Glycosaminoglycans can modulate extracellular localization of the wingless protein and promote signal transduction.
Wingless, the Drosophila homologue of the proto-oncogene Wnt-1, encodes a secreted glycoprotein that regulates differentiation and proliferation of nearby cells. Here we report on the biochemical mechanism(s) by which the wingless signal is transmitted from cell to cell. When expressed in S2 cells, the majority (approximately 83%) of secreted wingless protein (WG) is bound to the cell surface and extracellular matrix through specific, noncovalent interactions. The tethered WG can be released by addition of exogenous heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans. WG also binds directly to heparin agarose beads with high affinity. These data suggest that WG can bind to the cell surface via naturally occurring sulfated proteoglycans. Two lines of evidence indicate that extracellular glycosaminoglycans on the receiving cells also play a functional role in WG signaling. First, treatment of WG-responsive cells with glycosaminoglycan lyases reduced WG activity by 50%. Second, when WG-responsive cells were preincubated with 1 mM chlorate, which blocks sulfation, WG activity was inhibited to near-basal levels. Addition of exogenous heparin to the chlorate-treated cells was able to restore WG activity. Based on these results, we propose that WG belongs to the group of growth factor ligands whose actions are mediated by extracellular proteoglycan molecules.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, USA.
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Reichsman
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Smith
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Cumberledge
D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000737:chemistry; D004330:Drosophila / Q000502:physiology*; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000737:chemistry; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010472:Perchlorates / Q000494:pharmacology; D011133:Polysaccharide-Lyases; D011485:Protein Binding; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D017670:Sodium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D013430:Sulfate Adenylyltransferase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D051155:Wnt1 Protein
D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D010472:Perchlorates; D011509:Proteoglycans; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D017670:Sodium Compounds; D051155:Wnt1 Protein; C074622:wg protein, Drosophila; C031068:sodium perchlorate; D013430:Sulfate Adenylyltransferase; D011133:Polysaccharide-Lyases