title: Effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on electromyographic activity of the reticulo-omasal orifice in sheep at two levels of intake.
abstract: The effects of intragastric arterial infusions (1 mL/min) of physiological saline, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), or VIP-antagonist [4Cl-D-Phe6, Leu17]VIP (1 nmol/mL) on electromyographic (EMG) activities of the reticulum and reticulo-omasal orifice (ROO) in conscious ewes fed to meet either their net energy for maintenance (NEm) or twice maintenance requirements were studied. Intragastric arterial infusions (1 mL/min) of 15-min durations were conducted before, during, and after feeding. The aims of the study were to elucidate the relationships between EMG activities of the reticulum and ROO and their potential regulation by VIP in sheep fed solid feed and how the relationships could be affected by different feeding levels. At both levels of feed intake, reticular EMG spiking activity was associated with high-amplitude EMG spiking activity of the ROO, and lack of spiking activity or quiescence of the ROO was never fully observed until the reticulum became quiescent. Irrespective of feeding level, infusions of VIP were associated with a marked reduction in reticular EMG and ROO spiking activities after 3 to 4 min and a complete cessation of ROO spiking activity 8 min after commencement of VIP infusion. Three to four minutes after initiation of VIP-antagonist infusion, EMG spiking activity of the ROO was enhanced and quiescence of the ROO activity was markedly diminished. The data suggest that 1) VIP may be involved in mediation of quiescence of the ROO and increases the duration of the quiescence in sheep fed at twice maintenance compared with maintenance-fed sheep, 2) the ROO EMG activity is influenced differently by different phases of the feeding cycle, and 3) VIP-antagonist enhances the EMG activity of the ROO.
authors.affiliation: Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Okine
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Mathison
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009851:Omasum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012159:Reticulum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012756:Sheep / Q000502:physiology*; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide