title: Revascularization of the solitary kidney: a challenging problem in a high risk population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with significant atherosclerotic stenosis involving the artery to a solitary functioning kidney present a clinical challenge.
  
  
  METHODS
  From August 1987 through August 1995, 35 of these patients (average age, 68.4 +/- 6.9 years) were treated. Comorbid conditions included previous myocardial infarction in 23% of the patients, congestive heart failure (CHF) in 34%, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 20%, and diabetes in 20%. The average creatinine level of the patients was 2.5 +/- 1.5 mg/dl. Indications for revascularization were hypertension in 86%, hypertensive crisis with CHF in 17%, and renal insufficiency in 69%. Procedures performed included 19 extra-anatomic bypasses, 8 concomitant with infrarenal aortic reconstruction and 2 concomitant with thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair; 1 visceral segment endarterectomy; 1 renal artery endarterectomy with reimplantation; I superior mesenteric to renal artery bypass; 1 aortorenal bypass; and 2 percutaneous angioplasties with staged nephrectomies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At discharge, 91% of patients had stable or improved renal function with an average creatinine level of 1.7 +/- 0.8 mg/dl. Hypertension was cured or improved in 85%. Perioperative mortality was 6%, and major morbidity was 43%, including the need for permanent (9%) and temporary (9%) dialysis, respiratory insufficiency (18%), two early reoperations, six cardiac complications, one case of gastrointestinal bleeding, and one stroke. In the follow-up period (mean duration, 39.2 months), survival has been 73%, and no additional patients have required dialysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although significant perioperative morbidity exists in this high risk population, the long-term preservation of renal function and improvement in hypertension make solitary renal revascularization worthwhile.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo., USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Flye
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Sicard
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012078:Renal Artery Obstruction / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome