title: Posttraumatic olfactory dysfunction: MR and clinical evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the sites of injury in patients with posttraumatic olfactory deficits and to compare damage with findings on clinical olfactory tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five patients with posttraumatic olfactory dysfunction were examined by means of olfactory testing, endoscopy, and MR imaging. MR surface-coil scans through the olfactory bulbs and tracts and head-coil scans of the temporal lobes were evaluated. Quantitative and qualitative gradings of damage to the olfactory bulbs, tracts, subfrontal region, hippocampus, and temporal lobes were compared with results on tests of odor identification, detection, memory, and discrimination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve patients were anosmic, eight had severe impairment, and five were mildly impaired. Injuries to the olfactory bulbs and tracts (88% of patients), subfrontal region (60%), and temporal lobes (32%) were found, but these did not correlate well with individual olfactory test scores. Volumetric analysis showed that patients without smell function had greater volume loss in olfactory bulbs and tracts than did those posttraumatic patients who retained some sense of smell. Qualitative and quantitative assessments of damage showed few significant correlations with olfactory tests, probably because of multifocal injuries, primary olfactory nerve damage, and the constraints of a small sample size on the detection of clinically significant differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MR imaging shows abnormalities in patients with posttraumatic olfactory dysfunction at a very high rate (88%), predominantly in the olfactory bulbs and tracts and the inferior frontal lobes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Yousem
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Geckle
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Bilker
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: McKeown
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Doty
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000502:physiology; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009830:Olfactory Bulb / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009832:Olfactory Nerve / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D061219:Olfactory Nerve Injuries; D009833:Olfactory Pathways / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012903:Smell / Q000502:physiology; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology