title: Percutaneous techniques for endoluminal carotid interventions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the evolving techniques for stent implantation in the proximal and cervical carotid arteries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Percutaneous access to proximal and cervical carotid lesions is either via direct puncture of the common carotid artery or through the more familiar retrograde common femoral (RCF) artery approach. Both techniques and their variations are described in detail, along with their benefits, disadvantages, and possible complications. Dual lesions at the arch and higher up the neck can be treated either from the RCF route or, if the cervical lesion requires endarterectomy, with open exposure at the bifurcation and stenting of the proximal lesion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the RCF route is more familiar to the majority of interventionists and provides adequate access in most situations, traversing the arch and negotiating acute angles at the ostia of the great vessels may render this method infeasible. The direct puncture technique is a useful alternative; however, it requires more expertise to prevent potentially disastrous access-site complications. One further caveat must be stated: regardless of the access approach selected, the opportunity for serious, debilitating-and lethal-complications is always present in cerebrovascular interventions. At this earliest phase in our experience with carotid stenting, cautious investigative methodologies must prevail.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular and Endovascular Surgery, Arizona Heart Institute, Phoenix 85006, USA.
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Diethrich
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marx
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wrasper
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Reid
mesh_terms: D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D006801:Humans; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011859:Radiography; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome