title: Repair capacity of mouse lung after total body irradiation alone or combined with cyclophosphamide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cyclophosphamide (CTX) combined with fractionated total body irradiation (TBI) is frequently used in the conditioning of patients prior to bone marrow transplantation (BMT). This study was performed to investigate the effect of CTX on the repair capacity of lung tissue after TBI in a mouse model for BMT.
  
  
  METHODS
  TBI was given as a single fraction, 3 fractions in 3 days (Fx 3) or 9 fractions in 3 days (Fx 9) either alone or 24 h after a single dose of CTX. The single fraction TBI was given at either high dose rate (HDR) of 0.71 Gy/min or low dose rate (LDR) of 0.08 Gy/min. All mice were transplanted 4-6 h after the last TBI fraction. Lung damage was assessed using ventilation rate (VR) and lethality between 28 and 180 days. The repair capacity of lung tissue was estimated using the direct analysis method with the probability of reaching the end point described by a logistic formulation of the linear quadratic model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The VR data confirmed the high repair capacity of lung tissue with an alpha/beta ratio of 4.4 Gy though with a wide 95% confidence interval (CI = 0.03-10.5). Giving CTX before fractionated TBI markedly reduced the doses needed to cause response in 50% of the animals. The sparing effect of using fractionated TBI was still evident in the combined CTX-TBI schedules. The estimated alpha/beta ratio was 1.6 Gy (CI = 0.01-4.7) which is within the range of values reported after thoracic radiation only. On the other hand, the sparing effect seen in going from single fraction HDR to LDR was completely abolished when CTX was given 24 h before TBI. The same pattern was repeated when lethality between 28-180 days was used. Yet, the use of lethality to estimate lung damage in a TBI model, markedly underestimated the repair capacity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results confirm the high repair capacity of lung tissue after TBI and emphasize the value of using a specific end point in testing lung damage after TBI. It also shows that there can be a negative effect of CTX on the repair capacity of lung damage which is more pronounced when CTX is followed (24 h later) by single fraction TBI at LDR than by a fractionated TBI course over a few days.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Safwat
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bentzen
authors.forename: O S
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Mahmoud
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Overgaard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016465:Bone Marrow Purging / Q000379:methods; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation; D002470:Cell Survival; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012016:Reference Values; D015996:Survival Rate; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D003520:Cyclophosphamide