Induction of neuronal nitric oxide after hypothermic circulatory arrest.
BACKGROUND
Although hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) has become routine practice in cardiac surgery, it is associated with substantial neurotoxicity. We tested the hypothesis that increased nitric oxide production during HCA participates in neuronal death. We previously described a canine survival model of HCA that produces a consistent neurologic deficit and histopathologic pattern of selective neuronal death.


METHODS
Adult male hound dogs (n = 17) were subjected to 2 hours of HCA at a brain temperature of 18 degrees C and reperfused to normothermia; they were sacrificed at various intervals up to 74 hours. Using in vivo cerebral microdialysis, dogs (n = 5) were given a simultaneous infusion of artificial cerebrospinal fluid containing L-[14C]arginine or L-[14C]arginine and L-nitroarginine methyl ester (a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) in contralateral hemispheres while undergoing 2 hours of HCA and reperfusion to normothermia.


RESULTS
L-[14C]citrulline recovery, a coproduct of nitric oxide, significantly increased during HCA in the hemisphere without the inhibitor (at 300 minutes: control, 236 +/- 94 fmol/min versus L-nitroarginine methyl ester, 6 +/- 6 fmol/min; p < 0.05). Citrulline production in vitro from canine cortical homogenates in the presence of calcium (n = 12) was significantly greater 8 and 20 hours after reperfusion (5.11 +/- 0.54 x 10(-7) mmol.mg-1.min-1 and 7.52 +/- 0.59 x 10(-7) mmol.mg-1.min-1, respectively) than before HCA (1.51 +/- 0.09 x 10(-7) mmol.mg-1.min-1; p < 0.05). Nitric oxide metabolites in the serum were also increased significantly early after reperfusion (baseline, 6.72 +/- 0.95 mmol/L; at 4 hours, 17.58 +/- 1.46 mmol/L; p < 0.05). Immunocytochemical staining of the cortex with neuronal nitric oxide synthase-specific monoclonal antibodies (Transduction Labs) revealed increased neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression 6 to 18 hours after HCA. Darkfield analysis demonstrated neuronal nitric oxide synthase localization to neuronal processes with widespread formation of dense plexi of nitric oxide synthase fibers.


CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that neurotoxicity after HCA involves a significant, early induction in neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression in neuronal processes leading to widespread augmented nitric oxide production in the brain.
Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
M V
MV
Brock
M E
ME
Blue
C J
CJ
Lowenstein
F A
FA
Northington
M S
MS
Lange
M V
MV
Johnston
W A
WA
Baumgartner
D000818:Animals; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors
D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase