title: Activation by mitogens and superantigens of axolotl lymphocytes: functional characterization and ontogenic study.
abstract: Urodele amphibians have weak and slow immune responses compared to mammals and anuran amphibians. Using new culture conditions, we tested the ability of lymphocytes of a well-studied salamander, the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) to proliferate in vitro with diverse mitogenic agents. We demonstrated that the axolotl has a population of B lymphocytes that proliferate specifically and with a high stimulation index to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) known as a B-cell mitogen in mammals. This proliferative capacity is observed without significant changes throughout ontogenesis. In the presence of LPS, axolotl B lymphocytes are able to synthesize and secrete both isotopes of immunoglobulin described in this species, IgM and IgY. Moreover, a distinct lymphocyte subpopulation is able to poliferate significantly in response to the mitogens usually known as T-cell specific in mammals, phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A). The activated cells are T lymphocytes, as shown by depletion experiments performed in vitro with monoclonal antibodies, and in vivo by thymectomy. Splenic T lymphocytes of young axolotls (before 10 months) do not have this functional ability, which suggests maturation and/or migration phenomena during T-cell ontogenesis in this species. Axolotl lymphocytes are able to proliferate in vitro with a significant stimulation index to staphylococcal enterotoxins A and B (SEA and SEB). These products act on mammalian lymphocytes as superantigens: in combination with products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), they bind T-cell receptors with particular V beta elements. The fact that these superantigens are able to activate lymphocytes of a primitive vertebrate suggests a striking conservation of molecular structures implied in superantigen presentation and recognition.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Immunologie Comparée, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Salvadori
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tournefier
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000276:immunology; D000558:Ambystoma mexicanum / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000276:immunology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000276:immunology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology*; D008934:Mitogens / Q000276:immunology*; D013154:Spleen / Q000276:immunology; D018089:Superantigens / Q000276:immunology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D008934:Mitogens; D018089:Superantigens