title: Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism on pregnancy outcome, enzyme activity, and zinc concentration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genotypes on pregnancy outcome, the incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension, and changes in blood pressure (BP) during pregnancy; and the relationship between plasma ACE activities and plasma and erythrocyte zinc concentrations in each genotype.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects (n = 191) were selected from 580 indigent African-American pregnant women who enrolled toward the end of a trial to evaluate the effect of zinc supplementation on pregnancy outcome. This selection resulted in 93 subjects who received zinc and 98 who received placebo. Sample size was calculated with a 0.50 correlation coefficient between plasma ACE activities and zinc levels and a power of 80%. This calculation indicated that the sample size in each ACE genotype should be more than 28. Angiotensin-converting enzyme genotypes were identified using polymerase chain reaction. Blood pressure, plasma ACE activities, and plasma and erythrocyte zinc concentrations were measured at each prenatal clinical visit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pregnancy outcome, the incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension, and BP were not different among the three ACE genotypes. There was no significant correlation between plasma ACE activities and zinc concentrations. Zinc supplementation did not have a significant effect on either plasma ACE activities or zinc concentrations, probably because of the small sample size in our study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no effect of ACE gene polymorphism on pregnancy outcome, the incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension, or changes in BP during pregnancy. Among each ACE genotype, plasma ACE activities did not correlate significantly with plasma zinc concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Johanning
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Goldenberg
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: DuBard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People / Q000235:genetics; D001794:Blood Pressure; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011203:Poverty; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; D015032:Zinc