title: Violence prevention in middle schools: a pilot evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of a violence prevention curriculum and of trained peer leaders on self-reported aggressive behaviors, knowledge about violence and conflict-resolution skills, self-efficacy, and attitudes among 223 6th graders.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of two intervention groups (violence prevention curriculum taught by the teacher with or without the assistance of trained peer leaders) and one control group were compared. Ten 6th grade classes (four control and six intervention classes) of four middle schools participated in the study. Students were evaluated before and shortly after the implementation of the curriculum, as well as 3 months later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intervention reduced self-reported aggressive behaviors among boys, but this reduction was significant only in two of the six intervention classes. Both interventions had an overall significant effect on increasing knowledge about violence and skills to reduce violence. After the intervention, students also developed a more negative attitude toward responding violently when provoked. Attitude change was stronger among students from the teacher plus peer leader group. No intervention effect was observed on self-efficacy nor on attitudes toward skills to reduce violence. Changes were not maintained over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results emphasize the need for continuous and comprehensive interventions, follow-up evaluations, and careful selection of peer leaders. Aggressive behaviors, not knowledge alone, should be used as the main dependent variable.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Texas-Houston 77225, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Orpinas
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Parcel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McAlister
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frankowski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003479:Curriculum; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education / Q000458:organization & administration*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012572:School Health Services; D014754:Violence / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data