title: Hepatitis C virus genotypes in the United States: epidemiology, pathogenicity, and response to interferon therapy. Collaborative Study Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study 1) the geographic distribution and clinical significance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in the United States and 2) the influence of HCV genotypes on response to interferon therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hepatitis C virus genotype was determined in 179 stored serum samples obtained from patients who were positive for antibody to HCV and for HCV RNA by using polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary referral centers in four geographic regions of the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who visited medical centers in the Midwest (50 patients), Northeast (42 patients), Southeast (35 patients), and West (52 patients).
  
  
  METHODS
  Chaotropic lysis and isopropanol precipitation were used to extract RNA from serum. Polymerase chain reaction was done on the NS5 region and was followed by automated direct sequencing and genotyping of desalted amplification products.
  
  
  RESULTS
  104 patients (58%) had subtype 1a; 38 (21%) had subtype 1b; 4 (2%) had subtype 2a; 23 (13%) had subtype 2b; 8 (5%) had subtype 3a; and 2 (1%) had subtype 4a. Examination of the known risk factors for acquiring HCV showed no association between genotype and mode of acquisition (blood transfusion, injection drug use, employment at a health care facility) or histologic findings at presentation (mild active hepatitis, moderately active hepatitis, or cirrhosis). Sixty-eight percent of patients with genotype 1a, 80% of patients with genotype 1b, and 37% of patients with genotype 2a or 2b had severe hepatitis. Thirteen of 46 (28%) patients with genotype 1a and 4 of 15 (26%) patients with genotype 1b had a complete biochemical response after 6 months of interferon therapy. In contrast, 10 of 14 (71%) patients with genotype 2a or 2b had a complete response to interferon therapy. Five of 39 (13%) patients with genotype 1a, 1 of 14 (7%) patients with genotype 1b, and 2 of 11 (18%) patients with genotype 2a or 2b had a sustained biochemical response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the United States, HCV genotypes 1a and 1b are the predominant genotypes in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Genotype is not correlated with mode of virus acquisition or with histologic findings at presentation. Patients with HCV genotype 1a or 1b had more severe liver disease and lower rates of response to interferon therapy than did patients with HCV genotype 2a or 2b. These findings may have implications for predicting outcome and selecting patients for interferon treatment.
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: N N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Zein
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rakela
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Krawitt
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tominaga
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Persing
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D007372:Interferons / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D017931:DNA Primers; D007372:Interferons