Pulmonary venous sphincters in cattle.
BACKGROUND
The pulmonary veins of rats have regular focal narrowing by tufts of smooth muscle (sphincters) that can contract in response to a variety of stimuli, but these structures are not well studied in other species, and there is little information about their innervation and control.


METHODS
The pulmonary veins of 21 cattle were cast with methacrylate, and the casts were studied by scanning electron microscopy, or the fixed tissue was studied by light microscopy with immunocytochemistry and transmission electron microscopy.


RESULTS
Constrictions occurred in series along the course of veins (9.6/500 microns), giving the cast veins a string-of-pearl look, with narrowing of 33-81% of the outer diameter. No resin appeared beyond the most narrowed veins. The percentage of contraction did not correlate with the diameter of the veins. With immunohistochemistry using antibodies to S-100, protein gene peptide 9.5, neuron-specific enolase, neurofilament 200, and glial fibrillary acidic protein and with transmission electron microscopy, we could identify no neuronal elements associated with the venous smooth muscle tufts. Bronchial smooth muscle bundles in the same sections stained positively.


CONCLUSIONS
The veins of cattle are unlike the rat because the focal venous smooth muscle protrudes deeply into the venous lumen and may completely obstruct perfusion. If the focal venous muscle has no innervation (this study) and can constrict without blood flow (as shown previously), then the venous constriction and, hence, local blood flow regulation must be controlled by local mediators.
Aharinejad
S
S
Department of Anatomy, University of Vienna, Austria.
Egerbacher
M
M
Nourani
F
F
Böck
P
P
Friederici
C
C
Schraufnagel
D E
DE
D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D016319:Corrosion Casting; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D013869:Thiolester Hydrolases / Q000032:analysis; D043222:Ubiquitin Thiolesterase
D019332:Endothelin-1; D009418:S100 Proteins; D013869:Thiolester Hydrolases; D043222:Ubiquitin Thiolesterase