title: Oxygen flow through nasal cannulae.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since many operating theatres do not have distinct oxygen flowmeters, flow rates of oxygen were measured via nasal prongs at several settings and attachments to three anaesthetic machines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oxygen-flow rates were measured using a Timeter RT-200 Calibration Analyzer at three, five and eight L.min-1 via nasal prongs attached to a distinct flowmeter, the common gas outlet (CGO) and the Y-piece of a circle system with the adjustable pressure release (APL) valve closed, open and partially open at circuit pressures of 10 and 20 cm H2O.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most accurate delivery of oxygen from a distinct flowmeter and the CGO (mean difference 0.2 +/- 0.2 and 0.4 +/- 0.4 respectively). Differences between the flowmeter and CGO were not significant (P = 0.1). Accuracy of flows via the Y-piece were worse than via the flowmeter and CGO (P < 0.0001). Flows via the Y-piece were less than those dialed, especially at high rates. With a partially open APL valve, flow depended upon pressure in the anaesthetic circuit, not upon the flow set. With the APL valve completely open, no flow occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To deliver supplemental oxygen in the operating theatre when there are no distinct flowmeters, nasal prongs should be attached to the CGO of the anaesthetic machine or a flowmeter on a portable E-tank oxygen cylinder. Connecting nasal prongs to the Y-piece of a circle system should be avoided since oxygen delivery is less than dialed, especially when the APL valve is open.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Arney
mesh_terms: D000764:Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit / Q000295:instrumentation; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002138:Calibration; D002404:Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation; D011312:Pressure; D012212:Rheology
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen