title: Clinical use of percutaneous intramuscular electrodes for functional electrical stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the clinical use of the percutaneous intramuscular electrode in functional electrical stimulation (FES).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized and controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A referral center and institutional practice providing outpatient care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen patients (12 men, 5 women) who had implanted percutaneous intramuscular electrodes for more than 1 year were examined. The average follow-up time after implantation of electrodes was 2.2 years (range, 1yr to 4yr 10mo). Overall, there were 327 electrodes (83 upper extremities and 244 lower extremities).
  
  
  METHODS
  The indwelling electrode was composed of helically coiled Teflon-coated rope stranded from 19 hard drawn wires of SUS 316L stainless steel (SES 114).
  
  
  METHODS
  The rates of breakage, movement, and infection, and the number of electrodes that needed reimplantation were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only one electrode broke (0.3%) in the iliopsoas muscle at 12 weeks after implantation. Eight electrodes (2.4%) were removed because of loss of sufficient contraction force caused by movement of the electrodes. Movements occurred at 9 weeks in 6 electrodes and at 5 months in two. The failure rate of electrodes in the lower extremities was 3.7%. No failures occurred in the upper extremities. Ten electrodes (3.1%) required reimplantation. Although ten superficial infections (3.1%) were seen around the site of electrode insertion, no removals of electrode were needed. All electrodes in one patient were removed, however, because of generalized methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection complicated with renal disease. Electrodes were reimplanted after improvement of the infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ultrafine percutaneous intramuscular electrode was considered practical for long-term FES use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Akita University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kagaya
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Konishi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsunaga
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted / Q000009:adverse effects; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010291:Paresis / Q000534:rehabilitation*