title: Repermeation of partially embolized cerebral arteriovenous malformations: a clinical, radiologic, and histologic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the pattern and time course of embolization-related tissue lesions and repermeation of the intranidal cast after endovascular embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) with N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA).
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the records of 26 patients who were treated by endovascular embolization with NBCA and subsequent surgical extirpation to look for embolization-related tissue lesions and repermeation of the cast. A residual flow through the malformation was identified on preoperative angiograms in every case.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pattern and time course of embolization-related tissue lesions were typical. Until 3 months after embolization, repermeation of embolized structures did not occur. In contrast, repermeation was found in every patient who had surgery later than 3 months after the first embolization (n = 13; 50%). In these cases, histologic examination of the resected nidus disclosed capillary structures inside the lumen of embolized vessels. Capillaries were traced immunohistochemically with antibodies against membrane-bound factor VIII. No parameter other than the interval between the first embolization and surgery was found to relate to the repermeation of the cast.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intranidal recapillarization can occur later than 3 months after the first embolization with NBCA if total and solid casting of the nidus was not accomplished.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Vienna (Austria).
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Mazal
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bavinzski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Killer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Budka
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Richling
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D002648:Child; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D004659:Enbucrilate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015424:Reperfusion; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D004659:Enbucrilate