title: The effect of a flexion contracture of the elbow on the ability to transfer in patients who have quadriplegia at the sixth cervical level.
abstract: We studied six patients (twelve upper extremities) who had quadriplegia at the sixth cervical level. Our purpose was to evaluate how the loss of terminal extension of the elbow adversely affected the ability of the patient to perform transfers with a sliding board and so-called depression raises (lifting of the body with use of the extended upper extremities to reduce the pressure on the ischial tuberosities). Function of the triceps muscle was considered to be absent in eight upper extremities and present in four. A flexion contracture of the elbow was simulated with use of a specially fabricated, hinged elbow brace. Terminal extension was progressively limited, in 5-degree increments, until the patient was no longer able to perform the transfer or the depression raise. The mean flexion contracture at which the patient could not perform the transfer or the depression raise was approximately 25 degrees when function of the triceps was absent and approximately 50 degrees when function of the triceps was intact. The results of this study emphasize the importance of maintaining the full range of motion of the elbow in a patient who has high-level quadriplegia. In a patient who has quadriplegia at the sixth cervical level who otherwise would be independent with regard to transfer skills and mobility in bed, a flexion contracture of the elbow of approximately 25 degrees or more can result in the loss of a functional level and render the patient as dependent as one who has quadriplegia at the fifth cervical level.
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California Department of Orthopaedics, Rancho Los Amigos Medical Center, Downey, California 90262, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grover
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gellman
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Waters
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D001915:Braces; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D003286:Contracture / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000145:classification / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000145:classification; D016474:Weight-Bearing