title: Early chick limb cartilaginous elements possess polarizing activity and express hedgehog-related morphogenetic factors.
abstract: Skeletal patterning and morphogenesis in the developing limb are thought to be regulated by instructive factors and cues from the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA), the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), and the dorsal ectoderm. However, the activities of the ZPA and AER dwindle early in embryogenesis and soon after ceases, when in fact the proximal skeletal elements are still rudimentary in structure and the more distal ones are yet to become recognizable. Thus, we asked whether the chondrocytes emerging within each mesenchymal condensation may themselves start expressing properties similar to those of ZPA and/or AER and, in so doing, may bring skeletal development to completion. Indeed, we found that the cartilaginous, but not precartilaginous, tissues in early chick limbs possess ZPA-like properties. They expressed an endogenous factor related to Sonic hedgehog (Shh), most likely Indian hedgehog (Ihh), and when fragments were grafted to the anterior margin of host stage 16-20 chick wing buds, they induced supernumerary skeletal elements (polarizing activity). The acquisition of polarizing activity by the cartilaginous structures followed clear proximo-to-distal and posterior-to-anterior routes. Thus, (1) stage 25 cartilaginous humerus had polarizing activity while stage 25 prospective radius did not, (2) posteriorly-located stage 29 ulna had stronger activity than anteriorly-located stage 29 radius, and (3) ulna's diaphysis had stronger activity at stage 29 than 31 while radius's diaphysis was stronger at stage 31 than 29. Prior to inducing extra digit formation, the cartilaginous grafts induced Hoxd-12 and Hoxd-13 gene expression in adjacent competent mesenchymal tissue. Strikingly, the cartilaginous grafts activity also expression of Shh and polarizing activity in adjacent mesenchyme, which ZPA grafts cannot do; thus, the cartilaginous structures displayed activities "upstream" of those of the ZPA. The results support our hypothesis that chondrocytes may themselves direct skeletal morphogenesis. In so doing and as a result of their inductive activities, the cells may also have an important role in the completion of limb patterning and morphogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6003, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Koyama
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Leatherman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Noji
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pacifici
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002356:Cartilage / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002642:Chick Embryo; D005121:Extremities / Q000196:embryology*; D015870:Gene Expression; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009024:Morphogenesis; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C490943:Hoxd12 protein, mouse; D011506:Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors