title: Screening for patients at risk of diabetic foot ulceration in a general diabetic outpatient clinic.
abstract: An examination of the reproducibility of three tests for identifying patients at risk of diabetic foot complications is reported. One thousand and one patients attending a general diabetic outpatient clinic at the Royal Liverpool University Hospital underwent screening using the Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments, the biothesiometer, and palpation of pedal pulses. Two hundred and fifty-nine patients who were found to have a deficit on at least one of these tests were given a second appointment where the tests were repeated. Two hundred and twenty-nine patients attended for their second appointment. The expected range of variation in readings for the biothesiometer was 5 log hertz, sufficient variation to make the biothesiometer unacceptable as a screening instrument. The range of reproducibility for the four pedal pulses was from 68% to 81%, also an unacceptable level of variation. Over 85% of the results for the Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments were the same on the first and second measurement. Of the three instruments examined in this study, only the Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments have sufficient reproducibility in the clinical setting for them to be recommended for general use as a screening test for risk of diabetic foot complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic and Accident Surgery Royal Liverpool Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Klenerman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McCabe
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cogley
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Crerand
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Laing
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000379:methods*; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D011674:Pulse; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012684:Sensory Thresholds; D014732:Vibration