title: Development of patterns of activity in diaphragm of fetal lamb early in gestation.
abstract: To examine the development of respiratory motor activity early in mammalian development and its relationship to nonrespiratory activity, we recorded spontaneous electromyogram activity from chronically instrumented fetal lambs over the period from 45 to 65 days' gestation (G45 to G65, term = G147). Two distinct forms of motor behavior were observed at G45 in recordings made from the costal diaphragm and longissimus dorsi muscles. The predominant behavior consisted of cycles of sustained, coincident activity in the two muscles alternating with periods of inactivity. The incidence of this type of activity declined between G45 and G65 and the cyclic nature of the discharges disappeared in most animals. The second form of motor behavior at G45 consisted of episodes of repetitive bursting activity lasting up to 20 min that were confined to the diaphragm. These bursts had a duration of 97.5 +/- 8.3 ms (mean +/- S.E.M.) and frequently occurred as doublets in which two bursts were separated by an intervening period of 100-200 ms. The mean duration of these bursts declined to 69.7 +/- 7.7 ms at G65, doublets became rare, and bursts evolved a stereotyped form by G65 that was characterized by an abrupt onset and rapid decline in discharge intensity. Repetitive bursts of this form evolve into the mature respiratory motor pattern over the second half of gestation. At G45, episodes of repetitive bursting were almost always linked with episodes of sustained discharge, while at G65 these two forms of behavior were always segregated. We conclude that the neurons responsible for generating the respiratory rhythm in the lamb are assembled into a functional rhythm generator and make appropriate connections to motor output pathways as early as G45. The generation of the respiratory rhythm at G45 appears to be triggered by episodes of widespread motor activity that occur in both respiratory and nonrespiratory muscles.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. iancooke@deakin.edu.au
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Berger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D005324:Fetal Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology; D012756:Sheep