title: A bolus plus continuous infusion protocol for controlling neuromuscular blockade during anesthesia.
abstract: Neuromuscular blockade is controlled during anesthesia by administering either bolus doses or a continuous infusion of a blocking agent. To test whether a constant infusion technique requires less attention and provides better control we used a computer to simulate neuromuscular blockade. Using the model we maintained 95% blockade with mivacurium, atracurium, and vecuronium. It required 1.2 changes per hour to maintain the blockade by continuous infusion; an average of 4.5 bolus per hour were required to maintain blockade by the bolus technique. When the bolus and continuous infusion techniques were combined, only 0.16 changes per hour were required. Atracurium was then given to ten patients during anesthesia, following the bolus plus continuous infusion protocol. After a bolus was given to obtain 100% twitch depression, for tracheal intubation, neuromuscular function was assessed by train-of-four stimulation of the ulnar or facial nerves by observing the resultant muscle movement. When the first twitch of the train-of-four returned, relaxation was maintained by continuous infusion. A bolus was given and the drug infusion rate was changed whenever the level of relaxation changed from the desired one twitch of the train-of-four. The infusion rate was adjusted only 1.12 +/- 0.79 times per hour. The desired level of muscle relaxation was easily controlled using the bolus plus continuous infusion protocol. The infusion scheme might be implemented in future drug infusion pumps.
authors.affiliation: University of Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Botman
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arps
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Westenskow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous / Q000379:methods*; D001279:Atracurium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004867:Equipment Design; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007260:Infusion Pumps; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D000077590:Mivacurium; D008954:Models, Biological; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D009467:Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000187:drug effects; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013390:Succinylcholine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014459:Ulnar Nerve / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014673:Vecuronium Bromide / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D007546:Isoquinolines; D009467:Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; D001279:Atracurium; D000077590:Mivacurium; D014673:Vecuronium Bromide; D013390:Succinylcholine