title: Evaluation of human skin irritation by carboxylic acids, alcohols, esters and aldehydes, with nitrocellulose-replica method and closed patch testing.
abstract: Closed patch testing and the nitrocellulose-replica method are performed as useful clinical methods for the evaluation of human skin irritation by cosmetics and topical medicaments. Comparison of the sensitivity between microscopic scoring by nitrocellulose-replica method and visual scoring by closed patch test in the detection of skin irritation, however, has not been well studied with statistical analysis. Here, we evaluated human skin irritation by carboxylic acids, alcohols, esters and aldehydes, with different chain length (C8-C18), using both methods. The results of closed patch testing showed that, although the score of skin irritation for carboxylic acids (C8, C12), alcohols (C8) and aldehydes (C8), tested at a concentration of 0.5 m-2.0 m, significantly increased with increasing concentration of the test compounds, ester compounds scarcely caused any irritation on the surface of the skin occluded. In addition, an increase of carbon chain length in the test compounds made it impossible to detect skin irritation. In contrast, the nitrocellulose-replica method could evaluate skin reactions against very weak irritants that gave no macroscopic alterations on the skin surface in the closed patch test. However, the scoring system is somewhat subjective and should be improved to make the analysis more objective.
authors.affiliation: Second Research Group of Japanese Society for Cutaneous Health, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Obata
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohkoshi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okumura
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ozawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Katsumura
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tatsumi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Honoki
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hiramatsu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hiroyama
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kozuka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000438:Alcohols / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003101:Collodion; D017453:Dermatitis, Irritant / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D004952:Esters / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D010328:Patch Tests; D016628:Replica Techniques; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D000438:Alcohols; D000447:Aldehydes; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D004952:Esters; D003101:Collodion