title: The relation between neonatal thyroxine levels and neurodevelopmental outcome at age 5 and 9 years in a national cohort of very preterm and/or very low birth weight infants.
abstract: Transient neonatal hypothyroxinemia is very common in preterm infants. The literature on the effect of this hypothyroxinemia is, however, controversial, and large or long-term follow-up studies are not available. In a nationwide prospective follow-up study on very preterm and (or) very low birth weight infants (n = 717), we studied the relationship between thyroxine levels in the 1st wk of life and neurodevelopmental outcome at 5 y of age and school performance at 9 y of age. Thyroxine concentrations from filter paper eluates were determined in 717 infants: 32% had levels of more than 3 SD below the mean (< 60 nmol/L). The percentage of infants with such low levels increased with decreasing gestational age. At the age of 5 y, 96% of survivors (n = 640) were available for extensive neurodevelopmental examination: 85 (13.3%) had a disability and 92 (14.3%) a handicap. At the age of 9 y, 83% of survivors (n = 552) answered a questionnaire on school performance: 300 (54.3%) were in mainstream education in a grade appropriate for age, 151 (27%) were in mainstream education with grade retention, and 101 (18.3%) were in special education. Both neurologic dysfunction at age 5 y and school failure at age 9 y were significantly related to lower neonatal thyroxine levels even after adjustment for other perinatal factors (odds ratio, 1.3). Whether this relationship is causal should be investigated. If a causal relationship exists, substitution therapy may at least partially prevent neurologic dysfunction and learning disabilities, both common sequelae of very preterm birth.
authors.affiliation: TNO Prevention and Health, Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Den Ouden
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kok
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Verkerk
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Verloove-Vanhorick
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000254:growth & development*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D013974:Thyroxine