title: Surgical anatomy for endoscopic subfascial division of perforating veins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to define the surgical anatomy of the medial perforating veins (PVs) of the leg and to provide information on how to gain access to all medial PVs from the superficial posterior compartment during a subfascial endoscopic procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The venous anatomy of 40 limbs (from 23 cadavers) were studied. Medial PVs located between the ankle and the tibial tuberosity were dissected. None of the subjects had pathologic evidence of venous disease. Each PV's type (direct or indirect), size (< 1 mm, 1 to 2 mm, > 2 mm), location (distances from ankle [D1], and tibia [D2]), and accessibility from the superficial posterior compartment were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five hundred fifty-two PVs were identified (mean, 13.8; range, 7 to 22). Two hundred eighty-seven PVs (52%) directly connected the superficial with the deep systems, 228 (41%) were indirect muscle perforators, and 37 PVs (7%) were undetermined. One hundred thirty-seven PVs (25%) were > 2 mm. Sixty-three percent of PVs were accessible from the superficial posterior compartment. In the distal half of the leg, two groups of direct PVs could be identified (Cockett II: D1, 7 to 9 cm; Cockett III: D1, 10 to 12 cm). In the proximal half of the leg, paratibial direct PVs (D2 < or = 1 cm) were found clustered in three groups (D1, 18 to 22 cm; D1, 23 to 27 cm; D1, 28 to 32 cm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study confirmed the presence of the Cockett II and III PVs and three groups of proximal paratibial PVs, including the "24-cm" perforators. Two thirds of the medial direct PVs are accessible for endoscopic division from the superficial posterior compartment. To divide paratibial PVs, however, incision of the paratibial deep fascia is frequently required.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mozes
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gloviczki
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Menawat
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Carmichael
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kadar
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D016319:Corrosion Casting; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005205:Fascia / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D000071938:Fasciotomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014680:Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*