Nitric oxide/carbon monoxide. A molecular switch for myocardial preservation during ischemia.
BACKGROUND
In heart, NO is produced from L-arginine catalyzed by NO synthase, and CO is formed during the conversion of bilirubin from heme by the action of heme oxygenase. NO, which exerts its biological actions through cGMP and heme, has recently been implicated in myocardial protection during ischemia and reperfusion. We hypothesized that the intracellular signaling by NO may be modulated by heme oxygenase.


RESULTS
To test this hypothesis, isolated rat hearts were perfused for 10 minutes with one of the following: (1) buffer alone; (2) 3 mmol/L L-arginine, a precursor for NO; (3) 650 mumol/L zinc protoporphyrin, a heme oxygenase inhibitor; (4) 3 mmol/L L-arginine plus 650 mumol/L zinc protoporphyrin; (5) 15 mumol/L methylene blue, a cGMP inhibitor; or (6) 3 mmol/L L-arginine plus 15 mumol/L methylene blue. Hearts were then made ischemic for 30 minutes, followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion. L-Arginine afforded significant myocardial protection, as evidenced by increased developed pressure (DP) (53.3 +/- 4.3 versus 35.4 +/- 1.8 for control), dP/dtmax (2405 +/- 125 versus 1758 +/- 117 for control), aortic flow (23 +/- 1.5 versus 9.4 +/- 1.6 for control), and coronary flow (CF) (23.0 +/- 0.8 versus 19.0 +/- 1.6 for control) at the end of reperfusion. Protoporphyrin tended to reduce these values compared with L-arginine alone (DP, 27.5 +/- 1.4; dP/dtmax, 1400 +/- 78; CF, 17 +/- 0.5), suggesting a contribution of heme oxygenase in addition to NO for myocardial preservation. Increased mRNAs for the heme oxygenase were noticed in the ischemic reperfused myocardium. Contents of cGMP, the second messenger for NO signaling, increased in the L-arginine group (1.6 +/- 0.1 versus 1.1 +/- 0.1 for control) and were reduced by protoporphyrin. cGMP was completely inhibited by methylene blue, which also retarded postischemic myocardial functional recovery. Malonaldehyde formation, a presumptive marker for free radical generation, was decreased in the L-arginine group (0.053 +/- 0.003) compared with control (0.089 +/- 0.005) but was increased in the protoporphyrin group (0.09 +/- 0.003) compared with the L-arginine group. In vitro studies demonstrated that NO was able to reduce the reactive oxygen species produced by myoglobin, especially oxoferrylmyoglobin, which either are present in heart or are formed in high concentrations during the reperfusion of ischemic myocardium.


CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that NO contributes to myocardial preservation by both cGMP-dependent and cGMP-independent mechanisms, the former being modulated by CO signaling and the latter by virtue of its antioxidant action.
Maulik
N
N
Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington 06030-1110, USA.
Engelman
D T
DT
Watanabe
M
M
Engelman
R M
RM
Rousou
J A
JA
Flack
J E
JE
Deaton
D W
DW
Gorbunov
N V
NV
Elsayed
N M
NM
Kagan
V E
VE
Das
D K
DK
D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000032:analysis; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing) / Q000235:genetics; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008297:Male; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D009926:Organ Preservation; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013552:Swine
D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D001120:Arginine; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing); D006152:Cyclic GMP; D001663:Bilirubin