title: Epidemic typhoid in Chile: analysis by molecular and conventional methods of Salmonella typhi strain diversity in epidemic (1977 and 1981) and nonepidemic (1990) years.
abstract: From 1977 to 1986, Chile experienced an important typhoid fever epidemic, despite statistics that indicated apparently improving levels of sanitation of drinking water and sewage disposal. The lack of antibiotic resistance among the Salmonella typhi strains isolated during this period, the mild clinical presentation of the disease, and the initially low level of efficacy of the S. typhi Ty21a vaccine in the population exposed to the epidemic suggested that this epidemic might have resulted from the dissemination of S. typhi strains with unique characteristics. To investigate this hypothesis, we used conventional methods (bacteriophage typing and biotyping) and molecular methods (restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, ribotyping, IS200 typing, and PCR amplification of the fliC-d gene) to study a population of 149 S. typhi isolates during 1977, 1981, and 1990, the years that included periods with low (when the disease was endemic) and high (when the disease was epidemic) morbidities. Our results indicate that these S. typhi isolates in Chile represent a number of highly diverse variants of the clone of S. typhi with a worldwide distribution described by Selander et al. (R. K. Selander, P. Beltran, N.H. Smith, R. Helmuth, F.A. Rubin, D.J. Kopecko, K. Ferris, B.D. Tall, A. Cravioto, and J.M. Musser, Infect. Immun. 58:2262-2275, 1990). For example, we detected 26 PstI and 10 ClaI ribotypes among 47 and 16 S. typhi strains belonging to this clone, respectively. These results suggest that the Chilean epidemic was probably produced by multiple sources of infection because of deficient sanitary conditions. These findings illustrate the usefulness of molecular methods for characterizing the potential causes of the typhoid epidemics and the possible routes of transmission of S. typhi strains in typhoid epidemics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla 10595, USA.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Fica
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prat-Miranda
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Ricci
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: D'Ottone
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Cabello
mesh_terms: D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D001434:Bacteriophage Typing; D002677:Chile / Q000453:epidemiology; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013045:Species Specificity; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000635:transmission
chemical_list: D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D004269:DNA, Bacterial