title: Animal model for thoracoscopic laser ablation of emphysematous pulmonary bullae.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Thoracoscopic laser techniques have been described for treatment of pulmonary bullae. Clinical application of this procedure has proliferated despite limited data regarding efficacy or optimal techniques. The objective of this study was to develop an animal model for investigating laser treatment of bullous lung disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-two New Zealand White rabbits (3-5 kg) were injected intravenously with 0.35 cc sterile-filtered Sephadex G-100 beads (1 g/100 cc suspension). Three hours later, rabbits were anesthetized, intubated, and 10 cc 0.7% heat-treated or 1% untreated carrageenan solution was instilled endotracheally into a catheter wedged in a mainstem bronchus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bullae formed over 4-6 weeks in 33% of the animals treated with 0.7% heat-treated carrageenan, and 90% of animals receiving 1% untreated carrageenan (P < 0.005) as demonstrated by serial thoracoscopy. Thoracoscopy was performed at 6-8 weeks using 5 mm trocars under general anesthesia and mechanical ventilatory support. Animals developed pulmonary bullae ranging in size from 0.5 to 2 cm. Bullae were ablated under thoracoscopic visualization using a CO2 laser with a 4 mm OD rigid probe and short focal length in a defocused mode, or an Nd:YAG laser with a 0.4 mm diameter flexible fiberoptic probe. Animals recovered quickly following thoracoscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have successfully developed an animal model for thoracoscopic laser ablation of emphysematous pulmonary bullae. This animal model should be useful in investigating treatment of bullous lung disease in humans.
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, University of California-Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA 92668, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brenner
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shankel
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Waite
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bendsza
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Milner
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Roeck
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tadir
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tromberg
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Berns
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001768:Blister / Q000601:surgery; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D053685:Laser Therapy; D008168:Lung / Q000601:surgery; D011656:Pulmonary Emphysema / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D011817:Rabbits; D013906:Thoracoscopy