title: A prospective study of Gram-negative bacteremia in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hospital- and community-acquired Gram-negative bacteremia is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in pediatric medical centers. Gram-negative organisms are isolated in > 50% of pediatric patients with bacteremia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyze clinical and epidemiologic variables associated with Gram-negative bacteremia in a tertiary children's medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 6-year prospective study of children with Gram-negative bacteremia in a tertiary care children's medical center in Israel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred seventy-four episodes of Gram-negative bacteremia were studied during 6 years. The predominant isolates were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, which accounted for 109, 81 and 79 episodes (26, 20 and 19%), respectively. Of all episodes 43% occurred in neonates and infants younger than 2 years and 47% were hospital-acquired. Underlying conditions mainly acute leukemia and lymphoma, were present in 55% of the patients. Urinary tract infection followed by lower respiratory tract infection were the most common identified sources of bacteremia. Central intravenous catheters were associated with 53% of the episodes. The crude mortality was 11.4%. Increased mortality was significantly associated with acute leukemia, neutropenia, hospital-acquired infections and previous corticosteroid therapy (P = 0.03, 0.003, 0.006 and 0.01, respectively). Increased antibiotic resistance of hospital-acquired vs community-acquired isolates was noted; 44 to 77% resistance of nosocomial Klebsiella and Enterobacter sp. to second and third generation cephalosporins and 18% were resistant to amikacin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Klebsiella pneumoniae is currently the most common organism causing Gram-negative bacteremia in children. Because of the relatively high resistance of Gram-negative organisms to second and third generation cephalosporins, we suggest that empiric antibiotic therapy for Gram-negative bacteremia include a combination of an aminoglycoside and an anti-Pseudomonas beta-lactam.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petah Tiqva, Israel.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Leibovici
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Drucker
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Samra
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Konisberger
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ashkenazi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors