title: The relationship between stress and the development of breast cancer: a literature review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review literature that explores the relationship between stress and the development of breast cancer and investigates the immune system as a possible mediator. Personality traits, response to stress, and stressful life events are considered.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published articles, book chapters, books, and workbooks from nursing and medical literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Studies show that a relationship exists between stress and the development of breast cancer. Most of the literature describes this relationship according to the patient's personality traits, her response to stress, or the occurrence of stressful life events. The immune system may mediate the physiologic influence of stress on breast cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the difficulty of measuring stress makes it difficult to demonstrate a tangible relationship between stress and breast cancer, studies reveal that stress is related to breast cancer in various ways. Dealing positively with stress may improve the quality of life of patients with breast cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nurses must understand the ubiquitous nature of stress and its relationship to breast cancer. Although they may not be able to prevent stress, patients can learn techniques (e.g., stress management, social support, communication, laughing and crying) to deal with it positively.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Center Nursing Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bryla
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D010551:Personality; D011598:Psychoneuroimmunology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*