title: Assessment of analgesia in man: tramadol controlled release formula vs. tramadol standard formulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study tested analgesia produced by a new controlled release formulation of tramadol. The investigation employed an experimental pain model based on chemo-somatosensory event-related potentials (CSSERP) in response to painful chemical stimuli applied to the nasal mucosa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty healthy volunteers participated in the experiments, which followed a controlled, randomised, double-blind, 3-way cross-over design. Each of the three medications (tramadol 100 mg [T100], tramadol controlled release 100 mg [TCR100] and tramadol controlled release 150 mg [TCR150]) was administered orally to fasting subjects. There was at least a 6 day washout period between tests. Each experiment was divided into five sessions, which took place before and 2, 4, 6, and 12 h after drug administration. In addition to the assessment of CSSERP, subjects rated the intensity of both the tonic and phasic painful stimuli. Nonspecific drug effects were also monitored by means of frequency analysis of the spontaneous EEG, ratings of adverse effects, and the subjects' performance in a tracking task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The significant reduction of amplitude N1 at central recording positions indicated that TCR 150 was the most effective analgesic 12 h after administration. Both 6 and 12 h after administration TCR 100 was more effective in terms of analgesia compared to T100. In addition, TCR100 appeared to produce fewer adverse effects than the standard formulation of tramadol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The controlled release formulation can be expected to become a valuable tool in peroral therapeutic regimens for chronic pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, FRG.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hummel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roscher
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pauli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liefhold
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fleischer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kobal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects*; D014147:Tramadol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D014147:Tramadol