title: Endocrine modulators of necrotic neuron death.
abstract: In recent years, there has been extraordinary progress in understanding the cellular and molecular cascades that mediate neuron death following necrotic insults. With this knowledge has come the recognition of ways in which these cascades can be modulated by extrinsic factors, altering the likelihood of subsequent neuron death. In this review, we consider the ability of a variety of hormones to modulate necrotic death cascades. Specifically, we will examine the ability of the stress hormones glucocorticoids and corticotropin-releasing factor, of thyroid hormone, and of pre-ischemic exposure to catecholamines to augment necrotic neuron death. In contrast, estrogen, insulin and postischemic exposure to catecholamines appear to decrease necrotic neuron death. We review the heterogeneous mechanisms that are likely to mediate these hormone effects, some possible clinical implications and the therapeutic potentials of these findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Huey
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Maecker
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Cortopassi
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Iyer
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: McIntosh
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Ajilore
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Brooke
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Sapolsky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology; D006728:Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology; D009336:Necrosis; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D004967:Estrogens; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D006728:Hormones; D007328:Insulin; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone