title: Capsaicin-evoked mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia cross nerve territories. Evidence for a central mechanism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The finding in some patients with neuropathic pain that mechanical allodynia (pain evoked by light touch) and hyperalgesia (supranormal pain evoked by painful stimuli) extend beyond the territory of a single nerve or spinal sensory root (extraterritorial pain) often prompts a diagnosis of psychiatric illness. The hypothesis that focal nociceptive input in a single nerve territory can result in allodynia and hyperalgesia in a nerve territory adjacent to the input was investigated in normal human subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  On separate days, 13 healthy volunteers each received left radial and ulnar nerve blocks. After block of either nerve, sensation remaining for three classes of afferents (A beta low-threshold mechanoreceptors, A delta nociceptors, and C polymodal nociceptors) allowed inference of the nerve territory of the adjacent nerve, and the area of overlapping innervation. On a third day, 1,000 micrograms intradermal capsaicin was administered into a site such that C-nociceptor input was confined to the ulnar nerve territory. Areas of brush allodynia and pinprick hyperalgesia were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spread of brush allodynia beyond all three borders of the ulnar nerve territory occurred in 9 of 13 patients (for these subjects, range 5-28 mm), whereas spread of pinprick hyperalgesia beyond all borders of the ulnar nerve territory occurred in 12 of 13 subjects (range 1-31 mm). Spread of brush allodynia beyond the A beta border of the ulnar nerve territory occurred in 10 of 13 subjects (range 4-35 mm); and spread of pinprick hyperalgesia beyond the A delta border of the ulnar nerve territory occurred in 12 of 13 subjects (range 1-31 mm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that activation of C-nociceptors evokes a state of central sensitization that may manifest itself by the appearance of extraterritorial pain abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1258, USA.
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Sang
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Gracely
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Max
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002211:Capsaicin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000502:physiology*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002211:Capsaicin