title: Is pharyngoplasty a risk in velocardiofacial syndrome? An assessment of medially displaced carotid arteries.
abstract: The association of medially positioned internal carotid arteries and velocardiofacial (Shprintzen) syndrome was first made in 1987. This is also the most common syndrome associated with facial clefting. The potentially dangerous implications in children with this syndrome requiring pharyngoplasty for velopharyngeal incompetence and stigmatized hypernasal speech involve potential damage to these vessels. This three-part study was undertaken to analyze this anatomic variant. First, a group of 25 children with velocardiofacial syndrome, velopharyngeal incompetence, and obvious posterior pharyngeal pulsations seen on nasendoscopy was studied by CT angiography to determine the degree of this abnormal vascular pattern. This technique, together with three-dimensional reconstructions, made it possible to determine the precise location of these abnormally positioned vessels. Second, our routine superiorly based pharyngeal flap was measured by lateral cervical x-ray to show the distal tip of the flap. The variance was minimal and demonstrated the tip of most flaps to be at the disk between the C2 and C3 vertebrae. By correlating this information with the CT angiography, the risk of surgery can be determined on strict anatomic grounds, allowing customized flap design in some unilateral cases. In this series of children, routine superiorly based pharyngoplasty would be safe in 52 percent, while in 28 percent a pharyngeal flap would be safe if custom designed, and in the remaining 20 percent surgery should not be attempted because the risk of damage to the carotid arteries is too great. Third, in a double-blind study, velocardiofacial children with obvious pulsations seen on nasendoscopy were grouped with other children with palatal dysfunction. When only endoral examination was performed by plastic surgeons and plastic surgical residents, no vascular pulsations were ever seen. This indicates another important role of nasendoscopy in the preoperative assessment of children for palatopharyngoplasty.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Disorders, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Witzel
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Thomson
mesh_terms: D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002648:Child; D002972:Cleft Palate; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities; D008297:Male; D010614:Pharynx / Q000601:surgery*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013577:Syndrome; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014681:Velopharyngeal Insufficiency / Q000601:surgery*