title: Sex differences in cardiovascular risk factors independent of abdominal fat distribution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate sex differences in cardiovascular risk factors within a healthy middle-aged population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional, observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary health care in Dalby, Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  19 males and 19 postmenopausal females, selected for normotension, and matched for age (58 years) and body mass index (26 kg/m2).
  
  
  METHODS
  At two visits, with a five year interval, subjects were investigated according to height, weight, and blood pressure (ambulant and in the doctor's surgery). The fat-free mass was calculated using the von Döbeln formula. Glucose metabolism was evaluated with an oral glucose tolerance test (glucose, insulin, C-peptide). Lipid levels, liver enzymes, and hormonal variables (cortisol, sex hormones) were also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Males showed higher levels than females of glucose, insulin, triglycerides, and liver enzymes at the first visit, even after elimination of the influence of differences in weight. At the follow-up visit, males also had a higher 24-hour diastolic blood pressure than females (79.4 vs. 71.8 mm Hg; p < 0.01), as well as higher triglyceride levels (1.45 vs. 0.95 mmol/l; p < 0.05), even after elimination of the influence of abdominal fat distribution. No differences in smoking or daily intake of nutrients (per 1000 kcal) were seen, but alcohol intake differed in absolute terms (males 8.5 vs. females 2.3 g/d; p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Healthy middle-aged males differ in an unfavourable way from matched postmenopausal females in several cardiovascular risk factors. This is not fully explained by differences in abdominal fat distribution and sex hormone levels, nor by the influence of food intake and smoking habits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Lund, Dalby-Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Lindholm
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Scherstén
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013548:Sweden