title: The influence of external fixators on fracture motion during simulated walking.
abstract: This experimental study examines the relative influence of five unilateral external fixators on tibial fracture stability during simulated walking. Stability during routine patient activity is important, because cyclic inter fragmentary motion, or strain, has been shown to affect fracture healing. In model stable fractures simulating early healing (six weeks), it was found that fixators do little to constrain against axial inter fragmentary strains as great as 100% at only nominal weight-bearing (6.0 kg). These strains may occur repeatably at peak amplitudes of motion during walking. Similarly, peak angular movements may lead to additional axial strains of up to 25% at the external cortex and shear movements may lead to shear strains of up to 100%. Such strains are great enough to yield and possibly refracture the intra gap fracture tissue that may be composed of a combination of granulation tissue, fibrous cartilage, cartilage and bone. It was also shown that the procedure of releasing the fixator column to telescope (dynamize) has little influence on peak cyclic axial motion and on loading at the fracture, although increases occurred in peak transverse and torsional shear strains of up to 100%. Since permanent inter fragmentary translation also arises from the consequent compaction of the intra gap tissue, it may be permanent displacement rather than any change in the amplitude of motion that is responsible for the beneficial effect on healing claimed for the dynamizing procedure. In unstable fractures that are unable to support tibial load at the fracture, the peak amplitudes of cyclic movement were as great as those reported for fractures stabilized by plaster casts, and were approximately twice the movement of the stable fractures simulating early healing. Therefore, patients with unstable fractures supported by external fixators, may be expected to have similar patterns of healing to plaster-casted patients with similar fractures.
authors.affiliation: Oxford Orthopaedic Engineering Centre, University of Oxford, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Headington, UK.
authors.forename: T N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kenwright
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016267:External Fixators; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology