title: HIV incidence among injecting drug users in New York City syringe-exchange programmes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There have been no studies showing that participation in programmes which provide legal access to drug-injection equipment leads to individual-level protection against incident HIV infection. We have compared HIV incidence among injecting drug users participating in syringe-exchange programmes in New York City with that among non-participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used meta-analytic techniques to combine HIV incidence data from injecting drug users in three studies: the Syringe Exchange Evaluation (n = 280), in which multiple interviews and saliva samples were collected from participants at exchange sites; the Vaccine Preparedness initiative cohort (n = 133 continuing exchanges and 188 non-exchangers, in which participants were interviewed and tested for HIV every 3 months; and very-high-seroprevalence cities in the National AIDS Demonstration Research (NADR) programme (n = 1029), in which street-recruited individuals were interviewed and tested for HIV every 6 months. In practice, participants in the NADR study had not used syringe exchanges.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HIV incidence among continuing exchange-users in the Syringe Exchange Evaluation was 1.58 per 100 person-years at risk (95% CI 0.54, 4.65) and among continuing exchange-users in the Vaccine Preparedness Initiative it was 1.38 per 100 person-years at risk (0.23, 4.57). Incidence among non-users of the exchange in the Vaccine Preparedness Initiative was 5.26 per 100 person-years at risk (2.41, 11.49), and in the NADR cities, 6.23 per 100 person-years at risk (4.4, 8.6). In a pooled-data, multivariate proportional-hazards analysis, not using the exchanges was associated with a hazard ratio of 3.35 (95% CI 1.29, 8.65) for incident HIV infection compared with using the exchanges.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed an individual-level protective effect against HIV infection associated with participation in a syringe-exchange programme. Sterile injection equipment should be legally provided to reduce the risk of HIV infection in persons who inject illicit drugs.
authors.affiliation: Beth Israel Medical Center, Chemical Dependency Institute, New York, NY 10003, USA.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Des Jarlais
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marmor
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paone
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Titus
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Perlis
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jose
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Friedman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D018671:Needle-Exchange Programs; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012463:Saliva / Q000821:virology; D013242:Sterilization; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous; D013594:Syringes