title: Transesophageal echocardiographic assessment of the contribution of intrinsic tissue thickness to the appearance of a thick mitral valve in patients with mitral valve prolapse.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This prospective, blinded transesophageal echocardiographic study was performed to determine the relative contributions of leaflet redundancy and overlap versus intrinsic tissue thickening as mechanisms for the apparent increase in diastolic thickness of the mitral valve.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Increased diastolic thickness of the mitral valve has been identified as an echocardiographic feature that predicts subsequent adverse sequelae in patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven patients with clinical and transthoracic echocardiographic evidence of MVP and 11 age-matched control subjects underwent protocol transesophageal echocardiography to image the mitral valve in two orthogonal planes and to measure its thickness in systole and diastole.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maximal diastolic width of the slack, unloaded anterior leaflet was significantly greater in patients with MVP than in control subjects (mean +/- SD: 0.64 +/- 0.20 cm vs. 0.30 +/- 0.04 cm, p < 0.001). Similarly, diastolic posterior leaflet width was greater in patients with MVP (0.67 +/- 0.39 cm vs. 0.31 +/- 0.06 cm, p < 0.01). In contrast, minimal systolic width of the distended pressure-loaded mitral valve was not significantly different between patients with MVP and control subjects for either the anterior (0.22 +/- 0.05 cm vs. 0.20 +/- 0.04 cm, p = NS) or the posterior (0.25 +/- 0.07 cm vs. 0.24 +/- 0.05 cm, p = NS) leaflets. The percent change in leaflet width from diastole to systole (% delta W), an index of the contribution of dynamic factors (e.g., leaflet redundancy and overlap) to the apparent increase in diastolic leaflet thickness, was significantly greater in patients with MVP than in control subjects for both the anterior (% delta W 62 +/- 13% vs. 34 +/- 16%, p < 0.001) and the posterior (% delta W 54 +/- 19% vs. 22 +/- 21%, p < 0.005) leaflets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The apparent increase in diastolic mitral leaflet thickness in patients with MVP versus control subjects is largely attributable to dynamic factors such as leaflet redundancy, overlap and deformation. During diastole, when the mitral leaflets are slack and unstressed, the leaflets appear markedly thickened in patients with MVP. In contrast, during systole, when developed intraventricular pressure distends the leaflets, causing them to stretch and balloon into the left atrium, the intrinsic tissue thickness is much less than that measured in diastole. These findings have important implications for the morphologic criteria used to diagnose MVP and the potential pathophysiologic mechanisms for adverse sequelae in this syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Louie
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Langholz
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Mackin
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Wallis
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Scanlon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003971:Diastole / Q000502:physiology; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008945:Mitral Valve Prolapse / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies