title: Cerebral protection during moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest: histopathology and magnetic resonance spectroscopy of brain energetics and intracellular pH in pigs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the effect of antegrade and retrograde brain perfusion during moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest at 28 degrees C.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phosphorus 31-magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to follow brain energy metabolites and intracellular pH in pigs during 2 hours of ischemia and 1 hour of reperfusion. Histopathologic analysis of brain tissue fixed at the end of the experimental protocol was performed. Fourteen pigs were divided into two experimental groups subjected to antegrade (n = 6) or retrograde (n = 8) brain perfusion. Anesthesia (n = 8) and hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass groups (15 degrees C, n = 8) served as control subjects. In the antegrade and retrograde brain perfusion groups, the initial bypass flow rate was 60 to 100 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1). In the antegrade group, the brain was perfused through the carotid arteries at a flow rate of 180 to 210 ml x min(-1) during circulatory arrest at 28 degrees C. In the retrograde group, the brain was perfused through the superior vena cava at a flow rate of 300 to 500 ml x min(-1) during circulatory arrest at 28 degrees C.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intracellular pH was 7.1 +/- 0.1 and 7.2 +/- 0.1 in the anesthesia and hypothermic bypass groups, respectively. Brain intracellular pH and high-energy metabolites (adenosine triphosphate, phosphocreatine) did not change during the course of the 3.5-hour study. In the antegrade group, adenosine triphosphate and intracellular pH were unchanged throughout the protocol. In the retrograde perfusion group, the intracellular pH level decreased to 6.4 +/- 0.1, and adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine levels decreased within the first 30 minutes of circulatory arrest and remained at low levels until the end of reperfusion. High-energy phosphates did not return to their initial levels during reperfusion. Histopathologic analysis of nine regions of the brain showed good preservation of cell structure in the anesthesia, hypothermic bypass, and antegrade perfusion groups. The retrograde perfusion group showed changes in all the regions examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study shows that moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest at 28 degrees C with antegrade brain perfusion during circulatory arrest protects the brain but that retrograde cerebral perfusion at 28 degrees C does not protect the brain.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biodiagnostics, National Research Council of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Filgueiras
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ryner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ede
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kozlowski
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Summers
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Salerno
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Deslauriers
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D000758:Anesthesia; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D010725:Phosphocreatine / Q000378:metabolism*; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D010725:Phosphocreatine; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate