title: Stress fractures at the base of the second metatarsal in ballet dancers.
abstract: Stress fractures are a frequent injury in ballet companies and the most common location is at the base of the second metatarsal. While previous reports have focused on risk factors for this injury (overtraining, delayed menarche, poor nutrition), there is no published series describing the natural history and outcome following this fracture. We reviewed the office records of the senior author and identified 51 professional dancers (64 fractures) who sustained a stress fracture at the base of the second metatarsal. History of a previous stress fracture in the lower extremity was seen in 19 patients and delayed menarche in the women was common. The clinical presentation was insidious onset of midfoot pain an average of 2.5 weeks prior to seeking medical care. The initial radiographs of the foot were positive in 19 patients, questionable in 3 patients, and negative in 42 patients. The usual location of the fracture was at the proximal metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction (three fractures extended into the tarsometatarsal joint). Treatment consisted of a short leg walking cast for 6 patients, and a wooden shoe and symptomatic treatment for the remainder. At follow-up, 14% of patients still had occasional pain or stiffness in the midfoot with dancing. The patients returned to performance at an average of 6.2 weeks following diagnosis. No patients required bone grafting for persistent symptoms. There were eight refractures (at the same site) occurring an average of 4.3 years, all of which healed with conservative care. Stress fractures at the base of the second metatarsal are common in ballet dancers and can usually be treated with symptomatically. The results of this study are discussed in terms of risk factors, the use of a posterior-anterior view of the foot to eliminate overlap at Lisfranc's joint, and our present treatment regimen.
authors.affiliation: Cornell University Medical College, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: O'Malley
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Munyak
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: DeFranco
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003615:Dancing / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D015775:Fractures, Stress / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008682:Metatarsal Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries*; D011859:Radiography; D013640:Tarsal Joints / Q000503:physiopathology