title: Diaphragm pacing with a quadripolar phrenic nerve electrode: an international study.
abstract: We sought to determine the international experience with the quadripolar diaphragm pacer system and to test two hypotheses: the incidence of pacer complications would be (1) increased among pediatric as compared to adult patients; and (2) highest among active pediatric patients with idiopathic congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS). Data were collected via a questionnaire coupled with the Atrotech Registry data for a total of 64 patients (35 children and 29 adults) from 14 countries. Thoracic implantation of electrodes and bilateral pacer use each occurred in 94% of all subjects. Tetraplegic (vs pediatric CCHS) patients were more typically paced 24 hours/day (P = 0.001). Pacing duration averaged 2.0 +/- 1.0 years among children and 2.2 +/- 1.1 years among adults. Infections occurred among 2.9% of surgical procedures, all in pediatric CCHS patients (vs pediatric tetraplegic patients, P = 0.01). The incidence of mechanical trauma was 3.8%, without significant differences among patient groups. The incidence of presumed electrode and receiver failure were 3.1% and 5.9%, respectively, with internal component failure greater among pediatric CCHS than pediatric tetraplegic patients (P < 0.01). Intermittent or absent function of 0-4 electrode combinations occurred among 19% of all patients, with increased frequency among pediatric CCHS than pediatric tetraplegic patients (P < 0.03). Complication-free successful pacing occurred in 60% of pediatric and 52% of adult patients. In all, 94% of the pediatric and 86% of the adult patients paced successfully after the necessary intervention. Although pacer complications were not increased among pediatric as compared to adult patients, the incidence of complications was highest among the active pediatric patients with CCHS. Longitudinal study of these patients will provide invaluable information for modification and improvement of the quadripolar system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Rush Medical College, Rush Children's Hospital, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Weese-Mayer
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Silvestri
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Kenny
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Ilbawi
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hauptman
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lipton
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Talonen
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Watt
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Exner
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Baer
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Elefteriades
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Peruzzi
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Alex
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harlid
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Vincken
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Decramer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kuenzle
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saeterhaug
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Schöber
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000502:physiology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007040:Hypoventilation / Q000151:congenital* / Q000628:therapy*; D007239:Infections / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000502:physiology*; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000628:therapy*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome