title: Surgical anatomy in endoscopic facial rejuvenation.
abstract: Endoscopic facial rejuvenation is a new technique which allows to greatly reduce the scar morbidity especially in the forehead region. Other advantages are its safety and accuracy due to the excellent magnification provided by the endoscope which enhances the visualization of muscles, nerves and vessels and shows clear surgical planes. Anyway, a sound knowledge of the distribution of the fascial system at the temporo-zygomatic region and of the relationships between the temporal fasciae, the interposed fat pads and the frontal branch are fundamental both in the prevention of nerve injury and in the successful result of the endoscopic procedure. In this paper an accurate account of the anatomical structures and their relationships encountered during a subperiosteal endoscopic facial procedure by dissecting 20 facial halves has been provided.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plastic Surgery, University of Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Campiglio
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Candiani
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D004724:Endoscopy; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005205:Fascia / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D015361:Rhytidoplasty / Q000379:methods*