title: Subacute methylphenidate treatment for moderate to moderately severe traumatic brain injury: a preliminary double-blind placebo-controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of subacute administration of methylphenidate on recovery from moderate to moderately severe closed head injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Double-blind placebo-controlled with random assignment. Patients were enrolled when their Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test score was at least 65. Drug/placebo treatment began the day following baseline cognitive assessment and continued for 30 consecutive days. Follow-up evaluations were conducted at 30 and 90 days after baseline, after discontinuation of drug/placebo.
  
  
  METHODS
  A level I trauma center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three patients ranging in age from 16 to 64 years. Head injury severity ranged from moderately severe (Glasgow Coma Score [GCS] < or = 8, no intracranial pressure monitor) to "complicated mild" (GCS from 13 to 15 with positive computed tomography brain scan). Thirty-day follow-up was based on 12 patients, whereas 90-day evaluation was based on 9 patients, with complicated mild head injuries excluded from the analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Methylphenidate administered twice daily at a dose of .30 mg/kg; placebo administered according to the same schedule in identical pill form.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Disability Rating Scale (DRS) and tests of attention, memory, and vigilance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The methylphenidate group was significantly better at 30 days on the DRS (p < .02), and on tests of attention (p < .03) and motor performance (p, .05). No significant differences were noted between groups at 90 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subacute administration of methylphenidate after moderately severe head injury appeared to enhance the rate but not the ultimate level of recovery as measured by the DRS and tests of vigilance. Problems with possible selection bias and small sample size limit generalization of results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical School, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Plenger
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Frankowski
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Yablon
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Levin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000145:classification / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008774:Methylphenidate