title: Responses of embryonic and larval inland silversides, Menidia beryllina, to a water-soluble fraction formed during biodegradation of artificially weathered Alaska North Slope crude oil.
abstract: Weathered Alaska North Slope crude oil (ANS 521) was stirred for 2 and 14 days in 20 per thousand salinity sterile seawater or for 14 days in seawater with nutrients and a group of three (GO3) microorganisms from Prince William Sound, Alaska, that were capable of biodegrading hydrocarbons. A total of 0.65 and 0.69 mg/L water soluble fraction (WSF) of neutral fraction hydrocarbons was recovered from the 2- and 14-day stirred sterile systems, respectively. In comparison, a total of 7.5 mg/L WSF neutral fraction hydrocarbons was recovered from systems containing ANS 521 that were stirred and biodegraded by the GO3 microbes for 14 days. Toxicity/teratogenicity tests were conducted with neutral fraction hydrocarbons recovered from the sterile and biodegraded systems using embryonic inland silversides, Menidia beryllina. Hydrocarbons from the sterile systems did not cause statistically significant teratogenic responses at concentrations of 1%, 10%, and 100% (w/v) of recovered fractions (redissolved in 20 per thousand salinity sterile seawater). Counts of heart contraction rates were significantly lower (alpha</=0.05) at the 100% WSF concentration of hydrocarbons on days 5 and 6 of embryogenesis. In contrast, recovered and redissolved neutral fraction hydrocarbons from ANS 521, that were biodegraded for 14 days, caused statistically significant (alpha</=0.05) teratogenic responses at the 1, 10, and 100% WSF concentrations. Measurement of heart contraction rates showed statistically significant (alpha</=0.05) reductions at the 100% WSF concentration on days 2 through 6 of embryogenesis, compared to controls.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Ecology Division, Gulf Breeze Laboratory, 1 Sabine Island Drive, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561, USA.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Middaugh
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Shelton
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005399:Fishes / Q000196:embryology; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects*; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D010578:Petroleum / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D006838:Hydrocarbons; D010578:Petroleum; D013723:Teratogens; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical