title: Lifetime cost of stroke in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stroke imposes a substantial economic burden on individuals and society. This study estimates the lifetime direct and indirect costs associated with the three major types of stroke: subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and ischemic stroke (ISC).
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a model of the lifetime cost of incident strokes occurring in 1990. An epidemiological model of stroke incidence, survival, and recurrence was developed based on a review of the literature. Data on direct cost of treating stroke were obtained from Medicare claims data, the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey (NMES), and insurance claims data representing a group of large, self-insured employers. Indirect costs (the value of foregone market and nonmarket production) associated with premature morbidity and mortality were estimated based on data from the US Bureau of Economic Analysis and the 1987 NMES.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lifetime cost per person of first strokes occurring in 1990 is estimated to be $228,030 for SAH, $123,565 for ICH, $90,981 for ISC, and $103,576 averaged across all stroke sub-types. Indirect costs accounted for 58.0% of lifetime costs. Aggregate lifetime cost associated with an estimated 392,344 first strokes in 1990 was $40.6 billion: $5.6 billion for SAH, $6.0 billion for ICH, and $29.0 billion for ISC. Acute-care costs incurred in the 2 years following a first stroke accounted for 45.0%, long-term ambulatory care accounted for 35.0%, and nursing home costs accounted for 17.5% of aggregate lifetime costs of stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lifetime cost of stroke varies considerably by type of stroke and entails considerable costs beyond the first 2 years after a stroke.
authors.affiliation: Program in Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA. ttaylor@blue.weeg.uiowa.edu.
authors.forename: T N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Torner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Jacobson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology