title: Effects of nicotinamide on central cholinergic transmission and on spatial learning in rats.
abstract: High-dose nicotinamide (1000 mg/kg) leads to a minor increase of plasma choline but to a major increase of the choline concentrations in the intra- and extracellular spaces of the brain. In the hippocampus, the nicotinamide-induced increase in choline was associated with an increase in the release of acetylcholine under stimulated conditions. In young rats, nicotinamide in doses between 10 and 1000 mg/kg did not influence spatial learning, as tested in the Morris water maze. In old rats, low doses of nicotinamide were ineffective whereas the high dose of 1000 mg/kg even impaired spatial learning. The combined administration of choline and nicotinamide had a synergistic effect on brain choline levels but had similar effects as nicotinamide given alone in the behavioral experiments. Additional tests for spontaneous behaviour and locomotion revealed procholinergic and sedative effects of the compound. We conclude that the ineffectiveness of the putative cognition enhancer nicotinamide in the learning task may be due to the observed sedative effect. Therefore, the development of nonsedative nicotinamide derivatives is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Köppen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: van der Staay
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Löffelholz
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000378:metabolism; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology; D000818:Animals; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D002794:Choline / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010275:Parasympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D009536:Niacinamide; D002794:Choline; D000109:Acetylcholine