title: Directed mutagenesis reveals that two histidines in tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 are each essential for the suppression of cell migration, invasion, and tumorigenicity.
abstract: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are secreted proteins that regulate the activity of metalloproteinases, enzymes important in development, tissue remodeling, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis. To assess the importance of three highly conserved amino acids, His7, Asp16, and His95, in determining the biological properties of mouse TIMP-1, they were mutated into Arg, Tyr, and Arg, respectively. Recombinant vectors constructed to express the wild-type and mutant TIMP-1 proteins under the control of the metallothionein promoter were transfected into mouse melanoma B16F10 cells, which produce very little TIMP-1. Individual clones were isolated and characterized by Southern, Northern, and Western blotting to verify the presence of the TIMP-1 minigene and its expression. Analyses of conditioned media for collagenase-inhibiting activity indicated that both histidine mutants, but not the aspartic acid mutant, were functionally impaired. An investigation of the cell migration, matrix invasion, and tumor formation capabilities of several individual clones representing each of the mutants revealed that the His7Arg and His95Arg mutations, but not the Asp16Tyr mutation, largely abolished the ability of the protein to inhibit all of these activities. These data establish that for B16F10 cells, endogenously generated TIMP-1 is an effective inhibitor not only of matrix invasion and tumorigenicity but also, unexpectedly, of cell motility on plastic. The novel finding that both His7 and His95 are separately essential for significant TIMP-1 activity in vivo provides an important new insight into TIMP-1 function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08815, USA.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Walther
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Denhardt
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000235:genetics*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000235:genetics; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006031:Glycosylation; D006639:Histidine / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D008545:Melanoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006023:Glycoproteins; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases; D006639:Histidine; D008668:Metallothionein