title: Cryptosporidiosis in Wisconsin: a case-control study of post-outbreak transmission.
abstract: During March-April 1993, an estimated 403000 residents of the 5-county greater Milwaukee, Wisconsin area developed cryptosporidiosis after drinking contaminated municipal water. Although the number of cases dropped precipitously after the implicated water plant closed on 9 April, cases continued to occur. To investigate risk factors for post-outbreak cryptosporidiosis, 33 Milwaukee-area residents who had laboratory-confirmed Cryptosporidium infection with onset of diarrhoea between 1 May and 27 June 1993 were interviewed by telephone. Of these, 28 (85%) had onset of diarrhoea during May, 12 (36%) had watery diarrhoea during the outbreak, and 5(15%) were HIV-infected. In a neighbourhood-matched case-control study, immunosuppression (matched odds ratio (MOR) not calculable, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.0, infinity) and having a child less than 5 years old in the household (MOR = 17.0, CI 2.0, 395.0) were independently associated with infection. When persons who had diarrhoea during the outbreak were excluded, immunosuppression remained significantly associated with illness (MOR not calculable, CI 1.6, infinity). Cryptosporidium transmission continued after this massive waterborne outbreak but decreased rapidly within 2 months.
authors.affiliation: Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Osewe
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Addiss
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hightower
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Kamb
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000150:complications; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003457:Cryptosporidiosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000635:transmission*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014504:Urban Health; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014922:Wisconsin / Q000453:epidemiology