title: Electromagnetic interference from welding and motors on implantable cardioverter-defibrillators as tested in the electrically hostile work site.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to determine the susceptibility of an implanted cardioverter-defibrillator to electromagnetic interference in an electrically hostile work site environment, with the ultimate goal of allowing the patient to return to work.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Normal operation of an implanted cardioverter-defibrillator depends on reliable sensing of the heart's electrical activity. Consequently, there is concern that external electromagnetic interference from external sources in the work place, especially welding equipment or motor-generator systems, may be sensed and produce inappropriate shocks or abnormal reed switch operation, temporarily suspending detection of ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of electromagnetic interference on the operation of one type of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (Medtronic models 7217 and 7219) was measured by using internal event counter monitoring in 10 patients operating arc welders at up to 900 A or working near 200-hp motors and 1 patient close to a locomotive starter drawing up to 400 A.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The electromagnetic interference produced two sources of potential interference on the sensing circuit or reed switch operation, respectively: 1) electrical fields with measured frequencies up to 50 MHz produced by the high currents during welding electrode activation, and 2) magnetic fields produced by the current in the welding electrode and cable. The defibrillator sensitivity was programmed to the highest (most sensitive) value: 0.15 mV (model 7219) or 0.3 mV (model 7217). The ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation therapies were temporarily turned off but the detection circuits left on.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  None of the implanted defibrillators tested were affected by oversensing of the electric field as verified by telemetry from the detection circuits. The magnetic field from 225-A welding current produced a flux density of 1.2 G; this density was not adequate to close the reed switch, which requires approximately 10 G. Our testing at the work site revealed no electrical interference with this type of defibrillator. Patients were allowed to return to work. The following precautions should be observed by the patient: 1) maintain a minimal distance of 2 ft (61 cm) from the welding arc and cables or large motors, 2) do not exceed tested currents with the welding equipment, 3) wear insulated gloves while operating electrical equipment, 4) verify that electrical equipment is properly grounded, and 5) stop welding and leave the work area immediately if a therapy is delivered or a feeling of lightheadedness is experienced.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Engineering Department, Medtronic, Inc. Minneapolis; Minnesota 55440, USA.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Fetter
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Benditt
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Stanton
mesh_terms: D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004560:Electricity; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D004581:Electronics / Q000295:instrumentation; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000628:therapy; D013686:Telemetry; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000628:therapy; D014896:Welding; D017132:Workplace