title: Comparison of bronchial challenge with ultrasonic nebulized distilled water and hypertonic saline in children with mild-to-moderate asthma.
abstract: There is still controversy about the most suitable method to measure bronchial hyperresponsiveness in children. In epidemiological surveys, nonisotonic aerosols are being used increasingly for bronchial provocation testing. Our aim was to study the acceptability, safety and correlation between two published bronchial challenge tests. Two standardized protocols--the inhalation of hypertonic saline (HS) and ultrasonically-nebulized distilled water (UNDW)--were performed in 36 children: 19 patients with the clinical diagnosis of mild-to-moderate asthma (7-12 yrs of age), and 17 control subjects (8-18 yrs of age). HS challenge involved stepwise inhalation of 4.5% saline (for 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 min), whereas challenge with UNDW was performed as a single step protocol with 10 min inhalation of cold UNDW. Asthma medication was withheld prior to challenge testing. Thirty five subjects completed both challenge tests (one asthmatic patient did not return after UNDW challenge) in random order within a 7 day time interval. For HS a > or = 15% reduction in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) from baseline was considered a positive response, and for UNDW a > or = 10% decrease. In 13 of the 19 asthmatic patients, but in none of the controls, a positive response was observed for UNDW. Fifteen out of 18 patients and one control subject had a positive response to HS. Twelve out of 18 asthmatic children responded to both challenges, three responded only to HS and three had no response to either challenge. There was a negative correlation between log provocative dose causing a 15% reduction in FEV1 (PD15) after HS and the maximum fall in FEV1 after UNDW (rs = -0.63; p < 0.005). The HS challenge had a lower acceptability than challenge with UNDW due to the unpleasant salty taste of HS. However, this did not inhibit the completion of the tests in any subject. The results of this study suggest a good correlation between response to hypertonic saline and ultrasonically-nebulized distilled water in children with mild-to-moderate asthma. A multiple step protocol might be safer when applied in field studies involving children.
authors.affiliation: University Children's Hospital, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wojnarowski
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Storm Van's Gravesande
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Riedler
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Eichler
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gartner
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Frischer
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000293:Adolescent; D000336:Aerosols; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016535:Bronchial Hyperreactivity / Q000175:diagnosis; D001985:Bronchial Provocation Tests / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012449:Safety; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013649:Taste; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000502:physiology; D014867:Water / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; D014867:Water