title: Comparative cytotoxicity of 14 novel selenocysteine se-conjugates in rat renal proximal tubular cells.
abstract: Recently, Se-substituted selenocysteine conjugates were proposed as potential prodrugs to target biologically active selenol compounds to tissues containing high activities of cysteine conjugate beta-lyases, such as the kidneys. However, several selenium compounds are known to be relatively toxic compounds. In the present study, the cytotoxicity of 14 selenocysteine Se-conjugates was determined in freshly isolated rat renal proximal tubular cells (RPTC). The results of this study show that four selenocysteine Se-conjugates with alkyl substituents (methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and n-butyl) did not cause significant cytotoxicity to RPTC up to concentrations of 500 microM after 90 min of incubation. Also, no effect was observed on mitochondrial functioning as indicated by the unaffected mitochondrial membrane potential (delta psi). Se-(i-Propyl)-selenocysteine, however, appeared to be a cytotoxic compound, causing time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity, and caused a decrease of delta psi in remaining viable cells. Aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) provided significant protection against cell death of Se-(i-propyl)-selenocysteine, pointing to involvement of cysteine conjugate beta-lyase. AOAA, however, did not prevent the decrease of delta psi. Differentially substituted Se-(phenyl)-L-selenocysteine and Se-(benzyl)-L-selenocysteine conjugates appeared to be cytotoxic to RPTC at a concentration of 200 microM, as indicated by increased cell death and a decreased delta psi in remaining viable cells. Within the Se-benzyl-series, Se-(4-methoxybenzyl)-L-selenocysteine was the most toxic conjugate, whereas Se-(4-chlorophenyl)-L-selenocysteine was the most toxic conjugate of the Se-phenyl compounds. The selenocysteine Se-conjugates with nonsubstituted phenyl and benzyl substituents were nontoxic at 200 microM, but caused significant cell death at a concentration of 500 microM. Preincubation with AOAA, an inhibitor of cysteine conjugate beta-lyase, provided only partial protection against the cytotoxicity of Se-(phenyl)-L-selenocysteine (500 microM) and Se-(4-methoxybenzyl)-L-selenocysteine (200 microM). AOAA did not protect against cytotoxicity of the other conjugates, suggesting direct effects of these compounds or involvement of alternative routes of bioactivation. This study demonstrates that cytotoxicity of selenocysteine Se-conjugates is strongly dependent on the nature of the Se-bound substituent. The nontoxic Se-(alkyl)-Se-conjugates may be promising candidates for further evaluation for chemopreventive activities.
authors.affiliation: Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Department of Pharmacochemistry, Vrije Universiteit, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Andreadou
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van de Water
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Commandeur
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Nagelkerke
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
mesh_terms: D000625:Aminooxyacetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D003600:Cytosol / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D007687:Kidney Tubules, Proximal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017279:Selenocysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D017279:Selenocysteine; D000625:Aminooxyacetic Acid