title: Caffeine attenuates scopolamine-induced memory impairment in humans.
abstract: Caffeine consumption can be beneficial for cognitive functioning. Although caffeine is widely recognized as a mild CNS stimulant drug, the most important consequence of its adenosine antagonism is cholinergic stimulation, which might lead to improvement of higher cognitive functions, particularly memory. In this study, the scopolamine model of amnesia was used to test the cholinergic effects of caffeine, administered as three cups of coffee. Subjects were 16 healthy volunteers who received 250 mg caffeine and 2 mg nicotine separately, in a placebo-controlled double-blind cross-over design. Compared to placebo, nicotine attenuated the scopolamine-induced impairment of storage in short-term memory and attenuated the scopolamine-induced slowing of speed of short-term memory scanning. Nicotine also attenuated the scopolamine-induced slowing of reaction time in a response competition task. Caffeine attenuated the scopolamine-induced impairment of free recall from short- and long-term memory, quality and speed of retrieval from long-term memory in a word learning task, and other cognitive and non-cognitive measures, such as perceptual sensitivity in visual search, reading speed, and rate of finger-tapping. On the basis of these results it was concluded that caffeine possesses cholinergic cognition enhancing properties. Caffeine could be used as a control drug in studies using the scopolamine paradigm and possibly also in other experimental studies of cognitive enhancers, as the effects of a newly developed cognition enhancing drug should at least be superior to the effects of three cups of coffee.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neurophysiology, University of Limburg, Maastricht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Riedel
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hogervorst
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leboux
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Verhey
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Praag
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jolles
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002110:Caffeine / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002638:Chewing Gum; D003069:Coffee; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D011674:Pulse / Q000187:drug effects; D012601:Scopolamine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D002638:Chewing Gum; D003069:Coffee; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D002110:Caffeine; D009538:Nicotine; D012601:Scopolamine