title: Opiate-induced respiratory depression in pediatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe 15 pediatric patients with opiate-induced respiratory depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  In-house adverse drug reaction (ADR) report forms were reviewed to identify any patients with suspected opiate-induced respiratory depression. Case review was then performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Large pediatric teaching hospital with regional specialties.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen patients aged 2 days to 17 years (median 14 mo).
  
  
  METHODS
  Respiratory depression resulting in apnea, hypoxia, cyanosis, reduced respiratory rate, or the need for naloxone following or during opiate administration was recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen patients experienced some degree of respiratory depression over the 3 years of surveillance. Treatment included naloxone (12 patients), admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (8), ventilation (5), and reduction in dosage (1). Predisposing factors for respiratory depression included an age of less than 1 year, excessive dosage, concurrent medical problems, concurrent drugs, and medication errors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Opiate-induced respiratory depression in pediatric patients occurs infrequently, but may have serious consequences. Opiates are potent analgesics that children require and should receive. Safe use of opiates in pediatric patients, however, depends on the dosage, route and method of administration, consideration of any predisposing factors, and adequate monitoring. This article highlights some of the problems with opiate use in children and gives some recommendations on how these problems may be prevented.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Department, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cousins
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Nunn
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Choonara
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; D000367:Age Factors; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D003932:Heroin / Q000009:adverse effects; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008508:Medication Errors; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D009020:Morphine / Q000009:adverse effects; D009270:Naloxone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009270:Naloxone; D003932:Heroin; D009020:Morphine