title: New antifungal proteins from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) showing homology to non-specific lipid transfer proteins.
abstract: Two novel, nearly identical antifungal proteins, IWF1 and IWF2, were isolated from the intercellular washing fluid (IWF) of sugar beet leaves. The proteins were purified to homogeneity and their amino acid sequences were determined. They are basic, monomeric proteins of 91 amino acid residues, 89 of which are identical. Both proteins show strong in vitro antifungal activity against Cercospora beticola, the casual agent of leaf spot disease in sugar beet. Based on primary sequence homology, including the presence of 8 conserved cysteine residues, IWF1 and IWF2 are related to the family of plant non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs). Antibodies were raised against IWF2 after conjugation to diphtheria toxoid. The amino acid sequence data was used to generate a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) clone, employed for the isolation of a cDNA clone encoding a closely related isoform IWFA, which differs from IWF1 by two amino acid substitutions only. The induction and subcellular localization of these proteins were studied by western and northern blotting analyses after treatment with 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA), a compound capable of inducing resistance against C. beticola, and after fungal infection. The following observations were made: (1) the proteins were present in leaves of non-INA-treated and uninfected control plants, (2) they were only slightly induced by INA treatment and during infection with C. beticola, and (3) they were present both intra- and extracellularly. However, their strong antifungal potentials together with immunohistological investigations, the proteins accumulating in contact with the fungus and in autolysing cells, suggested a role of these proteins in plant defence. Finally, immunohistology revealed a remarkable expression pattern of the IWF1 and IWF2 proteins, or serologically related proteins, in sugar beet styles, in that single or a few scattered papillae and a few cells in the lower transmitting tissue strongly and specifically reacted with the antibody.
authors.affiliation: Danisco Biotechnology, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Madrid
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Mikkelsen
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000906:Antibodies; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D052179:Antigens, Plant; D001483:Base Sequence; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D002852:Chromatography, Ion Exchange; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D003545:Cysteine; D017931:DNA Primers; D004168:Diphtheria Toxoid; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D003904:Mitosporic Fungi / Q000187:drug effects; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010935:Plant Diseases; D018515:Plant Leaves; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010945:Plants, Edible / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D052179:Antigens, Plant; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; D004168:Diphtheria Toxoid; C101302:IWF2 protein, Beta vulgaris; C101301:IWFA protein, Beta vulgaris; D010940:Plant Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C511920:lipid transfer proteins, plant; D003545:Cysteine