title: Hematologic and immunologic evaluation of recombinant human interleukin-6 in patients with advanced malignant disease: evidence for monocyte activation.
abstract: Eighteen advanced cancer patients received weekday subcutaneous injections of recombinant interleukin-6 (rIL-6) for 4 weeks at escalating doses. Patients were evaluated for hematologic and immune system effects. Hematologic monitoring included WBC, differential, Hgb and Hct, platelet counts, and assessment of marrow and peripheral blood progenitors. Immunologic monitoring included evaluation of acute-phase reactants (APRs), immunophenotyping, serum cytokine levels, cytokine-induced proteins, and cytokine messenger RNA (mRNA). The maximal tolerated dose (MTD) was 8.0 micrograms/kg/day, with neurocortical toxicity as the major limiting factor. All patients became anemic, and most had fever and chills. APRs were increased throughout treatment. WBCs increased transiently on day 2; granulocytes and monocytes increased again through day 26, whereas lymphocytes decreased to baseline or lower levels. Platelets responded by day 12 and increased through day 26 at the MTD with no effect on colony-forming unit-megakaryocyte (CFU-Mk). Peripheral WBC and RBC progenitors were not affected but decreased in the marrow. T-cell percentages declined with little effect on absolute numbers; T-cell activation was seen. CD45RO+ T cells decreased, but there was no significant effect on CD8+ CD28+ T cells. Neither B cells nor natural killer (NK) cells were affected. However, evidence of monocyte effects included upregulation of CD71, induction of the cytokine-induced proteins 2-5A synthetase and neopterin, and increases in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA. Serum cytokines were undetected, and mRNA for IL-1 beta, IL-2, and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) was not induced; however, mRNA for IL-4 and IL-10 did increase suggesting activation of Th2-like T cells. One mixed tumor response was seen. We conclude that IL-6 alone has systemic activity on the immune system, as well as the hematopoietic system, which at the MTD, primarily involves induction of APR, activation and expansion of monocytes, and activation of Th2-like T cells.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology/Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Keever-Taylor
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Witt
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Truitt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramanujam
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Borden
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Ritch
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004306:Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D011994:Recombinant Proteins