title: Special challenges of maintaining wild animals in captivity in North America.
abstract: The maintenance of wild animals in captivity in North America is regulated by a number of different laws and government agencies in each country. Member institutions of zoo and aquarium associations in Canada, the United States of America and Mexico experience an extra tier of regulation in the form of industry standards, which are sometimes stricter than those imposed by government. Climate, natural disasters and harmful pest species all contribute to the challenge of keeping animals in certain locales. Vigilance against zoonotic disease transmission is maintained through industry and government-mandated sanitation standards, which are fortified by reporting regulations of local, regional and Federal health agencies. Current controversies in the keeping of particular taxa in North America include the threat to non-human primate breeding programmes precipitated by strict new import regulations, the fear of herpesvirus B infection, and commercial airline transport bans. Successive human fatalities among elephant handlers have prompted the industry and governments to re-examine the manner in which these potentially dangerous creatures are maintained in captivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Health, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 20008-2598, USA.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Cambre
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Buick
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D000827:Animal Welfare / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo; D017756:Aquaculture / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D001947:Breeding; D010856:Columbidae; D003132:Commerce / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D004606:Elephants; D004777:Environment; D006801:Humans; D009656:North America; D011323:Primates; D015047:Zoonoses