title: Relationship between early abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder, and activity levels in prepubertal children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between early physical and sexual abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depression, and activity levels in prepubertal children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen unmedicated children with documented abuse (9.4 +/- 2.3 years; 6 girls, 13 boys) were compared with 15 healthy controls (8.3 +/- 1.9 years; 6 girls, 9 boys). Diagnoses were derived from structured interviews (Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Epidemiologic Version). Motionlogger actigraphs collected activity data for 72 continuous hours in 1-minute epochs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, abused children were 10% more active than normal children (p < .05) and displayed a paucity of periods of low-level daytime activity (p < .01). Abused children with PTSD were largely responsible for the increase in activity. Abused children with PTSD had a robust and normal circadian activity rhythm. Abused children in whom PTSD failed to develop had an attenuated circadian amplitude compared with subjects with PTSD (101% versus 93%, p < .01) and were phase-delayed by 61 minutes versus controls (p = .01). Early onset of abuse was significantly associated with greater likelihood of the development of PTSD and hyperactivity. Later age of abuse was associated with circadian dysregulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These preliminary observations indicate that abused children with PTSD have activity profiles similar to those of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, while abused children without PTSD have activity profiles more similar to those of depressed children.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02116, USA.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Glod
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Teicher
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D010552:Personality Assessment; D010553:Personality Development; D012307:Risk Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*