title: A mixture toxicity study employing combinations of tributyltin chloride, dibutyltin dichloride, and tin chloride using the marine bacterium Vibrio harveyi as the test organism.
abstract: Mixture toxicity studies in dual combinations for three metals, tributyltin chloride, dibutyltin dichloride, and tin chloride, and one experiment using all chemicals were performed using the bioluminescent marine bacterium Vibrio harveyi as the test organism in a direct toxicity test procedure. Combination toxicity was evaluated using an additive index equation method and two isopleth procedures, isobole plot and isobologram. Additive index values were determined at both estimated effective median concentration (EC50) and one-third EC50 values for each dual combination and all three chemicals for one-third EC50 values. Isopleths employed chemical combinations at 20% intervals of the EC50 concentrations. Additive index values for various mixtures were either additive or antagonistic (less than additive). Isobolograms for all mixtures were descriptively additive or synergistic (greater than additive). Isobole plots were also descriptively additive or synergistic, although a few measurements were statistically different for synergism. Statistical evaluation between mixtures and single values, using the z test, were in some cases different at the 5% level. Bioluminescent counts were determined to be normally distributed using a statistical test for small sample numbers at the 1% level. Evaluation for outliers, using the Dixon test, was also performed and found one mixture to have an outlier. This single outlier had no influence on the combined toxicity results. The use of low-cost and rapid bioluminescent microbial toxicity tests for mixture studies is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science, Pennsylvania 19104.
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Thomulka
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lange
mesh_terms: D004347:Drug Interactions; D004357:Drug Synergism; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D009947:Organotin Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D017971:Tin Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D014733:Vibrio / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D009947:Organotin Compounds; D013723:Teratogens; D017971:Tin Compounds; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds; C023599:stannous chloride; C011559:tributyltin; C020735:dibutyldichlorotin