title: Fish diet, fish oil and docosahexaenoic acid rich oil lower fasting and postprandial plasma lipid levels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was carried out to clarify the effects of fish diet, fish oil and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) rich oil on fasting and postprandial lipid levels in healthy male students.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a randomized single-blind study with a control and three study groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was carried out in the Departments of Physiology and Clinical Nutrition of University of Kuopio.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy male volunteers were recruited for the study from the university student population. Fifty-nine subjects entered and 55 completed the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  For 15 weeks the subjects in the fish diet group ate 4.3 +/- 0.5 fish containing meals per week and those in the fish oil and DHA-oil groups ate 4 g oil per day. Fish diet provided 0.38 +/- 0.04 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 0.67 +/- 0.09 g DHA, fish oil 1.33 g EPA and 0.95 g DHA and DHA-oil (EPA-free) 1.68 g DHA per day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fasting plasma triglyceride levels decreased in all test groups in 14 weeks when compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Total plasma cholesterol levels did not change but the HDL2/HDL3-cholesterol ratio increased in all test groups by over 50% (P < 0.05). The postprandial total and chylomicron triglyceride responses, measured as areas under the response curve, were lowered in 15 weeks by the fish diet and fish oil (P < 0.05), the same tendency (P < 0.1) being seen in DHA-oil group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that both fasting and postprandial triglyceride concentrations can be decreased with moderate intakes of long-chain n-3 fatty acids either from a fish diet or fish oil and that also pure DHA has a hypotriglyceridemic effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Agren
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hänninen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Julkunen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fogelholm
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vidgren
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pynnönen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uusitupa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005399:Fishes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019518:Postprandial Period; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D005395:Fish Oils; D014280:Triglycerides; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D002784:Cholesterol