title: Healthy worker effect in a longitudinal study of one-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1) and chronic exposure to granite dust.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low level effects of granite dust on one-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1) are estimated in 618 Vermont granite workers followed for 5 years with annual pulmonary function tests. Reduced pulmonary function has already been reported for the subset of subjects lost to follow-up (dropouts) suggesting possible bias in analyses based only on survivors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy worker selection bias is directly assessed by comparing the dose-response associations between survivors who remained in the study for the full 5-year observation period and the dropouts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 353 survivors had an FEV1 of 96% of predicted at baseline and were losing FEV1 at an average rate of 44 ml/yr. No association was found in this group between the rate of FEV1 decline and lifetime dust exposure. However, the 265 workers with incomplete follow-up, 'dropouts', had a lower FEV1 at baseline (94%) and were losing FEV1 at an average rate of 69 ml/yr. The dose-response parameter in this group was estimated to be 4 ml/yr loss per mg/m3-year and was statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide an illustration of bias due to the healthy worker effect and an example of the failure to detect a true work-related health effect in a study based only on a 'survivor' population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts, Lowell 01854, USA.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Eisen
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Wegman
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Louis
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Peters
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D015989:Healthy Worker Effect; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008906:Mining; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012829:Silicosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D014707:Vermont / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: C007886:granite; D012822:Silicon Dioxide