title: When and how does schizophrenia produce social deficits?
abstract: The present study is an empirical contribution to the controversy over whether the poor social performance and lower social class of schizophrenic patients are consequences of the illness, consequences of changes in the individuals predisposed to develop schizophrenia or are due to the adverse social conditions that lead to schizophrenia. The study focuses on the socioeconomic status at onset, on the performance of social roles in the early course of schizophrenia by taking age, gender and the individual level of social development into account. In a representative sample of 232 first episodes of schizophrenia age and type of onset.type and accumulation of symptoms and social functioning in the prodromal and the psychotic prephase and at first admission were assessed and analysed for their predictive power concerning social disability 2 years after first admission. In a case-control study expected and observed social functioning from onset until first admission were compared. The subsequent course was followed up prospectively in five cross sections until 2 years after first admission. In women the age at onset was significantly higher than in men, whereas symptomatology and type of onset showed no gender differences. In 73% of the sample the prodromal phase covered 5 years on average, and the psychotic prephase (until the maximum of positive symptoms) 1.1 years. Deficits in social functioning occurred predominantly during the prodromal and the psychotic prephase. The course over 14 years showed stable group trends in social and symptom measures. By the end of the prodromal phase it was possible to predict social disability 2 years after first admission with a correct classification of 81%. The main factor determining social outcome appeared to be the acquired social status during the prodromal phase of the disorder. The unfavourable early course in men was due mainly to their significantly lower age at onset. These results raise questions concerning an earlier therapeutic and rehabilitative intervention.
authors.affiliation: Schizophrenia Research Unit, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Häfner
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nowotny
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Löffler
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: an der Heiden
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maurer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D018450:Disease Progression; D004493:Education; D004651:Employment; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009790:Occupations; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012920:Social Behavior Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D012924:Social Conditions