title: Sample collection guidelines for trace elements in blood and urine. IUPAC Commission of Toxicology.
abstract: This paper presents an organized system for element-specific sample collection and handling of human blood (whole blood, serum or plasma, packed cells or erythrocytes) and urine also indicating a proper definition of the subject and sample. Harmonized procedures for collection, preparation, analysis and quality control are suggested. The aim is to assist scientists worldwide to produce comparable data which will be useful on a regional, national and international scale. The guidelines are directed to the elements aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, lithium, manganese, mercury, nickel, selenium and zinc. These include the most important elements measured for their occupational or clinical significance, and serve as examples of principles that will guide development of methods for other elements in the future.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cornelis
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Heinzow
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Herber
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: O M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Poulsen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sabbioni
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Templeton
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Thomassen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vahter
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vesterberg
mesh_terms: D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000592:standards*; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D014131:Trace Elements