title: Lead-contaminated house dust and urban children's blood lead levels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed the relationship between lead-contaminated house dust and urban children's blood lead levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  A random-sample survey was used to identify and enroll 205 children, 12 to 31 months of age, who had resided in the same house since at least 6 months of age. Children's blood and household dust, water, soil, and paint were analyzed for lead, and interviews were conducted to ascertain risk factors for elevated blood lead (> or = 10 micrograms/dL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children's mean blood lead level was 7.7 micrograms/dL. In addition to dust lead loading (micrograms of lead per square foot), independent predictors of children's blood lead were Black race, soil lead levels, ingestion of soil or dirt, lead content and condition of painted surfaces, and water lead levels. For dust lead standards of 5 micrograms/sq ft, 20 micrograms/sq ft, and 40 micrograms/sq ft on noncarpeted floors, the estimated percentages of children having blood lead levels at or above 10 micrograms/dL were 4%, 15%, and 20%, respectively, after adjusting for other significant covariates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lead-contaminated house dust is a significant contributor to lead intake among urban children who have low-level elevations in blood lead. A substantial proportion of children may have blood lead levels of at least 10 micrograms/dL at dust lead levels considerably lower than current standards.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Lanphear
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weitzman
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Winter
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eberly
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yakir
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Emond
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Matte
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D002652:Child Behavior; D002669:Child Welfare / Q000208:ethnology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D014504:Urban Health; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D012987:Soil; D014867:Water; D007854:Lead