title: Ammonia and glutamine metabolism during liver insufficiency: the role of kidney and brain in interorgan nitrogen exchange.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During liver failure, urea synthesis capacity is impaired. In this situation the most important alternative pathway for ammonia detoxification is the formation of glutamine from ammonia and glutamate. Information is lacking about the quantitative and qualitative role of kidney and brain in ammonia detoxification during liver failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review is based on own experiments considered against literature data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brain detoxifies ammonia during liver failure by ammonia uptake from the blood, glutamine synthesis and subsequent glutamine release into the blood. Although quantitatively unimportant, this may be qualitatively important, because it may influence metabolic and/or neurotransmitter glutamate concentrations. The kidney plays an important role in adaptation to hyperammonaemia by reversing the ratio of ammonia excreted in the urine versus ammonia released into the blood from 0.5 to 2. Thus, the kidney changes into an organ that netto removes ammonia from the body as opposed to the normal situation in which it adds ammonia to the body pools.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Surgery, University Hospital Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Dejong
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Deutz
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Soeters
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D017114:Liver Failure, Acute / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D005973:Glutamine; D000641:Ammonia; D009584:Nitrogen