Critical timing of nitric oxide supplementation in cardioplegic arrest and reperfusion.
BACKGROUND
It has been shown that increased nitric oxide (NO) generation is associated with improved myocardial preservation during ischemia/reperfusion. This study sought to determine the optimal timing for NO supplementation in the setting of cardioplegic arrest, regional ischemia, and reperfusion.


RESULTS
Isolated working rat hearts were arrested with normothermic oxygenated potassium cardioplegia for 5 minutes, followed by 60 minutes of normothermic continuous cardioplegic administration with left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion. The hearts were divided into four groups. Hearts in group 1 were ischemic/reperfused controls without L-arginine treatment. Hearts in group 2 were perfused with 3 mmol/L L-arginine for 5 minutes before cardioplegic arrest. Hearts in group 3 were perfused with 3 mmol/L L-arginine in the cardioplegia solution. Hearts in group 4 were perfused with 3 mmol/L L-arginine for 5 minutes only during initial reperfusion. Myocardial contractile function after 30 minutes of reperfusion was significantly better in group 2 compared with the other groups and was significantly lower in group 4 than group 1. Coronary flow, although decreased from base line in all groups at 30 minutes of reperfusion, was highest in group 2. The tissue accumulation of cGMP in groups 2 and 3 increased significantly after L-arginine infusion compared with the control group (group 1). In contrast, the LAD regional cGMP after reperfusion in group 4 was comparable to group 1 and significantly lower than groups 2 and 3, whereas the circumflex region cGMP in group 4 was significantly increased over group 1, comparable to groups 2 and 3. LDH release in groups 2 and 3 was significantly lower compared with groups 1 and 4.


CONCLUSIONS
As assessed by myocardial function and LDH release, L-arginine is most beneficial when given before cardioplegic arrest, effective during cardioplegic arrest, and detrimental during reperfusion. This suggests that L-arginine given during reperfusion is deleterious to optimal recovery of myocardial function in this ischemic model and that the effect of NO generation in the ischemic/reperfused myocardium may be dependent on the condition of the endothelium.
Engelman
D T
DT
Department of Surgery, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Mass 01199, USA. engelman@bmcnorth.bhs.org
Watanabe
M
M
Maulik
N
N
Engelman
R M
RM
Rousou
J A
JA
Flack
J E
JE
Deaton
D W
DW
Das
D K
DK
D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors
D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D006152:Cyclic GMP