title: Dihydro-vitamin K1: primary food sources and estimated dietary intakes in the American diet.
abstract: Dihydro-vitamin K1 was recently identified as a dietary form of vitamin K produced during the hydrogenation of vitamin K1-rich vegetable oils. Dihydro-vitamin K1 is absorbed, with measurable levels in human plasma following dietary intake. To determine the primary food sources of dihydro-vitamin K1 in the American diet, 261 foods from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Total Diet Study (TDS) were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Of these foods, 36 contained dihydro-vitamin K1. Fast-food items that were otherwise poor sources of vitamin K1, such as french fries and fried chicken, contained appreciable amounts of dihydro-vitamin K1 (36 and 18 micrograms/100 g, respectively). These nutrient values were then applied to the FDA TDS consumption model to determine average dietary intake of dihydro-vitamin K1 in 14 age-gender groups. With the exception of infants, all age-gender groups had estimated mean daily dihydro-vitamin K1 intakes of 12-24 micrograms, compared to mean daily vitamin K1 intakes of 24-86 micrograms. The vitamin K1 and dihydro-vitamin K1 intakes were summed, and the dietary contribution of dihydro-vitamin K1 was expressed as a percentage of total vitamin K intake. Children reported the highest intakes of dihydro-vitamin K1 (30% of total vitamin K intake), followed by a progressive decrease in percentage contribution with age. There are currently no data on the relative bioavailability of dihydro-vitamin K1 but given its abundance in the American diet, this hydrogenated form of vitamin K warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Booth
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pennington
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sadowski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D005504:Food Analysis; D005511:Food Handling; D006801:Humans; D006865:Hydrogenation; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011198:Solanum tuberosum; D014481:United States; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010837:Vitamin K 1 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D014812:Vitamin K; C028843:vitamin K1 hydroquinone; D010837:Vitamin K 1