title: Mode of action of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a feed additive for ruminants.
abstract: Two suggested modes of action of yeast in stimulating rumen fermentation were investigated. The first, that yeast respiratory activity protects anaerobic rumen bacteria from damage by O2, was tested using different strains of yeast that had previously been shown to have differing abilities to increase the viable count of rumen bacteria. Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC 240, NCYC 1026, and the commercial product Yea-Sacc, added to rumen fluid in vitro at 1.3 mg/ml, increased the rate of O2 disappearance by between 46 and 89%. The same three preparations also stimulated bacterial numbers in an in vitro fermenter (Rusitec). S. cerevisiae NCYC 694 and NCYC 1088, which had no influence on the viable count in Rusitec, also had no effect on O2 uptake. Respiration-deficient (RD) mutants of S. cerevisiae NCYC 240 and NCYC 1026 were enriched by repeated culturing in the presence of ethidium bromide. S. cerevisiae NCYC 240 and NCYC 1026 stimulated the total and cellulolytic bacterial populations in Rusitec, while the corresponding RD mutants did not. Rigorous precautions to exclude air from Rusitec resulted in S. cerevisiae NCYC 240 no longer stimulating total bacterial numbers, although it still increased numbers of cellulolytic bacteria. The second hypothesis, that yeast provides malic and other dicarboxylic acids which stimulate the growth of some rumen bacteria, was examined by comparing the effects of yeast and malic acid on rumen fermentation in sheep. Three mature sheep were given 0.85 kg barley/d plus 0.55 kg chopped ryegrass hay/d either unsupplemented, or supplemented with 4 g S. cerevisiae NCYC 240/d or 100 mg L-malic acid/d either mixed with the diet or in aqueous solution infused continuously into the rumen. Yeast increased the total viable count of bacteria (P < 0.05) whereas malic acid did not, and no other effect of the treatments reached statistical significance. It was concluded, therefore, that the stimulation of rumen bacteria by S. cerevisiae is at least partly dependent on its respiratory activity, and is not mediated by malic acid.
authors.affiliation: Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Newbold
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: McIntosh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D005285:Fermentation / Q000187:drug effects; D005503:Food Additives; D008293:Malates / Q000494:pharmacology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D012417:Rumen / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae; D012756:Sheep / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005503:Food Additives; D008293:Malates; C030298:malic acid; D010100:Oxygen