title: A comparison of cocaine-dependent cigarette smokers and non-smokers on demographic, drug use and other characteristics.
abstract: Cigarette smoking (n = 156) and non-smoking (n = 43) individuals seeking out-patient treatment for cocaine-dependence were compared on demographic, drug use and other variables. Smokers were younger, less educated, earned less money, began cocaine use at an earlier age, used cocaine more frequently, were more likely to inject or smoke cocaine, were more likely to report legal troubles and having harmed someone physically as consequences of their cocaine use, and had more severe employment and legal problems than non-smokers as measured by the Addiction Severity Index. Smoking remained a significant predictor of more frequent cocaine use, using more grams of cocaine per week and using cocaine via an injection or smoking route even after adjusting for demographic differences between smokers and non-smokers via regression analyses. Smoking status was not significantly related to treatment outcome. Overall, these results indicate that cocaine-dependent smokers represent a more high-risk group than non-smokers. This relationship between smoking, cocaine use, and associated problems merits further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington 05401-1419, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Roll
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Budney
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Bickel
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Badger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003042:Cocaine; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014754:Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine