title: Early and long-term results for correction of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (TAPVD) in neonates and infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present our 17-year experience of surgical repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (TAPVD) in 71 consecutive neonates and infants, with particular emphasis on the role of preoperative pulmonary venous obstruction (PVO), the management of postoperative pulmonary hypertensive crises and the long-term results.
  
  
  METHODS
  From July 1977 to May 1994, 36 newborns and 35 infants, aged between 1 and 300 days, had repair TAPVD in our Department. Fifty-four patients had decompensated heart failure, whereas three were moribund. The anomalous drainage was supracardiac in 32 (45%), cardiac in 17 (24%), infracardiac in 17 (24%) and mixed in 5 infants (7%). Major associated cardiac anomalies coexisted in nine cases. Forty-five (63%) exhibited signs of PVO. The repair was performed under moderate hypothermia in 15 and deep hypothermic arrest in 56 patients. In case of postoperative pulmonary hypertensive crises, artificial hyperventilation with high oxygen concentration, sedation and relaxation, inotropic support and afterload reduction with phentolamine were applied selectively. The actual follow-up is based on functional symptomatology and cardiac echo-doppler studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six children (8.5%) died early: four perioperatively, two on the 2nd and 10th postoperative day, respectively. Poor preoperative condition, operation before 1987 and preoperative PVO were the main incremental risk factors for death. No death occurred among the last 38 cases. There were complications in 45 patients, in particular pulmonary hypertensive crises in 27. Two patients died late, after 80 and 118 days, respectively, of progressive intrapulmonary vein fibrosis: the second despite reoperation. The risk of late death approaches zero after 6 months. Among the 63 survivors, 56 (86%) are asymptomatic and without medication, 3 months-17 years after operation. Five have mild symptoms with ordinary physical activity. Two are lost to follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early repair of TAPVD with aggressive management of pulmonary hypertensive crises carries low operative mortality nowadays. Preoperative PVO as a risk factor has been neutralized since 1987. Long-term results are gratifying: no late death after 6 months, no reoperation and functional good results. Progressive pulmonary vein fibrosis remains an unpredictable rare cause of death within the 1st year after surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Johanniter Kinderklinik, Sankt-Augustin, Germany.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sinzobahamvya
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arenz
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Brecher
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Blaschczok
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Urban
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D011668:Pulmonary Veno-Occlusive Disease / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome