title: Bicycle riding and oral/maxillofacial trauma in young children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the frequency of oral/maxillofacial injuries in children who have had a bicycle incident and to relate this to the wearing of a protective helmet.
  
  
  METHODS
  Part of a larger prospective study in which self-administered questionnaires were completed by each child with bicycle-related injuries and their parents or caregivers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two tertiary-referral children's hospitals (between 1 April 1991 and 30 June 1992) and three general hospitals (between 1 August 1991 and 30 June 1992) in Brisbane.
  
  
  METHODS
  813 children aged under 15 years who presented to the accident and emergency departments with bicycle-related injuries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 321 children (39.5%) who sustained oral/maxillofacial injuries. Of 1355 injuries, 340 (25.1%) were to the facial region. Of the 153 children admitted to hospital for bicycle-related injuries, 94 (61.4%) had oral/maxillofacial injury as the primary reason for admission (including those with a reduced level of consciousness). Of the 66 children with a reduced level of consciousness, 53 had concomitant facial injuries. The most common oral/maxillofacial injuries were facial abrasions, cuts and lacerations (50.3%); soft tissue injuries to the mouth (30.9%); and dentoalveolar trauma (9.7%). Over half of these children were wearing bicycle helmets. Of the 15 facial fractures (mandibular, nasal, and zygomatico-orbital), 10 were in children wearing helmets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral/maxillofacial injuries are frequent among child bicycle riders, even for those who wear Australian Standards-approved bicycle helmets. Bicycle helmets need design modifications (e.g., lightweight chin protectors) to more adequately protect the face and jaw.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD. bondfam@powerup.com.au
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Acton
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Nixon
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000293:injuries; D001642:Bicycling / Q000293:injuries*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003243:Consciousness; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006260:Head Protective Devices; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008337:Mandibular Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology; D008446:Maxillofacial Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009055:Mouth / Q000293:injuries*; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000293:injuries; D009917:Orbital Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology; D010343:Patient Admission; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011793:Queensland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology; D017695:Soft Tissue Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D018677:Tooth Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D015051:Zygomatic Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology