The influence of multiple dosing and age on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glipizide in patients with type II diabetes mellitus.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glipizide after a single dose and 12 weeks of dosing in patients with type II diabetes mellitus, and evaluate the influence of aging.


METHODS
Comparison of single and multiple doses of glipizide.


METHODS
University-affiliated outpatient internal medicine clinic and diabetes care unit.


METHODS
Twenty patients (11 men, 9 women, mean age 55.2 +/- 9.9 yrs) with type II diabetes mellitus who were currently receiving oral hypoglycemic agents or were hyperglycemic with diet.


METHODS
A 24-hour pharmacokinetic evaluation of glipizide was assessed after a 5-mg dose at the start of therapy and after 12 weeks of therapy. Pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed using compartmental population analysis techniques. Glipizide pharmacodynamic evaluation was assessed by serum glucose, insulin, and C-peptide responses during a 4-hour Sustacal tolerance test performed at baseline before instituting glipizide therapy, with the first 5-mg dose, and at week 12 of therapy. Glipizide dosages were titrated to a targeted goal of fasting plasma glucose of 7.8 mmol/L or less or to reach maximum daily doses of 40 mg.


RESULTS
No significant differences in time to peak concentration, apparent volumes of distribution for the central and peripheral compartments, apparent oral clearance from the central compartment, distributional clearance between the central and peripheral compartments, or terminal elimination half-life were observed with a single dose and long-term dosing. The mean +/- SD terminal elimination half-lives were 9.67 +/- 5.6 and 9.35 +/- 4.6 hours after a single dose and 12 weeks, respectively. Fasting plasma glucose concentrations decreased from 12.3 +/- 3.6 mmol/L before the first dose of glipizide to 9.2 +/- 1.7 mmol/L after 12 weeks of treatment. The values for area under the serum concentration-time curve from zero to 4 hours for glucose (AUC0-4.glucose) were significantly reduced at week 12 (baseline 49.8 +/- 15.6, week 12 37.8 +/- 9.8 mmol/L/hr). Glipizide provoked an increase in serum insulin and C-peptide concentrations (AUC0-4.insulin: baseline 698 +/- 327, single dose 954 +/- 461, long-term dosing 945 +/- 600 pmol/L/hr). No significant change in insulin response was observed between single and multiple doses. No age-related differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters or the pharmacodynamic responses of glipizide were observed.


CONCLUSIONS
Long-term dosing and aging have little effect on the pharmacokinetic profile of glipizide. In addition, glipizide stimulates insulin secretion to a similar extent following glucose challenge after a single dose and long-term administration.
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
L A
LA
Jaber
M P
MP
Ducharme
D J
DJ
Edwards
R L
RL
Slaughter
G
G
Grunberger
D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005913:Glipizide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008875:Middle Aged
D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D005913:Glipizide