title: Prospective study of serum micronutrients and ovarian cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antioxidant micronutrients, such as alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), the carotenoids, and selenium, may protect against the development of cancer by preventing free radical damage at the cellular level.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A nested case--control study was conducted among donors to a serum bank to examine the association between levels of serum micronutrients and/or cholesterol and the development of ovarian cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 1974, sera were collected from 20,305 residents of Washington County, MD, over a 4-month period and stored at -70 degrees C. Serum micronutrient concentrations of women who developed ovarian cancer (case subjects, n = 35) were compared with those of women who remained free of cancer and who were matched to case subjects on age and menopausal status (control subjects, n = 67). Serum levels of retinol (vitamin A), alpha- and beta-carotene (the major provitamin A), lycopene (a carotenoid), and alpha- and gamma-tocopherol were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Serum selenium was measured by neutron activation analysis. Cholesterol was measured by enzymatic assay. The data were categorized into thirds and conditional logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the association between prediagnostic serum cholesterol and micronutrient levels and the development of ovarian cancer; matched odds ratios (ORs) were determined from these regression analyses. P values for trend and for interaction were calculated with the use of two-sided likelihood ratio tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher serum alpha-tocopherol levels were associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer (P for trend = .04); however, this association diminished after adjustment for cholesterol. Women with higher serum cholesterol levels had an increased risk of ovarian cancer compared with women in the lowest third of cholesterol levels (OR = 3.2; 95% confidence interval = 0.9-11.3). The association between serum cholesterol levels and the risk of ovarian cancer was examined, stratifying by micronutrient level. The general pattern observed was an increased risk of ovarian cancer associated with cholesterol levels greater than 200 mg/dL, regardless of the micronutrient level. Serum selenium was associated with a decreased risk of ovarian cancer only among case participants diagnosed 4 or more years after blood collections (P for trend = .02). Concentrations of carotenoids and retinol were not associated with the development of ovarian cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Selenium may have a protective role against the development of ovarian cancer. Higher serum cholesterol levels were associated with an increased risk of developing ovarian cancer; an association that persisted regardless of serum micronutrient level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the small size of this study and the inconsistency of results among the few prospective studies of ovarian cancer conducted to test these associations, replications of these findings are highly desirable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Helzlsouer
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Alberg
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Norkus
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Comstock
mesh_terms: D002338:Carotenoids / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000097:blood*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012643:Selenium / Q000097:blood; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients; D014801:Vitamin A; D014810:Vitamin E; D002338:Carotenoids; D002784:Cholesterol; D012643:Selenium