title: Effects of nitroglycerin on vasospasm and cyclic nucleotides in a primate model of subarachnoid hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nitroglycerin, as well as nitric oxide, causes hyperpolarization and cGMP elevation in vascular smooth muscle cells. It is unknown whether nitroglycerin ameliorates vasospasm by an increase in cGMP levels after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The purpose of the present study was to measure the levels of both cGMP and cAMP in the cerebral arteries and parietal cerebral cortices in a primate model and to determine the effect of nitroglycerin on vasospasm after SAH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chronic vasospasm was induced by clot placement around the right middle cerebral artery (MCA). Seven days after the surgery, angiography was repeated and either nitroglycerin (3 micrograms/kg per hour) or saline was administered intravenously. Angiography and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measurements in the bilateral parietal cortices were performed before and after each treatment. Both cGMP and cAMP levels were measured in the cerebral arteries and bilateral parietal cortices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant vasospasm occurred in the cerebral arteries on both sides, more prominently on the right side. Concomitantly, rCBF on the right side was significantly decreased (P < .05). In the right MCA, cGMP levels were significantly lower than in the normal MCA (P < .05). After the administration of nitroglycerin for 3 hours, the cerebral vessels were significantly dilated on both sides (P < .05), and rCBF was significantly increased on the right side (P < .05) but not on the left side. Although depressed cGMP levels in the right MCA were not recovered by nitroglycerin, a significant increase in cGMP levels was observed in the basilar artery (P < .05). In both parietal cortices, cGMP levels were significantly decreased after SAH (P < .05) and unchanged after nitroglycerin treatment. There were no significant changes in cAMP levels in SAH and after nitroglycerin treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The vasodilator effect of nitroglycerin in spastic MCA may not be mediated by an increase in cGMP levels, suggesting an involvement of hyperpolarization of the smooth muscle cells. Given the increase in rCBF, nitroglycerin may be therapeutic for the treatment of vasospasm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Mie University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakao
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kanamaru
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Waga
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000378:metabolism; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000378:metabolism; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D008251:Macaca; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D009420:Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009712:Nucleotides, Cyclic / Q000378:metabolism*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D009712:Nucleotides, Cyclic; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D005996:Nitroglycerin; D006152:Cyclic GMP