title: Diet-related cancer in Native Hawaiians.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since contact with Westerners in 1778, the native people of the Hawaiian Islands have experienced multiple health and social problems. Among these are the debilitating effects of high rates of cancer incidence and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  The method used in this article was a review and integration of the literature on cancer among Native Hawaiians. The empiric and conceptual literature related to cancer among Native Hawaiians has emerged primarily in the past two decades; therefore, it is limited and sometimes not fully complete. Despite the restricted nature of the literature, there is sufficient evidence to indicate the disproportionate rates of cancer among this native population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An important result of this review is the prescription regarding the incorporation of cultural practices and beliefs into health care services. In particular, incorporating the traditional Hawaiian diet into nutrition programs aimed at health education and promotion may have long-term consequences for cancer prevention. Preliminary data on dietary intervention for Native Hawaiians reveal success on several health indices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intervention programs that use elements of a culture, such as the traditional Hawaiian diet, reflect the inherent strengths of that culture. A resolution to improve health status of Native Hawaiians in the 21st century will, in part, require a respect and systematic inclusion of such traditional elements into health care services.
authors.affiliation: Hawaii State Department of Health, Honolulu 96813, USA.
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tsark
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Mokuau
mesh_terms: D004032:Diet; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006254:Hawaii / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors