title: CD28 mediates a potent costimulatory signal for rapid degradation of IkappaBbeta which is associated with accelerated activation of various NF-kappaB/Rel heterodimers.
abstract: Optimal activation of T cells requires at least two signals delivered by the T-cell receptor complex and costimulatory molecules such as CD28. The CD28 signaling participates in the transcription of the interleukin-2 gene through activation of an enhancer termed the CD28-responsive element (CD28RE). Stimulation of CD28 enhances mitogen-mediated induction of CD28RE-binding proteins including members of the NF-kappaB/Rel transcription factor family, although the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In this report, we show that CD28 costimulation leads to biphasic induction of NF-kappaB/Rel heterodimers, including early-phase induction of p50/RelA and c-Rel/RelA and late-phase induction of p50/c-Rel. Interestingly, activation of these NF-kappaB/Rel complexes by the CD28 signal is associated with the rapid degradation of both IkappaBalpha and IkappaBbeta, two major cytoplasmic inhibitors of NF-kappaB/Rel. Although IkappaBalpha degradation can be induced by phorbol ester alone, degradation of IkappaBbeta is largely dependent on the CD28 costimulatory signal. We further demonstrate that CD28-mediated transactivation of the CD28RE enhancer is potently inhibited by an N-terminal truncation mutant of IkappaBbeta that is incapable of responding to the degradation signals. Together, these results suggest that the CD28 costimulatory signal augments activation of NF-kappaB/Rel by promoting degradation of IkappaBbeta as well as enhancing degradation of IkappaBalpha and that induction of NF-kappaB/Rel serves as an essential step in the signal-mediated activation of the CD28RE enhancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey 17033, USA.
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Harhaj
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Maggirwar
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Good
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000235:genetics*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009857:Oncogenes; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018106:CD28 Antigens; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C083487:I kappa B beta protein; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B