title: Serum interleukin-1 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor levels in protein malnourished patients during acute infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the response of serum interleukin-1 (IL-1) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to infection of malnourished patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Paediatric clinics of Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Medicine, Trabzon, Turkey.
  
  
  METHODS
  13 protein-depleted (kwashiorkor marasmic kwashiorkor), 15 marasmic nutritionally repleted kwashiorkor (NRK), and 12 well-nourished control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and laboratory data, and serum IL-1 and GM-CSF levels during acute infections were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  White blood cell count, pc of circulating neutrophils (%PNL), serum total protein, albumin (ALB), IL-1 and GM-CSF levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fever, pcPNL, serum IL-1 and GM-CSF levels of kwashiorkor patients were lower than those of marasmic and control patients (p < 0.005). Fever, neutrophil pc(PNLpc), serum IL-1 and GM-CSF levels of NRK patients during further acute infection were not significantly different from those of marasmic and control patients, but higher than those of the kwashiorkor patients. Although there were positive correlations between serum IL-1 and ALB levels (r = 0.922, p < 0.001), and between serum GM-CSF and ALB levels (r0.730, p = 0.005) in the kwashiorkor group, there were not significant correlations between the same parameters in the other groups (r < 0.5, p > 0.05). And also, although there was not significant correlations between PNL% and IL-1 levels in the kwashiorkor group (r0.312, p = 0.299), there were significant positive correlations between the same parameters in the other groups (r < 0.5, p > 0.05). However, significant positive correlations were found between fever and IL-1 levels, and between IL-1 and GM-CSF levels in all groups (r > 0.5, p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The responses of serum IL-1 and GM-CSF to acute infection of kwashiorkor patients are defective, and nutritional-repletion therapies restore the production of these cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Karadinez Technical University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Trabzon, Turkey.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aslan
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Erduran
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gedik
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mocan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okten
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orem
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007239:Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011502:Protein-Energy Malnutrition / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor