title: Urologic problems in anorectal malformations. Part 2: functional urologic sequelae.
abstract: A consecutive series of 90 children with anorectal malformations was reviewed for urologic problems related to lower urinary tract dysfunction. Neurogenic bladder-sphincter dysfunction was seen in 22 patients (24%), all but one of whom had sacral agenesis. Vesicoureteral reflux was present in 60% of the patients with dysfunction, and 32% had reflux nephropathy. Urinary incontinence was present in 91% of the patients who had bladder-sphincter dysfunction. However, the management of bladder-sphincter dysfunction and urinary incontinence was not as straightforward as for patients with myelodysplasia because the parents were more reluctant to accept the therapeutic measures. It was particularly difficult to introduce clean intermittent catheterization (CIC), especially in older patients, because genital and urethral sensation often was undisturbed. Only if CIC had been started in the neonatal period or early infancy were there no problems with acceptance and parental compliance. The authors emphasize the importance of urodynamic testing of neonates and infants who have an anorectal malformation and associated sacral agenesis in identifying those who have neurogenic bladder-sphincter dysfunction. Consequently, patients with lower urinary tract dysfunction should receive prompt treatment, including CIC if necessary, to prevent or reduce secondary urologic morbidity, especially loss of renal function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Hospital for Children and Youth, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Boemers
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: van Gool
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Bax
mesh_terms: D001006:Anus, Imperforate / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012003:Rectal Fistula / Q000151:congenital* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014546:Urinary Catheterization; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014563:Urodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D014567:Urography; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology