title: Intestinal permeability, circulating endotoxin, and postoperative systemic responses in cardiac surgery patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether intestinal permeability increases during cardiac operations, and whether the degree of endotoxemia is related to this increase. Furthermore, to determine whether intestinal permeability is related to the hemodynamic state during operation and to postoperative systemic responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three male patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Before surgery and during the fifth postoperative day, 100 mL of a solution containing L-rhamnose and cellobiose were administered orally.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intestinal permeability was assessed by measuring the urinary excretion of L-rhamnose and cellobiose. Endotoxin concentrations in blood and prime fluid, hemodynamics, oxygen consumption, gas exchange, fluid balance, and the dose of vasoactive drugs were measured. Systemic responses were assessed by measuring hypermetabolism, circulatory support, and gas exchange. Intestinal permeation of cellobiose, reflecting paracellular transport, significantly increased during operation (p < 0.01), and correlated with the amount of circulating endotoxin (r2 = 0.46; p < 0.01). A high dose of ephedrine administered during operation, low baseline central venous pressure, and a less positive fluid balance during operation were associated with high intestinal permeability (r2 = 0.7; p < 0.01). Intestinal permeability was related to postoperative systemic responses (r2 = 0.49; p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that during elective coronary artery bypass operations intestinal permeability between cells may increase. The degree of endotoxemia is related to this increase. Increased intestinal permeability is related to the use of ephedrine, especially during hypovolemia, and to postoperative systemic responses. Although a causative relation is not shown, these results might indicate that hypovolemia and vasoconstriction should be avoided during the operation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Oudemans-van Straaten
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Hoek
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: van Deventer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sturk
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Stoutenbeek
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Tytgat
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Wildevuur
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Eysman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002475:Cellobiose / Q000378:metabolism; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000097:blood*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010539:Permeability; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012210:Rhamnose / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins; D002475:Cellobiose; D012210:Rhamnose