title: Cochlear histopathologic characteristics following long-term implantation. Safety studies in the young monkey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the safety of cochlear implantation in children 2 years of age or younger using a non-human primate model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Histopathologic study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five macaque monkeys.
  
  
  METHODS
  A commercially produced electrode array was implanted for 3 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histologic examination demonstrated the biocompatibility of the scala tympani electrode array. Limited soft-tissue growth and new bone growth were observed in the lower basal turn. There was no evidence of intracochlear infection. Evidence of minimal insertion trauma was seen. Hair cell loss was, in general, confined to the region of the electrode array, with normal hair cell populations toward the apex, although there was evidence of hair cell preservation adjacent to the array. At least 20% of spiral ganglion cells were preserved even in regions with a smaller proportion of hair cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even after extended periods of implantation, the electrode array is well tolerated, and there is substantial preservation of neural elements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, University of Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003051:Cochlea / Q000473:pathology*; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D009925:Organ of Corti / Q000473:pathology; D013136:Spiral Ganglion / Q000473:pathology; D013137:Spiral Lamina / Q000473:pathology