title: Atropine premedication attenuates heart rate variability during high thoracic epidural anesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atropine premedication is used as it possesses an anticholinergic effect on the cardiac autonomic nervous system (CANS). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of atropine premedication on the CANS during thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) by assessing power spectral analysis of heart rate (HR) variability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female patients (n = 28) undergoing elective mammary biopsy were randomly allocated into two groups; one received intramuscular premedication of 0.01 mg/kg of atropine 30 min before the procedure (group A: n = 14), and the other did not (group N: n = 14). Each electrocardiogram was digitally recorded before and during TEA, and played back off-line to detect R-R intervals. As a power spectrum required R-R intervals of 256 s, this was analysed before TEA and repeated thereafter for 25 min. The spectra were quantified by determining the peak areas of the spectral density by integrating low frequency (Lo: 0.04-0.15 Hz) and high frequency (Hi: 0.15-0.40 Hz) bands as they showed sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous activity in the CANS. The neural balance was assessed by calculating Hi:Lo ratio.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Decreases in Lo and increases in Hi:Lo ratio were observed, suggesting sympathectomy and vagotonia with TEA in both groups. For 10 min after commencement, TEA maintained Hi:Lo ratios lower in group A than in group N, suggesting a vagolytic effect of premedication with atropine. With TEA, cardiac slowing was observed, which was dependent on the level of dermal analgesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Power spectral analysis revealed that TEA had the effect of making CANS relatively vagotonic, and that atropine premedication would attenuate the effect of TEA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawamoto
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yuge
mesh_terms: D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D001285:Atropine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001706:Biopsy; D001940:Breast / Q000473:pathology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008875:Middle Aged; D010276:Parasympatholytics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D013909:Thorax
chemical_list: D010276:Parasympatholytics; D001285:Atropine