title: [Localization of the apical foramen using the newest electronic instruments: stereomicroscopy and SEM (scanning electron microscopy)].
abstract: Introduction of double impedence as new parameter in root canal length electronic measurement allowed first and second generation electronic apical localizers main problems overcoming: precision failure in presence of conducting fluids. Our study's purpose was an in vitro evaluation of two third generation instruments (Apit-Osada and Root ZX-Morita Corp.) ability in apical foramen localization using sodium hypoclorite as irrigating solution. 40 human monorooted teeth with immature apex were studied. 20 samples were measured by Apit and 20 by Root ZX; measurements were recorded when apical foramen was reached. Samples were fixed for stereomicroscope observation before and after apical 3 mm worn and prepared for SEM observation. Evaluations about each system's precision were made by calculating difference between foramen position determined by electronic localizer and its real anatomical position determined by a computed image analizing system linked to SEM. All measurements were included between a minimum value of -0.45 mm and a maximum value of 0.26 mm. Mann Whithney U test was performed to compare average values of the two sample groups but his was not meaningful (p = 0.18) showing that there is no valuable difference in accuracy between Apit and Root ZX. According to most researchers, who consider a +/- 0.5 mm error range clinically acceptable, and considering that in vitro measurements never exceded this limit value we conclude confirming both instruments' safety.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Odonto-gnato-stomatologia, Università degli Studi-Firenze.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pagavino
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Diamante
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marri
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pace
mesh_terms: D003748:Dental Equipment; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D004708:Endodontics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000648:ultrastructure*