title: Adverse effects of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review current literature relating to the adverse effects of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Online drug information sources, including MEDLINE (1966-November 1994), Iowa Drug Information Service, and the Australian Medical Index (AMI), were used to identify relevant literature, including reviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were extracted from studies described in the English-language literature dealing with the adverse effects of ACE inhibitors. Comprehensive reviews and relevant case reports also were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Important adverse effects of ACE inhibitors include first-dose hypotension, renal dysfunction, hyperkalemia, and cough. Less common adverse effects include angioedema, hepatotoxicity. Skin rashes, and dysgeusia. ACE inhibitors also are associated with adverse fetal effects; thus, this class of drugs in contraindicated in pregnancy. Some adverse effects of ACE inhibitors are predictable on the basis of the fundamental pharmacology of this class of drugs. However, other effects are idiosyncratic in nature, although these reactions are generally much less common.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Attention to the principles of risk assessment, risk immunization, and patient monitoring are important when ACE inhibitor therapy is used for any indication. Provided these steps are taken. ACE inhibitors are generally a safe and effective class of drugs.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Department, Repatriation General Hospital, South Australia.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Alderman
mesh_terms: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors