title: Gender differences, but no racial group differences, in self-reported psychiatric symptoms in adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study gender differences in psychiatric symptoms and their relationship to minor delinquent behavior in high school seniors.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study of symptoms experienced during the past 2 weeks and the past year. Male (n = 249) and female (n = 248) high school seniors attending an inner-city and two suburban high schools rated themselves on a 46-item Hopkins Symptom Checklist and a 19-item Delinquency questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Female adolescents, regardless of race, reported significantly higher levels of emotional distress, in particular depressed mood and anxiety, than did male adolescents. A separate factor analysis of male and female students generated anger-tension, school problems, and sadness-irritation, lethargy, respectively, as the first two factors. Trouble paying attention in school and marijuana, alcohol, and other drug use were associated with significantly higher levels of psychiatric symptoms. Black and white adolescents were similar in psychological adjustment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This survey confirms sex differences in the level of psychiatric symptoms for 16- to 18-year-old adolescents, suggests gender-related qualitative differences in negative emotions, and emphasizes the importance of controlling for education when studying adolescents from different ethnic or racial backgrounds.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5546, USA.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Casper
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Belanoff
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Offer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D002641:Chicago / Q000453:epidemiology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007604:Juvenile Delinquency / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology*