title: Effect of deletion polymorphism of angiotensin converting enzyme gene on progression of diabetic nephropathy during inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme: observational follow up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the concept that an insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene predicts the therapeutic efficacy of inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme on progression of diabetic nephropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational follow up study of patients with insulin dependent diabetes and nephropathy who had been treated with captopril for a median of 7 years (range 3-9 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient diabetic clinic in a tertiary referral centre.
  
  
  METHODS
  35 patients with insulin dependent diabetes and nephropathy were investigated during captopril treatment (median 75 mg/day (range 12.5 to 150 mg/day)) that was in many cases combined with a loop diuretic, 11 patients were homozygous for the deletion allele and 24 were heterozygous or homozygous for the insertion allele of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene.
  
  
  METHODS
  Albuminuria, arterial blood pressure, and glomerular filtration rate according to insertion/deletion polymorphism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The two groups had comparable glomerular filtration rate, albuminuria, blood pressure, and haemoglobin A1c concentration at baseline. Captopril induced nearly the same reduction in mean blood pressure in the two groups-to 103 (SD 5) mm Hg in the group with the deletion and 102 (8) mm Hg in the group with the insertion-and in geometric mean albumin excretion-573 (antilog SE 1.3) micrograms/min and 470 (1.2) micrograms/min, respectively. The rate of decline in glomerular filtration rate (linear regression of all glomerular filtration rate measurements during antihypertensive treatment) was significantly steeper in the group homozygous for the double deletion allele than in the other group (mean 5.7 (3.7) ml/min/year and 2.6 (2.8) ml/min/year, respectively; P = 0.01). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that haemoglobin A1c concentration, albuminuria, and the double deletion genotype independently influenced the sustained rate of decline in glomerular filtration rate (R1 (adjusted) = 0.51).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin converting enzyme gene reduces the long term beneficial effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on the progression of diabetic nephropathy in patients with insulin dependent diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Steno Diabetes Centre, Gentofte, Denmark.
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Parving
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tarnow
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rossing
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lecerf
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Poirier
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cambien
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000209:etiology; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002216:Captopril / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005838:Genotype; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D002216:Captopril; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A