title: Involvement of N-acyl-L-hormoserine lactone autoinducers in controlling the multicellular behaviour of Serratia liquefaciens.
abstract: Several bacterial species possess the ability to differentiate into highly motile swarmer cells capable of rapid surface colonization. In Serratia liquefaciens, we demonstrate that initiation of swarmer-cell differentiation involves diffusible signal molecules that are released into the growth medium. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, we identified N-butanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (BHL) and N-hex anoyl-L-homoserine lactone (HHL) in cell-free Serratia culture supernatants. BHL and HHL are present in a ratio of approximately 10:1 and their structures were unequivocally confirmed by chemical synthesis. The swrl (swarmer initiation) gene, the predicted translation product of which exhibits substantial homology to the LuxI family of putative N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) synthases is responsible for directing synthesis of both BHL and HHL. In an swrl mutant, swarming motility is abolished but can be restored by the addition of an exogenous AHL. These results add swarming motility to the rapidly expanding list of phenotypes known to be controlled through quorum sensing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, The Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Eberl
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Winson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sternberg
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Christiansen
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Chhabra
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bycroft
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Molin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Givskov
mesh_terms: D015107:4-Butyrolactone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003470:Culture Media; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009068:Movement; D010641:Phenotype; D012705:Serratia / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D003470:Culture Media; C092312:N-butyrylhomoserine lactone; C104908:N-hexanoyl-L-homoserine lactone; C104910:SwrI protein, Serratia liquefaciens; D015107:4-Butyrolactone