title: Urinary incontinence: a minor risk factor for hip fractures in elderly women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to study the influence of urinary disorders as urinary incontinence on the prevalence of hip fracture in 85-year-old women.
  
  
  METHODS
  A representative community-based population study was performed at the geriatric outpatient department of a university hospital in a sample consisting of 658 85-year-old women, of which 69% were living at home and 31% were living were living in institutions. The prevalence of hip fractures was registered and measurement with dual photon absorptiometry of the right calcaneum was performed. The subjects were questioned covering sociodemographic background, the occurrence, type, frequency and amount of urinary incontinence, medical examinations and investigations of the prevalence of hip fracture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hip fracture was significantly associated with urinary incontinence (P < 0.001) for women and the odds ratio of hip fracture was twice that found in general population (OR = 2.42). Body mass index and weight were both significant higher (P < 0.01) among women with urinary incontinence and hip fracture. The frequency of urinary incontinence was also significant correlated to hip fracture (P < 0.001). Subjects with diabetes had a tendency to be associated with urinary incontinence (P < 0.06). In a logistic multiple regression analysis, body mass index, urinary incontinence and cancers were the only explanatory factors for hip fractures at 85 years of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association between postmenopausal urinary incontinence and hip fractures are multifactorial and whether this is a result of decreasing estrogen levels or a result of general aging process is still under debate. Women with urinary incontinence and earlier atrumatic multiple postmenopausal fractures should be considered a special target group for estrogen prophylaxis in order to prevent further severe fractures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, Vasa Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hellström
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ekelund
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Milsom
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001835:Body Weight; D015519:Bone Density; D015984:Causality; D005260:Female; D005598:Fractures, Spontaneous / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*