title: Apoptosis, energy metabolism, and fraction of radiobiologically hypoxic cells: a study of human melanoma multicellular spheroids.
abstract: The magnitude of the fraction of radiobiologically hypoxic cells in tumours is generally believed to reflect the efficiency of the vascular network. Theoretical studies have suggested that the hypoxic fraction might also be influenced by biological properties of the tumour cells. Quantitative experimental results of cell energy metabolism, hypoxia- induced apoptosis, and radiobiological hypoxia are reported here. Human melanoma multicellular spheroids (BEX-c and WIX-c) were used as tumour models to avoid confounding effects of the vascular network. Radiobiological studies showed that the fractions of hypoxic cells in 1000-microM spheroids were 32 +/- 12% (BEX-c) and 2.5 +/- 1.1% (WIX-c). The spheroid hypoxic volume fractions (28 +/- 6% (BEX-c) and 1.4 +/- 7% (WIX-c)), calculated from the rate of oxygen consumption per cell, the cell packing density, and the thickness of the viable rim, were similar to the fractions of radiobiologically hypoxic cells. Large differences between tumours in fraction of hypoxic cells are therefore not necessarily a result of differences in the efficiency of the vascular network. Studies of monolayer cell cultures, performed to identify the biological properties of the BEX-c and WIX-c cells leading to this large difference in fraction of hypoxic cells, gave the following results: (1) WIX-c showed lower cell surviving fractions after exposure to hypoxia than BEX-c, (2) WIX-c showed higher glucose uptake and lactate release rates than BEX-c both under aerobic and hypoxic conditions, and (3) hypoxia induced apoptosis in WIX-c but not in BEX-c. These observations suggested that the difference between BEX-c and WIX-c spheroids in fraction of hypoxic cells resulted partly from differences in cell energy metabolism and partly from a difference in capacity to retain viability under hypoxic stress. The induction of apoptosis by hypoxia was identified as a phenomenon which has an important influence on the magnitude of the fraction of radiobiologically hypoxic cells in multicellular spheroids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Rofstad
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eide
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Skøyum
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hystad
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lyng
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002470:Cell Survival; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018874:Spheroids, Cellular; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured