title: [Glutamine supplemented nutrition in clinical practice--use of glutamine-containing dipeptides].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this review, the central role of glutamine in a large number of pathways is elucidated and the consequences of bodily glutamine deprivation observed during trauma, hypercatabolism and malnutrition on vital functions of organs and tissues are discussed. Subsequently, the use of glutamine and glutamine-containing dipeptides in the frame of clinical nutrition is critically evaluated. Finally, the prospective importance of glutamine nutrition in routine clinical settings is discussed.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this compilation basic work from human physiology and nutrition science as well as all actual research work dealing with the use of glutamine and glutamine dipeptide supplements in clinical nutrition have been considered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In various diseased states (like trauma, hypercatabolism, intestinal dysfunction, immunedeficiency) glutamine has to he considered a conditionally indispensable substrate and thus should be essential part of all nutritional efforts. Only adequate glutamine supply (about 10-15 g/day) can prevent bodily glutamine deprivation which may beneficially influence the clinical situation. The use of highly soluble and stable glutamine-containing dipeptides facilitates for the first time a safe and efficient glutamine supply within parenteral nutrition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enteral/parenteral glutamine therapy may contribute to improve nitrogen economy, to diminish the incidence of bacterial infections, to reduce the risk for bacterial translocation, and presumably to reduce hospital stay in various patient groups.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Biologische Chemie und Ernährungswissenschaft, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Deutschland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fürst
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stehle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003422:Critical Care; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods*; D005526:Food, Formulated; D005973:Glutamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D004151:Dipeptides; D005973:Glutamine