title: p53-dependent G1 arrest and p53-independent apoptosis influence the radiobiologic response of glioblastoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Loss of the p53 tumor suppressor gene has been associated with tumor progression, disease relapse, poor response to antineoplastic therapy, and poor prognosis in many malignancies. We have investigated the contribution of p53-mediated radiation-induced apoptosis and G1 arrest to the well described radiation resistance of glioblastoma multiforme (GM) cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radiation survival in vitro was quantitated using linear quadratic and repair-saturation mathematical models. Isogenic derivatives of glioblastoma cells differing only in their p53 status were generated using a retroviral vector expressing a dominant negative mutant of p53. Radiation-induced apoptosis was assayed by Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis, terminal deoxynucleotide transferase labeling technique, and chromatin morphology. Cells were synchronized in early G1 phase and mitotic and labeling indices were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Radiation-induced apoptosis of GM cells was independent of functional wild-type p53 (wt p53). Decreased susceptibility to radiation-induced apoptosis was associated with lower alpha values characterizing the shoulder of the clonogenic radiation survival curve. Using isogenic GM cells differing only in their p53 activity, we found that a p53-mediated function, radiation-induced G1 arrest, could also influence the value of alpha and clonogenic radiation resistance. Inactivation of wt p53 function by a dominant negative mutant of p53 resulted in a significantly diminished alpha value with no alteration in cellular susceptibility to radiation-induced apoptosis. The clonal derivative U87-LUX.8 expressing a functional wt p53 had an alpha (Gy-1) value of 0.609, whereas the isogenic clonal derivative U87-175.4 lacking wt p53 function had an alpha (Gy-1) value of 0.175.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that two distinct cellular responses to radiation, p53-independent apoptosis and p53-dependent G1-arrest, influence radiobiological parameters that characterize the radiation response of glioblastoma cells. Further understanding of the molecular basis of GM radiation resistance will lead to improvement in existing therapeutic modalities and to the development of novel treatment approaches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0520, USA.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Haas-Kogan
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yount
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Levi
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kogan
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vidair
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Deen
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Dewey
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Israel
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000528:radiation effects; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53