title: Claw retraction and protraction in the Carnivora: skeletal microvariation in the phalanges of the Felidae.
abstract: All carnivorans retract and protract their claws. In felids and some viverrids the claws of digits II through V of both the manus and pes have a larger arc of rotation than those of other carnivorans; the claws retract to the lateral side of the middle phalanx rather than onto its dorsal surface as in most other carnivorans. This condition should be termed hyper-retraction. Morphological features of the middle and distal (ungual) phalanges that have been purported to be necessary for hyper-retraction in felids vary considerably among digits within the manus and pes. These features include the lateral projection of the distal head and the asymmetry of the shaft of the middle phalanx, and the oblique orientation of the articular surface on the distal phalanx. None of these features is necessary in every instance for hyper-retraction, and some of the variation in these features is associated instead with protraction. Differences among digits in the orientation of the articular surface on the distal phalanx are associated with differences in the degree to which the claws must move laterally to rotate from the protracted to the retracted position. Differences in the orientation of the distal head on the middle phalanx are associated with the spreading of the claws during protraction. The manual claws are hook-shaped, whereas the pedal claws are more blade-like; this morphological difference is associated with differences in function between the manus and pes. In the manus the medial claws have a larger radius of curvature and a smaller angle of arc as compared to the more lateral claws; in the pes, the claws on digits III and IV have larger radii of curvature and smaller angles of arc. Digit I of the manus lacks the hyper-retraction mechanism; nonetheless, this digit shares many of the attributes that are associated with this mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: H N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Bryant
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Laroiya
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Powell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002335:Carnivora / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D002415:Cats; D004285:Dogs; D006724:Hoof and Claw / Q000502:physiology*; D014034:Toes / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology