title: The wave forms of temporomandibular joint sound clicking and crepitation.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to determine the sound wave forms which correspond to auscultatory findings of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) clicking and crepitation. Such knowledge is important when selecting parts of digital recordings for spectral analysis. Electronic digital recordings were made with a sampling rate of 44,100 Hz from 60 subjects, including 51 patients referred for suspected rheumatological disease and nine healthy subjects. Accelerometers with the bandwidth 20-3600 Hz were used for all subjects and complementary recordings were made from a subgroup of nine subjects using a measurement microphone with the bandwidth 20-20,000 Hz. The clicking sounds could be classified into different types according to differences in temporal period duration (T) as measured on the analogue display. One type of clicking, found in 51% of the patients, had a T of 2-20 ms. Another type, found in 70% of the subjects, had a T of less than 1 ms, often as low 0.2 ms. This type of clicking was not seen at all in the analogue display if the sampling rate was below 3,000 Hz. The character of the two types of clicking differed: the short duration sounds had a very high pitch, while the pitch of the longer duration sound was lower. Crepitation was found in 63% of the subjects and was observed to be composed of a series of short duration sounds, occurring with brief (less than 10 ms) intervals. It is concluded that the accelerometer (or microphone) bandwidth should cover the entire audible range (20-20,000 Hz), and that sampling rates must be much higher than 3000 Hz, and preferably greater than 10,000 Hz, before the true significance of electronically recorded joint sounds/vibrations can be determined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biologic & Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Widmalm
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Adams
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000162:Acoustics / Q000295:instrumentation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001314:Auscultation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004582:Electronics, Medical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013016:Sound; D013704:Temporomandibular Joint / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014732:Vibration