title: Glycogen synthase regulation in hyperinsulinemic/obese progeny of rats fed a high carbohydrate formula in their infancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of chronic hyperinsulinemia/obesity on the proximal events leading to the activation of glycogen synthase.
  
  
  METHODS
  100 d old second generation of chronically hyperinsulinemic/obese rats born to mothers which were artificially reared on a high carbohydrate (HC) milk formula in their infancy were used for this study and compared with mother-fed (MF) controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Glycogen, glycogen synthase, protein phosphatase-1 (PP-1), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), insulin-stimulated protein kinase (ISPK) and protein kinase A (PKA) were measured in liver and muscle of both MF and HC rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Glycogen content, glycogen synthase and PP-1 activities were significantly reduced in liver and muscle of HC rats compared to MF controls while trypsin released PP-1 activity was elevated. The activities of both MAPK and ISPK were also decreased in the HC rats. In contrast PKA activity was increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glycogen synthase activity in the basal state may be impaired in the hyperinsulinemic HC rats in two ways: (i) by a decrease in the activities of the kinases that presumably activate PP-1 and (ii) by increased activity of PKA which inactivates glycogen synthase directly by phosphorylation and indirectly by its effects on PP-1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo 14214, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vadlamudi
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005260:Female; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism; D006006:Glycogen Synthase / Q000378:metabolism*; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000201:enzymology*; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000201:enzymology; D009765:Obesity / Q000201:enzymology*; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D054645:Protein Phosphatase 1; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D019893:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D006003:Glycogen; D006006:Glycogen Synthase; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D019893:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; D054645:Protein Phosphatase 1