title: Molecular markers help characterize neuroendocrine lung tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The terms large cell and mixed small-large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNC, MNC) have been proposed to describe distinct types of high-grade neuroendocrine lung tumors. However, cytologic appearance and neuroendocrine immunohistochemical stains cannot uniformly distinguish these from other neuroendocrine tumors, such as typical and atypical carcinoids or small cell carcinoma, or nonendocrine lung cancers such as large cell undifferentiated carcinoma. This study sought to determine the patterns of expression in LCNC and MNC of several molecular markers often abnormally expressed in lung cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary lung tumors with neuroendocrine features operated on between 1984 and 1994 were reviewed and classified as typical carcinoid (TC), atypical carcinoid (AC), LCNC, MNC, and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) based on mitotic rate, extent of necrosis, and cytoarchitectural features. Immunohistochemistry was performed using antibodies MIB-1 for Ki67, pAb1801 for p53, OP-66 for Rb, 31G7 for EGFR. Staining was scored as 0 to 4+ (0 = less than 5%, 1+ = 5% to 20%, 2+ = 20% to 50%, 3+ = 50% to 80%, 4+ = more than 80%) for p53, Ki67, and EGFR; and negative, focal, or positive for Rb. Overall survival was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method and prognostic factors compared by log rank test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-two tumors were examined: 25 TC, 7 AC, 24 LCNC, 18 MNC, 18 SCLC. The LCNC and MNC presented more frequently as stage II or III tumors (n = 28, 66%) than TC and AC (n = 5, 15%). Median survival for LCNC and MNC was 18.7 months, for SCLC 14.3 months, and has not been reached for TC and AC tumors. TC and AC tumors were uniformly characterized by low proliferative rate, absent p53, and normal Rb staining. LCNC, MNC, and SCLC showed a high proliferative rate, abnormal p53, and absent Rb staining. Overexpression of EGFR was frequent in all five tumor types.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) Ki67, p53, and Rb help distinguish LCNC and MNC from TC and AC. (2) Small numbers of patients preclude comparison of survival rates, but LCNC/MNC have a median survival similar to comparable early stage SCLC, and clearly worse than TC/AC. These results justify a sharp separation of high-grade neuroendocrine tumors from carcinoids, and suggest a close relationship between LCNC, MNC, and SCLC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: V W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Rusch
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Klimstra
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Venkatraman
mesh_terms: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000737:chemistry / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D018278:Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000032:analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D066246:ErbB Receptors