title: Testicular cancer: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the pathophysiologic mechanisms, histologic and clinical staging, diagnosis, and medical and nursing management of testicular cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published studies, review articles, and Physician Data Query database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Testicular cancer is a complex disease resulting from transformation of gonadal tissues. The pathophysiologic mechanisms involve damage to tissue in utero and after birth. Orchiectomy is the treatment of choice for early-stage disease. Orchiectomy can have profound physiologic and psychological consequences for young males. Subsequent chemotherapy and radiation therapy also may have severe side effects including azoospermia, bone marrow suppression, nephrotoxicity, and pulmonary toxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early detection of this disease results in improved patient outcomes. Patients treated with radical inguinal orchiectomy and radiation therapy have fewer long-term side effects and toxicities than patients who require more extensive surgery and chemotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nursing care must focus not only on relieving the patient's physical symptoms but on helping him deal with the psychosexual issues associated with the disease and its treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Nursing, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miaskowski
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D012307:Risk Factors; D016353:Self-Examination; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D013737:Testis