title: Analysis of the variability in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of bumetanide in critically ill infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Account for the interindividual variability in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of bumetanide after intravenous administration of single doses to critically ill infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective open-label study was carried out in the pediatric intensive care unit of a university-based children's hospital. Fifty-three volume-overloaded critically ill infants (age range, 4 days to 6 months) were divided into two groups: those with heart disease (31 infants) and those with lung disease (22 infants). Each patient received a single intravenous bolus dose of bumetanide. Doses, selected in sequential order, ranged from 0.005 to 0.100 mg/kg. Age was used as a continuous variable to determine its effects on the variability in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of bumetanide. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to assess the effects of age, disease, and other drugs on the variability in the effects of bumetanide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total clearance, renal clearance, and nonrenal clearance of bumetanide all increased with age (p < 0.05), but the ratio of renal clearance to total clearance remained constant at about 0.4. Half-life and mean residence time decreased markedly in the first month of life (p < 0.05). Bumetanide excretion rate normalized for dose also increased with increasing age. Patients with lung disease exhibited a significantly greater clearance and shorter half-life (p < 0.05) than those with heart disease, whereas volume of distribution was similar in both groups. The primary determinant of bumetanide excretion rate was the administered dose (73%). Dose-response curves for urine flow rate and electrolyte excretion were similar between disease groups. The time course of the effect of bumetanide excretion rate on pharmacodynamics responses was similar between disease groups, as was the duration of the diuretic effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pharmacokinetics of bumetanide were influenced significantly by age and disease. Differences in pharmacokinetics between patients with lung and heart disease were primarily due to differences in total clearance. The administered dose of bumetanide and age were positive determinants of bumetanide excretion rate and pharmacodynamic responses. Pharmacodynamic responses as a function of bumetanide excretion rate were not significantly different between disease groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Witte
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Blumer
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D002034:Bumetanide / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016638:Critical Illness; D004232:Diuretics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D004232:Diuretics; D002034:Bumetanide