title: Polyvinyl derivatives as novel interactive polymers for controlled gene delivery to muscle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  DNA plasmids (pDNA) can be taken up by and expressed in striated muscle after direct intramuscular injection. We have developed interactive polymeric gene delivery systems that increase pDNA bioavailability to muscle cells by both protecting pDNA from nucleases and controlling the dispersion and retention of pDNA in muscle tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  A DNA plasmid, containing a CMV promoter and a galactosidase reporter gene (CMV-beta-gal), was injected either in saline or formulated in polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solutions. Interactions between PVP and pDNA were assessed by dynamic dialysis, Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC), and Fourier Transformed Infra Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Formulations (50 mu l) were injected into rat tibialis muscles after surgical exposure. Immunohistochemistry for beta-gal was used to visualize the sites of expression in muscle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Beta-gal expression using pDNA in saline reached a plateau while beta-gal expression using PVP formulations increased linearly in the dose range studied (12.5-150 mu g pDNA injected) and resulted in an increase in the number and distribution of cells expressing beta-gal. The interaction between PVP and pDNA was found to be an endothermic process governed largely by hydrogen-bonding and results in protection of pDNA from extracellular nucleases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant enhancement of gene expression using interactive polyvinyl-based delivery systems has been observed. The improved tissue dispersion and cellular uptake of pDNA using polyvinyl-based systems after direct injection into muscle is possibly due to osmotic effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gene Delivery, GENEMEDICINE, INC., The Woodlands, Texas 7738-4248, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Mumper
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Duguid
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anwer
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Barron
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nitta
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Rolland
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004274:DNA, Recombinant / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004337:Drug Carriers; D018390:Gene Targeting; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010957:Plasmids; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol / Q000737:chemistry*; D011205:Povidone / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004274:DNA, Recombinant; D004337:Drug Carriers; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol; D001616:beta-Galactosidase; D011205:Povidone