title: Impact of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in pediatric patients: complications and long-term follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) of urinary stones is a well-established treatment modality applied to adult patients. We report on the technique, complications, and long-term results of ESWL in pediatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1987 and 1994, 27 children with stones distributed throughout the urinary tract were treated with ESWL. The treatments were performed either under general anesthesia or intravenous sedation. No complications occurred secondary to the treatments. A total of 34 ESWL sessions were performed with an average of 2,165 shocks per patient and a mean energy of 22.3 kV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Minor early complications, such as fever, pain, and hydronephrosis, were seen in 7 patients. The overall stone-free rate was 92%. No late complications, such as renal insufficiency, pulmonary dysplasia, or skeletal deformation, were detected during a mean follow-up period of 46 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ESWL is a safe and reliable treatment even in the pediatric patient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Gschwend
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Haag
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hollmer
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kleinschmidt
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Hautmann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000628:therapy*