title: The uncontrollable placebo effect.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the role of the control group in the methodology of clinical placebo effect evaluating trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department of Medical Philosophy and Clinical Theory, University of Copenhagen.
  
  
  METHODS
  A theoretical methodological analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At least with present trial designs, it is impossible, with certainty, to exclude a potential placebo effect from the so-called control group. The placebo effect, in other words, is uncontrollable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  I suggest that the notions of control group and placebo treatment group are replaced by the notions of "placebo effect maximising group" and "placebo effect minimising group", thus stressing the fact that what such trials measure is a relative effect, and an underestimation of the absolute placebo effect. The illusion of absolute placebo effect evaluation must be acknowledged when articles referring to empirical trials on the placebo effect are interpreted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Philosophy and Clinical Theory, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hróbjartsson
mesh_terms: D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D015990:Placebo Effect; D010919:Placebos; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos