title: Musculoskeletal disease research: should we analyze the joint or the person?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To illustrate newly developed statistical methods in analysis of correlated binary outcome data in musculoskeletal (MSK) disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We applied 3 alternative statistical approaches to evaluate the relation of several risk factors to presence of knee osteoarthritis using data from the Framingham Osteoarthritis Study. The methods were (1) an ordinary logistic regression model using each knee as an independent unit of observation; (2) an ordinary logistic regression model treating each person rather than the knee as the unit of analysis; and (3) generalized estimating equation (GEE) and polychotomous logistic regression (PCHLE) using each knee as the unit of analysis but accounting for the correlation between fellow knees. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method with respect to validity, precision, and interpretability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The GEE and PCHLE models had clear advantages. They simultaneously evaluated the effects of person specific and knee specific risk factors, increased precision, enhanced the interpretability of variables, and provided new insights about how risk factors act.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the choice of statistical approach depends critically on the scientific question of interest, the GEE and PCHLE approaches will often be optimal in assessments of factors associated with MSK conditions affecting multiple correlated sites within the body, especially when the interest of the study focuses on site specific risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Boston University Arthritis Center, Boston University Medical Center, MA 02118, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Glynn
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Felson
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001835:Body Weight; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004967:Estrogens / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens