title: Acupuncture. A review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acupuncture plays an important role in today's multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of pain. Its initial use, around the fifth century B.C., was based on the fundamentals of traditional Chinese medicine. Because of the lack of sound, supportive scientific data, the validity of such practice is controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  A general review of this subject is presented including the history and classical theory behind acupuncture, needling techniques, precautions and complications, and types of acupuncture. Furthermore, in search of more scientific data, a review of several basic and clinical research articles was undertaken to evaluate a possible scientific basis for the mechanism of acupuncture analgesia. Problems and limitations of adequately designed clinical trials were also addressed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several lines of evidence support the endorphin-mediated mechanism of acupuncture analgesia. High- or low-frequency stimulation induced by electrical acupuncture has been shown to release different types of endorphins. To date, there are flaws in the conventional, scientific, clinical research methods applied to the evaluation of acupuncture practice for treatment of pain. Some guidelines and suggestions for future clinical trials are presented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Scientific data on acupuncture have been accumulating over the years, but further adequately designed clinical studies are necessary to provide additional validity for this treatment modality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, UCLA School of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance 90509, USA.
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Hsu
mesh_terms: D015670:Acupuncture Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans