title: Outcome analysis of Mitrofanoff principle applications using appendix and ureter to umbilical and lower quadrant stomal sites.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compared the indications for and results of application of the Mitrofanoff principle using appendix and ureter to umbilical and lower quadrant stomal sites.
  
  
  METHODS
  We created continent catheterizable conduits in 60 patients 3 days to 20 years old (mean age 8.8 years). The primary indication was refractory urinary incontinence associated with bladder or cloacal exstrophy, or anomalies in 31 cases. We constructed 38 umbilical (all appendix) and 22 lower quadrant (10 appendix and 12 ureter) stomas. Mean followup was 3 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We preferred the umbilicus as a stomal site for its cosmetic value. The most common indication for a lower quadrant stomal site was preservation of the retroperitoneal course of the ureter. The stomal stenosis rate was 13 and 4% in patients with umbilical and lower quadrant stomas, respectively. We preferred the appendix as a conduit due to availability. Indications for the ureter as a catheterizable conduit were absence of an adequate appendix or presence of a healthy ureter after nephrectomy. The appendiceal and ureteral conduits were catheterizable in 94 and 84% of patients, respectively, and continence was achieved in 97%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a complex group of patients with incontinence application of the Mitrofanoff principle yielded good results for either combination of stomal site or catheterizable conduit. Appendicovesicostomy to the umbilicus remains our preferred procedure.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Van Savage
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Khoury
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: McLorie
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Churchill
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001065:Appendix / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003559:Cystostomy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D014472:Umbilicus / Q000601:surgery; D014519:Ureterostomy / Q000379:methods*; D014546:Urinary Catheterization