title: Automatic alerts for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus surveillance and control: role of a hospital information system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an escalating problem in hospitals worldwide. The hospital reservoir for MRSA includes recognized and unrecognized colonized or infected patients, as well as previously colonized or infected patients readmitted to the hospital. Early and appropriate infection control measures (ICM) are key elements to reduce MRSA transmission and to control the hospital reservoir.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the role of an expert system applied to the control of MRSA at a large medical center (1,600 beds) with high endemic rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  The University Hospital of Geneva has an extended hospital information system (HIS), DIOGENE, structured with an open distributed architecture. It includes administrative, medical, nursing, and laboratory applications with their relational databases. Among available patient databases, clinical microbiology laboratory and admission-discharge-transfer (ADT) databases are used to generate computer alerts. A laboratory alert (lab alert) is printed daily in the Infection Control Program (ICP) offices, listing all patients with cultures positive for MRSA detected within the preceding 24 hours. Patients might be either newly detected patients colonized or infected with MRSA, or previously recognized MRSA patients having surveillance cultures. The ICP nurses subsequently go to the ward or call the ward personnel to implement ICM. A second alert, the "readmission alert," detects readmission to the hospital of any patient previously colonized or infected with MRSA by periodic queries (q 1 min) to the ADT database. The readmission alert is printed in the ICP offices, but also forwarded with added guidelines to the emergency room.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the first 12 months of application (July 1994 to June 1995), the lab alert detected an average of 4.6 isolates per day, corresponding to 314 hospital admissions (248 patients); the use of this alert saved time for the ICP nurses by improving work organization. There were 438 readmission alerts (1.2 alerts per day) over the study period; of 347 patients screened immediately upon readmission, 114 (33%) were positive for MRSA carriage. Delayed recognition of readmitted MRSA carriers decreased significantly after the implantation of this alert; the proportion of MRSA patients recognized at the time of admission to the hospital increased from 13% in 1993 to 40% in 1995 (P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hospital information system-based alerts can play an important role in the surveillance and early prevention of MRSA transmission, and it can help to recognize patterns of colonization and transmission.
authors.affiliation: Infection Control Program, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pittet
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Safran
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harbarth
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Borst
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Copin
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rohner
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Scherrer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Auckenthaler
mesh_terms: D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006751:Hospital Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control; D016106:Methicillin Resistance; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects