title: An echocardiographic study of valvular heart disease associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Valvular heart disease is the most important cardiac manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. We performed a study to determine the relation of valvular disease to other clinical features of lupus, whether or not the valve disease progresses, and the associated morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed transesophageal echocardiography and rheumatologic evaluations in 69 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The echocardiographic findings were compared with those in 56 healthy volunteers. Fifty-eight patients (84 percent) had second evaluations a mean (+/-SD) period of 29 +/- 13 months later. The patients and controls were followed for 57 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Valvular abnormalities were common on the initial and the follow-up echocardiograms (in 61 and 53 percent of the patients, respectively). Valvular thickening was the predominant finding initially and on follow-up (in 51 and 52 percent of the patients, respectively), followed by vegetations (in 43 and 34 percent), valvular regurgitation (in 25 and 28 percent), and stenosis (in 4 and 3 percent). Valvular abnormalities frequently resolved, appeared for the first time, or persisted but changed in appearance or size between the two studies. Mild or moderate valvular regurgitation did not progress to become severe, and new stenoses did not develop. Neither the presence of valvular disease nor changes in the echocardiographic findings were temporally related to the duration, activity, or severity of lupus or to its treatment. The combined incidence of stroke, peripheral embolism, heart failure, infective endocarditis, and the need for valve replacement was 22 percent in the patients with valvular disease, but only 8 percent in those without it. A total of seven patients died during follow-up, in most cases as a result of valvular disease. Valvular abnormalities and complications were uncommon in the controls (occurring in 9 and 2 percent, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Valvular heart disease is common in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, frequently changes over time, appears to be temporally unrelated to other clinical features of lupus, and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality.
authors.affiliation: University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Albuquerque 87108, USA.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Roldan
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Shively
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Crawford
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D004617:Embolism / Q000209:etiology; D004697:Endocarditis, Bacterial / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014261:Tricuspid Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging