title: Use of restraint and seclusion in psychiatric settings in New York State.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors examined rates of use restraint and seclusion during September 1992 in 125 psychiatric settings in New York State.
  
  
  METHODS
  Psychiatric centers and general hospitals with psychiatric services were surveyed by mail about use of restraint and seclusion during a one-month period and about facility characteristics. Four measures of use of restraint and seclusion were calculated: percentage of patients restrained, percentage of patients secluded, rate of seclusion orders, and rate of restraint orders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Use of restraint and seclusion varied dramatically among the psychiatric settings studied. Use of restraint was not related to use of seclusion. Of the 112 tested relationships between facility and patient characteristics and variations in the restraint and seclusion measures, only 12 proved to be significant. None of the variables correlated significantly with variations in more than two of the four measures of restraint or seclusion, and only three correlated with at least two of the four measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Variations in use of restraint and seclusion in psychiatric settings in New York State are dramatic and difficult to correlate with differences in the patient populations. The authors suggest that such variations prevail because of the disparate clinical perspectives on the advisability of restraint and seclusion and the limited comparative monitoring of restraint and seclusion practices in psychiatric settings.
authors.affiliation: New York State Commission on Quality of Care for the Mentally Disabled, USA.
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Rappaport
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006769:Hospitals, General / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006783:Hospitals, State / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009518:New York / Q000453:epidemiology; D010356:Patient Isolation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011567:Psychiatric Department, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012149:Restraint, Physical