title: Intake of dietary fiber and risk of coronary heart disease in a cohort of Finnish men. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Even though dietary fiber has been hypothesized to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease, few large epidemiological studies have examined this relation with good methodology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with daily supplementation of alpha-tocopherol and/or beta-carotene. Of the participants, 21930 smoking men aged 50 to 69 years who were free of diagnosed cardiovascular disease and had completed a validated dietary questionnaire at baseline were followed for 6.1 years. We monitored the incidence of major coronary events (a combination of first nonfatal myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease death; n = 1399) and mortality from coronary heart disease (n = 635). Both entities had a significant inverse association with dietary fiber, but the association was stronger for coronary death. For men in the highest quintile of total dietary fiber intake (median, 34.8 g/d), the relative risk for coronary death was 0.69 (95% confidence interval, 0.54 to 0.88; P < .001 for trend) compared with men in the lowest quintile of intake (median, 16.1 g/d). With an adjustment for known cardiovascular risk factors, intake of saturated fatty acids, beta-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E did not materially change the result. Water-soluble fiber was slightly more strongly associated with reduced coronary death than water-insoluble fiber, and cereal fiber also had a stronger association than vegetable or fruit fiber.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that independent of other risk factors, greater intake of foods rich in fiber can substantially reduce the risk of coronary heart disease, and particularly coronary death, in middle-aged, smoking men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland. Pirjo.Pietinen ktl.fi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pietinen
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Rimm
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Korhonen
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hartman
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Albanes
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Virtamo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D004043:Dietary Fiber; D019207:beta Carotene; D014810:Vitamin E