title: Anatomic details of intradural channels in the parasagittal dura: a possible pathway for flow of cerebrospinal fluid.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The absorption of cerebrospinal fluid occurs primarily by means of arachnoid granulations (AG) in the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) and the lacunae laterales (LL) in the parasagittal dura. Previous descriptions of this region suggest a network of intradural channels, but finer details of extent and relationship between channels and AG were not addressed. Therefore, we undertook an anatomic study of cadaveric parasagittal dura.
  
  
  METHODS
  The SSS and parasagittal dura of 20 formalin-fixed adult cadavers and 15 autopsy specimens from patients ranging in age from 18 weeks of gestation to 80 years were studied by use of a light microscope, a scanning electron microscope, and corrosion casting. Intradural injections into the parasagittal region were performed in two formalin-fixed and four autopsy specimens from adults by use of normal saline and corrosion casting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Extensive networks of intradural channels from 0.02 to 2.0 mm in diameter were noted in all of the specimens. Channels either were connected to the SSS at intervals along the side wall or drained directly into the LL, which extended up to 3 cm from midline. Channels lined with endothelium stained positive for Factor VIII, as did the endothelium of the LL and SSS. In some places, the network of channels seemed to coalesce to form LL. The underside of the dura was coarse and trabeculated where the channels were abundant, and AG were interdigitated between these trabeculae. In regions of the dura where channels were sparse or absent, the dural underside was smooth and lacked AG. Underlying cortical veins opened directly into the SSS and were unrelated to intradural channels. Intradural parasagittal injections from the epidural side accessed the SSS by way of channels using pressures between 0 and 20 cm H2O at 1.5 ml/min.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These channels may represent a pathway for the flow of cerebrospinal fluid from AG to the SSS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, MacKenzie Health Sciences Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Walji
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mielke
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Petruk
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Aronyk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001099:Arachnoid / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016319:Corrosion Casting; D003392:Cranial Sinuses / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D004388:Dura Mater / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D012016:Reference Values