title: Retrograde percutaneous gastrostomy and gastrojejunostomy in 505 children: a 4 1/2-year experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate a technique of retrograde insertion of gastrostomy and gastrojejunostomy tubes with radiologic guidance in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a 4 1/2-year period, 511 patients underwent attempted insertion of gastrostomy or gastrojejunostomy tubes. Patients' ages ranged from premature to 18.6 years (mean age, 3.8 years), and weight range was 0.8-86.0 kg (mean weight, 12 kg). The charts of 453 patients were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Placement was unsuccessful in six patients because of colonic interposition (n = 2), microgastria (n = 2), or hepatosplenomegaly (n = 2). Initial placement was a gastrostomy tube in 436 patients and a gastrojejunostomy tube in 69 patients. Sixty-eight gastrostomy tubes were converted to gastrojejunostomy tubes. Early complications (< 30 days) included skin infection (n = 11), stoma irritation (n = 20), and tube dislodgment (n = 6). Late complications included stoma irritation (n = 29), skin infection (n = 23), tube leakage (n = 14), and discomfort during feeding (n = 15). Two complications necessitated surgery: extragastric misplacement and small-bowel transgression. There were no tube-related deaths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous retrograde placement of gastrostomy or gastrojejunostomy tubes safely and effectively provides long-term nutrition for children. A team approach is essential to provide service to this cumulative population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Chait
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pencharz
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Clift
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Savoie
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Harrison
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005774:Gastrostomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007582:Jejunostomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D015641:Radiography, Interventional