title: Mechanisms and avoidance of esophageal perforation by anesthesia personnel during laparoscopic foregut surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study retrospectively assesses the mechanisms of 13 esophageal or gastric injuries resulting from dilator or nasogastric tube placement during laparoscopic foregut surgery and is intended to assist in determining methods of prevention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information regarding esophageal or gastric injury during laparoscopic foregut surgery was obtained from six experienced laparoscopic surgeons. The specific mechanisms of injury were determined by discussion with the operating surgeon and review of the operative reports.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven cases of esophageal or gastric perforation occurred during bougie insertion and two perforations occurred secondary to nasogastric tube placement during Nissen fundoplication or Heller myotomy. Five perforations required conversion to open operation for repair including two delayed thoracotomies. The 13 injuries occurred during the performance of 1,620 laparoscopic foregut operations for an overall incidence of 0.8%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Foregut injury resulting from esophagogastric intubation during laparoscopic surgery is more common than expected. Risk factors include esophageal anatomy, intrinsic pathologic changes of the esophagus, and inexperience. Prevention must focus on close communication between the surgeon and anesthesiologist and safe techniques of dilator insertion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Lowham
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Filipi
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hinder
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Swanstrom
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stalter
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: dePaula
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Buglewicz
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Haake
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000776:Anesthesiology; D004939:Esophageal Perforation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D018662:Fundoplication / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007441:Intubation, Gastrointestinal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies