title: Cloning of a yeast 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase reveals the existence of a base-excision DNA-repair protein superfamily.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reactive oxygen species, ionizing radiation, and other free radical generators initiate the conversion of guanine (G) residues in DNA to 8-oxoguanine (OG), which is highly mutagenic as it preferentially mispairs with adenine (A) during replication. Bacteria counter this threat with a multicomponent system that excises the lesion, corrects OG:A mispairs and cleanses the nucleotide precursor pool of dOGTP. Although biochemical evidence has suggested the existence of base-excision DNA repair proteins specific for OG in eukaryotes, little is known about these proteins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using substrate-mimetic affinity chromatography followed by a mechanism-based covalent trapping procedure, we have isolated a base-excision DNA repair protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that processes OG opposite cytosine (OG:C) but acts only weakly on OG:A. A search of the yeast genome database using peptide sequences from the protein identified a gene, OGG1, encoding a predicted 43 kDa (376 amino acid) protein, identical to one identified independently by complementation cloning. Ogg1 has OG:C-specific base-excision DNA repair activity and also intrinsic beta-lyase activity, which proceeds through a Schiff base intermediate. Targeted disruption of the OGG1 gene in yeast revealed a second OG glycosylase/lyase protein, tentatively named Ogg2, which differs from Ogg1 in that it preferentially acts on OG:G.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  S. cerevisiae has two OG-specific glycosylase/lyases, which differ significantly in their preference for the base opposite the lesion. We suggest that one of these, Ogg1, is closely related in overall three-dimensional structure to Escherichia coli endonuclease III (endo III), a glycosylase/lyase that acts on fragmented and oxidatively damaged pyrimidines. We have recently shown that AlkA, a monofunctional DNA glycosylase that acts on alkylated bases, is structurally homologous to endo III. We have now identified a shared active site motif amongst these three proteins. Using this motif as a protein database searching tool, we find that it is present in a number of other base-excision DNA repair proteins that process diverse lesions. Thus, we propose the existence of a DNA glycosylase superfamily, members of which possess a common fold yet act upon remarkably diverse lesions, ranging from UV photoadducts to mismatches to alkylated or oxidized bases.
authors.affiliation: Harvard University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Nash
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Bruner
authors.forename: O D
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Schärer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawate
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Addona
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Spooner
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Verdine
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000235:genetics*; D043382:DNA-Formamidopyrimidine Glycosylase; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D009699:N-Glycosyl Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics*; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D009699:N-Glycosyl Hydrolases; D043382:DNA-Formamidopyrimidine Glycosylase; C468610:DNA-formamidopyrimidine glycosylase, E coli