title: Tofu and risk of breast cancer in Asian-Americans.
abstract: Breast cancer rates among Asian-Americans are lower than those of US whites but considerably higher than rates prevailing in Asia. It is suspected that migration to the US brings about a change in endocrine function among Asian women, although reasons for this change remain obscure. The high intake of soy in Asia and its reduced intake among Asian-Americans has been suggested to partly explain the increase of breast cancer rates in Asian-Americans. We conducted a population-based case-control study of breast cancer among Chinese-, Japanese-, and Filipino-American women in Los Angeles County MSA, San Francisco Oakland MSA, and Oahu, Hawaii. Using a common questionnaire which assessed frequency of intake of some 90 food items, 597 Asian-American women (70% of those eligible) diagnosed with incident, primary breast cancer during 1983-1987 and 966 population-based controls (75% of those eligible) were interviewed. Controls were matched to cases on age, ethnicity, and area of residence. This analysis compares usual adult intake of soy (estimated primarily from tofu intake) among breast cancer cases and control women. After adjustment for age, ethnicity and study area, intake of tofu was more than twice as high among Asian-American women born in Asia (62 times per year) compared to those born in the US (30 times per year). Among migrants, intake of tofu decreased with years of residence in the US. Risk of breast cancer decreased with increasing frequency of intake of tofu after adjustment for age, study area, ethnicity, and migration history; the adjusted OR associated with each additional serving per week was 0.85 (95% CI = 0.74-0.99). The protective effect of high tofu intake was observed in pre- and postmenopausal women. This association remained after adjustment for selected dietary factors and menstrual and reproductive factors. However, this study was not designed specifically to investigate the role of soy intake and our assessment of soy intake may be incomplete. We cannot discount the possibility that soy intake is a marker of other protective aspects of Asian diet and/or Asian lifestyle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033-0800, USA.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Ziegler
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Horn-Ross
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Kolonel
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Hoover
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Pike
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001213:Asian; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000208:ethnology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010679:Philippines / Q000208:ethnology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013025:Glycine max