title: Oligodeoxynucleotides enhance lipopolysaccharide-stimulated synthesis of tumor necrosis factor: dependence on phosphorothioate modification and reversal by heparin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Specific inhibition of target proteins by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides is an extensively studied experimental approach. This technique is currently being tested in clinical trials applying phosphorothioate-modified oligonucleotides as therapeutic agents. These polyanionic molecules, however, may also exert non-antisense-mediated effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the influence of oligonucleotides on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) synthesis in freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Oligonucleotides (18 mer) with different degrees of phosphorothioate modification were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The addition of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (5 microM) caused amplification of TNF synthesis of up to 410% compared with the control with LPS alone. Without LPS stimulation, phosphorothioate oligonucleotides did not induce TNF production. We demonstrate that the enhancement of LPS-stimulated TNF production by phosphorothioate oligonucleotides does not rely on the intracellular presence of oligonucleotides and is not mediated by LPS contamination. Partially phosphorothioate-modified oligonucleotides and unmodified oligonucleotides did not increase TNF synthesis. High concentrations of the polyanion heparin reversed the oligonucleotide-induced enhancement of TNF synthesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that amplification of TNF synthesis may be caused by binding of the polyanionic phosphorothioate oligonucleotide to cationic sites on the cell surface. Such binding sites have been proposed for polyanionic glycoaminoglycans of the extracellular matrix, which have also been described to augment LPS-stimulated TNF synthesis. The present results are relevant to all in vitro studies attempting to influence protein synthesis in monocytes by using phosphorothioate oligonucleotides. The significance of our findings for in vivo applications of phosphorothioates in situations where there is a stimulus for TNF synthesis, such as in sepsis, should be elucidated.
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik, Ludwig Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krug
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Waller-Fontaine
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Endres
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D006493:Heparin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013873:Thionucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D013873:Thionucleotides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D006493:Heparin