title: The patterns and predictors of smokeless tobacco onset among urban public school teenagers.
abstract: This study describes the patterns and predictors of smokeless tobacco (ST) use in a large sample of urban public school students in Los Angeles and San Diego. The use of ST is more common among men than women and among Caucasians than African Americans, Hispanics, and others. Approximately 20% of the male respondents and 5% of the female respondents reported use of ST at least once, and 10.1% of male students and 3.1% of female students who had never tried ST by seventh grade started to use it by eighth grade. Among Caucasians, about 30% of boys reported trying ST at least once and 13.7% of those who had never used ST by seventh grade initiated experimentation by eighth grade. These data are used to examine the family, peer, and intrapersonal predictors of ST onset. The family risk factors for ST onset include living with a single parent, parent-child conflicts, and parental alcohol use. The peer risk factors for ST use include peer drug use and activities with friends, such as parties and participation in sports. The intrapersonal risk factors include poor grades in school, risk taking, and stress. The study also shows that those who use cigarettes, alcohol, or marijuana are at higher risk of using ST and vice versa. This study supports a problem-prone behavior perspective of ST use and cigarette smoking. We suggest that both products be targeted because the same programs are likely to apply to both products to counteract problem-prone type variables. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): tobacco, smokeless chewing tobacco, adolescent behavior.
authors.affiliation: Prevention Research Center, University of Illinois at Chicago 60607-3025, USA.
authors.forename: F B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hedeker
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Flay
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sussman
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000208:ethnology; D000367:Age Factors; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006184:Habits; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010379:Peer Group; D010947:Plants, Toxic; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless; D014505:Urban Population