title: Staurosporine resistance accompanies DNA tumor virus-induced immortalization and is independent of the expression and activities of ERK1, ERK2, cyclin A, cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) 2, and cdk4.
abstract: Staurosporine, a potent protein kinase inhibitor, has been shown to arrest the growth of a number of normal cell types in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, while having little effect on several transformed lines. We wished to determine whether increased resistance to staurosporine was a common feature of virus-immortalized human cells and whether this phenotype was an early event following the expression of SV40 tumor antigens. Human foreskin keratinocytes immortalized by the SV40 DNA tumor virus displayed an increased resistance to staurosporine-induced growth arrest when compared with normal parental cells, as has been seen in human diploid fibroblasts. Keratinocytes immortalized by human papillomaviruses, or by just the human papillomavirus E6 and E7 oncogenes were also staurosporine resistant, suggesting that this phenotype often accompanies the immortalization of human cells by DNA tumor viruses. Acquisition of staurosporine resistance was a late event during immortalization, because precrisis human diploid fibroblasts that expressed the SV40 large T and small t antigens were not resistant to staurosporine. The same parental cells that were fully immortalized by SV40 were resistant. Staurosporine resistance was not the result of increased activities and/or expression of cyclin A, cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) 2, cdk4, or the mitogen-activated kinases ERK1 and ERK2. Although increased activities and/or expression of cyclin A and cdk2 and cdk4 proteins, but not ERK1 or ERK2, were associated with immortalization, similar increases were found in staurosporine-sensitive precrisis cells expressing SV40 tumor antigens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Toxicology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Khalsa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schlegel
mesh_terms: D000952:Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming / Q000032:analysis; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D002472:Cell Transformation, Viral / Q000502:physiology*; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D016213:Cyclins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004171:Diploidy; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005347:Fibroblasts; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D004676:Myelin Basic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral / Q000502:physiology; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000502:physiology*; D050725:Papillomavirus E7 Proteins; D010641:Phenotype; D027382:Polyomaviridae; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D013539:Simian virus 40 / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D012867:Skin; D019311:Staurosporine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000952:Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming; D016213:Cyclins; C068651:E6 protein, Human papillomavirus type 16; D006657:Histones; D004676:Myelin Basic Protein; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral; D050725:Papillomavirus E7 Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C059731:oncogene protein E7, Human papillomavirus type 16; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases; D019311:Staurosporine