Concurrent risk factors for adolescent violence.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the risk and protective factors for different types of violent behavior in a sample of high school age adolescents drawn from the general population, illuminate the multiple and cumulative nature of the different risk factors, and characterize gender differences in explanatory variables that foster involvement in violent activities.


METHODS
Using data from a 6-year longitudinal self-report survey of over 4,500 high school seniors and high school dropouts from California and Oregon, we developed weighted estimates of the proportions of youth exhibiting different risk factors who are also involved in violent activities. We use risk scales to show the cumulative effects of multiple factors within substantive domains, and logistic regression techniques to pinpoint the effects of each risk factor relative to others included in the models.


RESULTS
Major risk factors for violence include gender and deviant behaviors, such as using and selling drugs, committing nonviolent felonies, and engaging in other forms of nonviolent delinquency. Low academic orientation, lack of parental affection and support, and perceptions of parents' substance use also show strong links with violent behavior. As the number of risk factors increases, so does the likelihood of engaging in violent behavior. Boys and girls show somewhat different paths to violence, with girls being comparatively more susceptible to the effects of family problems or disruption and impaired relationships with parents. For boys, engaging in other deviant behaviors provides the most information about their propensity to commit violent acts. Weak bonds with school and family also have an impact on serious violence for boys.


CONCLUSIONS
Risk factors from multiple domains--demographic, environmental, and behavioral--contribute to involvement in various types of violent behavior. The strong links between violence, drug use, and delinquency argue for prevention/intervention programs that take into account the clustering of these behaviors, while the contribution of weak familial and school bonds point to the need for efforts to strengthen these institutions. Research is needed to identify effective ways of achieving these ends.
Saner
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Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138, USA.
Ellickson
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D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D002140:California; D003617:Dangerous Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009922:Oregon; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014754:Violence / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*