title: Regulation of sialic acid 9-O-acetylation during the growth and differentiation of murine erythroleukemia cells.
abstract: Sialic acids are typically found at the terminal position on vertebrate oligosaccharides. They are sometimes modified by an O-acetyl ester at the 9-position, potentially altering recognition of sialic acid by antibodies, lectins, and viruses. 9-O-Acetylation is known to be selectively expressed on gangliosides in melanoma cells and on N-linked chains in hepatocytes. Using a recently developed probe, we show here that in murine erythroleukemia cells, this modification is selectively expressed on another class of oligosaccharides, O-linked chains carried on cell surface sialomucins. These cells also express 9-O-acetylation on the ganglioside GD3, but this modification appears to be undetectable on the cell surface. Increasing cell density in culture is associated with a decrease in cell surface 9-O-acetylation of sialomucins. This change correlates with the spontaneous differentiation toward a mature erythroid phenotype. This down-regulation upon differentiation and entry into the G0/G1 stage of the cell cycle is confirmed by differentiation-inducing agents. In contrast, cells arrested in G2/M by the microtubule depolymerizing agent nocodazole show increased expression of cell surface 9-O-acetylated sialomucins (but not the 9-O-acetylated ganglioside). However, the microtubule stabilizer taxol does not induce this increase, showing that the nocodazole effect is independent of cell cycle stage. Indeed, direct analysis showed no correlation of 9-O-acetylation with cell cycle stage in rapidly growing cells, and shorter treatments with nocodazole also increased expression. Western blots of cell extracts confirmed that changes caused by differentiation and nocodazole are not due to redistribution of molecules from the cell surface. Indeed, following selective removal of 9-O-acetyl groups from the cell surface by a specific esterase, the recovery of expression is mediated by new synthesis rather than by redistribution from an internal pool. Thus, 9-O-acetylation on these sialomucins appears to be primarily regulated by the rate of synthesis, and the increase with nocodazole treatment is likely due to the inhibition of turnover of cell surface molecules. These data show that 9-O-acetylation of sialic acids in murine erythroleukemia cells is a highly regulated modification, being selectively expressed in a cell type-specific manner on certain classes of oligosaccharides and differentially regulated with regard to subcellular localization and to the state of cellular differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Glycobiology Program, UCSD Cancer Center, the Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
authors.forename: W X
authors.initials: WX
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chammas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Varki
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002455:Cell Division; D003513:Cycloheximide / Q000494:pharmacology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005732:Gangliosides / Q000737:chemistry; D004915:Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D009077:Mucins / Q000737:chemistry; D019158:N-Acetylneuraminic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D015739:Nocodazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D012794:Sialic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D052116:Sialomucins; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D005732:Gangliosides; D009077:Mucins; D012794:Sialic Acids; D052116:Sialomucins; C025676:9-O-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid; D003513:Cycloheximide; D019158:N-Acetylneuraminic Acid; D015739:Nocodazole