title: Manipulation and mobilization of the cervical spine. A systematic review of the literature.
abstract: METHODS
  Cervical spine manipulation and mobilization were reviewed in an analysis of the literature from 1966 to the present.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the evidence for the efficacy and complications of cervical spine manipulation and mobilization for the treatment of neck pain and headache.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Although recent research has demonstrated the efficacy of spinal manipulation for some patients with low back pain, little is known about its efficacy for neck pain and headache.
  
  
  METHODS
  A structured search of four computerized bibliographic data bases was performed to identify articles on the efficacy and complications of cervical spine manual therapy. Data were summarized, and randomized controlled trials were critically appraised for study quality. The confidence profile method of meta-analysis was used to estimate the effect of spinal manipulation on patients' pain status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two of three randomized controlled trials showed a short-term benefit for cervical mobilization for acute neck pain. The combination of three of the randomized controlled trials comparing spinal manipulation with other therapies for patients with subacute or chronic neck pain showed an improvement on a 100-mm visual analogue scale of pain at 3 weeks of 12.6 mm (95% confidence interval, -0.15, 25.5) for manipulation compared with muscle relaxants or usual medical care. The highest quality randomized controlled trial demonstrated that spinal manipulation provided short-term relief for patients with tension-type headache. The complication rate for cervical spine manipulation is estimated to be between 5 and 10 per 10 million manipulations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cervical spine manipulation and mobilization probably provide at least short-term benefits for some patients with neck pain and headaches. Although the complication rate of manipulation is small, the potential for adverse outcomes must be considered because of the possibility of permanent impairment or death.
authors.affiliation: RAND, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Hurwitz
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Aker
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Meeker
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Shekelle
mesh_terms: D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D006261:Headache / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008349:Manipulation, Orthopedic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome