title: Immune-based therapies for treatment of HIV infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the in vitro, animal, and clinical data on immune-based therapies for treatment of HIV infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  An extensive MEDLINE search was performed for interleukins, interferons, immunotoxins, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-directed agents, vaccines, and gene therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro experiments with immune-based agents in cell lines infected with HIV were included. In addition, all human studies and case reports that used these agents in patients infected with HIV were selected. Additional literature included abstracts from international meetings on HIV and AIDS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data regarding activity, efficacy, and toxicity were extracted from in vitro and in vivo studies. When conflicting data were observed, both viewpoints were stated to give an unbiased analysis. Because HIV research involves multiple social, ethical, and scientific issues, perspectives on these problems were addressed, where appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Current antiretroviral therapy is limited to short-term responses and has minimal effect on overall survival. Because the human immune response to HIV infection is effective at keeping the virus suppressed for a number of years, a focus of HIV research has been to examine immune-based therapies for treatment of HIV infection that attempt to augment enhance, or boost the patient's immune system. Interleukins, interferons, immunotoxins, TNF-directed therapies, vaccines, and gene therapy have been studied in patients infected with HIV. Properties shared among these therapeutic modalities include adverse effect profiles, response rates dependent on baseline immunocompetence, the potential to activate viral replication, the need for supportive care, and sensitive laboratory tests required for monitoring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immune-based agents represent a new approach to the treatment of HIV infection. Whereas antiretrovirals only inhibit viral replication, these agents are designed to enhance the immune system of the patient. Future attempts to manage HIV infection may combine standard nucleoside analogs with immune-based therapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Warren G Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Piscitelli
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Minor
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Saville
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Davey
mesh_terms: D016915:AIDS Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D000922:Immunotoxins / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D016915:AIDS Vaccines; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000922:Immunotoxins