title: Bacterial overgrowth during treatment with omeprazole compared with cimetidine: a prospective randomised double blind study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gastric and duodenal bacterial overgrowth frequently occurs in conditions where diminished acid secretion is present. Omeprazole inhibits acid secretion more effectively than cimetidine and might therefore more frequently cause bacterial overgrowth.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This controlled prospective study compared the incidence of gastric and duodenal bacterial overgrowth in patients treated with omeprazole or cimetidine.
  
  
  METHODS
  47 outpatients with peptic disease were randomly assigned to a four week treatment regimen with omeprazole 20 mg or cimetidine 800 mg daily. Gastric and duodenal juice were obtained during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and plated for anaerobic and aerobic organisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bacterial overgrowth (> or = 10(5) cfu/ml) was present in 53% of the patients receiving omeprazole and in 17% receiving cimetidine (p < 0.05). The mean (SEM) number of gastric and duodenal bacterial counts was 6.0 (0.2) and 5.0 (0.2) respectively in the omeprazole group and 4.0 (0.2) and 4.0 (0.1) in the cimetidine group (p < 0.001 and < 0.01; respectively). Faecal type bacteria were found in 30% of the patients with bacterial overgrowth. Basal gastric pH was higher in patients treated with omeprazole compared with cimetidine (4.2 (0.5) versus 2.0 (0.2); p < 0.001) and in patients with bacterial overgrowth compared with those without bacterial overgrowth (5.1 (0.6) versus 2.0 (0.1); p < 0.0001). The nitrate, nitrite, and nitrosamine values in gastric juice did not increase after treatment with either cimetidine or omeprazole. Serum concentrations of vitamin B12, beta carotene, and albumin were similar before and after treatment with both drugs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that the incidence of gastric and duodenal bacterial overgrowth is considerably higher in patients treated with omeprazole compared with cimetidine. This can be explained by more pronounced inhibition of gastric acid secretion. No patient developed signs of malabsorption or an increase of N-nitroso compounds. The clinical significance of these findings needs to be assessed in studies with long-term treatment with omeprazole, in particular in patients belonging to high risk groups such as HIV infected and intensive care units patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thorens
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Froehlich
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schwizer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Saraga
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bille
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gyr
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Duroux
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nicolet
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pignatelli
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gonvers
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fried
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002927:Cimetidine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004386:Duodenum / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009603:Nitroso Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D009853:Omeprazole / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013270:Stomach / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D009603:Nitroso Compounds; D002927:Cimetidine; D009853:Omeprazole