title: Ultrasound-guided thermocouple placement for cryosurgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although cryosurgical methods have high cure rates, imprecise estimates of both skin lesion depth and destructive temperature front location result in subjective technique in skin malignancy treatments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the possibility of newer ultrasound equipment to assist in the precise placement of thermocouples in human skin.
  
  
  METHODS
  DermaScan C ver. 3 ultrasonographic equipment fitted with a sharp focus probe with a frequency of 20 MHz and a scan length of 12.1 mm was used to locate thermocouples with 27- and 30-gauge needles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We successfully and reproducibly located thermocouples and thin needles, and accurately measured their distance from the skin surface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound is a useful method for the accurate placement of thermocouples, and needles as thin as 30 gauge for monitoring in cryosurgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, McAllen Branch, University of Texas School of Medicine, San Antonio, USA.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Abramovits
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pruiksma
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bose
mesh_terms: D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D062109:Dermatologic Surgical Procedures; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D012867:Skin / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional