title: Paracetamol self-poisoning. Characteristics, prevention and harm reduction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Paracetamol is now the most common drug used for self-poisoning in the UK and is associated with potentially fatal liver damage. Patients admitted to hospital because of paracetamol overdoses were studied in order to determine their characteristics and factors which might have deterred them from taking paracetamol or reduced the dangers of the overdose.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty patients were studied in hospital using a structured interview schedule, measures of depression and suicidal intent, information collected through the Oxford Monitoring System for Attempted Suicide, and the results of liver function tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acute liver dysfunction (25 patients) was associated with consumption of more than 25 tablets (odds ration 4.46, 95% CI 1.31 to 17.41, P = 0.014). The proportionate use of tablets from blister packs (60%) and loose preparations (46%; 5 patients using both types) reflected their general availability. More of those who took tablets from a loose preparation consumed 25 or more tablets (69%) than those who used a blister-pack preparation (40%; odds ratio = 3.0, 95% CI 1.12 to 9.95, P = 0.028). Only 20 patients thought that any type of warning label would have deterred them from taking a paracetamol overdose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Establishing a maximum number of tablets (e.g. 25) that can be available in individual preparations is likely to reduce the dangers of paracetamol self-poisoning. The potential effects of other measures are uncertain.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hawton
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ware
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mistry
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kingsbury
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Weitzel
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000506:poisoning*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D004349:Drug Packaging; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005476:Fluphenazine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010552:Personality Assessment; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012008:Recurrence; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D000082:Acetaminophen; C011825:fluphenazine depot; D005476:Fluphenazine