title: Aggravation of gingival inflammatory symptoms during pregnancy associated with the concentration of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 (PAI-2) in gingival fluid.
abstract: Gingival inflammatory symptoms are aggravated during pregnancy. In vitro studies suggest a hormonal influence on the plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 (PAI-2), and a disturbed balance of the fibrinolytic system could help to explain pregnancy gingivitis. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was sampled in 14 women in pregnant and post-pregnant states. The gingival condition was assessed by the gingival index of Løe & Silness (GI) and the amount of bacterial plaque by the plaque index of Silness & Løe (PI). The ratio of sites with gingivitis to sites with bacterial plaque was calculated (G/P-ratio). Antigen levels of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA), plasminogen activator inhibitors type 1 (PAI-1) and PAI-2 in GCF were determined with ELISAs and 17 beta-oestradiol and progesterone in serum with radioimmunoassays. For each individual the differences (delta) in hormone levels and PAs and PAIs between pregnancy and post-pregnancy were calculated. Based on differences in G/P-ratio between pregnancy and post-pregnancy, subgrouping was done into a high-reacting and a low-reacting group. For the total group, the mean G/P-ratio was 2.0 during and 1.2 after pregnancy (p = 0.064). A statistically significant correlation between delta progesterone and delta PAI-2 was noted: the higher delta progesterone, the lower delta PAI-2. No other significant correlations between hormone levels and components of the fibrinolytic system were found. For the total group of women, the concentrations of PAI-2, PAI-1 and t-PA were significantly higher during than after pregnancy. The individuals in the high-reacting group, however, showed a lower or unchanged production of PAI-2 during pregnancy, while those in the low-reacting group showed a greatly increased production. The lower inhibitory capacity in terms of a low production of PAI-2 during pregnancy in women with a higher inflammatory reaction indicates that the components of the fibrinolytic system may be involved in the development of pregnancy gingivitis and implies that PAI-2 serves as an inhibitor of importance for tissue proteolysis. The present finding contributes to the explanation of pregnancy gingivitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Lund University, School of Dentistry, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kinnby
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Matsson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Astedt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005342:Fibrinolysis; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D010512:Periodontal Index; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000032:analysis; D017396:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 2 / Q000032:analysis* / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000032:analysis; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D017396:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 2; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator