Enantioselective inhibition of TNF-alpha release by thalidomide and thalidomide-analogues.
The question whether the immunomodulating activity of rac-thalidomide resides in either the (-)-(S)- or the (+)-(R)-enantiomer was addressed by synthesis and separation of pure enantiomers of thalidomide analogues which carry a methyl-group at the asymmetric carbon atom and are thus prevented from racemization. The effect of the pure enantiomers of the thalidomide-analogues and also of the enantiomers of thalidomide on release of TNF-alpha was tested in vitro by using stimulated peripheral mononuclear blood cells. Both enantiomers of thalidomide inhibited the release of TNF-alpha equally well at low concentrations (5 and 12.5 micrograms/ml) but at higher concentrations (25 and 50 micrograms 50 micrograms/ml) there was a weak but statistically significant selectivity towards the (-)-(S)-enantiomer. In the case of the configuration-stable thalidomide-analogues there was a very pronounced and statistically significant enantioselectivity towards the (S)-form even at lower concentrations (> or = 5 micrograms/ml). The (S)-enantiomers of the thalidomide-analogues differed in their inhibitory potency from (-)-(S)-thalidomide suggesting that the introduction of the methyl-group increases the TNF-alpha-inhibitory activity while the reduction of one of the carbonyl-functions in the glutarimide-moiety to a methylene-group decreases activity. The effect of these small molecular alterations on activity and the enantioselectivity towards the (S)-enantiomers may indicate that thalidomide and its analogues directly interact with one or several cellular target-proteins.
Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Gruenenthal Centre of Research, Aachen, Germany.
S
S
Wnendt
M
M
Finkam
W
W
Winter
J
J
Ossig
G
G
Raabe
K
K
Zwingenberger
D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007700:Kinetics; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D013792:Thalidomide