title: Single intravenous and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in healthy llamas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin sulfate in healthy llamas after i.v. administration of a single bolus and after repeated parenteral administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  19 clinically normal, adult male llamas for the single-dose trial and 10 of the 19 llamas for the multiple-dose trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the first trial, llamas were given gentamicin (5 mg/kg of body weight, i.v.) as a single bolus, and serum gentamicin concentration was monitored over the next 48 hours. 2 months later, llamas were given gentamicin (2.5 mg/kg) i.v. for the first day, then IM every 8 hours for 7 days. Serum gentamicin concentration and indices of renal function and damage were monitored during the 7 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant dose- or time-related differences in clearance of the drug; volume of distribution; apparent coefficients of the distribution and elimination phases, alpha and beta, respectively; mean residence time; or distribution (t1/2 alpha) and elimination phase (t1/2 beta) half-lives. The 5 mg/kg i.v. kinetic study revealed t1/2 alpha of 14.5 +/- 5.06 minutes and t1/2 beta of 166 +/- 20.5 minutes. The 2.5 mg/kg i.v. kinetic study revealed t1/2 alpha of 17.7 +/- 6.59 minutes and t1/2 beta of 165 +/- 40.3 minutes. Peak serum gentamicin concentration averaged 10.10 micrograms/ml in the multiple-dose trial, and trough concentration averaged 1.50 micrograms/ml.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dose effects were not observed for gentamicin clearance, volume of distribution, or half-lives. Multiple dosing at 2.5 mg/kg every 8 hours does not appear to cause renal impairment in healthy llamas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gentamicin pharmacokinetic variables in llamas appear to resemble those in other ruminant species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA.
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Lackey
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Belknap
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Greco
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Fettman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002161:Camelids, New World; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006207:Half-Life; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008954:Models, Biological
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005839:Gentamicins