title: IV chenodeoxycholate prevents calcium bilirubinate gallstones during total parenteral nutrition in the prairie dog.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether IV chenodeoxycholate (CDC) could prevent total parenteral nutrition (TPN)-associated pigmented gallstones in the prairie dog.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve prairie dogs were divided into two equal groups, each receiving an identical TPN regimen. Each animal received 92 kcal/d with 61% of the calories from carbohydrate. The total volume of infusate delivered to each animal was 59 mL/d. Animals in one group, termed the TPN + CDC group, received a daily bolus injection of CDC at a dose of 15 mg/kg. Prairie dogs in the second group, termed the TPN group, received water (vehicle carrier) 1 mL/kg/d. The TPN and TPN + CDC groups received TPN for 40.3 +/- 1.3 and 42.5 +/- 0.6 days, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no statistical difference in the initial and final weights between the two groups. None of the TPN + CDC-treated animals had gallstones or calcium bilirubinate crystals. In contrast, all of the TPN-treated animals had calcium bilirubinate crystals (p = .002), and five of six had macroscopic black pigmented gallstones (p = .015). Cholesterol crystals were not observed in either group of animals. The amount of biliary bilirubin and ionized calcium was significantly greater in the TPN group (both p < .001); however, both groups had a similar total biliary calcium concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IV CDC is effective in preventing TPN-associated gallstones in the prairie dog.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Broughton
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Fitzgibbons
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Geiss
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Adrian
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Anthone
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001646:Bile / Q000737:chemistry; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000032:analysis; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000032:analysis; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000379:methods; D002635:Chenodeoxycholic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002756:Cholagogues and Choleretics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002764:Cholecystitis / Q000473:pathology; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D007260:Infusion Pumps; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total; D011897:Random Allocation; D016748:Venous Cutdown / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D002756:Cholagogues and Choleretics; D002635:Chenodeoxycholic Acid; D001663:Bilirubin; D002118:Calcium