title: Repeated bile acid therapy for the long-term management of cholesterol gallstones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Following non-surgical treatment, cholesterol gallstones recur in a high proportion of patients, and recurrence cannot be predicted nor effectively prevented. Our aim was to test prospectively the viability and the efficacy of repeated bile acid therapy, in which recurrent stones are diagnosed at an early stage by regular ultrasound monitoring and promptly retreated, as a strategy for the management of these patients in clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and seventy-two consecutive patients were recruited upon achieving complete gallstone dissolution using non-surgical therapy (bile acids or lithotripsy plus bile acids), and followed up at 6-monthly intervals by ultrasound scan. Gallstone recurrence was promptly treated by a combination of ursodeoxycholic acid plus chenodeoxycholic acid (5 mg/kg per day each) for a period of 2 years, or less if complete redissolution was achieved. Median follow-up period was 34 months (range 6-70).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-five patients had gallstone recurrence; of these, 39 underwent one or more repeated courses of bile acid therapy (follow-up data available in 27). Gallstone recurrence rate was 15% at 1 year and 47% at 5 years. Average annual redissolution rate of recurrent gallstones (intention to treat) was 41%. The proportion of gallstone-free patients in the whole population was 88%, 84%, 77%, 78%, 75% at 1-5 years, respectively, and rose to > 90% at 3 years onwards in patients with single primary stones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that repeated bile acid therapy maintains the majority of patients gallstone free, and is therefore an effective long-term management strategy, especially in patients with primary single gallstones.
authors.affiliation: St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Petroni
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Jazrawi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lanzini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zuin
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pazzi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fracchia
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boga
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Facchinetti
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Alvisi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Galatola
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bland
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Heaton
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Podda
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Northfield
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D019233:Retreatment; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D002784:Cholesterol