title: A menopause-specific quality of life questionnaire: development and psychometric properties.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a condition-specific quality of life questionnaire for the menopause with documented psychometric properties, based on women's experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  Women 2-7 years post-menopause with a uterus and not currently on hormone replacement therapy. Questionnaire development: A list of 106 menopause symptoms was reduced using the importance score method. Replies to the item-reduction questionnaire from 88 women resulted in a 30-item questionnaire with four domains, vasomotor, physical, psychosocial and sexual, and a global quality of life question. Psychometric properties: A separate sample of 20 women was used to determine face validity, and a panel of experts was used to confirm content validity. Reliability, responsiveness and construct validity were determined within the context of a randomized controlled trial. Construct validation involved comparison with the Neugarten and Kraines'Somatic, Psychosomatic and Psychologic subscales, the reported intensity of hot flushes, the General Well-Being Schedule, Channon and Ballinger's Vaginal Symptoms Score and Libido Index, and the Life Satisfaction Index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The face validity score was 4.7 out of a possible 5. Content validity was confirmed. Test-retest reliability measures, using intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.81, 0.79, 0.70 and 0.55 for the physical, psychosocial, sexual domains and the quality of life question. The intraclass correlation coefficient for the vasomotor domain was 0.37 but there is evidence of systematic change. Discriminative construct validity showed correlation coefficients of 0.69 for the physical domain, 0.66 and 0.40 for the vasomotor domain, 0.65 and -0.71 for the psychosocial domain, 0.48 and 0.38 for the sexual domain, and 0.57 for the quality of life question. Evaluative construct validity showed correlation coefficients of 0.60 for the physical domain, 0.28 for the vasomotor domain, 0.55 and -0.54 for the psychosocial domain, 0.54 and 0.32 for the sexual domain, and 0.12 for the quality of life question. Responsiveness scores ranged from 0.78 to 1.34.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MENQOL (Menopause-Specific Quality of Life) questionnaire is a self-administered instrument which functions well in differentiating between women according to their quality of life and in measuring changes in their quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Community Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, University of Toronto, North York, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hilditch
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peter
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Maris
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Franssen
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Guyatt
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dunn
mesh_terms: D001294:Attitude to Health; D002979:Climacteric / Q000502:physiology; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005260:Female; D006262:Health; D006801:Humans; D007989:Libido; D008593:Menopause / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D017698:Postmenopause; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012919:Social Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014623:Vaginal Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D014666:Vasomotor System / Q000502:physiology