title: Dose assessment activities in the Republic of the Marshall Islands.
abstract: Dose assessments, both retrospective and prospective, comprise one important function of a radiological study commissioned by the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) government in late 1989. Estimating past or future exposure requires the synthesis of information from historical data, results from a recently completed field monitoring program, laboratory measurements, and some experimental studies. Most of the activities in the RMI to date have emphasized a pragmatic rather than theoretical approach. In particular, most of the recent effort has been expended on conducting an independent radiological monitoring program to determine the degree of deposition and the geographical extent of weapons test fallout over the nation. Contamination levels on 70% of the land mass of the Marshall Islands were unknown prior to 1994. The environmental radioactivity data play an integral role in both retrospective and prospective assessments. One recent use of dose assessment has been to interpret environmental measurements of radioactivity into annual doses that might be expected at every atoll. A second use for dose assessment has been to determine compliance with a dose action level for the rehabilitation of Rongelap Island. Careful examination of exposure pathways relevant to the island lifestyle has been necessary to accommodate these purposes. Examples of specific issues studied include defining traditional island diets as well as current day variations, sources of drinking water, uses of tropical plants including those consumed for food and for medicinal purposes, the nature and microvariability of plutonium particles in the soil and unusual pathways of exposure, e.g., that which might be associated with cooking and washing outdoors and inadvertent soil ingestion. A study on the prevalence of thyroid disease is also being conducted and the geographic pattern of disease may be useful as a bioindicator of the geographic pattern of exposure to radioiodine. Finally, an examination is underway of gummed film, fixed-instrument, and aerial survey data accumulated during the 1950's by the Health and Safety Laboratory of the U.S. AEC. This article gives an overview of these many different activities and a summary of recent dose assessments.
authors.affiliation: Nationwide Radiological Study, Majuro, Marshall Islands.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Graham
mesh_terms: D004032:Diet; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005507:Food Contamination, Radioactive; D006801:Humans; D008849:Micronesia; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011847:Radioactive Fallout; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D011847:Radioactive Fallout; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive