title: Inhibition of FGF-stimulated phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis and neurite outgrowth by a cell-membrane permeable phosphopeptide.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Activated receptor tyrosine kinases bind downstream effector molecules with high affinity. Provided that they can be introduced into cells, peptides corresponding to these high-affinity sites should be able to compete for the interaction and thereby inhibit specific signal transduction cascades. The high-affinity binding site for phospholipase C gamma (PLCgamma) on the activated fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) is centred around the tyrosine at position 766 (766Tyr), and peptides corresponding to this site inhibit PLCgamma binding to the receptor in vitro. A 16 amino-acid peptide from the third helix of the Antennapedia homeodomain protein has recently been shown to be able to act as an internalization vector that can deliver other peptides into cells. Here, we have designed a peptide that contains both the internalization sequence and the FGFR high-affinity binding site for PLCgamma, and tested it in cultures of cerebellar neurons for its ability to inhibit the activation of PLCgamma by basic FGF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The peptide containing the FGFR high-affinity binding site for PLCgamma inhibited phospholipid hydrolysis stimulated by basic FGF with a maximal effect at 1 microg ml-1. Phosphorylation of 766Tyr was required for this effect. The phosphorylated peptide had no effect on phospholipid hydrolysis stimulated by platelet-derived growth factor, neurotrophin-3 and bradykinin. The phosphorylated peptide also inhibited neurite outgrowth stimulated by FGF, but had no effect on neurite outgrowth stimulated by agents that activate the FGFR signal transduction cascade downstream from the activation of PLCgamma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cell-permeable peptides can be designed that inhibit the function of receptor tyrosine kinases. In this context we have developed a peptide that prevents the FGFR from activating PLCgamma, and have used this peptide to obtain the first direct evidence that activation of PLCgamma is required for the neurite outgrowth response stimulated by basic FGF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Pathology, UMDS, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, UK.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prochiantz
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Doherty
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016501:Neurites; D010716:Phosphatidylinositols / Q000378:metabolism*; D051966:Phospholipase C gamma; D010748:Phosphopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017468:Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D010738:Type C Phospholipases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D010716:Phosphatidylinositols; D010748:Phosphopeptides; D017468:Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D010738:Type C Phospholipases; D051966:Phospholipase C gamma