title: Meal frequency; does it determine postprandial lipaemia?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of altering meal frequency on postprandial lipaemia and associated parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized open cross over study to examine the programming effects of altering meal frequency. A standard test meal was given on three occasions following: (i) the normal diet; (ii) a period of two weeks on a nibbling and (iii) a period of two weeks on a gorging diet.
  
  
  METHODS
  Free living subjects associated with the University of Surrey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven female volunteers (age 22 +/- 0.89 y) were recruited.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were requested to consume the same foods on either a nibbling diet (12 meals per day) or a gorging diet (three meals per day) for a period of two weeks. The standard test meal containing 80 g fat, 63 g carbohydrate and 20 g protein was administered on the day prior to the dietary intervention and on the day following each period of intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fasting and postprandial blood samples were taken for the analysis of plasma triacylglycerol, non-esterified fatty acids, glucose, immunoreactive insulin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide levels (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1), fasting total, low density lipoprotein (LDL)- and high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentrations and postheparin lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity measurements. Plasma paracetamol was measured following administration of a 1.5 g paracetamol load with the meal as an index of gastric emptying.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The compliance to the two dietary regimes was high and there were no significant differences between the nutrient intakes on the two intervention diets. There were no significant differences in fasting or postprandial plasma concentrations of triacylglycerol, non-esterified fatty acids, glucose, immunoreactive insulin, GIP and GLP-1 levels, in response to the standard test meal following the nibbling or gorging dietary regimes. There were no significant differences in fasting total or LDL-cholesterol concentrations, or in the 15 min postheparin lipoprotein lipase activity measurements. There was a significant increase in HDL-cholesterol in the subjects following the gorging diet compared to the nibbling diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that previous meal frequency for a period of two weeks in young healthy women does not alter the fasting or postprandial lipid or hormonal response to a standard high fat meal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study did not confirm the previous studies which suggested that nibbling is beneficial in reducing the concentrations of lipid and hormones. The rigorous control of diet content and composition in the present study compared with others, suggest reported effects of meal frequency may be due to unintentional alteration in nutrient and energy intake in previous studies.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lovegrove
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Isherwood
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004032:Diet; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D005215:Fasting; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D005934:Glucagon / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008071:Lipoprotein Lipase / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000502:physiology*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D014280:Triglycerides; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D005934:Glucagon; D008071:Lipoprotein Lipase