title: Structure-function analysis of the Autographa californica multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus homologous region palindromes.
abstract: Homologous regions (hrs), which are present at eight dispersed locations on the Autographa californica multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus genome, are composed of repeated imperfect palindromes within directly repeated sequences. Hrs act as transcriptional enhancers of RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription and as origins of DNA replication when incorporated into plasmids and tested in transient replication assays. To characterize the physical structure of these elements and to determine the role that mismatched nucleotides may play in hr function, oligonucleotides containing a consensus mismatched "imperfect" palindrome and a closely related "perfect" palindrome were synthesized. These sequences were cloned into individual plasmids and tested for their ability to form cruciform structures using nuclease P1 assays and two-dimensional (2-D) gel analyses of topoisomers. The perfect palindrome formed a cruciform structure and the energy requirement for its formation was predicted to occur under physiological conditions. In contrast, the construct containing an imperfect palindrome did not form a cruciform under these conditions. Both hr constructs were found to bind IE-1 in electrophoresis mobility shift assays and act as enhancers when cis-linked to the baculovirus 39K early gene promoter. However, a single oligonucleotide containing the palindrome sequence did not bind IE-1 when annealed under conditions conducive to hairpin formation.
authors.affiliation: Genetics Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331-7301, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Leisy
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Rohrmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D004279:DNA, Viral; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009036:Moths / Q000821:virology; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D019251:Nucleocapsid / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology; D017924:Nucleopolyhedroviruses / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D011487:Protein Conformation; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D015719:Single-Strand Specific DNA and RNA Endonucleases / Q000378:metabolism; D018411:Spodoptera / Q000166:cytology; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C069183:Ac-IE-1 protein, Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus; D004279:DNA, Viral; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D015534:Trans-Activators; D015719:Single-Strand Specific DNA and RNA Endonucleases