title: Clonidine for sleep disturbances associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic chart review of 62 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with or without psychostimulant treatment, frequently suffer from sleep disturbances. This report evaluates the use of clonidine in the treatment of sleep disturbances associated with ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of a computerized database in an outpatient pediatric psychopharmacology unit of patients treated with clonidine for ADHD-associated sleep disturbances (N = 62; 42 children and 20 adolescents) was performed. Patients were rated retrospectively about the type and severity of sleep disturbances at baseline and after treatment with clonidine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A majority of patients (85%) treated with clonidine for ADHD-associated sleep disturbances were considered to be much to very much improved by the National Institute of Mental Health global assessment of improvement (sleep). Nighttime clonidine doses ranged from 50 to 800 micrograms (mean +/- SEM; 157 +/- 14 micrograms), and subjects received clonidine for 35.5 +/- 3.5 months. There was no association between response and age group, gender, comorbidity, or concurrent pharmacotherapy. Children and adolescents with ADHD with baseline, medicine-induced, or medicine-exacerbated sleep disturbances responded equally well to clonidine treatment. Mild adverse effects were reported in 19 subjects (31%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that clonidine may be an effective agent for sleep disturbances associated with ADHD, or its treatment, and warrant further controlled investigations.
authors.affiliation: Acute Psychiatry Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Prince
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Wilens
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biederman
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Wozniak
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D013565:Sympatholytics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D013565:Sympatholytics; D003000:Clonidine