title: Clinical characteristics of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the clinical features and outcome of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review of patients seen at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Children's Seashore House Pediatric Rheumatology Center between 1988 and 1993.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine patients with ages ranging from 8 months to 17 years are presented. Clinical features of five patients with primary APS, described in detail, were digital ischemia, stroke, chorea, Addison disease, and pulmonary vaso-occlusive disease. The four children with secondary APS had systemic lupus erythematosus. Clinical features of these patients include livedo reticularis, deep venous thrombosis, and pulmonary hypertension. Antiphospholipid titers, results of coagulation studies, and serologic findings did not predict outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  APS in children has diverse clinical features similar to those in adults and should be considered in cases of unexplained vaso-occlusive disease.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Rheumatology Center, Children's Seashore House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: von Scheven
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Athreya
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Goldsmith
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Morton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies