title: Photolysis of retinol in liposomes and its protection with tocopherol and oxybenzone.
abstract: In this work the stabilities of retinol in methanolic solutions and liposomal suspensions exposed to UV light were compared using absorbance spectroscopy and the ability of alpha-tocopherol and the sunscreen additive, oxybenzone, to reduce the rate of retinol decomposition assessed. Retinol in methanol decolorized almost completely within a few minutes of exposure to a 6 W 350 nm wavelength lamp. From the concentration dependence of the reaction rates it appears that retinol activated by light can decomposed either directly or after collision with a second retinol molecule. Several reaction products are formed. alpha-Tocopherol solutions were unaffected by 350 nm light but they did darken when irradiated with 250 nm wavelength light. Addition of alpha-tocopherol or removal of oxygen from the retinol in methanol solutions reduced only slightly the rates of retinol photolysis. When dispersed in water within liposomes made of equimolar egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) and cholesterol, up to six-fold increases in the decomposition rate of the retinol were observed. The reaction rate could be reduced but only slightly by increasing the ratio of PC to retinol. A mechanism that explains the concentration dependence of the retinol photolysis is that the reduction in reaction rate on diluting the retinol concentration within a given liposome was due to the prevention of the reaction between one light-activated retinol molecule with another within the same liposome. Incorporation of oxybenzone into the liposomes reduced the reaction rates. The results suggested that most of the protection in this case arises through the oxybenzone closet to the light source absorbing the light, thereby preventing it reaching retinol much further into the sample. Incorporation of alpha-tocopherol into the liposomes could also reduce substantially the photolysis rate of co-entrapped retinol. The mechanism of protection in this case appears to be via the tocopherol quenching activated retinol molecules. The close proximity of the tocopherol to the retinol within a single liposome has shown to be important in this case. Only slight protection of retinol in one liposome by tocopherol in another was observed under the conditions studied. This means that the protection by tocopherol will still be observed if the liposome dispersions are diluted considerably or if only thin samples are exposed to light.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gregoriadis
mesh_terms: D001577:Benzophenones / Q000737:chemistry*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004355:Drug Stability; D008027:Light; D008081:Liposomes; D010782:Photolysis; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry*; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry*; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001577:Benzophenones; D008081:Liposomes; D013473:Sunscreening Agents; D014801:Vitamin A; D014810:Vitamin E; C005290:oxybenzone