title: Skin penetration and sun protection factor of ultra-violet filters from two vehicles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In order to improve our knowledge on the efficacy and safety of sunscreen products, we measured the skin penetration profiles of ultra-violet (UV) filters in vitro and in vivo, and the corresponding sun protection factors (SPF) from two vehicles (an O/W emulsion-gel and petroleum jelly).
  
  
  METHODS
  The UV filters tested were oxybenzone (5%, A), 2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate (7.5%,B), and 2-ethylhexylsalicylate (3%,C). Two mg/cm(2) were applied for 2 min to 6 h. In vitro penetration measurements were performed with static diffusion cells. In vivo, horny layer concentrations were measured after stripping and the SPF evaluated as recommended by the COLIPA-guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences between vehicles were noticed in vitro as well as in vivo. In vitro, the emulsion-gel generated higher epidermal concentrations than petroleum jelly. Values at 6 h, expressed as percent of the applied dose for A, B, and C were 4, 9, and 7% for the emulsion-gel and 2, 1, and 2% for petroleum jelly. An opposite trend was noticed, mainly for A, in the deeper skin layers with concentrations of 2% in the dermis and 5% in the receptor fluid for petroleum jelly and 0.6% and 1% for the emulsion-gel respectively. In vivo, for each UV filter, maximal stratum corneum levels (15 strips) were obtained at 0.5 h with percentages of the applied doses of 50% for the emulsion-gel and 15 percent for petroleum jelly. SPFs, measured 0.5 h after application amounted to 14 for the emulsion-gel and 5 for petroleum jelly, and decreased in both cases by a factor 2.2 after removal of non penetrated product.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These preliminary results demonstrated that UV filters penetration and retention as well as expected SPF could be optimized by a suitable vehicle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biopharmacy, Spirig AG, 4622 Egerkingen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Treffel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gabard
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000592:standards*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D013473:Sunscreening Agents