title: Variation in the biochemical forms of transforming growth factor-alpha present in human milk and secreted by human milk macrophages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), present in human milk, is thought to play a significant role in postnatal gut development. Macrophages, which abound in human milk, are known to secrete various isoforms of TGF-alpha in other areas of the body. It was hypothesized that human milk macrophages (HMM) secrete TGF-alpha, and HMM are a source of TGF-alpha isoforms present in human milk. We sought to measure in vitro HMM TGF-alpha secretion, and to compare the TGF-alpha isoform(s) present in human milk with those secreted by HMM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Colostrum and mature milk samples, obtained from mothers (n = 48) on postpartum days 3-30, were centrifuged. HMM were isolated, placed in culture for 24 h, and cell-free media collected. The biochemical forms of TGF-alpha in media in human milk supernatant samples were identified by Western blot analysis under reducing conditions. The concentration of the mature (6-kD) TGF-alpha isoform in those samples was quantified using a radioimmunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Western blot analysis under reducing conditions identified a single 6-kD TGF-alpha isoform in all human milk supernatant samples tested, but variable (6- and 30- to 46-kD) TGF-alpha isoforms in HMM media. The mean (+/- SE) concentration of the 6-kD TGF-alpha isoform found in human milk supernatants was 706 +/- 88 pg/ml and 17.6 +/- 2.6 pg/ml in HMM media.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These experiments show that HMM secrete TGF-alpha in biochemical forms both similar to and distinct from that found in human milk supernatant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Forsythe
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Pittard
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007536:Isomerism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008970:Molecular Weight; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha