title: Loss of contrast intensity during systole in the left ventricular cavity with the use of the contrast agent Albunex. An analysis of its correlation with pressure and velocity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several investigators have observed a decrease in video intensity in the left ventricular cavity during systole when using contrast echocardiography. It has been suggested that this phenomenon is related to microbubble instability. The authors propose that this phenomenon is, in part, related to the effects of pressure and velocity on the acoustic reflectance of ultrasound contrast agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using an in vitro flow tube model and varying concentrations of Albunex contrast agent, the effects of pressure and velocity on microbubble video intensity were investigated. Velocity and pressure were varied independently and the imaging tube was scanned using three transducer frequencies at different concentrations of Albunex. Contrast video intensity was analyzed using high and low velocities (at constant pressure) and high and low pressures (at constant velocity). In addition, the fluid from the system was collected and imaged in a nonflowing reservoir tank to investigate the video intensity of the microbubbles when exposed to variable velocity and pressure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The video-intensity measurements were inversely and irreversibly related to ambient pressure changes (independent of velocity) in a tube model. However, video intensity varied inversely but reversibly with velocity (independent of pressure). This observation could not be explained simply by the "laminar flow" theory, by a change in transducer angulation, nor by a change in ultrasound imaging frame rate. This phenomenon was limited to Albunex microbubbles and was not observed with a contrast medium (corn starch) devoid of the acoustic properties of Albunex.
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago 60612, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tiukinhoy
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhoopalam
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Winkelmann
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ammar
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mangulabnan
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Block
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Malhotra
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Feinstein
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins; D003287:Contrast Media; D004452:Echocardiography; D006352:Heart Ventricles; D006801:Humans; D008863:Microspheres; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D011312:Pressure; D013599:Systole / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; C060687:Albunex; D003287:Contrast Media