title: Maternal polydrug use including cocaine and postnatal infant sleep architecture: preliminary observations and implications for respiratory control and behavior.
abstract: Twelve-hour overnight pneumocardiograms were assessed for sleep architecture and sleep efficiency in two groups of healthy term newborn infants: a group exposed prenatally to cocaine alone or in combination with other drugs and a non-exposed group. Sleep was differentiated from wakefulness by an increase in heart rate, an increase in or variation in the duration and amplitude of the respiration and increased artifacts on the heart rate channel. Quiet and active sleep were determined by the regularity or irregularity of heart rate and respiration. In a sub-set of infants, the number of arousals during active sleep was calculated. Overall significance was confirmed by ANOVA followed by paired comparisons using the Student's-test. When compared to non-exposed infants within the first week of life, infants exposed prenatally to cocaine alone or in combination with other drugs demonstrated more wakefulness and less sleep (P < 0.05), more frequent arousals during active sleep (P < 0.01), and the tendency of a higher proportion of active sleep compared to quiet sleep. These findings may have implications to both behavioral and respiratory control findings associated with prenatal cocaine exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gingras
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Feibel
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Dalley
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muelenaer
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Knight
mesh_terms: D044383:Black People; D003042:Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects*; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000187:drug effects; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D003042:Cocaine