title: Laparoscopic ligation of bilateral spermatic varices under epidural anesthesia.
abstract: Feasibility and safety of laparoscopic ligation of bilateral internal spermatic varices under epidural anesthesia were assessed in 11 patients. Another 11 patients undergoing the same procedure under ventilation-assisted anesthesia served as controls. Patients in both groups belonged to the American Society of Anesthesia functional class I. Arterial blood analyses were obtained (1) in the horizontal supine position; (2) in the 15 degrees Trendelenburg position; (3) at 15 min after carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum insufflation, and (4) at 15 min after desufflation in the supine position. In the epidural anesthesia group arterial blood parameters and respiratory rate remained stable in the Trendelenburg position. After intraperitoneal insufflation of carbon dioxide for 15 min, the arterial carbon dioxide level increased from 40.1 +/- 2.2 to 42.1 +/- 2.6 mm Hg, the respiratory rate increased from 17.0 +/- 1.4 to 20.6 +/- 1.2/min, the blood pH value decreased from 7.386 +/- 0.027 to 7.355 +/- 0.034, all values showing statistically significant differences. These changes returned to the preinsufflation level 15 min after release of the pneumoperitoneum. The above-mentioned parameters remained unchanged under the pneumoperitoneum by assisted ventilation in the control group. The mean time of surgery was similar in both groups: 82 and 90 min for the groups having general and epidural anesthesia, respectively. All laparoscopic procedures were accomplished successfully under general anesthesia. However, failure to ligate the internal spermatic varices occurred in 3 patients under epidural anesthesia, mainly due to patient intolerance to abdominal distension. The operation was continued under intubated general anesthesia for relaxing the abdominal muscle to provide an adequate working space. In 8 patients being successfully operated under epidural anesthesia, 5 experienced mild but tolerable abdominal distension; 2 complained of shoulder pain intraoperatively. Although laparoscopic ligation of internal spermatic varices could be accomplished in some patients under epidural anesthesia, it carried a high failure rate, more intraoperative morbidity, and significant arterial blood gas alterations. Routine ventilation-assisted anesthesia is suggested for therapeutic laparoscopy even for an easy procedure such as the ligation of the internal spermatic varices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, National Yang-Ming University, School of Medicine, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan/ROC.
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008026:Ligation / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D012119:Respiration; D014646:Varicocele / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide