title: Freeze-drying: in situ observations using cryoenvironmental scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry.
abstract: The quality of a freeze-dried product and the ease with which it can be reconstituted depend upon the morphology which develops during freezing and upon solvent sublimation. In this paper, the use of an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) with a cryostage attachment is reported as a means of studying such structural evolution during the sublimation process. Results indicate that cryo-ESEM can provide a useful addition to techniques already used for the development of freeze-drying cycles, such as differential scanning calorimetry and light microscopy.
authors.affiliation: Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Physics Department, U.K.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meredith
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Donald
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Payne
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry; D019342:Acetic Acid; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D005612:Freeze Drying / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019344:Lactic Acid; D008353:Mannitol / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D012996:Solutions
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D011108:Polymers; D012996:Solutions; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; D008353:Mannitol; D019342:Acetic Acid