title: The addition of fructose or sodium citrate does not improve recovery rates of cryopreserved human spermatozoa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of the addition of sodium citrate and/or fructose to medium containing egg yolk, glycerol and TEST buffer (TES(N-tris[hydroxymethyl] methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) plus Tris (hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane) on human sperm cryopreservation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sperm cryopreservation in three cryoprotective media, followed by thawing 3 weeks or 3 months later.
  
  
  METHODS
  University outpatient clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two semen samples from fertile men were evaluated before and after freezing for 3 weeks or 3 months in three different cryoprotective media consisting of a stock solution (TEST-YOLK) to which 20% sodium citrate was added plus 2% fructose (TESTC I) or to which 20% sodium citrate, but no fructose, was added (TESTC-II).I MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Measurements of quantitative sperm motility, progressive motility, vitality and recovery rates before and after freezing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before freezing, the addition of the different media increased sperm progressive motility but did not change quantitative motility or vitality. Sample freezing reduced all the above variables both after 3 weeks and after 3 months, with no difference between the two freezing times. Semen analysis two hours after thawing showed a significant fall in both motility and vitality when compared with samples analyzed immediately after thawing. No significant differences in recovery rates were observed between media or within the same medium when the two freezing times (3 weeks and 3 months) were compared.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of sodium citrate and/or fructose to the cryoprotective medium does not improve sperm motility or vitality after freezing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yamasaki
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: de Sala
authors.forename: M da G
authors.initials: Mda G
authors.lastname: Cabrera
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: de Sá
mesh_terms: D002951:Citrates; D015925:Cryopreservation; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D005632:Fructose; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012662:Semen Preservation; D000077559:Sodium Citrate; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002951:Citrates; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D000077559:Sodium Citrate; D005632:Fructose