title: Enhancement of nasal salmon calcitonin absorption by lauroylcarnitine chloride in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated optimum formulation characteristics in the nasal absorption of salmon calcitonin (sCT) by incorporation of acylcarnitines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nasal sCT formulations were administered to anesthetized rats. Plasma calcium level was measured and pharmacological bioavailability (P.bioav) was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nasal sCT absorption was significantly enhanced by carnitines with acyl groups of 12 or more carbon atoms. Enhancement by lauroylcarnitine chloride (LCC) was observed at its critical micelle concentration and reached a plateau at the concentration of 0.1 percent. Optimal absorption was achieved at a molar ratio of LCC to sCT of 5:1. Enhancement was not influenced by osmolarity and maximum enhancement was obtained at pHs 3.1 and 4.0.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 12-carbon LCC was the strongest enhancer among acylcarnitines. Micelle formation played a key role in this enhancement effect.
authors.affiliation: Novel Pharma Research Laboratories, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yaizu-shi, Shizuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kagatani
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shinoda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fukui
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohmura
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hasumi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sonobe
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D002116:Calcitonin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002331:Carnitine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007848:Laurates / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D007848:Laurates; C091947:lauroylcarnitine; C028815:salmon calcitonin; D002116:Calcitonin; D002331:Carnitine