title: Preventable disease in correctional facilities. Desmoteric foodborne outbreaks in the United States, 1974-1991.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Various disease outbreaks have been reported among prisoners. Recent foodborne outbreaks in correctional facilities in Georgia and Delaware prompted us to review the epidemiological characteristics of such outbreaks reported in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Foodborne outbreaks reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as part of routine surveillance from 1974 to 1991 were examined to identify outbreaks in jails, prisons, correctional facilities, and juvenile detention centers. Outbreak sizes, temporal trends, food vehicles, pathogens, and hygienic transgressions were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-eight desmoteric foodborne outbreaks involving 14307 cases of illness were reported from 31 states and territories. The mean outbreak size was 163 cases, compared with a mean of 31 cases for the 9107 reported outbreaks not involving prisoners. No fatalities among prisoners were reported. No pathogen was identified in 47 (53%) of the 88 outbreaks Salmonella species accounted for 15 (37%) of 41 outbreaks of known cause from 1974 to 1991, Clostridium perfringens for 14 (34%), and Staphylococcus aureus for 9 (22%). Fourteen of 15 Salmonella outbreaks occurred from 1984 to 1991. Food vehicles were reported for 63 (72%) of the outbreaks. Beef and poultry each were implicated in 9 (14%) of these, followed by fish or poultry salads and Mexican food, which accounted for 6 outbreaks (10%). Food-handling errors were reported for 69 (78%) of the 88 outbreaks. Improper food storage was reported in 62 (90%) of these.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Foodborne outbreaks are reported regularly from correctional facilities in the United States. Outbreaks caused by Salmonella species, a special threat to prisoners with human immunodeficiency virus infection, seem to be increasing. Food production in correctional facilities should meet minimum safety standards, including sufficient refrigeration facilities, training of food handlers, and exemption of ill food handlers from work.
authors.affiliation: Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga, USA.
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Cieslak
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Coulombier
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hathcock
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Bean
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Tauxe
mesh_terms: D002487:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.; D003691:Delaware / Q000453:epidemiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005506:Food Contamination; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D005845:Georgia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011330:Prisons; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States