title: Toward establishing an empirical basis for the diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (1) To determine the frequency of occurrence of oppositional defiant behaviors in the general population with a view to establishing empirical frequency cutoffs for the evaluation of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). (2) To examine the effects of changes in the definition of ODD between DSM-III-R and DSM-IV.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Great Smoky Mountains Study is a general population study of 9-, 11-, and 13-year-olds. Subjects and their parents were interviewed with the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment at baseline and again 1 year later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninetieth percentile frequency cutoffs for ODD symptoms are given. Although rates of ODD were little different between DSM-III-R and DSM-IV, fewer than half of those who met criteria by one or the other definition met criteria according to both. DSM-IV defined a more disturbed group of children than did DSM-III-R. Requiring only two or three ODD symptoms plus impairment identified children with substantial evidence of disturbance who did not otherwise meet criteria for any diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DSM-IV criteria represent an improvement over DSM-III-R. However, a reduction in the number of ODD symptoms required for diagnosis is indicated. Symptom frequency criteria for ODD symptoms are suggested for clinical use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Angold
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Costello
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors