title: Adverse effects of crystalloid cardioplegia and slow cooling for protection of immature rat hearts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies on the benefit of methods for protection of the hypertrophied immature myocardium are rare and controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the effects of (1) rapid cooling by topical hypothermia alone, (2) slow prearrest cooling by coronary perfusion hypothermia, and (3) cardioplegic cardiac arrest with St. Thomas' Hospital solution no. 2 for protection of isolated immature rat hearts (age, 28 days) during 8 hours of global ischemia at 10 degrees C. Myocardial hypertrophy was induced noninvasively by lifelong feeding of a low iron diet. Recovery of left ventricular function, metabolism, and myocardial fine structure were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In hypertrophied hearts, protection by topical hypothermia alone resulted in significantly improved postischemic recoveries of maximum left ventricular pressure and rate of pressure rise compared with the method of slow cooling or application of cardioplegia (40.6% +/- 5.0% and 38.1% +/- 5.9%, mean +/- standard error of the mean; p < 0.05). The same pattern of recovery was observed among nonhypertrophied control hearts. Regardless of the method of protection, hypertrophied hearts revealed a significantly larger interstitial space at the end of reperfusion than control hearts. In hypertrophied hearts, postischemic adenosine triphosphate concentrations were higher with topical hypothermia alone for protection than with the other methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rapid cooling by topical hypothermia alone provides superior protection of hypertrophied immature rat hearts as compared with slow prearrest cooling. Application of St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution no. 2 does not improve protection and even hinders postischemic functional recovery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karck
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Schnabel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kilkowski
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schulte
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haverich
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000009:adverse effects; D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000009:adverse effects; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D000077324:Crystalloid Solutions; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D008274:Magnesium / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000209:etiology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010725:Phosphocreatine / Q000378:metabolism; D010952:Plasma Substitutes / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000009:adverse effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000009:adverse effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D000077324:Crystalloid Solutions; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D010952:Plasma Substitutes; C041711:St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution; D010725:Phosphocreatine; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D011189:Potassium Chloride; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D008274:Magnesium; D002122:Calcium Chloride