title: Effects of enflurane and isoflurane on splanchnic oxygenation in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of enflurane and isoflurane on hepatic venous oxygen saturation (ShvO2) and splanchnic oxygen (O2) extraction. To measure hemodynamic parameters and ShvO2, mixed venous, and arterial lactate concentrations during enflurane and isoflurane anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  20 ASA physical status I, II, and III adults, who underwent major abdominal surgery requiring mechanical ventilation a few hours postoperatively.
  
  
  METHODS
  After placement of catheters in the pulmonary artery, radial artery, peripheral and right hepatic vein, one hour postoperatively either enflurane or isoflurane was applied at different minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 in a randomized order.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before and 10 minutes after administration of each desired end-expiratory anesthetic concentration, the following parameters were determined: hemodynamic parameters, arterial (SaO2), mixed venous (SvO2), and hepatic venous oxygen saturations, systemic and splanchnic O2 extraction, arterial, mixed venous, and hepatic venous lactate concentrations. Cardiac output (CO) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) decreased in a dose dependent manner. SaO2, SvO2, and systemic O2 extraction remained unchanged with enflurane and isoflurane anesthesia. In the enflurane group, but not in the isoflurane group, ShvO2 decreased with increasing inhalational concentrations. This decrease in ShvO2 reflected an increase in splanchnic O2 extraction with enflurane; in contrast to isoflurane.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enflurane causes a decrease in ShvO2, which indicates an impairment of splanchnic perfusion corresponding to the reduction in CO and MAP in a dose-dependent manner. Isoflurane maintains splanchnic perfusion in contrast to enflurane.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, University of Munster, Germany.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Berendes
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lippert
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Loick
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brussel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D018681:Anesthetics, General; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004737:Enflurane; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007530:Isoflurane; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013152:Splanchnic Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D018681:Anesthetics, General; D006454:Hemoglobins; D019344:Lactic Acid; D004737:Enflurane; D007530:Isoflurane; D010100:Oxygen