title: Effects of high and low shock energies on sinus electrograms recorded via integrated and true bipolar nonthoracotomy lead systems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this investigation was to prospectively evaluate the voltage- and time-dependent characteristics of a biphasic defibrillator discharge on the amplitude of the rate sensing electrogram recorded from two "integrated" and one true bipolar nonthoracotomy lead system. Prolongation of redetection time has been noted after a failed first shock with nonthoracotomy lead systems. However, a prospective evaluation of the time- and voltage-dependent effects of biphasic shocks on electrogram amplitude with clinically utilized lead systems has not been systematically performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five- then 30-J R wave synchronous biphasic discharges were delivered during the supraventricular rhythm through three nonthoracotomy lead systems (Medtronic Transvene, Ventritex TVL, and CPI Endotak C 60 Series). The R wave amplitude was measured immediately postshock and for up to 1 minute. Amplitude changes were compared with preshock baseline value. A 5-J discharge had minimal effect on the R wave amplitude recorded from the three lead systems; however, 30 J resulted in significant diminution in R wave amplitude recorded from the integrated bipolar leads (in the Endotak lead to a greater extent than the TVL lead) with minimal effects on the Transvene lead. Following a 30-J discharge, the time constant for R wave recovery was 4.2, 14.9, and 15.3 seconds for Transvene, TVL, and Endotak 60 leads, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are voltage- and time-dependent reductions in postshock R wave amplitude. Integrated bipolar systems appear more affected than the "true" bipolar lead evaluated. This may be due, in part, to lead design, distance of distal defibrillating surface from rate sensing cathode, and the incorporation of the defibrillating surface as the rate sensing anode. The influence of post-shock R wave diminution on subsequent redetection remains speculative but may have implications for subsequent lead development.
authors.affiliation: Philadelphia Heart Institute, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Schwartzman
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Callans
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Dillon
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Marchlinski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000379:methods*; D004560:Electricity; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013997:Time Factors