title: Diffusion of anaesthetic gases through different polymers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Improvement of working conditions and anaesthesia with closed systems includes reduction of gas leaks during anaesthesia. One source of contamination is the permeation of gases through plastic materials. The volume of gas permeating through a polymer depends on its molecular structure, the solubility and the diffusion coefficient.
  
  
  METHODS
  We designed an experimental set-up to measure the permeation rates of nitrous oxide, enflurane and isoflurane through components of the anaesthetic ventilator made of silicone, latex, rubber and polyvinylchloride (PVC). Reservoir bags, ventilation tubes and endotracheal tubes were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest permeation rates of anaesthetic gases were observed with silicone materials. Permeation through silicone exceeded that of the least permeable material by more than 10.000 times. By summarizing the permeation rates of the single items, the use of silicone increases the anaesthetic system's leakage rate by 4 ml/min, which means an increase of 18% in a modern anaesthetic ventilator and of 31% in a closed system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The highest permeation rates were found for nitrous oxide through silicone, although nitrous oxide has a known low solubility in plastic materials. The result demonstrates the dependency of the leakage rate on the diffusibility. The leakage of anaesthetic gases caused by silicone items does not alone lead to unacceptable pollution of operating theatres. To minimize the total leakage rates of minimal-flow-systems, however, plastic materials with low solubility and low diffusion coefficients have to be used.
authors.affiliation: University of Ulm, Clinic of Anaesthesiology, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Marx
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fröba
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bäder
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Villwock
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Georgieff
mesh_terms: D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000295:instrumentation; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D004058:Diffusion; D004737:Enflurane; D007530:Isoflurane; D007840:Latex; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D010539:Permeability; D011108:Polymers; D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride; D012408:Rubber; D012828:Silicones
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D007840:Latex; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D011108:Polymers; D012828:Silicones; D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride; D012408:Rubber; D004737:Enflurane; D007530:Isoflurane