title: Motivational deficits after brain injury: effects of bromocriptine in 11 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that treatment with bromocriptine would ameliorate deficits in clinical motivation, responsiveness to reward, and frontal cognitive function after brain injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  An open trial in six men and five women who had had either traumatic brain injury or subarachnoid haemorrhage between two months and five years previously. After repeated baseline assessments, bromocriptine was given in gradually increasing doses. Assessments were repeated at increasing doses, during maintenance, and after withdrawal. Novel structured instruments for quantifying motivation were developed; measures of anxiety and depression, and cognitive tests sensitive to motivation or frontal lobe involvement were also given.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bromocriptine treatment was followed by improved scores on all measures other than mood. Improvement was maintained after bromocriptine withdrawal in eight of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Poor motivation in patients with brain injury may result from dysfunction in the mesolimbic/mesocortical dopaminergic circuitry, giving rise to associated deficiencies in reward responsiveness and frontal cognitive function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths College, New Cross, London SE14 6NW, UK.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: al-Adawi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Greenwood
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D001971:Bromocriptine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D001971:Bromocriptine