Concordance between ANSI occupational back injury codes and claim form diagnoses and a lower bound estimate of the fraction associated with disc displacement/herniation.
The current BLS Annual Survey of Occupational Illnesses and Injuries and several recent analyses of factors affecting missed worktime in occupational back injuries rely on ANSI-based injury codes derived from injury narratives to classify occupational injuries and estimate incidence and outcome. No population-based studies of the concordance between back injury codes and clinical diagnoses have been reported. Back injury cases were identified in two large work-injured populations totaling almost 80,000 cases in the states of Michigan and Minnesota. In both populations, cases had been coded by the single nature-of-injury and part-of-body-injured codes assigned by an ANSI-based injury-coding system and by as many as four (Michigan) or three (Minnesota) clinical diagnoses according to the International Classification of Diseases-Clinical Modification, 9th Revision. Concordance was measured by the sensitivity and predictive value positive (PVP, aka PV+ or PPA) of the injury coding scheme for related diagnostic groups. We also used an algorithm based on the limited clinical information available to corroborate the diagnosis of displaced/herniated disc for cases that underwent spinal surgery. Cases identified by the algorithm were then used to obtain a lower bound estimate of the fraction with disc injury. The injury coding scheme had PVPs of 82.9-90.1% and overall sensitivities of 69.7-75.9%. Sensitivities for individual diagnostic groups show that their distribution in ANSI-coded injury groups is skewed slightly toward cases with sprain and disc displacement/herniation, but these shifts are modest. The lower bound estimate of the fraction of cases with disc displacement/herniation in a population of cases with back injuries producing at least 1 day of missed worktime is 5.8%. The demographic comparisons indicate that, as the time between injury and cohort ascertainment increases during the first 8 days of missed worktime following injury, the proportion of younger workers in an injury cohort decreases. The relationship between increasing age and increasing missed worktime disability, reported in various outcome studies, is also present during the first few days following injury. The use of ANSI injury codes underestimates the contribution of back injuries to missed worktime because 24-30% of cases are missed by the ANSI coding system. However, the distribution of diagnostic groups in the injury-coded groups approximates that observed with all diagnosed cases and supports the use of such data to study outcome. Our estimate, and one from Quebec, suggest that disc displacement/herniation occurs more frequently in the subset of occupational back injuries compared to the set of back injuries from all sources.
Department of Environmental and Industrial Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan Ann Arbor 48109-2029, USA.
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Oleinick
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Gluck
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Guire
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000145:classification* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000145:classification* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D017678:Sex Distribution; D018582:Sick Leave; D014481:United States; D014942:Workers' Compensation