title: Prognostic factors in carcinoma of the penis: multivariate analysis of 145 patients treated with amputation and lymphadenectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The major issue in penile cancer is deciding who should or should not undergo lymph node dissection. Clinical and invasive methods are not reliable for staging. Clinical and pathological factors involved in lymph node metastases and prognosis were evaluated in 145 patients with penile carcinoma staged according to the 1978 TNM system, and treated with amputation and lymphadenectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical factors studied were patient age, race, disease evolution time, symptoms, and clinical T and N stages. Pathological factors of the primary tumor considered were tumor thickness, histological grade, lymphatic and venous embolization, infiltration of the corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum and urethra, mononuclear and eosinophilic infiltrates, and cell alterations suggestive of human papillomavirus. All slides were reviewed by 1 pathologist. The Cox regression hazards method for multifactorial analysis was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Followup ranged from 0.7 to 453.2 months (mean 85.8, median 32.7). The 5-year disease-free and overall survival rates were 45.3 and 54.3%, respectively. Venous and lymphatic embolizations were the main factors affecting significantly the incidence of lymph node metastasis, which were the main risks factors for recurrence and death. Pathologically proved infiltration of the corpora cavernosa, urethra and adjacent structures, which corresponded to stages T2, T3 and T4 disease, respectively, of the current TNM classification, were not significant predictors for incidence of lymph node metastasis, disease-free and overall survival or risk factors for recurrence and death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because venous and lymphatic embolizations were related to greatest risk of lymph node metastasis, we propose their evaluation in staging and therapeutic planning of patients with infiltrative tumors of the penis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Hospital A.C. Camargo, Fundaoäo Antonio Prudente, São Paulo, Brasil.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Hidalgo
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Kowalski
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Torloni
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Fonseca
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000671:Amputation, Surgical; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010412:Penile Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011379:Prognosis; D015996:Survival Rate