title: Predictors of adipose tissue tocopherol and toenail selenium levels in nine countries: the EURAMIC study. European Multicentre Case-Control Study on Antioxidants, Myocardial Infarction, and Cancer of the Breast.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the levels of adipose tissue alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, and toenail selenium and their determinants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Control subjects from multicentre case-control study on antioxidants, myocardial infarction and cancer of the breast.
  
  
  METHODS
  686 male and 339 female middle-aged and elderly subjects from eight European countries and Israel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The antioxidant levels were lower in men than women; adipose tissue alpha-tocophreol level in men was 75% of that in women, gamma-tocopherol 79% and toenail selenium 92%, respectively. In multiple regression analysis adjusting for age and centre waist circumference showed to be the only independent predictor of adipose tissue alpha-tocopherol level and waist/hip (W/H) ratio that of gamma-tocopherol level in men. In women no predictors of adipose tissue alpha-tocopherol or gamma-tocopherol level were found. Smoking and coffee use showed up to be the independent predictors of toenail selenium in men and smoking in women. Age, alcohol use, serum lipids, and reproductive factors were not related to the antioxidant levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inverse relationships of adipose tissue alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol levels with central fat distribution should be considered in studies relating the tocopherol levels to the development of chronic diseases in men, and the inverse relationship of toenail selenium with smoking both in men and women, and with coffee consumption in men, should be considered when toenail selenium level is used as a biomarker in epidemiological studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van't Veer
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kok
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Kardinaal
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aro
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000737:chemistry*; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005060:Europe; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009262:Nails / Q000737:chemistry*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012643:Selenium / Q000032:analysis*; D012737:Sex Factors; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D014810:Vitamin E; D012643:Selenium