title: The transition from a neutral-pH double helix to a low-pH triple helix induces a conformational switch in the CCCG tetraloop closing a Watson-Crick stem.
abstract: The CCCG-loop in a DNA fragment, which is capable of forming an intramolecular triple helix as well as a hairpin structure, was investigated by NMR and molecular modeling studies. The structure of this loop is found as a type II conformation, one of the three commonly observed folding patterns of tetraloops, irrespective of the geometry of the underlying helix. In each situation, the loop exhibits a base-pair between the first cytosine and the guanine residue of the loop. The geometry of this base-pair, however, depends upon the circumstances. At neutral pH, in the hairpin form of the molecule, a Watson-Crick C.G base-pair is formed, whereas at low pH, when the strand exists as an intramolecular triple helix, a Hoogsteen C(+)-G base-pair is present. We used molecular modeling to lay the foundations for understanding the observed conformational switch. A lower amount of strain, related to the short C1'-C1' of the base-pair, and protonation effects of the structure comprising the Hoogsteen base-pair turn out to outweigh the effects of a more stable base-pair, improved stacking and more favorable interactions in the minor groove of the structure comprising the Watson-Crick C.G base-pair. The models also provide an explanation for the general preference of loops meeting the consensus sequence--d(CYNG)--to fold into a type II conformation, i.e. with the base of second loop residue turned into the minor groove.
authors.affiliation: NSR Centre for Molecular Structure, Design, and Synthesis, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: van Dongen
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Wijmenga
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: van der Marel
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: van Boom
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Hilbers
mesh_terms: D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation
chemical_list: D004247:DNA