title: Relapse and survival after barbiturate anesthetic treatment of refractory status epilepticus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pentobarbital is standard treatment for refractory status epilepticus (SE) and is almost uniformly effective, but the morbidity of treatment and the mortality of refractory SE are high. Recurrence of SE after pentobarbital discontinuation may predict a worsened outcome. We sought to determine the optimal use of barbiturate anesthetic treatment of refractory SE.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed 44 episodes of barbiturate anesthetic treatment for refractory SE in 40 patients, seeking factors predicting freedom from relapse to clinical or electrographic SE after treatment and predicting survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight of 9 patients with relapse of seizures after barbiturate treatment died, whereas only 9 of 26 with persistently controlled seizures died (p < 0.005). Both likelihood of relapse and survival correlated strongly with etiology, with 19 of 20 patients with chronic epilepsy, infections, or focal lesions having good control as compared with 2 of 9 with multiple medical problems (p < 0.001). Treatment delay did not predict a worsened outcome. Hypotension caused dose reduction but never required treatment discontinuation. Patients with more prolonged treatment and those receiving phenobarbital (PB) at the time of pentobarbital taper were less likely to relapse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Relapse of SE after barbiturate anesthetic treatment is a poor prognostic sign and should be prevented, if possible. Etiology was the primary predictor of outcome, but more prolonged treatment and the use of PB during pentobarbital withdrawal appeared to provide protection against relapse.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Krishnamurthy
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Drislane
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007022:Hypotension / Q000139:chemically induced; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008499:Medical Records; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D010424:Pentobarbital / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010634:Phenobarbital / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011379:Prognosis; D012008:Recurrence; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D015996:Survival Rate; D013874:Thiopental / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D010424:Pentobarbital; D013874:Thiopental; D010634:Phenobarbital