title: [Angiography of extremities].
abstract: In the last decade, the indications, risks and limitations of arteriography were dramatically changed because of the improvement of contrast agents and the advent of digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The most widely used contrast agents, at present, are nonionic monomers which have low osmolality and consequently cause less sensation of heat, vasodilatation and pain of injection. These alleviate the pain of angiography for patient and the serious complications were markedly decreased, however, the adverse effects of contrast mediums still remains, particularly the late onsets of adverse effects. The advent of DSA made it possible to perform arteriography in the outpatient department since the catheter size became thin and consequently less invasion for patients. Because the diagnostic procedure was specialized and individualized, the arteriography of lower extremities is often performed by radiologists. The arteriography for patients having arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO) requires the precise understandings of pathophysiology and vascular anatomy. Therefore, the vascular surgeons and radiologists have to discuss before examinations, which could provide correct anatomical information and minimize the invasion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murashita
mesh_terms: D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D001162:Arteriosclerosis Obliterans / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media