title: Race, quality of care, and antipsychotic prescribing practices in psychiatric emergency services.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study examined whether the prescription practices of clinicians in psychiatric emergency services differed for African-American patients. Prescription of antipsychotic medications and its relation to quality of care was a particular focus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 442 independently observed evaluations of patients in psychiatric emergency services were examined using multivariate analyses. The observations were made during a five-year period at four urban general hospitals in California.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinicians in the four emergency services, most of whom were Caucasian, prescribed more psychiatric medications to African Americans than to other patients and devoted significantly less time to their evaluations. African Americans received more oral doses and more injections of antipsychotic medications, and the mean 24-hour dosage of antipsychotics (1,321 milligrams) was significantly higher than for other patients (825 milligrams). The tendency to overmedicate African-American patients was lower when clinicians' efforts to engage the patients in treatment were rated higher.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results highlight the importance of efforts to engage African Americans in the treatment process and the need for clinical skills and training to help bridge cultural distances.
authors.affiliation: Mental Health and Social Welfare Research Group, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Segal
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Bola
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Watson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002746:Chlorpromazine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003469:Culture; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D004637:Emergency Services, Psychiatric; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D008875:Middle Aged; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D002746:Chlorpromazine