title: Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging correlates of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in depression and Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An age-related dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is well recognised in animals, but still remains controversial in humans. There is increasing interest that raised corticosteroid levels, due to activation of the HPA axis, may cause both depressive symptoms and cognitive impairments. Steroid effects on cognition may be via the hippocampus, a major site of corticosteroid action and an important structure involved in learning and memory.
  
  
  METHODS
  To investigate this further, we examined the relationship between the dexamethasone suppression test, cognitive function, depressive symptoms and hippocampal atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 32 normal controls, 49 subjects with NINCDS/ADRDA Alzheimer's disease and 51 patients with DSM-III-R Major Depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Controlling for differences in dexamethasone concentrations, post-dexamethasone cortisol levels were related to advancing age in controls and depressed subjects. However, among subjects with Alzheimer's disease, post-dexamethasone cortisol levels were independently associated with both minor depressive symptoms and hippocampal atrophy on MRI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An association between advancing age and increased HPA axis dysregulation is supported for controls and depressed subjects. In Alzheimer's disease, HPA axis changes were associated with depressive symptoms and hippocampal atrophy. Longitudinal studies are now needed to determine the causal direction of these associations.
authors.affiliation: Brighton Clinic, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ames
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schweitzer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Colman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Desmond
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tress
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001284:Atrophy; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003907:Dexamethasone; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
chemical_list: D003907:Dexamethasone; D006854:Hydrocortisone