title: Arsenic-induced neural tube defects in mice: alterations in cell cycle gene expression.
abstract: The potential of arsenic to cause neural tube defects (NTD) in the human population remains a topic of controversy. While clearly toxic, the lack of well-defined human epidemiologic studies on this subject has made it difficult to fully understand the effects arsenic may have on the developing human neural tube. In the absence of good clinical data, we have tried to develop a murine model where hypotheses about the reproductive toxicity of arsenate can be tested. For these studies a murine strain (LM/Bc) that has proven to be susceptible to arsenic-induced NTD was use. Because cellular proliferation is vital for normal neural tube closure (NTC) to occur, in the present study we investigated whether an acute arsenate treatment could alter the expression of several cell cycle genes during murine neurulation. Pregnant LM/Bc dams were injected intraperitoneally on gestation day (GD) 7:12 (day:hour) and 8:12 with 40 mg/kg of arsenate, a treatment that causes exencephaly in 90 to 100% of the exposed fetuses. Neural tubes were then isolated from both control and arsenic treated embryos at GD 9:00, 9:12, 10:00, and 10:12, which encompasses all the stages of neurulation for this murine strain. Using the molecular techniques of in situ transcription and antisense RNA amplification (RT/aRNA) the expression pattern for bc1-2, p53, wee-1, and wnt-1 was analyzed at each of these time points. In the neural tubes isolated from control embryos, the expression of all four genes was significantly altered as neurulation progressed, demonstrating their developmental regulation. Following arsenate treatment, however, there was a significant upregulation in the expression of bc1-2 and p53 at gestational day 9:0, compared to their control values. The heightened expression of both of these genes suggests that arsenic inhibits cell proliferation, rather than inducing apoptosis, which delayed NTC and ultimately led to the neural tube defects observed in exposed embryos.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Public Health, Texas A & M University, College Station 77843-4458, USA.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Wlodarczyk
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Calvin
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Finnell
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D000818:Animals; D001149:Arsenates / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D018816:Genes, cdc / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D009432:Neural Crest / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000139:chemically induced*; D011247:Pregnancy; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D001149:Arsenates; D013723:Teratogens; C009277:sodium arsenate