title: Freshwater submersion injuries in children: a retrospective review of seventy-five hospitalized patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether or not selected victims of submersion accidents can be safely managed as outpatients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children's Medical Center of Dallas.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred forty-eight charts reviewed, comprising all hospital admissions after submersion accidents from April 1987 to April 1994.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 148 patient charts that were reviewed, 73 patients were excluded from the study for the following criteria: endotracheal intubation before initial medical evaluation; transfer form an inpatient unit of another medical facility; history of preexisting neurologic, neurodevelopmental, and/or pulmonary disease. Of the 75 evaluable patients, 3 were directly admitted to the inpatient service with no documented initial medical evaluation reported in the medical record. Of the remaining 72 patients, 62 (86%) were symptomatic at the time of the initial medical evaluation in the emergency department; 10 patients (14%) were asymptomatic. Seventy percent of the initially asymptomatic patients and 57% of patients who were symptomatic at the time of initial medical evaluation were asymptomatic by 8 hours after the submersion event. By 18 hours postsubmersion, all patients who were initially asymptomatic and 72% of initially symptomatic patients were normal. Thirty-five percent and 80% of patients who had abnormal initial physical examinations and abnormal chest x-rays had a normal physical examination by 8 hours and 18 hours, respectively, and all remained normal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Routine hospital admission of all children who have had immersion accidents is unnecessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Noonan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Howrey
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ginsburg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004332:Drowning / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005618:Fresh Water; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007101:Immersion / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015701:Near Drowning / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013781:Texas / Q000453:epidemiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*