title: Psychological reactions at the onset of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in children and later adjustment and metabolic control.
abstract: The initial psychological reactions at the onset of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in a population-based sample of 76 children were studied with staff observations and a self-report questionnaire for children 12 years of age and more. Younger children reacted with more anger and less distress than the older children. High initial self-reported distress was associated with poorer subjective psychological IDDM adjustment at a follow-up 10 months later for the older children. The children's initial reactions as well as later adjustment were intimately associated with maternal initial reactions in the total group. The metabolic control, estimated as the mean level of the major fraction of glycosylated haemoglobin (Hb AIc) during the first 2 years, was poorer in the adolescent group. Initial anxiety over injections and protest but low general distress in mothers and children were associated with better metabolic control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thernlund
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dahlquist
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hägglöf
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ivarsson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lernmark
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ludvigsson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sjöblad
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007267:Injections / Q000523:psychology; D007328:Insulin / Q000819:agonists; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin