title: Inactivation by phthalocyanine photosensitization of multiple forms of human immunodeficiency virus in red cell concentrates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of phthalocyanines in conjunction with red light has been shown to inactivate model lipid-enveloped viruses in red cell concentrates. The ability of this treatment to inactivate multiple forms of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was evaluated in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The phthalocyanines used were aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate (AIPcS4) and the silicon phthalocyanines HOSiPcOSi(CH3)2(CH2)3 N(CH3)2 (Pc 4), and HOSiPcOSi(CH3)2 (CH2)3N+(CH3)3I-(Pc 5). HIV was studied in a cell-free form, in an actively replicating form, in latently infected cells, and in blood from HIV-positive patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three phthalocyanines inactivate > or = 10(5) infectious doses of cell-free HIV. However, only Pc 4 effectively inactivated actively replicating HIV and latently infected cells. The latter was about four times as sensitive to inactivation as was actively replicating HIV. Increasing the hematocrit of red cells during treatment decreased the rate of inactivation, especially at lower light doses. Under treatment conditions that completely inactivated the laboratory isolates of HIV, cell-associated HIV in blood from HIV-positive patients was also completely inactivated. The polymerase chain reaction signal from the gag gene of HIV was not affected on treatment of cell-free virus, but it was reduced after treatment of cell-associated HIV, particularly in some latently infected cell lines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pc 4 and red light are effective in eliminating the infectivity of HIV in red cell concentrates. The usefulness of this approach for blood banking depends on future demonstration of the preservation of red cell circulatory survival and function in vivo.
authors.affiliation: New York Blood Center, New York, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Margolis-Nunno
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ben-Hur
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oetjen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Horowitz
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D004912:Erythrocytes; D006678:HIV / Q000187:drug effects*; D006400:Hematocrit; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D054833:Isoindoles; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014766:Viremia / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; D054833:Isoindoles; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; C048577:aluminum tetrasulfophthalocyanine; C013647:phthalocyanine