title: Altered transforming growth factor signaling in epithelial cells when ras activation is blocked.
abstract: We have previously demonstrated that growth inhibition of untransformed intestinal epithelial cells by transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta) and TGFbeta2 was associated with a rapid activation of both Ras and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (Erk1) (Mulder, K. M., and Morris, S. L. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 5029-5031; Hartsough, M. T., and Mulder, K. M. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 7117-7124). In order to determine whether Ras was required for TGFbeta regulation of both Erk1 and downstream components associated with TGFbeta-mediated growth inhibition, the intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) line IEC 4-1 was transfected with a vector containing a dominant-negative mutant of Ras (RasN17) under the control of an inducible metallothionein promoter. Using two different RasN17-transfected clones treated with ZnCl2, we demonstrate here that induction of Ras expression by at least 4-fold completely abrogated the TGFbeta-mediated activation of Erk1. Moreover, the RasN17-mediated reversal of the TGFbeta effect on Erk1 was dependent upon the level of expression of the dominant-negative protein. ZnCl2 treatment of control cells transfected with the empty vector did not alter Ras expression or the activation of Erk1 by TGFbeta. In order to determine whether the activation of Ras by TGFbeta was required for the growth inhibitory effect of TGFbeta, we examined TGFbeta2 effects on Cdk2-associated histone H1 kinase activity, cyclin A protein expression levels, and DNA synthesis in two intestinal epithelial cell clones transfected with RasN17. In cells expressing RasN17, we observed a 50% reversal of the inhibition of Cdk2 activity, a 78% reversal of the down-regulation of cyclin A protein expression, and a 21% reversal of the inhibition of DNA synthesis by TGFbeta. Collectively, these results indicate that Ras activation is obligatory for TGFbeta-mediated activation of Erk1, whereas it is partially required for the growth inhibitory effect of TGFbeta.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Hartsough
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Frey
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Zipfel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buard
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Mulder
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002712:Chlorides / Q000494:pharmacology; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016213:Cyclins / Q000378:metabolism; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000187:drug effects; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D004848:Epithelium / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000166:cytology; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014162:Transfection; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D017967:Zinc Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D016213:Cyclins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D017967:Zinc Compounds; C016837:zinc chloride; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D018631:ras Proteins