title: Increased urinary NO3(-) + NO2- and neopterin excretion in children breast fed by mothers with silicone breast implants: evidence for macrophage activation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether children breast fed by mothers with silicone implants (BFSI) have increased urinary excretion of nitric oxide (NO) metabolites and neopterin, whether these are associated with esophageal dysmotility, and whether in vitro incubation of macrophages with silicone increases NO synthesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a case-control study based on laboratory investigation, 38 BFSI children (17 male, 21 female, mean age 7.1 +/- 3.6 years, range 0.5-16.5) were compared with 30 controls (14 male, 16 female, mean age 8.4 +/- 3.5 years, range 2.5-17). Urinary NO was quantitated using the Griess reaction. Urinary neopterin was determined by radioimmunoassay. Murine macrophages were cultured with or without silicone and NO production assayed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urinary NO and neopterin were significantly increased in BFSI children compared with controls. There was a significant inverse relationship between urinary neopterin excretion and the severity of esophageal dysfunction. In vitro nitrite production was nearly 60% higher in macrophages grown on silicone compared to other growth conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BFSI children have evidence of macrophage activation and this is associated with esophageal dysmotility. In vitro data support the proposal that silicone exposure causes macrophage activation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Schneider Children's Hospital. Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, NY 11040, USA.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: N T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Ilowite
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Pettei
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Trachtman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001708:Biopterins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000652:urine; D001942:Breast Feeding; D018427:Breast Implants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015154:Esophageal Motility Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D008297:Male; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D019798:Neopterin; D009566:Nitrates / Q000652:urine; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000652:urine*; D009573:Nitrites / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000652:urine; D012828:Silicones / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D012828:Silicones; D001708:Biopterins; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019798:Neopterin; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester