title: Arrhythmias caused by platelet activating factor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both ischemia and reperfusion are associated with ventricular arrhythmias. In both instances, neutrophils migrate into the ischemic zone, are activated by locally released factors, and bind to myocytes. The activated neutrophils liberate platelet activating factor (PAF). We have studied the arrhythmogenic actions of PAF on transmembrane potentials of isolated canine cardiac myocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cardiac myocytes were prepared from normal canine hearts by standard methods and studied in vitro by recording transmembrane potentials under control conditions and during exposure to graded doses of PAF, usually 0.25 to 1.25 micrograms (0.25 to 1.2 microM). Myocytes were superfused with Tyrode's solution (2.0 mL/min), paced at a cycle length of 1000 msec, and maintained at a temperature between 36 degrees and 38 degrees C. PAF caused a consistent and dose-dependent set of alterations in the transmembrane potential, including increased action potential duration, runs of early afterdepolarizations (EADs), and transient arrest of repolarization (PA). In addition, in some myocytes PAF caused intermittent small depolarizations both at the plateau voltage and resting potential. The effects of PAF were transient: only some residual action potential prolongation was noted after Tyrode's washout for 5 minutes. Effects of PAF were blocked in a dose-dependent manner by the PAF receptor antagonist, CV-6209. Both tetrodotoxin (1.2 x 10(-6) M) and xylocaine (5 x 10(-5) M) antagonized the ability of PAF to cause EADs and PA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PAF consistently exerts arrhythmogenic effects on the membrane of ventricular myocytes. Since PAF is liberated by activated neutrophils and since activated neutrophils migrate into ischemic myocardium on reperfusion, we judge that PAF liberated by such neutrophils is an important arrhythmogenic factor for reperfusion arrhythmias. The same mechanism may be a cause of arrhythmias during the evolution of infarction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Feinmark
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism*; D004285:Dogs; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D010972:Platelet Activating Factor / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010980:Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D013779:Tetrodotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D010972:Platelet Activating Factor; D010980:Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; C039351:platelet activating factor receptor; C053321:CV 6209; D013779:Tetrodotoxin; D008012:Lidocaine