title: Midazolam following open heart surgery in children: haemodynamic effects of a loading dose.
abstract: Our objective was to establish the safety and effectiveness of a loading dose of midazolam for postoperative sedation of children recovering from open heart surgery; a prospective randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study was done with subjects randomized to three groups according to loading dose. I = 0.08 mg.kg-1; II = 0.04 mg.kg-1; and III = 0.00 mg.kg-1 (placebo). An open label continuous midazolam infusion protocol followed. Haemodynamic parameters were monitored. The study was discontinued following an adverse event involving the 23rd subject. When data for all 23 subjects were combined, there was a mean decrease of 10% in blood pressure (BP) 30 min after the loading dose (P < 0.001). Heart rate change was less significant. Clinicians identified four hypotensive episodes as temporally associated with the midazolam load, two each in Groups I (0.08 mg.kg-1) and III (placebo). One subject in Group I (the 23rd) became hypotensive within five min of receiving the loading dose, had a difficult clinical course and died four weeks postoperatively. We cannot conclude that the loading dose of midazolam had any systematic haemodynamic effect in our study population. Although the clinical course of the 23rd subject suggests a subset of more susceptible children (those who receive opioid analgesia with midazolam, are volume-restricted, and/or undergo more complex forms of surgical correction), many critical care patients are inherently physiologically unstable, and concluding clinically that blood pressure fluctuation is drug related may be erroneous.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, British Columbia's Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Macnab
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Glick
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Macready
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Susak
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wensley
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008874:Midazolam