title: Transcranial high-frequency repetitive electrical stimulation for recording myogenic motor evoked potentials with the patient under general anesthesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the feasibility of transcranial high-frequency electrical stimulation with the patient under general anesthesia with propofol and alfentanil. This method may be a useful tool for intraoperative monitoring of the motor pathways during cerebral and spinal operations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A short train from one to eight monopolar anodal electrical pulses was applied transcranially to the motor cortex with a frequency from 100 to 500 Hz in 10 patients. Myogenic motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from forearm flexor muscles, thenar, and hypothenar. Amplitude and latency of MEPs were evaluated after different stimulation parameters. This combination of anesthetic and transcranial stimulation technique allows recording of myogenic MEPs during general anesthesia, which was found not to be possible with single pulse transcranial stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To elicit myogenic MEPs from the target muscles, stimulation had to be applied within the following parameters: minimum threshold intensity was 60 mA for forearm flexor and thenar and 80 mA for hypothenar; minimum number of pulses was two for forearm flexor muscles and thenar and three for hypothenar; minimum stimulation frequency was 200 Hz for thenar and hypothenar and 100 Hz for forearm flexor muscles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transcranial high-frequency repetitive electrical stimulation seems to be a new method for monitoring the motor tract. With this method, it is possible to monitor the motor function without interfering with the surgical team or with the surgical treatment of infratentorial and spinal lesions. Monitoring of relaxation is necessary to compare the amplitude of MEPs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Pechstein
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cedzich
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nadstawek
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schramm
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015760:Alfentanil; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002648:Child; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000295:instrumentation*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation; D015742:Propofol; D011612:Psychosurgery; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D015760:Alfentanil; D015742:Propofol