title: Cephalad distribution of three differing volumes of new methylene blue injected into the epidural space in adult goats.
abstract: Epidural anesthesia and analgesia are popular regional anesthetic techniques in many animal species. However, we have not found any reports of studies in animals that have investigated the extent of cephalad migration and level of sensory blockade achieved based only on the volume of drug injected into the epidural space. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a relationship between the volume (mL/kg) of an injectate injected epidurally and the extent of its cephalad migration within the epidural space. Twelve adult goats were randomly assigned to three treatment groups based on the volume of 0.12% New Methylene Blue (NMB), 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 mL/kg, injected into the epidural space. The site and speed of injection, animal position, and direction of needle bevel were held constant. All injections were performed at the lumbo-sacral space immediately following euthanasia. At necropsy, the vertebral columns were transected longitudinally. The extent of cephalad migration of dye within the epidural space was easily determined by staining of the dura. Measurements were rounded to the nearest intervertebral space to which the dye had migrated. The individual making assessments was blinded to all treatments. In goats treated with 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 mL/kg NMB, the number of stained spinal segments was 3.5 +/- 0.6, 6.5 +/- 0.9, and 8.8 +/- 0.6, (mean +/- SEM), respectively. Linear regression performed on the data was significant (P < .05) with R2 = 0.86. There was a strong linear relationship between volume (mL/kg) of epidurally injected NMB and cranial migration, with the larger volumes producing more cephalad spread within the epidural space. These results provide evidence for the volume of epidural injectate needed to produce a desired level of sensory blockade in adult goats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706, USA.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hendrickson
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Kruse-Elliott
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D004824:Epidural Space / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D007268:Injections, Epidural / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D011897:Random Allocation; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D013131:Spine / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D008751:Methylene Blue