title: [Radiation dose in critical organs due to non-coplanar irradiation of the hypophysis].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In order to estimate the somatic and genetic risk associated with a non-coplanar linac-based radiation technique of the pituitary gland, systematic secondary-dose measurements in a phantom and sample measurements of the dose near critical organs of patients were performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  For measurements of the dose outside the primary radiation field an acrylic-PVC phantom was used which was irradiated with a single field (4 x 4 cm2). Eight patients with pituitary tumors were treated isocentrically with a combination of sagittal and transverse rotational arcs. To measure the dose in critical organs. LiF thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD) in chip form were placed onto 1 eyelid, the skin over the thyroid, and the patient's clothes covering the region of breasts and ovaries of female patients and the testicles of male patients. Measurements were performed for all patients during 1 sagittal irradiation and for the majority of patients during 1 transverse irradiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The phantom measurements demonstrated that the secondary dose measured on the patients surface can be considered as a good approximation for the dose in adjacent organs. The median dose in critical organs for sagittal irradiation was in the range of 25.8 mGy (eyes) to 1.9 mGy (testicles), and for transverse irradiation in the range of 23.3 mGy (eyes) to 1.3 mGy (testicles). The ratio of median organ doses for sagittal and transverse irradiation was 2.1 for the thyroid gland, 1.1 for the eyes, and 1.5 for the other organs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dose in critical organs due to non-coplanar irradiation of the pituitary gland is only a small fraction of the dose delivered to the reference point of the planning target volume. The risk of a radiation-induced tumor and a genetic consequence associated with these small doses is generally less than 1% and 0.1%, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung Strahlentherapie und spezielle Onkologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover.
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Schulte
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Rittmann
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Meinass
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rennicke
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D001940:Breast / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005123:Eye / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010053:Ovary / Q000528:radiation effects*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000528:radiation effects*; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D013737:Testis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000528:radiation effects*