title: Transcriptional repression by the orphan steroid receptor RVR/Rev-erb beta is dependent on the signature motif and helix 5 in the E region: functional evidence for a biological role of RVR in myogenesis.
abstract: RVR/Rev-erb beta/BD73 is an orphan steroid receptor that has no known ligand in the "classical' sense. RVR binds as a monomer to an element which consists of an A/T-rich sequence upstream of the consensus hexameric half-site. However, RVR does not activate transcription and blocks transactivation of this element by ROR/RZR. The mechanism of RVR action remains obscure, hence we used the GAL4 hybrid system to identify and characterize an active transcriptional silencer in the ligand binding domain (LBD) of RVR. Rigorous deletion and mutational analysis demonstrated that this repressor domain is encoded by amino acids 416-449 of RVR. Furthermore, we demonstrated that efficient repression is dependent on the so-called LBD-specific signature motif, (F/W)AKxxxxFxxLxxxDQxxLL (which spans loop3-4 and helix 4) and helix 5 (H5; identified in the crystal structures of the steroid receptor LBDs). Although RVR is expressed in many adult tissues, including skeletal muscle, and during embryogenesis, its physiological function in differentiation and mammalian development remains unknown. Since other 'orphans', e.g. COUP-TF II and Rev-erbA alpha, have been demonstrated to regulate muscle and adipocyte differentiation, we investigated the expression and functional role of RVR during mouse myogenesis. In C2C12 myogenic cells, RVR mRNA was detected in proliferating myoblasts and was suppressed when the cells were induced to differentiate into post-mitotic, multinucleated myotubes by serum withdrawal. This decrease in RVR mRNA correlated with the appearance of muscle-specific markers (e.g. myogenin mRNA). RVR 'loss of function' studies by constitutive over-expression of a dominant negative RVR delta E resulted in increased levels of p21Cip1/Waf1 and myogenin mRNAs after serum withdrawal. Time course studies indicated that expression of RVR delta E mRNA results in the precocious induction and accumulation of myogenin and p21 mRNAs after serum withdrawal. In addition, we demonstrated that over-expression of the COUP-TF II and Rev-erbA alpha receptors in C2C12 cells completely blocked induction of p21 mRNA after serum withdrawal. In conclusion, our studies identified a potent transcriptional repression domain in RVR, characterized critical amino acids within the silencing region and provide evidence for the physiological role of RVR during myogenesis.
authors.affiliation: University of Queensland, Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ritchie Research Laboratories, St Lucia, Australia.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Downes
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carozzi
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Giguère
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Muscat
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D051836:COUP Transcription Factors; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002460:Cell Line; D019938:Cyclin D1; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000196:embryology*; D017570:MyoD Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D018008:Myogenin / Q000378:metabolism; D056953:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group D, Member 1; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000502:physiology*; D011987:Receptors, Steroid / Q000502:physiology*; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D051836:COUP Transcription Factors; C493957:Cdkn1a protein, mouse; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005656:Fungal Proteins; C070633:Gal-VP16; C503799:MYOG protein, human; D017570:MyoD Protein; C503801:Myog protein, mouse; D018008:Myogenin; C064353:NR1D1 protein, human; C498262:Nr1d1 protein, mouse; D056953:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group D, Member 1; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D011987:Receptors, Steroid; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D019938:Cyclin D1