title: Psychometric analysis of an advance directive.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reliability and validity are as necessary for predrafted advance directive forms as they are for all clinical assessment instruments. Performance of predrafted advance directive forms with both lay persons and clinicians is relevant. Evidence relating to test- retest reliability, content validity, and criterion-related validity of one form, the Medical Directive, has been documented for outpatients. The authors investigated construct validity and external validity among outpatients, physicians, and the general public.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred ninety-five outpatients, 513 physicians, and 102 members of the general public were surveyed with the Medical Directive. Preference for 11 specific treatments in four to six illness scenarios were recorded. Mokken modeling of responses was used to produce a psychometric scale of receptiveness-to-treatment and desirability of treatments. The Kuder Richardson-20 statistic, Friedman's procedure for analysis of variance, and the Kruskall-Wallis test were used, respectively, to measure inter-item reliability, the relation with scenarios, and the relation between physicians' general goals for care and their scaled preferences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All model diagnostic tests indicated a close-fitting scale for all three respondent groups. Kuder Richardson-20 for outpatients (.98), physicians (.97), and the public (.93) demonstrated high inter-item reliability. Treatment desirabilities were related to invasiveness. Receptiveness-to-treatment was related to prognoses and disabilities of described illness scenarios among each group and to physicians' goals for care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Medical Directive has construct validity in relations among specific treatment preferences and between treatment preferences, illness scenarios, and goals for care. External validity is supported by study of separate outpatient, physician, and general public populations. The treatment items constitute a highly reliable scale that can be used in further empirical research regarding life-sustaining treatment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Ethics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Alpert
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hoijtink
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Emanuel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D032722:Advance Care Planning; D016223:Advance Directives; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002755:Choice Behavior; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D004282:Documentation / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients / Q000523:psychology; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011379:Prognosis; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires