title: Iatrogenic esophageal perforation in children: patterns of injury, presentation, management, and outcome.
abstract: Iatrogenic esophageal perforations in children are rare. To evaluate patterns of injury, clinical presentation, and treatment options for such patients, the authors reviewed the case records of 11 children who had sustained transmural injury to the esophagus during a dilatation procedure at their institution between 1967 and 1994. Strictures requiring dilatation were attributable to caustic ingestion in eight, esophageal atresia repair in two, and congenital stenosis in one. Eight were penetrating injuries, and three were disruptions. Two involved the cervical esophagus; and nine involved the thoracic esophagus. Pain, pyrexia, and tachycardia were early signs. Proximal thoracic perforations led to signs in the left chest region (effusion/pneumothorax); with distal perforation the signs were on the right side. Treatment along conventional lines (local drainage, gastrostomy, primary repair after early recognition, and antibiotic therapy) was successful, with two major complications, both empyemas. The most recent case, a disruption of a tracheoesophageal fistula stricture, was successfully treated with oral water irrigation and antibiotics only. Six had colonic interposition (all caustic ingestion), one required endoesophageal resection of a distal stricture, and four had resolution of the stricture, three without additional dilatation. The majority of children with iatrogenic injuries of the esophagus can be managed successfully by conservative measures and pleural drainage, with surgical procedures reserved for large disruptions of the esophagus, intraabdominal perforations, and cases that do not respond to appropriate conservative measures. Patients with caustic injury to the esophagus have a greater risk for the development of penetrating injury, and this may be one indicator of the severity of scarring. There are distinct clinical patterns of presentation, which depend on the level at which the esophagus is perforated. Dilatation disruption of a localized stricture has a good long-term prognosis for the esophagus and may even cure the stricture. The role of oral irrigation still must be fully evaluated where disruption has occurred as distinct from a penetrating injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Panieri
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Millar
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rode
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cywes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002057:Burns, Chemical / Q000628:therapy; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003106:Colon / Q000637:transplantation; D004322:Drainage; D004653:Empyema / Q000209:etiology; D004933:Esophageal Atresia / Q000601:surgery; D004939:Esophageal Perforation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D004940:Esophageal Stenosis / Q000151:congenital / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000175:diagnosis; D005774:Gastrostomy; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000175:diagnosis; D011030:Pneumothorax / Q000175:diagnosis; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000175:diagnosis; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation; D014138:Tracheoesophageal Fistula / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents