title: Haemostatic and other cardiovascular risk factors, and socioeconomic status among middle-aged Finnish men and women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The higher morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in lower social classes has been shown repeatedly in Finland. Lower socioeconomic groups also have a more adverse CVD risk factor profile. The association between socioeconomic factors and risk of CVD is only partly explained by the traditional risk factors. Fibrinogen may be of particular importance as an underlying mechanism that mediates this association.
  
  
  METHODS
  The association of socioeconomic status (SES), as measured by years of education and family income with coronary risk factors was studied among a random population-based sample (N = 2365) of Finnish men and women aged 45 to 64. Subjects were studied in three parts of Finland; North Karelia, the Helsinki area, and South-West Finland, in connection with a larger cardiovascular monitoring programme. Years of education was divided into four categories (< or = 7, 8-9, 10-12, > or = 13) and family income into quartiles. The coronary risk factors studied were serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, prevalence of hypertension, smoking, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, prevalence of obesity, alcohol use and the following haemostatic factors: plasma fibrinogen, factor VII coagulant activity (factor VII:C), factor VII antigen (factor VII:Ag) and plasminogen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjusting for age and area of residence, both men and women of low SES tended either to have more adverse risk factor levels or there was no association. The only exception was proportion of heavy drinkers, which was higher among higher social class women. The inverse association of SES were especially strong and consistent with smoking among men, and with BMI in both sexes. Of the haemostatic factors studied, plasma fibrinogen was inversely associated with SES in both sexes. The association disappeared after adjustment for smoking among men but not among women. Among women, plasma factor VII:Ag was inversely associated with income. No other statistically significant associations of haemostatic factors with SES were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low SES groups had more adverse levels of most of the CVD risk factors. Haemostatic factors appeared to be associated with SES especially among women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health and General Practice, University of Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Myllykangas
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pekkanen
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rasi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haukkala
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vahtera
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Salomaa
mesh_terms: D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins