title: GRO alpha in the fetomaternal and amniotic fluid compartments during pregnancy and parturition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  GRO alpha/MGSA is a new member of the chemokine superfamily CXC(alpha) and is produced by a variety of cells including macrophages, fibroblasts, epithelial, and endothelial cells, and keratinocytes. This chemokine has chemoattractant activity and may participate in neutrophil recruitment and activation during the course of intrauterine infection. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of labor and microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) on amniotic fluid, fetal, and maternal plasma GRO alpha concentrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was designed using parameters that included gestational age, results of amniotic fluid (AF) cultures, and labor status at the time of amniocentesis. Fluid was retrieved by transabdominal amniocentesis. MIAC was defined as a positive amniotic fluid culture for bacteria. Umbilical cord blood was retrieved at the time of delivery. Amniotic fluid, maternal and fetal plasma GRO alpha concentrations were measured with a sensitive and specific ELISA (Quantikine, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN).
  
  
  RESULTS
  1) GRO alpha was detectable in amniotic fluid, umbilical cord, and maternal plasma samples; 2) GRO alpha concentrations in amniotic fluid increased with advancing gestational age; 3) Both term and preterm gestations with MIAC were associated with higher amniotic fluid GRO alpha concentrations than those with sterile amniotic fluid, independent of the labor status (term, MIAC, labor: median 2.7 ng/ml, range 1.4-12.7 vs. term, no MIAC, labor: median 2.1 ng/ml, range 0.7-3.4, vs term, no MIAC, no labor: median 1.9 ng/ml, range 1.8-4.2; P < 0.005; preterm: MIAC median 5 ng/ml, range 0.6-47.9 vs. no MIAC: median 2.3 ng/ml, range 0.5-10; P < 0.008); 4) A strong correlation was found between umbilical cord plasma GRO alpha concentrations and neonatal neutrophil count, and between GRO alpha concentrations and white blood cell count in the amniotic fluid (r = 0.67, P < 0.0005 and r = 0.38, P < 0.001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GRO alpha is a physiologic constituent of amniotic fluid and cord blood. Amniotic fluid GRO alpha concentrations increase with gestational age. Intrauterine infection both preterm and at term is associated with an increase in GRO alpha concentrations of amniotic fluid, suggesting that GRO alpha may play an important role in recruitment of neutrophils into the amniotic cavity.
authors.affiliation: Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ghezzi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghidini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazor
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tolosa
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gomez
mesh_terms: D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D002630:Chemotactic Factors / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000276:immunology; D006131:Growth Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D007743:Labor, Obstetric / Q000276:immunology*; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange / Q000276:immunology*; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000276:immunology*; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: C475829:CXCL1 protein, human; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D002630:Chemotactic Factors; D006131:Growth Inhibitors; D006133:Growth Substances; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins