title: Assessment of the risk of introducing foot-and-mouth disease into Panama via a ferry operating between Cartagena, Colombia and Colon, Panama.
abstract: It should be emphasized that the proposed ferry hazard categorizations do not represent absolute risks for introducing FMD into Panama, but instead provide a systematic method for comparing and estimating risks in the absence of quantitative data. A hazard rating of high may not necessarily represent a high quantitative risk for the introduction of FMD, but is high when compared to other scenarios. A low hazard rating may estimate a low quantitative risk of importing FMD, but economic consequences of a potential outbreak should also be considered. When further data become available, a more complete assessment of the risks of the Crucero Express compared to airplanes, cargo boats, and small boats can be performed. At present, the risk of the Crucero Express is at least as low as the other transport modes described above. Since vehicles are not presently allowed transport from Colombia to Panama, they present no risk to Panama, but with proper cleaning and disinfection procedures, vehicles can be permitted with low risk. However, the Crucero Express can carry 125 vehicles, and thorough cleaning and disinfection of this many cars will require modern and efficient facilities not yet present at either port.
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Riverdale, Maryland 20737-1233, USA.
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Crom
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005536:Foot-and-Mouth Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D010176:Panama / Q000453:epidemiology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012767:Ships; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014195:Travel