title: Temporal relation between ischemic episodes and activation of the coagulation system in unstable angina.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although a major role of coronary thrombosis in the pathogenesis of unstable angina has been demonstrated, the results of a series of studies have suggested that activation of the hemostatic system may not be confined to ischemic episodes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the temporal relation between ischemic episodes and activation of the coagulation system in unstable angina.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT) and prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 (F1 + 2) levels were measured in 13 patients during spontaneous ischemic episodes (time 0, 5, and 15 minutes and 1 hour) to evaluate the time course of the activation of the coagulation system associated with the development of ischemia (protocol A). TAT and F1 + 2 levels were also measured in 28 patients with unstable angina on admission to hospital (every 6 hours for 24 hours and daily for 3 days) to assess their temporal relation with ischemic episodes (protocol B). In protocol A, TAT and F1 + 2 levels were elevated in 10 of 13 patients (77%) in at least 1 sample. The median value of TAT showed a peak at 5 minutes and returned to baseline within 15 minutes (P < .05), consistent with its plasma half-life of 5 minutes, whereas the median value of F1 + 2 showed no significant changes, possibly because of its longer half-life, which tends to dampen sudden bursts of thrombin production. In protocol B, activation of the clotting system was found in 10 of 33 samples (30%) temporally related to ischemia and also in 23 of 150 (15%, P = .07) of those not temporally related to ischemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates that patients with active unstable angina develop frequent bursts of thrombin production not necessarily associated with ischemic episodes and that, conversely, some ischemic episodes are not associated with evidence of thrombin activation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Biasucci
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liuzzo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Caligiuri
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Quaranta
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Andreotti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sperti
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van de Greef
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Rebuzzi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kluft
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maseri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000789:Angina, Unstable / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000990:Antithrombin III / Q000032:analysis; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000032:analysis; D011516:Prothrombin / Q000032:analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D010446:Peptide Fragments; C046193:antithrombin III-protease complex; D000990:Antithrombin III; D011516:Prothrombin; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases