title: An improved technique for molecular cytogenetic analysis of human preimplantation embryos with fluorescence in situ hybridization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a method for the cytogenetic evaluation of preimplantation embryos using nonradioactive centromeric probes for chromosomes 1, 16 and X.
  
  
  METHODS
  The embryos used for this study were either fragmented or polyploid embryos rejected from an in vitro fertilization program. Prior to in situ hybridization, the embryos were treated with 0.5% protease. After application of gradual fixation, conventional hybridization protocol was followed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten of 11 embryos showed hybridization signals suggesting that the success rate of in situ hybridization of human embryos is improved when a modified method of digesting the zona pellucida and gradual fixation with removal of the cytoplasm are used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The method described in this study demonstrates that the zona pellucida is the key to successful in situ hybridization of whole human embryos. When the zona pellucida is removed, penetration by a probe becomes possible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Kalousek
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Yuen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Katagiri
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Moon
mesh_terms: D002869:Chromosome Aberrations / Q000175:diagnosis*; D025063:Chromosome Disorders; D002878:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D002885:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16 / Q000235:genetics*; D003582:Cytogenetics; D015342:DNA Probes; D004276:DNA, Satellite / Q000032:analysis; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D030342:Genetic Diseases, Inborn / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D011247:Pregnancy; D014960:X Chromosome / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D015342:DNA Probes; D004276:DNA, Satellite