title: The small GTP-binding protein rho activates c-Jun N-terminal kinases/stress-activated protein kinases in human kidney 293T cells. Evidence for a Pak-independent signaling pathway.
abstract: Work from a number of laboratories has established a role for certain small GTP-binding proteins in controlling the enzymatic activity of a family of serine-threonine kinases known as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). MAPKs have been classified into three subfamilies: extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), also known as MAPKs; c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs); and p38 kinase. Whereas Ras controls the activation of MAPKs, we and others have recently observed that in certain cells, the small GTP-binding proteins Rac1 and Cdc42 but not Rho regulate the activity of JNKs. Furthermore, because Rac1 and Cdc42 but not Rho bind and activate a kinase known as Pak1, it has been suggested that Pak1 is the most upstream component of the pathway linking these GTPases to JNK. However, in both yeast and mammalian cells, Rho1p, a Rho homologue, and RhoA, respectively, directly interact with a number of proteins, including kinases related to protein kinase C. In addition, in yeast, Rho1p controls the activity of a MAPK cascade involved in bud formation. Considering this diversity of target molecules for small GTP-binding proteins, their likely tissue specific distribution, and the potential role for Rho in signaling to a kinase cascade, we decided to extend our initial analysis, exploring the ability of Ras and Rho-related GTP-binding proteins to activate MAPK or JNK in a variety of cell lines. We found that in the human kidney epithelial cell line, 293T, Cdc42 and all Rho proteins, RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC, but not Rac or Ras can induce activation of JNK. Furthermore, we provide evidence that signaling from Rho proteins to JNK in 293T cells does not involve Pak1. Taken together these findings demonstrate that Rho signals to JNK in a cell type-specific manner and suggest the existence of a novel, Pak1-independent signaling route communicating the Rho family of small GTP-binding proteins to the JNK pathway.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular Development and Oncology, NIDR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4330, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Teramoto
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Crespo
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Coso
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Igishi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gutkind
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D007668:Kidney / Q000201:enzymology*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014162:Transfection; D020846:cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein, Saccharomyces cerevisiae; D054462:p21-Activated Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020744:rac GTP-Binding Proteins; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein; D020743:rhoB GTP-Binding Protein; D000075024:rhoC GTP-Binding Protein
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins; C083285:RHO1 protein, Pisum sativum; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; C094326:PRK1 protein, S cerevisiae; C515903:PAK1 protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D054462:p21-Activated Kinases; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; C066690:RHOC protein, human; D020846:cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein, Saccharomyces cerevisiae; D020744:rac GTP-Binding Proteins; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein; D020743:rhoB GTP-Binding Protein; D000075024:rhoC GTP-Binding Protein