The effect of different levels of vitamin C and cholecalciferol with adequate or marginal levels of dietary calcium on performance and eggshell quality of laying hens.
Three experiments were conducted to determine whether shell quality, bone mineralization, and other production traits could be improved by adding vitamin C (ascorbic acid) to laying hen diets. The period of each experiment was 12 wk. Experiment 1 consisted of a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial design with two levels of Ca (2.8 and 3.8%), two levels of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3; 2,200 and 4,400 IU/kg diet), and three levels of vitamin C (0, 125, and 250 ppm). Experiment 2 consisted of a 2 x 3 x 2 factorial design with two levels of Ca (2.8 and 3.8%), three levels of vitamin D3 (250, 500, and 2,000 IU/kg diet), and two levels of vitamin C (0 and 250 ppm). Experiment 3 consisted of a 2 x 4 factorial design with two sources of vitamin D3 (12.5 micrograms vitamin D3/kg diet or 12.5 micrograms 25-OH-D3/kg diet) and four levels of vitamin C (0, 250, 500, and 1,000 ppm). Calcium level was kept constant at 3.5% for all the diets in Experiment 3. Production performance was not influenced by dietary treatments in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, feed conversion was improved (P < 0.05) due to increasing the dietary Ca, and egg weight and egg size were increased (P < 0.05) due to adding 250 ppm vitamin C to the diet. In experiment 3, albumen quality was increased by the addition of 1,000 ppm vitamin C to the diet. Egg specific gravity was increased in Experiments 1 and 2 only, due to increasing the Ca level (P < 0.05). In Experiment 2, increasing the Ca level and increasing the vitamin D3 level from 250 to 2,000 ppm reduced (P < 0.05) the number of cracked eggs, but incidence of cracked eggs was increased with the addition of 250 ppm vitamin C to the diet. In Experiment 1, plasma level of 1,25(OH)2D3 was greater (P < 0.05) for hens fed 2.8 than 3.8% Ca, but blood acidbase balance was not influenced by dietary regimens. Bone ash was not influenced by dietary treatments in any of the experiments. The data indicated that a supplemental level of vitamin C had no beneficial effects on shell quality and bone mineralization under the conditions of the current experiments.
Keshavarz
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Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002645:Chickens / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004528:Egg Shell / Q000502:physiology*; D004529:Egg White / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D010058:Oviposition / Q000502:physiology*; D013046:Specific Gravity; D013696:Temperature
D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D002762:Cholecalciferol; D001205:Ascorbic Acid