title: Nephropathy in low income diabetics: the Mexico City Diabetes Study.
abstract: Among the most serious complications associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) is nephropathy (DN). In Mexico, there is little information on the frequency and clinical characteristics of DN in the Mexican population. We present results of a population-based survey designed to estimate the prevalence of DN. The low income population consisted of 15,532 inhabitants. All 35- to 64-year-old males and non-pregnant women residing in the survey area were identified as eligible for the study (3505; 22.6%). A home interview was obtained in 2810 (80.2%). A physical exam with oral glucose tolerance test was obtained in 2282 (81.2% of those interviewed). DM was diagnosed in 304 (crude rate 13.3%). Mean age for men and women with DM was 51.6 +/- 8.4 and 52.2 +/- 7.5, respectively. Duration of DM in men was 9.2 +/- 8.1 and in women, 7.3 +/- 6.7 years. Hypertension was diagnosed in 19.8% of men and 18.1% of women. Diabetic retinopathy of any level was found in 55.4% of men and 45.7% of women. Mean glycohemoglobin in men was 9.6 +/- 2.1 and in women 9.5 +/- 2.2% (normal 4-8%). At baseline, proteinuria (1+ or more, by dipstick) was found in 24.7% of men and 9.6% of women, microalbuminuria (MA) in 84.4% of men and 63.8% of women. Quantitative albuminuria was abnormally high in 54.7% of men and 40.3% of women. In the 203 diabetics studied with 24 h urine collection for creatinine clearance, normal renal function was found in 69.1% of men and 47.5% of women, reduced renal function was found in 26% of men and 50% of women, renal insufficiency was diagnosed in 4.9% of men and 1.6% of women. One patient was on dialysis and in a subsequent follow up, we found that 2.3% of the patients had died of renal failure, six men (46-63 years) and a woman of 62 years. We conclude that DN is a very serious threat to this population. The high case fatality rate associated with this condition maintains a low prevalence. It is important to develop a program to diminish the frequency of this condition.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios en Diabetes, American British Cowdray Hospital, México, D.F.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: González Villalpando
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Arredondo Pérez
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martínez Díaz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Islas Andrade
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Revilla
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: González Villalpando
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rivera Martínez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D010808:Physical Examination; D011203:Poverty; D015995:Prevalence; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D016019:Survival Analysis