title: Elucidation of an HIV-1 transmission from mother to child in west Africa by sequence analysis.
abstract: A pregnant woman living in Germany went to Ghana for several months, where she received 4 blood transfusions. Her newborn child also received one blood transfusion in West Africa. After return to Germany, HIV-1 infection was detected in both of them. Serotyping with V3 peptides revealed that the sera reacted only poorly with the subtype B-specific antigens. To investigate whether the child had been infected by vertical or parenteral transmission, we amplified different proviral HIV-1 gene segments from samples obtained 1-3 years after infection. Sequence analysis of the hypervariable regions V1 and V2 of the proviral env gene was misleading, since the viral population of the mother was highly heterogeneous, whereas only one predominant viral variant was found in the child. In contrast, sequences of the gag p17 gene and the regulatory genes nef and vif were homogeneous and revealed a very high homology, suggesting that the child had been infected by the mother. This was confirmed by phylogenetic tree analysis showing that sequences of mother and child clustered together and that both were infected by HIV-1 subtype A which is common in West Africa. The results suggest that sequence analysis of the hypervariable regions V1 and V2 alone can lead to unclear results, especially if not single genomes are analysed but a mixture of quasi-species. It is recommended that investigations into HIV transmission should be based on sequence analysis of several HIV genes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Med. Microbiology and Immunology, University of Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kasper
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steinbeck-Klose
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Matz
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Schneweis
mesh_terms: D000354:Africa, Western; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017931:DNA Primers; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015683:Gene Products, gag / Q000235:genetics*; D015754:Genes, nef; D016341:Genes, vif; D015488:HIV Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120 / Q000235:genetics*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009035:Mothers; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D011247:Pregnancy; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D012703:Serotyping; D014764:Viral Proteins; D054301:gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D015683:Gene Products, gag; D015488:HIV Antigens; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120; C059761:HIV envelope protein gp120 (135-148); D010446:Peptide Fragments; D014764:Viral Proteins; D054301:gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; C054858:p17 protein, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1