title: A prospective study of cigarette smoking and age-related macular degeneration in women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the relationship between cigarette smoking and incidence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) among women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study with 12 years of follow-up (1980 to 1992), in which information on smoking habits was updated every 2 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven states throughout the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 31 843 registered nurses enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study who were aged 50 to 59 years in 1980 and did not report a diagnosis of cancer or AMD at the beginning of the study. Additional women entered the analytic cohort as they reached 50 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence of AMD with visual loss.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 556 338 person-years of follow-up, 215 women were newly diagnosed as having AMD. After adjusting for other risk factors for AMD, women who currently smoked 25 or more cigarettes per day had a relative risk (RR) of AMD of 2.4 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-4.0) compared with women who never smoked. Past smokers of this amount also had a 2-fold increased risk (RR=2.0; 95% CI, 1.2-3.4) relative to never smokers. Compared with current smokers, little reduction in risk was suggested even after quitting smoking for 15 or more years. Risk of AMD also increased with an increasing number of pack-years smoked (P for trend <.001); among women who smoked for 65 or more pack-years, the risk was 2.4 times the risk of never smokers (95% CI, 1.5-3.8). Analyses of dry and exudative types of AMD and other alternative definitions of AMD revealed similar results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cigarette smoking is an independent and avoidable risk factor for AMD among women. Because AMD is the most common cause of severe visual impairment among the elderly and treatment is not available or is ineffective for most patients, reducing the risk of this disease is another important reason to avoid smoking.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Seddon
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Speizer
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hankinson
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology