title: Controlled trial of interleukin-2 infusions in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interleukin-2 is a cytokine that regulates the proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes. In preliminary studies, intermittent infusions of interleukin-2 led to increases in CD4 counts in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and more than 200 CD4 cells per cubic millimeter. We conducted a controlled study to evaluate the long-term effects of such therapy on both CD4 counts and the viral burden.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty HIV-infected patients with base-line CD4 counts above 200 cells per cubic millimeter were randomly assigned to receive either interleukin-2 plus antiretroviral therapy (31 patients, 1 of whom was lost to follow-up) or antiretroviral therapy alone (29 patients). Interleukin-2 was administered every two months for six cycles of five days each, starting at a dosage of 18 million i.u. per day. Safety and immunologic and virologic measures were monitored monthly until four months after the last treatment cycle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients treated with interleukin-2, the mean (+/-SE) CD4 count increased from 428 +/- 25 cells per cubic millimeter at base line to 916 +/- 128 at month 12, whereas in the control group, the mean CD4 count decreased from 406 +/- 29 cells per cubic millimeter to 349 +/- 41 (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences between the groups in serial measurements of the plasma HIV RNA or p24 antigen concentration during the 12 months of treatment. Constitutional symptoms (fever, malaise, and fatigue) and asymptomatic hyperbilirubinemia were the chief dose-limiting toxic effects of interleukin-2 therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with HIV infection and base-line CD4 counts above 200 cells per cubic millimeter, intermittent infusions of interleukin-2 produced substantial and sustained increases in CD4 counts with no associated increase in plasma HIV RNA levels.
authors.affiliation: Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md. 20892-1662, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kovacs
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Falloon
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Davey
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Polis
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Spooner
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Metcalf
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baseler
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fyfe
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lane
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000401:mortality; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006678:HIV / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24 / Q000097:blood; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24; D007376:Interleukin-2; D012367:RNA, Viral