title: Systemic ciclosporin A in high-risk keratoplasties.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It was the purpose of this study to compile the results of all high-risk keratoplasties (kp) performed in our hospital under systemic ciclosporin A (Ci A) cover from 1987 through 1994.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and thirty-one keratoplasties were performed. Ci A was administered for an average period of 9.4 months. We aimed at trough levels of 100-150 ng/ml (monoclonal RIA/TDx). The 29 kp in group A were second or third repeat kp and/or the recipient cornea had severe deep vascularization in all quadrants and/or a transplant position at the limbus was inevitable (expected risk: only immune reactions). The 40 kp in group B were threatened by severe ocular surface disorders (without severe limbal stem cell insufficiency) and by immune reactions (atopic keratopathy, keratoconus with severe endogenous eczema or chronic blepharokeratoconjunctivitis). In the 45 kp of group C resurfacing problems from severe limbal stem cell insufficiency and immune reactions were anticipated (severe burns, pseudopemphigoid or Lyell syndrome). Group D comprised 17 kp with various diagnoses (e.g. kp in newborns, rheumatic and Acanthamoeba keratitis).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In group A 91% of the grafts were clear 2 years postoperatively, in group B 76%, in group C 38% and in group D 18%. In 32 of 41 failed grafts (78%), resurfacing problems were the only reason for or participated in final graft failure. Immune reactions and other causes of graft failure were of minor importance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) Systemic Ci A cover can efficiently suppress immune reactions. (2) With the suppression of immune reactions, resurfacing disorders become the most important single cause for functional graft failure. (3) For eyes with a considerable loss of limbal stem cells, limbal stem cell transplantation should be combined with systemic Ci A cover in order to improve the long-term prognosis for penetrating keratoplasty.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reinhard
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sundmacher
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Heering
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003315:Cornea / Q000187:drug effects; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007223:Infant; D015948:Keratoplasty, Penetrating; D008875:Middle Aged; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D016572:Cyclosporine