title: Calmodulin inhibitors induce spinal analgesia in rats.
abstract: Calcium is an important intracellular messenger that interacts with Ca(2+)-binding proteins, such as calmodulin (CaM), to activate several intracellular enzymes. The involvement of Ca2+ in the transmission of nociceptive signals has been demonstrated at the spina level. Specifically, spinal sensitization induced by persistent nociceptive stimulation seems to be related to an increase of cytosolic calcium and the subsequent activation of several enzymes, some of which are Ca2+/CaM dependent. In order to elucidate the possible implication of calmodulin in these pain processes, we have studied the effect of two calmodulin inhibitors (W-7 and calmidazolium) or the formalin and tail-flick tests in rats after their intrathecal administration. Antinociceptive effects were observed in both tests by injecting 0.12-1 mumol/rat of calmidazolium and 0.25-2 mumol/rat of W-7. Calmidazolium was more potent than W-7 in inhibiting both phases of the formalin test, whereas lower doses of W-7 in comparison to calmidazolium affected the tail-flick latencies. In addition, both drugs induced, at high doses, a muscular flaccidity of the hindlimbs that impaired normal walking in the rats. This effect caused; significant reduction of the rotarod performance when 1 mumol/rat of calmidazolium or 2 mumol/rat of W-7 were injected. Overall, our results show that calmodulin inhibitors are capable of producing spinal analgesia on phasic and tonic noxious stimuli in rats, thus rendering them a promising potential as analgesics.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Asturias, Spain.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Menendez
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Perez-Vallina
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cantabrana
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hidalgo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baamonde
mesh_terms: D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005557:Formaldehyde; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000187:drug effects; D010147:Pain Measurement; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002147:Calmodulin; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007093:Imidazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D005557:Formaldehyde; C031938:calmidazolium; C017967:W 7