title: Effect of size, concentration, surface area, and volume of polymethylmethacrylate particles on human macrophages in vitro.
abstract: This study investigated effects of different sizes, concentrations, volumes, and surface areas of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) particles on human macrophages. Adherent peripheral blood monocytes isolated from five healthy individuals were exposed for 48 h to phagocytosable (0.325 micron and 5.5 microns) and nonphagocytosable (200 microns) spherical particles. Each particle size was tested over a range of concentrations (10(4)-10(11) particles per milliliter [0.325 micron], 10(2)-10(7) particles per milliliter [5.5 microns], 10(1)-10(4) particles per milliliter [200 microns]) to provide overlap in number, volume, and surface area. Primary human monocyte/macrophages were cultured in macrophage serum-free medium and 5% fetal calf serum. Macrophage viability was assessed by 3H-thymidine uptake and activation was quantified by release of interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and the lysosomal enzyme hexosaminidase. Medium alone served as a negative control; lipopolysaccharide (10 micrograms/mL) was also tested. PMMA particles were not toxic to human macrophages at any concentration tested. The smallest phagocytosable particles (0.325 micron) stimulated the release of interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, prostaglandin E2, and hexosaminidase at concentrations of 10(10)-10(11) particles/mL. The release of cytokines, PGE2, and hexosaminidase depended on the size, concentration, surface area, and volume of the phagocytosable particles. This study demonstrates that PMMA particle load Mi.e., the concentration of phagocytosable particles per tissue volume, characterized by size, surface area, and volume, rather than simply particle number-determines the degree of macrophage activation.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Goodman
mesh_terms: D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D006596:Hexosaminidases / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008768:Methylmethacrylates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D010316:Particle Size; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000502:physiology; D013499:Surface Properties; D013936:Thymidine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008768:Methylmethacrylates; D006596:Hexosaminidases; D013936:Thymidine