title: Laparoscopic vaporization of diaphragmatic endometriosis in a woman with epigastric pain: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endometriosis has been observed in 8-15% of reproductive age women and is commonly found in pelvic and nonpelvic organs. Despite its widespread prevalence, the etiology remains obscure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 22-year-old woman with intractable epigastric and pelvic pain who was treated previously by laser ablation for pelvic and diaphragmatic endometriosis was referred to our clinic. The patient received leuprolide acetate for six months, but the symptoms did not improve. Second-look laparoscopy revealed deep endometriotic spots involving both the diaphragms, exactly in the line of the left ventricle. With visualization, endometriosis was excised in total with the help of hydrodissection and CO2 vaporization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As in pelvic endometriosis, therapy for extrapelvic endometriosis consists of surgical and hormonal manipulation following the diagnosis. The importance of extreme caution, meticulous surgery and cardiothoracic consultation when treating the diaphragmatic surface cannot be overemphasized.
authors.affiliation: Woman's Hospital of Texas and Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mangal
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Taskin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nezhat
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Franklin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000601:surgery*; D004715:Endometriosis / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D053685:Laser Therapy; D010148:Intractable Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D013270:Stomach