title: No additional metal particle formation using the needle-through-needle combined epidural/spinal technique.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Combined epidural/spinal analgesia utilizing a needle-through-needle technique has become very popular in anesthesia. However, findings of concave deformities at the orifice of Tuohy needles after spinal needle passage have raised concerns that metal fragments might be deposited within the epidural space. This study was proposed to investigate whether the needle-through-needle technique does produce metallic flecks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten unused Tuohy and Hustead epidural needles were inspected microscopically and photomicrographed prior to flushing saline through each into a single tissue culture well. After drying, a single pass was made with a 120 mm 24-gauge Sprotte needle through each epidural needle to maximal extension while the orifice was within another tissue culture well. Each needle was again flushed into a third well before reexamination and photomicroscopy. Each of the wells was inspected for metallic particles by microscopy. Additional freshly unpackaged Tuohy needles were microscopically examined after exposure to a magnetic field.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparison of micrographs before and after needle experiments revealed concave deformities at the orifice of all the Tuohy and Hustead needles. No particles were observed in either of the two saline-flushed wells or within the well in which the needle-through-needle passes were made. Inspection of unused Tuohy needles exposed to a magnetic field revealed metal filings "standing up" along the bevel of every needle examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metallic particles are not produced by the needle-through-needle technique. However, metal particles are an apparent contaminant of all epidural needles and are probably routinely introduced into patients when the needle is placed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Molin
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Knape
mesh_terms: D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D007278:Injections, Spinal / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008670:Metals; D008853:Microscopy; D009339:Needles
chemical_list: D008670:Metals