title: Managing fear associated with nursing in urban environments: first steps.
abstract: Improvement of the health of the nation demands that we prepare nurses to deliver care to those within our urban settings. Yet students frequently are uncomfortable visiting clients in urban settings. Our initial efforts were to refine the Environmental Comfort Scale (Carter, Carroll, & Hayes, 1994), an instrument developed to measure comfort levels in various urban scenarios. This article reports the results of this instrument refinement as well as the inductive process leading to the initial conceptualization of a model that addresses threats to safety. These threats, in turn, generate fear of nursing in community-based settings. The study participants were 120 volunteer junior students in a baccalaureate nursing program. The Environmental Comfort Scale II was administered to students at the beginning of an orientation session prior to their initial clinical nursing course. The instrument consisted of 15 items: 3 demographic items, 11 items asking students to rate their level of comfort and of fear in relation to various urban situations, and 1 open-ended question. Analysis of data led to conceptualization of two factors that could influence comfort levels in the urban environment. The first factor was personal-emotional (affective) and the second factor was cognitive (objective). The interaction and interdependency of these two factors led to the creation of a model.
authors.affiliation: University of Delaware, College of Nursing, Newark, DE 19716-3710, USA.
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Morin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003152:Community Health Nursing / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003691:Delaware; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012449:Safety; D012931:Social Environment; D013338:Students, Nursing / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data