title: Active minimisation of radiation scatter during breast radiotherapy: management implications for young patients with good-prognosis primary neoplasms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Radiotherapy is used to reverse or prevent local tumour growth but is also a carcinogen in its own right. A recent audit of post-radiotherapy second malignancies in this institution revealed a striking preponderance of tumours originating near the outside edge of the treatment field. Since this finding suggests the existence of a critical subtherapeutic dose range predisposing to tumourigenesis, we attempted to define and reduce this radiation scatter dose.
  
  
  METHODS
  We undertook a dosimetric review of 6 MV scatter from a linear accelerator in sites matching the putative tumourigenic region, and then extended this analysis to patients and tissue phantoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A wide range of radiation scatter doses was confirmed-for example, doses 3 cm from the field edge varied from 1.7 to 22% of the therapeutic dose depending upon the field parameters. Scatter doses were then assessed in a sample of eight patients undergoing standard breast radiotherapy. Contralateral breast sites 4-12 cm from the midline received 4-10% of the therapeutic dose, or 200-500 cGy for a 50 Gy treatment, approximating historical estimates of the tumourigenic range. The deep component of this scatter dose from medial field breast irradiation was reduced 19% simply by replacing the 15 degrees medial tangential field wedge with a 30 degrees lateral wedge. Other manoeuvres which reduced contralateral breast dose by up to 46% included making the posterior field edges co-planar and shielding the breast during medial field irradiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the risk of radiogenic second malignancies could be significantly decreased by careful attention to the treatment details. Greater awareness of these measures may prove particularly relevant to the conservative management of young patients with good-prognosis breast neoplasms such as ductal carcinoma in situ.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics and Radiobiology, Hammersmith Hospitals Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bateman
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Paddick
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Kam
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: I W
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Hanham
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Price
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast / Q000528:radiation effects; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011379:Prognosis; D011835:Radiation Protection; D011874:Radiometry; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012542:Scattering, Radiation