title: Gene therapy: basic concepts and recent advances.
abstract: After years of preliminary in vitro and in vivo modeling, the first human gene therapy clinical trial was initiated approximately 5 years ago. The experience gained from this trial, and the others that have come after it, has shown that effective and efficient human gene therapy remains a tantalizing but elusive goal. Nevertheless, interest in this area of therapeutics continues to grow and over 100 gene therapy protocols have now been submitted to the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee ("RAC") of the National Institutes of Health for approval. The goal of these protocols vary, but include correction of inherited gene defects, engineering new traits into cells such as diminished chemosensitivity in the case of bone marrow cells, or, in the case of tumor cells, expression of new immunophenotypes. Marking cells with a gene whose function can easily be detected, thereby rendering the cell traceable in vitro and in vivo is also the goal of several clinical trials. At the same time, different means of gene transfer are been investigated for the efficiency with which they deliver "therapeutic nucleotides" into their cellular targets. In this review, we recount some of the major developments that have occurred in these various areas and discuss their impact on progress in the field.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Sokol
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gewirtz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005544:Forecasting; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006801:Humans