Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia in children: low-density lipoprotein receptor mutational analysis and variation in the expression of plasma lipoprotein-lipid concentrations.
The phenotypic expression of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is variable form biochemical and clinical standpoints and several genetic and environmental factors could contribute to explain this variability. We have compared, in a cohort of 266 heterozygous FH children and adolescents (1-19 years), the variation in plasma lipoprotein-lipid levels among patients defined by three mutations in the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene. Comparison of the plasma total and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels among the three mutation groups revealed significant differences. Plasma total and LDL-C levels were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the group bearing the French-Canadian delta > 15 kb null allele mutation (8.17 +/- 1.45 and 6.58 +/- 1.42 mmol/l) and in the group with the defective allele C646Y missense mutation (8.18 +/- 1.53 and 6.65 +/- 1.50 mmo/l) compared to the group with the defective allele W66G missense mutation (7.19 +/- 1.23 and 5.62 +/- 1.16 mmol/l). Comparisons of other lipoprotein-lipid parameters between FH heterozygotes and normolipemic (n = 120) children indicated that all mutation groups had significantly (P = 0.0001) lower plasma HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and a higher total cholesterol (TC) to HDL-C ratio (P < 0.05). Among FH heterozygote groups, the W66G group had the lowest TC to HDL-C ratio. Multivariate analyses revealed that in FH heterozygotes as well as in controls, HDL-C levels contributed to a greater proportion of the variation in TC to HDL-C ratio than TC. In order to examine the age effect, control and FH heterozygote delta > 15 kb groups were then subdivided into four groups (1-4; 5-8; 9-13, and 14-19 years). The variation in HDL-C and triglycerides with age in heterozygous FH children showed a pattern which was similar to the one noted in the control group. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the overall contribution of age to variation in the lipoprotein profile of heterozygous FH children is similar to the effect observed among healthy children. The effect of LDLR gene in FH is dominant and there was no difference in plasma TC and LDL-C due to gender. Finally, this study indicates that the LDLR gene type mutations are a modulator of the magnitude of the increase in plasma TC and LDL-C levels noted among FH heterozygote children.
Torres
A L
AL
Lipid Research Center, Laval University Medical Research Center, CHUL, Québec, Canada.
Moorjani
S
S
Vohl
M C
MC
Gagné
C
C
Lamarche
B
B
Brun
L D
LD
Lupien
P J
PJ
Després
J P
JP
D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000483:Alleles; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D006938:Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II / Q000235:genetics*; D007223:Infant; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D017354:Point Mutation; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000235:genetics*
D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D008055:Lipids; D008074:Lipoproteins; D011973:Receptors, LDL