title: Potentiation of oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced neuronal death after induction of iNOS.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have shown that brain ischemia and other insults can induce a marked increase in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in astrocytes and some immune cells, but the biological significance of this phenomenon has not been elucidated. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether this induction of astrocyte iNOS alters neuronal vulnerability to severe hypoxic insults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Astrocytic iNOS was induced by exposure of murine cortical cultures to interferon gamma in combination with either interleukin-1 beta or lipopolysaccharide. Cultures were exposed to combined oxygen-glucose deprivation. The extracellular concentration of glutamate was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activity was assessed by measurement of 45Ca2+ influx: neuronal death was assessed by morphological examination and quantitated by measurement of lactate dehydrogenase efflux to the bathing medium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In murine neocortical cell cultures containing neurons and astrocytes, neuronal injury induced by combined oxygen-glucose deprivation was not reduced by the addition of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitors NG-nitro-L-arginine or LG-nitro-arginine methyl ester. However, after induction of astrocyte iNOS activity with interferon gamma plus lipopolysaccharide or interleukin-1 beta, oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced neuronal injury was markedly enhanced and nitric oxide synthase inhibitors became protective. This iNOS-mediated potentiation was associated with a large increase in both extracellular glutamate accumulation and 45Ca2+ influx into neurons. The potentiation could be blocked by MK-801 but not CNQX, suggesting critical involvement of NMDA receptor activation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the idea that nitric oxide production mediated by induced astrocytic iNOS can potentiate NMDA receptor-mediated neuronal death consequent to hypoxic-ischemic insults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hewett
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Muir
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lobner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Symons
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016923:Cell Death; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D005947:Glucose / Q000172:deficiency*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018698:Glutamic Acid; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D005947:Glucose