title: Nitrate tolerance impairs nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nitroglycerin (NTG) is metabolized to nitric oxide (NO) in vascular smooth muscle cells. It is currently not clear whether prolonged exposure to NTG and tolerance development directly affects endogenous NO-mediated vasodilation in vivo. This study investigates NO-mediated vasodilation in conscious chronically catheterized rats before and after development of nitrate tolerance. The effect of the thiol compound N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which may affect NTG responsiveness, was also studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nitrate tolerance was induced by a 72-h intravenous infusion of NTG and confirmed by a 65-68% reduction in the hypotensive response to NTG (P < 0.05). The hypotensive effects of acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside, (SNP) and possible NAC-mediated changes in the responses to these compounds were examined in nontolerant and nitrate-tolerant rats. Furthermore, the hypertensive response to the NO synthase inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nitrate tolerance was associated with a significantly attenuated hypotensive response to ACh (before 24 +/- 1 mmHg; after 17 +/- 2 mmHg, n = 7, P < 0.05). Similarly, the response to SNP was reduced from 32 +/- 1 mmHg to 26 +/- 3 mmHg (n = 7, P < 0.05). NTG-vehicle (placebo) did not affect the response to ACh and SNP (P > 0.05). NAC augmented the effect of NTG, ACh and SNP in both nontolerant and nitrate-tolerant animals (P < 0.05). The hypertensive response to L-NAME (n = 8), was reduced by 67% (from 34 +/- 6 mmHg to 11 +/- 1 mmHg, P < 0.05) after induction of nitrate tolerance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest (1) that nitrate tolerance in vivo is associated with cross tolerance to NO-mediated vasodilation produced by both exogenous and endogenous nitrovasodilators and (2) that also responses to nitrovasodilator agents other than NTG are improved by the addition of NAC.
authors.affiliation: Medical Department B, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Laursen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boesgaard
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Poulsen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aldershvile
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D005260:Female; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000494:pharmacology; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D009599:Nitroprusside; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D005996:Nitroglycerin; D000109:Acetylcholine; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; D000111:Acetylcysteine