title: STD/HIV prevention in Turkey: planning a sequence of interventions.
abstract: This study was initiated to assess which mix of early STD/HIV prevention interventions would potentially be effective, cost-effective and sustainable in Turkey; and to program an intervention sequence to maximize synergy among the interventions. During rapid assessment we: 1) reviewed past issues of 3 leading newspapers; 2) collected information on TV coverage; 3) interviewed key informants including taxicab drivers, hotel employees, grocery store owners, academicians in public health and law, investigators of STD/HIV and reproductive tract infections, and officials in the ministry of health; 4) reviewed available evidence on STD/HIV morbidity, sexual behavior patterns, migration patterns and same/opposite gender sex trade. We found: 1) discrepancies between decision makers' perceptions and social realities with respect to the epidemiology of sexual behavior and STDs, and the state of public health programs; 2) discrepancies between sexual practices and public expression regarding sexual practices; 3) economic, demographic, and political pressures in Turkey and in surrounding countries for the expansion of prostitution; 4) a sexual double standard and gender specific migration patterns which sustain a high demand for commercial sex; 5) patterns of health care seeking behaviors and provision of STD clinical services which indicate other STDs may play a very important role in spread of HIV infection; 6) an important mass media role in opinion formation; 7) consensual denial of risk for the majority based on beliefs embedded in machismo, nationalism and religion, and a resulting marginalization and externalization of STD/HIV risk; 8) high prevalence of syphilis among both Turkish and immigrant female prostitutes in Istanbul (early latent 8 and 13%; late latent 0 and 4%; previous history 9 and 22%) 9) and high rates of syphilis among male prostitutes (early latent 11%, late latent 21% and previous history 58%). We concluded that interventions should initially include, in the following order; 1) awareness raising for decision makers and opinion leaders including members of parliament and mass media; 2) awareness raising for members of the general population; 3) needs assessment and intervention development for sex workers; 4) training in HIV and other STDs for medical personnel; and 5) quality assurance and control for laboratory procedures for STDs/HIV.
authors.affiliation: Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Aral
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fransen
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006285:Health Planning; D006291:Health Policy; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology