title: Alpha-1-antitrypsin PLowell: a normally functioning variant present in low concentration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency is associated with a high risk for the development of emphysema, particularly for phenotype Pi ZZ, which is both deficient and an abnormal inhibitor of the powerful proteolytic enzyme, human neutrophil elastase. The rare variant PLowell is also expressed at abnormally low levels, but its anti-elastase activity has not been described.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the anti-elastase activity of alpha-1-antitrypsin PLowell and compare it to the common M, S and Z proteins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Alpha-1-antitrypsin from a female patient aged 75 years with the rare genotype PLowell NullBellingham was studied for its ability to inhibit human neutrophil elastase in a time dependent manner.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PLowell has near normal function as an inhibitor of human neutrophil elastase with an association rate constant of 7.4 x 10(6) M-1 S-1 at 25 degrees C, similar to that of M and S.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alpha-1-antitrypsin PLowell is associated with a severe deficiency of alpha-1-antitrypsin similar to Z, but unlike that protein it has near normal function as an anti-elastase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Pathology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Vic.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burdon
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brenton
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Janus
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Knight
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006580:Genetic Carrier Screening; D006801:Humans; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000201:enzymology; D010196:Pancreatic Elastase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D010641:Phenotype; D011656:Pulmonary Emphysema / Q000235:genetics*; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin / Q000235:genetics*; D019896:alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
chemical_list: D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin; D010196:Pancreatic Elastase; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase