title: Maternal-fetal hemorrhage: a reappraisal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency of maternal-fetal hemorrhage at or above 1 microliter of maternal whole blood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-three mothers whose red blood cells bore an Rh antigen (Rh D, Rh c, Rh E) that was absent on red blood cells of their newborns were identified and a new cytological method, the Kleihauerimmunogold-silver-staining technique, was applied on the blood of their neonates to detect and quantify maternal red blood cells. Stringent precautions were taken to avoid contaminations of neonatal blood samples by adult red blood cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal red blood cells were present in 3 newborns, a frequency of 4% (95% Cl: 1-11%), and the estimated volumes of hemorrhage were 0.8, 1.5, and 101 microliters of maternal whole blood. No obstetric factor was clearly associated in this limited study with the occurrence of maternal-fetal hemorrhage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mother-to-fetus microtransfusion greater than 1 microliter is infrequent at or near delivery, and it may be observed after an uncomplicated pregnancy and vaginal delivery.
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Hémobiologie Périnatale, Baudelocque, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Brossard
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Pons
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jrad
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Nifterik
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gillot
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Saure
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Le Gaudion
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Richard
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Papiernik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004912:Erythrocytes; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn / Q000097:blood*; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D011247:Pregnancy; D011250:Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic / Q000097:blood*