title: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy: the new gold standard for diagnosis of clinical and subclinical hepatic encephalopathy?
abstract: Human hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is identified by a new noninvasive test, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) applied to the brain in a few minutes. Chemical changes identified by 1H MRS are elevated glutamine, decreased choline and decreased myoinositol. The specific association with HE is proven by clinical studies in patients with cirrhosis, overt and subclinical HE, by the appearance of the same changes after transjugular intrahepatic portasystemic shunt, and by their complete reversal by liver transplantation. The importance of the new marker, myoinositol, may lie in its role as an osmolyte regulating cell volume in the astrocytes. Other roles are also postulated. Progress in the management of both HE and subclinical hepatic encephalopathy may depend upon finding means, short of liver transplantation, which will restore cerebral choline and myoinositol. The finding of identical changes in experimental animals simplifies the search.
authors.affiliation: Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, Calif 91105, USA.
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Danielsen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blüml
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002794:Choline / Q000032:analysis; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005973:Glutamine / Q000032:analysis; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D006859:Hydrogen; D007294:Inositol / Q000032:analysis; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D019168:Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic / Q000009:adverse effects; D011522:Protons
chemical_list: D011522:Protons; D005973:Glutamine; D007294:Inositol; D006859:Hydrogen; D002794:Choline