title: Cost-effectiveness of incorporating inactivated poliovirus vaccine into the routine childhood immunization schedule.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the economic consequences of introducing inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) into the routine vaccination schedule in the United States to reduce vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness models were formulated to compare the current national 4-dose live attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) schedule with a 4-dose IPV schedule or a sequential schedule of 2 doses of IPV followed by 2 doses of OPV. Model assumptions were derived from the National Health Interview Survey (1994), current prices for OPV and IPV, a Delphi panel, compensatory awards by the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, and published and unpublished reports.
  
  
  METHODS
  Annual societal incremental cost relative to the current schedule for the cost-benefit model; cost per VAPP case prevented for the cost-effectiveness model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Changing to an IPV-only or a sequential schedule would cost $28.1 million and $14.7 million, respectively. The costs per case of VAPP prevented were estimated as $3.0 million and $3.1 million for each option, respectively. Outcomes were most sensitive to the number of additional visits that may occur to avoid multiple injections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The introduction of IPV into the routine vaccination schedule would not be cost-beneficial at current vaccine prices and with the current compensation awards paid to VAPP cases. The analysis provides a range of costs that policymakers need to consider if they wish to prevent VAPP. Although these costs are higher than those of other public health prevention programs, they may be justified because VAPP continues to occur as a result of government-mandated vaccination policies in the absence of known wild poliovirus transmission in the United States.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Surveillance Division, National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Sutter
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Strebel
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hadler
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D007223:Infant; D017059:Models, Econometric; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011050:Policy Making; D011051:Poliomyelitis / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011054:Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics; D011055:Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014481:United States; D014611:Vaccination / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D011054:Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; D011055:Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral