Estrogen receptor affinity and location of consensus and imperfect estrogen response elements influence transcription activation of simplified promoters.
We have examined the ability of estrogen receptor (ER) to bind and bend DNA fragments containing the Xenopus laevis vitellogenin A2 estrogen response element (ERE), which contains a palindromic, consensus ERE sequence, the X. laevis vitellogenin B1 ERE2, which contains a 1-bp mismatch in the 5'-end of the half-palindrome, and the human pS2 ERE, which contains a 1-bp mismatch in the 3'-end of the half-palindrome. ER binding induced a 65 degrees bend in DNA fragments containing the consensus ERE, the vitellogenin B1 ERE2, or the pS2 ERE. However, ER affinity for the consensus ERE was 2-fold greater than for either the vitellogenin B1 ERE2 or the pS2 ERE. When Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were transfected with reporter plasmids containing either the consensus ERE, the vitellogenin B1 ERE2, or the pS2 ERE separated from the TATA sequence by 26 helical turns, exposure to 10 nm 17 beta-estradiol increased transcription 12.7-, 2.4-, and 3.8-fold, respectively. Increasing the spacing between the ERE and TATA sequence to three helical turns decreased the ability of the consensus ERE to activate transcription by 55% and increased the ability of the pS2 ERE to activate transcription by 35% but had no significant effect on vitellogenin B1 ERE2 activity. Further increasing the distance between the ERE and TATA sequence to 3.6 helical turns restored the activity of promoters containing the consensus ERE and pS2 ERE but decreased the activity of the promoter containing the relatively weak vitellogenin B1 ERE2. These data support the idea that 1) the affinity of ER for the ERE, 2) the location of an ERE within the promoter, and 3) the magnitude and orientation of DNA bends induced by binding of ER or other proteins are important in transcription activation of estrogen-responsive genes.
Nardulli
A M
AM
Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 61801, USA.
Romine
L E
LE
Carpo
C
C
Greene
G L
GL
Rainish
B
B
D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D016466:CHO Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D006224:Cricetinae; D004527:Egg Proteins; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006801:Humans; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011506:Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D000071163:Trefoil Factor-1; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D014819:Vitellogenins / Q000378:metabolism; D014982:Xenopus laevis; D015003:Yeasts / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
D004527:Egg Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C051838:TFF1 protein, human; D000071163:Trefoil Factor-1; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D014819:Vitellogenins; C030474:vitellogenin receptor