title: Tetanus in Singapore: report of three cases.
abstract: Three cases of tetanus in Singapore are presented. One local resident had cephalic tetanus most likely secondary to otitis media and the other two, residents from surrounding Asean countries, had generalised tetanus. The portal of entry was a puncture wound on the foot in one patient and the ear in another. No portal of entry was identified in one patient. All three patients required tracheostomy, ventilatory support and intensive care management for periods ranging from 11 to 22 days. One patient died from complications of nosocomial septicaemia and one patient required prolonged rehabilitation. There was a questionable history of tetanus immunization in the Singapore resident whereas the other two patients who were foreigners had never received any immunization. Tetanus is an uncommon but important disease in Singapore. In spite of the availability of intensive care management, it continues to be a disease with significant morbidity and mortality. Early recognition and treatment of the disease are critical factors in determining the prognosis. This is a disease that may be largely prevented by adequate immunization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Singapore General Hospital.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raghuram
authors.forename: Y Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000175:diagnosis; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003422:Critical Care; D004424:Ear Canal / Q000293:injuries; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D018409:Foot Injuries / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization; D008297:Male; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000382:microbiology; D011379:Prognosis; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D018805:Sepsis / Q000382:microbiology; D012846:Singapore; D013742:Tetanus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014139:Tracheostomy; D014313:Trismus / Q000175:diagnosis; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D013745:Tetanus Toxoid