title: Effects of 17 alpha-dihydroequilenin sulfate on atherosclerotic male and female rhesus monkeys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to determine the effects of 17 alpha-dihydroequilenin on plasma lipid and lipoprotein, glucose, and insulin concentrations; coronary artery vasomotor function; and reproductive organ and mammary gland proliferation in atherosclerotic male and female rhesus macaques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty adult female and 33 adult male rhesus macaques were randomized to treatment by lifetime dietary cholesterol exposure and ratio of total plasma cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The female treatment groups were intact female controls (n = 9), ovariectomized controls (n = 16), ovariectomized plus 0.3 mg/kg/day 17 alpha-dihydroequilenin (n = 17) and ovariectomized plus subcutaneous estradiol (n = 7). The male treatment groups were control (n = 16) and 1.25 mg/kg/day 17 alpha-dihydroequilenin (n = 17). Treatment lasted 5 weeks. Longitudinal assessments of plasma lipid and lipoprotein and glucose and insulin concentrations were performed. Coronary artery vasomotor function was assessed by quantitative coronary angiography 1 week after initiation of treatment. Morphologic and immunohistochemical assessments of proliferation index values of reproductive organs and mammary glands were done at necropsy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  17 alpha-Dihydroequilenin prevented endothelium-dependent vasoconstriction in males (p < 0.05) and ovariectomized females (p < 0.08). 17 alpha-Dihydroequilenin treatment increased plasma apolipoprotein A-1 concentrations (p < 0.05) and lowered fasting insulin concentrations (p < 0.05) without changing fasting plasma glucose concentrations in males. 17 alpha-Dihydroequilenin had no other effects on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in either males or females. It had no trophic effects on uterus, endometrium, or breast. There was no effect on either prostatic or testicular weight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  17 alpha-Dihydroequilenin may represent a single-agent hormone therapy for reduction of ischemic hear disease risk for both menopausal women and men. It has no apparent trophic effects on reproductive organs or mammary glands of female and male rhesus macaques.
authors.affiliation: Comparative Medicine Clinical Research Center, Bowman Gray School of Medicine of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Washburn
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Honoré
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cline
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Helman
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Adelman
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Clarkson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000503:physiopathology; D004857:Equilin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005836:Genitalia, Female / Q000473:pathology; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000097:blood; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000401:mortality; D009929:Organ Size; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014666:Vasomotor System / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D004857:Equilin; C014482:dihydroequilin