title: Release of the flexor hallucis longus tendon in ballet dancers.
abstract: Thirteen female ballet dancers had an operative release of the flexor hallucis longus tendon because of isolated stenosing tenosynovitis, and the results were reviewed after a mean duration of follow-up of six years and six months (range, two to ten years). All of the patients danced at the advanced or professional level, and all had failed to respond to non-operative management. The mean age of the patients at the time of the operation was twenty years (range, thirteen to twenty-six years). Symptoms, which included pain and tenderness over the medial aspect of the subtalar joint, had been present for a mean of six months (range, two to twelve months) preoperatively and were exacerbated by jumping and by attempts to perform en pointe work. Crepitus was present in six patients, and triggering was present in three. No patient had evidence of a symptomatic os trigonum. Postoperatively, all patients participated in a formal physical-therapy program for a mean of nine weeks (range, four to thirteen weeks). All patients returned to dancing, within a mean of five months (range, two to nine months), and eleven reached a level of full participation in dancing without restriction. At the time of the most recent follow-up, all patients noted improvement compared with the pre-operative condition. Eight patients were professional ballet dancers, four were students at advanced ballet schools, and one had stopped performing ballet for reasons unrelated to the tenosynovitis of the flexor hallucis longus. In addition, two of the students had decided not to pursue careers in dancing because of persistent, but greatly diminished, symptoms. No complications were noted in this series. We concluded that an operative release of the flexor hallucis longus is effective for the treatment of isolated stenosing tenosynovitis in female ballet dancers who place high demands on the foot and ankle and for whom non-operative treatment has failed.
authors.affiliation: Children's hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Kolettis
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Micheli
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000842:Ankle / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery; D003615:Dancing / Q000293:injuries; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005528:Foot / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008722:Methods; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D011182:Postoperative Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013380:Subtalar Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D013710:Tendons / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013717:Tenosynovitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016474:Weight-Bearing