title: Glucose effectiveness, peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity, in obese and lean prepubertal children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether prepubertal (Tanner I) obese children have diminished peripheral insulin sensitivity (IS) and to determine whether obesity affects the ability of glucose to stimulate its own disposal (glucose effectiveness, GE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of two groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven obese (BMI > 75% for age, 26.1 +/- 2.1 kg/m2, age, 10.9 +/- 0.6 y, mean +/- SE) and six lean (BMI, 15.7 +/- 0.7 kg/m2, age, 10.3 +/- 0.7) children.
  
  
  METHODS
  IS and GE by 3 h frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test with 13% [6-6] D2-glucose in the glucose bolus (250 mg/kg), hepatic glucose production using Steele's non steady state equations and hepatic insulin resistance (HR) multiplying by the mean insulin level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IS was markedly lower (p < 0.01) in the obese group (0.27 +/- 0.08 (pmol l)/min) compared to the lean group (2.23 +/- 1.0 (pmol/l)min) whereas GE was higher (0.021 +/- 0.001 vs 0.015 +/- 0.001/min, p < 0.05). HR was increased in the obese (132 +/- 28 vs 58 +/- 14 mg/kg/min/pmol/l, p < 0.05). Obese children also had increased insulin secretion over the first 19 min (p > 0.01) following glucose although plasma glucose levels were higher (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that obese prepubertal children have peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance. The increase in GE and insulin secretion may be compensatory responses to these defects in insulin action.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242, USA. rhoffman@blue.weeg.uiowa.edu
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Armstrong
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D005947:Glucose