title: Incidence and hospital stay for cardiac and pulmonary complications after abdominal surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Internists frequently evaluate preoperative cardiopulmonary risk and co-manage cardiac and pulmonary complications, but the comparative incidence and clinical importance of these complications are not clearly delineated. This study evaluated incidence and length of stay for both cardiac and pulmonary complications after elective laparotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nested case-control.
  
  
  METHODS
  University-affiliated Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Computerized registry of all 2,291 patients undergoing elective abdominal operations from 1982 to 1991.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Strategy for ascertainment and verification of complications was systematic and explicit. The charts of all 116 patients identified by the registry as having complications and 412 (19%) randomly selected from 2,175 remaining patients were reviewed to verify presence or absence of cardiac or pulmonary complications, using explicit criteria and independent abstraction of pre- and postoperative components of charts. From these 528 validated cases and controls (23% of the cohort), 96 cases and 96 controls were matched by operation type and age within ten years. Hospital and intensive care unit stays were significantly longer (p < 0.0001) for the cases than for the controls (24.1 vs 10.3 and 5.6 vs 1.5 days, respectively). All 19 deaths occurred among the cases. Among the cases, pulmonary complications occurred significantly more often than cardiac complications (p < 0.00001) and were associated with significantly longer hospital stays (22.7 vs 10.4 days, p = 0.001). Combined cardiopulmonary complications occurred among 28% of the cases. Misclassification-corrected incidence rates for the entire cohort were 9.6% (95% CI 7.2-12.0) for pulmonary and 5.7% (95% CI 3.6-7.7) for cardiac complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For noncardiac surgery, previous research has focused on cardiac risk. In this study, pulmonary complications were more frequent, were associated with longer hospital stay, and occurred in combination with cardiac complications in a substantial proportion of cases. These results suggest that further research is needed to fully characterize the clinical epidemiology of postoperative cardiac and pulmonary complications and better guide preoperative risk assessment.
authors.affiliation: Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Hospital, San Antonio, TX 78284, USA.
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Hilsenbeck
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Mulrow
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dhanda
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sapp
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Page
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery*; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007902:Length of Stay; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D013781:Texas / Q000453:epidemiology