title: Percutaneous testis biopsy: an alternative to open testicular biopsy in the evaluation of the subfertile man.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the safety and efficacy of percutaneous testis biopsy by comparing the ultrasound appearance and histological status of testicular parenchyma obtained to those noted after open testis biopsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 51 consecutive infertile men with azoospermia or severely impaired semen quality, in whom ductal obstruction was suspected, underwent percutaneous (31) or open (20) testis biopsy, with 58 and 34 procedures performed, respectively. Scrotal ultrasound was performed preoperatively, and at 2 weeks and 1, 3 and 6 months after biopsy. In addition, immunoglobulins G and A antisperm antibody assays were obtained preoperatively and postoperatively. Two biopsy specimens were obtained from each testis for formal histological evaluation. A touch preparation was also performed and examined immediately for mature spermatozoa using phase contrast microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All biopsies yielded adequate tissue for diagnosis and morphometric analysis. Of 58 percutaneous biopsies 4 (7%) demonstrated sonographic evidence of intratesticular bleeding, characterized by a hypoechoic region within the testicular parenchyma, which resolved by 6 months postoperatively. In contrast, 10 of 34 open biopsies (29%) showed evidence of intratesticular bleeding or a new area of increased echogenicity at 1 month after the procedure (intraparenchymatous scar). All intraparenchymatous scars persisted to 6 months postoperatively. No patient undergoing percutaneous or open testis biopsy had antisperm antibodies in the seminal fluid or serum (azoospermia cases) or on sperm postoperatively. Of the 32 and 20 patients undergoing percutaneous and open testis biopsy 3 (9%) and 14 (70%), respectively, required narcotic analgesia. All patients returned to routine activities within 24 hours after percutaneous testis biopsy. No postoperative infections or extratesticular hematomas were noted. Pathological study was diagnostic in all specimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous testis biopsy is well tolerated by the patient, with fewer apparent complications than and diagnostic value equal to open testis biopsy. Percutaneous testis biopsy should be considered an alternative to open biopsy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, USA.
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Harrington
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schauer
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Gilbert
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D013737:Testis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D014463:Ultrasonography