title: Clearance of technetium 99m N-NOET in normal, ischemic-reperfused, and membrane-disrupted myocardium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Technetium 99m-labeled bis(N-ethoxy, N-ethyl dithiocarbamato) nitrido technetium(v) (99mTcN-NOET) is a new neutral cardiac perfusion imaging agent that has been shown to have very high uptake and retention in vitro. The purpose of this study was to determine the clearance kinetics of 99mTcN-NOET in control, ischemic-reperfused, and membrane-disrupted myocardium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a 100 microCi (3.7 x 10(6) Bq) bolus of 99mTcN-NOET was injected, myocardial clearance was monitored for 1 hour by the use of a sodium iodide detector in 30 isolated, Krebs-Henseleit (KH) perfused rat hearts. Seven hearts were used as controls (group 1). In seven ischemic-reperfused hearts, tracer administration and uptake was followed by 30 minutes of no flow and 1 hour of reflow (group 2). In six additional ischemic-reperfused hearts, tracer administration was followed by deprivation of flow for 1 hour followed by 1 hour of reflow (group 3). Six hearts were perfused with a 0.5% Triton X-100 KH perfusate for 1 hour (group 4). Four hearts were perfused with KH for 10 minutes, followed by cyanide for 10 minutes (group 5). This cycle was repeated three times. Activities remaining in each heart at the end of each experiment were quantitated, and activity at peak uptake was calculated. The 99mTcN-NOET myocardial clearance was near linear in the control (0.6 +/- 0.4) and both ischemic-reperfused groups with virtually no fractional clearance (1.2% +/- 0.6% and 2.1% +/- 0.6%, respectively; p = NS). In the Triton X-100 membrane-disrupted hearts, clearance was substantial (94.2% +/- 4.0%; p < 0.0001 compared with the control and ischemic-reperfused groups). Cyanide treatment produced rapid clearance, which was arrested by a return to the standard KH perfusate. Peak uptake as a percentage of injected dose was 74.9% +/- 1.4% for all groups combined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus 99mTcN-NOET has extremely high myocardial retention after 1 hour in normal myocardium and is not significantly affected by ongoing myocardial ischemia or reperfusion injury in this model. Clearance is increased markedly in extreme conditions of membrane disruption. These data are consistent with the concept that 99mTc-NOET is localized predominantly in or on cell membranes. 99mTcN-NOET is a promising, new myocardial perfusion imaging agent that exhibits a stable myocardial distribution in the setting of acute developing injury.
authors.affiliation: William K. Warren Medical Research Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa 74136, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: I L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Allton
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lauinger
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Beju
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pasqualini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duatti
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Okada
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000032:analysis; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D017830:Octoxynol; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012966:Sodium Cyanide / Q000494:pharmacology; D013859:Thiocarbamates
chemical_list: D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D013859:Thiocarbamates; D017830:Octoxynol; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D012966:Sodium Cyanide; C093922:technetium Tc 99m, bis(N-ethoxy-N-ethyldithiocarbamato)nitrido-