title: Changes in neck electromyography associated with meningeal noxious stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if the activity of jaw and neck muscles in a rat model is influenced by the application of small-fiber irritant mustard oil to meningeal/dural vascular tissues.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled animal experiment.
  
  
  METHODS
  University neurophysiology laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Applications of mineral oil (vehicle control) and mustard oil to exposed meningeal/dural vascular tissues.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electromygraphic (EMG) recordings from deep suboccipital muscles, bilaterally, and the left trapezius and left masseter muscles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mineral oil evoked no EMG responses in any muscles. The incidences of mustard oil-evoked EMG increases were 100%, 100%, 89% and 78% for left deep neck, right deep neck, left trapezium and left masseter muscles, respectively. The durations of EMG responses were (mean +/- SD) 19.2 +/- 6.6 min, 17.3 +/- 7.5 min, 14.5 +/- 6.8 min and 12.7 +/- 8.5 min, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results document that meningeal/dural vascular irritation leads to sustained and reversible activation of neck and jaw muscles that may be related to the clinical occurrence of muscular tension and pain associated with certain types of headaches, particularly migraine.
authors.affiliation: Dentistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vernon
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tatourian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004576:Electromyography; D007568:Jaw / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D008578:Meninges / Q000187:drug effects*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D009149:Mustard Plant; D009333:Neck / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D010938:Plant Oils; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D010938:Plant Oils; C027793:mustard oil