title: Absorption of an oxytocin antagonist (antocin) and a vasopressin analogue (dDAVP) through a standardized skin erosion in volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transdermal administration of the peptides [Mpa1, D-Tyr (Ethyl)2, Thr4, Orn8]-oxytocin (antocin) and [Mpa1, D-Arg8]-vasopressin (dDAVP) was studied in healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A standardized skin erosion was formed preliminary by suctioning. The peptides were administered in plastic reservoirs through a 5 mm erosion and the absorption was followed for a six-day period with plasma concentration determinations on days 1, 3 and 6 with refilling the reservoirs daily with 15 microns and 10 mM solutions of dDAVP and antocin, respectively. Fourteen healthy non-smoking volunteers divided equally between the sexes, participated in the study. Plasma concentrations were measured using specific radioimmunoassays. Reservoir concentrations and metabolic stability of the peptides were determined using reverse-phase HPLC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both antocin and dDAVP were absorbed across the skin erosion. The absorption pattern was biphasic with a high initial absorption during days 1 and 2 followed by a lower absorption on days 3 and 6. The absorption on day 1, which was estimated at more than 50% for both peptides during a 24 h period, corresponded to a simultaneous decrease in peptide concentration in the reservoirs. The extent of absorption for antocin on days 3 and 6 was 1/3 to 1/6, respectively, of that observed on day 1. Antocin was minimally degraded in the skin reservoir while dDAVP was intact. However, accumulation of cellular material appeared in the antocin reservoirs. The absorption of antocin was reduced by exposure to intact skin surrounding the skin erosion. No pain was experienced and no scar formation was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observed biphasic absorption may be a consequence of the mild inflammatory response occurring subsequent to eroding the skin. The standardized skin erosion may provide a route for the short-term delivery of otherwise poorly absorbable peptide and protein drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Lund University Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lundin
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Svedman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Höglund
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jönsson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Broeders
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Melin
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000328:Adult; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006727:Hormone Antagonists / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D014668:Vasotocin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D006727:Hormone Antagonists; C047046:atosiban; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin; D014668:Vasotocin