title: The effects of ageing on the rheological, dielectric and mucoadhesive properties of poly(acrylic acid) gel systems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of storage on the physical properties of a series of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) hydrogels, using two dynamic techniques, oscillatory rheology and dielectric spectroscopy. Furthermore, the effects of ageing on the mucoadhesive properties were evaluated and related to the changes in structure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three carbomers (Carbopols 934P, 974P and EX-214) and polycarbophil (Noveon AA-1) have been formulated as hydrogels with a range of neutralising agents (NaOH, triethanolamine and tromethamine). The effects of storage for six months on the gel structure were measured using oscillatory rheology and low frequency dielectric analysis. Mucoadhesive performance was studied by means of a detachment force test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A substantial decrease in the rheological storage moduli was noted for all samples, while the tan delta values remained unchanged for the majority of systems. Dielectric studies revealed that gels neutralised with triethanolamine showed a greater degree of binding of neutralising ions to the gel network than did the other two agents. It was also found by the dielectric analysis that, on storage, the distribution of ions within the gel systems changed. This may be due to the neutralising ions being liberated from the gel network into the bulk aqueous phase, thereby contributing to the decrease in rheological storage modulus. Mucoadhesion studies indicated that, despite the substantial changes in gel structure, there was no alteration in the bioadhesive force of detachment for the majority of systems during a six month period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A redistribution of cations between the polymer cluster and the bulk of medium is proposed as a possible additional mechanism of ageing of PAA hydrogels. The results obtained support the hypothesis outlined previously that the mucoadhesive strength is related to the tan delta value rather than the viscosity of the gel.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Materials Science, School of Pharmacy, University of London, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tamburic
authors.forename: D Q
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: Craig
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D000269:Adhesives; D000818:Animals; D002627:Chemistry, Physical / Q000379:methods; D004355:Drug Stability; D004356:Drug Storage; D005782:Gels / Q000737:chemistry; D009077:Mucins / Q000378:metabolism; D012212:Rheology; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D000269:Adhesives; D005782:Gels; D009077:Mucins; C006903:carbopol 940