title: Ultrasonography and colour Doppler flow in the testes of adult patients after treatment of cryptorchidism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the prevalence of post-operative structural, parenchymal and vascular testicular abnormalities and the incidence of epididymal abnormalities in adult men treated for undescended testes in childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  The testes and epididymi of 76 adult men treated for cryptorchidism in childhood were evaluated 16 to 27 years after treatment, using colour Doppler ultrasonography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 61 spontaneously descended testes were significantly (P < 0.01) larger (mean [SD], 22 [8] mL) than the 90 undescended testes (13 [6] mL). The echo pattern in all the spontaneously descended testes was normal, whereas in 15 cases (17%) the testicular tissue was abnormal after cryptorchidism. In 12 of these 15 cases, the echo pattern was very irregular, and two other cases had microlithiasis of the testicular parenchyma, one of them bilaterally. No normal testicular artery was detected in two cases (3%) of normally descended testes, against 18 (20%) amongst those with undescended testes. Epididymal abnormalities were found in two (3%) of the group of normally descended testes against 32 (36%) in the undescended group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infertility in patients with cryptorchidism may be a result not only of primary parenchymal degenerative changes of the testis directly due to the condition, but also of operative vascular trauma and epididymal anomalies. Operative trauma may be more common than has generally been believed. Ultrasonography is a suitable method to evaluate post-operatively the prevalence of the testicular abnormalities analysed in the present study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taskinen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lehtinen
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hovatta
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wikström
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001158:Arteries; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D004822:Epididymis / Q000473:pathology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009919:Orchiectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013737:Testis / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology*; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D014655:Vascular Resistance