title: The association of Chlamydia trachomatis/gonococcal infection and tubal factor infertility.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association of past Chlamydia trachomatis and past Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection with tubal factor infertility.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted. Cases consisted of 55 primary infertile women with laparoscopy confirmed tubal damage (group A) and their husbands, consecutively attending the Infertility Unit at Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital between 1990 and 1992; and 58 primary infertile women with laparoscopy confirmed normal tubes (group B) and their husbands, consecutively attending the same hospital over the same period. Controls consisted of 59 postpartum women (group C) and their husbands omitted to the same hospital over the same period as cases. Past chlamydial and gonococcal infections were assessed by measuring serum IgG antibodies by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The EIA antigens consisted of purified elementary bodies of C. trachomatis serovar L1, or purified alpha pili of N. gonorrhoeae strain P9.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of positive IgG antibody to gonococcal pili in sera from group A was 29.1%, significantly higher than the prevalence of 5.2% in group B or 3.4% in group C (p = 0.000). The husbands of women in group A had a significantly higher prevalence of IgG antibody to gonococcal pili (36.4%) than the husbands of women in group B (8.6%) or group C (18.6%) (p = 0.002). There was no significant difference in positive IgA antibody between case and control groups. After controlling for age, group A showed significantly higher prevalences of past gonorrhea (OR = 32.4, 95% CI 4.3, 242.2) and past chlamydial infection (OR = 3.2, 95% CI 1.2, 8.5) than group C. The husbands of women in group A also had higher prevalences of both types of infection than the husbands of women in group C; the odds ratios for past gonorrhea or chlamydial infections were 2.8 (95% CI 1.1, 6.9) and 2.9 (95% CI 1.2, 7.1), respectively. Neither infertile women with normal tubes (group B) nor their husbands showed any difference when compared with controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that in this region of northern Thailand there is an association between past gonorrhea and past chlamydial infection and tubal factor infertility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Swasdio
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rugpao
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tansathit
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Uttavichai
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jongusuk
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vutayavanich
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oranratanachai
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pruthitada
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peerakom
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ittipunkul
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D002690:Chlamydia Infections; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000276:immunology; D005184:Fallopian Tube Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D010861:Fimbriae, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology; D006069:Gonorrhea; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000097:blood; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D009344:Neisseria gonorrhoeae / Q000276:immunology; D000292:Pelvic Inflammatory Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G