title: Intra-abdominal fungal infections after pancreatic transplantation: incidence, treatment, and outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intra-abdominal infections account for 15 percent of technical failures after pancreatic transplantation. Although some data are available about intra-abdominal bacterial infections, no study has analyzed the incidence, treatment, and outcome of intra-abdominal fungal infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively studied 445 consecutive pancreatic transplantations--45 percent were simultaneous pancreatic and renal, 24 percent pancreatic after renal, and 31 percent pancreatic transplantations alone--in patients with Type I diabetes mellitus. Donors were cadavers in 92 percent and living relatives in 8 percent. Primary transplantations were done in 80 percent and retransplantation in 20 percent. Of these 445 pancreatic transplantations, 90 percent were bladder-drained, 9 percent enteric-drained, and 1 percent duct-injected. Only symptomatic patients with documented culture-positive intra-abdominal fungal infections were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intra-abdominal fungal infections occurred after pancreatic transplantation in 41 (9.2 percent) of 445 patients. Donor age, but not recipient age, was a significant risk factor. The rate of infections was higher for enteric-drained (21 percent) than for bladder-drained (10 percent) transplantations; for organs donated by living relatives (16 percent) than for those from cadavers (9 percent); and for pancreatic after renal (12 percent) and simultaneous pancreatic-renal (11 percent) than for pancreatic-only (5 percent) recipients. The rate of intra-abdominal fungal infections was 6 percent for recipients who were given antifungal prophylaxis (fluconazole, 400 mg/day for seven days after transplantation) compared with 10 percent for those without prophylaxis. The one-year graft survival rate for recipients with infection was 17 percent compared with 65 percent for those without (p = 0.0001); the survival rate was 70 percent compared with 92 percent for patients with and without infection, respectively (p = 0.0007). In 22 percent of recipients, the infection resolved and graft function persisted; in 58 percent, the infection resolved after transplant pancreatectomy; and in 20 percent, death occurred despite transplant pancreatectomy. Recipients with sole fungal or fungal and bacterial infection (n = 41) were 50 percent less likely to recover with a functioning graft and had a risk of death that was three times higher (p < or = 0.05) than those with sole bacterial infection (n = 48).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intra-abdominal fungal infections after pancreatic transplants are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, significantly higher than for sole bacterial infections. In addition to aggressive treatment, including transplant pancreatectomy and reduction of immunosuppression, efforts must be made toward better prevention of intra-abdominal fungal infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Hospital, Minneapolis 55455, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Benedetti
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Gruessner
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Troppmann
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Papalois
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Gruessner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015994:Incidence; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D016035:Pancreas Transplantation; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014019:Tissue Donors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D000666:Amphotericin B; D015725:Fluconazole