title: Effects of serum separation tubes on serum benzodiazepine and phenobarbital concentrations in clinically normal and epileptic dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the effects of serum separation tubes (SST) on serum drug concentrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinically normal dogs (clorazepate, n = 7) or dogs with epilepsy (phenobarbital, n = 7) were studied in experiment 1, and samples submitted for therapeutic drug monitoring (n = 87) were studied in experiment 2.
  
  
  METHODS
  In experiment 1, blood containing either drug was placed in 2 types of 4-ml SST (SST-A and SST-B) and in nonserum separation tubes (non-SST [control]). Samples were processed, then stored at 20 to 22 C (both drugs) or 10 C (phenobarbital only). Aliquots were collected for 96 hours. The rate constant of disappearance and the percentage decrease of each drug over time were determined for each tube. For experiment 2, paired samples were collected in non-SST and SST and submitted by mail for therapeutic drug monitoring. The SST samples were either decanted from SST prior to shipment (group 1; n = 30) or mailed in SST with serum in contact with the silica gel (group 2; n = 57). Drug concentrations and drug elimination half-life were compared between groups. For both experiments, drugs were detected in samples, using polarized immunofluorescence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For experiment 1, the rate constant of drug disappearance for both drugs was greater in the 4-ml SST-A (P < 0.0001). This SST also caused the greatest percentage decrease (20% for phenobarbital and 35% for benzodiazepines) at 96 hours. Refrigeration reduced the mean decrease in phenobarbital at 96 hours to 11%. For experiment 2, phenobarbital concentration was lower for both SST, compared with non-SST (P < 0.0005). Phenobabital had decreased a mean 6.4 +/- 0.5% in group-1 and a mean 30.5 +/- 11.1% in group-2 (P < 0.0005) samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SST should be avoided when collecting serum for monitoring of either phenobarbital or benzodiazepines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SST can falsely decrease serum drug concentrations and should be avoided when collecting blood for therapeutic drug monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4466, USA.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Boothe
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D004283:Dog Diseases; D004285:Dogs; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D006207:Half-Life; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D001569:Benzodiazepines