title: Lack of glutathione conjugation of melphalan in the isolated in situ liver perfusion in humans.
abstract: Tumor cell resistance against melphalan (LPAM) has been associated with increased cellular reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and glutathione S-transferase activity. Therefore, GSH conjugation of LPAM has been hypothesized to be a key factor in tumor cell resistance. In the present study, we evaluated GSH conjugation of LPAM by the perfused liver in patients with colorectal cancer metastases undergoing a Phase II study of isolated liver perfusion as well as in the rat. To evaluate whether LPAM-GSH conjugates were synthesized in the rat in vivo, LPAM was infused i.v. at a rate of 2.0 micromol/kg/min. In bile samples obtained during the infusion, two major GSH conjugates were identified by mass spectrometry: mono-hydroxy-mono-GSH-LPAM and di-GSH-LPAM. The maximum biliary excretion rate of these two conjugates accounted for only 1.3% of the LPAM infusion rate. In bile or perfusate samples from patients treated for 60 min initially with 0.3 mM LPAM in the perfusion medium via isolated liver perfusion (200 mg LPAM in approximately 2 liters perfusion medium), none of the above-mentioned conjugates were detected. When comparable rat liver perfusions were performed initially with 66 microM or 0.66 mM LPAM in the perfusion medium, bile samples did contain GSH-LPAM conjugates; the cumulative biliary excretion of the two conjugates amounted to 0.4 and 0.2% of the LPAM dose, respectively. These data suggest that both in rats and humans, hepatic GSH conjugation plays a very minor (if any) role in the elimination of LPAM and, therefore, that modulation of GSH levels is unlikely to affect the rate of elimination of this drug.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Hospital, Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Vahrmeijer
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Snel
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Steenvoorden
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Beijnen
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schutrups
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tirona
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Keizer
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: van Dierendonck
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: van de Velde
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Mulder
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001646:Bile / Q000378:metabolism; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000379:methods; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000556:secondary; D008297:Male; D008558:Melphalan / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D005978:Glutathione; D008558:Melphalan