title: Endocarditis in an urban hospital in the 1990s.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the clinical characteristics and outcome of 159 consecutive patients with endocarditis who presented to an inner-city hospital from 1990 onward and to elucidate the most current problems and advances in the management of endocarditis.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred eighty-two consecutive cases (in 159 patients) met diagnostic criteria for endocarditis, including histopathologic evidence or multiple positive blood cultures without another primary source, and appropriate signs or symptoms. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed for 171 cases, and 36 patients underwent transesophageal echocardiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-seven percent of the patients were known drug users; more than 80% of these were positive for human immunodeficiency virus. Fever, malaise, and fatigue occurred in more than 95%, but other signs were neither sensitive nor specific, and classic microvascular phenomena were uncommon. Blood cultures were positive in 96%, all 7 patients with negative cultures had received prior antibiotic therapy. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism, and a significant increase in S aureus infections was noted for tricuspid endocarditis (chi 2 = 71.07, P = .003). The mitral (n = 51) and tricuspid (n = 49) valves were the most common sites of infection. Underlying heart disease was only identified in one fourth of the cases. Transesophageal echocardiography identified vegetation in 34 of 36 studies, 16 of which had negative transthoracic echoes. Five of 6 patients with documented abscesses died within 7 months. A systemic embolism occurred in nearly a third (n = 51) of the cases. Large vegetations (> 20 mm) were significantly correlated with an increased frequency of embolization (chi 2 = 6.77, P = .009), but vegetation mobility was not. Cardiac surgery was performed in 24 patients; there were 2 perioperative deaths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The changing clinical spectrum of endocarditis exemplified in our series has important implications for diagnosis and management. Close attention to appropriate risk factors can contribute to optimal management of those factors and improve prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, John Dempsey Hospital, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siddiq
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Missri
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Silverman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002423:Cause of Death; D004696:Endocarditis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006786:Hospitals, Urban / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged