title: Central nervous system metastasis in breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Central nervous system (CNS) metastasis occurs in at least 30% of patients with breast cancer. Standard treatment is the same as in other solid tumors, though clinical behavior, and sensitivity to radiation therapy (RT) and to chemotherapy may differ considerably. Most of these patients die within a few months, but a substantial subgroup may survive a year or more. The last decade has given rise to new diagnostic methods, new surgical and radiotherapeutic techniques, and the clinical evidence of a chemotherapy permissive blood-brain barrier in CNS metastases. The literature was reviewed to assess the clinical impact of early diagnosis, recognition of prognostic factors, and of the recently developed therapeutic approaches.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of the literature on CNS involvement in breast cancer focusing on clinical studies on early diagnosis, new modes of treatment, and factors influencing outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although randomized studies are still awaited, systemic chemotherapy seems a valuable alternative for RT of brain metastases in selected cases. In meningeal carcinomatosis, long survival may be independent of intraventricular chemotherapy. Neurotoxicity of intensive intraventricular treatment is considerable. In epidural metastasis, early diagnosis with prompt start of treatment remains the crucial factor for outcome. Radiation therapy is the mainstay of treatment of epidural metastasis, but new surgical techniques and even systemic chemotherapy should be considered in selected cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recognition of prognostic factors combined with appropriate use of various recently developed therapeutic possibilities will improve the clinical outcome including better local tumor control and less treatment-induced neurotoxicity in a considerable number of patients with CNS metastasis from breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuro-Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoekhuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Boogerd
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D016543:Central Nervous System Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis