title: Responses of plasma norepinephrine and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to dynamic exercise in patients with congestive heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neurohormonal activation is present and neurohormonal responses to dynamic exercise are altered in congestive heart failure (CHF). Responses of plasma norepinephrine in various degrees of heart failure have been investigated, but the responses of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system have not been studied in relation to the severity of CHF. The aim of this study was to determine if the responses of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to exercise are augmented according to the severity of CHF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ventilatory and neurohormonal responses were assessed in 38 patients with CHF (New York Heart Association class: I, 13 patients; II, 14 patients; III, 11 patients) and 11 normal subjects during symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Plasma norepinephrine, renin activity, angiotensin II, and aldosterone were measured at rest and at peak exercise. The increments in neurohormones were divided by peak oxygen consumption, and these ratios (norepinephrine exercise ratio, plasma renin activity-exercise ratio, angiotensin II-exercise ratio, aldosterone-exercise ratio) were compared among groups. Peak oxygen consumption and anaerobic threshold decreased progressively with the severity of CHF. Neurohormonal profiles at rest showed that plasma norepinephrine levels were significantly higher, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system was augmented only in patients with class III CHF. Neurohormones increased during exercise both in patients with CHF and in normal subjects, but patients with class III CHF had significantly higher plasma renin activity (10.11 +/- 2.32 ng/mL/h), angiotensin II (73.9 +/- 14.2 pg/mL), and aldosterone (265.2 +/- 61.1 pg/mL) than did normal subjects. Plasma renin activity-exercise ratio, angiotensin II-exercise ratio, and aldosterone-exercise ratio in patients with class III CHF were significantly higher compared to normal subjects. This augmentation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system was not observed in class I or II patients. Peak plasma norepinephrine levels were not different among normal subjects and subgroups of CHF patients, but the norepinephrine-exercise ratio was significantly higher in classes II and III CHF compared to normal subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that neurohormonal excitation during exercise increases along with the severity of CHF when normalized for peak exercise level.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Internal Medicine, Tottori University School of Medicine, Yonago, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kinugawa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Omodani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Osaki
authors.forename: G U
authors.initials: GU
authors.lastname: Ahmmed
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogino
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hisatome
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miyakoda
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Thames
mesh_terms: D000450:Aldosterone / Q000097:blood; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000097:blood; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation; D012083:Renin / Q000097:blood; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000502:physiology*; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000804:Angiotensin II; D000450:Aldosterone; D012083:Renin; D009638:Norepinephrine