title: Forceps and vacuum delivery: a survey of North American residency programs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To document resident instruction in operative vaginal delivery by forceps and vacuum.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey was sent to all 291 obstetrics-gynecology training programs in the United States and Canada.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall response rate was 72% (210 of 291). Most programs (60%) have an operative vaginal delivery rate of 10% or less. Nearly all of the responding programs (199 of 209, 95%) teach operative vaginal delivery via the vacuum route; metallic cups are used in only 14% of centers. Forceps are the primary instrument in most programs (68%), but nearly one-third of responding centers use the vacuum method more often than forceps. Instruction in midpelvic operative vaginal delivery is offered in 64% of the programs, with forceps being more common by nearly a two-to-one ratio. Deep transverse arrest is handled initially by forceps by half of the respondents, whereas 28 and 22% would proceed with cesarean or attempt a vacuum extraction, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Instruction in both types of operative vaginal delivery is found in most programs. The forceps are used more commonly, but vacuum is the preferred instrument in about one-third of training programs. Instruction in midpelvic delivery is offered in 64% of programs, but we noted a declining trend.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bofill
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Rust
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Morrison
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D003625:Data Collection; D005113:Extraction, Obstetrical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D009772:Obstetrical Forceps / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009774:Obstetrics / Q000193:education*; D011247:Pregnancy; D014481:United States; D014620:Vacuum Extraction, Obstetrical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data