title: Analysis of the p wave in the signal-averaged electrocardiogram: normal values and reproducibility.
abstract: To apply p wave analysis of the signal-averaged electrocardiogram (SAECG) clinically, the knowledge of normal values and the verification of highly reproducible measurements are essential. In 40 healthy volunteers (ages 23-37 years), an SAECG of the p wave was performed and then repeated after 1 week and 1 month. In addition to Simson analysis (unidirectional and bidirectional filters), the data were filtered with finite impulse response (FIR) and least squares fit (LSQ) filters to obtain a better differentiation between the end of the p wave and QRS onset. All recordings were evaluated by two independent observers, and the following parameters were calculated: the duration of the p wave in the three unfiltered leads; and for the vector magnitude of the three leads x, y, and z: the duration of the p wave and the root mean square voltage of its last 30, 20, and 10 ms. The average p wave duration was significantly different among the various filter techniques: 135 +/- 7 ms (unidirectional); 97 +/- 8 ms (bidirectional); 109 +/- 8.5 ms (FIR); and 126 +/- 10 ms (LSQ) (P = 0.001 for each comparison). There was a good reproducibility of the data analyzed with the Simson method (R = 0.80-0.91). Filtering with the FIR and LSQ leads to a considerably greater variability.
authors.affiliation: German Center Technical University of Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goedel-Meinen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beckhoff
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rehbach
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schömig
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013997:Time Factors