Lipids and endothelial function: effects of lipid-lowering and other therapeutic interventions.
Coronary arteries are regulated by neuronal mechanisms, hormones and paracrine mediators. The importance of endothelium-dependent mechanisms has recently been recognized. The endothelium responds to mechanical and chemical signals from the blood by releasing mediators that modulate vascular tone and structure, platelet function, coagulation and monocyte adhesion. Important relaxing factors are nitric oxide, prostacyclin and a putative hyperpolarizing factor. Nitric oxide also inhibits smooth muscle proliferation and, together with prostacyclin, platelet function. Bradykinin-induced nitric oxide production is reduced by angiotensin-converting enzyme. Endothelin-1, thromboxane A2 and prostaglandin H2 are contracting factors. Thromboxane A2 and prostaglandin H2 activate platelets, while endothelin has no direct platelet effects, but causes smooth muscle proliferation. In hypercholestermia, endothelium-dependent relaxation is impaired and contraction as well as adhesion of monocytes and platelets enhanced. Pharmacological correction of hyperlipidemia by statins also improves or normalizes endothelial dysfunction in patients. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have similar effects.
Lüscher
T F
TF
Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.
Tanner
F C
FC
Noll
G
G
D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001120:Arginine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000187:drug effects; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D008055:Lipids / Q000502:physiology*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000502:physiology; D008148:Lovastatin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D013552:Swine
D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D019332:Endothelin-1; D008055:Lipids; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine; D008148:Lovastatin