title: Surgery for carcinoma of the gallbladder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Carcinoma of the gallbladder is one of the gastrointestinal malignancies with an extraordinarily poor prognosis. The 5-year survival rate amounts to less than 5 per cent in most series. Our aim was to analyze the experience of a single center with surgery for gallbladder carcinoma with special reference to liver wedge resection.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis examined all patients of the Clinic of Surgery of the Humboldt University Medical School (Charité) with diagnosed gallbladder carcinoma operated on between January 1981 and August 1993. The analysis was based on patient documentation. Cumulative survival rates were calculated according to the method of Kaplan/Meier. Statistical significances were calculated using logrank and Wilcoxon's tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty one patients (61 female, 20 male) were included in the study. The preoperative diagnoses were confirmed in 33 patients (40.7%). The stage distribution according to the TNM-system revealed 6, 10, 12, and 53 patients at the stages I-IV, respectively. The curative resection rate was 22.2%. Stage-dependent surgical procedures resulted in cumulative survival rates of 33.3% for stages I and II, 8.3% for stage III and 1.9% for stage IV. The overall prognosis was significantly determined by metastatic spread to the lymph nodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diagnostic efforts should focus on detecting the low stages I and II of gallbladder carcinoma. Our results suggest that aggressive surgical management with second intervention and wedge resection or more extended liver resection is the method of choice for stage T1b or more advanced stages of gallbladder carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Surgery, Humboldt University Medical School (Charité) Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rückert
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Rückert
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gellert
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hecker
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002763:Cholecystectomy; D005260:Female; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000473:pathology; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006498:Hepatectomy; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate