title: Cellular uptake and biological effects of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide analogs targeted to herpes simplex virus.
abstract: In this study, we synthesized antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) with phosphodiester, phosphorothioate (S-ODNs), or methylphosphonate linkages complementary to the splicing acceptor site of immediate-early pre-mRNA 5 of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). The antiviral activity of each analog on cytopathic effect in cells infected with HSV-1 or HSV-2 was assessed and compared with the cellular uptake of the analog. We found that antisense S-ODNs showed the most potent antiherpetic activity, with 50% inhibitory concentrations of 5 microM for HSV-1 and 0.25 microM for HSV-2. The antiviral effect of antisense S-ODNs was stronger and longer acting than that of acyclovir. Cell association of S-ODNs was the highest and paralleled antiviral activity. Furthermore, some fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled S-ODNs were recognized in the nuclei in HSV-1 infected cells by confocal laser scanning microscopy. S-ODNs located in the nucleus could access the targeted mRNA, which might be responsible for the antiviral activities. Although our study also showed non-sequence-specific activity, which implies that multiple mechanisms are involved, S-ODNs are a promising novel anti-herpetic agent.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shoji
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mizushima
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iwasawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inouye
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Azuma
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishimura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000378:metabolism; D013873:Thionucleotides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014709:Vero Cells; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013873:Thionucleotides; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate