Oral contraceptives alter circadian rhythm parameters of cortisol, melatonin, blood pressure, heart rate, skin blood flow, transepidermal water loss, and skin amino acids of healthy young women.
Sixteen healthy women users and nonusers of oral contraceptives (OC) volunteered to document a set of circadian rhythms. Nine were taking OC providing ethynyl estradiol (0.03-0.05 mg/24h, 21 days/month) combined with DL- or L-norgestrel or norethisterone. There was no group difference (p > 0.05) in median age (22 years), weight (57 kg), and height (162) cm). Data were obtained at fixed hours, 5 times/24h, during a 48-h span, in November. (Day activity from approximately 08:00 to approximately 23:00 h and night rest). Environmental conditions were controlled, using air-conditioned rooms of constant temperature (26 degrees +/- 0.5) and relative humidity 45% +/- 1. Both cosinor and ANOVA were used for statistical analyses. All circadian rhythms were validated with one exception: that of salivary melatonin was not detected in OC users. The 24h mean (M) exhibited group differences for certain variables: M was greater in OC than non-OC users for systolic blood pressure (p < 0.0001), heart rate (p < 0.01), skin blood flow (p < 0.04), and transepidermal water loss (p < 0.02). M was lower in OC than non-OC users in salivary cortisol (p < 0.04) and skin amino acids (p < 0.003). No group difference was detected in any other documented rhythms: diastolic blood pressure, grip strength of both hands, oral temperature, self-rated fatigue, and the skin variables of urea, lactate, triglycerides, and acid phosphatase activity.
Reinberg
A E
AE
Unité de Chronobiologie et Chronothérapie, Fondation A. de Rothschild, Paris, France.
Touitou
Y
Y
Soudant
E
E
Bernard
D
D
Bazin
R
R
Mechkouri
M
M
D000328:Adult; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000187:drug effects; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D008550:Melatonin / Q000378:metabolism*; D009640:Norethindrone; D009644:Norgestrel; D012016:Reference Values; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D014870:Water Loss, Insensible / Q000187:drug effects
D000596:Amino Acids; D015415:Biomarkers; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; D009644:Norgestrel; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol; D008550:Melatonin; D009640:Norethindrone; D006854:Hydrocortisone