title: Macrophage growth factors introduced into the kidney initiate renal injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  CSF-1 expression precedes renal injury in autoimmune MRL-lpr mice and is responsible for macrophage (M phi) proliferation and survival in the kidney. By comparison, C3H-lpr mice do not express CSF-1 in the kidney, and despite the lpr mutation, kidneys remain normal. The purpose of this study was to test the capacity of local and systemic expression of M phi growth factor, CSF-1 to initiate renal injury in normal (C3H-(++), MRL-(++) and autoimmune (C3H-lpr, MRL-lpr) mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  We designed a gene transfer system to deliver cytokines into the kidney by transducing renal tubular epithelial cells (TEC) using retroviral vectors expressing CSF-1 or another M phi growth factor, GM-CSF. We placed transduced syngeneic cytokine-TEC under the renal capsule of normal and autoimmune prone mice prior to renal injury and evaluated renal pathology at 3, 7, 14, 28, and 90 days postimplant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CSF-1-TEC and GM-CSF-TEC, but not uninfected TEC, caused extensive local renal injury in strains with the lpr mutation. At 3-7 days the infiltrating cells were mainly M phi, and by 28 days they were predominantly lymphocytes. By comparison, the kidneys of MRL-(++) and C3H-(++) mice remained normal. Implanted genetically modified TEC caused a sustained increase of CSF-1 or GM-CSF in the circulation which did not modify the contralateral kidney.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gene transfer of M phi growth factors into the kidney initiates severe local renal injury in autoimmune prone mice with the lpr mutation, but does not compromise the kidney in nonautoimmune hosts. Of note, introduction of M phi growth factors into the kidney of C3H-lpr mice which do not spontaneously develop renal injury incites renal damage. These studies offer a gene transfer approach to explore the impact of local and systemic cytokine production on renal injury.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Transplantation, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Naito
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dranoff
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Mulligan
authors.forename: V R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Kelley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases; D017690:Cell Transplantation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004848:Epithelium / Q000502:physiology; D015870:Gene Expression; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology*; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012190:Retroviridae; D014162:Transfection / Q000379:methods; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D001616:beta-Galactosidase