title: "Sepsis/SIRS," physiologic classification, severity stratification, relation to cytokine elaboration and outcome prediction in posttrauma critical illness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a quantitative severity stratification within the framework of a Physiologic State Classification (PSSC) system that can be applied to critically ill post-trauma patients with "sepsis/SIRS" and to relate PSSC to the nature of the plasma cytokine response.
  
  
  METHODS
  At each study time period, a patient was classified into one of seven physiologic States previously derived from clustering 17 cardiopulmonary and metabolic variables from 338 critically ill patients: R = reference, A = normal stress response, B = metabolic insufficiency, C1 (early) and C2 (late) = respiratory insufficiency, D = cardiogenic insufficiency, H = nonshock hypovolemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PSSC used State data from a developmental set of 159 trauma patients in a logistic model (L2PDEATH) to provide a quantitative index of severity. This severity index was tested on 80 new trauma patients (mean injury Severity Score (ISS) = 27.6, 64% survivors). Using PSSC State distributions for evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measured cytokines interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) showed the multicytokine score to be greatest in those C2- and B-State regions associated with a higher severity as measured by L2PDEATH. Compared with ARDEATH of the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scoring system, L2PDEATH provided a better indicator of severity of sepsis/systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) for posttrauma patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PSSC allows classification of the physiologic and cytokine mediator response to trauma and permits stratification of severity in posttrauma critical illness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, New Jersey Medical School, Newark 07103, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rixen
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Siegel
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Friedman
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016638:Critical Illness; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification / Q000401:mortality; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification* / Q000401:mortality; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines