title: Growth-promoting effects of Ca(2+)-mobilizing agents in hepatocytes: lack of correlation between the acute activation of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C and the stimulation of DNA synthesis by angiotensin II, vasopressin, norepinephrine, and prostaglandin F2 alpha.
abstract: Although several hormones that promote hepatocyte proliferation also activate phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) and mobilize Ca2+, the role of PI-PLC in the growth-stimulating effect of these agents is not clear. We have investigated this issue further, by exposing freshly isolated adult rat hepatocytes to vasopressin, angiotensin II, norepinephrine (in the presence of the beta-adrenoceptor blocker timolol) or PGF2 alpha, and examined both acute responses and the subsequent DNA synthesis when the cells were grown in monolayer culture. All the agonists elevated the level of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) and enhanced the DNA synthesis, amplifying the response to epidermal growth factor (EGF), and this comitogenic effect could be exerted by a single exposure of the cells 24 h prior to the addition of EGF. The acute activation of PI-PLC, measured as the early rise (peak 15-60 s) in InsP3, was 8-10-fold with vasopressin or angiotensin II, 3-4-fold with norepinephrine, and approximately 2-fold with PGF2 alpha. For all the agonists, a rise in cytosolic free Ca2+ in 100% of the cells and a maximal increase in glycogen phosphorylase activity were evoked at concentrations that approximately doubled the level of InsP3. However, the growth-stimulatory effects of these agonists showed a different order of efficacy as compared to the activation of PI-PLC; in terms of the maximal stimulation of DNA synthesis, the effects were: norepinephrine approximately PGF2 alpha > angiotensin II > vasopressin. Also, norepinephrine, PGF2 alpha, and angiotensin II, but not vasopressin, further enhanced the DNA synthesis when their concentrations were increased above those yielding maximal elevation of InsP3. In experiments where vasopressin and angiotensin II were combined, their effects on the DNA synthesis were additive while the InsP3 responses were not. The results show that the extent of the initial activation of PI-PLC is not the determinant for the magnitude of the growth effects of Ca(2+)-mobilizing hormones in hepatocytes. This suggests either (a) that the proliferative response to these agents is determined by the activity of PI-PLC at a later time, or its integral over an extended part of the prereplicative period, rather than by the acute activation, or (b) that additional, PI-PLC-independent, mechanisms are required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: O F
authors.initials: OF
authors.lastname: Dajani
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Røttingen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sandnes
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Horn
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Refsnes
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Thoresen
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Iversen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Christoffersen
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000502:physiology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D015544:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology*; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D043265:Phosphatidylinositol Diacylglycerol-Lyase; D054801:Phosphoinositide Phospholipase C; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006005:Phosphorylases / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015290:Second Messenger Systems; D013997:Time Factors; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D014667:Vasopressins; D000804:Angiotensin II; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D015544:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate; D004247:DNA; D015237:Dinoprost; D006005:Phosphorylases; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; D054801:Phosphoinositide Phospholipase C; D043265:Phosphatidylinositol Diacylglycerol-Lyase; D002118:Calcium; D009638:Norepinephrine