title: Platelet-activating factor dilates efferent arterioles through glomerulus-derived nitric oxide.
abstract: Despite evidence that platelet-activating factor (PAF) is produced by the glomerulus, its direct action on the glomerular microcirculation is poorly understood. It was recently reported that at picomolar concentrations, PAF dilates isolated microperfused afferent arterioles (Af-Art) via nitric oxide (NO). The present study tested the hypothesis that PAF acts on the glomerulus to release NO, which in turn controls the resistance of the efferent arteriole (Ef-Art). Rabbit Ef-Art were perfused from the distal end (retrograde perfusion [RP]) to eliminate the influence of the glomerulus, or through the glomerulus from the end of the Af-Art (orthograde perfusion [OP]) to maintain the influence of the glomerulus. Ef-Art were preconstricted by approximately 40% with norepinephrine and increasing doses of PAF were added to both the arteriolar perfusate and bath. Only with OP did PAF at picomolar concentrations cause significant dilation: at 400 pmol, the diameter increased by 64 +/- 11% from the preconstricted level (N = 6, P < 0.01). This dilation was completely abolished by pretreatment with an NO-synthesis inhibitor. To study its possible constrictor action, PAF was added to nonpreconstricted Ef-Art. At nanomolar concentrations, PAF constricted Ef-Art similarly in both RP and OP: at 40 nM, the diameter decreased by 24 +/- 4% (N = 6, P < 0.01) and 20 +/- 2% (N = 6, P < 0.01), respectively. This constriction was attenuated by pretreatment with indomethacin (Indo) in both RP (14 +/- 2%, N = 7; P < 0.02 versus without Indo) and OP (10 +/- 2%, N = 6; P < 0.02 versus without Indo).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) at picomolar concentrations, PAF stimulates the glomerulus to release NO, which in turn dilates the Ef-Art; and (2) at nanomolar concentrations, PAF constricts the Ef-Art partly through release of cyclooxygenase metabolites. Thus, PAF may play a role in glomerular hemodynamics under various physiological and pathological conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Heart and Vascular Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arima
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Juncos
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ito
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001160:Arterioles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010477:Perfusion; D010972:Platelet Activating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010972:Platelet Activating Factor; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; D009638:Norepinephrine