title: Reducing the rate of paramedic needlesticks in emergency medical services: the role of self-capping intravenous catheters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the frequency of unintentional needlesticks can be reduced by replacing conventional i.v. catheters with self-capping ones.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort, historically controlled study, conducted in an emergency medical services advanced life support (ALS) service. The ALS service annually transports 12,000 patients, for whom i.v. therapy is attempted in about 65% of cases. The needlestick rate per 1,000 patients receiving attempts at i.v. access was examined during the 2 10-month periods, before and after introduction of a self-capping i.v. catheter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the 2 periods, the percentage of patients for whom i.v. access was attempted remained constant at 65%. The success rate for i.v. access was statistically unchanged from 88% to 90% (p > 0.5, power = 0.995). During the period prior to use of the new catheter, 44 injuries were reported overall. Of these, 15 were due to unintentional needlesticks, 11 associated with contaminated needles. Following the system-wide introduction of the new catheter, only 1 of 31 reported injuries was due to needlestick (uncontaminated). The extrapolated annual incidence of contaminated needlesticks decreased from 169 (95% CI; 85, 253) to 0 (95% CI; 0, 46) per 100,000 i.v.attempts. The extrapolated incidence for all needlesticks decreased from 231 (95% CI; 132, 330) to 15 (95% CI; 0, 40) per 100,000 i.v. attempts. The absolute number of needlesticks and the proportion of injuries due to needlesticks decreased significantly (p < 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of i.v. catheters with self-capping needles was associated with a significant reduction in the absolute number of inadvertent needlesticks as well as the proportion of injuries due to needlesticks among ALS providers. The use of self-capping i.v. catheters was feasible and did not appear to be a deterrent to initiating i.v. therapy in the out-of-hospital environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical Center of Delaware, Newark 19718, USA. o'connor.r@mcd.gen.de.us
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Krall
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Megargel
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Bouzoukis
mesh_terms: D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000295:instrumentation; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000635:transmission*; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D004867:Equipment Design; D004869:Equipment Safety; D005383:Finger Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D016602:Needlestick Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies