title: Hyperammonemia-induced depletion of glutamate and branched-chain amino acids in muscle and plasma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Exogenous hyperammonemia is known to decrease the plasma levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA). To investigate whether changes in intracellular amino acid concentrations of muscle are associated with and may, at least in part, mediate this effect, experiments were carried out on a total of 60 male Wistar rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five groups were formed in a randomized manner. Group A: no treatment; groups B1 and B2: 2-hour and 6-hour continuous central-venous infusions, respectively, of sodium salts; groups C1 and C2: 2-hour and 6-hour infusions of ammonium salts. We obtained venous blood samples and muscle biopsies. Plasma ammonia, whole blood glucose, serum insulin, blood pH, and amino acids in plasma as well as in the intracellular water of muscle were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As compared with control group A, groups C1 and C2 displayed a 3.3- and a 4-fold increase, respectively, in the plasma ammonium concentration. Regarding insulin, the ammonium-infused rats were similar to group A but not to the sodium-infused B groups, which had significantly lower insulin concentrations. Administering ammonium brought about a decline in BCAA concentrations in plasma after 2 hours and in muscle after 6 hours. The ammonium-induced fall in intracellular BCAA values was preceded by an increase of glutamine as well as by a decrease of glutamate and alanine in both plasma and muscle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is pointed out that the inter-group differences in serum insulin, although possibly accounting for some of the findings, can by no means explain the entire pattern of amino acid concentrations seen after the ammonium infusions. Instead, our results agree with the hypothesis that hyperammonemia indirectly lowers the plasma levels of BCAA by stimulating glutamine synthesis, thus reducing the intracellular glutamate pool, which is likely to be restored, at least in part, by an intensified BCAA transamination. Clarification is needed as to whether carbon skeletons derived from valine and isoleucine additionally contribute to replenishing the glutamate pool.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Clinic I Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Leweling
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Breitkreutz
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Behne
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Staedt
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Striebel
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holm
mesh_terms: D000409:Alanine / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D000597:Amino Acids, Branched-Chain / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D000641:Ammonia / Q000097:blood*; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D005973:Glutamine / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000597:Amino Acids, Branched-Chain; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D005973:Glutamine; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D000641:Ammonia; D000409:Alanine