title: Micromere formation at third cleavage is decisive for trochoblast specification in the embryogenesis of Patella vulgata.
abstract: Trochoblasts of the mollusc Patella vulgata differentiate early in development into ciliated cells due to a cell intrinsic developmental capacity. The third cleavage appears to be decisive for their specification. Permanent inhibition of cleavage after the third cleavage, as induced by a continuous incubation with the drug Cytochalasin B, had no effect on trochoblast-specific gene expression later in development. However, permanent inhibition of cleavage before third cleavage abolished trochoblast differentiation including trochoblast-specific gene expression. Inhibition of just the third cleavage itself was sufficient to repress trochoblast-specific gene expression. In contrast, inhibiting the second or fourth cleavage did not effect trochoblast-specific gene expression. Correct formation of micromeres at the third cleavage is required to obtain trochoblast-specific gene expression as was shown in experiments in which the formation of micromeres during third cleavage was suppressed by pressure. In addition, centrifugation before or during the third cleavage disturbs trochoblast-specific gene expression, whereas centrifugation after the third cleavage does not affect trochoblast-specific gene expression. Thus, during the third cleavage a decisive step in the determination of developmental fate of trochoblasts takes place, likely resulting in a segregation of activating and inhibitory determinants. Trochoblast-specific markers in Patella were only expressed in embryos that were division arrested after third cleavage. This suggests that a segregation of differentiation potentials has to take place before trochoblast differentiation markers are expressed. The restriction of differentiation potentials in the cleaving stage embryo is thus required to enable trochoblast-specific gene expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Zoology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Damen
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Klerkx
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: van Loon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001757:Blastomeres; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D008974:Mollusca / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics; D014404:Tubulin / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D014404:Tubulin