title: Liver glycogen synthase deficiency: a rarely diagnosed entity.
abstract: Three children from two German families are described and the observation compared with the previously published three families comprising eight patients. The two index cases presented with morning fatigue, had ketotic hypoglycaemia when fasting which rapidly disappeared after eating, and hepatic glycogen deficiency and absent or very low hepatic glycogen synthase activity. Metabolic profiles comprising glucose, lactate, alanine, and ketones in blood were typical for hepatic glycogen synthase deficiency. Symptoms were rapidly relieved and chemical signs corrected by introducing frequent protein-rich meals and night-time feedings of suspension of uncooked corn (maize) starch. The discovery of oligosymptomatic and asymptomatic siblings suggests that there are more persons with undiagnosed hepatic glycogen synthase deficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Liver glycogen synthase deficiency is likely to be more common than is believed today. It should be sought in children who, before the first meal of the day, present with drowsiness, lack of attention, pallor, uncoordinated eye movements, disorientation or convulsions and who have hypoglycaemia and acetone in urine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gitzelmann
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Spycher
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Feil
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Seilnacht
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stahl
authors.forename: N U
authors.initials: NU
authors.lastname: Bosshard
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006008:Glycogen Storage Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000178:diet therapy; D006006:Glycogen Synthase / Q000172:deficiency*; D006801:Humans; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D013213:Starch / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D013213:Starch; D006006:Glycogen Synthase