title: A critical role of nitric oxide in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-induced hyperresponsiveness of cultured monocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection leads to a general exhaustion of the immune system. Prior to this widespread decline of immune functions, however, there is an evident hyperactivation of the monocyte/macrophage arm. Increased levels of cytokines and other biologically active molecules produced by activated monocytes may contribute to the pathogenesis of HIV disease both by activating expression of HIV-1 provirus and by direct effects on cytokine-sensitive tissues, such as lung or brain. In this article, we investigate mechanisms of hyperresponsiveness of HIV-infected monocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed on monocyte cultures infected in vitro with a monocytetropic strain HIV-1ADA. Cytokine production was induced by stimulation of cultures with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and measured by ELISA. To study involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in the regulation of cytokine expression, inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) or chemical donors of NO were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate that infection with HIV-1 in vitro primes human monocytes for subsequent activation with LPS, resulting in increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). This priming effect can be blocked by Ca(2+)-chelating agents and by the NOS inhibitor L-NMMA, but not by hemoglobin. It could be reproduced on uninfected monocyte cultures by using donors of NO, but not cGMP, together with LPS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NO, which is expressed in HIV-1-infected monocyte cultures, induces hyperresponsiveness of monocytes by synergizing with calcium signals activated in response to LPS stimulation. This activation is cGMP independent. Our findings demonstrate the critical role of NO in HIV-1-specific hyperactivation of monocytes.
authors.affiliation: Picower Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bukrinsky
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmidtmayerova
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zybarth
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dubrovsky
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sherry
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Enikolopov
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism; D004533:Egtazic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D009000:Monocytes / Q000821:virology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D004533:Egtazic Acid; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D006152:Cyclic GMP; C025603:1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid; D002118:Calcium