title: Does prostate-specific antigen density alter decision making on biopsy?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The ability of prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) to predict prostate cancer in biopsy specimens is evaluated in patients with benign digital rectal examination (DRE) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) between 4.0 and 10.0 ng/ml.
  
  
  METHODS
  144 referred patients with a benign DRE and PSA > 4.0 ng/ml were additionally evaluated by transrectal ultrasonography and transrectal biopsies. PSAD values were calculated and statistical analysis was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean PSAD value was able to distinguish significantly between benign prostate conditions and prostate cancer in patients with PSA > 4.0 ng/ml. However, in 73 patients with 4.0 < PSA < or = 10.0 ng/ml no significant stratification was obtained. At a PSAD value of 0.15 the pretest probability of 18% for positive biopsy was lowered to a posttest probability of 8.1% and PSAD appeared to be of limited value regarding sensitivity and specificity at different cutoff values (ROC curve). Applying age-specific reference ranges would have reduced diagnostic procedures for men between 60 and 79 years old with 7.0% without missing prostate cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study PSAD was shown to have only a moderate additive value in decision making to omit biopsy for the individual patient with benign DRE and PSA between 4.0 and 10.0 ng/ml. Age-specific reference ranges of PSA can prevent unnecessary diagnostic procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vleeming
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: de Craen
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: de Reijke
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van Andel
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kurth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D003657:Decision Making; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010173:Palpation; D011336:Probability; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012372:ROC Curve; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen