title: Three dimensional ultrasound: display modalities in the fetal spine and thorax.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the display modalities of three dimensional ultrasound (3D US) in the prenatal assessment of the fetal spine and thorax.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty prenatal spine examinations (mean gestational age: 21 weeks, 15 normal findings, five pathological cases) were performed with a commercially available 3D US device. The visualization of fetal spine and rib anatomy and pathology by 3D US display was evaluated using various rendering methods and the optimal method was determined in regard to comprehensive diagnostic display.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Demonstration of continuity of both the spine and the ribs could be achieved by 3D US. Visualization of clavicles, scapula and iliac bone was possible on rendered images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  3D US offers an additional diagnostic tool for prenatal assessment of the fetal spine and ribs; it provides a continuous demonstration of curved or tortuous structures in the rendered image. It improves comprehension of complex anatomy by providing a simultaneous display of all orthogonal sectional planes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital, LKH Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riccabona
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Pretorius
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011247:Pregnancy; D012272:Ribs / Q000196:embryology*; D013131:Spine / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology*; D013909:Thorax / Q000196:embryology*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*