title: Human immunodeficiency virus infection in children with tuberculosis in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic: prevalence, clinical findings, and response to antituberculosis treatment.
abstract: We studied human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seroprevalence among children with clinically diagnosed tuberculosis (TB) and compared the clinical features and response to short-term anti-TB therapy of children with and without HIV infection in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Children aged 18-59 months with new-onset, clinically diagnosed TB were tested for HIV antibodies, their clinical features were recorded and their response to a standard 6-month regimen of daily isoniazid and rifampicin with daily streptomycin and pyrazinamide for the first 2 months was assessed. To increase the number of HIV-infected children with TB available for study, we also included children previously known to be HIV infected who developed new-onset TB. Eleven (5.8%) of 189 consecutively enrolled children with clinically diagnosed TB were HIV infected. Fifteen other children with previously documented HIV infection and new-onset TB were available for study, yielding 26 HIV-positive and 178 HIV-negative children with TB. Of these 204 children with clinically diagnosed TB, 25 HIV-positive and 156 HIV-negative children were successfully followed for 6 months or until death. The proportion of HIV-positive children who failed treatment was 6 (29%) of 21 as compared with only 5 (3%) of 156 HIV-negative children [relative risk = 8.9; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.9, 26.6; p = 0.0004]. HIV-infected children with clinically diagnosed TB are substantially more likely to fail standard treatment for TB than are HIV-uninfected children. If standard treatment regimens are used in such children, response to treatment must be monitored very closely and appropriate changes in the regimen must be made expeditiously.
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Biology and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Espinal
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Reingold
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Camilo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soto
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matos
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
mesh_terms: D015492:AIDS Serodiagnosis; D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004293:Dominican Republic / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015528:HIV Seroprevalence / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007538:Isoniazid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011718:Pyrazinamide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012293:Rifampin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013307:Streptomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular; D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D011718:Pyrazinamide; D007538:Isoniazid; D012293:Rifampin; D013307:Streptomycin