title: Regional drug delivery II: relationship between drug targeting index and pharmacokinetic parameters for three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs using the rat air pouch model of inflammation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the advantage gained by direct administration to a target site for two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) piroxicam and diclofenac in the rat air pouch model of inflammation. To derive a model relating drug targeting index (DTI) to the pharmacokinetic parameters of the target and systemic sites, and to compare predictions with observations.
  
  
  METHODS
  DTI was calculated based on area under the concentration time curve at target (pouch) and systemic site (venous blood) following administration into and sampling from both sites. A model was derived relating DTI to systemic clearance, target permeability, plasma protein binding and fraction of the targeted dose that is systemically available.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both NSAIDs exhibited linear pharmacokinetics over the dose ranges studies. They differed primarily in total body clearance which was approximately 16 fold greater for diclofenac (213 ml hr-1 per 250 g) than piroxicam (13 ml hr-1 per 250 g). Observed DTIs (11, 114 and 276 for piroxicam, S[+]ibuprofen [studied previously] and diclofenac) were ranked in order of total body clearance but were approximately 7.5 fold lower than predicted (101, 700 and 2214 respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The discrepancy was explained by the influx of the plasma binding protein, albumin, into the target site due to increased vascular permeability associated with the inflammatory response. The originally derived equation for DTI, which assumed only unbound drug diffuses across the target site, was modified to take into account the simultaneous flux of bound drug.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McLachlan
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Gifford
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rowland
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Houston
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D010894:Piroxicam / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D010894:Piroxicam; D004008:Diclofenac