title: Expression of galectins in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Galectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins thought to be important for cell growth and differentiation, whose expression is altered in some tumors with aggressive phenotype. Our objective was to evaluate the expression of galectins in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen HNSCC cell lines and four primary tumor specimens were evaluated using immunoblotting, and immunohistochemical analysis was performed on 35 primary HNSCCs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Galectin-1 and galectin-3 were expressed in most HNSCC cell lines and primary tumor specimens. Galectin-1 was detected in the basal layer of normal adjacent mucosa, in connective tissue stroma, and at the periphery of invasive tumor islands. Galectin-3 localized to superficial mucosal layers, and adjacent to keratin pearls in invasive carcinoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Galectins are manifested in HNSCC tumors and are localized to the cell surface, where they may participate in cellular interactions. The expression pattern of galectins appears to be associated with degree of squamous differentiation, suggesting a potential role for galectins as biologic and differentiation markers in HNSCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Tumor Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gillenwater
authors.forename: X C
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: el-Naggar
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Clayman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lotan
mesh_terms: D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000032:analysis*; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D037483:Galectin 1; D037502:Galectin 3; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology; D006388:Hemagglutinins / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting / Q000379:methods; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D018307:Neoplasms, Squamous Cell / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology; D010641:Phenotype; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D037483:Galectin 1; D037502:Galectin 3; D006388:Hemagglutinins