title: Adult coeliac disease and cigarette smoking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genetic predisposition and gliadin exposure are known to be crucial factors in the development of coeliac disease. Circumstantial evidence suggests that other unidentified environmental factors may also be of pathogenetic importance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To define the relation between cigarette smoking and the risk of development of symptomatic adult onset coeliac disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty six recently diagnosed adult coeliac disease patients and 172 controls matched for age and sex.
  
  
  METHODS
  Matched case control study, using a simple questionnaire to determine smoking history, and in particular smoking status at the time of diagnosis of coeliac disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the time of diagnosis, the proportion of current smokers was 7% in the coeliac group, and 32.6% in the control group, giving a matched odds ratio of 0.15 (95% confidence intervals 0.06, 0.38). The difference could not be accounted for by social class, nor by coeliac patients giving up smoking after the onset of symptoms as most non-smokers in the coeliac group had never smoked.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cigarette smoking, or a factor closely linked to it, seems to exert a major protective effect against the development of symptomatic adult onset coeliac disease. The implication is that gliadin exposure is not the only important environmental factor involved in the pathogenesis of this condition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Poole Hospital NHS Trust, Dorset.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Snook
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dwyer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lee-Elliott
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Nicholas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010947:Plants, Toxic; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014026:Nicotiana