title: Hemodynamic adaptation to orthostatic stress after orthotopic heart transplantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of orthostatic stress on cardiovascular stability in heart transplant recipients early and late after transplantation and in healthy controls.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  After transplantation, cardiac reinnervation is heterogeneous, with reports of sympathetic reinnervation after 5 months and parasympathetic reinnervation after 2 to 3 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen heart transplant recipients early (less than 5 months) after transplantation, 17 recipients late (1 year or more) after transplantation, and 16 matched healthy controls were subjected to 45 minutes of passive upright tilt, with the following variables measured before, during, and after the procedure: cardiac output, heart rate, stroke volume, mean arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and plasma norepinephrine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At rest, heart rate (p < 0.0005) and mean arterial pressure (p = 0.003) were higher, and stroke volume was lower (p < 0.0005), in transplant recipients than they were in controls. With orthostasis, heart rate increased by 30% in controls and by 23% in the late posttransplantation group compared with 13% in the early posttransplantation group (p = 0.028); drop in stroke volume was three times more among controls than among those in either transplantation group (p < 0.001); late transplant recipients had higher norepinephrine increases than did the other two groups (p = 0.012).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the exception of heart rate, patterns of hemodynamic response to orthostatic stress after transplantation remain consistent over time and differ from controls. Among transplant recipients, higher mean arterial pressure mitigates the force of gravity and prevents drops in stroke volume. Clinicians may anticipate that transplant recipients will tolerate postural maneuvers well. Later after transplantation, however, orthostatic tolerance is associated with increased norepinephrine release, consistent with enhanced sympathoactivation.
authors.affiliation: University of California, School of Nursing, Los Angeles 90095-6918, USA.
authors.forename: L V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Doering
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dracup
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Moser
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Czer
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Peter
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002302:Cardiac Output; D006339:Heart Rate; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D011187:Posture; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013318:Stroke Volume; D014655:Vascular Resistance
chemical_list: D009638:Norepinephrine