title: Modulation of atrioventricular nodal function by metabolic and allosteric regulators of endogenous adenosine in guinea pig heart.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There has been increasing interest in the development of agents that utilize endogenous adenosine to exert their actions. We tested the hypothesis that substances that either potentiate the activity (allosteric enhancers) or increase the interstitial concentration (inhibitors of metabolism) of endogenous adenosine may cause event (tachycardia)-specific depression of AV nodal conduction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency-dependent effects of iodotubercidin (ITU, an inhibitor of adenosine kinase), erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (EHNA, an inhibitor of adenosine deaminase), draflazine (a nucleoside transport blocker), and PD81,723 (an allosteric enhancer of the A1 adenosine receptor binding) on the stimulus-to-His bundle (SH) interval, a measure of AV nodal conduction, were determined in guinea pig hearts and compared with those of adenosine and diltiazem. All drugs depressed AV nodal conduction in a frequency-dependent manner. The ratios of SH interval prolongations at fast to slow pacing rates for draflazine, ITU + EHNA, PD81,723, adenosine, and diltiazem were 17.5 +/- 3.4, 11.1 +/- 5.0, 3.5 +/- 0.9, 10.1 +/- 2.8, and 8.3 +/- 3.5, respectively. Coincident with the prolongation of the SH interval at rapid pacing rates, draflazine and ITU + EHNA increased the epicardial fluid adenosine concentrations by 2.2- and 2.6-fold, respectively. In contrast, epicardial transudate levels of adenosine do not change in the presence of PD81,723. The AV nodal effects of draflazine, ITU, EHNA, and PD81,723 were reversed by the A1 adenosine receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyltheophylline and adenosine deaminase, implicating endogenous adenosine acting at the A1 adenosine receptor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adenosine-regulating agents that act in an event- and site-specific manner represent a novel drug design strategy that may potentially be valuable for the long-term treatment of supraventricular arrhythmias and control of ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation or flutter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Raatikainen
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Martens
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Belardinelli
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D000494:Allosteric Regulation; D000818:Animals; D001283:Atrioventricular Node / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001692:Biological Transport; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000187:drug effects; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D009705:Nucleosides / Q000378:metabolism; D010496:Pericardium / Q000378:metabolism; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D014372:Tubercidin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C093795:7-iodotubercidin; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009705:Nucleosides; D010879:Piperazines; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D013876:Thiophenes; C072040:draflazine; C075004:PD 81723; D000241:Adenosine; D014372:Tubercidin