NMDA receptor-mediated cGMP synthesis in primary cultures of mouse cerebellar granule cells appears to involve neuron-astrocyte communication with NO operating as the intercellular messenger.
The possibility that neuron-astrocyte communication may be responsible for glutamate (Glu)-stimulated cGMP formation even in relatively homogeneous primary cultures of mouse cerebellar granule cells (7 days in vitro) was investigated. Pharmacological analysis using selective excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptor antagonists showed that cGMP production, stimulated in these cultures by Glu and a variety of endogenous EAAs structurally-related to Glu (namely, L-aspartate, L-cysteine sulphinate, L-homocysteate, S-sulpho-L-cysteine), was mediated wholly by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation. Moreover, EAA-induced responses were dependent on the presence of extracellular calcium but unaffected by addition of the L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channel blockers nifedipine (10 microM) or verapamil (5 microM). The mode of calcium entry was also shown to be important since the calcium ionophore, A23187 (10 microM), was unable to stimulate cGMP levels above basal. cGMP formation was blocked by the competitive nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NG-nitroarginine (100 microM), consistent with a role of nitric oxide (NO) in this signalling pathway. In the presence of added haemoglobin (1 microM), acting as a membrane-impermeable NO scavenger, Glu-stimulated cGMP formation was abolished implying that NO must act as an intercellular messenger. When the neuronal population was destroyed following a 24 hr exposure to the excitotoxin, S-sulpho-L-cysteine (200 microM), Glu-stimulated cGMP formation was abolished; whereas responses to the NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), although markedly reduced were still double that stimulated by Glu in the absence of the excitotoxin, suggesting the presence of non-neuronal cells that can generate cGMP if supplied directly with NO. Consistent with this suggestion, low levels of the glial specific enzyme, glutamine synthetase, were detected in granule cell cultures. Furthermore, omission or delayed addition of the antimitotic agent, cytosine arabinoside (20 microM), to the growth medium caused a significant increase in the level of Glu-stimulated cGMP formation.
Malcolm
C
C
Centre for Biomolecular Science, School of Biological and Medical Sciences, University of St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland, United Kingdom.
Grieve
A
A
Ritchie
L
L
Schousboe
A
A
Griffiths
R
R
D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D000001:Calcimycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D002450:Cell Communication; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase / Q000378:metabolism*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000494:pharmacology; D007700:Kinetics; D008274:Magnesium / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D019335:Nitroarginine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014700:Verapamil / Q000494:pharmacology
D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D006454:Hemoglobins; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D019335:Nitroarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000001:Calcimycin; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D014700:Verapamil; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D008274:Magnesium; D009543:Nifedipine; D002118:Calcium