title: Antibodies to Bartonella species in inner-city intravenous drug users in Baltimore, Md.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bartonella quintana has recently been associated with homeless alcoholic men. Both B quintana and Bartonella henselae have been shown to be opportunistic pathogens of people with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The reservoirs and modes of transmission of these infections are incompletely known.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine serum samples that were taken from inner-city intravenous (IV) drug users for antibodies to Bartonella organisms to determine whether there is an urban transmission cycle for Bartonella species and to examine the demographic and behavioral characteristics of IV drug users to identify possible risk factors for infection with any of these agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A serologic survey was conducted, using a convenience sample of serum specimens collected during a study of IV drug use and human immunodeficiency virus infection among 630 inner-city residents in Baltimore, Md. A detailed questionnaire was administered at the initial collection of serum, and additional serum collections and questionnaire updates were made at 6-month intervals. The most recent available serum sample was tested for Bartonella antibody titer by using the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test with 3 antigens: Bartonella elizabethae, B henselae, and B quintana. Univariate and multivariate analyses of selected potential demographic and behavioral risk factors were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antibodies to Bartonella were highly prevalent in this group; more than 37% of all samples reacted with at least 1 antigen. Overall seroprevalence of antibodies to B elizabethae, B henselae, and B quintana was 33%, 11%, and 10%, respectively. Current IV drug use, frequency of injection, and seronegative human immunodeficiency virus status were significantly associated with Bartonella antibody presence, but these associations varied by analysis. There was a significant inverse association of antibody prevalence to B henselae and B quintana by using CD4+ cell counts among human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravenous drug users have an elevated prevalence of antibodies to Bartonella organisms and may be at significant risk of becoming infected. Current IV drug use, high frequency of injection, and seronegative human immunodeficiency virus status are significant risk factors for an increased prevalence of Bartonella antibodies. The current natural histories of Bartonella species are rapidly changing, and mechanisms of transmission remain unknown.
authors.affiliation: Viral and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Comer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Regnery
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vlahov
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Childs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood*; D015142:Baltimore; D001473:Bartonella / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D014504:Urban Health
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial