title: Prospective angiographic study of the abnormalities of systemic venous connections in congenital and acquired heart disease.
abstract: Angiographic definition of systemic venous connections was obtained prospectively in 780 consecutive patients with congenital heart disease and 102 patients with acquired valvular heart disease undergoing cardiac catheterization. Attempts were made to enter the innominate vein and perform a balloon occlusion angiogram in each patient. In patients with congenital heart disease, bilateral superior vena cava were present in 32/771 patients (approximately 4%) with levocardia and 3/9 patients with dextrocardia. Among patients with bilateral superior vena cava (n = 35), an innominate vein of variable size that could be entered was present in six patients. Small tributaries connecting the right and left superior vena cava were found and entered in six patients. The superior vena cava was entered via its connection to morphologic left atrium in five patients and via the coronary sinus in 17 patients. Abnormalities of the inferior vena cava were seen in 7/780 patients. The following abnormalities of the inferior vena cava were noted: azygous continuation of rightsided inferior vena cava in levocardia -- 3 patients, hemiazygos continuation of the leftsided inferior vena cava in levocardia -- 1 patient, azygos continuation of the leftsided inferior vena cava in dextrocardia -- 1 patient, interruption of inferior vena cava below the liver with a plexus of veins joining the azygos vein -- 1 patient, and an inferior vena cava draining into the leftward aspect of the common atrium -- 1 patient. Abnormalities of the systemic venous connections were seen in 2/102 patients with acquired heart disease: bilateral superior vena cava in 1 patient and bilateral inferior vena cava in 1 patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abnormalities of systemic venous connections were seen in approximately 5% patients with congenital heart disease and approximately 2% patients with acquired heart disease. Small tributaries or an innominate vein of variable size often connect left and right superior vena. Contrast material can be injected into these connections to document the presence of bilateral superior vena cava.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Sri Satya Sai Institute of Medical Sciences, Puttaparthi, India.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Parikh
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Iyer
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mohankrishna
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003914:Dextrocardia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007979:Levocardia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010690:Phlebography; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012214:Rheumatic Heart Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014680:Veins / Q000002:abnormalities*; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging