title: A national survey on seclusion and restraint in state psychiatric hospitals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  State psychiatric hospitals across the U.S. were surveyed to develop national normative data on the incidence of seclusion and restrain and of injuries to patients and staff resulting from aggression by patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey instrument was sent to 225 state hospitals requesting information for a one-year period on the number of patients placed in seclusion or restraint, the number of discrete incidents of seclusion and restraint, the number of hours patients spent in seclusion or restraint, and the number of injuries to patients and staff attributable to aggression by patients. Rates of seclusion, restraint, and injuries were calculated to control for variation in hospital censuses. Percentile ranks for the various rates were calculated to allow hospitals to compare their rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A total of 101 state hospitals in 44 states and the District of Columbia returned the survey. In general, smaller hospitals had higher rates of seclusion and restraint. However, large standard deviations in the mean rates suggested considerable variability between hospitals in the sample. Small positive correlations between rates of seclusion and rates of restraint suggested that the hospitals did not use of the two interventions exclusively.
authors.affiliation: Family Service and Guidance, Topeka, KS, USA.
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Crenshaw
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Francis
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006783:Hospitals, State / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010356:Patient Isolation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012149:Restraint, Physical; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology