title: Noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring of critical patients in the emergency department.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the feasibility of multicomponent noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring in critical emergency patients and to compare this technique with simultaneous invasive monitoring by the pulmonary artery thermodilution catheter.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective observational study was done comparing invasive monitoring and noninvasive monitoring in 60 critically ill or injured patients who required hemodynamic monitoring shortly after entering the ED of a university-affiliated country hospital. Cardiac output (CO) values measured by the standard thermo-dilution pulmonary artery catheter technique were compared with simultaneously obtained measurements using a noninvasive bioimpedance method. Concurrent measurements were made of pulse oximetry to screen pulmonary function and transcutaneous oximetry to assess tissue perfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The impedance CO values closely approximated those for the thermodilution method; r 0.81, p < 0.001. Significant circulatory abnormalities, including hypotension, reduced cardiac index, arterial hemoglobin desaturation, tissue hypoxia, reduced O2 delivery, and consumption, were found in 54 of the 60 (90%) patients. The cardiac index decreased in 44% of the patients, the transcutaneous O2 decreased in 39%, and the O2 saturation by pulse oximetry fell in 22% during the observation period in the ED (commonly lasting 2-8 hours).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Noninvasive monitoring can provide hemodynamic and perfusion information previously available only by invasive thermodilution catheters. Such noninvasive monitoring can display continuous on-line real-time data, allowing immediate recognition of circulatory abnormalities and providing a means to titrate therapy to appropriate therapeutic goals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, King-Drew Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Shoemaker
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wo
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thangathurai
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Patil
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002302:Cardiac Output; D002307:Cardiography, Impedance / Q000379:methods; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D013815:Thermodilution / Q000379:methods