title: Fixation patterns and reading rates in eyes with central scotomas from advanced atrophic age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study fixation patterns and reading rates in eyes with central scotomas from geographic atrophy (GA) of age-related macular degeneration and to compare fixation patterns with those of patients with Stargardt disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scanning laser ophthalmoscope analysis of fixation patterns in eyes with 20/80 to 20/200 visual acuity. Included were 41 eyes of 35 patients with GA and 10 eyes of 5 patients with Stargardt disease. The patients with GA also were tested for maximum reading rate, and the size of the areas of atrophy were measured by fundus photograph analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-three percent of GA eyes fixating outside the atrophy placed the scotoma to the right of fixation in visual field space, 22% placed the scotoma above fixation, and 15% placed it to the left, regardless of the laterality of the GA eye. Fixation was stable in subsequent years of testing for scotoma placement to the right of or above fixation. All GA eyes fixated immediately adjacent to the atrophy. In contrast, seven of ten eyes with Stargardt disease fixated at a considerable distance from the scotoma border, with the dense scotoma far above the fixation site in visual field space. For the patients with GA, the maximum reading rate was highly correlated with size of the atrophic area, but not with age or visual acuity within the limited visual acuity range tested. There was a trend to more rapid reading with the scotoma above fixation and slower reading with the scotoma to the left.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a preference for fixation with the scotoma to the right in eyes with GA. Patients with Stargardt disease use different strategies for fixation, perhaps due to subclinical pathology adjacent to the atrophic regions. The size of the atrophic area in GA plays the predominant role in reading rate for eyes that have already lost foveal vision.
authors.affiliation: Lions Vision Center, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Sunness
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Applegate
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Haselwood
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Rubin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001284:Atrophy; D002648:Child; D005403:Fixation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005584:Fovea Centralis / Q000473:pathology*; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000150:complications*; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D011932:Reading; D012607:Scotoma / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014794:Visual Fields