title: An immune response to ice crystals in North Atlantic fishes.
abstract: In mammals, the presence of crystals composed of small organic molecules, including urate and related compounds, has been shown to trigger an inflammatory response and the subsequent production of specific immunoglobulins (Ig's). Many fishes that are exposed to ice crystals in cold temperate and polar oceans may harbour ice crystals internally. Here, we report evidence for a specific immune response to ice crystals in cold-ocean marine fishes. Using ice nucleation activity as an assay, anti-ice Ig's were detected in the sera of the cold-ocean marine fish species, ocean pout (Macrozoarces americanus) and Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus), but not in the sera of species that are not exposed to ice. Purified Ig's isolated from ocean pout serum using two different protocols showed ice nucleation activity, thus demonstrating the presence of ice binding specificity among these Ig's.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U315, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Verdier
authors.forename: K V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Ewart
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Griffith
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hew
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001267:Atlantic Ocean; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D005399:Fishes / Q000276:immunology*; D005615:Freezing; D007053:Ice; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000097:blood; D008386:Marine Biology
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D007053:Ice; D007136:Immunoglobulins