title: Dietary fish oil and cytokine and eicosanoid production during human immunodeficiency virus infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dietary fish oil (FO) has been shown to modulate the immune system. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of FO supplementation on the production of dienoic eicosanoids and cytokines in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a randomized, prospective, double-blind study that included homosexual males with HIV infection. Patients were asked to consume voluntarily five food bars daily containing FO (n = 10) or safflower oil (SO) (n = 9) for 6 weeks. At baseline and week 6, plasma was obtained to measure incorporation of omega-3 fatty acids. At baseline, week 3, and week 6, measurements were made of changes in dienoic eicosanoids and cytokines from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or spontaneously releasing cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the FO group but not the SO group, there was increased incorporation of the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) into the phospholipids of the fatty acids of the plasma. In the FO group, there was a significant decrease (p = .01) in 6-keto prostaglandin (PG) F1 alpha released from PBMC. There was a significant increase (p = .01) in interleukin (IL)-6 released from the PBMC in the FO group between baseline and week 3 and between week 3 and week 6. At week 6, there was significantly more IL-6 (p = .01) released from the PBMC in the FO group compared with the SO group. There was no change in CD4 cell counts by analysis of variance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FO-containing food bars were well tolerated and allowed incorporation of omega-3 fatty acids to occur. Despite evidence of significant metabolic effects on eicosanoid and cytokine production, widespread clinical use of FO for HIV-infected patients is not warranted without further study, particularly given the trend toward a decline in CD4 cell numbers at this dose and with this type of fish oil.
authors.affiliation: Surgical Metabolism Laboratory, Deaconess Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chavali
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Bistrian
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Utsunomiya
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Forse
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015777:Eicosanoids / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005526:Food, Formulated; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013929:Thromboxane B2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D015777:Eicosanoids; D005395:Fish Oils; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D013929:Thromboxane B2; D015232:Dinoprostone