title: Combined effects of caffeine and alcohol during pregnancy on bones in newborn rats.
abstract: The combined effects of caffeine and alcohol on mineral contents of fetal mandibles and femurs were studied. Pregnant rats were divided into four groups: group 1, control; group 2, caffeine; group 3, alcohol; and group 4, caffeine-plus-alcohol. Alcohol (1.0 g ethanol/kg body weight) was intubated twice daily, beginning at day 9 of gestation. Caffeine (2 mg/100 g body weight) was given as a dietary supplement. Groups 1 and 2 were intubated with isocaloric sucrose solution. At birth, randomly selected pups were killed and the mandible and femur were removed and dried. Ca, P, Mg, Zn and hydroxyproline in these bones were measured. Notwithstanding the dams' intake of caffeine and alcohol administered separately, the present results suggest that the combination of caffeine and alcohol exhibited the most detrimental effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans 70119, USA.
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Case
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Saltzman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cheuk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yazdani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sadeghpour
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Albrecht
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rossowska
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamoto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology; D006909:Hydroxyproline / Q000032:analysis; D008274:Magnesium / Q000032:analysis; D008334:Mandible / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology; D009929:Organ Size; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000378:metabolism*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D010758:Phosphorus; D002110:Caffeine; D000431:Ethanol; D008274:Magnesium; D015032:Zinc; D006909:Hydroxyproline; D002118:Calcium