title: Herpes simplex virus type 1 alters transcript levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in retinal glial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies were performed to determine whether retinal Müller cells transcribe genes for the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha). Isolated murine retinas were used to test whether these cytokines were upregulated in the retina in vivo after anterior chamber inoculation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). The effects of exposure to HSV-1 or interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) on transcript levels of these cytokines in cultured retinal glia also were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  In situ hybridization (ISH) using digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled RNA probes was used to localize mRNA for IL-6 and TNF alpha in cultured retinal glial cells. Changes in IL-6 and TNF alpha relative transcript levels were assessed in cultured retinal glial cells using a semiquantitative approach comprised of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay at low amplification cycle number followed by slot blotting and hybridization with DIG-labeled internal sequence probes. In the murine model of herpetic retinitis, the same methods were used to compare temporal changes in relative cytokine transcript levels in retinas isolated from eyes 1 to 7 days after anterior chamber injection of live HSV-1 (KOS strain; 2 x 10(4) pfu/eye) or buffer with levels in retinas isolated from normal, uninjected eyes. Densitometry was used to quantify relative signal changes obtained with serial diluted samples in slot blot assays. Cytokine signal was normalized to hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase signal obtained from the same cDNA samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under baseline culture conditions, ISH and RT-PCR indicated that both IL-6 and TNF alpha were transcribed by cultured retinal glia. In vitro exposure to either viral (HSV-1) or inflammatory (IFN gamma) stimulants increased levels of these transcripts in a time-dependent manner. Peak TNF alpha mRNA levels were detected 4 hours after exposure to HSV, whereas IL-6 peaked 4 hours later (increases of 10.3 and 8.7 times over baseline, respectively). Differential increases in TNF alpha and IL-6 transcript levels were detected in retinas isolated from BALB/c mice that received anterior chamber injections of either HSV-1 or Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS). By day 3 after HSV-1 injection, increases of 4.5-fold in TNF alpha and 17-fold in IL-6 were detected, whereas substantially smaller changes in TNF alpha and IL-6 (1.5-fold and 6.3-fold, respectively) were observed in HBSS-injected eyes Virus-induced changes in TNF alpha mRNA levels occurred slightly earlier than for IL-6 because maximal levels of TNF alpha were detected 2 to 3 days after infection, but IL-6 peaked at day 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cultured retinal glial cells exhibit upregulated TNF alpha and IL-6 transcript levels after exposure to virus or inflammatory mediators. HSV-1 infection of the anterior segment of the mouse eye markedly upregulates TNF alpha and IL-6 mRNA levels compared to smaller responses to nonspecific inflammation. Taken together, these results identify retinal Müller cells as an intraretinal source of TNF alpha and IL-6 and support the potential of these resident cells to act as intraretinal modulators of immune and inflammatory responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-9142, USA.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Drescher
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Whittum-Hudson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015828:Eye Infections, Viral / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006561:Herpes Simplex / Q000378:metabolism*; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D012173:Retinitis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma