title: Preoperative glycopyrrolate: oral, intramuscular, or intravenous administration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of oral, intramuscular (i.m.) and intravenous (i.v. glycopyrrolate on oral and gastric secretions, and to assess how these routes of administration change intubating conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, double-blinded study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital operating room.
  
  
  METHODS
  37 ASA status I and II general anesthesia patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomized to receive glycopyrrolate or placebo just before surgery by three routes: oral, i.m., and i.v.. Glycopyrrolate was received once by one route and placebo by the other two routes. A placebo group received three placebos and no glycopyrrolate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mouth conditions and intubating conditions were qualitatively assessed by the patient and the intubating anesthesiologist. No difference between groups was noted. Oral and gastric volumes were measured and showed significantly less gastric volume for the i.v. group as compared with the other groups. Oral secretions were reduced in both the i.v. and i.m. groups when compared with placebo or glycopyrrolate administered orally.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preoperative glycopyrrolate is significantly more effective at reducing oral and gastric secretions if administered intravenously immediately before induction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA 92668, USA.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Torjman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ritter
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006024:Glycopyrrolate / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011292:Premedication
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D006024:Glycopyrrolate