title: Enhanced nasal cytokine production in human beings after in vivo challenge with diesel exhaust particles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) have been implicated in the worldwide increased incidence of allergic airway disorders over the past century. They can enhance in vivo IgE production in the human upper respiratory mucosa.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study was carried out to determine whether DEPs can alter the production of cytokines by cells residing in the nasal mucosa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen hours after intranasal challenge with saline solution or DEPs, we studied the levels of messenger RNA for cytokines in nasal lavage cells and the number of subjects in whom cytokine mRNA could be detected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before challenge, most subjects' nasal lavage cells had detectable levels of only interferon-gamma, Il-2, and IL-13 mRNA. After challenge, the cells produced readily detectable mRNA for IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, and interferon-gamma. In addition, the levels of all cytokine mRNA increased. Enhanced IL-4 protein was also present in the postchallenge lavage fluid. Although the cells in nasal lavage before and after challenge do not necessarily represent the same cells either in number or type, the broad increase in cytokine production was not simply the result of an increase in T cells recovered in the lavage fluid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An increase in nasal cytokine expression after exposure to DEPs can be predicted to contribute to enhanced local IgE production and thus play a role in the increased incidence of respiratory allergic disease.
authors.affiliation: Hart and Louise Lyon Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine 90024-1680, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Diaz-Sanchez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsien
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casillas
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Dotson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saxon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001483:Base Sequence; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009299:Nasal Provocation Tests; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007073:Immunoglobulin E