title: A prospective randomized comparison of the metabolic and stress hormonal responses of laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In a relatively short period of time, therapeutic laparoscopy has become an everyday part of the general surgeon's life. Although laparoscopy provides distinct clinical advantages, it is not yet clear that it lessens the stress response typical of elective surgical procedures, and as such, the morbidity of surgery. The hypothesis that laparoscopic cholecystectomy produces less of a metabolic and stress hormonal response than open cholecystectomy was tested in a prospective randomized trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty otherwise healthy women between 18 and 45 years of age with a history of uncomplicated symptomatic cholelithiasis undergoing either laparoscopic (n = 10) or open cholecystectomy (n = 10) were studied. The hormonal response of the adrenocortical (serum adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, and urinary free cortisol), adrenomedullary (plasma and urinary epinephrine and norepinephrine), thyroid (thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine), pituitary (antidiuretic hormone and growth hormone), and glucose (serum glucose, glucagon, and insulin) homeostatic axes were measured serially over a 24-hour period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No difference was seen between the laparoscopic and open groups in operative time (mean plus or minus standard error of the mean, 70 +/- 6 minutes compared with 77 +/- 6.3 minutes) or hospital stay 1.3 +/- 0.2 compared with 1.1 +/- 0.1 days). Assessment of postoperative pain using an analog pain score was less in the laparoscopic group (4.9 +/- 1.3 compared with 12.3 +/- 2.5, p = 0.01). The response of the adrenocortical, adrenomedullary, thyroid, and glucose axes were similar or identical in both groups. Antidiuretic hormone levels were greater in the laparoscopic group at one hour intraoperatively (281 +/- 79 pg/mL compared with 54 +/- 18 pg/mL, p < 0.01), and at extubation (122 +/- 18 pg/mL compared with 36 +/- 7 pg/mL, p < 0.01). Serum glucose levels were greater immediately following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Glucose and insulin levels were greater at four, 12, and 24 hours after open cholecystectomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elective laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy for uncomplicated cholelithiasis result in similar degrees of perioperative hormonal stimulation. The different hormonal responses in the immediate and later postoperative periods after laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy suggest differential stressful stimuli between the two procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Incarbone
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Estrada
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ehsan
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kwan
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moore-Jeffries
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuchta
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Nicoloff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002763:Cholecystectomy; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006706:Homeostasis; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006728:Hormones; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone