title: Supernumerary limbs: a case report of a rare congenital anomaly.
abstract: We report a case of an 18-month-old female who presented with three supernumerary upper limbs of varying lengths on the right side. Each limb had a proximal, middle, and distal segment, and an intercalated elbow and wrist joint. A single digit was present in the superior limb, three digits in the middle limb, and two digits in the caudal-most limb. Right plagiocephaly, congenital torticollis, scoliosis involving the upper and mid thoracic region, and a hypoplastic right pectoralis major were the other abnormal features noted. Radiography showed two scapulae, humerus, a single forearm bone in each limb, and rudimentary metacarpals and phalanges. Limb duplication may rarely be encountered in parasitic conjoined twins. The role of mutagens, drugs, cellular contributions, and morphogens in the growth and differentiation of limbs has been studied in animals. It is rather difficult to deduce the time of action of the factors responsible for such a malformation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics & Plastic Surgery, Seth G. S. Medical College, Parel, Bombay, India.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Kher
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Gahankari
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Tambwekar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Doraiswamy
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iyer
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Bharucha
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Rana
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm / Q000002:abnormalities*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D012886:Skull / Q000002:abnormalities