title: Young children's cardiovascular stress responses predict resting cardiovascular functioning 2 1/2 years later.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease (CHD) has its origins in childhood, researchers have increasingly evaluated CHD risk factors in youth. In this study we examined the hypothesized behavioral risk factor of cardiovascular responsivity as a predictor of very young children's resting cardiovascular functioning 2 1/2 years later.
  
  
  METHODS
  During an initial visit to the laboratory, 97 children (30 blacks and 67 whites, 45 boys and 52 girls) aged 6-7 years completed three laboratory stressor tests (forehead cold pressor, postural change, and treadmill exercise). A comprehensive cardiovascular assessment was conducted during the tests. Resting cardiovascular activity (baseline values) was also assessed. Follow-up resting cardiovascular parameters were measured in the laboratory 2 1/2 years later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cardiovascular stress responses were predictive of cardiovascular follow-up resting levels 2 1/2 years later. Multiple regression was used to evaluate the independent predictive power of stress responses after controlling for traditional risk factors. Follow-up resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) was predicted by the SBP response to postural change and treadmill exercise. Follow-up resting diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was predicted by the DBP response during treadmill exercise, particularly for blacks. The follow-up resting heart rate was predicted by the heart rate response to the forehead cold pressor and treadmill exercise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that in very young children, stress responses are predictive of resting cardiovascular functioning 2 1/2 years later. Further developmental and longitudinal investigations will determine whether such responses are predictive of later preclinical manifestations of cardiovascular disease. If so, incorporation of stress testing in a standardized risk identification protocol might aid the design and practice of cardiovascular preventive medicine.
authors.affiliation: Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912, USA.
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Treiber
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Strong
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D002648:Child; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D012044:Regression Analysis