title: Epinephrine or epinephrine plus alcohol for injection of bleeding ulcers: a prospective randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rebleeding following epinephrine injection of bleeding peptic ulcers occurs in 10% to 20% of all cases. The addition of a sclerosant has the theoretical advantage of inducing vessel thrombosis and permanent hemostasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare injections with epinephrine alone or epinephrine plus absolute alcohol in patients with actively bleeding ulcers at endoscopy. Repeat endoscopy was performed 24 hours later; treatment was repeated in the presence of endoscopic signs of rebleeding. Surgery was performed when arterial bleeding could not be controlled endoscopically, clinical rebleeding with hematemesis or shock occurred, or the transfusion total exceeded 8 units.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred sixty patients were enrolled (epinephrine alone, 81; epinephrine and absolute alcohol, 79). They were matched in age, sex, location of ulcers, hemoglobin on admission, shock, and severity of bleeding. Initial hemostasis was comparable: 79 of 81 with epinephrine alone (97.5%) versus 75 of 79 with epinephrine and absolute alcohol (94.9%). No difference was observed between the two with respect to either rebleeding (9 vs 6), need for emergency operation (12 vs 9), transfusion requirement (median, three units vs two units), hospital stay (median, 5 days vs 4 days), mortality (4 vs 7) and ulcer healing at 4 weeks (50 vs 46).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The additional injection of absolute alcohol after endoscopic epinephrine injection confers no advantage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: M Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Yung
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005773:Gastroscopy; D016558:Hemostasis, Endoscopic / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010438:Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012997:Solvents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000150:complications*; D015996:Survival Rate; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D012997:Solvents; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D000431:Ethanol; D004837:Epinephrine