title: Etiology, screening, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: The prognosis with large hepatocellular carcinomas is poor, and only palliative treatment is available. Small tumors are amenable to several modes of treatment, including liver transplantation, resection, or alcohol injection, with acceptable 5-year survival rates. Although the value of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma has yet to be shown, these data, coupled with the recognition of at-risk groups and useful diagnostic techniques, might encourage the clinician to screen at-risk patients in the clinic. New imaging techniques such as ultrasonographic angiography enhanced with CO2 microbubbles, or color Doppler ultrasound, may clarify the intratumoral blood flow of small tumors.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Medicine, Royal Free Hospital and School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Khakoo
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Grellier
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Soni
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhattacharya
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Dusheiko
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D008403:Mass Screening
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor