title: The effects of text-based and graphics-based software tools on planning and organizing of stories.
abstract: This article describes a research study comparing the effects of two computer-based writing tools on the story-writing skills of fourth-through eighth-grade students with language-related learning disabilities. The first tool, the prompted writing feature of FrEdWriter (Rogers, 1985), allowed students to answer story grammar questions, then type stories using those responses as the plan; the second tool, Once Upon a Time (Urban, Rushing, & Star, 1990), allowed students to create graphic scenes, then type stories about those scenes. Nine students attended a series of after-school writing labs twice weekly for 11 weeks, using each tool for half of the writing sessions. Group results did not clearly favor either tool; however, individual differences suggested that use of planning features should be linked to student needs. Students who had less internal organizational ability benefited from the computer-presented story grammar prompts and wrote less mature stories when using the graphics-based tool. Students with relatively strong organizational skills wrote more mature stories with the graphics-based tool.
authors.affiliation: Department of Special Education, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo 49008, USA.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bahr
authors.forename: N W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Van Meter
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003196:Computer Graphics; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D004519:Education, Special; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D012073:Remedial Teaching; D012984:Software; D012985:Software Design; D014956:Writing