title: Childhood urolithiasis: urological management of upper tract calculi in the era of extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the management of urolithiasis in children since the development of extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL).
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1988 and 1994, 37 children, aged from 2 to 15 years (mean 10), with upper tract urolithiasis were evaluated and treated. Lithogenic metabolic disorders or anomalies of the urinary tract were present in 11 children (30%) Urolithiasis was multiple in 9 cases and bilateral in 2 cases. A total of 47 renal (30) or ureteral (17) stones were managed, of which 5 were partial or complete staghorn calculi. Initial treatment was surgery in 4 cases (1 nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy and 2 pyelolithotomies) and piezoelectric ESWL in 43 cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall ESWL success rate was 82.2%, with auxillary endoscopic procedures in 3 cases. ESWL failures required surgical stone removal in 5 cases, endoscopic ureterolithotripsy in 1 case and electrohydraulic ESWL in 1 case. Residual fragments after pyelolithotomies were also treated by ESWL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ESWL is the mainstay of treatment of childhood upper tract urolithiasis, but other therapeutic methods retain specific indications. Its application requires great vigilance and its long-term effects are uncertain. It is therefore important to rule out any underlying pathology and where possible to prevent further stone formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Lapeyronie University Hospital, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Drianno
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guiter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Averous
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grasset
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy; D008297:Male; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000628:therapy*