Application of the Tarasoff ruling and its effect on the victim and the therapeutic relationship.
OBJECTIVE
The Tarasoff case and subsequent court decisions and legislation in many jurisdictions established a duty to protect the intended victims of patients who pose a serious threat of violence. An approach that has been legally sanctioned is to warn the intended victim. This study examined the effects of such warnings on the warned persons and on the therapeutic relationship.


METHODS
All second-, third-, and fourth-year psychiatric residents (N = 46) in a university-based psychiatric residency program in San Francisco were interviewed about their experiences related to issuing Tarasoff warnings.


RESULTS
Almost half of the residents (N = 22) reported having issued a Tarasoff warning. Most warnings were issued for patients seen in inpatient units and emergency rooms. In almost half of the cases, the resident was unable to contact the intended victim but did report the threat to a law enforcement agency. In almost three-fourths of the cases in which the intended victim was contacted, the individual already knew of the threat. The most common reaction among those warned was anxiety mixed with thankfulness; most expressed an intent to modify their behavior to increase safety. The second most common reaction was denial that the patient would ever hurt them. Clinicians reported that in most cases issuing the warning had a minimal or a positive effect on the psychotherapeutic relationship.


CONCLUSIONS
Many of the anticipated negative effects of the Tarasoff decision have not materialized.
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
R L
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Binder
D E
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McNiel
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003219:Confidentiality / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D003717:Denial, Psychological; D017007:Duty to Warn / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D005260:Female; D006708:Homicide / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000193:education; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*