title: Evolution of floral scent in Clarkia: novel patterns of S-linalool synthase gene expression in the C. breweri flower.
abstract: Flowers of Clarkia breweri, an annual plant from the coastal range of California, emit a strong sweet scent of which S-linalool, an acyclic monoterpene, is a major component. Chromosomal, chemical, and morphological data, and the species' geographic distribution, suggest that C. breweri evolved from an extant nonscented species, C. concinna. A cDNA of Lis, the gene encoding S-linalool synthase, was isolated from C. breweri. We show that in C. breweri, Lis is highly expressed in cells of the transmitting tract of the stigma and style and in the epidermal cells of petals, as well as in stamens, whereas in the nonscented C. concinna, Lis is expressed only in the stigma and at a relatively low level. In both species, changes in protein levels parallel changes in mRNA levels, and changes in enzyme activity levels parallel changes in protein levels. The results indicate that in C. breweri, the expression of Lis has been upregulated and its range enlarged to include cells not expressing this gene in C. concinna. These results show how scent can evolve in a relatively simple way without the evolution of highly specialized "scent glands" and other specialized structures. Lis encodes a protein that is structurally related to the family of proteins termed terpene synthases. The protein encoded by Lis is the first member of this family found to catalyze the formation of an acyclic monoterpene.
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dudareva
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cseke
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Blanc
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pichersky
mesh_terms: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D002140:California; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D006836:Hydro-Lyases / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D039821:Monoterpenes; D009812:Odorants; D010944:Plants / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013045:Species Specificity; D013729:Terpenes; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D039821:Monoterpenes; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013729:Terpenes; C018584:linalool; D006836:Hydro-Lyases; C092055:S-linalool synthase