title: EPR spin trapping study of the decomposition of azo compounds in aqueous solutions by ultrasound: potential for use as sonodynamic sensitizers for cell killing.
abstract: Sonodynamic therapy, a promising new approach to cancer treatment, is based on synergistic cell killing by combination of certain drugs (sonosensitizers) and ultrasound. Although the mechanism of sonodynamic action is not understood, the role of free radicals produced from sonosensitizers by ultrasound is implicated. In this work, we studied formation of free radicals during the decomposition of several water-soluble azo compounds by 50 kHz ultrasound in aqueous solutions. Using the spin trap 3,5-dibromo-4-nitrosobenzene sulfonate (DBNBS) tertiary carbon-centered radicals from 2,2'-azobis (N,N'-dimethyleneisobutyramidine) dihydrochloride (VA-044), 2-(carbamoylazo)-isobutyronitrile (V-30), and 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) and .CH3 radicals from 1,1'-azobis (N,N'-dimethylformamide) (ADMF) were detected in argon-saturated solutions and the corresponding oxygen-centered radicals (alkoxyl and peroxyl) from VA-044, V-30, and AAPH were identified using the spin trap 5,5'-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) in aerated sonicated solutions. No free radicals from 4,4'-dihydroxyazobenzene-3,3'-dicarboxylic acid, disodium salt (DHAB) could be found in either system. While VA-044 and AAPH could also be readily decomposed by heat (42.5 degrees C and 80 degrees C), V-30 decomposition only occurred in the ultrasound-exposed solutions. The most likely mechanism of decomposition of azo compounds by ultrasound is their thermolysis in the heated shell of the liquid surrounding cavitating bubbles driven by ultrasound and/or by pyrolysis inside these bubbles. Experiments using scavengers of .OH and .H, which are produced by sonolysis in aqueous solutions, demonstrated that these radicals are not involved in the ultrasound-mediated radical production from the azo compounds. Due to the known cytotoxic potential of free radicals produced from azo compounds, the use of these compounds as ultrasound sensitizers appears to be a promising approach for sonodynamic cell killing.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Misík
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miyoshi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Riesz
mesh_terms: D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000737:chemistry; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D012996:Solutions; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D005609:Free Radicals; D012996:Solutions; D014867:Water; D010100:Oxygen