title: Mechanisms of the warm-up phenomenon.
abstract: The warm-up phenomenon, described in patients with coronary artery disease, refers to the improved performance following a first exercise test. The aim of this study was to investigate the causes of the warm-up phenomenon. Fifteen patients with coronary artery disease and positive exercise test were enrolled. Patients were off treatment throughout the study. They underwent two consecutive treadmill exercise tests according to the Bruce protocol, with a recovery period of 10 min to re-establish baseline conditions. A third exercise test was then performed 2 h later. Before the onset of ischaemia, the rate-pressure product for a similar degree of workload was similar during the first and second exercise test, while it was lower during the third test (P < 0.05). Time to 1.5 mm ST-segment depression during the second and third exercise test was greater than during the first test (454 +/- 133 and 410 +/- 161 vs 354 +/- 127 s, P < 0.01, respectively). Similarly, the time to anginal pain onset was increased during the second and third exercise tests, compared to the first test (356 +/- 208 and 310 +/- 203 vs 257 +/- 204 s, P < 0.01, respectively). In contrast, rate-pressure product at 1.5 mm ST-segment depression during the second test was higher than that during the first test (232 +/- 47 vs 210 +/- 39 beats.min-1.mmHg.10(2), P < 0.01), while in the third test it was similar to that during the first (209 +/- 43 beats.min-1.mmHg.10(2), P = ns). The warm-up phenomenon observed a few minutes after exercise is characterized by an increase of both time to ischaemia and ischaemic threshold; this adaptation to ischaemia may be due to an improvement of myocardial perfusion or to preconditioning. Conversely, the warm-up phenomenon observed a few hours after repeated exercise is characterized by an increase of time to ischaemia but not of ischaemic threshold and is caused by a slower increase of cardiac workload. Thus, the mechanisms of the warm-up phenomenon may be different, time dependent and related to previous training.
authors.affiliation: Servizio Speciale di Diagnosi e Cura di Emodinamica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, European Hospital, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tomai
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Crea
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Danesi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perino
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gaspardone
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Ghini
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Cascarano
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chiariello
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Gioffrè
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged