title: Differential inhibition of HIV-1 preintegration complexes and purified integrase protein by small molecules.
abstract: To replicate, HIV-1 must integrate a cDNA copy of the viral RNA genome into a chromosome of the host. The integration system is a promising target for antiretroviral agents, but to date no clinically useful integration inhibitors have been identified. Previous screens for integrase inhibitors have assayed inhibition of reactions containing HIV-1 integrase purified from an Escherichia coli expression system. Here we compare action of inhibitors in vitro on purified integrase and on subviral preintegration complexes (PICs) isolated from lymphoid cells infected with HIV-1. We find that many inhibitors active against purified integrase are inactive against PICs. Using PIC assays as a primary screen, we have identified three new anthraquinone inhibitors active against PICs and also against purified integrase. We propose that PIC assays are the closest in vitro match to integration in vivo and, as such, are particularly appropriate for identifying promising integration inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Farnet
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lipford
authors.forename: F D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Bushman
mesh_terms: D000880:Anthraquinones / Q000494:pharmacology; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004254:DNA Nucleotidyltransferases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D054306:Dideoxynucleotides; D004926:Escherichia coli; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D019426:Integrases; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000378:metabolism; D013942:Thymine Nucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology; D059004:Topoisomerase I Inhibitors; D016662:Virus Integration / Q000187:drug effects*; D014779:Virus Replication; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000880:Anthraquinones; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D054306:Dideoxynucleotides; D012367:RNA, Viral; D013942:Thymine Nucleotides; D059004:Topoisomerase I Inhibitors; C057287:3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine 5'phosphate; D015215:Zidovudine; D004247:DNA; D004254:DNA Nucleotidyltransferases; D019426:Integrases