title: Association of maternal drug use during pregnancy with maternal HIV culture positivity and perinatal HIV transmission.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the relationship of drug use with maternal HIV culture positivity at delivery and perinatal HIV transmission.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicenter prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Obstetric and pediatric clinics in five cities in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred and thirty HIV-infected pregnant women and their infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the association of 'hard drug' use (one or more of the following: cocaine, heroin/opiates, methadone, injecting drug use) assessed by self-report and urine toxicology with positive maternal HIV culture at delivery and perinatal HIV transmission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-two per cent of women used hard drugs during pregnancy. Increased probability of a positive maternal delivery HIV culture was significantly associated with prenatal hard drug use [odds ratio (OR), 3.08] and maternal cocaine use (OR, 2.98) among HIV-infected women with > 29% CD4+ lymphocytes. After adjusting for maternal culture positivity at delivery, CD4+ lymphocyte percentage and gestational age, significantly greater transmission risk was observed with hard drug use among women with membrane rupture > 4 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the basis of self-report and urine toxicology, overall maternal hard drug use and cocaine use in the WITS cohort were associated with maternal HIV culture positivity at delivery, and maternal hard drug use was associated with perinatal transmission.
authors.affiliation: Health Resources Services Administration, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20857, USA.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Mofenson
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Smeriglio
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Landesman
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Hanson
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D003042:Cocaine; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000635:transmission*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003932:Heroin; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008385:Marijuana Smoking; D008691:Methadone; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012907:Smoking; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D003932:Heroin; D003042:Cocaine; D008691:Methadone