A method to produce sedation in critically ill patients.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate a protocol based on continuous infusion of a benzodiazepine and morphine to produce apnea/decreased respiratory effort as an adjunct to complex mechanical ventilation in patients with respiratory failure.


METHODS
Observational report of consecutive patients.


METHODS
University medical intensive care unit.


METHODS
Seventeen consecutive patients with acute respiratory failure requiring high levels of sedation and/or paralysis to facilitate mechanical ventilation were studied.


METHODS
Patients were started on a continuous infusion of a benzodiazepine and morphine soon after mechanical ventilation was instituted. The dosages of the benzodiazepine and morphine were increased to the end point of diminished respiratory effort or apnea depending on the clinical status of the patient and ventilatory mode. This regimen was supplemented with single doses of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) only as the dosages of benzodiazepine/narcotic were being titrated. The benzodiazepine/narcotic agents were then gradually reduced as the patient's condition improved, often using an oral route of administration.


RESULTS
The benzodiazepine/morphine combination produced apnea and diminished respiratory effort in patients requiring sedation from 2 to 50 days, including those with hemodynamic instability, hepatic dysfunction, renal dysfunction, and sepsis. The combination allowed the use of NMBAs to be minimized. There was no evidence of worsened hemodynamic instability as a result of the administration of these agents. The gastrointestinal tract could be used for nutrition in 8 of the 17 patients.


CONCLUSIONS
Continuous infusion of a benzodiazepine and morphine controlled the respiratory rate in patients with severe respiratory failure requiring complex mechanical ventilatory support.
Watling
S M
SM
Department of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Columbia 65212, USA.
Johnson
M
M
Yanos
J
J
D018806:APACHE; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D001049:Apnea / Q000139:chemically induced; D002648:Child; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods* / Q000451:nursing; D016638:Critical Illness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008140:Lorazepam; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000628:therapy*; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000187:drug effects
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D009020:Morphine; D008140:Lorazepam