title: Reliability of the chest radiograph in the diagnosis of lower respiratory infections in young children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to determine the reliability of detecting features and making diagnoses of lower respiratory infections from chest radiograms in young infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty chest radiograms of infants younger than 6 months of age admitted with lower respiratory tract infection to a tertiary care pediatric hospital were independently reviewed on two separate occasions by three pediatric radiologists blinded to the patients' clinical diagnoses. For each radiograph the radiologists noted whether a feature was present, absent or equivocal on a standardized form. The features examined were hyperinflation, peribronchial thickening, perihilar linear opacities, atelectasis and consolidation. On the same form each radiologist indicated whether the radiograph was normal or showed airways and/or airspace disease. Within and between observer agreement were calculated by the average weighted kappa statistic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within observer agreement for the radiologic features of hyperinflation, peribronchial wall thickening, perihilar linear opacities, atelectasis and consolidation were 0.85, 0.76, 0.87, 0.86 and 0.91, respectively. The between observer kappa results for these features were 0.83, 0.55, 0.82, 0.78 and 0.79, respectively. The within and between observer kappa statistics for interpretation of the radiographic features were best for airspace disease (within, 0.92; between, 0.91), and lower for normal (within, 0.80; between, 0.66) radiogram and for airways disease (within, 0.68; between, 0.48). The presence of consolidation was highly correlated with a diagnosis of airspace disease by all three radiologists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians basing the diagnosis of lower respiratory infections in young infants on radiographic diagnosis should be aware that there is variation in intraobserver and interobserver agreement among radiologists on the radiographic features used for diagnosis. There is also variation in how specific radiologic features are used in interpreting the radiogram. However, the cardial finding of consolidation for the diagnosis of pneumonia appears to be highly reliable.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Manson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Babyn
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shuckett
mesh_terms: D001988:Bronchiolitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D011859:Radiography; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity