title: Volatile general anesthetics produce hyperpolarization of Aplysia neurons by activation of a discrete population of baseline potassium channels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mechanism by which volatile anesthetics act on neuronal tissue to produce reversible depression is unknown. Previous studies have identified a potassium current in invertebrate neurons that is activated by volatile anesthetics. The molecular components generating this current are characterized here in greater detail.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cellular and biophysical effects of halothane and isoflurane on neurons of Aplysia californica were studied. Isolated abdominal ganglia were perfused with anesthetic-containing solutions while membrane voltage changes were recorded. These effects were also studied at the single-channel level by patch clamping cultured neurons from the abdominal and pleural ganglia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinically relevant concentrations of halothane and isoflurane produced a slow hyperpolarization in abdominal ganglion neurons that was sufficient to block spontaneous spike firings. Single-channel studies revealed specific activation by volatile anesthetics of a previously described potassium channel. In pleural sensory neurons, halothane and isoflurane increased the open probability of the outwardly rectifying serotonin-sensitive channel (S channel). Halothane also inhibited a smaller noninactivating channel with a linear slope conductance of approximately 40 pS. S channels were activated by halothane with a median effective concentration of approximately 500 microM (0.013 atm), which increased channel activity about four times. The mechanism of channel activation involved shortening the closed-time durations between bursts and apparent recruitment of previously silent channels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate a unique ability of halothane and isoflurane to activate a specific class of potassium channels. Because potassium channels are important regulators of neuronal excitability within the mammalian central nervous system, background channels such as the S channel may be responsible in part for mediating the action of volatile anesthetics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0648, USA.
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Winegar
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Yost
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Forsayeth
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mayeri
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001048:Aplysia; D004594:Electrophysiology; D017952:Ganglia, Invertebrate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006221:Halothane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015640:Ion Channel Gating / Q000187:drug effects; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D012701:Serotonin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D015221:Potassium Channels; D012701:Serotonin; D007530:Isoflurane; D006221:Halothane