title: Methylphenidate dosing: twice daily versus three times daily.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the short-term efficacy and side effects associated with two methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH) dosing patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) participated in a 5-week, triple-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover evaluation of MPH administered twice (b.i.d.) versus thrice (t.i.d.) per day (mean dose = 8.8 +/- 5 mg, .30 +/- .1 mg/kg/dose). Four dosing conditions (placebo, titration [gradual increase to target dose], b.i.d., and t.i.d.) were used. Dependent measures obtained on a weekly basis included: parent and teacher ratings of child behavior, parent-child conflicts, parent report of stimulant side effects, child self-report of mood symptoms, a sleep log, laboratory measures of attention, and actigraphic recording of sleep activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All dosing conditions resulted in significant effects on ADHD symptoms when compared with baseline. Relative to placebo, t.i.d. dosing was characterized by improvement on the greatest number of behavioral measures, and both b.i.d. and t.i.d. were generally more effective than titration. Direct comparisons of b.i.d. and t.i.d. dosing revealed that t.i.d. was associated with greater improvement on the Conners Parent Rating Scale Impulsivity/Hyperactivity factor, with a similar marginally significant effect for the ADD-H Teacher Rating Scale Hyperactivity factor. The analysis of clinically significant change favored a three-times-a-day dosing schedule over placebo on both parent and teacher ratings of impulsivity/hyperactivity and attention. Compared with placebo, appetite suppression was rated, on average, as more severe in the t.i.d. and titration conditions, but not in the b.i.d. condition. However, the number of subjects who exhibited any or severe appetite suppression did not differ significantly between the b.i.d. and t.i.d. schedules. Although there was no difference in sleep duration for children on b.i.d. and t.i.d. schedules, total sleep time appeared to decrease slightly on t.i.d. relative to placebo according to both parent ratings and actigraphic assessment. There were no significant differences between b.i.d. and t.i.d. on any other side effects or sleep variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For many children with ADHD, t.i.d. dosing may be optimal. There are few differences in acute side effects between b.i.d. and t.i.d. MPH dosing. The dosing schedule should be selected according to the severity and time course of ADHD symptoms rather than in anticipation of dosing schedule-related side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Blondis
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Schnitzler
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fishkin
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Blackwell
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Szumowski
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Roizen
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D002214:Capsules; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002214:Capsules; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008774:Methylphenidate