title: Prenatal diagnosis of Kell blood group genotypes: KEL1 and KEL2.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to devise diagnostic test(s) that determine fetal KEL1 and KEL2 genotypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  KEL1 and KEL2 polymorphisms are due to a single C to T base substitution at nucleotide 698 of exon 6 of KEL. This allowed us to develop two polymerase chain reaction tests that distinguish KEL1/1 and KEL2/2 homozygotes and KEL1/2 heterozygotes. The first test uses a Bsm I restriction fragment length polymorphism in a genomic deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase chain reaction product containing the single base polymorphism, and the second test uses allele-specific primers to distinguish KEL1 and KEL2 genotypes. These tests were applied in a blind study to 15 amniotic fluid deoxyribonucleic acid samples. The corresponding KEL1 and KEL2 fetal red blood cell phenotypes were determined serologically. The tests were also applied to two families in which the mothers had antibodies to KEL1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all cases results of analysis of Kell genotypes from the amniotic fluid deoxyribonucleic acid samples agreed with the fetal red blood cell Kell phenotypes. The tests were also successfully used to determine fetal Kell genotype by use of peripheral blood deoxyribonucleic acid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two polymerase chain reaction-based tests can be used for prenatal diagnosis of KEL1 and KEL2 genotypes; these procedures should prove useful in the proper management of Kell-sensitized pregnancies.
authors.affiliation: Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Overton
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Warwick
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Redman
mesh_terms: D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D001483:Base Sequence; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000502:physiology; D005312:Fetal Blood; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007626:Kell Blood-Group System / Q000235:genetics*; D015335:Molecular Probes / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis
chemical_list: D007626:Kell Blood-Group System; D015335:Molecular Probes; D004247:DNA