title: The suppression of T cell function and NF(kappa)B expression by serine protease inhibitors is blocked by N-acetylcysteine.
abstract: Direct evidence that N-acetylcysteine (NAC) enhances the immune response of peripheral blood T cells at the level of NF(kappa)B is presented. In addition, NAC blocks the suppression of T cell mitogenesis and cytokine production by protease inhibitors such as N-tosylphenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK). The proliferative responses of purified CD4+ or CD8+ T cells are suppressed more strongly by TPCK when anti-CD28 rather than the phorbol ester PMA is used as the mitogenic coactivator. Cytokine (IL-2, IL-6, INF-gamma) production is inhibited 95-100% by concentrations of TPCK that totally suppress the mitogenesis of CD4+ or CD8+ cells. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we find that TPCK virtually abolishes (to less than 1%) the levels of NF(kappa)B (but not Oct-1) found in nuclear and whole cell extracts of activated T cells. Strikingly, the immunosuppressive effects of TPCK are blocked when T cells are pretreated for 15 min with 5 mM NAC. NAC not only blocks the effect of TPCK but enhances mitogenesis and cytokine production (>2.5-fold in some cases) upon activation of unsuppressed T cells. Our data support the notion that NF(kappa)B and I(kappa)B proteases play obligate roles in T cell activation and mitogenesis, roles that are enhanced significantly by NAC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Osteopathic Medicine and Health Sciences, Des Moines, Iowa 50312, USA.
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Breithaupt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vazquez
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Baez
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Eylar
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000328:Adult; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000276:immunology; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000276:immunology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000276:immunology; D008934:Mitogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000276:immunology*; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D014107:Tosyllysine Chloromethyl Ketone / Q000494:pharmacology; D014108:Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D007376:Interleukin-2; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008934:Mitogens; D016328:NF-kappa B; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors; D014107:Tosyllysine Chloromethyl Ketone; D014108:Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D004247:DNA; D000111:Acetylcysteine