title: Negative symptoms, neurological signs and neuropsychological impairments in 204 Hong Kong Chinese patients with schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies of the relationship between negative symptoms, neuropsychological impairments and neurological signs in schizophrenia have yielded inconsistent results. In addition, little attention has been directed to address the extent of cultural modulation of negative symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  We carried out cross-cultural validation of the High Royds Evaluation of Negativity Scale (HEN) in 50 Hong Kong Chinese patients with schizophrenia. We then investigated the relationship between negative symptoms, neurological signs and neuropsychological impairment in 204 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Good interrater reliability, internal reliability, convergent and discriminant validity were found with the HEN. The HEN contained four factors corresponding to 'behaviour', 'functioning', 'thought' and 'appearance'. Negative symptoms were correlated with semantic fluency but not with Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance or sustained attention. Negative symptoms were also correlated with tardive dyskinesia and catatonia but not with soft neurological signs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cross-cultural robustness of the negative symptoms construct is supported. Association of negative symptoms with a specific profile of neurocognitive impairment suggests diversity within deficit domains in schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong.
authors.forename: E Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: R Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Nguyen
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000328:Adult; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015588:Observer Variation; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012919:Social Behavior