title: Diagnostic tests for Helicobacter pylori: a prospective evaluation of their accuracy, without selecting a single test as the gold standard.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the accuracy of six commonly used diagnostic tests for Helicobacter pylori in a prospective study without using any specific test as the gold standard (the patient was regarded as H. pylori-infected if two or more tests, whatever their nature, were positive).
  
  
  METHODS
  In 105 outpatients undergoing upper GI endoscopy, 62 without significant abnormalities, 28 with gastroesophageal reflux disease, 19 with peptic ulcer, one with erosive gastritis, and one with atrophic gastritis (some patients had more than one diagnosis), antral biopsy specimens were taken for culture, polymerase chain reaction, histological examination (hematoxylineosin and Giemsa stains), and rapid urease test. Corpus biopsy specimens were taken for histological examination. Serology (ELISA) and a 13C-urea breath test were also performed. Consistency of diagnosis between two pathologists was assessed by kappa statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sensitivity and specificity, respectively, were as follows: culture, 98.4 and 100%; polymerase chain reaction, 96.7 and 100%; histological examination (antrum), 96 and 98.8%; histological examination (antrum + corpus), 98.4 and 98.8%; rapid urease test, 90.2 and 100%; 13C-urea breath test, 100 and 100%; and serological examination, 98.4 and 88.4% (95% in those who had not been previously treated for H. pylori). All H. pylori-positive cases were detected by culture and rapid urease test. In 86.4% of these cases all antral biopsy-based tests were positive. Agreement between pathologists was good, with a kappa coefficient around 0.90 for antral biopsy specimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All antral biopsy-based tests, as well as the 13C-urea breath test, are accurate for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection. Sampling error is a problem of minor importance. The lower specificity of serological tests may be largely explained by previous treatment of H. pylori.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Bethesda Hospital, Hoogeveen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Thijs
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: van Zwet
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Thijs
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Oey
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karrenbeld
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stellaard
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Luijt
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kleibeuker
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D001944:Breath Tests; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000382:microbiology; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000382:microbiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity