title: Left ventricular, peripheral vascular, and neurohumoral responses to mental stress in normal middle-aged men and women. Reference Group for the Psychophysiological Investigations of Myocardial Ischemia (PIMI) Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The normal cardiovascular response to mental stress in middle-aged and older people has not been well characterized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 29 individuals 45 to 73 years old (15 women, 14 men) who had no coronary risk factors, no history of coronary artery disease, and a negative exercise test. Left ventricular (LV) volumes and global and regional function were assessed by radionuclide ventriculography at rest and during two 5-minute standardized mental stress tasks (simulated public speaking and the Stroop Color-Word Test), administered in random order. A substantial sympathetic response occurred with both mental stress tests, characterized by increases in blood pressure, heart rate, rate-pressure product, cardiac index, and stroke work index and rises in plasma levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine but not beta-endorphin or cortisol. Despite this sympathetic response, LV volume increased and ejection fraction (EF) decreased secondary to an increase in afterload. The change in EF during mental stress-varied among individuals but was associated positively with changes in LV contractility and negatively with baseline EF and changes in afterload. EF decreased > 5% during mental stress in 12 individuals and > 8% in 5; 3 developed regional wall motion abnormalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mental stress in the laboratory results in a substantial sympathetic response in normal middle-aged and older men and women, but EF commonly falls because of a concomitant rise in afterload. These results provide essential age- and sex-matched reference data for studies of mental stress-induced ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Md, USA.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Pepine
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bonsall
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Coghlan
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Forman
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Knatterud
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Sheps
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Kaufmann
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D012016:Reference Values; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents