title: Ultrasonographic evaluation of the anterior recess in the normal hip: a prospective study on 166 asymptomatic children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To redefine the ultrasonographic features of the normal hip joint in children and to establish a normal value for the neck-capsule distance (NCD) of its anterior recess.
  
  
  METHODS
  332 hips of 166 asymptomatic children were examined sonographically. In a sagittal section plane the maximum distance between the anterior surface of the femoral neck and the anterior limit of the articular capsule (NCD-A) was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hypoechoic synovial membrane occupying the anterior recess could always be differentiated from the capsule. An additional thin layer of synovial fluid was detected in 12% of probands. The configuration of the capsule varied with different rotation positions of the legs. In small children the mean NCD-A increased from 2.5 mm at 65 cm height to 5 mm at 100 cm height. In larger children the mean NCD-A was 5.5 mm. The mean right-to-left difference was 0.5 mm with a pathological limit of 2 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pathological limit of the NCD-A increases from 3.5 to 7.5 mm in relation to the height. Sonographic investigation of the pediatric hip joint must include detailed demonstration of anatomical structures to avoid misinterpretations.
authors.affiliation: Universität Heidelberg, Pädiatrische Radiologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 153, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Rohrschneider
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tröger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D014463:Ultrasonography