title: Preliminary data on hard metal workers exposure to tungsten oxide fibres.
abstract: The first personal exposure data for tungsten oxide fibres, in two hard metal manufacturing industries is presented. Occupational exposure was studied by static and personal measurements during tungsten metal production. Three different initial materials were used, ammonium-paratungstate (APT), blue oxide and tungsten trioxide. In both factories, airborne tungsten oxide fibres were detected both in static and personal samples. Fibre exposure varies for different activities. Charging of raw material, changing the hammer, cleaning-work on the cyclone and the micro-filter were found to be among the most high dusty operations. However, as workers use respirators during cleaning operations, these filters could not be related to personal exposure. The calcination of APT to the blue oxide generates fibrous dust. The raw material imported as blue oxide is also fibrous material and both charging it into the calcination furnace and re-charging it into the reduction furnace generates unnecessarily additional dusty periods. A single reduction-stage is, therefore, preferable. Furthermore, the tungsten trioxide raw material is non-fibrous, therefore, calcination of APT to tungsten trioxide and its reduction to tungsten metal is preferable with respect to minimising workers exposure to tungsten oxide fibres.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Working Life, Department of Work Organisation and Technology, Solna, Sweden.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sahle
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krantz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Christensson
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Laszlo
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D004391:Dust / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D008670:Metals; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D017973:Tungsten Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D004391:Dust; D008670:Metals; D017973:Tungsten Compounds