title: Rilmenidine-induced ocular hypotension: role of imidazoline1 and alpha 2 receptors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine ocular actions by rilmenidine, an imidazoline1 and alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonist.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intraocular pressure was measured in normal and sympathetically denervated rabbits by pneumatonometry. Electrically stimulated 3H-norepinephrine release from sympathetic nerves was determined in isolated, perfused rabbit iris-ciliary bodies. cAMP levels were evaluated in rabbit iris-ciliary bodies by radioimmunoassay. Ca2+ concentrations were measured in rabbit transformed nonpigmented ciliary epithelial cells by fluorescence ratio microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Topical, unilateral administration of rilmenidine produced hypotensive responses in normal rabbits which were antagonized by either bilaterally administered efaroxan, an imidazoline receptor antagonist or rauwolscine, an alpha 2 receptor antagonist. Sympathectomy also eliminated the ocular hypotensive response. Rilmenidine (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1 microM) caused 5 +/- 1%, 18 +/- 5%, 35 +/- 10%, and 48 +/- 9% inhibition, respectively, of 3H-norepinephrine overflow whereas 10 microM efaroxan or rauwolscine caused enhancement of norepinephrine release by 102 +/- 23% or 86 +/- 25%, respectively. Furthermore, pretreatment with efaroxan or rauwolscine partially antagonized the inhibition of norepinephrine release induced by rilmenidine. In other experiments, rilmenidine (1 microM) inhibited isoproterenol-stimulated cAMP accumulation in rabbit iris-ciliary bodies by 43 +/- 9% which was antagonized by 10 microM efaroxan or rauwolscine. Rilmenidine induced large increases in [Ca2+]i in rabbit nonpigmented ciliary epithelial cells which were effectively antagonized by efaroxan or rauwolscine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These in vivo and in vitro data suggest that the ocular hypotensive activity induced by rilmenidine is due, in part, to suppression of sympathetic neuroeffector function in the rabbit ciliary body and that alpha 2 adrenergic receptors and/or imidazoline1 receptors are involved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA.
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gluchowski
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Potter
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002924:Ciliary Body / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D054755:Imidazoline Receptors; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D007498:Iris / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D015814:Ocular Hypotension / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010080:Oxazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011817:Rabbits; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 / Q000502:physiology*; D011955:Receptors, Drug / Q000502:physiology*; D000077769:Rilmenidine; D013562:Sympathectomy; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001572:Benzofurans; D007093:Imidazoles; D054755:Imidazoline Receptors; D010080:Oxazoles; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2; D011955:Receptors, Drug; D015016:Yohimbine; D000242:Cyclic AMP; C062597:efaroxan; D000077769:Rilmenidine; D002118:Calcium; D009638:Norepinephrine