title: Isovaleric acidemia: response to a leucine load after three weeks of supplementation with glycine, L-carnitine, and combined glycine-carnitine therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of glycine and carnitine therapy on isovaleryl conjugate excretion in isovaleric acidemia (IVA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Urinary isovalerylglycine (IVG) and isovalerylcarnitine (IVC) were measured from 12-hour urine specimens collected overnight from an 8-year-old patient with IVA (who had no residual activity of isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase in fibroblasts) before and during 3-week courses of supplementation with glycine alone (250 mg/kg per day), L-carnitine alone (100 mg/kg per day) therapy, and both of these agents combined, with a 2 gm leucine challenge performed at the end of each treatment period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isovalerylglycine was the predominant metabolite excreted throughout the study, and its mean value doubled with glycine treatment. Isovalerylcarnitine excretion was minimal without carnitine supplementation. L-Carnitine therapy was associated with a 50% decline in excretion of IVG without a fully compensatory increase in IVC. The readdition of glycine to the carnitine regimen resulted in an increase in IVG excretion. Leucine challenge resulted in a 2.7- and 2.4-fold increase of IVG and IVC excretion, respectively, during L-carnitine therapy but not during glycine supplementation, and a 3.5- and 4-fold increase in excretion of both metabolites during glycine plus L-carnitine therapy. Total conjugate excretion was highest after a leucine load during combined glycine and L-carnitine therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined glycine and L-carnitine therapy maximally increases isovaleryl conjugate excretion during metabolic stress but not under stable conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Fries
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rinaldo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schmidt-Sommerfeld
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jurecki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Packman
mesh_terms: D000592:Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D002331:Carnitine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005998:Glycine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D045782:Hemiterpenes; D006801:Humans; D050769:Isovaleryl-CoA Dehydrogenase; D007930:Leucine / Q000378:metabolism*; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D044925:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors; D010421:Pentanoic Acids / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D045782:Hemiterpenes; D010421:Pentanoic Acids; C008216:isovaleric acid; C005916:N-isovalerylglycine; C027333:3-methylbutyrylcarnitine; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D044925:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors; D050769:Isovaleryl-CoA Dehydrogenase; D007930:Leucine; D002331:Carnitine; D005998:Glycine