title: Prenatal cocaine delays astroglial maturation: immunodensitometry shows increased markers of immaturity (vimentin and GAP-43) and decreased proliferation and production of the growth factor S-100.
abstract: Exposure to cocaine during fetal development has been demonstrated to produce a variety of brain and behavioral changes. Cocaine is a potent releaser of a variety of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, which act as developmental signals. Since serotonin plays an important role in astroglial maturation, migration, and growth factor production (e.g. S-100 beta), we proposed that these properties of astroglial cells will be altered in a brain prenatally exposed to cocaine. To observe cocaine's effects on astroglial development, we performed immunocytochemical analyses of a variety of developmental protein makers including BrdU, Gap-43, vimentin, and S100 beta. Our results demonstrate that prenatal cocaine administration produces decreased cell proliferation as measured by BrdU staining, retarded neurite outgrowth as ascertained by increased Gap-43 immunoreactivity, increased density of vimentin-positive radial glial cells, and diminished tissue S100 beta immunoreactivity. Overall, these results suggest that cocaine delays astroglial development. This delay would have profound effects on neuronal development and outgrowth and, thus, development of the entire brain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794-8101, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Muneyyirci
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Azmitia
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Whitaker-Azmitia
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D015415:Biomarkers; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D003042:Cocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003720:Densitometry; D005260:Female; D019922:GAP-43 Protein; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000032:analysis; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000032:analysis; D009294:Narcotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D014746:Vimentin / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019922:GAP-43 Protein; D006133:Growth Substances; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009294:Narcotics; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009418:S100 Proteins; D014746:Vimentin; D003042:Cocaine