title: Dietary habits and mortality in 11,000 vegetarians and health conscious people: results of a 17 year follow up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association of dietary habits with mortality in a cohort of vegetarians and other health conscious people.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  4336 men and 6435 women recruited through health food shops, vegetarian societies, and magazines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mortality ratios for vegetarianism and for daily versus less than daily consumption of wholemeal bread, bran cereals, nuts or dried fruit, fresh fruit, and raw salad in relation to all cause mortality and mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, all malignant neoplasms, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and breast cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  2064 (19%) subjects smoked, 4627 (43%) were vegetarian, 6699 (62%) ate wholemeal bread daily, 2948 (27%) ate bran cereals daily, 4091 (38%) ate nuts or dried fruit daily, 8304 (77%) ate fresh fruit daily, and 4105 (38%) ate raw salad daily. After a mean of 16.8 years follow up there were 1343 deaths before age 80. Overall the cohort had a mortality about half that of the general population. Within the cohort, daily consumption of fresh fruit was associated with significantly reduced mortality from ischaemic heart disease (rate ratio adjusted for smoking 0.76 (95% confidence interval 0.60 to 0.97)), cerebrovascular disease (0.68 (0.47 to 0.98)), and for all causes combined (0.79 (0.70 to 0.90)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this cohort of health conscious individuals, daily consumption of fresh fruit is associated with a reduced mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and all causes combined.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Key
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thorogood
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Appleby
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Burr
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001835:Body Weight; D001939:Bread; D002423:Cause of Death; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000401:mortality*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D014676:Diet, Vegetarian; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005638:Fruit; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000401:mortality*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*; D012907:Smoking / Q000401:mortality; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014675:Vegetables