title: Blurring of vessels in spiral CT angiography: effects of collimation width, pitch, viewing plane, and windowing in maximum intensity projection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to examine the effects of collimation width (CW), pitch, viewing plane, and windowing on the display of in-plane vessels in maximum intensity projection (MIP).
  
  
  METHODS
  A theoretical concept based on partial volume averaging of vessels was developed to describe the contents of voxels (densities) in MIP and to derive cross-sectional vessel diameters and blurring. To validate the concept and to describe the influence of pitch, a Plexiglas cone submerged in water was scanned with varying CW and pitch. Binary MIP with three representative window levels was chosen so that definitive vessel diameters could be quantitated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The theoretical concept correctly predicted voxel contents and blurring for CW > or = 3 mm and low pitch. For high pitch, actual blurring was larger; however, for a given table speed, blurring of the cone decreased with pitch while increasing with CW. Overall blurring was most effectively reduced by using a thin CW and the transverse viewing plane. In the transverse viewing plane, the least blurring was found using binary MIP with a low window level. On the contrary, in the longitudinal viewing plane, blurring was minimized using a window level halfway between the density of the cone and that of the surrounding water.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For CW > or = 3 mm, blurring of in-plane vessels can be explained with a simple geometrical concept based on partial volume. For accurate display, the transverse viewing plane should be used, a proper windowing must be chosen, and the CW should be kept below vessel size while raising the pitch to cover a reasonable volume.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology I, Georg August University of Goettingen, Germany.
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Diederichs
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Keating
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Glatting
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Oestmann
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D015898:Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data