title: Gut is not a source of cytokines in a porcine model of endotoxicosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We sought to determine whether ischemic gut is a source of endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in a porcine model of endotoxicosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Under general anesthesia pigs underwent neck dissection and laparotomy for placement of catheters in the carotid artery and portal vein and application of an ultrasonic flow probe around the portal vein. Endotoxin, TNF, and IL-6 levels were measured from the carotid artery and the portal vein during a 4 hour period in animals given endotoxin (50 mg/kg; n = 6) and in animals in the control group (n = 6). Gut fluxes of the substances of interest were calculated as the product of concentration and portal venous flow. A tonometer placed in the terminal ileum was used to monitor mucosal pH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Small bowel mucosal pH was significantly depressed in endotoxemic animals (6.8 +/- 0.1) when compared with baseline (7.1 +/- 0.1; p < 0.05) and control levels. In the control group portal venous levels of endotoxin, TNF, and IL-6 did not change significantly from baseline levels (1.5 +/- 0.4 endotoxin units (EU)/ml, 24 +/- 3 pU/ml, and 1.3 +/- 0.4 nU/ml, respectively). In the endotoxemic animals portal venous endotoxin and TNF levels peaked immediately after the endotoxin infusion (2186 +/- 437 EU/ml, and 293 +/- 125 pU/ml, respectively), and portal venous IL-6 levels peaked at 180 minutes (168 +/- 21 nU/ml). At no time did endotoxin, TNF, or IL-6 levels differ between arterial and portal venous blood, and at no time did efflux from the gut significantly exceed gut influx in either the control or endotoxemic animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ischemic gut as indicated by decreased mucosal pH is not associated with gut release of endotoxin, IL-6, or TNF in this porcine model of endotoxicosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: O F
authors.initials: OF
authors.lastname: Bathe
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rudston-Brown
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Phang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000209:etiology; D013552:Swine; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002245:Carbon Dioxide