title: In vitro and in vivo assessment of urethral warming catheters for the transperineal cryoablation of prostatic carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the two most common urethral warming catheters currently available for their effectiveness in preventing urethral injury in an animal model and thus during transperineal cryosurgery for the treatment of prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The warming efficiency of the variable-diameter thin latex-balloon catheter (Cook, Australia) and the fixed-diameter PVC catheter (Candela, USA) were evaluated in a water-bath. A sheep model was then used for subsequent experiments to further evaluate the better catheter. The technique used for the insertion of the Cook catheter in a series of 33 patients treated with prostate cryosurgery is also described.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro, the Cook catheter was more effective (P < 0.01) than the Candela catheter in preventing localized cooling. In vivo, results in five animals showed that the urethral epithelium was viable in all sections that had been protected by the catheter and focally denuded or necrotic in those sections not protected, with each animal used as its own control (P < 0.01 Fisher's exact test). The 33 patients treated while using the Cook catheter had no subsequent complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The urethral warming catheter currently in use for prostatic cryosurgery in Australia is more effective in vitro than its competitor and is effective in preventing urethral injury in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of New South Wales, St George Hospital, Australia.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Cozzi
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Robson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vonthethoff
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lumley
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Morris
mesh_terms: D002404:Catheterization; D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006361:Heating; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D014546:Urinary Catheterization