title: Which structures are sensitive to painful transcranial electric stimulation?
abstract: Electric transcranial stimulation (TCS) is useful for clinical studies. It is, however, painful and not generally used for awake subjects. By means of topical anaesthesia and nerve blockades we wanted to find out which structures of the scalp and cranium are sensitive to electric TCS. Altogether 21 subjects participated in the present study. Our data show that pain experienced by the subjects during electric TCS is brought about by activation of the pain receptors in the scalp under the stimulating electrodes. Topical anaesthetic cream is incapable of attenuating this pain. The periosteum does not seem to be much more sensitive electric stimulation than rest of the scalp. Furthermore, contractions of facial and neck muscles do not seem to have a significant role in pain generation in electric TCS. Pain can be prevented if sufficiently large areas of the scalp are properly anaesthetized before stimulation by e.g. blockade of the major nerves responsible for the sensation of the stimulus area.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Tampere University Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Häkkinen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Eskola
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yli-Hankala
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nurmikko
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kolehmainen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000077442:Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D009407:Nerve Block; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000502:physiology; D009777:Occipital Bone / Q000294:innervation; D009824:Ointments; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold; D010521:Periosteum / Q000294:innervation; D011318:Prilocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012535:Scalp / Q000294:innervation; D012677:Sensation; D012886:Skull / Q000294:innervation
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D004338:Drug Combinations; D000077442:Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination; D009824:Ointments; D011318:Prilocaine; D008012:Lidocaine; D002045:Bupivacaine