title: Activation of Ca2+ release by caffeine and voltage in frog skeletal muscle.
abstract: 1. Using a fast flow, computer-controlled, two-Vaseline-gap chamber, single muscle fibres were subjected to 'pulses' of caffeine at Ca2+ releasing concentrations, combined with voltage-clamp depolarizations, while monitoring intracellular [Ca2+]. 2. Ca2+ release flux elicited by caffeine reached 2.5 mM s-1, or less, after 3 s of exposure, then decayed to zero. The caffeine-releasable pool of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ was 2.9 +/- 0.4 mM (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 10). 3. In parallel with release induced by caffeine, release induced by voltage pulses applied during a caffeine exposure increased in the first second of exposure, then decreased, to abolition after 5 s. 4. The amount of Ca2+ releasable by depolarizing pulses was always equal to the amount of Ca2+ in the caffeine-releasable pool. Therefore, there is a single releasable Ca2+ pool. This pool is well stirred-it takes much more time to lose its Ca2+ by release than to diffusionally homogenize its [Ca2+]. Its depletion explains quantitatively the decay of release induced by caffeine or voltage during an exposure to caffeine. 5. A 1.5 s pulse to 10 mV, applied during exposure to caffeine, resulted in large Ca2+ release and, upon repolarization, termination of the caffeine-induced release. This is similar to repolarization-induced stop of caffeine contracture (RISC) in embryonic murine myoballs. The permeability elicited by caffeine (ratio of flux to calcium in the releasable pool) was not affected by depolarizing pulses. Therefore, the mechanism of the RISC-like effect was Ca2+ depletion. 6. Caffeine-induced release did not depend on the holding potential. 7. Whether caffeine was present or not, release activated by voltage remained always under voltage control, ending rapidly upon repolarization. A depolarizing pulse induced a release permeability with an early peak, followed by decay to a steady level. Caffeine (10 mM) shifted the mid-activation voltage of both peak and steady components by -15 mV and increased the steepness of their voltage dependence by 15%. The maximum permeability increased by 30% for the peak and 25% for the steady component (n = 5). These results neither support nor disprove the hypothesis that the peak of Ca2+ release is activated by Ca2+. 8. The similar potentiation by caffeine of both components of release, the continued ability of voltage to control release in the presence of caffeine, and its failure to alter caffeine-induced permeability indicate that caffeine and the voltage sensor enhance independently the channel's tendency to open.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology, Rush University, School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. N.Shirokova: nshiroko@rpslme.edu
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shirokova
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ríos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004594:Electrophysiology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D010477:Perfusion; D011894:Rana pipiens; D012519:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D002110:Caffeine; D002118:Calcium