title: Dynamic three-dimensional imaging of the mitral valve and left ventricle by rapid sonomicrometry array localization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The first objective was to develop a quantitative method for tracking the three-dimensional geometry of the mitral valve. The second was to determine the complex interrelationships of various components of the mitral valve in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen sonomicrometry transducers were placed around the mitral vale anulus, at the tips and bases of both papillary muscles, at the ventricular apex, across the ventricular epicardial short axis, and on the anterior chest wall before and during cardiopulmonary bypass in eight anesthetized sheep. Animals were studied later on 17 occasions. Reproducibility of derived chord lengths and three-dimensional coordinates from sonomicrometry array localization, longevity of transducer signals, and the dynamics of the mitral valve and left ventricle were studied. Reproducibility of distance measurements averages 1.6%; Procrustes analysis of three-dimensional arrays of coordinate locations predicts an average error of 2.2 mm. Duration of serial sonomicrometry array localization signals ranges between 60 and 151 days (mean 114 days). Sonomicrometry array localization demonstrates the saddle-shaped mitral anulus, its minimal orifice area immediately before end-diastole, and uneven, apical descent during systole. Papillary muscles shorten only 3.0 to 3.5 mm. Sonomicrometry array localization demonstrates nonuniform torsion of papillary muscle transducers around a longitudinal axis and shows rotation of papillary muscular bases toward each other during systole.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tagging of ventricular structures in experimental animals by sonomicrometry array localization images is highly reproducible and suitable for serial observations. In sheep the method provides unique, quantitative information regarding the interrelationship of mitral valvular and left ventricular structures throughout the cardiac cycle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Gorman
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Streicher
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Gorman
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Ratcliffe
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Bogen
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Edmunds
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D002815:Chordae Tendineae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D003971:Diastole; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005544:Forecasting; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D010210:Papillary Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D010496:Pericardium / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012399:Rotation; D012756:Sheep; D013599:Systole; D014159:Transducers; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left