title: Retroviral risk factors in patients with autoimmune disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Retroviruses can cause immunoregulatory disturbances and may play a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. Little is known about the frequency of behavioral risk factors for exogenous retroviral infections in patients with autoimmune diseases. We compare the frequency of recognized risk factors for retroviral infections among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with SLE and RA from a university rheumatology clinic and control patients were enrolled in this study. The presence of retroviral risk factors (intravenous drug use, prostitution, increased number of sex partners, sexually transmitted diseases, high risk sex partners, blood transfusion) was determined by a self-administered questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We surveyed 81 patients with SLE and 117 with RA and 100 healthy controls. Patients in all groups reported similar exposure to all risk factors surveyed for retroviral infection except sexually transmitted disease, which was reported more often in patients with SLE (25% of SLE versus 11% of RA and 11% of controls, p = 0.013).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self-reported retroviral risk factors were generally not increased in patients with autoimmune disease compared to healthy controls; the role of exogenous retroviruses in the pathogenesis of SLE and RA remains unclear.
authors.affiliation: Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Drevlow
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Schilling
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Khabbaz
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sinacore
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramsey-Goldman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D044469:Racial Groups; D012192:Retroviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012737:Sex Factors; D015229:Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires