title: Optimizing albunex in the left ventricle: an analysis of the technical parameters of four ultrasound systems in canines and humans.
abstract: Albunex, an intravascular ultrasound contrast agent, has been used clinically to enhance echocardiographic images. The purpose of this study if (1) to determine whether varying the settings on commercially available ultrasound machines has an effect on left ventricular opacification after intravenously administered Albunex and if there is an effect on left ventricular opacification and (2) to determine the ideal settings for each ultrasound scanner. Six canine hearts were imaged with 1 ml injections of intravenously administered Albunex while varying the transducer frequency, preprocessing curves, postprocessing curves, and dynamic range on a variety of ultrasound units. Subsequently 50 human subjects underwent imaging with the various machines while the dynamic range and transducer frequencies were altered. All subjects received two or three intravenous injections of 10 ml Albunex. The opacification of the left ventricular cavitary images in both parts of the study were interpreted visually on a scale of 0 to 4 (0 = none, 1 = trace, 2 = moderate, 3 = dense, and 4 = ideal) by four observers. The maximum compression and transducer frequency of 3.5 MHz showed significant improvement of left ventricular opacification in both canines and humans. These studies have shown that (1) varying the ultrasound unit's parameters affects the quality of left ventricular imaging when Albunex is used to enhance the image, and (2) higher compression and a transducer frequency of 3.5 MHz tend to enhance Albunex images of canine and human hearts.
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago 60612-7323, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Block
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brodsky
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ostoic
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hickle
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Devries
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bieniarz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: In
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Feinstein
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins; D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media; D004285:Dogs; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D014159:Transducers
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; C060687:Albunex; D003287:Contrast Media