title: Diffusion tensor MR imaging of the human brain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess intrinsic properties of water diffusion in normal human brain by using quantitative parameters derived from the diffusion tensor, D, which are insensitive to patient orientation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maps of the principal diffusivities of D, of Trace(D), and of diffusion anisotropy indices were calculated in eight healthy adults from 31 multisection, interleaved echo-planar diffusion-weighted images acquired in about 25 minutes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statistically significant differences in Trace(D) (approximately 2,100 x 10(-6) mm2/sec) were found within normal brain parenchyma, except in the cortex, where Trace(D) was higher. Diffusion anisotropy varied widely among different white matter regions, reflecting differences in fiber-tract architecture. In the corpus callosum and pyramidal tracts, the ratio of parallel to perpendicular diffusivities was approximately threefold higher than previously reported, and diffusion appeared cylindrically symmetric. However, in other white matter regions, particularly in the centrum semiovale, diffusion anisotropy was low, and cylindrical symmetry was not observed. Maps of parameters derived from D were also used to segment tissues based on their diffusion properties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A quantitative characterization of water diffusion in anisotropic, heterogeneously oriented tissues is clinically feasible. This should improve the neuroradiologic assessment of a variety of gray and white matter disorders.
authors.affiliation: Neuroimaging Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1178, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pierpaoli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jezzard
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Basser
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Chiro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016880:Anisotropy; D001834:Body Water / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004058:Diffusion; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male