title: Effects of S-ethylisothiourea, a potent inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, alone or in combination with a nitric oxide donor in splanchnic artery occlusion shock.
abstract: 1. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of an intravenous infusion of a potent and non selective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor S-ethylisothiourea (Ethyl-TU) with that of a nitric oxide (NO) donor on the pathological sequelae associated with splanchnic artery occlusion (SAO) shock. In addition the effects of the combination of these two treatments were also investigated. 2. SAO shock was induced in anaesthetized rats by clamping splanchnic arteries for 45 min. Sham operated animals were used as controls. Survival time, white blood cell (WBC) count, mean arterial blood pressure, myeloperoxidase activity (MPO; studied as a quantitative means to evaluate neutrophil accumulation) and the responsiveness of aortic rings to acetylcholine (ACh, 10 nM-10 microM) and to phenylephrine (PE, 1 nM-10 microM) were studied. 3. SAO shocked rats had a decreased survival rate (0% survival 2 h after the release of occlusion) and survival time (76 +/- 10 min), increased MPO activity in the ileum (3.39 +/- 0.8 u x 10(-3) g-1 tissue), a marked leukopenia and a profound hypotension. In addition aortic rings from shocked rats showed a marked hyporeactivity to PE and reduced responsiveness to ACh. Endothelium denuded aortic rings had also a marked hyporeactivity to PE. 4. In vivo administration of Ethyl-TU (0.1 mg kg-1 h-1, beginning 1 min after the onset of reperfusion) significantly increased survival time and rate, improved mean arterial blood pressure, restored the responsiveness to PE, but did not change MPO activity, leukopenia or the impairment in the responsiveness of aortic rings to ACh. Addition of Ethyl-TU (2 microM) to endothelium denuded aortic rings in vitro, restored the marked hyporeactivity to PE. Administration of the NO donor C87-3754 (0.75 mg kg-1 h-1, beginning 1 min after the onset of reperfusion) slightly increased survival time and reduced MPO activity and leukopenia, but did not change survival rate and mean arterial blood pressure. In addition C87-3754 restored the responsiveness of aortic rings to ACh to control values, but did not modify the hyporeactivity to PE. The combination of these two interventions produced a higher degree of protection than either Ethyl-TU or C87-3754 alone. In fact, co-administration of Ethyl-TU plus C87-3754 completely prevented mortality, reduced MPO activity, attenuated leukopenia and the profound hypotension and restored the impaired responsiveness of aortic rings to PE and ACh. 5. Our study suggests that treatment with a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor combined with an NO donor may be a new therapeutic approach to the treatment of splanchnic artery occlusion shock.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Squadrito
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Altavilla
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Squadrito
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Campo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ioculano
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Canale
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saitta
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Caputi
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000187:drug effects; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007550:Isothiuronium / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007958:Leukocyte Count / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008638:Mesenteric Arteries; D008641:Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000187:drug effects; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012769:Shock / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013558:Sydnones / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D013558:Sydnones; C072857:3-(cis-2,6-dimethylpiperidino)sydnonimine; D010656:Phenylephrine; D007550:Isothiuronium; C007687:etiron; D009195:Peroxidase; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D000109:Acetylcholine