title: Threaded steinmann pin fusion of the craniovertebral junction.
abstract: METHODS
  In a clinical retrospective study, the authors review long-term results of occipitocervical fusion using a wide diameter, contoured, threaded Steinmann pin.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the clinical and radiographic results of occipitocervical fusion using this technique in a variety of abnormalities including rheumatoid arthritis. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA. The various surgical techniques and hardware developed for occipitocervical fusion have been associated with mixed results, particularly in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or basilar invagination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-nine patients with occipitocervical instability were internally fixed with a wide diameter, contoured, threaded Steinmann pin wired to the occiput and cervical laminae or facets. Fusion was facilitated using autologous iliac crest bone graft and a cervical orthosis. Instability resulted from rheumatoid arthritis (n = 12), congenital anomalies (n = 12), trauma (n = 10), tumor (n = 4), or osteogenesis imperfecta (n = 1). Fifteen patients had radiographic evidence of basilar invagination. Long-term outcome (mean follow-up period, 38.9 months; range, 12-78 months) was based on clinical and radiographic review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-seven patients (97%) had a stable postoperative occipitocervical construct: there were 35 osseous unions, two fibrous unions, and one nonunion. There was on postoperative death from pulmonary complications. No patient developed evidence of new, recurrent, or progressive basilar invagination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors concluded that rigid segmental fixation of the craniovertebral junction using a wide diameter, contoured, threaded Steinmann pin and supplemental autograft creates excellent fusion with minimal complications. This technique is appropriate for a variety of abnormalities including rheumatoid arthritis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Apostolides
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Dickman
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Golfinos
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Papadopoulos
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Sonntag
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D001268:Atlanto-Axial Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D001858:Bone Nails / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D009777:Occipital Bone / Q000601:surgery*; D059408:Pain Management; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome