title: Reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates and products from polyamine degradation are Babesiacidal in vitro.
abstract: Products released from activated macrophages have been demonstrated to have microbicidal activity against a variety of microorganisms. Reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) and reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) have been shown to affect the induction of degenerate (crisis) forms of Plasmodium spp. Polyamines are degraded into acrolein which has also been shown to be toxic to Plasmodium spp. We have investigated the possibility that these products act similarly with Babesia bovis. Crisis forms of B. bovis developed in erythrocyte cultures after the introduction of supernatants containing ROI, RNI, and acrolein. Xanthine degradation by xanthine oxidase leads to the formation of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals. The degradation in the presence of B. bovis was toxic to the parasite. The toxicity was partially reversed by the addition of the ROI scavenger catalase. However, H2O2 added directly had little effect, suggesting a role for the other ROI products. Spermine degradation by polyamine oxidase and direct addition of acrolein was toxic in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, spontaneous generation of nitric oxide from sodium nitroprusside or S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine was also toxic in a dose-dependent manner. These data lead us to suggest a role for activated macrophages in the primary immune response against B. bovis.
authors.affiliation: Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Pullman, Washington 99164-7030, USA.
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Cluff
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Goff
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Wyatt
mesh_terms: D000171:Acrolein / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D016793:Babesia bovis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000494:pharmacology; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000633:toxicity; D006878:Hydroxides / Q000633:toxicity; D009573:Nitrites / Q000633:toxicity; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000633:toxicity*; D016877:Oxidants / Q000633:toxicity*; D010396:Penicillamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000633:toxicity; D011073:Polyamines / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000633:toxicity*; D026423:S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine; D013095:Spermidine / Q000633:toxicity; D013096:Spermine / Q000633:toxicity; D013481:Superoxides / Q000633:toxicity; D019820:Xanthine; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase / Q000633:toxicity; D014970:Xanthines / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D006878:Hydroxides; D009573:Nitrites; D016877:Oxidants; D011073:Polyamines; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014970:Xanthines; D013481:Superoxides; D009599:Nitroprusside; D019820:Xanthine; D013096:Spermine; D000171:Acrolein; D026423:S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine; C031356:hydroxide ion; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D002374:Catalase; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase; D010396:Penicillamine; D013095:Spermidine