title: Plasma monoamine metabolites and spontaneous recurrence of methamphetamine-induced paranoid-hallucinatory psychosis: relation of noradrenergic activity to the occurrence of flashbacks.
abstract: The relationship between monoamine neurotransmitter function and spontaneous recurrence of methamphetamine (MAP) psychosis, a phenomenon known as flashbacks, was studied in a group of incarcerated women. Plasma levels of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and their respective metabolites were assayed in 28 flashbackers, 19 non-flashbackers with a history of previous MAP psychosis, and 9 subjects with persistent MAP psychosis. Control data were available from 61 physically healthy prisoners (41 MAP users and 20 non-users, none of whom became psychotic). The plasma NE levels of the 28 flashbackers during flashbacks were significantly higher than levels during periods of normality, and were significantly higher than those in the MAP user and non-user controls. Plasma 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) levels during flashbacks were significantly higher than those in the user controls. The nine subjects with persistent MAP psychosis had significantly higher NE levels than the user and non-user controls. The 19 non-flashbackers had significantly higher MHPG levels than the user controls. Plasma levels of 3-methoxytyramine and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid contributed to the NE levels in the flashbackers, in contrast to the findings in the control group. Noradrenergic systems may be compromised in the flashbackers, suggesting increased vulnerability to psychotic decompensation. These findings suggest that aggravation in peripheral noradrenergic hyperactivity may be an important factor in the occurrence of flashbacks.
authors.affiliation: Medical Care Section, Urawa Juvenile Classification Home, Ministry of Justice, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yui
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ikemoto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishiguro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004298:Dopamine / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D006719:Homovanillic Acid / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008734:Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000097:blood*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood*; D010259:Paranoid Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011329:Prisoners / Q000523:psychology; D012008:Recurrence; D012701:Serotonin / Q000097:blood*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D012701:Serotonin; D008694:Methamphetamine; D008734:Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol; D004298:Dopamine; D009638:Norepinephrine; D006719:Homovanillic Acid