title: Relationship between biliary lipid and protoporphyrin secretion; potential role of mdr2 P-glycoprotein in hepatobiliary organic anion transport.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Erythropoietic protoporphyria, caused by ferrochelatase deficiency, leads to protoporphyrin accumulation in the liver. Therapeutic attempts to increase the secretion of this hydrophobic organic anion into bile are hampered by a lack of understanding of the secretory mechanism(s) involved. We have investigated biliary secretion of protoporphyrin in rats and mice, primarily targeted on the role of biliary lipids in this process.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gel permeation chromatography was applied to investigate the association of porphyrins with lipid fractions in bile. Secretion of endogenous porphyrins was studied in (GY mutant) rats and mdr2 P-glycoprotein deficient mice, under conditions of widely varying biliary lipid secretion rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gel permeation chromatography revealed that, in native human and rat bile, protoporphyrin associated with cholesterol/phospholipid vesicles upon elution with bile salt-free buffer. In contrast, the more hydrophilic coproporphyrin isomers I and III were found only in bile salt/organic anion hybrid particles and smaller aggregates. Interruption of the enterohepatic circulation in normal Wistar rat resulted in parallel decrease of endogenous protoporphyrin-, lipid-, and bile salt secretion, but did not alter the secretion of coproporphyrin I and III. Uncoupling of lipid- from bile salt secretion by sulfated taurolithocholate resulted in impaired secretion into bile of protoporphyrin only. Conversely, secretion of coproporphyrin I and III, but not that of protoporphyrin, was impaired in mutant Groningen Yellow rats with defective ATP-dependent hepatobiliary organic anion transport. In mice homozygous for a disruption of the mdr2 P-glycoprotein gene, resulting in complete absence of phospholipids in bile and strongly reduced cholesterol output, secretion of protoporphyrin was reduced by 90%, whereas that of coproporphyrin I and III was affected to a much lesser extent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate a close association between protoporphyrin and lipid secretion into bile, indicating that these processes are, at least functioning coupled. This finding implicates a role of mdr2 P-glycoprotein activity in hepatobiliary removal of the hydrophobic organic anion protoporphyrin. Hence, it may be speculated that protoporphyrin secretion can be influenced by drugs, diet or other means that affect biliary lipid secretion.
authors.affiliation: Groningen Institute for Drug Studies, Department of Clinical Chemistry,University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Beukeveld
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: In 't Veld
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Havinga
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Groen
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Wolthers
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kuipers
mesh_terms: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000502:physiology*; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D000838:Anions / Q000378:metabolism; D001646:Bile / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000378:metabolism; D001692:Biological Transport; D002756:Cholagogues and Choleretics / Q000494:pharmacology; D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006801:Humans; D017136:Ion Transport / Q000502:physiology; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D011524:Protoporphyrins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013658:Taurolithocholic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D000838:Anions; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D002756:Cholagogues and Choleretics; D011524:Protoporphyrins; D013658:Taurolithocholic Acid; C095122:multidrug resistance protein 3