title: Optimum time for neostigmine reversal of atracurium-induced neuromuscular blockade.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to determine the optimum time for administration of neostigmine during recovery from atracurium-induced neuromuscular blockade.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study comprised 103 patients anaesthetised with midazolam, fentanyl, thiopentone, halothane, and nitrous oxide. Relaxation was induced with atracurium 0.5 mg. kg-1 and maintained with supplements of 0.15 mg. kg-1. The ulnar nerve was stimulated with train-of-four (TOF) and double burst stimulation (DBS). Evoked MMG responses were recorded. Patients were randomized to spontaneous recovery (n = 20) or to assisted recovery by neostigmine (0.07 mg.kg-1) at varying intervals (6-50 min) from the last atracurium dose (n = 83).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The reversal time (time from administration of neostigmine to TOF ratio 0.7) was always < 13 min, when T1 (first twitch in TOF) was detectable or when D1 (first twitch in DBS) was > 5%. Total assisted recovery time (time from last supplemental atracurium dose to TOF ratio 0.7) increased with increasing T1 and D1 twitch heights (P < 0.05). The curve fitted to the scattergram with total assisted recovery time vs time from last atracurium supplement to neostigmine administration decreased to reach a minimum after which it increased to approach the line of identity. The minimum of the curve (total assisted recovery time 30.7 min) was reached when neostigmine was given 18.6 min after last atracurium supplement. At this time the T1 and D1 twitch height averaged 4 and 8% respectively. If prolongation of the minimum total recovery time of 2.5% is accepted, neostigmine can be given at T1 and D1 twitch height values of 0 to 8% and 4 to 15%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The optimum time for neostigmine administration, taking both the reversal time and total recovery time into consideration, is when 0 < T1 < 8% or when 5 < D1 < 15%. Giving neostigmine at more profound degrees of blockade prolongs reversal time, while giving neostigmine later in the recovery phase prolongs total recovery time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Odense University Hospital, Denmark.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kirkegaard-Nielsen
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Helbo-Hansen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lindholm
authors.forename: I K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Severinsen
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001279:Atracurium / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009388:Neostigmine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000187:drug effects*; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; D001279:Atracurium; D009388:Neostigmine