title: Detection of urinary incontinence during ambulatory monitoring of bladder function by a temperature-sensitive device.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the difference between urinary and perineal temperatures is sufficient to allow registration of incontinent episodes by detection of temperature change alone. To design and assess the use of a diode-based temperature-sensitive device in the detection of episodes of urinary incontinence in long-term ambulatory monitoring (LTAM) studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Perineal temperature recordings were made in 46 women during various activities. A temperature-sensitive device consisting of six IN4148 diodes, spanning 5 cm, and a nearby reference negative diode, was placed in a light perineal pad and attached to a portable amplifier/digitizer and recorder. The performance of the device was determined by comparison with increases in pad weight in 51 incontinent and 23 continent control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A sufficient temperature differential existed between perineal and urinary temperature during all activities except being seated with crossed legs. Incontinence was reliably detected by the temperature-sensitive device. The device had a sensitivity of 95.2% and a specificity of 90.6% compared to a pad test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This temperature-sensitive device offers a new method for detecting urinary incontinence during LTAM studies. It can be fitted in an unobtrusive perineal pad and has a higher sensitivity and specificity for the detection of incontinence when compared to a pad test. It may also be used as a marker of voiding in ambulatory studies not employing an integrated voiding channel.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urodynamics, Bristol Urological Institute, UK.
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Eckford
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Finney
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abrams
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory; D011312:Pressure; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013696:Temperature; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014556:Urine / Q000502:physiology; D014563:Urodynamics