title: Effects of a multidimensional anabolic steroid prevention intervention. The Adolescents Training and Learning to Avoid Steroids (ATLAS) Program.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test a team-based, educational intervention designed to reduce adolescent athletes' intent to use anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized prospective trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one high school football teams in the Portland, Ore, area.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven hundred two adolescent football players at experimental schools; 804 players at control schools.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven weekly, 50-minute class sessions were delivered by coaches and student team leaders, addressing AAS effects, sports nutrition and strength-training alternatives to AAS use, drug refusal role play, and anti-AAS media messages. Seven weight-room sessions were taught by research staff. Parents received written information and were invited to a discussion session.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaires before and after intervention and at 9- or 12-month follow-up, assessing AAS use risk factors, knowledge and attitudes concerning AAS, sports nutrition and exercise knowledge and behaviors, and intentions to use AAS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with controls, experimental subjects at the long-term follow-up had increased understanding of AAS effects, greater belief in personal vulnerability to the adverse consequences of AAS, improved drug refusal skills, less belief in AAS-promoting media messages, increased belief in the team as an information source, improved perception of athletic abilities and strength-training self-efficacy, improved nutrition and exercise behaviors, and reduced intentions to use AAS. Many other beneficial program effects remained significant at the long-term follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This AAS prevention program enhanced healthy behaviors, reduced factors that encourage AAS use, and lowered intent to use AAS. These changes were sustained over the period of 1 year. Team-based interventions appear to be an effective approach to improve adolescent behaviors and reduce drug use risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201-3098, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Elliot
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: MacKinnon
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moe
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zoref
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Greffrath
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lapin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D045930:Anabolic Agents; D003479:Curriculum; D004300:Doping in Sports / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005538:Football; D015438:Health Behavior; D006266:Health Education; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D016730:Program Development; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012574:Schools; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents