title: In vivo direct measurement of the bronchodilating effect of sevoflurane using a superfine fiberoptic bronchoscope: comparison with enflurane and halothane.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although volatile anesthetics have been shown to have spasmolytic effects on constricted airways, most previous studies were performed to assess bronchodilation with indirect methods such as measurement of airway resistance, whose reliability is controversial. As the authors have developed a new direct method using a superfine fiberoptic bronchoscope (SFB) and confirmed the accuracy of this method, this study assessed the spasmolytic effect of sevoflurane (S) as compared with enflurane (E) and halothane (H).
  
  
  METHODS
  Open-labeled, randomized study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study protocol was approved by the Animal Care Committee in a school of medicine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two mongrel dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The dogs were anesthetized with pentobarbital, IV, paralyzed with pancuronium, and the lungs were mechanically ventilated. The endotracheal tube had an additional lumen to insert the SFB (outer diameter 2.2 mm). The tip of the SFB was located between a second and third bronchial bifurcation to continuously monitor the bronchial cross-sectional area (BCA) of third or fourth generation bronchi. The BCA was printed out by videoprinter at the end of expiration and was calculated on a Macintosh IIci computer using an NIH (National Institutes of Health) image program. Bronchoconstriction was produced with histamine (HA: 10 micrograms/kg + 500 micrograms/kg/hr). In the first protocol, 4 mongrel dogs were used to assess the accuracy of the new method. BCA was measured 30 and 60 minutes after the placement of the SFB and also 30 and 60 minutes after the start of the histamine (HA) infusion. Arterial blood (4 mL) was collected at 30 and 60 minutes after placement of the SFB to measure the plasma concentration of catecholamines with gas chromatographic mass spectrometry. In the second protocol, 18 dogs were randomly allocated to 3 groups of 6 each: group S, group E, and group H. Thirty minutes after the start of the HA infusion, the dogs subsequently inhaled the following concentrations of S, E, or H for 15 minutes: 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 minimum alveolar concentrations. The BCA was assessed before and 30 minutes after the start of HA and at the end of the inhalation period of each concentration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first study, no significant differences in the BCA were found between 30 and 60 minutes after the placement of the SFB and between 30 and 60 minutes after the start of HA. The plasma concentrations of norepinephrine and epinephrine changed from 138 +/- 45 and 162 +/- 18 to 188 +/- 48 and 136 +/- 18 pg/mL, respectively. In the second study, all volatile anesthetics significantly increased the BCA in a dose-dependent manner. There was no significant difference among the three groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As the BCA did not change in the first study, the tip of the SBF could be well fixed, and the 30-minute interval is long enough for the HA infusion to produce stable bronchoconstriction. The plasma catecholamine concentrations suggest that the pentobarbital anesthesia was deep enough to inhibit the direct irritant effect of the endotracheal tube and the SFB on the airway. This new direct method indicates that S dilates HA-constricted proximal airway with the same potency as E and H.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Hirosaki School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirota
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohtomo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishihara
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matsuki
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D004285:Dogs; D004737:Enflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004987:Ethers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006221:Halothane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006632:Histamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D004987:Ethers; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D006632:Histamine; D004737:Enflurane; D006221:Halothane