title: p53-dependent cell cycle arrest induced by N-acetyl-L-leucinyl-L-leucinyl-L-norleucinal in platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated human fibroblasts.
abstract: Proteases are known to play important roles in cell growth control, although the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Here we show that the protease inhibitor N-acetyl-L-leucinyl-L-leucinyl-L-norleucinal induced cell cycle arrest in platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated human fibroblasts at the G1/S boundary of the cell cycle by inhibiting the proteasome. Inhibition of the proteasome resulted in accumulation of the tumor suppressor p53, which was followed by an increase in the amount of the cyclin-dependent kinase-inhibitor p21. As a consequence, both phosphorylation and activity of the cyclin-dependent kinase 2/cyclin E complex were inhibited. We further observed that the retinoblastoma gene product, pRb, remained in the hypophosphorylated state, thus preventing cells from progression into the S-phase. These studies strongly support the hypothesis that the proteasome is a key regulator in the G1-phase of cell cycle progression.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Toxicology, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dietrich
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bartsch
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schanz
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Oesch
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wieser
mesh_terms: D002154:Calpain / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D002403:Cathepsins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology; D006801:Humans; D007976:Leupeptins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000378:metabolism*; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D007976:Leupeptins; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C063261:acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal; D002403:Cathepsins; D002154:Calpain; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex