title: Plasma levels of soluble CD30, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and TNF receptors during primary HIV-1 infection: correlation with HIV-1 RNA and the clinical outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The immunological and virological events associated with primary HIV-1 infection have a major impact on the course of HIV-1 disease, and the identification of early predictors during primary HIV infection is critical for the therapeutic strategy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen consecutive patients with primary HIV infection were followed for a median of 398 days. Clinical status, CD4+ T-cell counts, and plasma samples were obtained weekly from enrollment until week 6, then at weeks 12, 24 and 52, and every 6 months thereafter. Seroconversion was assessed by anti-HIV-1/2 antibodies and Western blot analysis. HIV-1 RNA in plasma was quantified by Amplicor HIV Monitor test. Samples were assayed for immune complex-dissociated p24 antigen, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, soluble TNF receptor (sTNFR)-1, sTNFR-II, sCD30 and sCD8 by enzyme immunoassays. Outcome was defined as entering clinical category B or C according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria. As a control group, we included 23 HIV-1-negative healthy blood donors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma levels of sCD30, TNF-alpha and sTNFR were significantly higher in HIV-1-infected patients than in controls, and were positively correlated with each other and with values of HIV-1 RNA. Patients who developed an outcome (n = 4) had significantly higher levels of sCD30, TNF-alpha and sTNFR compared with those who did not. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that sCD30 and TNF-alpha were the best predictors of outcome independently of CD4+ T-cell counts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During primary HIV infection, a persistent immune activation may be associated with a poor clinical outcome. The identification of sCD30 and TNF-alpha levels in plasma as early predictors of outcome in primary HIV infection, may direct the implementation of early therapeutic strategies in patients with elevated risk of disease progression.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, University of Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Rizzardi
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Barcellini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tambussi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lillo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malnati
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Perrin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lazzarin
mesh_terms: D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000097:blood*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D017730:Ki-1 Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000097:blood*; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D017730:Ki-1 Antigen; D012367:RNA, Viral; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha