title: Bilateral cryptorchidism in a dog with persistent cranial testis suspensory ligaments and inverted gubernacula: report of a case with implications for understanding normal and aberrant testis descent.
abstract: The genital system of a dog with bilateral intra-abdominal testes is described. External virilisation was normal except for an empty scrotum. Internally there was a prostate of normal macroscopic and histological appearances and, bilaterally, a fully developed male genital tract. Testicular vasculature was normal. Cranial to each testis, there was a strong ligament lying at the free edge of the gonadal/genital mesentery and running between the cranial tip of the testis/epididymis and the area craniolateral of the ipsilateral kidney. It was impossible to push the testes into the inguinal canal because of this strong ligament. Caudal to each testis, there was an elongated whitish structure between the caudal pole of the epididymis and the area of the internal inguinal ring. On closer inspection this structure appeared to be the inverted and elongated processus vaginalis sac. There was a minor ligament at the free border of the inguinal fold of the genital mesentery between the tip of this inverted processus vaginalis and the adjacent junction of the cauda epididymidis and vas deferens. The findings suggest that persistence of the fetal cranial gonadal suspensory ligaments could have been the major aetiological factor in this case of cryptorchidism. Their persistence could have prevented caudal outgrowth of the processus vaginalis with its consequent development into an intra-abdominal papilla-like structure. Inappropriate persistence of the cranial suspensory ligaments in male rodents, pig, and cattle has been associated with insufficient exposure of their primordia to androgen during fetal life. It is uncertain whether a similar deficiency could underlie persistence of these structures in the present specimen. The findings add further weight to the hypothesis that regression of the cranial gonadal suspensory ligament in males is a key event in the process of testis descent. The human homologue of this ligament deserves more attention in the analysis and treatment of human cryptorchidism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Functional Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kersten
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Molenaar
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Emmen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van der Schoot
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000662:veterinary*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D004285:Dogs; D008022:Ligaments / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D013737:Testis / Q000002:abnormalities*