title: Oral and intravenous zidovudine pharmacokinetics: the effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor.
abstract: Combination therapy with zidovudine and recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (rHu GM-CSF) may be warranted, owing to the bone marrow suppressive effects of zidovudine. A study of 16 patients, 8 of whom had acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and 8 of whom were infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) but were asymptomatic, was conducted. The effect of 4 days of rHU GM-CSF versus placebo on intermittent zidovudine therapy (200 mg every 8 hours) was evaluated using a randomized, cross-over study design. Pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous zidovudine were determined on days 1 (oral), 3 (oral), and 4 (intravenous) of rHu-GM-CSF (placebo) administration. After intravenous dosing, zidovudine plasma clearance for placebo and rHu GM-CSF averaged 1.4 +/- 0.2 and 1.3 +/- 0.2 L/hr/kg, respectively (P = 0.017), mean residence time averaged 1.5 +/- 0.5 and 1.9 +/- 0.6 hours, respectively (P = 0.012), and the steady-state volume of distribution was 2.0 +/- 0.7 and 2.3 +/- 0.7 L/kg, respectively (P = 0.027) for the two treatment arms. Stratified data for patients with AIDS and those with asymptomatic HIV infection revealed no significant difference in plasma clearance or mean residence time between the two patient groups. These pharmacokinetic results indicate that dosage adjustments for zidovudine are not warranted when administered with rHu GM-CSF owing to the small changes observed. However, the statistically significant increase in Vss suggests the possibility of enhanced zidovudine cellular uptake in the presence of rHu GM-CSF.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: F T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Aweeka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mak
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: al-Uzri
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Peter
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dett
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Affrime
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guerciolini
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Cutler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kahn
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005965:Glucuronates / Q000378:metabolism; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D005965:Glucuronates; D015215:Zidovudine; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor