title: Frequency, microbial spectrum and outcome of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in north India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence, microbial spectrum and outcome of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) and its variants in hospitalized cirrhotics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study at a tertiary referral center in North India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a four-month period, 70 consecutive adult patients with decompensated cirrhosis were screened for the presence of SBP or its variants. Ascitic fluid culture was done by direct inoculation of blood culture bottles at the bedside. Blood, urine and other fluids were cultured during hospital stay when clinically indicated. Ascitic fluid total leukocyte count and culture were repeated at any time during hospital stay if the patient showed clinical signs of deterioration. Patients with SBP and culture-negative neutrocytic ascites (CNNA) were treated empirically on the basis of ascitic fluid leukocyte count.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one of 70 (30%) patients with cirrhosis were diagnosed to have SBP or its variants CNNA and monomicrobial bacterascites (MBA). Ninety-five percent of the patients who developed this complication were in Child-Pugh class C. A causative organism was isolated in 62% of these patients. Gram-negative bucilli accounted for 6 of 10 patients with SBP whereas all cases of MBA were due to infection with Gram-positive cocei. A third of patients with SBP/CNNA had evidence of extra-abdominal focus of infection with the same organism. All episodes of SBP/CNNA were initially treated with either ciprofloxacin (12 patients) or a combination of third generation cephalosporin, cefotaxime and an aminoglycoside, gentamicin (n = 6). Fourteen patients (67%) recovered whereas 6 patients died during hospital stay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SBP is a common complication of decompensated liver disease in North India and is associated with significant in-hospital mortality. Ciprofloxacin is an effective drug for initial treatment of SBP/CNNA. Synchronous extra-peritoneal focus of infection is a frequent occurrence in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of of Gastroentrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Puri
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Puri
authors.forename: U C
authors.initials: UC
authors.lastname: Ghoshal
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Saraswat
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ayyagari
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Naik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D002939:Ciprofloxacin