title: Temperature and pressure effects during erbium laser stapedotomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laser-assisted stapedotomy has become a well-established alternative to the mechanical drilling method. The goal of this study is to quantify the mechanical and thermal tissue effects and to determine optimum erbium laser parameters for safe clinical treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  On an inner ear model, time-resolved pressure measurements and Schlieren optical flash photography were performed during the perforation of the stapes foot plate using an erbium laser at 2.79 microns. The laser radiation was transmitted via an optical zirconium fluoride fiber. The laser-treated foot plates were investigated by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to visualise the laser-induced tissue effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Perforation of the stapes foot plate can be performed with a few erbium laser pulses with high precision and a thermal damage zone of < 10 microns. Strong pressure transients were found to be generated by the bone ablation process and the collapse of a vapor channel created in the perilymph after fenestration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From the comparison of the laser-induced pressure with the limit graph to avoid hearing defects published by Pfander, an unobjectionable use of the erbium laser is deduced for fluences < 10 J/cm2. The erbium laser seems to represent an ideal instrument for middle ear surgery with all the advantages (precision, fiber optic transportable, high ablation efficiency, safety) desired for clinical application.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Physics, University of Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pratisto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frenz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ith
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Felix
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grossenbacher
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Altermatt
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D004871:Erbium; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology / Q000295:instrumentation; D005459:Fluorides; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D055100:Optical Fibers; D010498:Perilymph / Q000502:physiology; D010781:Photography; D011312:Pressure; D013199:Stapes / Q000473:pathology; D013201:Stapes Surgery / Q000295:instrumentation; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D015040:Zirconium
chemical_list: D004871:Erbium; D015040:Zirconium; D005459:Fluorides