title: The interactive use of magnetoencephalography in stereotactic image-guided neurosurgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To expand the use of magnetoencephalography (MEG) functional mapping in the operating room as well as preoperatively, a method of integrating the MEG sensorimotor mapping information into a stereotactic database, using computed tomographic scans, magnetic resonance imaging scans, and digital angiography, was developed. The combination of functional mapping and the stereotactic technique allows simultaneous viewing of the spatial relationship between the MEG-derived functional mapping, the radiological/structural anatomic characteristics, and the pathological abnormality.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEG data were collected using a MAGNES II Biomagnetometer and were incorporated into the COMPASS frame-based and REGULUS frameless stereotactic systems. The transformation process, by calculating a translational vector and a rotation matrix, integrates functional and anatomic information that is then directly available intraoperatively in the stereotactic database. This procedure was employed in 10 patients undergoing computer-assisted stereotactic volumetric resections for lesions involving the sensorimotor cortex. The principles of coregistration and coordinate transformation are reviewed in the context of preoperative functional mapping. We introduce innovations to apply these techniques to intraoperative stereotactic systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tests of the accuracy of the intraoperative integration of functional information in patients and calibration phantoms indicated close agreement with earlier preoperative methods. The intraoperative availability of functional information was a significant aid to the surgeon because it provided more accurate information on the location of functional tissue than could be derived solely by radiological criteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The real-time availability of functional mapping information in an interactive fashion can reduce surgical risk and minimize functional morbidity. Within the ever-expanding realm of functional mapping and image-guided neurosurgery, further progress and integration of these methods is critical for resection of lesions involving eloquent cortex.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, USA.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Rezai
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hund
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kronberg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zonenshayn
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cappell
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ribary
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kall
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Llinás
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kelly
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction / Q000295:instrumentation; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007256:Information Systems; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation; D015225:Magnetoencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000295:instrumentation; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D013003:Somatosensory Cortex / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation