title: Insertion of a straight peritoneal catheter in an arcuate subcutaneous tunnel by a tunneler: long-term experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study describes the results of the insertion of a straight Tenckhoff peritoneal catheter (PC) in an arcuate, caudally concave tunnel using a tunneler designed by the authors. It has a semicircular shape and a bending radius of 4.5 cm.
  
  
  METHODS
  A hospital renal unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  From June 1988 to February 1994, 112 straight Tenckhoff PCs, 62 with one deep cuff (single-cuff PC) and 50 with two cuffs (double-cuff PC), were inserted as first catheters in 112 patients (mean age 62 +/- 13 years), who underwent continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). The follow-up was 1099 months (mean 18 +/- 13 months) for single-cuff PCs and 1264 months (mean 25 +/- 15 months) for double-cuff PCs, respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  After intraperitoneal placement of the PCs by median laparotomy, a 180 degrees arc bend tunnel, with both external and peritoneal exits directed downwards, was created by means of the tunneler.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate of exit-site infection (ESI) was 0.27 episodes/year (epis/year). The probability of remaining ESI-free was 76%, 60%, and 55% at 1, 2, and 3 years. The rate of tunnel infection (TI) was 0.046 epis/year. The incidence of the double-cuff PC-related ESI and TI tended to be lower than the incidence observed with the single-cuff PC. Episodes of peritonitis were 60 (0.30 epis/year), where 6 were subsequent to ESI and/or TI. Two PCs were lost due to ESI, 3 due to TI, and 11 due to peritonitis. Drainage failure, due to displacement of the PC caused by straightening, involved 3 PCs; 2 were lost. PC survival was 92%, 82%, and 74% at 1, 2 and 3 years, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By an easily used semicircular tunneler, the standard straight Tenckhoff PC can be stably positioned in an arcuate tunnel with both inner and outer exits directed downwards. This tunnel shape, as already suggested by some authors, appears to be an effective technical solution to reducing the PC-related complication rates.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Surgery, Udine, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Favazza
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Petri
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Montanaro
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boscutti
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bresadola
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mioni
mesh_terms: D001424:Bacterial Infections; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000382:microbiology; D062109:Dermatologic Surgical Procedures; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005548:Foreign-Body Migration / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007813:Laparotomy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010529:Peritoneal Cavity / Q000601:surgery; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000209:etiology; D011336:Probability; D013499:Surface Properties