title: Reduced substance-abuse-related health care costs among voluntary participants in Alcoholics Anonymous.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined differences in outcomes, alcoholism treatment utilization, and costs between alcoholic individuals with no previous treatment history who chose to attend Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) or to seek help from a professional outpatient alcoholism treatment provider.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants in this three-year prospective study were recruited at alcoholism information and referral services and at detoxification units in the San Francisco Bay Area. Chi square and t tests and repeated-measures analyses of variance were used to examine data gathered from interviews with 201 participants at baseline and at one and three years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, participants who chose to attend AA meetings (N = 135) were not significantly different from those who chose professional outpatient treatment (N = 66) in sex, marital status, employment, race, and symptoms of alcohol dependence and depression. However, AA attendees had lower incomes and less education and experienced more adverse consequences of drinking at baseline than did those who sought outpatient care, suggesting somewhat worse prognoses for the AA group. Over the three-year study, per-person treatment costs for the AA group were 45 percent (or $1,826) lower than costs for the outpatient treatment group. Despite the lower costs, outcomes for the AA group at both one and three years were similar to those of the outpatient treatment group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Voluntary AA participation may significantly reduce professional treatment costs. Clinicians, researchers, and policymakers should recognize the potential health care cost offsets offered by AA and other self-help organizations.
authors.affiliation: Program Evaluation and Resource Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Humphreys
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Moos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000436:Alcoholics Anonymous / Q000191:economics*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000191:economics* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics*; D003363:Cost Control; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000191:economics; D012495:San Francisco; D016896:Treatment Outcome