title: Impaired bacteriologic response to oral cephalosporins in acute otitis media caused by pneumococci with intermediate resistance to penicillin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Penicillin resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae, one of the most common causes of acute otitis media, has recently increased and is now highly prevalent in many regions. However, its contribution to clinical failure still must be proved. Because the role of antibiotics in acute otitis media is to eradicate the pathogens present in the middle ear fluid, we conducted a randomized controlled study to determine bacterial eradication of pathogens in acute otitis media by two commonly used oral cephalosporins, cefuroxime axetil (30 mg/kg/day) and cefaclor (40 mg/kg/day).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients 6 to 36 months old with pneumococcal otitis media seen in the Pediatrics Emergency Room were studied. An initial middle ear fluid culture was obtained at enrollment, and a second culture was obtained on Day 4 or 5 during treatment. Follow-up was done also on Days 10, 17 and 42 after initiation of treatment. In cases of clinical relapse a third culture was obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total 78 patients were enrolled, 41 in the cefuroxime axetil group and 37 in the cefaclor group. Of the 78 S. pneumoniae isolates 31 (40%) were intermediately penicillin-resistant (MIC 0.125 to 1.0 microgram/ml). Of the 47 patients with penicillin-susceptible organisms 3 (6%) had bacteriologic failure vs. 4 of 19 (21%) and 7 of 11 (64%) of those with MIC of 0.125 to 0.25 microgram/ml and 0.38 to 1.0 microgram/ml, respectively (P < 0.001). For intermediately resistant pneumococci, in 7 of 12 (58%) of those receiving cefaclor the isolate was not eradicated vs. only 4 of 19 (21%) of those receiving cefuroxime axetil (P = 0.084). MIC to the administered cephalosporin of > 0.5 microgram/ml was associated with bacteriologic failure. Clinical failure was observed in 9 of 14 (64%) patients with bacteriologic failure vs. 10 of 52 (19%) patients with bacteriologic eradication (P = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intermediately penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae is associated with an impaired bacteriologic and clinical response of acute otitis media to cefaclor and cefuroxime axetil. This effect was more pronounced with cefaclor than with cefuroxime axetil.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel. rdagan@bgumail.bgu.ac.il
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dagan
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Abramson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leibovitz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goshen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yagupsky
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leiberman
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Fliss
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000284:Administration, Oral; D002433:Cefaclor / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002444:Cefuroxime / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D010403:Penicillin Resistance; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D002511:Cephalosporins; D002433:Cefaclor; D002444:Cefuroxime; C040738:cefuroxime axetil