title: Dynamic three-dimensional display of common congenital cardiac defects from reconstruction of two-dimensional echocardiographic images.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Two-dimensional echocardiography had long been a standard diagnostic modality for congenital heart disease. Further attempts of three-dimensional reconstruction using two-dimensional echocardiographic images to visualize stereotypic structure of cardiac lesions have been successful only recently. So far only very few studies have been done to display three-dimensional anatomy of the heart through two-dimensional image acquisition because such complex procedures were involved.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study introduced a recently developed image acquisition and processing system for dynamic three-dimensional visualization of various congenital cardiac lesions. From December 1994 to April 1995, 35 cases were selected in the Echo Laboratory here from about 3000 Echo examinations completed. Each image was acquired on-line with specially designed high resolution image grazmber with EKG and respiratory gating technique. Off-line image processing using a window-architectured interactive software package includes construction of 2-D ehcocardiographic pixel to 3-D "voxel" with conversion of orthogonal to rotatory axial system, interpolation, extraction of region of interest, segmentation, shading and, finally, 3D rendering.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three-dimensional anatomy of various congenital cardiac defects was shown, including four cases with ventricular septal defects, two cases with atrial septal defects, and two cases with aortic stenosis. Dynamic reconstruction of a "beating heart" is recorded as vedio tape with video interface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The potential application of 3D display of the reconstruction from 2D echocardiographic images for the diagnosis of various congenital heart defects has been shown. The 3D display was able to improve the diagnostic ability of echocardiography, and clear-cut display of the various congenital cardiac defects and vavular stenosis could be demonstrated. Reinforcement of current techniques will expand future application of 3D display of conventional 2D images.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Veterans General Hospital-Kaohsiung & National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012984:Software