title: Inverse relation of dietary protein markers with blood pressure. Findings for 10,020 men and women in the INTERSALT Study. INTERSALT Cooperative Research Group. INTERnational study of SALT and blood pressure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to assess relations to blood pressure (BP) in individuals of markers of dietary protein in their 24-hour urine collections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  INTERSALT (INTERnational study of SALT and blood pressure) was a cross-sectional study of 10020 men and women aged 20 to 59 years in 52 population-based samples in 32 countries worldwide, with quality-controlled standardized procedures and assessment of multiple possible confounders. Three measurements of dietary protein in 24-hour urine of each individual participant were studied: total nitrogen and urea as indexes of total protein intake, and sulfate as an index of sulfur-containing dietary amino acids. Repeat examination was performed in a random 8% of participants to assess reliability and to correct for regression-dilution bias. Significant independent inverse relationships were found between BP (systolic and diastolic) and both 24-hour urinary total nitrogen and urea nitrogen, with adjustment for age, sex, alcohol intake, body mass, and 24-hour urinary sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. With adjustment for regression-dilution bias, it was estimated that systolic and diastolic BP were on average 3.0 and 2.5 mm Hg lower, respectively, for persons with dietary total protein intake 30% above the overall mean than for those whose dietary protein intake was 30% below the overall mean (12.94 versus 6.96 g/d urinary total nitrogen, equivalent to 81 versus 44 g/d dietary protein, respectively). For the association of these markers with diastolic BP, results were similar for younger (20- to 39-year-old) and older (40- to 59-year-old) persons and for women and men. For their relation to systolic BP, regression coefficients were larger both for those aged 40 to 59 years than for those aged 20 to 39 years and for women than for men. Nonsignificant inverse relations were recorded for urinary sulfate and BP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These INTERSALT findings lend support to the hypothesis that higher dietary protein intake has favorable influences on BP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. hwe216@lulu.acns.nwu.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stamler
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kesteloot
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Claeys
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Dyer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stamler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003971:Diastole; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000652:urine; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013431:Sulfates / Q000652:urine; D013599:Systole; D014508:Urea / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D013431:Sulfates; D014508:Urea; D009584:Nitrogen