title: Functional MRI: primary motor cortex localization in patients with brain tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was (a) to test the ability of functional MRI (fMRI) to localize the hand primary motor cortex in patients with brain neoplasms using a conventional scanner and (b) to compare within the same subject the location and morphology of the activated motor areas in the affected hemisphere with the contralateral ones.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen right-handed patients with frontoparietal intra- and extraaxial tumors were studied. Hand motor performance ranged from normal to slight impairment of finger dexterity. The fMRI study was based on a series of FLASH images. Two or three contiguous slices parallel to the bicommissural plane were acquired through the level of frontoparietal cortex. Each patient was requested to perform with each hand a finger-tapping task or a simpler repetitive flexion-extension of the last four fingers. Pseudo-color activation maps were then calculated by a Z-score method and superimposed on high resolution images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five patients were excluded because of gross motion artifacts. In all other patients, areas of significant signal increase were detected on the precentral gyrus. They had a spot-like appearance, and no substantial side-to-side differences in shape or extension could be observed. In the presence of severe compression of the gyri, a displacement of the activated areas in the affected hemisphere with respect to the contralateral ones was noticeable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  fMRI localization of the primary motor area using a conventional scanner can be obtained also in patients with brain tumors, although with a lower success rate than in normal volunteer studies, mainly because of subject compliance problems. Areas of significantly increased signal are detectable even in cortex where normal anatomical patterns are lost.
authors.affiliation: Neuroradiology Department, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore-Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Righini
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: de Divitiis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prinster
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spagnoli
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Appollonio
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bello
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scifo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tomei
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Villani
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fazio
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leonardi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology