title: Structure and characterization of the human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 gene.
abstract: We report here the characterization of the human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) gene. The gene is 83 kilobase pairs (kb) long with exon-intron splicing sites located in preserved positions among the three members of the TIMP family. A 2.6-kb genomic DNA fragment flanking the 5'-end of the gene contains several regulatory elements including five Sp1, two AP-2, one AP-1, and three PEA-3 binding sites. Despite the presence of a complete AP-1 consensus at position -281, the promoter did not respond to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate treatment. However, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate response was generated by insertion of a similar AP-1 consensus at position -71, indicating the importance of the positioning of this motif. The promoter contains a typical CpG island; however, methylation of this island did not seem to influence gene expression. Analysis of the 3'-end of the gene revealed that the two mRNAs for TIMP-2 (1.2 and 3.8 kb) differ by the selection of their polyadenylation signal sites, but selection of these sites does not affect RNA stability. In summary, the TIMP-2 gene has several features observed in housekeeping genes, and differs significantly from TIMP-1 and TIMP-3 genes. These differences are likely to explain the specific roles that these inhibitors play in the regulation of matrix metalloproteinases.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90054-0700, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hammani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blakis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Morsette
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bowcock
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schmutte
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Henriet
authors.forename: Y A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: DeClerck
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D016384:Consensus Sequence; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005091:Exons; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D012326:RNA Splicing; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D050656:Transcription Factor AP-2; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D050656:Transcription Factor AP-2; D014157:Transcription Factors; C065788:transcription factor PEA3; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate