title: Analysis of regional cerebral blood flow in dogs, with an experimental microbubble-based US contrast agent.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate a perfluorochemical stabilized microbubble-based ultrasound (US) contrast agent (Imagent US, formulation AF0145) create regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) maps.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intravenous injections of the contrast agent (0.16-0.20 mL/kg) were performed in four anesthetized dogs (9-14 kg). Serial coronal color-Doppler-amplitude and gray-scale US scans were obtained through a cranial window during injection of contrast material. Mean pixel intensity was analyzed on digitized images. Regional CBF was varied by modifying arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2). Color-Doppler-amplitude and gray-scale mean pixel intensity and percentage change in mean pixel intensity after injection of contrast material were analyzed, by means of a bolus injection curve that plotted color mean pixel intensity per unit area versus time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contrast material injection resulted in a statistically significant difference in color-Doppler-amplitude and gray-scale enhancement of brain. Color mean pixel intensity increased from 1.4 units +/- 1 (standard error) to 122 units +/- 6 in thalamus and from 9.7 units +/- 4.0 to 107 units +/- 9 in cortex (P < .0001). Gray-scale mean pixel intensity increased from 0.55 units +/- 0.20 to 33 units +/- 11 in thalamus and from 0.42 units +/- .06 to 10.5 units +/- 2.0 in cortex (P < .005). Correlation between the area under the color-Doppler-amplitude mean-pixelintensity curve and regional CBF in thalamus and cortex was significant (r = .815, P < .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Color-Doppler-amplitude US can be used to create regional CBF maps and shows potential for noninvasive evaluation of CBF in the critically ill newborn.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md, USA.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Stapleton
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hillsley
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spinak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D003287:Contrast Media; D004285:Dogs; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005466:Fluorocarbons; C099091:Imagent US