title: Functional outcomes of older adults with traumatic brain injury: a prospective, multicenter analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate improvement rates and medical services costs in older brain injured adults relative to younger patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive statistics were computed in a prospective comparative study of 50 patients 55 years and older and 50 patients 18 to 54 years old matched for gender and injury severity (number of days in coma, admission Glasgow Coma Score, intracranial pressure). Independent t tests were performed to examine differences between the two samples on specific variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five medical centers in the federally sponsored Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems Project that provide emergency medical services, intensive and acute medical care, inpatient rehabilitation, and a spectrum of community rehabilitation services.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were selected from a national database of 531 rehabilitation inpatients admitted to acute care within 8 hours of traumatic brain injury between 1989 and 1994.
  
  
  METHODS
  Disability Rating Scale, Functional Independence Measure, Rancho Los Amigos Levels of Cognitive Functioning Scale, length of stay, acute care and rehabilitation charges, and discharge disposition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Older persons averaged a significantly longer rehabilitation length of stay, higher total rehabilitation charges, and a lower rate of change on functional measures. No significant differences between groups were found for acute care length of stay, daily rehabilitation charges, acute care charges (daily or total), or discharge disposition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although older persons demonstrated functional changes, the cost of change was substantially higher than for younger patients, coincident with longer lengths of stay. These higher overall charges and slower rates of change may effect changes in referral and management patterns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond 23298-0542, USA.
authors.forename: D X
authors.initials: DX
authors.lastname: Cifu
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kreutzer
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Marwitz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Englander
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: High
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000647:Amnesia / Q000209:etiology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000209:etiology; D005249:Fees and Charges; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006407:Hematoma, Epidural, Cranial / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities / Q000191:economics; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000209:etiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000209:etiology; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000534:rehabilitation*