title: The ethics of Soviet medical practice: behaviours and attitudes of physicians in Soviet Estonia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study and report the attitudes and practices of physicians in a former Soviet republic regarding issues pertaining to patients' rights, physician negligence and the acceptance of gratuities from patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survey questionnaire administered to physicians in 1991 at the time of the Soviet breakup.
  
  
  METHODS
  Estonia, formerly a Soviet republic, now an independent state.
  
  
  METHODS
  A stratified, random sample of 1,000 physicians, representing approximately 20 per cent of practicing physicians under the age of 65.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most physicians shared information with patients about treatment risks and alternatives, with the exception of cancer patients: only a third of physicians tell the patient when cancer is suspected. Current practice at the time of the survey left patients few options when physician negligence occurred; most physicians feel that under a reformed system physician negligence should be handled within the local facility rather than by the government. It was common practice for physicians to receive gifts, tips, or preferential access to scarce consumer goods from their patients. Responses varied somewhat by facility and physician nationality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ethics of Soviet medical practice were different in a number of ways from generally accepted norms in Western countries. Physicians' attitudes about the need for ethical reform suggest that there will be movement in Estonia towards a system of medical ethics that more closely approximates those in the West.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University, California, USA.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Barr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D004957:Estonia; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D005251:Fees, Medical; D037921:Gift Giving; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D008318:Malpractice; D008875:Middle Aged; D010344:Patient Advocacy; D028701:Patient Rights; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D028743:Professional Misconduct; D014342:Truth Disclosure; D014586:USSR