title: Metabolism, uptake, and transepithelial transport of the diastereomers of Val-Val in the human intestinal cell line, Caco-2.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether the binding of the diastereomers of Val-Val to the apical oligopeptide transporter(s) could be correlated with their cellular uptake and transepithelial transport.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Caco-2 cell culture system was used for all experiments. The binding of the diastereomers of Val-Val was evaluated by determining their ability to inhibit [3H]cephalexin uptake. The stability of the diastereomers was determined in a homogenate of Caco-2 cells and in the apical bathing solution over Caco-2 cell monolayers. The cellular uptake and transepithelial transport properties of the individual diastereomers were studied using Caco-2 cell monolayers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  10 mM concentrations of L-Val-L-Val, L-Val-D-Val, D-Val-L-Val and D-Val-D-Val inhibited cellular uptake of [3H]cephalexin (0.1 mM) by 92%, 37%, 70%, and 18%, respectively. When the cellular uptake of Val-Val diastereomers (1 mM) were evaluated, the intracellular concentrations of L-Val-D-Val and D-Val-L-Val were 15 and 50 times higher, respectively, than that of D-Val-D-Val. The cellular uptake of L-Val-D-Val and D-Val-L-Val was inhibited by Gly-Pro (10 mM) ( > 95%), whereas Gly-Pro had no effect on the cellular uptake of D-Val-D-Val. L-Val-L-Val was not detected in the Caco-2 cells, probably due to its metabolic lability. When the transepithelial transport of the Val-Val diastereomers (1 mM) was determined, L-Val-D-Val, D-Val-L-Val and D-Val-D-Val transport rates were similar. The transepithelial transport of L-Val-D-Val and D-Val-L-Val was inhibited by Gly-Pro (10 mM) 36% and 30%, respectively, while Gly-Pro inhibited carnosine (1 mM) transepithelial transport by 65%. Gly-Pro had no effect on the transepithelial transport of D-Val-D-Val.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the major transepithelial transport route of L-Val-D-Val, D-Val-L-Val and D-Val-D-Val is passive diffusion via the paracellular route. The binding of Val-Val diastereomers to the oligopeptide transporter(s) is a good predictor of their cellular uptake, however, the binding is not a good predictor of their transepithelial transport. It appears that the stereochemical requirements for the transporter that mediates efflux of the peptide across the basolateral membrane may be different from the requirements for the apical transporter that mediates cellular uptake.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66047, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Bhatnagar
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Takata
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Borchardt
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002506:Cephalexin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004848:Epithelium / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D014316:Tritium
chemical_list: D004151:Dipeptides; D014316:Tritium; C034792:valylvaline; C015248:glycylproline; D002506:Cephalexin