title: Paralytic shellfish poisoning in southern China.
abstract: The rapidly expanding mariculture and commercial region along the southern coast of China has experienced sporadic outbreaks of paralytic shellfish poisoning for nearly 30 years, yet virtually nothing is known of the nature of that toxicity or of the causative organisms. This study presents the first direct comparisons of the high performance liquid chromatography toxin composition profiles of shellfish implicated in paralytic shellfish poisoning outbreaks in Daya Bay with Alexandrium tamarense cultures established from those waters. The three cultures that were analyzed produced an unusually high proportion of the low potency N-sulfocarbamoyl toxins C1 and C2 (nearly 90% of the total), and only trace quantities of the other saxitoxin derivatives. Total toxicity was thus very low with mild acid extraction, ranging between 7.2 and 12.7 fmole cell-1, or 0.7-0.9 pg saxitoxin equiv. cell-1. Following acid hydrolysis using the standard AOAC extraction method, the dominant toxins in the cultures were gonyautoxins 2 and 3 and decarbamoyl gonyautoxins 2 and 3. Total potency increased fourfold to 2.6-3.4 pg saxitoxin equiv. cell-1 following acid hydrolysis. These cultures are thus at the low end of the range of toxicities recorded for members of the A. tamarense species complex. Two scallop samples and one mussel sample collected from Daya Bay during paralytic shellfish poisoning episodes in 1990 and 1991 were also analyzed following the AOAC extraction procedure. The toxin profiles were similar for the three shellfish samples, in that the same suite of toxins were present in each, but the relative proportion of those toxins varied. The dominant toxins were gonyautoxins 2 and 3 and toxins C1-C4. Total toxicity was 336 and 654 micrograms saxitoxin per 100 g meat for the scallop samples, and 723 for the mussels. Toxins C3,4 were present in the shellfish at up to 22 mole%, but were not detected in cultures, even when mild acid was used for extraction. Despite the otherwise similar nature of the culture versus the shellfish toxin signatures, the presence of C3,4 indicates that another strain or species of Alexandrium, or possibly a paralytic shellfish poisoning-producing species of another genus was responsible for the 1990 and 1991 paralytic shellfish poisoning outbreaks in Daya Bay. Since the cultures analyzed were of low intrinsic toxicity, A. tamarense may be more widespread along the south coast of China than is suggested by the sporadic pattern of past paralytic shellfish poisoning outbreaks. Blooms with high cell density are required to generate sufficient toxin to be dangerous. The alarming increase in algal blooms in Chinese waters due to persistent and growing pollution may make these low toxicity populations more problematic in the future.
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA 02543-1049, USA.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Kulis
authors.forename: Y Z
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Y T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002681:China; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003445:Crustacea / Q000378:metabolism*; D003470:Culture Media; D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000378:metabolism; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000378:metabolism*; D005506:Food Contamination; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D012530:Saxitoxin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000506:poisoning / Q000633:toxicity*; D013045:Species Specificity; D014873:Water Pollutants
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D008387:Marine Toxins; D014873:Water Pollutants; D012530:Saxitoxin; C013007:gonyautoxins