title: Subchronic toxicity of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) in Wistar rats.
abstract: The subchronic (14-18 wk) toxicity of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX), a mutagenic by-product in chlorinated drinking water, was evaluated in Wistar rats. In a range-finding study, MX was administered daily for 14 days by gavage in deionized water to male rats (five animals per group) at doses of 12.5, 25, 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg body weight. The doses above 50 mg/kg were lethal and three out of five animals also died during treatment at 50 mg/kg. The range-finding study was repeated with doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg MX/kg, given on 5 days a week, to both males and females (10 animals per group). These doses were not overtly toxic but caused several changes in plasma clinical chemistry at 10 and 20 mg MX/kg in comparison with the controls. These included increased urea, creatinine and bilirubin and decreased inorganic phosphate and potassium in females and increased cholesterol in males. In the subchronic toxicity study, rats (15 per group, were given MX by gavage, on 5 days a week, at doses of 0 (controls) or 30 md/kg (low dose) for 18 wk, or, in the high-dose group, at doses increasing from 45 to 75 mg/kg over 14 wk. The high dose was finally lethal (two males and one female died) and caused hypersalivation, wheezing respiration, emaciation and tangled fur in animals. The body weights of the high-dose males decreased by 15%, and food consumption was decreased by 15 to 20%, but the water consumption increased by 15% to 60%. Plasma cholesterol and triglycerides were elevated and urine excretion was increased. Urine specific gravity was decreased and the relative weights of the liver and kidneys were increased in both sexes at both doses in comparison with the controls. At both doses, duodenal hyperplasia occurred in males and females, and slight focal epithelial hyperplasia in the forestomach was observed in males. Splenic atrophy and haemosiderosis were seen in two high-dose females, and epithelial cell atypia in the urinary bladder of one high-dose male and female. The frequency of bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes with micronuclei was slightly increased in low-dose males. The results indicate that repeated administration of MX disturbs the fluid-electrolyte balance and induces diuresis, causes mucosal hyperplasia in the gastro-intestinal tract as a local effect, and affects lipid metabolism.
authors.affiliation: National Public Health Institute, Division of Environmental Health, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Vaittinen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Komulainen
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Kosma
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Julkunen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mäki-Paakkanen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jansson
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vartiainen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tuomisto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001772:Blood Cell Count / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004326:Drinking / Q000187:drug effects; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005663:Furans / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D005663:Furans; D008055:Lipids; D009153:Mutagens; C054121:3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone