title: Magnetic resonance lymphography in rats: effects of muscular activity and hyperthermia on the lymph node uptake of intravenously injected superparamagnetic iron oxide particles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the influence of muscular activity and regional body temperature changes on the accumulation of intravenously (i.v.) administered, dextran-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particles in the lymph nodes of rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four groups of rats (N = 21) were used. Five rats were allowed to move freely after i.v. contrast administration (group 1). In another five rats, muscular inactivity (group 2) was induced during i.v. injection of SPIO particles and for up to 2 hr thereafter by anesthesia. In seven rats (likewise anesthetized), the contrast agent was administered while the extremities of one side of the body were warmed in a water bath for 2 hr (group 3). The rats in groups 1-3 received 100 mumol Fe/kg of the contrast agent. Four rats not given SPIO particles served as the control group (group 4). The lymph nodes of all animals were removed 24 hr after SPIO administration and were embedded in an agar matrix for magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 T using a proton-density-weighted spin-echo (PD-SE) sequence and a T2*-weighted gradient-recalled echo (T2* GRE) sequence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Signal loss varied widely among the different lymph nodes in group 1. A pronounced signal reduction was observed in the mesenteric (PD-SE = 20 +/- 6%, T2* GRE = 55 +/- 19%), iliac (PD-SE = 13 +/- 13%, T2* GRE = 44 +/- 24%), and popliteal (PD-SE = 24 +/- 7%, T2* GRE = 70 +/- 11%) lymph nodes and only a moderate reduction in the mandibular (PD-SE = 4 +/- 7%, T2* GRE = 42 +/- 15%), axillary (PD-SE = 0 +/- 4%, T2* GRE = 8 +/- 7%), and inguinal (PD-SE = 5 +/- 5%, T2* GRE = 34 +/- 18%) lymph nodes. The least pronounced signal loss occurred in the peripheral lymph nodes of group 2, ranging from 0 +/- 3% for PD-SE sequences and 10 +/- 11% for T2* GRE sequences to 13 +/- 15% for PD-SE sequences and 41 +/- 19% for T2* GRE sequences. In group 3, the uptake of contrast material in the peripheral lymph nodes of the hyperthermal side was significantly more pronounced than on the contralateral side (p < .01), and the contrast agent was distributed more evenly to the different lymph node groups than in group 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Muscular activity and regional hyperthermia markedly influence the accumulation of SPIO particles in different lymph node groups in rats. These findings must be considered in preclinical studies and in the clinical administration of MR lymphography.
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinikum Benjamin Franklin Radiologische Klinik, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Elste
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taupitz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pfefferer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kresse
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hamm
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Semmler
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia; D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003911:Dextrans; D005260:Female; D052203:Ferrosoferric Oxide; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007501:Iron / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D010087:Oxides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005082:Physical Exertion; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D003911:Dextrans; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D010087:Oxides; D007501:Iron; C065507:ferumoxides; D052203:Ferrosoferric Oxide