title: Fetal seizures: further observations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous reports of ultrasonographically diagnosed seizure activity in utero have described fetuses with obvious, gross, tonic-clonic movements of trunk and extremities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three fetuses with akinesia deformation sequence are described: two with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita and one with Pena-Shokeir syndrome. Each was demonstrated by serial real-time ultrasound examinations to have joint contractures, absent fetal breathing motions, and lack of gross movements other than sonographically evident subtle seizure activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fetal seizure activity can be subtle when seen in the presence of fetal anomalies that limit joint movement. The prognosis remains poor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York Hospital-Cornell University Medical Center, New York, USA.
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Skupski
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sepulveda
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Udom-Rice
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Leo
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Lescale
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Chervenak
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000328:Adult; D001176:Arthrogryposis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D012640:Seizures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal