Verbal encouragement: effects on maximum effort voluntary muscle action.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the effects of verbal encouragement on the peak force of the elbow flexors during an isometric muscle action.


METHODS
A crossover design whereby 20 subjects were divided into 10 2 x 2 Latin squares was undertaken. Peak forces were measured on a Kin-Com dynamometer, and electromyographic (EMG) activity was also recorded from the biceps brachii. All subjects completed trials with and without verbal encouragement.


RESULTS
Mean peak force increased (P < 0.05) from 296 to 311 N (5%) when verbal encouragement was presented. A spectral analysis of the EMG activity showed no changes (P > 0.05) to the median frequency in the condition where verbal encouragement was present.


CONCLUSIONS
These findings have ramifications for training and exercise therapy. An awareness of the effects of verbal encouragement is important when motivating athletes and patients to attain maximum performance during exercise.
Faculty of Health Studies, Auckland Institute of Technology, New Zealand.
P J
PJ
McNair
J
J
Depledge
M
M
Brettkelly
S N
SN
Stanley
D000328:Adult; D003142:Communication; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004550:Elbow / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D010806:Physical Education and Training; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D019415:Torque