Microsurgical correction of facial contour in congenital craniofacial malformations: the marriage of hard and soft tissue.
The correction of facial asymmetry in complex craniofacial malformations presents a challenging problem for reconstructive surgeons. Deficiencies of both the facial skeleton and the overlying soft tissue must be addressed to achieve the optimal reconstructive result. We present our experience with a minimum of 1-year follow-up over a 5-year period with 19 patients who initially underwent standard facial skeletal reconstruction and subsequently required microsurgical soft-tissue reconstructions for final correction of facial contour. From July of 1989 to June of 1994, 19 patients with craniofacial malformations underwent microsurgical correction of facial contour using 21 free flaps. The underlying malformations included 15 hemifacial microsomias, 2 orbitofacial clefts, 1 congenital temporomandibular joint ankylosis with micrognathia, and 1 Tessier no. 30 (lower midline mandibular) cleft. Sixteen patients had previous facial skeletal correction using craniofacial techniques. Age at operation ranged from 6 to 27 years. Twenty-one microvascular flaps were used on the 19 patients: 19 deepithelialized parascapular flaps, 1 superficial inferior epigastric flap, and 1 fibula with soleus muscle and large skin paddle for a severe Tessier no. 30 facial cleft with severe micrognathia. Of the 15 patients with hemifacial microsomia, 10 were treated with parascapular fasciocutaneous flaps, 3 with parascapular flaps with bone, 1 with a parascapular flap with teres major muscle for additional bulk, and 1 with a superficial inferior epigastric flap. Complications were two limited hematomas drained at the bedside and a partial skin paddle slough of the fibula flap. Correction of facial contour in complex craniofacial malformations is possible using microsurgical techniques. These free flaps "camouflage" the underlying skeletal deformity that persists despite traditional skeletal reconstruction while restoring symmetrical facial contour. We recommend the marriage of both skeletal and microsurgical soft-tissue reconstructions to achieve the optimal aesthetic result for craniofacial contouring in these challenging patients.
Institute of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, N.Y., USA.
M T
MT
Longaker
J W
JW
Siebert
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D005145:Face / Q000601:surgery*; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000601:surgery; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012086:Reoperation; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000379:methods*; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000379:methods