title: The effectiveness of right heart catheterization in the initial care of critically ill patients. SUPPORT Investigators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between the use of right heart catheterization (RHC) during the first 24 hours of care in the intensive care unit (ICU) and subsequent survival, length of stay, intensity of care, and cost of care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five US teaching hospitals between 1989 and 1994.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 5735 critically ill adult patients receiving care in an ICU for 1 of 9 prespecified disease categories.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survival time, cost of care, intensity of care, and length of stay in the ICU and hospital, determined from the clinical record and from the National Death Index. A propensity score for RHC was constructed using multivariable logistic regression. Case-matching and multivariable regression modeling techniques were used to estimate the association of RHC with specific outcomes after adjusting for treatment selection using the propensity score. Sensitivity analysis was used to estimate the potential effect of an unidentified or missing covariate on the results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By case-matching analysis, patients with RHC had an increased 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 1.24; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.49). The mean cost (25th, 50th, 75th percentiles) per hospital stay was $49 300 ($17 000, $30 500, $56 600) with RHC and $35 700 ($11 300, $20 600, $39 200) without RHC. Mean length of stay in the ICU was 14.8 (5, 9, 17) days with RHC and 13.0 (4, 7, 14) days without RHC. These findings were all confirmed by multivariable modeling techniques. Subgroup analysis did not reveal any patient group or site for which RHC was associated with improved outcomes. Patients with higher baseline probability of surviving 2 months had the highest relative risk of death following RHC. Sensitivity analysis suggested that a missing covariate would have to increase the risk of death 6-fold and the risk of RHC 6-fold for a true beneficial effect of RHC to be misrepresented as harmful.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this observational study of critically ill patients, after adjustment for treatment selection bias, RHC was associated with increased mortality and increased utilization of resources. The cause of this apparent lack of benefit is unclear. The results of this analysis should be confirmed in other observational studies. These findings justify reconsideration of a randomized controlled trial of RHC and may guide patient selection for such a study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University at MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Connors
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Speroff
authors.forename: N V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Harrell
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Desbiens
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Califf
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Fulkerson
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vidaillet
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Broste
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bellamy
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lynn
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Knaus
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000368:Aged; D002407:Catheterization, Swan-Ganz / Q000191:economics; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000191:economics; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015996:Survival Rate; D014481:United States