title: Phase I and pharmacologic study of 7- and 21-day continuous etoposide infusion in patients with advanced cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This phase I study was undertaken to evaluate the safety and tolerability of prolonged infusional etoposide, and to evaluate its pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile in patients with advanced cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 17 patients received a 7-day infusion of etoposide (schedule A) every 21 days at doses from 30 to 75 mg/m2 per day, and a second group of 37 patients a 21-day infusion (schedule B) every 28 days at doses from 18 to 40 mg/m2 per day. Patients had a median Karnofsky performance status (PS) of 80%, and 34 patients had no prior chemotherapy. Etoposide concentrations at steady state (Css) and other pharmacokinetic parameters (plasma clearance, CLp; area under the curve, AUC) were determined during the first treatment cycle. Correlation coefficients were calculated to measure the relationship between variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Myelosuppression was the major toxicity, and was associated with three deaths. The maximum tolerated dose due to neutropenia was 75 mg/m2 per day for schedule A and 40 mg/m2 per day for schedule B. There was significant interpatient pharmacokinetic variability in both infusional schedules. Even though etoposide dose levels did not significantly correlate with plasma levels, the Css was > or = 1 microgram/ml in the majority of the patients. A significant correlation between AUC and neutrophil absolute decrease was noted only in schedule B (r = 0.56, P = 0.003). There were several marginal relationships in schedule B: PS versus Css (r = 0.31, P = 0.058), PS versus AUC (r = -0.38; P = 0.058) and age versus CLp (r = -0.31, P = 0.057).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, significant correlations were found for several hematologic variables and etoposide dose levels, but not with the Css values. One major problem with the application of pharmacodynamic models to predict hematologic toxicity in clinical practice is the presence of significant interpatient variability.
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294-3300, USA.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Molthrop
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Wheeler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000505:Alopecia / Q000139:chemically induced; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000378:metabolism; D005047:Etoposide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D006402:Hematologic Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D007260:Infusion Pumps; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013280:Stomatitis / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D005047:Etoposide; D003404:Creatinine