title: The cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) enzyme polymorphism: screening costs and influence on clinical outcomes in psychiatry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined factors that affect cost, reliability, and the value of determining the cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) polymorphism in clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The method of deoxyribonucleic acid isolation, sample preparation, oligonucleotide primers, and polymerase chain reaction procedures were scrutinized for their effect on CYP2D6 genotyping efforts. The determination of the CYP2D6 A, B, D, E, and T alleles was used to identify the deficiency in CYP2D6 expression in 161 individuals phenotyped for CYP2D6 activity with dextromethorphan. The CYP2D6 genotype was assessed in 74 outpatients who had received diagnoses of depression. Eighteen of these patients were screened because of an adverse response to a tricyclic or antidepressant known or suspected to be a CYP2D6 substrate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CYP2D6 A, B, C, D, E, and T alleles could be detected in 13 hours at a cost of $84 per sample by judicious selection of conditions and procedures. The genotype provided an accurate predictor of CYP2D6 expression in all 134 subjects who expressed the enzyme and in all 27 unrelated individuals phenotyped as deficient in CYP2D6 activity. In the patient group that experienced adverse effects, 44% of all CYP2D6 gene copies contained the A, B, D, E, or T allele(s) associated with inactive CYP2D6 expression. This was more than twice the rate for the occurrence of mutant alleles in the other 56 psychiatric patients (21%) and in 80 random subjects from the general population (20%; p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Screening psychiatric patients for CYP2D6 expression may distinguish metabolic-based therapeutic problems from drug sensitivity caused by other mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536-0082, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Blouin
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Humphries
authors.forename: Q C
authors.initials: QC
authors.lastname: Meek
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Neill
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Hays
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Wedlund
mesh_terms: D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 / Q000235:genetics*; D004247:DNA / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology*; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000191:economics; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000592:standards; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011786:Quality Control; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic / Q000592:standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; D004247:DNA; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6