Experiences of women in cardiothoracic surgery. A gender comparison.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the career and practice experiences of cardiothoracic surgeons, with references to gender similarities and differences.


METHODS
Four-step mailed 115-question survey.


METHODS
All identified women, and a cohort of men, certified by the American Board of Thoracic Surgery.


METHODS
Academic rank, career background, salary, perceptions and experiences of harassment or discrimination, and personal life characteristics.


RESULTS
No differences were found in training backgrounds. More men (64%) than women (52%) were in university practices. Comparable proportions of men and women were assistant professors (27%), but more men (27%) than women (13.6%) were full professors. Fifty-eight percent of women and 21% of men reported salaries of less than $250000; 62% of men and 32% of women had incomes over $350000. Career satisfaction was comparable between genders; however, women perceived the promotion process as unfair and unrelated to academic rank. Both genders encouraged men toward a surgical career; men were less likely than women to encourage women to pursue a surgical career (P < .01). Women, much more than men, believed that discrimination hindered their career development (P < .001). Characteristics of personal life were also considerably different between the genders.


CONCLUSIONS
Although practice and training parameters for male and female cardiothoracic surgeons are comparable, work experiences, personal life, and career rewards such as salary and promotion, and perception of discrimination are different.
Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo, USA.
C M
CM
Dresler
D L
DL
Padgett
S E
SE
MacKinnon
G A
GA
Patterson
D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002321:Career Choice; D002322:Career Mobility; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004501:Education, Medical; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D010822:Physicians, Women; D011287:Prejudice; D011364:Professional Practice; D012456:Salaries and Fringe Benefits; D012737:Sex Factors; D017406:Sexual Harassment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013903:Thoracic Surgery