Biological control. Aspects of biological control--with special reference to arthropods, protozoans and helminths of domesticated animals.
Biological control describes situations in which a living antagonist (a predator, parasite, parasitoid or a pathogen) is distributed by man to lower pest (parasite) populations to acceptable sub-clinical densities or to keep the population at a non-harmful level. Ideally, biological control has no negative effects on the environment, whereas chemical control is not always so harmless. Laboratory and field observations have revealed many organisms, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, turbellarians, nematodes, earthworms, tardigrades, insects, copepods and mites as antagonists to parasitic arthropods, protozoans and helminths of domesticated animals. However, only very few of these antagonists have shown promising qualities as biological control agents within veterinary science. The lack of success should be linked to the lack of knowledge about complex natural biological systems and the antagonists that may be found there. This situation has restricted the interest of industry in developing biological products. In the future, however, industry may become more interested in biological control considering the increasing problems with parasite resistance to drugs in combination with the increasing cost of developing new chemical products, and because of increasing public concern about chemical residues in animal products and in the environment.
Department of Ecology and Molecular Biology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
J
J
Grønvold
S A
SA
Henriksen
M
M
Larsen
P
P
Nansen
J
J
Wolstrup
D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic; D001179:Arthropod Vectors; D009033:Culicidae; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control; D056890:Eukaryota; D005260:Female; D006373:Helminthiasis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D006374:Helminthiasis, Animal; D006801:Humans; D007313:Insecta; D008297:Male; D009348:Nematoda; D010271:Parasites; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D011156:Population Density; D011528:Protozoan Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D011529:Protozoan Infections, Animal; D014370:Tsetse Flies