title: Identification of the complement regulatory protein CD59 in human colostrum and milk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Complement lytic activity has been demonstrated, and a potential for its activation is present in human colostrum and milk. This necessitates the presence of regulatory mechanisms protecting epithelial cells in the oropharynx and the gastrointestinal tract of the infant, the milk cellular elements, and bacteria colonizing the oropharynx and the gastrointestinal tract. Lactoferrin and C1 inhibitor have been attributed such a role. However, it is likely that additional protection against the cytolytic activity of the membrane attack complex is required. This has lead us to investigate the presence of the complement regulatory protein CD59 in human colostrum and milk, and to further characterize the source of secretion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples of human colostrum and milk were obtained from volunteers at different stages of lactation, and separated into fat, skim milk, and milk cellular elements by centrifugation. Normal human mammary gland tissues were obtained from patients undergoing biopsy for benign conditions. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting, and an immuno dot-blot assay were used to identify CD59 in human milk. Immunohistochemistry was performed on all tissue samples and cytospins of the milk cellular elements, using monoclonal antibodies to CD59.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CD59 was present in cell-free colostrum and milk as a 19-25 kDa glycoprotein. No variation in CD59 levels was detected between colostrum and milk. CD59 was present in great amounts in the cytoplasm and was highly expressed on the surface membrane on mammary gland acinar and ductal epithelial cells, while the milk cellular elements contained CD59 mainly in their cytoplasm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The complement regulatory protein CD59 present in cell-free human colostrum and milk may exert its effects both in the mammary gland and in the oropharynx and gastrointestinal tract of the infant. The lobuloalveolar epithelial cells in the mammary gland are the likely source of secretion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Gade Institute, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bjørge
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Kristoffersen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ulstein
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Matre
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018957:CD59 Antigens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000276:immunology; D003126:Colostrum / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007774:Lactation / Q000276:immunology; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D013194:Staining and Labeling
chemical_list: D018957:CD59 Antigens