Excitotoxic lesion of rat brain with quinolinic acid induces expression of p53 messenger RNA and protein and p53-inducible genes Bax and Gadd-45 in brain areas showing DNA fragmentation.
Several recent studies have demonstrated that expression of the tumour-suppressor gene p53 increases within the nervous system after injury. In various cell lines wild-type-p53, induced by DNA damage, has been shown to function to halt cell-cycle progression and under certain circumstances to induce programmed-cell death or apoptosis. Since wild type-p53 can act as a transcription factor to regulate the expression of p53-responsive genes it is possible that either, or both, functions of p53 are mediated by down-stream effector genes. However wild-type-p53 only weakly activates transcription and it remains to be determined whether p53-responsive genes are expressed in lesioned brain. Here we report that excitotoxic lesion of rat brain with the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor agonist, quinolinic acid, induces expression of p53 messenger RNA and protein in brain regions showing delayed DNA fragmentation and that expression of p53 messenger RNA precedes DNA damage detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labelling. In addition, using in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry we demonstrate increased expression of the p53-responsive gene Gadd-45 (preceding p53 expression) and re-expression of the p53-responsive gene Bax (following p53 expression), in these same areas. Bax has been shown to promote neuronal death by interacting with Bcl-2 family members while Gadd-45 expression has been associated with suppression of the cell-cycle and DNA repair. These results suggest that p53 protein may function as an active transcription factor in lesioned brain perhaps initiating the re-expression of Bax in injured brain regions. However, since Gadd-45 precedes p53 expression it appears unlikely that p53 is involved in regulating the early expression of Gadd-45. Taken together however, these results suggest that p53, Bax and Gadd-45 may play important roles in the response (damage/recovery) of the brain following excitotoxic injury.
Department of Neurogerontology, Andrus Gerontology Centre, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA.
P E
PE
Hughes
T
T
Alexi
T
T
Yoshida
S S
SS
Schreiber
B
B
Knusel
D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004253:DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D016158:Genes, p53 / Q000187:drug effects*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007267:Injections; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008297:Male; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000502:physiology; D017072:Neostriatum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D017378:Quinolinic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D000097642:GADD45 Proteins
D004253:DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D011506:Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D017378:Quinolinic Acid; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D000097642:GADD45 Proteins; C494828:Bax protein, rat