title: Closed reduction and type-II external fixation of comminuted fractures of the radius and tibia in dogs: 23 cases (1990-1994).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a technique for closed reduction of and application of a type-II external fixator to comminuted fractures of the radius and tibia in dogs and to evaluate outcome of the technique in a series of client-owned dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  23 dogs that underwent closed reduction of severely comminuted (> or = 5 fragments); mid-diaphyseal radial (n = 9); and tibial (n = 14) fractures and stabilization with a type-II external fixator.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radiographs were made postoperatively and every 4 to 6 weeks until the fixator was removed. The effect of type of fracture (open vs closed), type of pins (threaded vs smooth), and number of fixation pins on surgery time, time between surgery and development of bridging callus, and time between surgery and removal of the fixator was evaluated using one-sided Student's t-tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  21 fractures healed after a single surgery. Two dogs with radial fractures required a second procedure because of complications. All fractures healed with the original fixation device in place. Mean time between surgery and the development of bridging callus was 11.4 weeks (range, 4 to 22 weeks), and mean time between surgery and fixator removal was 14.7 weeks (range, 4 to 27 weeks). Type of fracture, type of pins, and number of fixation pins did not have a significant effect on surgery time, time to development of bridging callus, or time to fixator removal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Closed reduction and application of a type-II external fixator was an effective method of treating severely comminuted radial and tibial fractures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Seitz
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Schaeffer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001858:Bone Nails / Q000662:veterinary; D004285:Dogs / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D016267:External Fixators / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D018460:Fractures, Comminuted / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D011885:Radius Fractures / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D016896:Treatment Outcome