title: Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) retains activity in the absence of its mitochondrial import sequence: implications for the mechanism of StAR action.
abstract: Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) plays a critical role in steroid hormone biosynthesis, presumably by facilitating the delivery of cholesterol to P450scc in the inner mitochondrial membranes. StAR is synthesized as a 37-kDa preprotein that is processed to a 30-kDa mature form by cleavage of an N-terminal mitochondrial import sequence. To identify structural features required for StAR biological activity, we mutated the human StAR cDNA, including the deletion of N- and C-terminal sequences, and examined the ability of the mutants to promote steroidogenesis and enter the mitochondria of transfected COS-1 cells. Deletion of up to 62 residues from the N terminus (N-62) did not significantly affect steroidogenesis-enhancing activity. The N-terminal deletion mutants were associated with mitochondria-enriched fractions, but import and processing were progressively impaired with increasing length of the deletion. Immunogold electron microscopy and in vitro import assays showed that the active N-62 mutant was not imported into the mitochondria. Removal of the 28 C-terminal amino acids (C-28) inactivated StAR. Deletion of the C-terminal 10 amino acids (C-10) reduced steroidogenic activity by 53%, while truncation of the last 4 amino acids had no effect. The C-28 mutant StAR was not efficiently imported into mitochondria or processed, whereas some of the C-10 mutant was processed, indicating that import had occurred. We conclude that in the COS-1 cell system used, StAR does not need to enter into mitochondria to stimulate steroidogenesis and that residues in the C terminus are essential for steroidogenesis-enhancing activity. These findings imply that StAR acts via C-terminal domains on the outside of the mitochondria.
authors.affiliation: Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arakane
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugawara
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishino
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pain
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Stocco
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Strauss
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D016253:Microscopy, Immunoelectron; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D014162:Transfection; D000098682:Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D000098682:Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein