[Non-communicable chronic diseases in Brazil: from risk factors to social impact].
The current epidemiologic profile of Brazil includes both the diseases of underdevelopment and those associated with modern life. Consequently, the country faces the difficult task of carrying out health promotion and protection activities aimed at controlling communicable diseases as well as noncommunicable chronic diseases (NCDs). This study sought to describe the epidemiologic situation of Brazilian adults with regard to NCDs and to present available data on the quality of care provided for these diseases and their social impact. To these ends, a literature review was conducted for the period 1964-1995--that is, since the beginning of the production and dissemination of data on cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes. Of the 153 bibliographic references that were discovered, 97 were used. The social, political, economic, and health inequities that exist among Brazil's geographic regions are reflected in the national scientific production, which is concentrated in the Southeast and South. Most of the studies based on primary data come from those regions. Information is scarce from the North-east, except the city of Salvador. Therefore, the health profile of adults--including risk factors and morbidity and mortality--can be better delineated for residents of the South and Southeast of the country, whereas for the other regions the necessary information is practically nonexistent. Risk factors linked to life-style are as widespread and important in Brazil as they are in industrialized countries. Prevalence and mortality rates among persons with or without certain socio-environmental risks (such as low level of schooling or unskilled occupations) indicate that NCDs predominate in the lowest social strata. Inter-regional differences in the prevalence of arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus, the most common fatal cardiovascular causes, and the predominant cancers, as well as morbidity and mortality in both sexes, illustrate the political, social, and economic inequities of development in each region. Comparisons with other countries of the incidence of cardiovascular diseases in a capital in the Northeast or mortality from cardiovascular diseases in the capitals in the South and Southeast show, in the first case, that Salvador has the highest incidence among the Western countries analyzed and, in the second case, that the mortality data rank among the top seven. Cardiovascular diseases and diabetes show increasing trends, with the exception of a small decline for ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease in the municipality of São Paulo. Deaths rates in hospitals from specific cardiovascular diseases and avoidable complications of diabetes are high, especially among indigent patients as opposed to private patients. Premature mortality, as measured by productive years of life lost, reflects the poor quality of medical care and the absence of targeted control programs. These data, combined with other sources of information, such as consents for treatment and pensions paid for illness, give some idea of the impact of NCDs on the society. The authors point to the basic research that could be done in all the country's regions to serve as a basis for planning and implementing populational strategies to reduce risk factors and to treat and control chronic noncommunicable diseases in Brazil.
Lessa
I
I
Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Brasil.
Mendonça
G A
GA
Teixeira
M T
MT
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000191:economics; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D004813:Epidemiology / Q000458:organization & administration; D005260:Female; D006296:Health Services / Q000600:supply & distribution; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008483:Medical Assistance / Q000458:organization & administration; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012940:Social Problems; D026712:Value of Life