title: Effect of low-carbohydrate-ketogenic diet on metabolic and hormonal responses to graded exercise in men.
abstract: Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) and lactate threshold (LT) were measured during graded, incremental exercise in 8 healthy, untrained volunteers (aged 22 +/- 0.9 yrs) following 3 days on a control, mixed diet, or a ketogenic (50% fat, 45% protein and 5% carbohydrates) diet of equal energy content. Before and after exercise tests acid base balance, plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-HB), free fatty acid (FFA), and some hormone concentrations were determined. In comparison with the normal diet, the ketogenic diet resulted in: an increased VO2 max, decreased respiratory exchange ratio an a shift of LT towards higher exercise loads. Blood LA concentrations were lower before, during and after exercise. Post exercise blood pH, as well as pre-and post exercise base excess and bicarbonates were reduced. Resting beta-HB concentration was elevated to approx. 2.0 mM, and FFA to approx. 1.0 mM. During a 1 h recovery period beta-HB decreased to 0.85 mM (p < 0.01) after the ketogenic diet, while plasma FFA did not change after exercise under either conditions. Both the pre-and post-exercise levels of adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol were enhanced, whilst plasma insulin concentration was decreased on the ketogenic diet. It is concluded that the short-term ketogenic diet does not impair aerobic exercise capacity, as indicated by elevated VO2 max and LT. This may be due to increased utilization of beta-HB and FFA when carbohydrate stores are diminished. Stimulation of the sympatho-adrenal system, and cortisol secretion with reduced plasma insulin concentration seem to be of importance for preservation of working capacity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physiology Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Langfort
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pilis
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zarzeczny
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nazar
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kaciuba-Uściłko
mesh_terms: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; D000328:Adult; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates / Q000097:blood; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates; D007328:Insulin; D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; D006854:Hydrocortisone