title: Determining selectivity of drugs by quantitative two-dimensional gel analysis. A study of tenidap, piroxicam, and dexamethasone.
abstract: In vitro pharmacologic measures of drug specificity are well established, i.e. drug interaction with a specific target such as an enzyme, receptor, or ion channel. However, in vitro measures of drug selectivity, defined as effects on secondary targets, are lacking. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-D gel) was examined as a measure of drug selectivity by comparing the effects of three drugs, tenidap, piroxicam, and dexamethasone, on the synthesis of intracellular proteins in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophages. A set of 902 35S-methionine-labeled proteins were separated consistently, identified by their coordinates of apparent isoelectric point and molecular weight, and quantified. LPS altered the concentrations of 45 proteins. Tenidap, at 10 microM, affected a total of five proteins (suppressed three; stimulated two), whereas piroxicam, at 10 microM, suppressed two proteins. Dexamethasone at 0.01 microM suppressed eight proteins and stimulated one. Thus, none of the drugs reversed the LPS-induced changes. Two of the eight proteins suppressed by dexamethasone were also suppressed by tenidap and were identified as proIL-1 alpha and proIL-1 beta. Since the subset of affected proteins provided a unique protein "fingerprint" for each drug, the three drugs were mechanistically differentiated by 2-D gel analysis. Compared to LPS (5% affected proteins), all three drugs were selective (< or = 1% affected) with piroxicam > tenidap > dexamethasone. With identification of affected proteins, this technique can provide a useful in vitro assessment of drug selectivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA.
authors.forename: I G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Otterness
authors.forename: G O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Daumy
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Gollaher
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Downs
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Zuzel
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bliven
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Merenda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D000078183:Oxindoles; D010894:Piroxicam / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D007211:Indoles; D000078183:Oxindoles; D010894:Piroxicam; D003907:Dexamethasone; C062866:tenidap