title: Both the paired domain and homeodomain are required for in vivo function of Drosophila Paired.
abstract: Drosophila paired, a homolog of mammalian Pax-3, is key to the coordinated regulation of segment-polarity genes during embryogenesis. The paired gene and its homologs are unusual in encoding proteins with two DNA-binding domains, a paired domain and a homeodomain. We are using an in vivo assay to dissect the functions of the domains of this type of molecule. In particular, we are interested in determining whether one or both DNA-binding activities are required for individual in vivo functions of Paired. We constructed point mutants in each domain designed to disrupt DNA binding and tested the mutants with ectopic expression assays in Drosophila embryos. Mutations in either domain abolished the normal regulation of the target genes engrailed, hedgehog, gooseberry and even-skipped, suggesting that these in vivo functions of Paired require DNA binding through both domains rather than either domain alone. However, when the two mutant proteins were placed in the same embryo, Paired function was restored, indicating that the two DNA-binding activities need not be present in the same molecule. Quantitation of this effect shows that the paired domain mutant has a dominant-negative effect consistent with the observations that Paired protein can bind DNA as a dimer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Miskiewicz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Morrissey
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Raj
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujioka
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weir
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004330:Drosophila / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005801:Genes, Homeobox; D017344:Genes, Insect; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D000072041:PAX3 Transcription Factor; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors; D017354:Point Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors; D015533:Transcriptional Activation
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D000072041:PAX3 Transcription Factor; C489409:PAX3 protein, human; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors; C489936:Prrx1 protein, mouse; D014157:Transcription Factors; C489935:prd protein, Drosophila; C068686:Pax3 protein, mouse; D012313:RNA; D004247:DNA