title: Upregulation of IgE synthesis by staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with atopic dermatitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic skin disease associated with increased IgE synthesis and colonization with Staphylococcus aureus secreting exotoxins, such as Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 (TSST-1).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we were interested in determining the in vitro effects of TSST-1 on IgE synthesis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from AD patients with a wide range of TSST-1 concentrations and measured IgE synthesis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) after 14 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show herein that TSST-1 produced antagonistic effects on IgE synthesis by PBMC from AD patients, depending on the concentration used: IgE synthesis was inhibited at 1000 pg/mL (P < 0.05) and enhanced at 0.01 pg/mL (P < 0.01) of toxin. TSST-1 was found to induce the production of much higher amounts of interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) at 1000 pg/mL than at 0.01 pg/mL of toxin (P = 0.0001). More importantly, immunoglobulin E (IgE) synthesis was enhanced by TSST-1 at 1 pg/mL in the presence of antibodies blocking IFN gamma activity. The other immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes were also increased after TSST-1 stimulation suggesting that the enhanced IgE synthesis was secondary to a polyclonal B cell activation rather than an isotype switch. TSST-1-stimulated IgE synthesis was T cell-dependent because purified tonsil B cells were only able to synthesize increased amounts of IgE when small numbers of T cells were added to the cultures. Anti-HLA-DR and anti-LFA-1 monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) inhibited TSST-1-enhanced IgE synthesis, suggesting that the bridging of the T cell receptor (TCR) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II on B cells was necessary for activation of B cell differentiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that staphylococcal superantigens are able, at concentrations inducing low amounts of IFN gamma, to stimulate IgE synthesis by PBMC from AD patients, and suggest that staphylococcal toxins may contribute to elevated IgE synthesis in AD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Hofer
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Lester
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Schlievert
authors.forename: D Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Leung
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000187:drug effects; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D014066:Palatine Tonsil / Q000166:cytology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000276:immunology*; D018089:Superantigens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004768:Enterotoxins; D018089:Superantigens; C030107:enterotoxin F, Staphylococcal; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D007371:Interferon-gamma