title: Mortality in near-term ostrich embryos during artificial incubation.
abstract: 1. The ostrich industry in South Africa (and elsewhere) experiences a high rate of embryo mortality during artificial incubation of eggs. Most of this mortality takes place in the last l0-l4 d of incubation. 2. We carried out post-mortem examinations on 111 embryos that died within this period to assess the causes of this mortality. 3. Malpositioning and severe oedema were the predominant symptoms of dead-in shell embryos with 55% being malpositioned and 41% showing severe oedema. Of these, 22 embryos (24%) showed both symptoms. Malpositioning generally results from incorrect setting of the eggs or inadequate turning and oedema was significantly correlated with the amount of water lost from the eggs which in turn was correlated with egg size. 4. Myopathy, gross lesions of internal organs, haemorrhage, bacterial infections and congenital deformities were found in less than 10% of chicks examined for these symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology & Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Peinke
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Loveridge
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001834:Body Water; D004487:Edema; D004528:Egg Shell; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology; D011200:Poultry; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013997:Time Factors