title: Circulating levels of cytokines and their endogenous modulators in patients with mild to severe congestive heart failure due to coronary artery disease or hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to determine the circulating levels of cytokines and their respective endogenous modulators in patients with congestive heart failure of variable severity.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Activation of immune elements localized in the heart or periphery, or both, may promote release of cytokines in patients with congestive heart failure. Although an increased circulating level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and its soluble receptor type II (sTNF-RII) is well documented, less is known about other cytokines (i.e., interleukin-1-beta [IL-1-beta], interleukin-6 [IL-6] and interleukin-2 [IL-2] and their soluble receptor/receptor antagonists).
  
  
  METHODS
  Circulating levels of TNF-alpha and sTNF-RII, IL-1-beta, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1-Ra), IL-6, IL-6 soluble receptor (IL-6-sR), IL-2 and IL-2 soluble receptor-alpha were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits (Quantikine, R&D Systems) in 80 patients with congestive heart failure due to coronary artery disease or hypertension. The severity of their symptoms, which ranged from New York Heart Association functional class I to IV, was confirmed by measurement of peak oxygen consumption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of patients with elevated levels of cytokines and their corresponding soluble receptor/receptor antagonists significantly increased with functional class. For TNF-alpha and IL-1-beta, the percentage of patients with elevated levels of soluble receptor/receptor antagonists was higher than that of patients with elevated levels of the cytokine itself. For IL-6, the percentage of patients with elevated levels of IL-6-sR tended to be lower than that of patients with elevated levels of IL-6. All but two patients had undetectable levels of IL-2, and all but seven had levels of IL-2-sR within a normal range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with congestive heart failure, circulating levels of cytokines increased with the severity of symptoms. In these patients, circulating levels of sTNF-RII and IL-1-Ra are more sensitive markers of immune activation than are circulating levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1-beta, respectively. Levels of IL-2 and IL-2-sR are not elevated when congestive heart failure is due to coronary artery disease or hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Testa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fanelli
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Loperfido
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Berman
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: LeJemtel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D007378:Interleukins / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018123:Receptors, Interleukin / Q000097:blood; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007378:Interleukins; D018123:Receptors, Interleukin; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha