title: The psychological impact of cardiovascular screening and intervention in primary care: a problem of false reassurance? British Family Heart Study Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There have been many reports of the adverse psychological effects of screening. Here we discuss the results of a randomized controlled study--one of the first to address this issue.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the extent to which participation in a population-based intervention programme that aims to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases raises concerns about health, or undermines a belief in the ability to reduce that risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized controlled trial involving 13 general practices in England, Wales and Scotland was conducted. Two thousand, nine hundred and eighty-four middle-aged men and women undergoing cardiovascular risk-screening and intervention, and a randomized comparison group of 3,576 men and women from the same practices, who were not offered the intervention, were compared on three outcomes: perception of current health, perceived risk of suffering a heart attack, and perceived ability to reduce the risk of suffering a heart attack.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no evidence to suggest that participation in this one-year, population-based intervention programme, to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease raised concerns about health or risk of a heart attack; indeed, those in the intervention group were slightly more optimistic about their health. Alterations in perceptions of current health and the risk of suffering a heart attack were associated directly with true alterations in risk factors. A more noticeable effect on participants in this intervention programme was a reduction in their perceived ability to further reduce their risks of a heart attack. This was associated with a decrease in weight and with quitting smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contemporary screening and intervention programmes in primary care, aimed at reducing risk of cardiovascular disease, do not necessarily lead to raised anxiety or concern about health. A more subtle effect of screening would appear to be one of reassurance in the face of continuing, albeit reduced, risk.
authors.affiliation: Psychology and Genetics Research Group, United Medical School, University of London.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Marteau
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Kinmonth
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pyke
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018570:Risk Assessment; D006113:United Kingdom