title: Pattern of malformations in the axial skeleton in human trisomy 18 fetuses.
abstract: We examined and described the development and abnormalities of the axial skeleton in 10 human trisomy 18 fetuses. Whole-body radiographs and radiographs of midsagittal tissue blocks of the cranial base and the spine were studied. In 3 fetuses no spinal radiographs were available. Seven osseous regions or fields along the body axis were analyzed, four in the spine, and three in the cranial base and nasal bones. Malformations occurred in the occipital field in all fetuses. This was a characteristic notching, either unilateral or bilateral, of the basilar part of the occipital bone. Nasal bones were abnormal in 8 cases, either absent or hypoplastic. Malformations were found in the thoracic and/or lumbosacral field in 7 fetuses. A single abnormality was found in the cervical spine in one fetus. The pattern of axial skeletal malformation in trisomy 18 fetuses recorded in the present study has not been described previously. Axial skeletal radiography should be included in autopsies of fetuses when chromosome disorders are present or suspected. The methods applied here are unaffected by autolysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kjaer
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Keeling
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Hansen
mesh_terms: D002887:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011859:Radiography; D019291:Skull Base / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D013131:Spine / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology; D014314:Trisomy