title: Prolonged exposure to lidocaine disturbs preimplantation mouse embryo development.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the in vitro and in vivo effects of lidocaine on preimplantation mouse embryo development during prolonged exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro experiments: Two-cell mouse embryos were exposed to lidocaine doses of 0, 10, 100, and 1000 micrograms/mL for 72 h. In vivo experiments, female mice were exposed to lidocaine doses of 0, 0.3, 1.7, and 3.3 mg/kg body weight on days 1, 2, 3, and 4 of pregnancy. Early development, cell number, mitotic index, and micronuclei frequency were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Development to the blastocyst stage was inhibited by all the doses tested in vitro and in vivo. Most of the affected embryos showed arrest and degeneration. The cell number was decreased, but not the mitotic index. Furthermore, clastogenic damage was observed in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lidocaine adversely affects preimplantation mouse embryo development in vitro and in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biological Sciences, National University of San Marcos, Lima-Perú.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Del Valle
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Orihuela
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D008098:Litter Size / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D008012:Lidocaine