title: Introducing epidural fentanyl for on-ward pain relief after major surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidural opioids have been recommended for analgesia after major surgery. In this report we describe how we introduced a low-cost, on-ward, nurse-based acute pain service using epidural fentanyl after major surgery in the University Hospitals of Oulu and Kuopio.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to evaluate the feasibility of epidural fentanyl infusion administered by ward nurses, we prospectively assessed pain and side effects during fentanyl infusion (median duration 41 h) after major surgery in 305 consecutive patients in Kuopio.
  
  
  RESULTS
  92% of the patients on the ward who had received epidural fentanyl infusion at 31-54 micrograms h-1 reported at most three episodes of severe pain (/Numerical Rating Scale > 3/ 10) during the initial postoperative days, but there were some patients (8%) who reported several episodes (> 3) of more severe pain (Numerical Rating Scale > 3). Three patients (0.9%) showed a diminished respiratory rate (< 10/min), but only one of them (0.3%) was somnolent. One other patient (0.3%) was not arousable until the cessation of infusion. Nausea and pruritus were minor problems in our patients, but a majority needed a urinary catheter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With well-trained nurses, careful monitoring and appropriate protocols, epidural fentanyl infusion proved to be a feasible method for pain relief after major surgery on a surgical ward.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Salomäki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kokki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Turunen
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Havukainen
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Nuutinen
mesh_terms: D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000451:nursing; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D005283:Fentanyl