title: Hyaline cartilage: truncation artifact as a cause of trilaminar appearance with fat-suppressed three-dimensional spoiled gradient-recalled sequences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the cause of the trilaminar appearance within hyaline cartilage observed on magnetic resonance (MR) images obtained with a fat-suppressed three-dimensional spoiled gradient-recalled sequence.
  
  
  METHODS
  The knees of three asymptomatic volunteers were imaged with a fat-suppressed, three-dimensional, spoiled gradient-recalled sequence. The field of view, number of phase-encoding steps, and phase-encoding direction were varied. On each image, the thickness of the patellar and trochlear cartilage was measured in millimeters and divided by the pixel dimension, which effectively expressed the thickness as the number of pixels. Finally, the number of pixels was compared with the number of alternating hyperintense and hypointense lines depicted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of truncation lines increased as pixel dimension was reduced by either decreasing the field of view or increasing the number of phase-encoding steps. The accuracy for predicting more than three lines with use of an anteroposterior phase-encoding direction varied between 83% and 92%. The appearance of the cartilage was altered when phase- and frequency-encoding directions were exchanged, but truncation lines were still evident.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The trilaminar appearance depicted within hyaline cartilage on MR images obtained with this sequence is predominantly attributable to truncation artifact rather than to histologic zonal anatomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Waldschmidt
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Czervionke
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Prost
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016477:Artifacts; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007717:Knee / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*