title: Pentoxifylline therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive persons with tuberculosis: a randomized, controlled trial.
abstract: Macrophage activation and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production are critical in tuberculosis immunity but may result in increased human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) expression and accelerated HIV disease progression in HIV-infected persons. Pentoxifylline inhibits expression of TNF-alpha and HIV. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of adjunctive therapy with pentoxifylline (1800 mg/day) as a timed-release formulation was done in Ugandan HIV-infected patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Subjects had early HIV disease (mean CD4 cell count, 380/microL) and did not receive other antiretroviral drugs. Pentoxifylline resulted in decreased plasma HIV RNA and serum beta 2-microglobulin and, in a subset of moderately anemic patients, improved blood hemoglobin levels. Trends were noted toward reduced TNF-alpha production in vitro and improved performance scores, but these did not reach statistical significance. No effect was noted on body mass, CD4 cell count, or survival. Additional studies of more potent TNF-alpha inhibitors in HIV-positive subjects with tuberculosis are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4984, USA.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Wallis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nsubuga
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Whalen
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Mugerwa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okwera
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oette
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ellner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D010431:Pentoxifylline / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D012367:RNA, Viral; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D010431:Pentoxifylline