title: Detection of the chemokine RANTES and endothelial adhesion molecules in nasal polyps.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To better understand the mechanisms of eosinophil recruitment into the upper airways, we examined human nasal polyps for the expression of the chemotactic cytokine RANTES and the endothelial adhesion molecules E-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1).
  
  
  METHODS
  Routine histologic examination and immunostaining with antibodies to RANTES, E-selectin, and VCAM-1 were performed on three types of tissues: nasal polyps, sinus mucosa, or turbinates from patients undergoing other elective procedures (S/T), and nasal biopsy specimens from nonallergic volunteers (NA). To further quantify the expression of endothelial adhesion molecules, some tissue samples were homogenized, and the resulting supernatants were assayed with sandwich ELISAs for VCAM-1 and E-selectin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Polyp eosinophil counts ranged from 19/mm2 to 1818/mm2 (763 +/- 120/mm2, mean +/- SEM) and were significantly higher than those found in the control tissues (5 +/- 2 in S/T samples and 20 +/- 9 in NA samples, p < 0.002). Immunochemical staining for RANTES was observed in 11 of 14 polyps; intense staining for RANTES (grade 3) was observed in six of 14 polyps. None of nine S/T samples or five NA samples demonstrated grade 3 staining. Staining with anti-RANTES was largely localized to airway and glandular epithelium. There was no significant correlation between counts of eosinophils or the combined total of eosinophils plus mononuclear cells and the intensity of epithelial RANTES staining in all nasal tissues. Staining for VCAM-1, as well as for E-selectin, was detected in 11 of 14 polyps and eight of 13 control tissues. VCAM-1 detected by ELISA in polyp tissues (6.8 +/- 1.3 micrograms/gm) was higher than that found in six S/T samples (1.2 +/- 0.3 micrograms/gm, p < 0.005) and in two NA samples (1.8 +/- 0.02 micrograms/gm, p = 0.08). E-selectin values in polyps (1.4 +/- 0.3 micrograms/gm) were not statistically different from those detected in six S/T samples (0.5 +/- 0.2 microgram/gm) or two NA samples (1.6 +/- 0.4 microgram/gm). Counts of eosinophils and eosinophils plus mononuclear cells displayed a strong correlation with VCAM-1 ELISA values (p < 0.005 and p < 0.004, respectively) but not with VCAM-1 staining. VCAM-1 staining correlated with EG2-positive eosinophils in nasal polyp tissues (p < 0.01). E-selectin staining did not correlate with either neutrophil or eosinophil counts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies demonstrate that the chemokine RANTES is produced in vivo predominantly to nasal epithelium. Endothelial activation, as indicated by adhesion molecule expression, occurs in human nasal polyp tissues and in control tissues, possibly reflecting the continued antigen exposure of the nasal mucosa. The correlations found in this study suggest that expression of VCAM-1 plays a role in the selective recruitment of eosinophils and mononuclear cells into nasal polyp tissues and that RANTES may be more important in localizing eosinophils to the epithelium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (Division of Immunology), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, USA.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stellato
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Beall
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Schall
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leopold
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bickel
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Baroody
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Bochner
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Schleimer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000378:metabolism*; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000378:metabolism*; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D009298:Nasal Polyps / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D019040:E-Selectin; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1