The characterological basis of multiple personality.
This review has focused on the characterological features of dissociative identity disorder (DID), extending the "state versus trait" debate to the realm of the dissociative disorders. A number of different theories are presented describing DID as a variant of, on a continuum with, or being comorbid with the narcissistic and the borderline personality disorders. It is then hypothesized that DID is best considered a distinct characterological entity. Two theories are put forth, which describe a personality disorder whose predominant defense is dissociation. The more developed model which possibly has more explanatory value is the "dissociative character." In this schema, DID would be considered a lower-level dissociative character, utilizing primitive forms of dissociation in which splitting is enhanced by an autohypnotic defensive altered state of consciousness. These altered states originate in response to the overstimulation of external trauma, but get reactivated in the service of here-and-now intrapsychic conflicts. Recognition of this dual quality of dissociation seems helpful in psychodynamic treatment, which allows for analysis of the defense and analysis of the content of these states. The nature of the content of what is "in dissociation" appears to have a dreamlike quality to it that may correspond to previous trauma but also be subject to some secondary revision. There is clinical evidence to suggest that "dream work" of the ego is operative in both the representation of a separate self in dreams and in alter personalities. Another organizing influence which contributes to seemingly separate identities is that of perverse sexuality. It appears that a number of dissociated sexual pathways may be followed in the same individual, which encapsulate aggression, childhood trauma, anxiety, and a sense of self. When this exceedingly complex psychic structure is successful, it may then free up some ego to proceed with aspects of healthy development.
Brenner
I
I
Philadelphia Psychoanalytic Institute, Pennsylvania Hospital 19139, USA.
D001883:Borderline Personality Disorder / Q000150:complications; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003243:Consciousness; D004213:Dissociative Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D009105:Dissociative Identity Disorder / Q000145:classification* / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D004325:Dreams; D004532:Ego; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009289:Narcissism; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000145:classification* / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D011574:Psychoanalytic Theory; D020018:Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological / Q000150:complications; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology