title: Cancer risks among iron and steel workers in Anshan, China, Part II: Case-control studies of lung and stomach cancer.
abstract: Nested case-control interview studies of lung cancer (610 incident cases), stomach cancer (292 incident cases), and 959 controls were conducted to follow up leads from a proportional mortality analysis of deaths among male workers in a large integrated iron-steel complex in Anshan, China. For lung cancer, after adjusting for the significant non-occupational risk factors (smoking, other pulmonary disease, family history of lung cancer, and low consumption of fruit or tea), risks were significantly elevated for those employed for 15 or more years in smelting and rolling (OR = 1.5, CI = 1.1-2.2), in the fire-resistant brick factory (OR = 2.9, CI = 1.4-5.9), in general loading (OR = 2.5, CI = 1.0-6.1), and as coke oven workers (OR = 3.4; CI = 1.4-8.5). For stomach cancer, after adjusting for consumption of pickled vegetables, prior gastric diseases, family history of stomach cancer, low intake of fruits and vegetables, and education, risks were significantly elevated for those employed for 15 or more years in ore sintering and transportation (OR = 2.1, CI = 1.0-4.4), in the fire-resistant brick factory (OR = 2.5, CI = 1.1-5.8), in general loading (OR = 3.2, CI = 1.2-8.9), as boilerworkers and cooks (OR = 2.6, CI = 1.2-5.6), and as coke oven workers (OR = 5.4, CI = 1.8-16.0). For both lung and stomach cancers, significant dose-response gradients were observed for exposure to total dust and benzo(a)pyrene, but not for specific chemical components of dust. Overall, long-term steel workers with exposure to workplace pollutants had a 40% increased risk of both lung and stomach cancers. These case-control studies confirm many of the occupational findings reported in the proportionate mortality analysis, and suggest avenues for further work to evaluate the carcinogenicity of individual components of dust.
authors.affiliation: Liaoning Public Health and Anti-epidemic Station, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: D X
authors.initials: DX
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.forename: Z S
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dosemeci
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Fraumeni
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Blot
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene / Q000009:adverse effects; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D004391:Dust / Q000009:adverse effects; D004522:Educational Status; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007501:Iron; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008669:Metallurgy; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D013232:Steel; D013272:Stomach Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D013662:Tea; D013997:Time Factors; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D013662:Tea; D013232:Steel; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene; D007501:Iron