Regulation of preproenkephalin expression in astrocytes: is there a role for glia-derived opioid peptides in reactive gliosis?
Cultured glial cells synthesize a number of neuropeptides, growth factors, cytokines, and other factors that are not detectable in resting glia in the adult brain but that appear in response to brain injury. Enkephalin-containing peptides are produced and released by cultured astrocytes and glioma cell lines, which have provided convenient model systems to study the regulation of the preproenkephalin gene. The purpose of this review is to examine data suggesting that reactive astrocytes produce enkephalin-containing peptides, the regulatory processes that may be involved, and possible functions of glia-derived peptides in reactive gliosis.
McMillian
M K
MK
Laboratory of Molecular and Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
Hong
J S
JS
D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D004745:Enkephalins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D005911:Gliosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000378:metabolism*; D018847:Opioid Peptides / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
D004745:Enkephalins; D018847:Opioid Peptides; D011498:Protein Precursors; C033660:preproenkephalin