title: Surface dose measurements for highly oblique electron beams.
abstract: Clinical applications of electrons may involve oblique incidence of beams, and although dose variations for angles up to 60 degrees from normal incidence are well documented, no results are available for highly oblique beams. Surface dose measurements in highly oblique beams were made using parallel-plate ion chambers and both standard LiF:Mg, Ti and carbon-loaded LiF Thermoluminescent Dosimeters (TLD). Obliquity factors (OBF) or surface dose at an oblique angle divided by the surface dose at perpendicular incidence, were obtained for electron energies between 4 and 20 MeV. Measurements were performed on a flat solid water phantom without a collimator at 100 cm SSD. Comparisons were also made to collimated beams. The OBFs of surface doses plotted against the angle of incidence increased to a maximum dose followed by a rapid dropoff in dose. The increase in OBF was more rapid for higher energies. The maximum OBF occurred at larger angles for higher-energy beams and ranged from 73 degrees for 4 MeV to 84 degrees for 20 MeV. At the dose maximum, OBFs were between 130% and 160% of direct beam doses, yielding surface doses of up to 150% of Dmax for the 20 MeV beam. At 2 mm depth the dose ratio was found to increase initially with angle and then decrease as Dmax moved closer to the surface. A higher maximum dose was measured at 2 mm depth than at the surface. A comparison of ion chamber types showed that a chamber with a small electrode spacing and large guard ring is required for oblique dose measurement. A semiempirical equation was used to model the dose increase at the surface with different energy electron beams.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Newcastle Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Waratah, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ostwald
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kron
mesh_terms: D003102:Colloids; D004583:Electrons; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D020366:Methylmethacrylate; D008768:Methylmethacrylates; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D003102:Colloids; D008768:Methylmethacrylates; D020366:Methylmethacrylate