title: Early adolescents' substance use and life stress: concurrent and prospective relationships.
abstract: Life stress during early adolescence has been linked to substance use. Few studies have investigated whether the amount of control the child has over stress moderates this relationship even though the role of personal control is of increasing theoretical importance. Relationships between controllable and uncontrollable life stress and substance use were investigated in 303 urban, African-American fourth and fifth graders (152 males, 151 females). Controllable life stress contributed to six regression equations predicting children's substance use both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, even when selected demographic and personal variables were controlled. Evidence supporting a similar role for uncontrollable life stress was not found.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: D'Elio
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Iannotti
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Galper
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002755:Choice Behavior; D004219:District of Columbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data