title: Thoracic versus lumbar epidural anesthesia's effect on pain control and ileus resolution after restorative proctocolectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidural anesthesia as a perioperative adjunct has been shown to provide superior pain control and has been implicated in more rapid ileus resolution after major abdominal surgery, possibly through a sympatholytic mechanism. Studies suggest that the vertebral level of epidural administration influences these parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred seventy-nine patients (120 male, 59 female; average age, 36 years) underwent restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis or familial polyposis between 1989 and 1995. Patients were grouped according to type of anesthesia. Group THO (n = 53) received thoracic (T6 to T10) epidurals. Group LUM (n = 51) received lumbar (L2 to L4) epidurals, and group PCA (n = 75) received patient-controlled intravenous narcotic analgesia. Patients were compared for complications, perioperative risk factors, postoperative pain, and ileus resolution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Epidural narcotics, alone or combined with local anesthetics, were administered for an average of 2 (LUM) to 4 (THO) days without significant complications. Infrequent problems related to the epidural catheters included self-limited headaches or back pain (four) and site infections (two). Epidural failure, as measured by conversion to PCA for inadequate pain control, was not significantly greater for LUM (25%) than THO (23%). Average pain scores, rated daily on a visual analog scale, were significantly higher (indicating more pain) for PCA patients (4.2) during postoperative days 1 through 5 than for LUM (3.5) (p < 0.05) and for THO (2.4) (p < 0.05). Ileus resolution, as determined by stool output and return of bowel sounds, was significantly faster in THO than in LUM or PCA (p < 0.05). Resolution of ileus was not significantly different between PCA and LUM (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thoracic epidural analgesia has distinct advantages over both lumbar epidural or traditional patient-controlled analgesia in shortening parameters measuring postoperative ileus and in reducing surgical pain. The procedure is safe and associated with low morbidity. Thoracic epidural anesthesia is also economically justifiable and may prove to impact significantly on future postoperative management by reducing length of hospitalization. Our data and those of others are most striking in these regards for patients with thoracic catheters, indicating the importance of vertebral level in epidural drug administration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison 53792, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Starling
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Ruscher
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: DeLessio
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Harms
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D002648:Child; D003710:Demography; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007415:Intestinal Obstruction / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D010147:Pain Measurement; D016737:Proctocolectomy, Restorative; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae; D013997:Time Factors