title: Clinical and genetic abnormalities in patients with Friedreich's ataxia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Friedreich's ataxia, the most common inherited ataxia, is associated with a mutation that consists of an unstable expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the frataxin gene on chromosome 9, which encodes a protein of unknown function.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 187 patients with autosomal recessive ataxia, determined the size of the GAA expansions, and analyzed the clinical manifestations in relation to the number of GAA repeats and the duration of disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred forty of the 187 patients, with ages at onset ranging from 2 to 51 years, were homozygous for a GAA expansion that had 120 to 1700 repeats of the trinucleotides. About one quarter of the patients, despite being homozygous, had atypical Friedreich's ataxia; they were older at presentation and had intact tendon reflexes. Larger GAA expansions correlated with earlier age at onset and shorter times to loss of ambulation. The size of the GAA expansions (and particularly that of the smaller of each pair) was associated with the frequency of cardiomyopathy and loss of reflexes in the upper limbs. The GAA repeats were unstable during transmission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical spectrum of Friedreich's ataxia is broader than previously recognized, and the direct molecular test for the GAA expansion on chromosome 9 is useful for diagnosis, determination of prognosis, and genetic counseling.
authors.affiliation: Fédération de Neurologie and INSERM Unité 289, Hôpital de la Saltpétriere, Paris, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dürr
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cossee
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Agid
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Campuzano
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mignard
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Penet
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mandel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brice
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koenig
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001483:Base Sequence; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002899:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9 / Q000235:genetics*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005621:Friedreich Ataxia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010641:Phenotype; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018911:Trinucleotide Repeats