title: Second solid tumors in patients with Hodgkin's disease cured after radiation or chemotherapy plus adjuvant low-dose radiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Late solid tumors (STs) are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in long-term survivors of Hodgkin's disease. To investigate the carcinogenic potential of two different therapeutic approaches, we measured the relative risk (RR) of STs in patients with early-stage disease cured after primary full-dose (approximately 40 Gy) radiation therapy (RT) and in patients with advanced disease who were treated with chemotherapy followed by low-dose (15 to 30 Gy) involved-field radiation (CMT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Because therapy-induced STs generally begin after a latency period of 5 to 10 years, we restricted our analysis to patients treated before 1986 who achieved durable remissions. Patients who required salvage chemotherapy or who died of Hodgkin's disease were excluded from analysis. The RR of STs was calculated by dividing the observed number of cases by the expected number in a matched population from the Connecticut Tumor Registry. The actuarial incidence of STs was also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 197 patients formed the RT group and 116 the CMT group. The median follow-up period in the RT group was 12.8 years, versus 13.5 years in the CMT group. The overall RR of STs in the CMT group was 1.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.6 to 3.5; P = .122). There were no cases of lung or breast cancer. In the RT group, the overall RR of STs was 3.3 (95% CI, 2.0 to 5.3; P < .001). There were seven cases of lung cancer (RR = 10.8; 95% CI, 5.3 to 22.2; P < .001) and two cases of breast cancer (RR = 2; 95% CI, 0.6 to 7.4; P = .07). All six benign tumors occurred in the RT group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients cured by initial treatment for Hodgkin's disease, RT was associated with a statistically significant increase in STs, particularly lung cancer. CMT was not associated with a significant increase in STs. These data may have important implications for the design of newer therapies for early-stage Hodgkin's disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8032.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Salloum
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Doria
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zelterman
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Holford
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Farber
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Kiehl
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cardinale
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000206:Actuarial Analysis; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006689:Hodgkin Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000209:etiology*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012307:Risk Factors