title: Self-poisoning among adults using multiple transdermal nicotine patches.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the characteristics and outcomes of poisoning cases involving the dermal application of multiple transdermal nicotine patches.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series; prospective postmarketing surveillance over a 24 month period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Telephone reports from 34 participating US poison centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human poisonings involving more than one transdermal nicotine patch applied simultaneously.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine cases of dermal exposure to 2-20 transdermal nicotine patches were reported. Cases resulted from either intentional misuse or suicide attempts and included concomitant exposure to other drugs in 7 of 9 cases. Mean age was 45 years; seven of nine patients were female. All suffered medical complications including seizures (3 subjects), other central nervous system changes (8 subjects), cardiovascular effects (6 subjects), and respiratory failure (4 subjects). Eight patients were hospitalized; all recovered. Plasma nicotine/cotinine concentrations did not correlate with the severity of illness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This case series demonstrated that simultaneous application of several transdermal nicotine patches can be implicated in adult suicide attempts. While signs of toxicity included gastrointestinal complaints, changes in level of consciousness, seizures and parasympathetic effects typical of nicotine poisoning, the frequent presence of co-intoxicants complicated the clinical course. As the accessibility of transdermal nicotine patches increases, increasing misuse of these products by suicidal adults is likely.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Woolf
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Burkhart
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Caraccio
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Litovitz
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000506:poisoning*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000506:poisoning*; D011358:Product Surveillance, Postmarketing; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000139:chemically induced; D013405:Suicide
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D009538:Nicotine; D003367:Cotinine