title: Early duplex scan evaluation of four vena caval interruption devices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transvenous inferior vena cava (IVC) filters are used successfully for prevention of pulmonary embolism (PE), but early thrombotic complications such as insertion site thrombosis (IST) and inferior vena cava thrombosis (IVCT) may occur after placement. The frequency of these complications has been uncertain particularly for the wide variety of newer devices. This study was performed to prospectively evaluate IST and IVCT with color-flow venous duplex ultrasound scanning after four IVC filters were placed: the birds' nest filter, the titanium Greenfield filter, the stainless steel Greenfield filter, and the Simon nitinol filter.
  
  
  METHODS
  Percutaneous IVC filters were placed in 174 patients over a 21-month period. A birds' nest filter was used in 39 (22%) cases, a titanium Greenfield filter in 67 (39%) cases, a stainless steel Greenfield filter (25%) in 43 patients, and a Simon nitinol filter in 25 (14%) cases. Filters were placed for major deep venous thrombosis in 113 (63%) patients, after PE in 26 (15%) patients, and with prophylaxis in 35 (20%) patients. All patients had color-flow venous duplex ultrasound scanning of the insertion site and the inferior vena cava 7 to 10 days after placement or before discharge to document IST or VCT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early IST occurred in 43 (24.7%) cases, and early IVCT was observed in 20 (12%) cases in this series. No significant difference was found in the incidence of IST or IVCT among the four filter types used. The incidence of IVCT was significantly higher in patients having filters placed for PE. Men were more likely to receive a prophylactic filter than women in this study, but thrombotic complications were not related to patient sex. Thrombosis was seen with equal frequency at all insertion sites used. No patient died of PE after filter placement during the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of thrombotic complications for all devices was higher than has generally been reported. No IVC filter used in this study demonstrated superior performance with regard to these thrombotic complications. As vena cava interruption devices are developed or significantly modified, prospective objective analysis of associated thrombotic complications will allow logical selection for clinical use.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Aswad
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Sandager
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Pais
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Malloy
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Killewich
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Lilly
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Flinn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D011859:Radiography; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D013997:Time Factors; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016306:Vena Cava Filters / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*