title: Galvanic corrosion and cytotoxic effects of amalgam and gallium alloys coupled to titanium.
abstract: The aim of this study was to examine and compare the galvanic corrosion of a conventional, a dispersed high-copper, and a palladium-enriched spherical high-copper amalgam and a gallium alloy coupled to titanium in saline and cell culture solutions, and to evaluate the effects of the couples on cultured cells. The potentials and charge transfers between amalgams and titanium were measured by electrochemical corrosion methods. Cytotoxicity of the couples, as indicated by the uptake of neutral red vital stain, was determined in 24-h direct contact human gingival fibroblast cell cultures. Results of this study indicated that before connecting the high-copper amalgams to titanium, the amalgams exhibited more positive potentials which resulted in initial negative charge transfers, i.e. corrosion of titanium. However, this initial corrosion appeared to cause titanium to passivate, and a shift in galvanic currents to positive charge transfers, i.e. corrosion of the amalgam samples. Lower galvanic currents were measured for the amalgam-titanium couples as compared to the gallium alloy-titanium couple. Coupling the conventional or the palladium-enriched high-copper amalgams to titanium did not significantly affect the uptake of neutral red as compared to cells not exposed to any test alloy. However, significant cytotoxic effects were observed when the dispersed-type high-copper amalgam and the gallium alloy were coupled to titanium. Even though the corrosion currents measured for these couples were less than gold alloys coupled to amalgam, these results suggest there is the potential for released galvanic corrosion products to become cytotoxic. These data warrant further investigations into the effects of coupling amalgam and gallium alloys to titanium in the oral environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials Science, Umeå University, Sweden. jbumgard@abe.msstate.edu
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bumgardner
authors.forename: B I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Johansson
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D003343:Corrosion; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D003723:Dental Amalgam / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D004563:Electrochemistry; D004735:Energy Transfer; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D005708:Gallium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D009499:Neutral Red; D010165:Palladium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003722:Dental Alloys; C098379:gallium alloy GF; D009499:Neutral Red; C033470:Dispersalloy; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D010165:Palladium; D003300:Copper; D003723:Dental Amalgam; C072894:Valiant PhD; D005708:Gallium; D014025:Titanium