title: Relationship of the time course of venous gas bubbles to altitude decompression illness.
abstract: The correlation is low between the occurrence of gas bubbles in the pulmonary artery, called venous gas emboli (VGE), and subsequent decompression illness (DCI). The correlation improves when a "grade" of VGE is considered; a zero to four categorical classification based on the intensity and duration of the VGE signal from a Doppler bubble detector. Additional insight about DCI might come from an analysis of the time course of the occurrence of VGE. Using the NASA Hypobaric Decompression Sickness Databank, we compared the time course of the VGE outcome between 322 subjects who exercised and 133 Doppler technicians who did not exercise to evaluate the role of physical activity on the VGE outcome and incidence of DCI. We also compared 61 subjects with VGE and DCI with 110 subjects with VGE but without DCI to identify unique characteristics about the time course of the VGE outcome to try to discriminate between DCI and no-DCI cases. The VGE outcome as a function of time showed a characteristic short lag, rapid response, and gradual recovery phase that was related to physical activity at altitude and the presence or absence of DCI. The average time for DCI symptoms in a limb occurred just before the time of the highest fraction of VGE in the pulmonary artery. It is likely, but not certain, that an individual will report a DCI symptom if VGE are detected early in the altitude exposure, the intensity or grade of VGE rapidly increases from a limb region, and the intensity or grade of VGE remains high.
authors.affiliation: Universities Space Research Association, Division of Space Life Sciences, Houston, Texas 77058-1113, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Conkin
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Waligora
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000531:Altitude; D003665:Decompression Sickness / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D005121:Extremities; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography