Intraoperative transesophageal two-dimensional echocardiography: a basic vertical plane patient examination sequence.
We have previously reported a standardized stepwise transesophageal echocardiography transverse plane (monoplane) patient examination sequence suitable for intraoperative use. Biplane transesophageal echocardiography furnishes images of the heart and great vessels in both transverse and vertical planes. This report describes a seven-step vertical plane examination, the completion component of a comprehensive intraoperative biplane evaluation. Each step is illustrated by presentation of a two-dimensional echocardiographic image, a matching diagram and a schematic representation of the corresponding axis of interrogation. Examples of clinical presentations complete the report.
Rafferty
T D
TD
Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
Tousignant
G
G
D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D014159:Transducers; D014684:Venae Cavae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging