title: Ketamine concentrations during cardiopulmonary bypass.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the serum concentrations of ketamine following a clinically relevant dosing schedule during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and over age 60 yr.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following induction of anaesthesia each patient received a bolus of ketamine 2 mg.kg-1 followed by an infusion of 50 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 which ran continuously until two hours after bypass.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ketamine serum concentrations were measured at five minutes after bolus, immediately following aortic cannulation, 10 and 20 min on CPB, termination of CPB, termination of the drug infusion and three and six hours after infusion termination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the time of aortic cannulation, ketamine concentrations were 3.11 +/- 0.81 micrograms.ml-1, these levels decreased by one third with the initiation of CPB. By the end of CPB the concentrations had returned to levels roughly equivalent to those observed at the time of aortic cannulation. Following cessation of the infusion, ketamine concentration declined in a log-linear fashion with a half-life averaging 2.12 hr. (range 1.38-3.09 hr).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This dosage regimen maintained general anaesthetic concentrations of ketamine throughout the operative period. These levels should result in brain tissue concentrations in excess of those previously shown to be neuroprotective in animals. Thus we conclude that this infusion regimen would be reasonable to be use in order to assess the potential neuroprotective effects of ketamine in humans undergoing CPB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: McLean
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Mazer
authors.forename: B I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Harrington
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood* / Q000494:pharmacology; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011669:Pulmonary Wedge Pressure / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D007649:Ketamine