title: Skin tumors in photochemotherapy for psoriasis: a single-center follow-up of 496 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The significance of oral psoralen photochemotherapy (PUVA) for the development of nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSC) is still controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated 496 psoriatics, who received PUVA treatment according to the European PUVA protocol in order to reassess the influence of the cumulative UVA dose on the development of NMSC and to answer the question if there is a UVA threshold dose above which the carcinogenic risk is increased.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted as a retrospective investigation. All patients were seen personally. Age, sex, skin type, cumulative UVA dose and carcinogenic risk factors (arsenic, X-rays, tar, UVB, methotrexate) were recorded and investigated by marginal (MA) and partial effects analyses (PA) according to the Cox regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 14 patients (2.8%), one or multiple histologically confirmed NMSC were diagnosed. Nine patients (1.8%) had squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 5 patients (1.0%) had basal cell carcinoma (BCC). No patient had both types of NMSC. None of the SCC had metastasized. By taking the appearance of BCC and SCC as the endpoint, arsenic [MA: relative risk (RR) = 7.62; PA:RR = 5.36], tar (MA:RR = 4.51; PA:RR = 3.83) and methotrexate (MTX; MA:RR = 4.97; PA:RR = 4.07) appear to produce strong and significant effects (p < 0.05), both in MA and PA. Using the endpoint SCC only, the effect of the natural logarithm of UVA (ln UVA; RR = 2.47), arsenic (RR = 11.2), tar (RR = 9.92) and MTX (RR = 7.1) is significant (p < 0.05) in MA. In PA, only the effect of arsenic (RR = 5.19) is strong and significant (p < 0.05) while the effects of tar (RR = 7.85), MTX (RR = 3.22) and ln UVA (RR = 2.77) are strong but of borderline significance (p = 0.05-0.11). Nonlinear effects of ln UVA on the risk of SCC were far from significant (p > 0.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PUVA with the European treatment protocol appears to be only a weak carcinogen by itself for SCC with a linear increase in tumor risk but not for BCC development.
authors.affiliation: Division of Special and Environmental Dermatology, University of Vienna Medical School, Austria.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schemper
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ortel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Binder
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tanew
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hönigsmann
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001151:Arsenic / Q000009:adverse effects; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D003043:Cocarcinogenesis; D003879:Dermatologic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D011701:PUVA Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011565:Psoriasis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012176:Retinoids / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D013638:Tars / Q000009:adverse effects; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000145:classification; D014965:X-Rays / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D003879:Dermatologic Agents; D012176:Retinoids; D013638:Tars; D001151:Arsenic; D008727:Methotrexate