title: Cyanide toxicity in mice pretreated with diethylamine nitric oxide complex.
abstract: 1. Since the literature suggested a portion of the overall toxicity of cyanide (CN) may be affected by nitric oxide, we investigated a long acting NO releasing complex (diethylamine/nitric oxide (DEA/NO)) which may exhibit vasodilatory as well as other nitric oxide effects to determine its ability to modify CN toxicity. Sodium nitrite, a vasodilator commonly used to treat cyanide toxicity thought to act by methemoglobin (MHb) formation, can be rapidly transformed to nitric oxide (NO). 2. Mice (n = 10 per dose) were administered one of five doses of sodium cyanide (NaCN) intraperitoneally (4.28, 5.08, 6.03, 7.17 and 8.52 mg kg-1). DEA/NO was given intravenously (20 mg kg-1) 2 min prior to NaCN. As a control, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), which inhibits NO synthesis, was administered intravenously (70 mg kg-1) to mice, 3 min prior to DEA/NO. 3. Before CN toxicity studies, we determined whether DEA/NO was producing MHb by collecting tail vein blood from mice and measuring MHb levels. For example, 4 min after DEA/NO administration (5, 10, and 20 mg kg-1), MHb levels were 1.27 +/- 0.28%, 2.60 +/- 0.26% and 6.53 +/- 0.54% respectively. O2 capacity was also decreased in a dose related manner. Carboxyhemoglobin or percent O2 saturation, on the other hand, was not significantly inhibited. The LD50 increased from 5.75 +/- 0.026 (CN alone) to 7.66 +/- 0.021 mg kg-1 (CN+DEA/NO) resulting in a protective ratio of 1.73. 4. Results suggest the following: (1) L-NMMA, which inhibits the synthesis of endogenous NO, appears to exacerbate the DEA/NO (or exogenous NO) response; (2) DEA/NO appears to reduce the toxicity of CN which suggests that a portion of CN toxicity may be affected by a NO component; and (3) low DEA/NO doses may act via a direct effect while higher doses (40 mg kg-1) may allow for formation of a concentration of MHb which can bind CN to form cyanomethemoglobin and reduce the toxicity of CN.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA.
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Baskin
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Nealley
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lempka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000931:Antidotes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D003486:Cyanides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006834:Hydrazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008297:Male; D008706:Methemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine
chemical_list: D000931:Antidotes; D003486:Cyanides; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006834:Hydrazines; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; C084012:1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine; D008706:Methemoglobin; D001120:Arginine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase