title: Paraumbilical venous collateral circulations: color Doppler ultrasound features.
abstract: Using Color Doppler ultrasonography to trace the dilated paraumbilical vein to its connection with systemic veins in 27 patients, we have found four major pathways: In type 1 (63%), the vein connected with the external iliac vein via the inferior epigastric vein. In type 2 (3.7%), the vein connected with the saphenous vein via the superficial epigastric vein. In type 3 (22.2%), the vein connected with the internal thoracic vein via the superior epigastric vein. Type 4 (11.1%) is a combination of types 1 and 2. A frank caput medusa was not seen, but occult caput medusa were seen in two patients. Turbulent flow was seen at the junction between inferior epigastric and external iliac veins, paraumbilical and superficial epigastric veins, and superficial epigastric and saphenous veins in some patients. Color Doppler ultrasonography is a convenient, noninvasive method for determining the course and associated hemodynamic changes in the paraumbilical collateral circulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY 10029, USA.
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stancato-Pasik
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Rabinowitz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D003097:Collateral Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D004108:Dilatation, Pathologic / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006975:Hypertension, Portal / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007084:Iliac Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011168:Portal System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012501:Saphenous Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods*; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology