title: Treatment of high-flow vascular malformations by venous embolization aided by flow occlusion techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transvenous embolization techniques may be helpful as alternatives to the arterial route when treating high-flow vascular malformations. We present our experience using these techniques in four patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In one patient the venous portion of the arteriovenous malformation (AVM) was punctured directly; in the other three patients it was catheterized via a retrograde venous approach. Flow occlusion techniques were utilized in all patients during embolization, which was performed with absolute alcohol or N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Excellent clinical and angiographic results were obtained, with obliteration of arteriovenous shunting in all patients. There were no complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The embolization of certain AVMs using a venous approach is a safe and effective treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 OHS, UK.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Mansfield
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Allison
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000792:Angiography; D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral; D002648:Child; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D004659:Enbucrilate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply; D005546:Forehead / Q000098:blood supply; D006225:Hand / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009666:Nose / Q000098:blood supply; D011677:Punctures; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012782:Shoulder / Q000098:blood supply; D014680:Veins
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol; D004659:Enbucrilate