title: Volatile anesthetics depress glutamate transmission via presynaptic actions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent evidence for a presynaptic depression of glutamate release produced by volatile anesthetics prompted the current study of isoflurane and halothane effects on glutamate-mediated transmission in the mammalian central nervous system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electrophysiologic recordings from CA1 neurons in rat hippocampal brain slices were used to measure anesthetic effects on glutamate-mediated excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) amplitudes and paired pulse facilitation. Paired pulse facilitation is known to be altered when the calcium-dependent release of glutamate is depressed, but not when EPSP amplitudes are depressed by postsynaptic mechanisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isoflurane depressed EPSP amplitudes over a concentration range of 0.35-2.8 vol %, with a 50% depression (EC50) occurring at 1.0 vol % (0.71 rat minimum alveolar concentration). This depression was accompanied by an increase in paired-pulse facilitation of approximately 30% at 1.7 vol %, using interpulse intervals of 120 ms. Halothane depressed EPSP amplitudes in a concentration-dependent manner (0.3-2.4 vol %, EC50 = 1.1 minimum alveolar concentration; 1.3 vol %) and also increased facilitation by approximately 20% at 1.2 vol %. These effects persisted in the presence of 10 microM bicuculline, indicating that enhanced gamma-aminobutyric acid-mediated inhibition was not involved. The anesthetic-induced increase in facilitation and EPSP depression was mimicked by lowering extracellular calcium, which is known to depress glutamate release at these synapses. The postsynaptic glutamate receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione depressed EPSP amplitudes with no change in facilitation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results confirm earlier findings that clinically relevant concentrations of volatile anesthetics depress glutamate-mediated synaptic transmission. The observed increases in synaptic facilitation support recent findings from biochemical and electrophysiologic studies indicating presynaptic sites of action contribute to anesthetic-induced depression of excitatory transmission. This anesthetic-induced reduction in glutamate release would contribute to the central nervous system depression associated with anesthesia by adding to postsynaptic depressant actions on glutamate receptors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA. bruce.maclver@forsythe.stanford.edu
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Maclver
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mikulec
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Amagasu
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Monroe
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D003864:Depression, Chemical; D004594:Electrophysiology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000502:physiology*; D006221:Halothane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D017136:Ion Transport; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D013696:Temperature; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D007530:Isoflurane; D002118:Calcium; D006221:Halothane