title: Hyperkinetic or attention deficit disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the face of rapidly expanding empirical knowledge about this common childhood condition, there is a need for an up-to-date synthesis, especially for the use of practising clinicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  The main epidemiological, experimental and clinical studies over the past decade are selectively reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hyperkinetic/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is common, with young school-age males most frequently affected. The prevalence figures vary depending on the criteria used. Overlap with conduct disorder is high. The causes are likely to stem from a combination of biological, often genetically determined neurochemical disturbances, and environmental disadvantages, with the biological risk tending to be highest in severely hyperactive girls. Good clinical management combines pharmacological, psychological and educational approaches in a sustained manner. Even then, the outcome is often equivocal and the long-term psychosocial adaptation unpredictable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinically significant hyperactivity is rooted in biological, often genetically transmitted vulnerabilities, upon which environmental disadvantages transect. It may be viewed as a disorder of self-regulation with its roots partly in strained early caregiver-child interactions and disrupted primary attachments.
authors.affiliation: Child & Family Consultation Service, Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sandberg
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009769:Object Attachment; D012931:Social Environment; D016896:Treatment Outcome