title: Four-hour voiding observation in healthy infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We present the 4-hour voiding observation as a method for basic assessment of bladder function in infants and nontoilet trained children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Voiding pattern, including number of voidings, voided volume, bladder capacity and residual urine for 4 hours, was determined noninvasively in 43 healthy infants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The infants voided an average of 1 time per hour but with great variability. Bladder capacity increased with age according to the formula, 38 + 2.5 x age (months). Mean residual urine plus or minus standard deviation was 4.6 +/- 3.0 ml. In all infants residual volume was less than 5 ml. at least once during observation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 4-hour voiding observation is an easy noninvasive method of characterizing the voiding pattern, focusing especially on emptying difficulties, in infants and nontoilet trained children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Holmdahl
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hellström
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hjälmås
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sillén
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D013997:Time Factors; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology*