title: Dimethyl formamide (DMFA) and ethylene glycol (EG) are estrogenic in rainbow trout.
abstract: During our studies on the effects of environmental estrogenic chemicals on vitellogenin gene expression in fish, dimethyl formamide (DMFA) and ethylene glycol (EG) were used as solvents to dissolve and deliver hydrophobic beta-estradiol or nonylphenol. Control groups were injected with water only. It was surprising to find that in certain doses, Vg mRNA from control fish can be induced by DMFA or EG alone. This suggested that DMFA and EG are weak estrogens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meldahl
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lech
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D004126:Dimethylformamide / Q000633:toxicity*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000502:physiology; D019855:Ethylene Glycol; D005026:Ethylene Glycols / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000502:physiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics*; D012997:Solvents / Q000633:toxicity*; D014819:Vitellogenins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D005026:Ethylene Glycols; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D012997:Solvents; D014819:Vitellogenins; D004126:Dimethylformamide; D019855:Ethylene Glycol