title: The direct and indirect costs of cardiovascular disease in South Africa in 1991.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In South Africa, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among all population groups, other than blacks, among whom it ranks third. CVD therefore has a severe impact on the South African economy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To ascertain the availability and quality of South African data on the cost of CVD and to estimate the impact of CVD on the South African economy during 1991.
  
  
  METHODS
  The direct health care costs and the indirect costs related to loss of productivity were estimated. Where no direct or complete detailed South African data were available, projections were made based on reasonable assumptions of data and models developed in other countries; these were applied to the limited available South African data. The major disease outcomes considered for this cost estimation were: expenditure on ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease (stroke), venous thrombosis and embolism, and peripheral vascular diseases and related conditions. These diseases are responsible for the majority of fatal cases of CVD reported in South Africa.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimated total cost of CVD in South Africa in 1991 was between R4.135 billion and R5.035 billion. This does not include the cost of rehabilitation and follow-up of CVD patients since the necessary data were not available to estimate it. About three-quarters of the direct health care costs were carried by the private sector. The direct health care costs were estimated to be approximately 42% of the total cost. The rest reflects the indirect cost of earnings foregone as a result of premature morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To determine accurately the total economic burden of CVD on the South African economy, additional data will have to be collected. The estimated economic burden of CVD in South Africa clearly highlights the need for a broad-based population strategy, part of an overall national effort to prevent, diagnose and cost-effectively treat CVD.
authors.affiliation: School of Economics, University of Cape Town.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pestana
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Steyn
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leiman
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Hartzenberg
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000191:economics* / Q000208:ethnology; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D044469:Racial Groups; D013019:South Africa