title: Application of a new discreet form of Gauss' theorem for measuring volume.
abstract: Volume measurements are useful in many branches of science and medicine. They are usually accomplished by acquiring a sequence of cross sectional images through the object using an appropriate scanning modality, for example x-ray computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR) or ultrasound (US). In the cases of CT and MR, a dividing cubes algorithm can be used to describe the surface as a triangle mesh. However, such algorithms are not suitable for US data, especially when the image sequence is multiplanar (as it usually is). This problem may be overcome by manually tracing regions of interest (ROIs) on the registered multiplanar images and connecting the points into a triangular mesh. In this paper we describe and evaluate a new discreet form of Gauss' theorem which enables the calculation of the volume of any enclosed surface described by a triangular mesh. The volume is calculated by summing the vector product of the centroid, area and normal of each surface triangle. The algorithm was tested on computer-generated objects, US-scanned balloons, livers and kidneys and CT-scanned clay rocks. The results, expressed as the mean percentage difference +/- one standard deviation were 1.2 +/- 2.3, 5.5 +/- 4.7, 3.0 +/- 3.2 and -1.2 +/- 3.2% for balloons, livers, kidneys and rocks respectively. The results compare favourably with other volume estimation methods such as planimetry and tetrahedral decomposition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: D'Arcy
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Maxwell
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Ruff
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sheppard
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008099:Liver / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008433:Mathematics; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography