title: Endothelium-derived nitric oxide regulates systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance during acute hypoxia in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This investigation sought to determine whether endothelium-derived nitric oxide contributes to hypoxia-induced systemic vasodilation and pulmonary vasoconstriction in humans.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Endothelium-derived nitric oxide contributes to basal systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance. During hypoxia, systemic vasodilation and pulmonary vasoconstriction occur. There are some data indicating that endothelium-derived nitric oxide mediates changes in vascular resistance during hypoxia, but much of it is contradictory, and none has been derived from normal humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  The hemodynamic effects of NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, were studied in healthy volunteers under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. A Swan-Ganz catheter and radial artery cannula were inserted to measure right atrial, pulmonary artery, pulmonary capillary wedge and systemic blood pressures. Cardiac output was measured by thermodilution. Systemic vascular resistance and pulmonary vascular resistance were calculated. The pharmacokinetics of L-NMMA (300 mg intravenously) was studied during normoxia in six subjects. Hypoxia was induced in eight subjects who inspired a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen through a gas blender adjusted to reduce the partial pressure of oxygen from (mean +/- SE) 98 +/- 4 to 48 +/- 1 mm Hg.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During normoxia, L-NMMA increased systemic vascular resistance from 1,108 +/- 74 to 1,705 +/- 87 dynes-s-cm-5 and increased pulmonary vascular resistance from 60 +/- 5 to 115 +/- 9 dynes-s-cm-5 (p < or = 0.01 for each). Peak effects occurred within 10 min of L-NMMA administration. Acute hypoxia alone decreased systemic vascular resistance from 1,209 +/- 78 to 992 +/- 58 dynes-s-cm-5 (p < or = 0.05) and increased pulmonary vascular resistance from 92 +/- 11 to 136 +/- 4 dynes-s-cm-5 (p < or = 0.01). While hypoxic conditions were maintained, infusion of L-NMMA increased systemic vascular resistance (to 1,496 +/- 97 dynes-s-cm-5, p < or = 0.01) and increased pulmonary vascular resistance further (to 217 +/- 25 dynes-s-cm-5, p < or = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endothelium-derived nitric oxide contributes to systemic vasodilation and serves as a counterregulatory mechanism to attenuate pulmonary vasoconstriction during acute hypoxia in healthy human subjects.
authors.affiliation: Vascular Medicine and Atherosclerosis Unit, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Blitzer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Loh
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Roddy
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Stamler
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Creager
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine
chemical_list: D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase