title: Ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma: treatment strategy and prognostic factor analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prognosis of ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is generally poor, but few studies have focused on the analysis of prognostic factors of this catastrophic event.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-four consecutive patients with ruptured HCC were included. Twenty-nine clinical and laboratory variables were correlated to prognosis by using uni- and multivariate analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Epigastralgia and/or right upper quadrant abdominal pain was the most common initial presentation (70%), followed by shock (42%), abdominal distension (27%) and others (17%). Of these 84 patients, 50 patients were treated by supportive measure, 21 by operation and 13 by transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE). The median survival was 13, 30 and 202 days in each group, respectively, and 24 days overall. TAE showed the lowest hemostatic failure rate (20%). Univariate analysis showed that active treatment (operation or TAE), group I tumor with a solitary nodule or single nodule with proliferation into surrounding area, serum creatinine (< or = 1.2 mg/ml), alkaline phosphatase (< or = 95 U/L), alanine aminotransferase (ALT, < or = 40 U/L), total bilirubin (< or = 1.6 mg/ml), initial systolic blood pressure (> or = 90 mmHg), and absence of main portal vein thrombosis were correlated with a survival longer than 90 days (p < 0.05) in univariate analysis. Active treatment, ALT level and initial systolic blood pressure were still significant in multivariate analysis (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TAE may help stop the tumor bleeding. Treatment regimen, ALT levels and initial blood pressure are correlated with the prognosis of ruptured HCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Veterans General Hospital-Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: T Z
authors.initials: TZ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: W Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: G Y
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Chau
authors.forename: W Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Lui
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000628:therapy*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D012422:Rupture, Spontaneous