title: Changes in carbon dioxide tension and oxygen saturation during deep sedation for paediatric cardiac catheterization.
abstract: The purpose of this observational study was to determine whether hypercarbia or oxygen desaturation occurred during our current regimens of deep sedation or general anaesthesia of infants and children undergoing cardiac catheterization. Data were gathered prospectively from 50 consecutive infants and children aged 4 months to 12 years undergoing cardiac catheterization. Several anaesthetists used the following regimens, which were not randomized: 1) propofol. 1.5-2.0 mg.kg-1 and fentanyl 1 microgram.kg-1 IV over 2 min for induction, followed by propofol infusion of 100-150 micrograms.kg-1.min-1; 2) fentanyl 2-3 micrograms.kg-1 and midazolam 0.1-0.2 mg.kg-1 IV over 10-15 min; 3) ketamine 8 mg.kg-1 IM, or 4) same as regimens 1 or 2, plus pancuronium, intubation and controlled ventilation. Regimens 1, 2, and 3 were associated with spontaneous ventilation through the natural airway. End-tidal carbon dioxide tension (PetCO2), SpO2, and respiratory rate were monitored for 60 min. The three regimens employing spontaneous ventilation through the natural airway were associated with both statistically and clinically significant increases in PetCO2 and decreases in SpO2. This raises the possibility that acute exacerbation of PAP and PVR may occur in pulmonary hypertensive patients. In contrast, PetCO2 and SpO2 did not change significantly from baseline in the controlled ventilation group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital, Denver, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Friesen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alswang
mesh_terms: D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007223:Infant; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D010197:Pancuronium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011651:Pulmonary Artery; D012119:Respiration; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D013990:Tidal Volume; D014655:Vascular Resistance
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D007649:Ketamine; D010197:Pancuronium; D008874:Midazolam; D010100:Oxygen; D005283:Fentanyl; D015742:Propofol