title: Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome: ocular findings in 37 children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) is a rare cause of central sleep apnea. Although ophthalmic abnormalities have been reported, the ocular findings have not been discussed in detail.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined or obtained the records of 37 children with CCHS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven patients were found to have abnormal pupils, most of which were miotic and reacted poorly to light. In 18 cases, the anterior surface of the iris was unusually smooth. Ten of the children with abnormal pupils also demonstrated light-near dissociation. Twenty had strabismus of various types, and 18 showed evidence of convergence insufficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high incidence of strabismus, pupillary abnormalities, and convergence insufficiency may be a result of neurologic defects in the midbrain.
authors.affiliation: LSU Eye Center, Louisiana State University Medical Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: I H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Ludwig
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001763:Blepharoptosis / Q000150:complications; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005124:Eye Abnormalities / Q000150:complications*; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007498:Iris / Q000002:abnormalities; D008297:Male; D011681:Pupil Disorders / Q000150:complications; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000150:complications / Q000151:congenital*; D013285:Strabismus / Q000150:complications