title: Eye movement desensitisation treatment utilises the positive visceral element of the investigatory reflex to inhibit the memories of post-traumatic stress disorder: a theoretical analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) has attracted controversy and has led to publications covering a wide range of psychological problems treated by EMDR, in particular, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There is growing clinical evidence of the effectiveness of EMDR, but a lack of a convincing theoretical basis to explain its rapid effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper argues that a combination of Pavlovian and Darwinian theory provide a theoretical explanation for the therapeutic effectiveness of EMDR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We suggest that the investigatory component of the orienting reflex is an evolutionary development enabling organisms to assess their environment for both opportunities and threats. We propose that EMDR is rapidly effective because it is a clinical method of Pavlovian conditioning by which the positive visceral element of the investigatory reflex can be paired with clinically-induced noxious memories to remove their negative affect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with established forms of treatment for PTSD, EMDR is rapid, with resulting clinical and economic benefits. Our suggested theoretical basis for EMDR has implications for further explanatory research and for developments in EMDR treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Leeds.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: MacCulloch
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Feldman
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001143:Arousal; D005075:Biological Evolution; D003214:Conditioning, Classical; D003887:Desensitization, Psychologic / Q000379:methods*; D005133:Eye Movements; D006801:Humans; D009949:Orientation; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome