title: Differences in friction and torsional resistance in athletic shoe-turf surface interfaces.
abstract: This study evaluated the shoe-surface interaction of 15 football shoes made by 3 manufacturers in both anterior translation and rotation using a specially designed pneumatic testing system. The shoes included traditional cleated football shoes, "court" shoes (basketball-style shoes), molded-cleat shoes, and turf shoes. Under an 11.35-kg (25-pound) axial load, all shoes were tested on synthetic turf under wet and dry conditions and on natural stadium grass. Test-retest reliability, as calculated using the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation test, was 0.85 for force of translation and 0.55 for the moment of rotation. The wet versus dry surface values on translation were significantly different for rotation about the tibial axis. Spatting, which is protective taping of the ankle and heel applied on the outside of the shoe, resulted in a reduction of forces generated in both translation and rotation. No overall difference between shoes on grass versus AstroTurf was noted. However, there were significant differences for cleated and turf shoes. Shoes tested in conditions for which they were not designed exhibited reproducible excessive or extreme minimal friction characteristics that may have safety implications. On the basis of this study, we urge shoe manufacturers to display suggested indications and playing surface conditions for which their shoes are recommended.
authors.affiliation: Wellington Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Heidt
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Dormer
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Cawley
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Scranton
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Losse
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Howard
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005538:Football; D017276:Friction; D006801:Humans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012775:Shoes