title: Complications of long arm-catheters: a randomized trial of central vs peripheral tip location.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This two-part study initially evaluated complications associated with catheters inserted via upper extremity veins. The second prospective phase compared thrombotic risk of peripheral catheter tips vs a central vein terminus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients from public institutions with infectious diseases were observed throughout their inpatient and outpatient use of IV catheters. Seventy-two and 39 patients enrolled in phase 1 and phase 2, respectively. Phase 1 consisted of prospective observations and analysis of complications and associated risk factors. Phase 2 randomized patients to a catheter tip location in the superior vena cava or the axillosubclavian-innominate vein and compared the incidence of thrombosis, phlebitis, and infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In phase 1, there was an increased risk of thrombosis with peripheral tip localization (61% vs 16%, p < .05). Phase 2 confirmed increased thrombosis with tips in the axillosubclavian-innominate vein compared with the superior vena cava (60% vs 21%, p < .05) with an improved survival for central tip catheters (p < .02). Catheters associated with thrombosis were more likely to become infected (r = 0.48, p < .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experience supports use of the long arm catheter as an effective device for parenteral therapy. A novel method for placing these catheters makes most patients candidates for this approach. Placing a long arm-catheter's tip in the central venous circulation reduces the risk of thrombosis. A high incidence of tip misdirection indicates a need for radiographic confirmation before use.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Nutrition, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California 95128, USA.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kearns
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Wehner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001367:Axillary Vein; D016121:Brachiocephalic Veins; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition; D010689:Phlebitis / Q000209:etiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013350:Subclavian Vein; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior