title: Assessment of mucosal underdosing in larynx irradiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mucosal underdosing as a result of electron disequilibrium at the air cavity may affect local recurrence rates for T1 and T2 larynx cancers. Secondary build-up properties of high-energy beams have been demonstrated in a slab phantom. It was the aim of this investigation to determine whether significant surface underdosing exists for the mucosa under clinical conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measurements were made using a thermoluminescent dosimetry (TLD) extrapolation technique in an anatomic larynx phantom. The larynx phantom was constructed using tissue and cartilage equivalent material, based on patient cross-sectional anatomy. Three different thicknesses of LiF ribbons, 0.14, 0.39, and 0.89 mm, were placed reproducibly at 12 different positions at the anterior, posterior, and lateral walls on the endolarynx surface. Measured doses were plotted and an extrapolation was made back to the mucosal depth to obtain the dose received at each of the positions. Results were obtained for two different field configurations, opposed laterals and oblique fields, for 6-MV X rays and opposed lateral fields from a telecesium unit. In addition, the larynx surface doses of field sizes from 4 x 6 cm2 to 7 x 6 cm2 were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surface underdosing was observed owing to the secondary build-up and build-down effect of the air cavity, and the dose measured for the three extrapolation TLDs at any position varied by up to 18%. An average variation of 6% was observed. The surface underdosing was most apparent for the 6-MV opposed lateral beam technique, where mucosa doses down to 76% of the prescribed dose were observed. Mucosal underdosing at the measurement positions was less marked with oblique techniques, telecesium treatment, and increasing field size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of underdosing, some surface positions receive < 80% of the prescribed dose. This may contribute to the potential for higher recurrence rates observed with high-energy photons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Newcastle Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Waratah, NSW, Australia. phpmo@cc.newcastle.edu.au
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ostwald
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kron
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Hamilton
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D002356:Cartilage / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D007822:Laryngeal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D007830:Larynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008961:Models, Structural; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000528:radiation effects