title: Heart failure in a macaw with atherosclerosis of the aorta and brachiocephalic arteries.
abstract: A female severe macaw (Ara severa) that was at least 11 years old was evaluated for sudden onset of exercise intolerance and dyspnea. Radiography revealed a large heart silhouette, an increase in prominence of the brachiocephalic arteries, and a diffuse increase in opacity of the lungs. Lateral nonselective angiography revealed dilatation of both chambers of the right side of the heart and incomplete emptying of the right atrium. Alterations in the shape and position of the left-side heart chambers and reduction in blood flow through the brachiocephalic arteries and aorta were identified. Despite treatment, the bird died suddenly 2.5 months after the first episode of dyspnea. At necropsy, severe atherosclerosis of the aorta and brachiocephalic arteries, dilatation of all heart chambers, pulmonary edema, and severe hepatic centrolobular atrophy and fibrosis were identified. Correlation between the angiography and necropsy findings suggested that angiography could be an important diagnostic tool for the detection of cardiovascular disease in birds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, Texas Veterinary Medical Center, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA.
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Phalen
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Hays
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Filippich
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography / Q000662:veterinary; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary*; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D016122:Brachiocephalic Trunk / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000662:veterinary; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D005082:Physical Exertion; D011563:Psittaciformes