title: Effects of extreme lateral posture on hemodynamics and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide levels in critically ill patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the hemodynamic effects of turning critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients to the extreme left and right lateral postures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective investigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight-bed intensive care unit in a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve consecutive patients presenting with severe respiratory failure and requiring continuous positive inotropic support.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients were mechanically ventilated and placed in a kinetic treatment system. They were positioned in the supine, left dependent, and right dependent postures, resting for 15 min in each position.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hemodynamic measurements, assessments of right ventricular function, and determinations of intrathoracic blood volume were performed in three different positions. Concentrations of atrial natriuretic peptide in plasma were quantified. In three patients, the findings were controlled by transesophageal echocardiography. Cardiac index [median (range) 5.5 (3.2-8.1) vs 4.3 (3.2-7.5) l/min per m2, p < 0.01], intrathoracic blood volume [1125 (820-1394) vs 1037 (821-1267) ml/m2, p < 0.01], and right ventricular end-diastolic volume [130 (83-159) vs 114 (79-155) ml/m2, p < 0.05] increased significantly in the left dependent position compared to supine. Mean arterial pressure did not change. Atrial natriuretic peptide levels rose from 140 to 203 pg/ml. In the right dependent position, we found a marked decrease in the mean arterial pressure [85 mmHg (supine) to 72 mmHg (right dependent), p < 0.01]. Cardiac index and intrathoracic blood volume were unchanged, but right ventricular end-diastolic volume decreased from 114 to 102 ml/m2 (p < 0.05). Additionally, atrial natriuretic peptide levels decreased significantly (median delta value: 37 pg/ml). In echocardiographic controls we found an increase in right ventricular end-diastolic diameters in the left dependent position and shortened diameters in the right dependent position.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extreme lateral posture affects the cardiovascular system in critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients: in the left dependent position a "hyperdynamic state" is reinforced, while the right decubitus position impairs right ventricular preload and predisposes to hypotension. Echocardiography and changes in plasma atrial natriuretic peptide values indicate that these findings are due to altered distensibility of the right ventricle caused by regional intrathoracic gravitational changes. We conclude that the duration and the angle of lateral posture should be restricted in hemodynamically unstable patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, University Hospital, University of Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bein
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Metz
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Keyl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pfeifer
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taeger
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000097:blood*; D016638:Critical Illness; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D011187:Posture; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor