title: Retroviral vector sequences may interact with some internal promoters and influence expression.
abstract: Although retroviral vectors show promise for gene therapy, their expression in animals has been low. An improved understanding of how promoters function from a retroviral vector should facilitate the design of improved vectors. In this study, liver-specific promoters were cloned into a retroviral vector and expression from the retroviral long terminal repeat (LTR) and the internal promoter was analyzed. In addition, oligomerized liver-specific transcription factor binding sites were placed upstream of each promoter in an attempt to increase expression further. Additional oligomerized binding sites only increased expression slightly or inhibited expression in hepatoma cells, suggesting that this is not an effective way to increase expression from a retroviral vector. Unexpectedly, the liver-specific albumin promoter was expressed at high levels from a retroviral vector in fibroblasts, suggesting that retroviral elements functioned as an enhancer. Furthermore, the addition of HNF-4 binding sites adjacent to the albumin promoter inhibited both the LTR and albumin promoter in fibroblasts, an effect that was probably mediated by inhibitory proteins present in nonhepatic cells that can bind to HNF-4 sites. These results suggest that both positive and negative influences can be transmitted between the LTR and the albumin promoter. In contrast, the liver-specific human alpha 1-antitrypsin promoter did not appear to interact with the LTR by either of these criteria. Retroviral vectors have sequences that may inhibit expression of the LTR and some internal promoters in vivo. We hypothesize that internal promoters that do not interact with the LTR in tissue culture will be resistant to inhibitory effects of retroviral sequences in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holschen
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Ponder
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D005347:Fibroblasts; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000502:physiology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D008979:Moloney murine leukemia virus / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D012319:RNA Polymerase II / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin; D012319:RNA Polymerase II