title: Insertional torque and pull-out strengths of conical and cylindrical pedicle screws in cadaveric bone.
abstract: METHODS
  Insertion torque and pull-out strengths of conical and cylindrical pedicle screws were compared in human cadaveric vertebral bodies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the performance of the conical design with the cylindrical design, and to determine whether insertional torque correlates with pull-out strength.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  A tapered pedicle screw design may lessen the likelihood of implant failure. Its effect on thread purchase is not known. Previous studies of cylindrical designs on the relation between insertion torque and pull-out strength have been conducted in bovine and synthetic bone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-eight pedicles were assigned randomly to one of the following pedicle screw: Texas Scottish Rite Hospital (Sofamor-Danek, Memphis, TN), Steffee VSP (Acromed, Cleveland, OH), Diapason (Dimso, Paris, France), AO Schanz (Synthes, Paoli, PA), or Synthes USS (Synthes, Paoli, PA). Pedicle screws were inserted with a torque screwdriver. Each screw was extracted axially from the pedicle at a rate of 1.0 mm/sec until failure using an MTS machine (Bionix 858, Minneapolis, MN). Force data were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The conical design had the highest insertion torque. There were no significant differences in pull-out between any of the screw types. Correlation between insertional torque and pull-out strength was statistically significant only with the Texas Scottish Rite Hospital and Steffee VSP in L4 and AO Schanz in L5.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A conical screw profile increases insertion torque, although insertional torque is not a reliable predictor of pull-out strength in cadaveric bone. Screw profile (with similar dimensions) has little effect on straight axial pull-out strengths in cadaveric bone.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, University of Toronto, North York, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Kwok
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Finkelstein
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Woodside
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Hearn
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001863:Bone Screws; D002102:Cadaver; D019245:Compressive Strength; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000295:instrumentation; D019415:Torque