Identification of an ion channel activity of the Vpu transmembrane domain and its involvement in the regulation of virus release from HIV-1-infected cells.
HIV-1 Vpu catalyzes two independent functions, degradation of the virus receptor CD4 in the endoplasmic reticulum and enhancement of virus release from the cell surface. These activities are confined to distinct structural domains of Vpu, the cytoplasmic tail and the transmembrane (TM) anchor, respectively. It was recently reported that Vpu forms cation-selective ion channels in lipid bilayers. Here we report that this property of Vpu is a characteristic of its TM anchor. Expression of full-length Vpu in Xenopus oocytes increases membrane conductance. The Vpu-induced conductance is selective to monovalent cations over anions, does not discriminate Na+ over K+ and shows marginal permeability to divalent cations. Notably, introduction of the scrambled TM sequence into full-length Vpu abrogates its capacity to increase membrane conductance in oocytes and to promote virus release from infected cells. Reconstitution of synthetic Vpu fragments in lipid bilayers identified an ion channel activity for a sequence corresponding to the TM domain of Vpu. In contrast, a peptide with the same amino acid composition but with a scrambled sequence does not form ion channels. Our findings therefore suggest that the ability of Vpu to increase virus release from infected cells may be correlated with an ion channel activity of the TM domain, thereby providing a potential target for drug intervention based on the development of Vpu-specific channel blockers.
Schubert
U
U
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0460, USA.
Ferrer-Montiel
A V
AV
Oblatt-Montal
M
M
Henklein
P
P
Strebel
K
K
Montal
M
M
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002412:Cations / Q000378:metabolism; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005260:Female; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D054298:Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D008051:Lipid Bilayers; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009865:Oocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure / Q000821:virology*; D011487:Protein Conformation; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014981:Xenopus; D000086082:Viroporin Proteins
D002412:Cations; D054298:Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins; D007473:Ion Channels; D008051:Lipid Bilayers; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins; C514859:vpu protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; D000086082:Viroporin Proteins