Isolation and characterization of rice R genes: evidence for distinct evolutionary paths in rice and maize.
R and B genes and their homologues encode basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcriptional activators that regulate the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway in flowering plants. In maize, R/B genes comprise a very small gene family whose organization reflects the unique evolutionary history and genome architecture of maize. To know whether the organization of the R gene family could provide information about the origins of the distantly related grass rice, we characterized members of the R gene family from rice Oryza saliva. Despite being a true diploid, O. sativa has at least two R genes. An active homologue (Ra) with extensive homology with other R genes is located at a position on chromosome 4 previously shown to be in synteny with regions of maize chromosomes 2 and 10 that contain the B and R loci, respectively. A second rice R gene (Rb) of undetermined function was identified on chromosome 1 and found to be present only in rice species with AA genomes. All non-AA species have but one R gene that is Ra-like. These data suggest that the common ancestor shared by maize and rice had a single R gene and that the small R gene families of grasses have arisen recently and independently.
Hu
J
J
Department of Botany and Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA.
Anderson
B
B
Wessler
S R
SR
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D018744:DNA, Plant; D018628:Gene Dosage; D017343:Genes, Plant; D018745:Genome, Plant; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012275:Oryza / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D003313:Zea mays / Q000235:genetics*
D018744:DNA, Plant