title: Spasmodic torticollis: a case report and review of therapies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spasmodic torticollis is a movement disorder of the nuchal muscles, characterized by tremor or by tonic posturing of the head in a rotated, twisted, or abnormally flexed or extended position or some combination of these positions. The abnormal posturing of the head allows this disorder to be clinically diagnosed. Psychiatric symptoms frequently accompany or precede the diagnosis of the movement disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the key words "torticollis," "spasmodic torticollis," "therapy," "behavior therapy," "botulinum toxin," MEDLINE was searched from 1989 to 1996 for information on the cause and treatment of spasmodic torticollis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therapies include behavior modification, such as biofeedback, hypnosis, or simply training the patient to consciously readjust the position of the head; pharmacotherapy, using a variety of agents, the most commonly prescribed being anticholinergic medications or the botulinum toxin type A; and surgery, which entails selectively denervating the muscles responsible for the abnormal movement or posture of the head. The most effective treatments include surgery and botulinum, with sustained success rates ranging from approximately 60 to 90 percent.
authors.affiliation: West Jersey Health System, Family Practice Residency Program, Voorhees, NJ 08043, USA.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: DeMario
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003714:Denervation; D015259:Dopamine Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications; D014103:Torticollis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D015259:Dopamine Agents; D001905:Botulinum Toxins