title: Structure-based design of HIV protease inhibitors: 5,6-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-pyrones as effective, nonpeptidic inhibitors.
abstract: From a broad screening program, the 4-hydroxycoumarin phenprocoumon (I) was previously identified as a lead template with HIV protease inhibitory activity. The crystal structure of phenprocoumon/HIV protease complex initiated a structure-based design effort that initially identified the 4-hydroxy-2-pyrone U-96988 (II) as a first-generation clinical candidate for the potential treatment of HIV infection. Based upon the crystal structure of the 4-hydroxy-2-pyrone III/HIV protease complex, a series of analogues incorporating a 5,6-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-pyrone template were studied. It was recognized that in addition to having the required pharmacophore (the 4-hydroxy group with hydrogen-bonding interaction with the two catalytic aspartic acid residues and the lactone moiety replacing the ubiquitous water molecule in the active site), these 5,6-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-pyrones incorporated side chains at the C-6 position that appropriately extended into the S1' and S2' subsites of the enzyme active site. The crystal structures of a number of representative 5,6-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-pyrones complexed with the HIV protease were also determined to provide better understanding of the interaction between the enzyme and these inhibitors to aid the structure-based drug design effort. The crystal structures of the ligands in the enzyme active site did not always agree with the conformations expected from experience with previous pyrone inhibitors. This is likely due to the increased flexibility of the dihydropyrone ring. From this study, compound XIX exhibited reasonably high enzyme inhibitory activity (Ki = 15 nM) and showed antiviral activity (IC50 = 5 microM) in the cell-culture assay. This result provided a research direction which led to the discovery of active 5,6-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-pyrones as potential agents for the treatment of HIV infection.
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Chemistry Research, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thaisrivongs
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Tommasi
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Janakiraman
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Strohbach
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Biles
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Morge
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Aristoff
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Tomich
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lynn
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Horng
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Hinshaw
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Howe
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Finzel
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Watenpaugh
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D015195:Drug Design; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D011753:Pyrones / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D011753:Pyrones