Intermediate results of the extracardiac Fontan procedure.
BACKGROUND
Fourteen children (ages 2 to 14 years) and 1 adult (32 years) have undergone a modification of the Fontan procedure in which an extracardiac lateral tunnel or conduit is used in combination with staged or simultaneous bidirectional Glenn shunt(s).


METHODS
Extracardiac lateral tunnels (n = 9) were constructed using a polytetrafluoroethylene patch (n = 7), pericardial patch (n = 1), or in situ pericardial flap (n = 1). Extracardiac lateral conduits (n = 6) were constructed using nonvalved homografts (n = 2) or polytetrafluoroethylene tube grafts (n = 4). Fenestrations were created in 4 patients (2 each in extracardiac lateral tunnel and extracardiac lateral conduit patients). Aortic cross-clamping was completely avoided in 12/15 patients (aortic cross-clamping in 2 patients for atrial septal defect enlargement and 1 for Damus-Kaye-Stansel procedure).


RESULTS
There have been no operative deaths. Prolonged postoperative chest tube drainage (> 2 weeks) has been rare (n = 1). At follow-up (range, 6 to 54 months; mean, 27.5 months), all patients are in New York Heart Association class I or II and remain in normal sinus rhythm. Late protein-losing enteropathy was seen in 1 patient and was successfully treated by percutaneous creation of a stented fenestration from the extracardiac tunnel to the systemic atrium. Late catheterizations reveal unobstructed extracardiac lateral tunnel function and low pulmonary pressures (range, 11 to 13 mm Hg). Advantages of the extracardiac Fontan include (1) avoidance of aortic cross-clamping in most patients, (2) the hemodynamic benefits of total cavopulmonary connection, (3) avoidance of atriotomy and intraatrial suture lines, (4) preservation of sinus rhythm and no arrhythmias at 2 year follow-up, (5) drainage of the coronary sinus to low pressure atrium, (6) allowance for early/late fenestrations, (7) prevention of baffle leaks and intraatrial obstruction, and (8) allowance for growth (tunnel procedures only).


CONCLUSIONS
We recommend this extracardiac procedure for all suitable patients undergoing surgical conversion to the Fontan circulation.
Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
J C
JC
Laschinger
J M
JM
Redmond
D E
DE
Cameron
J S
JS
Kan
R E
RE
Ringel
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D015505:Chest Tubes; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018729:Fontan Procedure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013526:Surgical Mesh; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene