title: Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral levodopa in parkinsonian patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a standardised oral test dose of levodopa have been determined in patients with mild to severe Parkinson's disease using parametric, non-linear mixed effect modelling with the program NON-MEM. Levodopa plasma concentration data and motor effect behaviour (tapping times) were obtained from 46 patients, for whom a total of 970 observations were available (approximately 21 pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic observations per patient). The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model used was a one-compartment first-order absorption model linked to the sigmoid EMax representation of the Hill equation via an equilibration rate-constant, ke0. The model was also tested via a reduction in the number of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data points to a total of four to eight per patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the final regression models the Hoehn and Yahr (HY) status of the patient and duration of disease (DUR) were found to be important determinants of the pharmacodynamic parameters for levodopa. The pharmacokinetic parameters were not significantly affected by any covariates. A test group of 16 additional parkinsonian patients was used to evaluate the predictive performance of the population parameters. The predictive performance of the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling using the full and reduced data sets was evaluated in NONMEM using posthoc, Bayesian forecasting. Statistically insignificant bias existed among predicted and observed levodopa concentrations, whereas the pharmacodynamic model underpredicted the observed tapping times. There was little difference in the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic predictive performance among results for the full and the reduced data sets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a clinical setting knowledge of the population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters for oral levodopa may prove useful in estimating the duration of the drug's beneficial motor activity in patients with mild to severe Parkinson's disease (Hoehn and Yahr status I-IV).
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Triggs
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Charles
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Contin
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martinelli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cortelli
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Riva
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Albani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baruzzi
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002415:Cats; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D007980:Levodopa