title: Prenatal weight gain patterns and birth weight among nonobese black and white women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between prenatal weight gain patterns and birth weight, using Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from a prospective follow-up study of risk factors for fetal growth restriction were used to examine the impact of low weight gain on mean birth weight. A total of 415 nonobese (body mass index [BMI] less than 26) black (n = 275) and white (n = 140) women who delivered at term were included in this analysis. Linear regression analysis was used to examine the impact of low first-trimester gain (less than 2.3 kg with low BMI [less than 19.8]; less than 1.6 kg with normal BMI [19.8-26.0]) and low second- and third-trimester rates of gain (less than 0.38 kg/week with low BMI; less than 0.37 kg/week with normal BMI) on mean birth weight while controlling for selected sociodemographic and reproductive variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patterns with low gain in the first and second or in the second and third trimesters were associated with significant decreases in mean birth weight, ranging from 206 to 265 g; low gain in only the first or third trimester was not associated with a significant decrease in mean in birth weight. The impact of low gain on mean birth weight varied by ethnic group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations suggest that inadequate patterns of prenatal weight gain, defined by IOM guidelines, are associated with decreased birth weight, particularly when the patterns involve low second-trimester gain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hickey
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Cliver
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: McNeal
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Goldenberg
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D001724:Birth Weight; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000209:etiology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D015430:Weight Gain; D044465:White People