title: Identification of the reactive subunits of Aspergillus umbrosus involved in the antigenic response in farmer's lung.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Farmer's lung (FL) is the most common form of extrinsic allergic alveolitis and the fungus Aspergillus umbrosus has frequently been associated with FL among Finnish farmers. IgG and IgA class antibodies against Aspergillus umbrosus are found in the serum of FL patients and healthy exposed farmers. So far the immunologically reactive subunits of Aspergillus umbrosus are unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study was to identify and localize the reactive subunits of Aspergillus umbrosus that are involved in the antigenic response in FL.
  
  
  METHODS
  The distribution of the primary antibody on the outer wall layers of 4- and 11 day-old fungi Aspergillus umbrosus was studied by pre-embedding immunolabelling with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)- and gold-conjugated antibodies. The surface carbohydrates of the outer wall layers were studied using FITC-conjugated lectins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FITC-conjugated antibodies from FL patient sera reacted with spores (conidia), phialides and hyphae, whereas the fruiting body, cleistothecia, remained unstainable. Immunofluorescence labelling was confirmed by immunolabelling electron microscopy, and gold-conjugated IgG antibodies were found on the outer cell walls of spinulose conidia, and in a less degree on the outer cell walls of hyphae and phialides. Only single gold particles were found scattered on the surfaces of cleistothecia. The surface carbohydrates of Aspergillus umbrosus conidia, vesicles, phialides and hyphae had a high affinity to GlcNAc beta 1- and Man alpha 1-/Glc alpha 1-specific lectins and only GlcNAc beta 1-specific lectins also reacted with the outer cell walls of cleistothecia. Blocking of the antigenic sites of Aspergillus umbrosus by preincubating antigen-coated enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plates with lectins caused some inhibition, indicating that sites with the highest affinity for lectins were not always antigenic sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gold-and FITC -conjugated antibodies were distributed mostly on the outer wall layers of conidia, hyphae and phialides of Aspergillus umbrosus and GlcNAc beta 1-linked lectins had the strongest affinity to the outer wall layers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Allergology, University of Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaukonen
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Pelliniemi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Savolainen
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Terho
mesh_terms: D000917:Antibody Formation; D001230:Aspergillus / Q000276:immunology*; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000737:chemistry; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005203:Farmer's Lung / Q000276:immunology*; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000032:analysis; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate