title: Control of Karoo paralysis ticks through vegetation management.
abstract: Karoo paralysis, caused by feeding Ixodes rubicundus females, is a major disease of small stock in South Africa. Control methods currently practised are almost exclusively chemical based. To limit overdependance on chemicals, vegetation management was investigated as a possible method for control, to be incorporated in an integrated tick management system. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to determine, firstly, the extent of vertical migration and survival of ticks on long and short copper rods which simulated grasses as questing substrates; secondly, the infestation burdens of sheep exposed to similar tick challenges in pens with long and short grass; and thirdly, the effect of trimming the lower crown line of wild olive trees, simulating the browsing effect of goats, on tick density in the immediate environment of the trees. When ticks were exposed to optimal ( > 45 cm) and sub-optimal ( < 10 cm) length rods on which to quest, the extent of vertical migration over extended periods of time (up to 87 days) was significantly higher (P < 0.001) for the ticks exposed to long rods. Also, almost 3 times as many ticks exposed to long rods survived compared to those exposed to short rods. Sheep exposed to long grass were infested by twice as many ticks compared to those exposed to short grass. Tick density at modified wild olive trees (Olea europaea africana) (0.027 ticks/m2) differed significantly (P < 0.05) from that at control trees (0.088 ticks/m2). It is recommended that coarse grazers such as cattle and horses should be used to graze down long grasses before sheep are introduced into camps known to be infested with I. rubicundus. Similarly, domestic goats can, through their browsing effect on shrubs and trees, modify the vegetation and as such play an important role in an integrated tick management system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Orange Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Fourie
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kok
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Krugel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Snyman
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Van Der Lingen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D018884:Ixodes; D008297:Male; D012756:Sheep; D012788:Shrews; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000469:parasitology*; D013985:Tick Paralysis / Q000469:parasitology; D014197:Trees