title: Protein nitrogen appearance in CAPD patients: what is the best formula?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance is an indirect index commonly used to assess dietary protein intake in patients on CAPD. Moreover it has been suggested that the ratio between nitrogen appearance and dietary nitrogen intake (fractional urea synthesis) can predict nitrogen balance in uraemic patients. Several formulae to directly calculate the protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance have been published. It has not been established, however, what formulae give the most appropriate estimate of protein intake and nitrogen appearance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nitrogen balance studies were carried out in seven stable patients on CAPD. All of the patients were receiving a diet whose protein content (1.2 g/kg/body wt/day) and calorie content (35 kcal/kg/body wt/day) were rigorously controlled. Six formulae for calculating protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance and nitrogen appearance were tested and the agreement of the estimating formulae was evaluated by means of the Bland and Altman method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Net nitrogen balance was 1.68 +/- 0.9 g/N day, protein intake (g/day) 81 +/- 19, protein intake (g/kg) 1.05 +/- 0.17. Differences in protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance of up to about 20% were found. The smallest differences between protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance and protein intake were obtained by the formulae of Bergstrom (1 +/- 7 g, limits of agreement -12 and +15 g) and Blumenkrantz (-2 +/- 5 g, limits of agreement -11 and +7 g). The formula of Bergstrom most closely estimated nitrogen appearance (-0.35 +/- 0.89 g). Using such formula, the fractional urea synthesis was 54 +/- 12%, giving evidence of positive nitrogen balances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the routine monitoring of protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance in CAPD patients, we recommend Bergstrom's formula with the determination of dialysate protein losses.
authors.affiliation: Renal Unit, Ospedaic Lodi, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mandolfo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zucchi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cavalieri D'Oro
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Corradi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Imbasciati
mesh_terms: D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D009584:Nitrogen