title: Genetic evidence that formins function within the nucleus.
abstract: The murine limb deformity (ld) locus encodes a set of proteins, termed formins, that are required for embryonic limb and kidney development. Previous studies had indicated that these proteins are located in the nucleus and cytoplasm and have biochemical properties consistent with an action within the nucleus. To test the notion that nuclear localization is crucial for formin function, we carried out molecular and biochemical studies on three ld alleles. We show that two transgene-induced alleles, ldTgHd and ldTgBri, generate similar COOH-truncated formins that lack the terminal 110 amino acids, while a third allele, ldIn2, generates a less extensively truncated formin that lacks the terminal 42 amino acids. Using subcellular fractionation analysis, we find that wild-type formin is detected in both nuclear and cytosolic fractions; in contrast, the truncated formins encoded by ldTgHd and ldTgBri are strictly cytosolic. The less extensively truncated ldIn2 formin shows a similar, but less complete, localization defect. Consistent with this weaker cellular phenotype, hind limbs from ldIn2 mice have milder skeletal defects than those of ldTgBri mice. These observations define a small region in the carboxyl terminus that is required for nuclear localization and suggest that nuclear localization plays a role in formin action.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leder
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000235:genetics*; D000483:Alleles; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000002:abnormalities; D002451:Cell Compartmentation; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D005326:Fetal Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000080865:Formins; D017880:Limb Deformities, Congenital; D051379:Mice; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010641:Phenotype; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D013347:Subcellular Fractions
chemical_list: D005326:Fetal Proteins; D000080865:Formins; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010446:Peptide Fragments