title: A human homologue of the Drosophila sex determination factor transformer-2 has conserved splicing regulatory functions.
abstract: Regulation of gene expression through alternative pre-mRNA splicing appears to occur in all metazoans, but most of our knowledge about splicing regulators derives from studies on genetically identified factors from Drosophila. Among the best studied of these is the transformer-2 (TRA-2) protein which, in combination with the transformer (TRA) protein, directs sex-specific splicing of pre-mRNA from the sex determination gene doublesex (dsx). Here we report the identification of htra-2 alpha, a human homologue of tra-2. Two alternative types of htra-2 alpha cDNA clones were identified that encode different protein isoforms with striking organizational similarity to Drosophila tra-2 proteins. When expressed in flies, one hTRA-2 alpha isoform partially replaces the function of Drosophila TRA-2, affecting both female sexual differentiation and alternative splicing of dsx pre-mRNA. Like Drosophila TRA-2, the ability of hTRA-2 alpha to regulate dsx is female-specific and depends on the presence of the dsx splicing enhancer. These results demonstrate that htra-2 alpha has conserved a striking degree of functional specificity during evolution and leads us to suggest that, although they are likely to serve different roles in development, the tra-2 products of flies and humans have similar molecular functions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dauwalder
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Amaya-Manzanares
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mattox
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D001483:Base Sequence; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D004330:Drosophila / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005816:Genetic Complementation Test; D006066:Gonads / Q000196:embryology; D006801:Humans; D007301:Insect Hormones / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012326:RNA Splicing; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D012733:Sex Differentiation; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C070369:DSX protein, Drosophila; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D007301:Insect Hormones; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins; C066174:tra2 protein, Drosophila