title: Medicaid-funded home care for the frail elderly and disabled: evaluating the cost savings and outcomes of a service delivery reform.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In response to rising demand and increased costs for home care services for frail elderly and disabled Medicaid clients, New York City implemented cluster care, a shared-aide model of home care. Our objective: to evaluate the effects of cluster care on home care hours and costs, client functioning, depressive symptoms, and satisfaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Client interviews, conducted prior to implementation and again 16 months later; Medicaid claims records; home attendant payroll files; and vendor agency records.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study employed a pretest/posttest design, comparing 229 clients at the first seven demonstration sites to 175 clients at four comparison sites before and after cluster care implementation. Regression methods were used to analyze pre and post-intervention data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cluster care reduced costs by about 10 percent. Most savings occurred among the more vulnerable clients (those with five or more ADL/IADL limitations). Clients at cluster care sites who started out with fewer than five limitations appeared to decline somewhat more slowly than similarly impaired clients at comparison sites, while those with more than five ADL/IADLs tended to decline more rapidly. This difference was small-less than one limitation per year. Cluster care is associated with a significant decline in satisfaction but appears unrelated to depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cluster care appears benign for home care clients with fewer limitations. For the more vulnerable, we recommend experimentation with low-cost interventions that might augment service and improve outcomes without reverting to traditional one-on-one care.
authors.affiliation: Center for Home Care Policy and Research, Visiting Nurse Service of New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Latimer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Davidson
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D017046:Cost Savings / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018166:Health Care Reform; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000379:methods; D006699:Home Care Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009519:New York City; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015397:Program Evaluation / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States