title: Effects of season on electro-oculographic ratio in winter seasonal affective disorder.
abstract: Low electro-oculographic (EOG) ratios have been reported in patients with seasonal affective disorder (SAD) during the winter. This study evaluated the effects of the changing seasons on EOG ratios in SAD patients. Sixteen outpatients with SAD and 16 age-, sex-, and medication-matched normal volunteers had EOG testing during the winter and again during the summer. There was a significant season x group interaction in EOG ratios, with normal subjects showing higher ratios in winter than in summer--a seasonal variation not observed in SAD patients. SAD patients may have a subsensitivity to environmental light that leads them to experience symptoms during the winter.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychobiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ozaki
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Oren
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004585:Electrooculography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010507:Periodicity; D010555:Personality Inventory; D012016:Reference Values; D012172:Retinaldehyde / Q000502:physiology; D016574:Seasonal Affective Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D012172:Retinaldehyde