title: The gastroesophageal flap valve: in vitro and in vivo observations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was performed to confirm the presence and significance of a gastroesophageal flap valve.
  
  
  METHODS
  The pressure gradient needed to induce reflux across the gastroesophageal junction and the level of a high-pressure zone were determined in 13 cadavers. On inspection in the cadavers, a mucosal flap valve at the entrance of the esophagus into the stomach was seen through a gastrostomy. This valve was deficient or absent in cadavers with a hiatal hernia. The valve was inspected in controls and in patients with reflux with a retroflexed endoscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In cadavers with no hiatal hernia, a gradient across the gastroesophageal junction was present in nearly all cadavers. The gradient could be increased by surgically accentuating the valve without a concomitant rise in pressure in the high-pressure zone. Reduction of the hiatal hernia in the cadaver and anchoring of the gastroesophageal junction to the normal attachment to the preaortic fascia restored the valve and the gradient as seen through a gastrostomy. Control subjects had a prominent fold of tissue that extended 3 to 4 cm along the lesser curve of the stomach and tightly grasped the shaft of the endoscope. This was diminished or absent in reflux patients. Inspection of the valve in control subjects and subjects with reflux allowed for a grading system with Grades I through IV. This grading system was applied to a cohort of patients with and without reflux. The appearance of the flap valve was a better predictor of the presence or absence of reflux than was lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Endoscopic viewing of the valve during surgery can confirm that a competent valve has been reconstructed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Grading of the gastroesophageal valve is simple, reproducible, and offers useful information in the evaluation of patients with suspected reflux undergoing endoscopy.
authors.affiliation: Swedish Hospital Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kozarek
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kraemer
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Aye
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Mercer
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Low
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Pope
mesh_terms: D004943:Esophagogastric Junction / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000503:physiopathology; D006551:Hernia, Hiatal / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D011312:Pressure