title: A simple flow cytometric technique to quantify rod outer segment phagocytosis in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary aim of this study was to develop and characterize a simple flow cytometric method of quantifying rod outer segment (ROS) phagocytosis in cultured retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. A secondary aim was to compare the kinetics of ROS phagocytosis in an immortal human RPE cell line with untransformed human RPE cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Flow cytometry was performed on RPE cells that had been challenged with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled ROS (FITC-ROS) and phagocytosis was calculated by subtracting background cellular autofluorescence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Non-specific uptake of fluorescent label was negligible and RPE cells phagocytosed FITC-ROS and unlabeled ROS with equal efficacy. The kinetics of FITC-ROS phagocytosis in the D407 RPE cell line differed from early passage untransformed human RPE cultures. FITC-ROS phagocytosis proceeded at a fairly linear rate for the first 12 h in the 3 human cell cultures studied, but was rapid for the first 3 h before slowing in the D407 cells. Within all cell populations, there was a heterogeneity of phagocytic activity which varied with time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This automated technique for measuring phagocytosis is rapid, simple, highly accurate, avoids radiation hazards, and permits study of heterogeneity within cell populations. The biochemistry, physiology and pathophysiology of the interactions between retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and photoreceptors continue to be areas of considerable research interest (1, 2, 3). Vital to such work is the ability to accurately quantify rod outer segment (ROS) phagocytosis by RPE cells. Current in vitro techniques of measuring ROS phagocytosis use either automated or manual methods to count phagosomes. While manual counting techniques offer the advantage of visual quality control, they are highly labor intensive, there is a practical limitation to the number of phagosomes that can be counted, and measurements suffer from relatively large standard errors (3). Automated methods include scintillation counting and flow cytometry. Problems with radiolabels include radiation hazards, nonspecific radiolabel uptake, and limited visual control (3). Flow cytometry, on the other hand, circumvents nearly all of these problems and may prove to be the optimal phagocytosis assay.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Rakoczy
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Constable
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods*; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000502:physiology*; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000502:physiology*; D012374:Rod Cell Outer Segment / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate