title: Regulation of protamine gene expression in an in vitro homologous system.
abstract: An in vitro transcription system from the trout testis nuclei was developed to study trout protamine gene expression. The protamine promoter contains, among others, two regulatory elements: 1) a cAMP-responsive element or CRE element (TGACGTCA) which is present in position 5' to TATA box, and 2) GC box (CCGCCC) which is present in position 3' to TATA box. The removal of the CRE-binding protein by titration (by the addition of appropriate oligonucleotides to the incubation mixture) resulted in a decrease in transcription of the protamine gene. These results were confirmed by experiments in which the pure CRE-binding factor (TPBP1) was used, as well as by those where a stimulatory effect of cAMP on protamine promoter transcription was observed. On the other hand, addition of oligonucleotides containing the GC-box sequence enhanced the protamine gene transcription indicating that the protein (Sp1 like) which binds to this sequence acts as a repressor of protamine gene expression. These results confirm the previously proposed model which suggested that the GC box played a role in negative regulation of the protamine gene expression. Involvement of some other factors in this process was also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jankowski
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: van der Hoorn
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Wasilewska
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Dixon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011479:Protamines / Q000235:genetics*; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D014337:Trout
chemical_list: D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D011479:Protamines