title: Genomic structure of HOXD13 gene: a nine polyalanine duplication causes synpolydactyly in two unrelated families.
abstract: Synpolydactyly (SPD) is a limb malformation that shows a characteristic manifestation in both hands and feet. This condition is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with reduced penetrance. We have recently mapped this locus centromeric to the HOXD8 intragenic marker and suggested the HOXD13 gene as a potential candidate for this condition. The genomic structure of HOXD13 established in this study consists of two exons that encodes a polypeptide of 335 amino acids. The downstream exon at the 3' end of this gene contains the homeodomain sequences that are highly conserved. Sixty-three bp upstream of this exon lies a stretch of intronic CA-repeats that proved to be polymorphic in two different populations. The upstream exon encodes 75% of the entire protein and contains a stretch of 15 normal alanines at its 5' end. Sequence comparison at this position in the homozygous affected individuals identified a total of 24 alanine residues that resulted from a duplication of nine polyalanines. In two unrelated SPD families, this duplication was directly transmitted from the affected parents to their affected, but not unaffected, offspring; in one family its size has remained constant for at least 150 years spanning over seven generations. The presence of this duplication confirmed the status of four normal gene carriers, one incomplete penetrance and two affected individuals who were recombinants for HOXD8 or HOXD13-CA repeat markers. This duplication was not present in 150 chromosomes of unrelated healthy subjects of two different populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, USA.
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Akarsu
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Stoilov
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Sayli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarfarazi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000409:Alanine / Q000235:genetics; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D002648:Child; D018900:Dinucleotide Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005801:Genes, Homeobox / Q000235:genetics*; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics; D006579:Heterozygote; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010375:Pedigree; D010455:Peptides / Q000235:genetics*; D017689:Polydactyly / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013576:Syndactyly / Q000235:genetics*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; C513184:HOXD13 protein, human; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C489576:Hoxd8 protein, mouse; D010455:Peptides; D014157:Transcription Factors; C075279:HOXD8 protein, human; C019529:polyalanine; D000409:Alanine