title: Role of the pulmonary circulation in the distribution of human fetal cardiac output during the second half of pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  By using Doppler echocardiography, we determined the normal distribution of human fetal combined cardiac output (CCO) from the left and right ventricles. We also established weight-indexed pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances (Rpi and Rsi, respectively) and changes during the second half of pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood flows at the aortic and pulmonary valve annuli (LVCO and RVCO, respectively), right and left pulmonary arteries (QP), and ductus arteriosus (QDA) were calculated in 63 normal fetuses. Foramen ovale blood flow (QFO = LVCO-QP) was estimated. From 20 to 30 weeks of gestation, the proportion of QP of the CCO increased (from 13% to 25%, P < .001), while the proportion of QFO decreased (from 34% to 18%, P < .001). After 30 weeks, the proportions of QP and QFO were unchanged. At 38 weeks, the proportion of RVCO (60%) was higher (P < .05) than that of LVCO (40%). The proportion of QDA did not change significantly. The correlation between RVCO calculated from blood flow through the pulmonary valve and from QDA and QP was good (r = .97, P < .0001). RPi (P < .001) decreased from 20 to 30 weeks of gestation. From 30 to 38 weeks, RPi increased (P < .0001). Rsi increased (P < .001) from 20 to 38 weeks. The ratio of RPi to RSi decreased (P < .01) from 20 to 30 weeks and later remained unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The human fetal pulmonary circulation has an important role in the distribution of cardiac output.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia 19107, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rasanen
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weiner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ludomirski
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Huhta
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D002302:Cardiac Output; D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000502:physiology*; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation