title: Left ventricular volume calculations using a multiplanar transoesophageal echoprobe; in vitro validation and comparison with biplane angiography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biplane angiographic and transthoracic echocardiographic volume calculations have shown to be sufficiently reliable in symmetric hearts; however, they are unreliable in the presence of aneurysmatic distortions. Multiplane transoesophageal echocardiography offers unobstructed cross-sectional views of the heart from one stable transducer position with the potential of imaging irregular cavity forms more accurately. It was the purpose of this in vitro study to compare the precision of multiplanar transoesophageal echocardiography to that of biplane angiography in determining left ventricular volumes, especially in aneurysmatic models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven silicon rubber models of the left ventricle from post-mortem specimens (four with aneurysms) were filled with 30 different volumes (range 153-256 ml, 197 +/- 30 ml). Echocardiographic cross-sections (20 degree rotational steps) were obtained from different transducer positions, utilizing a multiplanar probe with a central rotational axis. Volumes were calculated using the disc-summation method. For comparison the same volumes were determined by standard biplane angiography. The minimum number of echo cross-section necessary to optimize precision was analysed by calculating volumes for each increasing equidistant rotational step.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Linear correlation between measured volume using a multiplanar transoesophageal echoprobe and true volume was high (r = 0.97) and significantly better than for biplane angiography (r = 0.88; P < 0.001). Measurement bias and imprecision were also significantly lower with multiplanar echocardiography than with biplane angiography (3.9 +/- 7.1% vs 11.1 +/- 15.4%, and 2.0 +/- 3.7% vs 5.9 +/- 8.3%; P < 0.001). Precision of biplane angiographic volume measurements was significantly influenced by the presence of aneurysmatic distortions. Multiplanar echo volumes, however, were not influenced by left ventricular geometry and transducer positions. Nine echo cross-sections provided optimal precision.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-dimensional echocardiographic volume calculations using a multiplanar transoesophageal echoprobe and the disc-summation method provide precise measurements unaffected by left ventricular geometry and transducer position in an in vitro setting. Standard biplane angiography is significantly less precise.
authors.affiliation: Medical Clinic I, Rheinisch Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Krebs
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Klues
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Steinert
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sivarajan
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Job
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Flachskampf
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reineke
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hanrath
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods*; D006322:Heart Aneurysm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*