title: Hyperpermeability of pulmonary endothelial monolayer: protective role of phosphodiesterase isoenzymes 3 and 4.
abstract: The regulation of endothelial permeability is poorly understood. An increase in endothelial permeability in the pulmonary microvasculature, however, is critical in noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and other diffuse inflammatory reactions. In the present study thrombin and Escherichia coli hemolysin (HlyA), a membrane-perturbing bacterial exotoxin, were used to alter hydraulic permeability of porcine pulmonary artery and human endothelial cell monolayers. We also investigated the pharmacological approach of adenylyl cyclase activation/phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibition to block endothelial hyperpermeability. Thrombin (1-5 units/ml) and HlyA (0.5-3 hemolytic units/ml) dose and time dependently (> 15 min) increased endothelial permeability. Forskolin, cholera toxin, and prostaglandin E1, which all stimulate adenylyl cyclase activity, abrogated this effect. One mM dibutyryl cAMP, a cell membrane-permeable cAMP analogue, was similarly active. Endothelial hyperpermeability was also reduced dose dependently by inhibitors of different PDE isoenzymes (motapizone, rolipram, and zardaverine, which block PDE3 and/or PDE4). The effectiveness of PDE inhibitors was increased in the presence of adenylyl cyclase activators. Analysis of cyclic nucleotide hydrolyzing PDE activity in lysates of human umbilical vein endothelial cells showed high activities of PDE isoenzymes 2, 3, and 4. Consistent with the functional data PDE3 and PDE4 were the major cAMP hydrolysis enzymes in intact endothelial cells. We conclude that the hyperpermeability of pulmonary endothelial monolayers, evoked by thrombin or HlyA, can be blocked by the simultaneous activation of adenylyl cyclase and inhibition of PDEs, especially of PDE3 and PDE4. The demonstration of PDE isoenzymes 2-4 in human endothelial cells will help optimize this therapeutic approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig-University of Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suttorp
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ehreiser
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hippenstiel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fuhrmann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krüll
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tenor
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schudt
mesh_terms: D015105:3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases / Q000502:physiology*; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000494:pharmacology; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054684:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 3; D054703:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases / Q000502:physiology*; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D013917:Thrombin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; C036507:Hlya protein, E coli; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; D015105:3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases; D054684:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 3; D054703:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4; D013917:Thrombin; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases