title: Vienna phrenic pacemaker--experience with diaphragm pacing in children.
abstract: Eight children, five boys and three girls, aging from 2 to 13 years (M = 9 +/- 3) were treated with the "Vienna phrenic pacemaker". Indication for implantation was central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome (CAH) in one case and total ventilatory insufficiency due to high cervical cord or brain stem lesion (SCI) in seven cases. Four electrodes were applied to each phrenic nerve via sternotomy. Both hemidiaphragms were paced synchronously with increasing duty cycles to condition the diaphragms for continuous electrophrenic respiration (EPR). EPR could be performed successfully in all children but one. Four children could achieve chronical EPR, one is in conditioning period. Two patients could not be discharged from hospital due to parental neglect and died after two and three years of intermittent stimulation. Six children could be discharged from hospital, two of them died after one and four years of chronic pacing. In one case tracheotomy could be closed definitively. Ventilatory insufficiency due to CAH and SCI can be treated even in children with diaphragm pacing, provided the indication for implantation, containing medical and social aspects, was made correctly. Diaphragm pacing probably will not lengthen life of severely injured children but it can increase the quality of their life and therefore should be preferred to positive pressure mechanical ventilation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Surgical University Clinic, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Girsch
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Koller
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holle
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bijak
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lanmüller
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mayr
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thoma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000294:innervation; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D011788:Quality of Life; D012125:Respiratory Center / Q000503:physiopathology; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000503:physiopathology