title: Adrenalectomy in the era of laparoscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently laparoscopy has been described as an alternative approach for performing adrenalectomy. This study attempts to define the frequency and indications for the various approaches to adrenalectomy including laparoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  From October 1992 to December 1995, 43 adrenal glands were excised from 40 patients, of whom 23 were women and 17 were men. Their ages ranged from 16 to 71 years. Nineteen operations were performed for pheochromocytoma, 10 for cortical adenoma (CAd), 6 for aldosteronoma, 4 for adrenocortical cancer (ACC), 1 for Cushing's disease (CD), and 1 for hemorrhagic cyst. Adrenalectomy was accomplished via a laparoscopic operation in 20 patients (8 CAds, 6 pheochromocytomas, 5 aldosteronomas, and 1 HC) and via an open operation in 19 patients (11 pheochromocytomas, 4 ACCs, 2 CAds, 1 CD, and 1 aldosteronoma). One patient with bilateral pheochromocytoma had an open and a laparoscopic adrenalectomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Open operations included 15 transabdominal, 4 posterior, and 3 thoracoabdominal approaches for 22 glands. Laparoscopic operations included 17 transabdominal and 4 retroperitoneal approaches for 21 glands. Reasons for open operations included obesity (1), patient choice (2), failed laparoscopy (2), previous abdominal surgery (3), extraadrenal location (5); and gland size greater than 8 cm (9). Of these cases, the two patient choices, the two failed laparoscopies, and two of the three previous abdominal operations were appropriate for laparoscopy. Each of the posterior approaches could have been done laparoscopically.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More than 60% of surgically treatable adrenal disease may be approached laparoscopically. Transabdominal, and on occasion, thoracoabdominal approaches are indicated for larger adrenal lesions. Surgeons operating on the adrenal gland should be familiar with each of these various approaches for adrenalectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Ill. 60612, USA.
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Staren
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Prinz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000315:Adrenalectomy / Q000379:methods*; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors