title: Left ventricular dysfunction after heart transplantation: incidence and role of enhanced immunosuppression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence, natural history, and outcome of left ventricular dysfunction in 102 consecutive heart transplant recipients. Left ventricular dysfunction (defined as a decline in the echocardiographic ejection fraction to < 0.45) occurred in 16 of 102 transplant recipients (16%) at a mean of 9.7 +/- 8.6 (standard deviation) months after transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diagnostic evaluation included right heart catheterization and endomyocardial biopsy in all patients and coronary angiography in 13 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four patients were found to have moderate cellular rejection (International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation grade 2 or higher) and were treated with enhanced immunosuppression. Two patients had angiographically apparent coronary allograft vasculopathy; both died of electromechanical dissociation within 4 months. The remaining ten patients had no or mild cellular rejection (International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation grade 0 or 1). Therapy in these ten patients included corticosteroids (n = 8). OKT3 (n = 5), and plasmapheresis (n = 2). Three patients died within 2 months of diagnosis, two from undetected severe coronary allograft vasculopathy and one from unrecognized constrictive pericarditis. The echocardiographic ejection fraction improved in the surviving patients after enhanced immunosuppressive therapy (0.33 to 0.53, p < 0.005). With the benefit of long-term clinical follow-up and autopsy data, the origins of left ventricular dysfunction in the 16 patients included moderate cellular rejection (n = 4), vascular rejection (n = 1), coronary allograft vasculopathy (n = 3), intercurrent cytomegalovirus infection (n = 1), constrictive pericarditis (n = 1), and either mild or no evident rejection (n = 6). Survival of the 16 patients with left ventricular dysfunction was similar to that of the 86 patients without left ventricular dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cause of left ventricular dysfunction after heart transplantation includes cellular rejection, vascular rejection, coronary allograft vasculopathy, cytomegalovirus infection, constrictive pericarditis, and unexplained mechanisms. Given the improvement in left ventricular function observed after empiric therapy with enhanced immunosuppression in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, immune-mediated phenomena may play an important pathogenic role.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplantation Center, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McNamara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Di Salvo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mathier
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keck
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Semigran
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Dec
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000473:pathology; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000209:etiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000209:etiology; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000209:etiology; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008775:Methylprednisolone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D016853:Muromonab-CD3 / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010494:Pericarditis, Constrictive / Q000209:etiology; D010956:Plasmapheresis; D013318:Stroke Volume; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016853:Muromonab-CD3; D008775:Methylprednisolone