title: Immunological influences in attention-deficit disorder and schizophrenia; is there a link between these two conditions?
abstract: This paper aims to explore the influence of the immune system on the pathobiochemistry of movement disorders (Tourette syndrome, obsessive compulsive disorders and attention-deficit disorder, with and without hyperactivity) and schizophrenia. In children, a temporal relationship has been observed between contraction of a group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection and subsequent presentation with one of the movement disorders. Pathology investigations reveal that elevated antineuronal antibodies are associated with movement disorders. Similarly, elevations in interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6 have been reported in schizophrenia. It is now known that the immune system can be activated by conditions other than a viral or bacterial infection, such as: neurological insult, neurotoxicity--endogenous and environmental, neurotransmitter and cholesterol dysregulation. These latter avenues of immune system activation will be explored with respect to schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Unit, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Holden
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Pakula
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005947:Glucose