title: Comparison of anal sonography with conventional needle electromyography in the evaluation of anal sphincter defects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A comparison of anal sonography with conventional electromyographic mapping in the evaluation of anal sphincter defects was the aim of this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 23 patients with defecatory problems referred for conventional needle electromyography (EMG), anal endosonography, with a 7.5-MHz, 355 degrees scanner, was performed before EMG to determine the structural integrity of the external anal sphincter. If lesions were found, they were described in terms of location and extent. Subsequently, concentric needle EMG of the external sphincter was performed circumferentially to locate muscle parts exhibiting normal and diminished or missing muscle activity. Lesions found by EMG were also described like those found by sonography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 23 patients, eight exhibited no abnormalities on EMG, and no muscle defects were identified endosonographically in any of these patients. In the remaining 15 patients, EMG showed either an incomplete pattern of interference or a complete absence of voluntary activity; in all of these patients endosonography also identified structural deficit. In 14 of these 15 patients, abnormalities were found at the same location with both endosonography and EMG. In the remaining patient, the two techniques identified structural and functional abnormalities at different locations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although EMG is the gold standard for assessment of the functional relevance of muscle defects, anal endosonography yields a sensitivity and specificity of almost 100%.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Heinrich Heine University Medical School, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Enck
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: von Giesen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schäfer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Heyer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gantke
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Flesch
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arendt
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Frieling
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001004:Anus Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009339:Needles; D014463:Ultrasonography