title: MR of the cerebral operculum: abnormal opercular formation in infants and children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate abnormalities of the cerebral operculum in infants and children and to propose the embryogenic basis of abnormal opercular formation as determined from MR imaging findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-six infants and children who had abnormally wide interopercular distances and/or distorted opercular topography seen on MR images were studied retrospectively. Clinically, patients presented with tonal abnormalities, macrocephaly, microcephaly, seizures, developmental delay, cerebral palsy, or facial dysmorphism. The abnormal opercula were compared with developing opercula at different stages of gestation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 86 infants and children, two categories of opercular abnormalities were identified: an underdeveloped operculum (n = 64) and a malformed operculum (n = 22). The malformed operculum was further classified into three subtypes: nonformation of the operculum with lissencephaly (n = 1, 1%), abnormal opercular formation with pachygyria (n = 11, 13%), and nonformation or abnormal formation of the operculum without pachygyria or lissencephaly (n = 10, 12%). Two subtypes of the underdeveloped operculum were identified: an open operculum without a normal insula (n = 6, 7%) and an open operculum with a normal insula (n = 58, 67%). The five subtypes of abnormal opercular configuration showed a range of maturity that was comparable to the developing operculum at different ages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Opercular anomalies appear to follow sequentially predetermined normal steps in development. Arrest in opercular development or malformation may occur after an initial insult. MR imaging is the method of choice by which to identify these abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (PA) 19104, USA.
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Faro
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Parrish
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: L T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Bilaniuk
authors.forename: T Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Chou
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000473:pathology; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005145:Face / Q000002:abnormalities; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000175:diagnosis