title: Stress and psychiatric disorder in the Hindu Kush: a community survey of mountain villages in Chitral, Pakistan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is widely believed that people in remote areas of the world suffer less emotional distress and fewer psychiatric disorders. Previous studies offer contradictory evidence.
  
  
  METHODS
  First stage screening of two mountain villages in Chitral used the Bradford Somatic Inventory (BSI). Psychiatric interviews were conducted with stratified samples using the ICD10 Diagnostic Criteria for Research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The BSI was an effective screening test, with sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 77%. At a conservative estimate, 46% of women and 15% of men suffered from anxiety and depressive disorders. Literate subjects had lower levels of emotional distress than the illiterate. Higher socio-economic status was associated with less emotional distress. Members of joint and nuclear families were similar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study offers no support for the belief that people who live in Chitral lead stress-free lives or have low rates of psychiatric morbidity. Women may suffer more anxiety and depressive disorders than in Western societies.
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Mumford
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nazir
authors.forename: F U
authors.initials: FU
authors.lastname: Jilani
authors.forename: I Y
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Baig
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012424:Rural Population; D012737:Sex Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*