title: The development of a measure of enculturation for Native American youth.
abstract: Enculturation is the process by which individuals learn about and identify with their ethnic minority culture. It is distinguished from acculturation which refers to the process by which an ethnic minority individual is assimilated into the majority culture. Three studies with Native American youths are reported that describe the development of a measure of enculturation for Native American youths. Development of a measure of enculturation provides a foundation upon which to build a body of literature that focuses on strengths in a youth's life rather than on deficits. Results of the first study (n = 120), a confirmatory factor analysis, indicated that cultural affinity, native American identity, and family involvement in traditional activities adequately represent the construct of ecnulturation. The study also provides some convergent validity for this interpretation. The second study examines factor invariance for enculturation among youths with data from over 2 years (n = 69). The factor structure was similar across time. The third study replicates the factor structure and validity analyses with a new sample (n = 42). Usefulness of the measure for assessing protective factors and stressing ethnicity over simple assessment of race categories is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Washington Heights, Ann Arbor 48109-2029, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ramirez-Valles
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Washienko
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dyer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003469:Culture; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000523:psychology*; D015146:Midwestern United States; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012933:Social Identification; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires