a block in both protein tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of the MAPKs and their activators (MEKs) in situ. However, neither genistein nor tyrphostin 23 inhibited the activities of the MAPKs or MEKs in vitro. These results indicate that the target(s) of inhibition lie downstream of Ca2+ influx and upstream of MEK activation. This Ca(2+)-activated tyrosine kinase activity could not be accounted for entirely by c-Src or Fyn (two nonreceptor tyrosine kinases that are expressed abundantly in chromaffin cells), because their in vitro kinase activities were not inhibited by tyrphostin 23 and only partially inhibited by genistein. These results demonstrate that an unidentified Ca(2+)-activated tyrosine kinase(s) is required for MAPK activation and exocytosis in chromaffin cells and suggest that MAPK participates in the regulation of secretion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908, USA.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ely
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Catling
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Parsons
mesh_terms: D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D002396:Catechols / Q000494:pharmacology; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002838:Chromaffin System / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D019833:Genistein; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000494:pharmacology; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism; D020032:Tyrphostins; D019061:src-Family Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002396:Catechols; D007529:Isoflavones; D009570:Nitriles; D020032:Tyrphostins; D014443:Tyrosine; D009538:Nicotine; D019833:Genistein; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D019061:src-Family Kinases; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; C060641:tyrphostin A23; D009638:Norepinephrine