title: An anatomic study of the thickness of the occipital bone. Implications for occipitocervical instrumentation.
abstract: METHODS
  The authors measured the thickness and quality of occipital bone regions to determine screw placement during occipitocervical fusion and described the projection of the posterior dural venous sinuses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study provides anatomic data relevant to areas of screw placement into the occiput during occipitocervical fixation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Few reports exist regarding the morphometrics of the occipital bone and intracranial structures relevant to occipitocervical fusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  The thickness of the posterior inferior occipital bone was measured relative to a 10 x 5 cm grid. Sections were evaluated grossly and histologically. The projections of the posterior dural venous sinuses were determined by direct measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The maximum thickness of the occipital bone, which ranged from 11.5 to 15.1 mm in males and from 9.7 to 12.0 mm in females, was at the level of the external occipital protuberance. The occipital bone was thicker than 8 mm in an area extending laterally from the external occipital protuberance for 23 mm and consisted of dense cortical bone with little or no diploic bone. The projection of most of the torcula on the external surface of the occipital bone was located superior to the center of the external occipital protuberance (mean, 12.6 mm superior and 4.7 mm inferior to external occipital protuberance), whereas that of the transverse sinus was distributed more evenly above and below the external occipital protuberance (mean, 7.3 mm superior and 6.5 mm inferior).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Screws that are 8-mm long may be inserted in the region of the superior nuchal line (Level 0) extending 2 cm laterally from the center of the external occipital protuberance, 1 cm from the midline at a level 1 cm inferior to the external occipital protuberance (Level 1), and 0.5 cm from the midline at a level 2 cm inferior to the external occipital protuberance (Level 2). The major dural venous sinuses are situated immediately beneath the thickest regions of the occiput and are at risk of penetrative injury during screw placement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, USA.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Ebraheim
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Biyani
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Yeasting
mesh_terms: D001860:Bone Plates; D001863:Bone Screws; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016268:Internal Fixators; D008297:Male; D009777:Occipital Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery; D012737:Sex Factors