title: Eye manifestations of congenital toxoplasmosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the natural history of treated and untreated congenital toxoplasmosis and impact of this infection on vision.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective, longitudinal study, 76 newborns were treated with pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine for approximately one year, and 18 individuals not treated during their first year of life entered the study after age 1 year (historical patients).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chorioretinal scars were the most common eye finding in all patients and were most common in the periphery (58% of treated and 82% of historical patients). Macular scars were present in 54% of the treated patients; 41% were bilateral. Macular scars were present in 76% of the historical patients; 23% were bilateral. Visual acuity in the presence of macular lesions ranged from 20/20 to 20/400. Of the patients followed up from the newborn period and treated, 29% had bilateral visual impairment, with visual acuity for the best eye of less than 20/40. Causes for this visual impairment in eyes with quiescent lesions included macular scars, dragging of the macula secondary to a peripheral lesion, retinal detachment, optic atrophy, cataract, amblyopia, and phthisis. There were recurrences in both treated (13%, 7/54) and previously untreated historical patients (44%, 8/18). The total, median, and range of years of follow-up during which recurrences were observed were, for treated patients, 189 years (total), five years (median), and three to ten years (range) and, for historical, untreated patients, 160 years (total), 11 years (median), and three to 24 years (range). New lesions occurred in previously normal retinas and also contiguous to older scars. Active lesions appeared to become quiescent within ten to 14 days after beginning pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many children with congenital toxoplasmosis have substantial retinal damage at birth and consequent loss of vision. Nonetheless, vision may be remarkably good in the presence of large macular scars. Active lesions become quiescent with treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Mets
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holfels
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Boyer
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Swisher
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Roizen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hopkins
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Withers
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mack
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Luciano
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Remington
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McLeod
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008266:Macula Lutea / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011739:Pyrimethamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012008:Recurrence; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013411:Sulfadiazine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014125:Toxoplasmosis, Congenital / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D014126:Toxoplasmosis, Ocular / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D014792:Visual Acuity
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D013411:Sulfadiazine; D011739:Pyrimethamine