title: Aortic valve replacement: better myocardial protection by cold or warm retrograde blood cardioplegia?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether warm blood cardioplegia (BCP) is superior to cold BCP in terms of myocardial protection, we compared warm (37 degrees C) and cold (4 degrees C) continuous retrograde administration of BCP in 40 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement (AVR) in a prospective, randomized study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The main subjects of investigation were the myocardial oxygen consumption and the maintenance of the ultrastructure of the tissue. In addition, we looked at intraoperative recordings of time, heart rhythm disturbances, CK/MB serum levels, and inotropic support.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found, that oxygen consumption is significantly higher during warm BCP (7.95-10.38 ml/min) than during cold BCP (2.11-3.47 ml/min). Mild, reversible myocardial damage occurs during cold and warm BCP. The intraoperative serum potassium level was significantly higher after warm (7.25 mmol/l) than after cold (6.55 mmol/l) BCP. There was no statistically significant difference in the duration of extracorporeal circulation and of cardiac arrest, the CK/MB serum level or the recorded right and left ventricular performance data in the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that continuous retrograde warm BCP is not superior to continuous retrograde cold BCP as far as myocardial protection is concerned. The administration of cold BCP prolongs the tolerated ischemic time of the myocardium and provides a higher safety margin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boening
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanuri
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Buchwald
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Laczkovics
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001706:Biopsy; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002407:Catheterization, Swan-Ganz / Q000379:methods; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis / Q000379:methods*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D003402:Creatine Kinase