title: Isokinetic and isometric strength-endurance after 6 hours of immersion and 6 degrees head-down tilt in men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine weight (water) loss levels for onset of muscular strength and endurance changes during deconditioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven men (27-40 yr) performed maximal shoulder-, knee-, and ankle-joint isometric (0 degree.s(-1) load) and isokinetic (60 degrees, 120 degrees, 180 degrees.s(-1) velocity) exercise tests during ambulatory control (AC), after 6 h of 6 degrees head-down tilt (HDT; dry-bulb temp. = 23.2 +/- SD 0.6 degrees C, relative humidity = 31.1+/- 11.1%) and after 6 h of 80 degrees foot-down head-out water immersion (WI; water temp. = 35.0 +/- SD 0.1 degree C) treatments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Weight (water) loss after HDT (1.10 +/- SE 0.14 kg, 1.4 +/- 0.2% body wt) and WI (1.54+/- 0.19 kg, 2.0 +/- 0.2% body wt) were not different, but urinary excretion with WI (1,354 +/- 142 ml.6 h(-1)) was 28% greater (p < 0.05) than that of 975 +/- 139 ml.6 h(-1) with HDT. Muscular endurance (total work; maximal flexion-extension of the non-dominant knee at 180 degrees.s(-1) for 30 s) was not different between AC and the WI or HDT treatments. Shoulder-, knee-, and ankle-joint strength was unchanged except for three knee-joint peak torques: AC torque (120 degrees.s(-1), 285 +/- 20 Nm) decreased to 268 +/- 21 Nm (delta = -6%, p < 0.05) with WI; and AC torques (180 degrees.s(-1), 260 +/- 19 Nm) decreased to 236 +/- 15 Nm (delta = -9%, p < 0.01) with HDT, and to 235 +/- 19 Nm (delta = -10%, p < 0.01) with WI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, the total body hypohydration threshold level for shoulder- and ankle-joint strength and endurance decrements is more than 2% body weight (water) loss, while significant reduction in knee-joint muscular strength-endurance occurred only at moderate (120 degrees.s(-1) and lighter (180 degrees.s(-1)) loads with body weight loss of 1.4-2.0% following WI or HDT, respectively. These weight (water) losses and knee-joint strength decrements are somewhat less than the mean weight loss of 2.6% and knee-joint strength decrements of 6-20% of American astronauts after Skylab flights to 84 d.
authors.affiliation: Ames Research Center, NASA, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shaffer-Bailey
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Greenleaf
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Hutchinson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004231:Diuresis / Q000502:physiology; D018475:Head-Down Tilt / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007101:Immersion; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D007596:Joints / Q000502:physiology*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors