Hypotension after blunt abdominal trauma: the role of emergent abdominal sonography in surgical triage.
OBJECTIVE
Trauma victims with hypotension require a rapid and reliable localization of bleeding and expedient surgical triage. Our hypothesis is that emergent abdominal sonography (EAS) is a rapid and accurate test of the need for urgent laparotomy in blunt trauma victims with hypotension.


METHODS
Among 400 blunt trauma victims entered in a prospective blind study of EAS, a subgroup of 69 (17%) patients had a systolic blood pressure < or = 90 mm Hg during their initial assessment. Although the EAS results [(+) = fluid, (-) = no fluid] were not used in clinical decision making, the potential contribution of EAS to patient care was examined.


RESULTS
The mean Injury Severity Score was 32. Twenty-two (32%) patients were EAS (+), of which 19 required an acute laparotomy. No laparotomies were performed in the 47 EAS (-) patients. The EASs required 19 +/- 5 seconds in the EAS (+) group and 154 +/- 13 seconds in the EAS (-) group. Twenty of the 22 positive EASs had free fluid in Morison's pouch. All 13 patients with an ultrasound score > or = 3 had a laparotomy. The primary etiology of hypotension was blood loss in 42 patients, hemoperitoneum in 18, and retroperitoneal hemorrhage in 12.


CONCLUSIONS
EAS is a rapid and accurate indicator of the need for urgent laparotomy in the hypotensive blunt trauma victim. Further, a negative EAS can hasten the search for other causes of hypotension. Diagnostic peritoneal lavage may become obsolete in centers with EAS capabilities.
Wherrett
L J
LJ
Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Boulanger
B R
BR
McLellan
B A
BA
Brenneman
F D
FD
Rizoli
S B
SB
Culhane
J
J
Hamilton
P
P
D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D005260:Female; D006465:Hemoperitoneum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007022:Hypotension / Q000209:etiology*; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007813:Laparotomy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010533:Peritoneal Lavage; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014218:Triage; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*