title: Continuous non-invasive monitoring of energy expenditure, oxygen consumption and alveolar ventilation during controlled ventilation: validation in an oxygen consuming lung model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have developed a combined indirect calorimetric and breath-by-breath capnographic device (GEM) for respiratory monitoring: oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide excretion (VCO2), respiratory quotient (RQ), energy expenditure (EE), alveolar ventilation (VA) and dead space/total ventilation (VD/VT).
  
  
  METHODS
  The device was tested in a lung model in which VO2 was achieved by combustion of hydrogen. VCO2 was achieved by delivering CO2 into the single alveolus combustion chamber. VO2, VCO2, compliance, and anatomical dead space could be varied independently.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measured VO2 was 101 +/- 3% (SD) of set value at a F1O2 < 0.6 and 101 +/- 7% at a F1O2 > 0.6 during 15 hours of testing. The corresponding VCO2 values were 99 +/- 2% and 102 +/- 7%. The GEM could with good accuracy measure accumulated energy expenditure (EE) during simulated unstable patient conditions up to a F1O2 of 0.8. At F1O2 above 0.8 VCO2 and VO2 could be estimated using a default RQ value of 0.85. On-line estimated VA and VD/VT values could be obtained at any F1O2 up to 1.0. In a test sequence with stable VO2 and VCO2 the GEM adequately followed changes in VA, induced by changes in anatomical dead space, breathing frequency and compliance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall performance of the device is satisfactory and well comparable with any equipment tested. It allows near-continuous non-invasive monitoring of EE, VO2, VCO2, VA, VD/VT in ventilated, critically ill patients, providing a rationale for ventilator settings and nutritional support.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg University, Sweden.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Holk
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Einarsson
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bengtson
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Stenqvist
mesh_terms: D019296:Capnography; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000502:physiology; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000502:physiology; D008961:Models, Structural; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D012119:Respiration; D012121:Respiration, Artificial
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide