title: Planning and delivering high doses to targets surrounding the spinal cord at the lower neck and upper mediastinal levels: static beam-segmentation technique executed with a multileaf collimator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It remains a technical challenge to limit the dose to the spinal cord below tolerance if, in head and neck or thyroid cancer, the planning target volume reaches to a level below the shoulders. In order to avoid these dose limitations, we developed a standard plan involving Beam Intensity Modulation (BIM) executed by a static technique of beam segmentation. In this standard plan, many machine parameters (gantry angles, couch position, relative beam and segment weights) as well as the beam segmentation rules were identical for all patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The standard plan involved: the use of static beams with a single isocenter; BIM by field segmentation executable with a standard Philips multileaf collimator; virtual simulation and dose computation on a general 3D-planning system (Sherouse's GRATIS); heuristic computation of segment intensities and optimization (improving the dose distribution and reducing the execution time) by human intelligence. The standard plan used 20 segments spread over 8 gantry angles plus 2 non-segmented wedged beams (2 gantry angles).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The dose that could be achieved at the lowest target voxel, without exceeding tolerance of the spinal cord (50 Gy at highest voxel) was 70-80 Gy. The in-target 3D dose-inhomogeneity was approximately 25%. The shortest time of execution of a treatment (22 segments) on a patient (unpublished) was 25 min.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A heuristic model has been developed and investigated to obtain a 3D concave dose distribution applicable to irradiate targets in the lower neck and upper mediastinal regions. The technique spares efficiently the spinal cord and allows the delivery of higher target doses than with conventional techniques. It can be planned as a standard plan using conventional 3D-planning technology. The routine clinical implementation is performed with commercially available equipment, however, at the expense of extended execution times.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Gent (U.Z.G.), Belgium.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: De Neve
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Wagter
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: De Jaeger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thienpont
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Colle
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Derycke
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schelfhout
mesh_terms: D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D008482:Mediastinum / Q000528:radiation effects; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000528:radiation effects; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy