Required thermal thresholds during transport of animals.
Conditions (total complex of stressors) during the transport of animals vary strongly between and within transports. Adverse climatic conditions are stressors that animals have to face during transport. The thermoregulation of animals id discussed with respect to threshold values for optimal climatic conditions. These thermal thresholds depend on animal related factors and environmental conditions. The specific impact of transport conditions, such as food and water deprivation, high stocking density, high humidity and high air velocity, on thermal thresholds are described.
Department of Animal Husbandry, Wageningen Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural University Wageningen, The Netherlands.
J W
JW
Schrama
W
W
van der Hel
J
J
Gorssen
A M
AM
Henken
M W
MW
Verstegen
J P
JP
Noordhuizen
D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005508:Food Deprivation / Q000502:physiology; D011200:Poultry / Q000502:physiology*; D012756:Sheep / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D013552:Swine / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D013696:Temperature; D014186:Transportation; D014868:Water Deprivation / Q000502:physiology