title: Immunocytochemical electron microscopic study and Western blot analysis of troponin in striated muscle of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and in several muscle cell types of the earthworm Eisenia foetida.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is little information about troponin in invertebrate muscles, and no previous references to this protein in annelid muscles have been found. The aim of this paper was to study the presence and distribution of troponin in different muscle cell types from the earthworm Eisenia foetida (the muscular body wall, and the inner and outer muscular layer of the pseudoheart). These results were compared with those obtained in the transversely striated muscle of Drosophila melanogaster and in skeletal and smooth muscles of the mouse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunocytochemical electron microscopic study and Western blot analysis using anti-TnT antibodies were employed in this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Troponin immunoreaction was detected in the mouse skeletal muscle, the fly flight muscle, and earthworm obliquely striated muscles (body wall musculature and inner muscular layer of the pseudoheart). Immunolabeling for TnT in all these muscle cells appeared in moderate amounts at any point along the sarcomere length, except for the central zone of the A band (H band). This suggests that troponin molecules were located along the thin filaments. The density of immunogold particles was similar in the three muscles, and thus the amount of troponin in each muscle type was proportional to the number and length of actin filaments in each. Troponin was found in neither the mouse smooth muscle nor the outer muscular layer of the earthworm pseudoheart. The latter muscle showed an ultrastructural pattern that was intermediate between obliquely striated and smooth muscle. The estimated molecular weight for TnT in the earthworm was 55 kDa; this is higher than the weight of this protein in the mouse skeletal muscle (40 kDa) but similar to that of the D. melanogaster muscle (52 kDa).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Troponin is present in both types of striated muscle (transversely striated and obliquely striated) of the earthworm with a distribution that is very similar to that observed in the mammalian striated muscle. As in vertebrates, troponin is absent in the smooth muscle of the earthworm. Discrepancies in the classification of some invertebrate muscles are common in the literature, and the use of distinctive markers, such as troponin, may improve our understanding of the nature and properties of many invertebrate muscles showing an ultrastructural pattern that does not resemble any of the classic muscle types.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Royuela
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: García-Anchuelo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paz de Miguel
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Arenas
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fraile
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paniagua
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051379:Mice; D016253:Microscopy, Immunoelectron; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism*; D009835:Oligochaeta; D014336:Troponin / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure*
chemical_list: D014336:Troponin