title: Kringle-containing fragments of apolipoprotein(a) circulate in human plasma and are excreted into the urine.
abstract: Apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] contains multiple kringle 4 repeats and circulates as part of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)]. Apo(a) is synthesized by the liver but its clearance mechanism is unknown. Previously, we showed that kringle 4-containing fragments of apo(a) are present in human urine. To probe their origin, human plasma was examined and a series of apo(a) immunoreactive peptides larger in size than urinary fragments was identified. The concentration of apo(a) fragments in plasma was directly related to the plasma level of Lp(a) and the 24-h urinary excretion of apo(a). Individuals with low (< 2 mg/dl) plasma levels of Lp(a) had proportionally more apo(a) circulating as fragments in their plasma. Similar apo(a) fragments were identified in baboon plasma but not in conditioned media from primary cultures of baboon hepatocytes, suggesting that the apo(a) fragments are generated from circulating apo(a) or Lp(a). When apo(a) fragments purified from human plasma were injected intravenously into mice, a species that does not produce apo(a), apo(a) fragments similar to those found in human urine were readily detected in mouse urine. Thus, we propose that apo(a) fragments in human plasma are derived from circulating apo(a)/Lp(a) and are the source of urinary apo(a).
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235, USA.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mooser
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Marcovina
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Hobbs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001053:Apolipoproteins / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D006493:Heparin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007536:Isomerism; D007668:Kidney / Q000502:physiology; D018082:Kringles / Q000276:immunology*; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D010215:Papio
chemical_list: D001053:Apolipoproteins; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D006493:Heparin