title: Tuberculous meningitis. Clinical characteristics and comparison with cryptococcal meningitis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence and causes of meningitis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study of HIV-associated neurologic complications carried out from 1988 to 1992.
  
  
  METHODS
  A tertiary care university hospital in Madrid, Spain. PATIENTS. A total of 142 patients, 65% of whom were injecting drug users.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-six episodes of meningitis were diagnosed in 33 patients (23%). Of these, 17 cases (47%) were tuberculous meningitis (5 definite and 12 probable) and 7 (19%) corresponded to cryptococcal meningitis. Comparative studies of the tuberculous and cryptococcal meningitis cases showed injecting drug use as the most common form of HIV transmission in the tuberculous meningitis (P = .03) and a lower mean CD4+ cell count in the cryptococcal meningitis group (P = .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tuberculous meningitis was the prime type of meningitis, which was associated with HIV transmission by injecting drug use. Cryptococcal meningitis appears in more advanced stages of HIV infection, which determines its characteristic presentation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Portocarrero
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pérez-Cecilia
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Escrig
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martin-Rabadán
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Roca
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruiz Yague
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Romero-Vivas
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Palau
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Picazo
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D000328:Adult; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016919:Meningitis, Cryptococcal / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014390:Tuberculosis, Meningeal / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology