Endocrine and paracrine hormones in the promotion, progression and recurrence of breast cancer.
Both normal and neoplastic breast tissues are stimulated by endocrine and paracrine hormones. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated the significant role that hormones, growth factors and cytokines have in the promotion, progression and recurrence of breast cancer. Significant variations in the hormonal environment occur based on age, the cyclical changes occurring during the menstrual cycle and (mammographically determined) variations in breast composition. These variations have a significant influence on rates of local recurrence of breast cancer and survival. This review analyses data relevant to these issues and suggests means by which operative results may be improved.
Reid
S E
SE
Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Murthy
M S
MS
Kaufman
M
M
Scanlon
E F
EF
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D018450:Disease Progression; D004967:Estrogens / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000009:adverse effects; D006728:Hormones / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors
D004967:Estrogens; D006133:Growth Substances; D006728:Hormones