title: Cigarette smoking and quality of life in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. South Limburg IBD Study Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Smoking has been reported as influencing disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease. The aim of our study was to elucidate the relationship between smoking and aspects of disease-specific quality of life in inflammatory bowel disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 1105 prevalent patients with inflammatory bowel disease, diagnosed according to the criteria of Lennard-Jones and Truelove and Witts, disease-specific quality of life was investigated using the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Crohn's disease, smoking females reported a lower quality of life than non-smoking females (all four dimensions of the IBDQ). Using an explanatory model of relationships between the four dimensions for the analysis, it became evident that smoking is associated with more bowel symptoms in young Crohn's disease females, with more emotional dysfunction in all Crohn's disease females, and with more systemic symptoms in all three diagnostic groups with marked bowel symptoms. Moderately smoking male ulcerative colitis patients reported fewer bowel complaints compared with non-smoking male ulcerative colitis patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a relationship between smoking and disease-specific quality of life in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The hypothesis is presented that a part of the observed differences in the studied quality of life dimensions with respect to age, sex and disease group are related to concomitant oral contraceptive use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Russel
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Nieman
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bergers
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Stockbrügger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000503:physiopathology; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000503:physiopathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires