title: Reliability of and comparisons among methods of measuring dissociated phoria.
abstract: Many methods of heterophoria measurement are available clinically. This paper reviews several studies which have examined the reliability of phoria measurements, and have compared various tests of phoria measurement. Different methods of data analysis make comparison of studies difficult. Two studies indicated 95% limits of agreement of 2 to 4 delta for reliability of modified Thorington, von Graefe, and Maddox rod phoria tests. Studies using correlational analysis to compare different measurement methods have found a high degree of association of the results of these methods. Studies using statistical methods assessing the agreement of test results found a high level of agreement among some tests and a low level of agreement among some tests. Some of the various phoria measurement methods differ in the technique used for dissociation, in the ability to control accommodation adequately, in the level of proximal convergence induced, or in the method by which the phoria is quantified. These differences can result in different phoria measurements on the same patient.
authors.affiliation: School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA.
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Rainey
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Goss
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Grosvenor
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009907:Optometry / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013285:Strabismus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014792:Visual Acuity