title: Structure and function of the gastrointestinal tract of the Florida manatee, Trichechus manatus latirostris.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Florida manatee, Trichechus manatus latirostris (Sirenia: Trichechidae), is the largest herbivorous marine mammal. Previously, components of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of the species have been described, but no comprehensive descriptions of the gross and microscopic anatomy existed. This study integrates function and structure of the entire Florida manatee GI tract.
  
  
  METHODS
  The GI tracts of several recently dead Florida manatees were examined from the following viewpoints: gross anatomical studies of preserved and unpreserved specimens, histology and histochemistry, and ultrastructure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The manatee GI tract has an enlarged hindgut, as do other nonruminant herbivores (i.e., hindgut digesters such as horses), but it also has important adaptations not seen in most other mammals. These structural adaptations include a discrete accessory digestive gland (the cardiac gland), submucosal mucous glands along the greater curvature of the stomach, and unkeratinized, stratified squamous epithelial cells overlying the glandular mucosae of the pyloric antrum, midgut cecum, colon, and rectum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The adaptations described above may relate to osmoregulation as well as to herbivory. The Florida manatee GI tract is most similar to those of other members of the Order Sirenia and to that of the herbivorous green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas), but it also shows superficial similarities to those of phylogenetically close Orders, the Proboscidea and Hyracoidea. The immense size of both the manatee and its large intestine suggests that, relative to smaller hindgut digesters, manatees have a slow rate of passage of digesta and efficient breakdown of fibrous plant material.
authors.affiliation: Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, Florida 33711, USA.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rommel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001344:Autopsy / Q000662:veterinary; D004064:Digestive System / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000737:chemistry; D004068:Digestive System Physiological Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D007420:Intestine, Large / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008322:Mammals / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009077:Mucins / Q000032:analysis; D013270:Stomach / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D014426:Turtles
chemical_list: D009077:Mucins