title: Pediatric heart-lung transplantation: intermediate-term results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adult heart-lung transplantation was initiated at Stanford in 1981 and the first pediatric heart-lung transplantation was done in 1986. Intermediate-term results of pediatric heart-lung transplantation at Stanford University are presented.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of the records of all pediatric heart-lung transplantations done since 1986 was conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen heart-lung transplantations were done in 17 patients. Ages ranged from 2 months to 18 years with a median age of 10 years. At the time of transplantation 5 patients were infants, 7 children, and 7 adolescents. The mean follow-up was 29 +/- 6.2 months (range 1 to 77, median 16) and follow-up was 100% complete. Diagnoses were congenital heart disease in 13, primary pulmonary hypertension in 2, and cystic fibrosis, cystic lymphangiectasia, viral pneumonia, and obliterative bronchiolitis in 1 each. Median wait on the heart-lung transplantation list was 91 days (range 2 to 707). All patients had New York Heart Association class III to IV symptoms, two were receiving ventilator support, and six were receiving oxygen. Fifteen of 19 transplant recipients were discharged from the hospital. The 30-day operative mortality rate was 5.2% (1 of 19). The actuarial survival at 1, 3, and 5 years for all patients was 67%, 51%, and 41%, respectively, and for hospital survivors was 82%, 62%, and 51%. The cause of death was obliterative bronchiolitis in 4, multisystem organ failure in 3, and graft coronary artery disease and chronic airway disease in 1 each. Three patients required retransplantation, 2 because of obliterative bronchiolitis and 1 because of viral pneumonia. Two patients underwent repeat heart-lung transplantation and 1 patient underwent single lung transplantation. Rejection was diagnosed in 73% of recipients, and obliterative bronchiolitis has developed in 32% of recipients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Survival in pediatric heart-lung transplantation approximates that in the adult procedure at 1, 3, and 5 years. Long-term survival has been achieved but the primary factors limiting further improved survival remain infection and obliterative bronchiolitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore, USA.
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Conte
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Reichenspurner
authors.forename: V G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Valentine
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Theodore
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Reitz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D016041:Heart-Lung Transplantation / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000379:methods; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome