title: Volume estimation from multiplanar 2D ultrasound images using a remote electromagnetic position and orientation sensor.
abstract: A system is described for calculating volume from a sequence of multiplanar 2D ultrasound images. Ultrasound images are captured using a video digitising card (Hauppauge Win/TV card) installed in a personal computer, and regions of interest transformed into 3D space using position and orientation data obtained from an electromagnetic device (Polhemus, Fastrak). The accuracy of the system was assessed by scanning 10 water filled balloons (13-141 mL), 10 kidneys (147-200 mL) and 16 fetal livers (8-37 mL) in water using an Acuson 128XP/10 (5 MHz curvilinear probe). Volume was calculated using the ellipsoid, planimetry, tetrahedral and ray tracing methods and compared with the actual volume measured by weighing (balloons) and water displacement (kidneys and livers). The mean percentage error for the ray tracing method was 0.9 +/- 2.4%, 2.7 +/- 2.3%, 6.6 +/- 5.4% for balloons, kidneys and livers, respectively. So far the system has been used clinically to scan fetal livers and lungs, neonate brain ventricles and adult prostate glands.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospital Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: D'Arcy
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Maxwell
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Milner
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sheppard
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D005333:Fetus; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D013552:Swine; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*