title: Colocalization of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors, glucose transporter GLUT-2, and glucokinase mRNAs in rat hypothalamic cells: evidence for a role of GLP-1 receptor agonists as an inhibitory signal for food and water intake.
abstract: This study was designed to determine the possible role of brain glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors in feeding behavior. In situ hybridization showed colocalization of the mRNAs for GLP-1 receptors, glucokinase, and GLUT-2 in the third ventricle wall and adjacent arcuate nucleus, median eminence, and supraoptic nucleus. These brain areas are considered to contain glucose-sensitive neurons mediating feeding behavior. Because GLP-1 receptors, GLUT-2, and glucokinase are proteins involved in the multistep process of glucose sensing in pancreatic beta cells, the colocalization of specific GLP-1 receptors and glucose sensing-related proteins in hypothalamic neurons supports a role of this peptide in the hypothalamic regulation of macronutrient and water intake. This hypothesis was confirmed by analyzing the effects of both systemic and central administration of GLP-1 receptor ligands. Acute or subchronic intraperitoneal administration of GLP-1 (7-36) amide did not modify food and water intake, although a dose-dependent loss of body weight gain was observed 24 h after acute administration of the higher dose of the peptide. By contrast, the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of GLP-1 (7-36) amide produced a biphasic effect on food intake characterized by an increase in the amount of food intake after acute i.c.v. delivery of 100 ng of the peptide. There was a marked reduction of food ingestion with the 1,000 and 2,000 ng doses of the peptide, which also produced a significant decrease of water intake. These effects seemed to be specific because i.c.v. administration of GLP-1 (1-37), a peptide with lower biological activity than GLP-1 (7-36) amide, did not change feeding behavior in food-deprived animals. Exendin-4, when given by i.c.v. administration in a broad range of doses (0.2, 1, 5, 25, 100, and 500 ng), proved to be a potent agonist of GLP-1 (7-36) amide. It decreased, in a dose-dependent manner, both food and water intake, starting at the dose of 25 ng per injection. Pretreatment with an i.c.v. dose of a GLP-1 receptor antagonist [exendin (9-39); 2,500 ng] reversed the inhibitory effects of GLP-1 (7-36) amide (1,000 ng dose) and exendin-4 (25 ng dose) on food and water ingestion. These findings suggest that GLP-1 (7-36) amide may modulate both food and drink intake in the rat through a central mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rodriquez de Fonseca
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Chowen
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Zueco
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eng
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Blázquez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004327:Drinking Behavior / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005934:Glucagon; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D004763:Glucagon-Like Peptides; D005941:Glucokinase / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051273:Glucose Transporter Type 2; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D008297:Male; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010455:Peptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon / Q000819:agonists / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: C000593835:Glp1r protein, rat; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D051273:Glucose Transporter Type 2; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010455:Peptides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon; C055453:glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36)amide; D004763:Glucagon-Like Peptides; C055968:glucagon-like peptide 1 (1-37); D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D005934:Glucagon; D005941:Glucokinase