title: Endoscopic management of glabellar frown lines.
abstract: Resection of the corrugator muscles has been done for years as a routine adjunct to open coronal browlifts. The new endoscopic procedure described here permits endoscopic resection of the corrugator muscles through three 5-mm hairline incisions in those patients who do not need or want a browlift. The primary benefit is that of reducing the subconscious tendency to frown that some patients exhibit whenever concentrating or conversing. Although patients typically seek plastic surgery procedures to improve how they see themselves, these patients seek a reduction in the subconscious frown to improve how others see them and react to this unattractive facial expression.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, USA.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Hamas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005546:Forehead / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011182:Postoperative Care; D013518:Surgery, Plastic; D016896:Treatment Outcome