title: Techniques for intrasplenic hepatocyte transplantation in the large animal model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The preferred therapy for acute and chronic liver insufficiency and severe heritable disorders of liver metabolism is whole-organ transplantation. However, due to the shortage of organ donors and high cost, alternative therapeutic approaches have been proposed, including transplantation of normal allogeneic hepatocytes. Recently, it has been reported that many hepatocytes transplanted into the spleen migrated to the liver. We therefore carried out a series of large-animal experiments to reexamine the intrasplenic route and to develop a method for large-scale hepatocellular transplantation in pigs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Allogeneic porcine hepatocytes were transplanted using the following routes: (1) retrograde injection of cells via the splenic vein, (2) intraarterial injection of cells, (3) direct intrasplenic injection of cells after laparotomy, (4) percutaneous intrasplenic injection of cells under laparoscopic control, (5) laparoscopic intrasplenic injection of cells. The number of cells injected varied from 2 x 10(9) to 10 x 10(9) cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of all the methods tested, only direct intrasplenic injection of 2 bln of cells was found to be compatible with survival. However, even with this "small" number of cells (2% original liver mass), there was a significant risk of spleen infarction, perisplenic adhesion formation, and portal vein thrombosis. The laparoscopic approach was found to be reliable, simple, and safe.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even though the spleen is considered by many authors the optimal site for hepatocellular transplantation, transplantation of cells in a number needed to support the failing liver may be associated with significant complications, morbidity, and mortality.
authors.affiliation: The Liver Support Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eguchi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Geller
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Demetriou
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rozga
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017690:Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D007267:Injections; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology*; D008297:Male; D013154:Spleen; D013552:Swine; D016042:Transplantation, Heterotopic / Q000379:methods*