title: Case-control studies of cardiovascular medications as risk factors for clinically diagnosed depressive disorders in a hospitalized population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Certain medications used in cardiovascular therapeutics may contribute to the etiology of substance-induced mood disorders. These medications include digoxin, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers. The objective of this study was to evaluate associations between these drugs and clinical diagnoses of depressive disorders in a population of hospitalized patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two case-control studies were conducted. For each study, subjects were selected from a health records data base maintained at the Calgary General Hospital. Selection of subjects in the first study was restricted to those receiving a discharge diagnosis of congestive heart failure and in the second study to subjects receiving a discharge diagnosis of hypertension. In each of these 2 studies, a single case group was selected along with 2 control groups: a psychiatric control group consisting of subjects receiving a psychiatric diagnosis other than a depressive disorder and a nonpsychiatric control group receiving no psychiatric diagnoses. Drug exposures and other variables were recorded from a chart review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposures to digoxin, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers were not associated with depressive diagnoses. An association was observed, however, for ACE inhibitors. An elevated odds ratio (OR) was observed in each case-control study and was stronger in female subjects and subjects over the age of 65.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first reported epidemiological evidence of an association between ACE inhibitors and depressive disorders. The design of this study does not permit a determination of whether the observed association was causal. Additional studies are needed.
authors.affiliation: Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research, Calgary.
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Patten
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Love
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010343:Patient Admission; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents