title: Two infant vision screening programmes: prediction and prevention of strabismus and amblyopia from photo- and videorefractive screening.
abstract: Two infant vision screening programmes on total populations in the Cambridge Health District have been designed to identify manifest strabismus and strabismogenic and amblyogenic refractive errors at 7-9 months of age. The first, completed, programme used the isotropic photorefractor with cycloplegia together with a standard orthoptic examination. The second, current, programme uses the VRP-1 isotropic videorefractor to identify infants with accommodative lags which are followed up by refraction under cycloplegia. Both programmes show good agreement between infants identified at screening and retinoscopic refractions at follow-up, showing that photo- and videorefraction (with or without cycloplegia) can be effective methods for screening for ametropia in infants and young children. In each programme 5-6% of infants showed abnormal levels of hyperopia (> or = 3.5 D in any meridian), less than 1% showed anisometropia > or = 1.5 D; very few infants (0.25%) showed -3D myopia or greater. Less than 1% showed manifest strabismus. Hyperopic and anisometropic children entered a randomised controlled trial of partial refractive correction. All children identified at screening, alongside appropriate control groups, are extensively followed up to age 4 years. The first programme has found that children who were hyperopic in infancy were 13 times more likely to become strabismic, and 6 times more likely to show measurable acuity deficits by 4 years, compared with controls. Wearing a partial spectacle correction reduced these risk ratios to 4:1 and 2.5:1 respectively. The impaired acuity can be attributed, in part, to meridional amblyopia resulting from persisting astigmatism. Both hyperopic and myopic infants showed refractive changes in the direction of emmetropia between 9 months and 4 years. Wearing a partial spectacle correction did not affect this process of emmetropisation, but does provide the possibility of reducing the incidence of common pre-school vision problems.
authors.affiliation: Visual Development Unit, London, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Braddick
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Robier
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anker
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ehrlich
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000550:Amblyopia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004739:England; D005139:Eyeglasses; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010781:Photography; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D013285:Strabismus / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014743:Videotape Recording; D015351:Vision Screening / Q000379:methods*