title: Blockade of muscarinic transmission increases the frequency of diabetes after low-dose alloxan challenge in the mouse.
abstract: The diabetogenic action of the beta-cell toxin, alloxan, is transient when administered to mice at a dosage of 50 mg/kg. We examined whether increased cholinergic activity is involved in the compensatory mechanisms. Therefore, following administration of alloxan, methylatropine (32 mumol/kg) was given intraperitoneally once daily for 5 consecutive days. Methyl atropine worsened the degree of hyperglycaemia during the first week after alloxan administration. Recovery from the diabetes mellitus was observed in a substantial number of animals given alloxan without methyl atropine, whereas the risk of developing manifest diabetes was markedly enhanced by methyl atropine. At 35 days after alloxan administration, 33% of the animals, which were given alloxan alone and were diabetic after 4 days, still had diabetes. In contrast, of the animals rendered diabetic by alloxan with concomitant atropinization, 92% remained diabetic throughout the study (p = 0.0145 vs alloxan alone). Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and pancreatic insulin content were markedly reduced in animals with diabetes while being less reduced in alloxan-injected animals without diabetes. Moreover, in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry revealed markedly decreased levels of insulin mRNA and number of insulin cells in alloxan-treated animals. With regard to insulin secretion, pancreatic insulin content, insulin mRNA and insulin cell number, the reduction was the same irrespective of whether methyl atropine had been given. Thus, 5 days of atropinization increases the incidence of diabetes following alloxan at 50 mg/kg in mice. We suggest that cholinergic activity protects insulin cells from glucotoxicity during the first week after alloxan administration and therefore, reduces the frequency of diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Malmö University Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ahrén
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sundkvist
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sundler
mesh_terms: D000496:Alloxan; D000818:Animals; D001286:Atropine Derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D015994:Incidence; D007328:Insulin / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D010276:Parasympatholytics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D001286:Atropine Derivatives; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D010276:Parasympatholytics; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000496:Alloxan; C006649:methylatropine