title: Throwing while looking through prisms. II. Specificity and storage of multiple gaze-throw calibrations.
abstract: Human subjects threw balls of clay at a visual target while looking through wedge prism spectacles. In studies of short-term adjustment, subjects threw in the direction of their prism-bent gaze, missing the target to that side. Within 10-30 throws, they gradually adapted with a wider gaze-throw angle and hit the target. Immediately after removal of the prisms the wide gaze-throw angle persisted and throws missed the target to the opposite side, the so-called 'negative after effect'. Repeated throws were required to adapt back to the normal gaze-throw angle and hit the target. The adaptation was specific both to the body parts trained and the type of throw trained: training with the right hand did not generalize to throwing with the left; overhand training seldom generalized to underhand throwing. In a study of long-term adjustment, two subjects threw with the same hand (right) and the same type of throw (overhand) alternately, with and without prisms, over a period of 6 weeks. They gradually learned to hit the target on the first throw, with and without prisms. The two gaze-throw calibrations (prism and no-prism) were retained for > 27 months. The long-term adjustment was shown to consist of a coordinated relationship of eye-in-head, head-on-trunk and trunk-on-arm angles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis 63110, USA.
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Keating
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Goodkin
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bastian
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Thach
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*