title: Prenatal cocaine and neonatal outcome: evaluation of dose-response relationship.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that prenatal cocaine exposure would negatively affect newborn behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective observational study of term infants recruited from the low-risk nursery used a structured, standardized interview to obtain maternal data. Cocaine exposure was determined by radioimmunoassay of the infant's meconium stool. An examiner blinded to the infant's cocaine status administered the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sample was composed of 23 exposed and 29 nonexposed infants. On six of the seven Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale clusters, cocaine-exposed infants performed less well than control infants, with significant differences observed for autonomic stability. In addition, a dose-response relationship was suggested. Significant negative, within-group relationships were evident in the exposed group, indicating poorer performance with increasing meconium cocaine concentration for orientation (r = -.40) and regulation of state (r = -.40). Regression model testing of the influence of meconium cocaine concentration on neurobehavioral outcomes, after controlling for significant confounders, identified a significant independent, negative effect of meconium cocaine concentration on two clusters-motor and regulation of state.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In otherwise healthy full-term infants, prenatal cocaine exposure identified by quantitative analysis of cocaine concentration in meconium had a significant, independent negative association with motor and regulation of state that remained after controlling for other significant confounders. A dose-response relationship was evident.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Delaney-Black
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Covington
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ostrea
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Tagle
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nordstrom-Klee
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Silvestre
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Angelilli
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hack
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Long
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008470:Meconium / Q000737:chemistry; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012044:Regression Analysis; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine