title: Fluorescence measurement of 805 nm laser-induced release of 5,6-CF from DSPC liposomes for real-time monitoring of temperature: an in vivo study in rat liver using indocyanine green potentiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This in vivo study examines the validity of using fluorescence measurements of laser-induced release of temperature-sensitive, liposome-encapsulated dye for real-time monitoring of temperature and for prediction of tissue thermal damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  An in vivo study is performed in rat liver after i.v. injection of liposomes loaded with a fluorescent dye and i.v. injection of indocyanine green (ICG) for diode laser potentiation. Temperature-sensitive liposomes (DSPC: Di-Stearoyl-Phosphatidyl-Choline) are loaded with 5,6-carboxyfluorescein (5,6-CF). These liposomes (1.5 ml solution) and ICG (1.5 ml solution-5mg/kg) are injected in adult male wistar rats. Two hours later, the liver is exposed and irradiated with a 0.8 W diode laser using pulses lasting from 1-6s (fluence ranging from 16-98 J/cm2). Simultaneously, the fluorescence emission is analysed with an ultrahigh sensitivity intensified camera.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The fluorescence intensity I(F) increases linearly from 18 J/cm2 up to 75 J/cm2. These fluences correspond to surface temperatures between 42 degrees C and 65 degrees C. The measurements appear to be highly reproducible. In this temperature range, the accuracy is +/- 3 degrees C. The maximum intensity is observed immediately after the laser is switched off. A decrease of the fluorescence intensity (27% in 20 minutes) is observed due to the 5,6-CF clearance. However, the ratio I(F)/I(BCK) (I(BCK): background fluorescence intensity) remains almost stable over this period of time and the determination of the temperature is still possible with good accuracy even 20 minutes after laser irradiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Real-time temperature monitoring by using fluorescence measurement of laser-induced release of liposome-encapsulated dye is clearly demonstrated. This procedure could conceivably prove useful for controlling the thermal coagulation of biological tissues.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U. 279, I.T.M., Pavillon Vancostenobel, Lille, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mordon
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Desmettre
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Devoisselle
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soulie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D005452:Fluoresceins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D007834:Lasers / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008081:Liposomes; D008099:Liver / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D005452:Fluoresceins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D008081:Liposomes; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; C024098:6-carboxyfluorescein; C010942:1,2-distearoyllecithin; D007208:Indocyanine Green