title: High variability in drug pharmacokinetics complicates determination of bioequivalence: experience with verapamil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For the assessment of bioequivalence it is assumed that drug clearance in each subject on each of the study days is the same and any observed differences in AUC and/or Cmax between a brand and generic formulation are due to differences in bioavailability. We hypothesized that this assumption was invalid for highly variable drugs such as verapamil and tested it by comparing bioavailability for the brand vs itself.
  
  
  METHODS
  To avoid any contribution from potential formulation differences, we evaluated bioavailability for isoptin SR 240 mg tablets in 9 healthy volunteers on 2 occasions separated by 1 week as part of a larger study. A validated HPLC assay was used to measure serial blood samples over 36 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The AUC0-1 varied 3.8 fold among subjects and 5/9 subjects had > 30% difference in AUC0-1 on the 2 days. After log transformation, the mean AUC0-1 +/- %cv (ng.h/mL) on Occasion 1 (878 +/- 38) was 23% greater (p = 0.031) than on Occasion 2 (713 +/- 41). The 90% confidence interval of Occasion 1/Occasion 2 was 106-143%. The Cmax varied > 9 fold (30-278 ng/mL) among subjects. The intrasubject difference between days ranged from -46% to +298%. The 90% confidence interval was 72-152% for Cmax. Since the same lot of Isoptin was used in the same subjects on 2 occasions, the observed differences must be due to biological variability in verapamil pharmacokinetics, not formulation differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intra-subject biological variability complicates bio-equivalence assessment and can lead to an erroneous assumption of bioinequivalence.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: Y C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pop
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hems
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency; D014700:Verapamil / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D014700:Verapamil