title: Improving pain management in critical care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In April 1994 at the University of California at Los Angeles Medical Center the Surgical Intensive Care Unit's (SICU's) Quality Improvement Council unanimously agreed on pain management as one of the major factors that negatively affect outcomes for their patient population. Using the FOCUS-PDCA (plan-do-check-act) model for quality improvement (QI), the council chartered a subcommittee to improve the pain management in their ICUs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subcommittee first measured the pain assessment scores of patients at transfer from the ICU. After ascertaining that these scores were greater than the goal of 2, the process of providing pain relief was examined with the assistance of process control statistics, which showed a process barely capable of meeting the goal of pain score of 2 or less on a 0-5 scale. The process factors that affected this outcome were examined and changes were made where appropriate. One of these changes was development of a guideline for acute pain management based on the Agency for Health Care Policy Research's Acute Pain Management Clinical Practice Guideline. Reassessment of the pain scores and the process was then conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pain assessment scores at transfer from the ICU decreased significantly. Thirty-five percent of patients in the preguideline survey rated their scores as greater than 2, compared with only 21% at the postguideline survey. Pain assessment and documentation also improved significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Quality Improvement Council felt that improvements in pain management were due largely to their having provided staff with the right tools to use in assessing, documenting, and controlling pain. Gains in pain management continue to be made.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles Center for Health Sciences, USA.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Caswell
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vallejo
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zaroda
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: McNair
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keckeisen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yale
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Cryer
mesh_terms: D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007318:Inservice Training; D007324:Institutional Management Teams; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000592:standards*; D015141:Los Angeles; D017146:Models, Organizational; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D017064:Process Assessment, Health Care; D016730:Program Development / Q000379:methods; D012985:Software Design; D017749:Total Quality Management / Q000379:methods*