title: Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in pediatric cystic fibrosis patients.
abstract: The pharmacokinetic characteristics of ciprofloxacin were studied in 10 children with cystic fibrosis, aged from 6 to 16 years, who had completed the standard regimen of intravenous ceftazidime and amikacin. The aim of the investigation was to derive dosing guidelines for young cystic fibrosis patients to be treated with ciprofloxacin. Each child received ciprofloxacin given as two 30-min infusions (10 mg/kg of body weight each) 12 h apart; this was followed by the administration of oral ciprofloxacin (15 mg/kg every 12 h). Blood samples were taken after both infusions and after the first oral dose. A total of 232 ciprofloxacin concentrations (203 concentrations in plasma and 29 concentrations in urine) were analyzed by use of NONMEM and a two-compartment body model with seven parameters: total body clearance (CL), volume of the central compartment (V2), volume of the peripheral compartment (V3), intercompartmental clearance, renal clearance, absorption rate constant, and bioavailability. The influences of weight (range, 18 to 42 kg) and age (range, 6 to 16 years) were investigated. CL (in liters per hour) was found to be linearly correlated with weight (typical value of CL = 8.8 + 0.396. WT, where WT is weight; (interindividual coefficient of variation, 7.8%). V2 and V3 were directly proportional to weight, with slopes of 0.7 and 1.3 liters/kg, respectively. Interindividual variabilities were calculated to be 22.6 and 14.9% for V2 and V3, respectively. No dependency of the other pharmacokinetic parameters on age or weight was seen. Because of the high correlations between age and weight, only one covariable was necessary. Weight had the strongest effect. Bioavailability (population mean) was estimated to be 61.8%, and renal clearance (population mean) was estimated to be 11.4 liters/h. The residual (intraindividual) variability was 31.9%. The protein binding was about 34%, which is similar to the results obtained for adults. In order to define the appropriate dosage regimen for children suffering from cystic fibrosis, a formula was derived so that steady-state concentrations, similar to those obtained in adults after the administration of dosages of 400 mg three times daily intravenously and 750 mg twice daily orally, could be reached. The calculated total daily dose increased with increasing body weight. Given as milligrams per kilogram of body weight, the calculated dosage regimens suggest that for younger children (weight range, 14 to 28 kg), 28 to 20 mg/kg orally twice daily should be given, and for older children (weight range, 28 to 42 kg), 20 to 15 mg/kg orally twice daily should be given. For intravenous administration, dosages of 15 to 10 mg/kg twice daily are sufficient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Research, Wuppertal, Germany.
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stass
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wedgwood
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hampel
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuhlmann
authors.forename: U B
authors.initials: UB
authors.lastname: Schaad
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001711:Biotransformation; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008954:Models, Biological; D011485:Protein Binding
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D001798:Blood Proteins; D002939:Ciprofloxacin