title: Effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha on skeletal muscle amino acid metabolism studied in-vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was performed to determine the chronology of the effects of a single 50 ug subcutaneous dose of TNF on food intake, weight gain, and skeletal muscle protein metabolism in normal rats. Earlier work demonstrated that a single subcutaneous dose of 50 ug of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) significantly increased skeletal muscle protein synthesis and breakdown in the tumor bearing rat [1]. Some of the earlier work demonstrated that TNF can reduce food intake, weight gain and enhance muscle catabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five male Sprague Dawley rats were randomized assigned to treatment or saline arms of the study. Rates of in vivo incorporation of L-1-14C-leucine into skeletal muscle were measured by the flooding dose technique. Rats were studied 6 and 60 hours after TNF or saline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six hours after administration of the TNF, the total skeletal muscle amino acid concentration was significantly reduced by 20%. The greatest reductions were seen in lysine, arginine, and isoleucine (39-53%) followed by serine, tyrosine, ornithine, threonine and alanine (18-32%). Despite this drop in skeletal muscle amino acid concentrations, the rate of skeletal muscle protein synthesis was similar to the controls (12.2 +/- 4.1 vs 13.8 +/- 3.7 %/day, mean +/- sd, saline vs TNF treated, respectively). Dietary intake (8.2 +/- 0.5 vs 7.3 +/- 1.1 g/day) and weight gain (7.1 +/- 1.1 vs 9.1 +/- 3.8 g/day) were not affected by TNF administration. However, there was a significant increase in skeletal muscle protein synthesis rate in the TNF treated group after 60 hours (17.8 +/- 4.0 vs 12.2 +/- 4.1 %/day) but not after 6 hours (13.8 +/- 3.7 vs 13.7 +/- 3.3 %/day) compared to saline treated rats, respectively. TNF administration after 60 hours was not associated with an elevated skeletal muscle 3-methyl-histidine concentration or a reduced nitrogen balance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that at a 50 ug subcutaneous dose of TNF, an early (6 hours) effect is to reduce skeletal muscle of amino acids without effecting either synthesis or breakdown. A later effect (60 hours) is to normalize skeletal muscle amino acid concentration and to increase skeletal muscle protein synthesis. This suggests that TNF may acutely alter amino acid transport as one of its modes of action.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, UCLA, School of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tayek
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D004435:Eating; D008297:Male; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha