Concussion among Swedish elite ice hockey players.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the frequency of concussion in Swedish ice hockey and to establish a uniform grading and treatment model for concussions of different severity.


METHODS
Frequency of concussion was investigated in two studies, one retrospective and one prospective. In the retrospective study, all Swedish elite ice hockey players (n = 265) were asked to answer a questionnaire on the number and treatment of previous concussions. Only concussions diagnosed by a doctor were recorded. The questionnaire was completed by 227 players (86%). In the prospective study, all injuries including concussions occurring during game and practice in the Swedish Elite League (n = 12 teams) were recorded during four years. The causes of injury, referees judgements, diagnosis, treatment, and time absent from ice hockey were registered on special cards.


RESULTS
In the retrospective study, 51 out of 227 players (22%) in the Swedish Elite League reported at least one concussion. In the prospective study, 52 concussions were reported. The incidence of a concussion is at least one concussion every year/team or a yearly risk of about 5% for a player to sustain a concussion. Most concussions occurred during league play (81%). Body contact (checking or boarding) was the most common cause of concussions. The players were absent from full training and play on a mean of 6 d.


CONCLUSIONS
As this injury is potentially dangerous it must be treated seriously according to a simple treatment model presented. In cases of repeated concussions during the same season, a longer period of time away from play is suggested. In players who have sustained several concussions over the years a thorough medical examination including EEG, CT/MRI, and neuropsychological tests should be performed. If any of these is pathological the player should be advised to give up ice hockey.
Tegner
Y
Y
Ermeline Clinic, Luleå, Sweden.
Lorentzon
R
R
D000041:Absenteeism; D000647:Amnesia / Q000175:diagnosis; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D004244:Dizziness / Q000175:diagnosis; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006688:Hockey / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010808:Physical Examination; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014474:Unconsciousness / Q000175:diagnosis