title: Postmortem evaluation of homotypic variation in shoe characteristics of 201 thoroughbred racehorses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a standard technique for evaluation of racehorse shoes, to assess homotypic variation (interlimb variation) in shoe characteristics, and to determine whether shoe characteristics varied with age and sex.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thoroughbred racehorses (n = 201) that died or were euthanatized at California racetracks between August 1992 and July 1994.
  
  
  METHODS
  Shoe characteristics were measured on horses examined after death. Percentage of agreement was used to compare shoe characteristics between limbs (homotypic variation). Using chi 2 analysis, shoe characteristics were compared between horses grouped by age and sex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Toe grabs were present on 90.5% of horses, and rim shoes were present on 15.9% of horses. Heel traction devices were less frequent on front (2.5%) than rear (6%) hooves. Pads were present on 24.9% of horses, with bonded rim pads most common. Special types of shoes were present cn 5% of horses. Percentage of agreement between left and right front hooves and between left and right rear hooves was high (20/25 variables; % agreement > or = 99). In contrast, percentage of agreement between left front and left rear hooves and between right front and right rear hooves was low (2/25 variables; % agreement > or = 99). Presence of a pad was significantly (P < 0.05) associated with age, and several shoe variable (size, presence of a special shoe, overall wear matched) were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with sex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Except for variables related to special shoes, wear, and weight, 1 shoe for the respective fore- or hind limbs could be used as an indicator for the contralateral shoe worn by Thoroughbred racehorses without substantial loss of information. However, 1 shoe could not be used as an indicator for shoe characteristics of all 4 limbs. Some shoe characteristics are associated with age and sex, and these variables should be considered possible confounders in studies of shoe characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kane
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Stover
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Case
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Read
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ardans
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001344:Autopsy / Q000662:veterinary; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005065:Euthanasia / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006736:Horses / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D012775:Shoes