title: Meiosis in holocentric chromosomes: kinetic activity is randomly restricted to the chromatid ends of sex univalents in Graphosoma italicum (Heteroptera).
abstract: We have determined the number and location of the nucleolar organizing regions in spermatocytes of Graphosoma italicum (2n = 12A + XYmale/XXfemale) by means of silver impregnation, chromomycin A3/distamycin A staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization. The identification of only one nucleolar organizing region located at one of the X chromosome ends has provided a suitable cytological marker to analyse the segregation of this univalent and that of the XY pseudobivalent during the first and second meiotic divisions respectively. Our results clearly show that at first meiotic metaphase the chromatids of the X chromosome are orientated with their long axes perpendicular to the polar axis. Although the kinetic activity is restricted to only one end in both X chromatids during the first meiotic division, both ends of the same chromatid have the same probability of showing such kinetic activity. In this sense, we also report that the chromatid segregation may be initiated either at the same sister chromatid ends or at opposite ends in each chromatid. Thus, this indicates a sex chromatid independence as regards to the chromatid segregation during the first meiotic division. Throughout the second meiotic division both ends of the X chromatid are involved with the same probability in the end-to-end association to conform the XY pseudobivalent. This also implies a random localization of the kinetic activity at the ends opposite to those involved in the end-to-end association.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: González-García
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Antonio
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Suja
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Rufas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002842:Chromatids / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D007313:Insecta / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008540:Meiosis; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009697:Nucleolus Organizer Region; D012728:Sex Chromatin / Q000648:ultrastructure; D016622:Silver Staining; D013090:Spermatocytes / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D014960:X Chromosome / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure