title: Glucocorticoid-stimulated CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha expression is required for steroid-induced G1 cell cycle arrest of minimal-deviation rat hepatoma cells.
abstract: By genetic correlation with the growth-suppressible phenotype and direct functional tests, we demonstrate that the glucocorticoid-stimulated expression of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBP alpha) transcription factor is required for the steroid-mediated G1 cell cycle arrest of minimal-deviation rat hepatoma cells. Comparison of C/EBP alpha transcript and active protein levels induced by the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone in glucocorticoid growth-suppressible (BDS1), nonsuppressible receptor-positive (EDR1) and nonsuppressible receptor-deficient (EDR3) hepatoma cell proliferative variants revealed that the stimulation of C/EBP alpha expression is a rapid, glucocorticoid receptor-mediated response associated with the G1 cell cycle arrest. Consistent with the role of C/EBP alpha as a critical intermediate in the growth suppression response, maximal induction of transcription factor mRNA occurred within 2 h of dexamethasone treatment whereas maximal inhibition of [3H] thymidine incorporation was observed 24 h after steroid treatment. As a direct functional approach, ablation of C/EBP alpha protein expression and DNA-binding activity by transfection of an antisense C/EBP alpha expression vector blocked the dexamethasone-induced G1 cell cycle arrest of hepatoma cells but did not alter general glucocorticoid responsiveness. Transforming growth factor beta induced a G1 cell cycle arrest in C/EBP alpha antisense transfected cells, demonstrating the specific involvement of C/EBP alpha in the glucocorticoid growth suppression response. Constitutive expression of a conditionally activated form of C/EBP alpha caused a G1 cell cycle arrest of BDS1 hepatoma cells in the absence of glucocorticoids. In contrast, overexpression of C/EBP beta or C/EBP delta had no effect on hepatoma cell growth. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the steroid-induced expression of C/EBP alpha is necessary to mediate the glucocorticoid G1 cell cycle arrest of rat hepatoma cells and implicates a role for this transcription factor in the growth control of liver-derived epithelial tumor cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley 94720, USA.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishio
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Maiyar
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Ridder
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Firestone
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D015342:DNA Probes; D004261:DNA Replication; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000502:physiology; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016193:G1 Phase; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000502:physiology; D010641:Phenotype; D051381:Rats; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013997:Time Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D015342:DNA Probes; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D003907:Dexamethasone