title: Use of in vitro Vero cell assay and ELISA in the United States potency test of vaccines containing adsorbed diphtheria and tetanus toxoids.
abstract: Current United States (US) regulations for potency testing of vaccines containing adsorbed diphtheria and tetanus toxoids require in vivo toxin neutralization (TN) tests on the pooled sera of immunized guinea pigs. To reduce the number of animals required for testing, two in vitro tests have been evaluated, the Vero cell assay for diphtheria antitoxin and ELISA for IgG antibody to tetanus toxin; these have been correlated with in vivo TN tests. In the Vero cell method, diphtheria antitoxin titres of the guinea pig sera, obtained four weeks after immunization as per US potency requirements, were markedly dependent on the toxin dose level used in the assay. A toxin dose level termed the Lcd/1 dose (limit of cytopathic dose at a IU/ml) for Vero cells gave comparable estimates of antitoxin activity to the in vivo TN test performed at L+/1 dose of toxin. When lower dose levels of toxin were used in the Vero cells (Lcd/10 to Lcd/1000), diphtheria antitoxin levels in four weeks guinea pig sera were two to 11.7 times lower than with the Lcd/1 dose level. The most likely reason for these differences is that guinea pig sera a 4 weeks are of lower avidity than the equine antitoxin standard. Antibodies of low avidity bind antigen less well at low reactant concentrations. Therefore, to obtain similar estimates of diphtheria antitoxin in the Vero cell method and in vivo TN test, the use of toxin dose for the Vero cell method similar to that for the in vivo TN test is suggested. Another alternative, in which any dose of toxin may be used for the Vero cell method, is the use of a reference guinea pig serum (calibrated in IU/ml by the in vivo TN test at L+/1 level of toxin) that has similar avidity or similar immunization status as the test sera (i.e. 4 week serum). IgG antibodies to tetanus toxin in guinea pig sera were found early in the course of immunization when tetanus antitoxin could not be detected by TN test. Tetanus toxin IgG antibody levels of guinea pig sera calculated in IU/ml against an ELISA guinea pig reference serum (calibrated in IU/ml by TN test) depended upon the immunization status of the animals. To obtain similar estimates of tetanus antibodies in IU/ml by TN and ELISA, the ELISA reference guinea pig serum should have similar immunization status (and presumably similar avidity) as the test serum (i.e. six week serum). We propose that the Vero cell method and ELISA deserve further evaluation to determine whether they can replace in vivo TN tests for titration of diphtheria and tetanus antitoxins in the US potency test.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Public Health Biologic Laboratories, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Siber
mesh_terms: D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D000818:Animals; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D004168:Diphtheria Toxoid / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D015721:Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006736:Horses; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D051379:Mice; D009500:Neutralization Tests / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D013744:Tetanus Toxin / Q000276:immunology; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D014481:United States; D014612:Vaccines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D014709:Vero Cells
chemical_list: D004168:Diphtheria Toxoid; D015721:Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D013744:Tetanus Toxin; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid; D014612:Vaccines