title: Lung cancer mortality update and prevalence of smoking among copper miners and smelters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this investigation was to study the cancer mortality of Chinese copper miners and smelters further, with particular reference to that from lung cancer, and smoking prevalence.
  
  
  METHODS
  From an earlier follow-up (1970-1985) of the mortality of the two cohorts, all new death cases registered since 1985 were recorded, and the mortality analysis was extended through 1992. A questionnaire survey of smoking habits was carried out in three samples, randomly chosen from the copper miners (N = 1125), smelters (N = 603), and local residents (N = 1517) of Tongling city.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lung cancer was significantly increased among the copper miners [standardized mortality ratio (SMR) 152, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 123-187], but not among the copper smelters (SMR 102, 95% CI 53-178). Smoking was more prevalent among copper miners than among local male residents (71.7 versus 64.3%, P < 0.001), whereas among the smelters it was significantly less prevalent (57.4 versus 64.3%, P < 0.005). Similar patterns were found for the average number of cigarettes smoked daily among the miners (21.6 +/- 7.2), smelters (15 +/- 7.1), and local male residents (19.2 +/- 7.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to occupational exposures, cigarette smoking may partly play a role in influencing mortality from lung cancer among Chinese copper miners and smelters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University Medical School, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003300:Copper; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008669:Metallurgy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D003300:Copper