title: Digitization and postprocessing of plain-film radiographs for assessment of stone fragmentation after extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy.
abstract: In 50 patients treated for urolithiasis by extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL++), the radiographs taken before and 1 day afterward were initially assessed by conventional radiography and subsequently after standardized digitization and postprocessing. Clinical outcome and passage of stone fragments were reevaluated 3 weeks after ESWL. Using specially developed software routines, new disintegration parameters could be obtained by detecting the number of relevant minima in light-intensity distribution along the length axis of the concrement in digitized images. Comparing the digitized images before with those after ESWL, the concremental surface and axial length in digitized images on average showed no statistically significant difference. However, the number of visually and automatically detected light-intensity minima of the concrement region in digitized images obtained 1 day after ESWL was significantly higher than prior to ESWL and correlated significantly with the number of fissure lines in the conventional images. These new features in digitized images showed a high sensitivity in predicting later passage of stone fragments. Moreover, in six of the seven patients without detectable fissure lines in the early conventional radiographs but obvious signs of concretemental disintegration 3 weeks after ESWL, there was an increase in the number of light-intensity minima in the digitized images 1 day after ESWL. Our findings indicate that this method of digitization and post-processing of radiographs may improve the assessment of ESWL effectiveness by improving standardization in the analysis of all surveyed parameters and by offering new relevant disintegration measures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Katzenwadel
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Popken
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Buitrago-Téllez
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schultze-Seemann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sommerkamp
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000592:standards*; D008096:Lithotripsy; D008875:Middle Aged; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D014962:X-Ray Film