Pathogenesis and treatment of calcium stones.
Calcium stones arise from imbalances between urinary excretions of insoluble salts and water. Idiopathic hypercalciuria and hyperparathyroidism are the calcium disorders usually associated with elevated levels of calcium in the urine. Renal tubular acidosis is associated with a disordered acid-base status that results in low urine citrate. Hypocitraturia itself is a cause of calcium stones because it leaves urine calcium free to complex with either oxalate or phosphate. Elevated urine oxalate is commonly associated with dietary excesses, bowel disease, and, rarely, primary hyperoxaluria. Hyperuricosuria, usually of dietary origin, when reversed can cause a fall in new calcium stones.
Nephrology Section, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
J H
JH
Parks
F L
FL
Coe
D000493:Allopurinol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000963:Antimetabolites / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001581:Benzothiadiazines; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004232:Diuretics; D006801:Humans; D006934:Hypercalcemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine; D006961:Hyperparathyroidism / Q000150:complications*; D011379:Prognosis; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology
D000963:Antimetabolites; D001581:Benzothiadiazines; D004232:Diuretics; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors; D000493:Allopurinol