title: Enhanced vasodilation to acetylcholine in athletes is associated with lower plasma cholesterol.
abstract: We investigated a change in vascular reactivity as a potential adaptive mechanism to chronic exercise. The study consisted of 2 separate protocols with 10 male athletes and 10 age-matched sedentary male control subjects participating in each. Protocol 1 investigated forearm blood flow responses to intra-arterial infusions of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside by use of venous occlusion plethysmography. Protocol 2 used identical techniques to study responses to norepinephrine, angiotensin II (ANG II), and NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA). The percent reduction in forearm vascular resistance to acetylcholine was significantly greater in the athletic compared with the sedentary group (multivariate analysis of variance for repeated measures, P = 0.03). Covariance analysis suggested that the lower total cholesterol level of the athletic group (P = 0.03) may contribute to their enhanced responsiveness to acetylcholine. There were no differences between athletic and sedentary groups in the forearm vascular resistance responses to norepinephrine, ANG II, sodium nitroprusside, or L-NMMA. These data support the hypothesis that long-term endurance training is associated with enhanced endothelium-dependent dilator reserve due to altered lipoprotein levels in athletes. This finding may have therapeutic application in conditions of elevated cholesterol and impaired vasodilator capacity including hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, and cardiac failure.
authors.affiliation: Alfred and Baker Medical Unit, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Kingwell
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dart
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000328:Adult; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000494:pharmacology; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000502:physiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014664:Vasodilation; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D000804:Angiotensin II; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine; D002784:Cholesterol; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D000109:Acetylcholine; D009638:Norepinephrine