title: Importance of the form of topical vitamin E for prevention of photocarcinogenesis.
abstract: With increasing solar ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation reaching the Earth's surface and the incidence of skin cancer rising steadily, there is an ever-increasing need to determine agents that modulate photocarcinogenesis and to understand the mechanisms underlying this modulation. Our laboratory has demonstrated that topical application of the dl-alpha-tocopherol form of vitamin E to mice prevents skin cancer and the immunosuppression induced by UVB irradiation. However, dl-alpha-tocopherol has limited stability at room temperature. The current study was designed to ask whether the thermostable esters of vitamin E, alpha-tocopheryl acetate, or alpha-tocopheryl succinate prevent skin cancer and immunosuppression induced in mice by UV radiation. In the alpha-tocopheryl acetate study, skin cancers developed in 70% of UVB-irradiated control mice and in 90%, 73%, and 90% of mice receiving topical applications of 12.5, 25, and 50 mg of dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate, respectively. In the alpha-tocopheryl succinate study, skin cancer developed in 59.3% of control UVB-irradiated mice and in 82%, 100%, and 81.5% of mice treated with 2.5, 12.5, and 25 mg d-alpha-tocopheryl succinate, respectively. Thus neither alpha-tocopheryl acetate nor alpha-tocopheryl succinate prevented photocarcinogenesis. At 12.5 and 25 mg/treatment, alpha-tocopheryl acetate and alpha-tocopheryl succinate, respectively, enhanced photocarcinogenesis (p = 0.0114 and 0.0262, respectively, log rank test). On the basis of high-performance liquid chromatography analysis at 16-17 weeks after the first vitamin E treatment, the esterified forms of vitamin E applied epicutaneously accumulated in the skin, but the levels of free alpha-tocopherol remained low. Neither alpha-tocopheryl acetate nor alpha-tocopheryl succinate prevented the induction by UV radiation of immunosusceptibility to implanted syngeneic antigenic UV-induced tumor cells. Thus alpha-tocopheryl acetate or alpha-tocopheryl succinate not only failed to prevent photocarcinogenesis, but may have enhanced to process. Considering that alpha-tocopherol esters are included in many skin lotions, cosmetics, and sunscreens, further studies are needed to determine the conditions under which topical alpha-tocopheryl acetate and alpha-tocopheryl succinate enhance photocarcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson 85724, USA.
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Gensler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aickin
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D004951:Esterification; D005260:Female; D007109:Immunity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D012867:Skin / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D024505:Tocopherols; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*
chemical_list: D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D014810:Vitamin E; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol; D024505:Tocopherols