title: Microglial responses after focal radiation-induced injury are affected by alpha-difluoromethylornithine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to quantify microglial and astrocytic cell responses after focal 125I irradiation of normal brain and to determine the effects of an intravenous infusion of alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) on those responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult beagle dogs were irradiated using high activity 125I sources. Saline or DFMO (75 mg/kg/day) was infused for 18 days, and 1 to 10 weeks later brain tissues were collected. Immunohistochemical stains were used to label phagocytes and amoeboid microglia (lectin RCA-1), astrocytes (GFAP), and cells synthesizing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (BrdU). Cell densities (cells/mm2) and BrdU labeling indices were quantified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In dogs infused with saline, increases in phagocytes and amoeboid microglia were observed at 1-2 weeks and 4 weeks, respectively. The labeling indices for phagocytes and amoeboid microglia peaked at 4 weeks with maximum values of 4.8 and 13.4%, respectively. Astrocyte cell numbers increased from 2-6 weeks following irradiation; increased labeling indices were observed after 2 weeks. An infusion of DFMO significantly suppressed BrdU labeling and delayed the increase in cell numbers for phagocytes and amoeboid microglia. In both treatment groups, the proportion of total BrdU labeling accounted for by phagocytes was maximum 1 week after irradiation and then decreased. The proportion of total BrdU labeling accounted for by amoeboid microglia and astrocytes was zero for 2 weeks and then increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microglial reactions after focal irradiation involve the phagocytic and amoeboid cell forms and are characterized by increased BrdU uptake and increased cell number. DFMO significantly alters these responses. Changes in astrocyte cell number and BrdU labeling may be related to changes in microglia. Studies of cell responses and their modification may lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of radiation injury, and to new strategies to optimize the use of therapeutic irradiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bellinzona
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Seilhan
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Gobbel
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Lamborn
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Fike
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D004285:Dogs; D000518:Eflornithine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D017628:Microglia / Q000528:radiation effects*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000528:radiation effects; D011833:Radiation Injuries, Experimental / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D000518:Eflornithine