title: Comparison of nicardipine, diltiazem and verapamil for controlling the cardiovascular responses to tracheal intubation.
abstract: We have compared the efficacy of three calcium channel blockers, nicardipine, diltiazem and verapamil, in attenuating the cardiovascular responses to laryngoscopy and intubation in 60 normotensive patients (ASA I) undergoing rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia with thiopentone and fentanyl. We also examined whether or not these blockers inhibited catecholamine release induced by intubation. The patients were allocated to one of four groups (n = 15 for each): saline (control), nicardipine 30 micrograms kg-1, diltiazem 0.2 mg kg-1 or verapamil 0.1 mg kg-1. Verapamil and the three other drugs were administered 45 s and 60 s before the start of direct laryngoscopy, respectively, in a double-dummy design. Anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone 4 mg kg-1 i.v. and fentanyl 2 micrograms kg-1 i.v. Tracheal intubation was facilitated with vecuronium 0.2 mg kg-1. During anaesthesia, ventilation was assisted or controlled with 1% isoflurane and 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen. Laryngoscopy lasting 30 s was attempted 2 min after administration of thiopentone and vecuronium. Patients receiving saline exhibited significant increases in systolic and diastolic arterial pressures (AP), heart rate (HR) and plasma concentrations of catecholamines associated with tracheal intubation. The increase in AP was attenuated in patients treated with any calcium channel blocker. The greatest effect was elicited by verapamil, which attenuated the increase in HR, although nicardipine seemed to enhance tachycardia. All three drugs failed to suppress the increase in plasma catecholamine concentrations in response to tracheal intubation. These findings suggest that bolus injection of verapamil 0.1 mg kg-1 was a more effective method of controlling hypertension and tachycardia associated with intubation than diltiazem 0.2 mg kg-1 or nicardipine 30 micrograms kg-1, and that these prophylactic effects were not caused by inhibition of the catecholamine response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mikawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishina
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maekawa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Obara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000494:pharmacology; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D007828:Laryngoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009529:Nicardipine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication / Q000379:methods*; D014700:Verapamil / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D014700:Verapamil; D009529:Nicardipine; D004110:Diltiazem; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine