title: Halothane affects both inhibitory and excitatory synaptic transmission at a single identified molluscan synapse, in vivo and in vitro.
abstract: In the isolated CNS of Lymnaea, a peptidergic neuron termed VD4 makes monosynaptic connections with identified pedal A cluster neurons. In this study, the pedal A (PeA) neurons were further divided into two subgroups depending upon whether they received an inhibitory or excitatory input from VD4. PeA cells inhibited by VD4 were designated PeA(I), whereas those excited by VD4 were termed PeA(E). Both inhibitory and excitatory effects of VD4 stimulation on the PeA(I) and PeA(E) cells, respectively, were mimicked by exogenous FMRFamide in culture (in vitro), implicating this or a related peptide as the transmitter utilized at the VD4-to-PeA synapses. We tested the ability of the general anesthetic, halothane, to affect either the inhibitory or the excitatory peptidergic synapses between VD4 and the PeA neurons, both in the isolated CNS (in vivo) and at the in vitro reconstructed synapses. In the presence of 1% halothane, the excitatory synaptic potential between VD4 and the PeA(E) cells was either depressed or completely abolished, whereas the inhibitory synaptic potential between VD4 and the PeA(I) cells was unaffected in the presence of 1% halothane. The inhibitory potential between VD4 and the PeA(I) cells was, however, blocked in 2% halothane. In order to determine halothane' 5 site of action, exogenous FMRFamide was applied to both PeA(E) and PeA(I) cells in the presence of 1 or 2% halothane. In 1% halothane, the excitatory responses produced by FMRFamide were substantially reduced or abolished, whereas the inhibitory responses to FMRFamide were maintained and enhanced in duration in 1% halothane. In 2% halothane, the inhibitory responses to exogenous FMRFamide remained unchanged. It, therefore, appears that halothane exerts effects at both the pre- and postsynaptic level of the synapse, although presynaptic transmitter release is probably not substantially affected until a concentration of 2% halothane is reached. Our data provide the first evidence that clinically relevant concentrations of halothane (1-2%) affect both excitatory and inhibitory peptidergic synaptic transmission between identified neurons in the nervous system. Furthermore, excitatory transmission is abolished at lower anesthetic concentrations than inhibitory transmission.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: N I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Syed
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lukowiak
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Winlow
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D019835:FMRFamide; D006221:Halothane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008195:Lymnaea; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D013569:Synapses / Q000187:drug effects*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D009479:Neuropeptides; D019835:FMRFamide; D006221:Halothane