title: A miniswine model of acute exertional heat exhaustion.
abstract: METHODS
  We examined the thermoregulatory and hemodynamic responses of 12 miniswine (31 +/- 3.9 kg) during 25-30 min of treadmill exercise (5.4 km.h-1, 5% grade) under cool (10 degrees C), moderate (20 degrees C) and warm (30 degrees C) ambient temperature (Ta) conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within 15-20 min of exercise at Ta = 30 degrees C, the miniswine demonstrated significant hyperventilation, hypersalivation, and unsteady gait. Exercise-heat endurance time (T) at Ta = 30 degrees C decreased by 35% and 40% in comparison to T at Ta = 20 degrees C and 10 degrees C, respectively. This resulted from a significant rise in heat strain (S)-defined as the rate of change in rectal temperature. Averaged throughout exercise, S increased from 0.04 +/- 0.01 degree C.min-1 and 0.05 +/- 0.02 degree C.min-1 at Ta = 10 degrees C and 20 degrees C, respectively, to 0.10 +/- 0.03 degree C.min-1 at Ta = 30 degrees C. Due to the comparatively large storage capacity of the porcine spleen relative to humans, splenectomized miniswine were used. This permitted calculation of percentage changes in plasma volume (% delta PVc) from hematocrit (HCT) and hemoglobin (HGB) without the confounding effects of splenic red cells released into the circulation during exercise. Independent of Ta, pre-exercise PVc decreased 3%-5% (p < or = 0.05) within the first 10 min of exercise, but increased 5%-9% (p < or = 0.05) by 10 min post-exercise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the poor thermoregulatory ability of miniswine manifested in insignificant sweating and restricted evaporative cooling, may make them an appropriate model for acute exertional heat exhaustion in humans working in hot, humid conditions and/or wearing impermeable protective clothing. Further, evaluation of plasma volume changes from HCT and HGB in a miniswine model should consider the merit of a splenectomized design.
authors.affiliation: Animal Resources Branch, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760-5007, USA.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Gentile
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Szlyk-Modrow
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Durkot
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Krestel
authors.forename: I V
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Sils
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Tartarini
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Alkhyyat
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006359:Heat Exhaustion / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006400:Hematocrit; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D010953:Plasma Volume; D012881:Skin Temperature; D013552:Swine