Environmental toxicants in developing countries.
Health effects from environmental toxicants may be a more serious problem in developing countries compared with developed countries because the problem is potentiated by other factors: a) the lack of or failure to enforce regulations, which allows human exposures to genotoxic agents; b) undernourishment of the lower economic and social classes that comprise the most exposed populations from industrial and agricultural activities; and c) parasitic infections that afflict a wide range of populations in both urban and rural areas. Data on the genotoxic effects of different types of exposures, including environmental exposes (natural and industrial), occupational exposures, and infections and medical treatments, are presented and discussed with the point of view that all these factors must be taken into account with respect to regulation and the protection of human health. Occupational exposures in developing countries are higher than in developed countries due to lack of stringent regulations, lack of knowledge of the risks involved, and the negligence of workers. General pollution is another important issue since developed countries have established strict regulations and risky industrial processes are being exported to developing countries, along with banned substances and dangerous industrial wastes. It should be emphasized that stringent regulations in developed countries will not prevent exposures in the long term because toxic substances that are released into the environment will ultimately reach all our future generations.
Ostrosky-Wegman
P
P
Department of Genetics and Environmental Toxicology, UNAM, A.P., Mexico. ostrosky@servidor.unam.mx
Gonsebatt
M E
ME
D000828:Animal Population Groups; D000818:Animals; D000977:Antiparasitic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000469:parasitology; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000009:adverse effects; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D003551:Cysticercosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000469:parasitology; D003906:Developing Countries; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009153:Mutagens / Q000009:adverse effects; D009748:Nutrition Disorders / Q000235:genetics; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D011223:Praziquantel / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012854:Sister Chromatid Exchange; D013621:Taenia
D000977:Antiparasitic Agents; D002273:Carcinogens; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D009153:Mutagens; D008795:Metronidazole; D011223:Praziquantel