title: Laparoscopic surgery in weightlessness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Performing a surgical procedure in weightlessness has been shown not to be any more difficult than in a 1g environment if the requirements for the restraint of the patient, operator, and surgical hardware are observed. The feasibility of performing a laparoscopic surgical procedure in weightlessness, however, has been questionable. Concerns have included the impaired visualization from the lack of gravitational retraction of the bowel and from floating debris such as blood.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this project, laparoscopic surgery was performed on a porcine animal model in the weightlessness of parabolic flight.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Visualization was unaffected due to the tethering of the bowel by the elastic mesentery and the strong tendency for debris and blood to adhere to the abdominal wall due to surface tension forces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are advantages to performing a laparoscopic instead of an open surgical procedure in a weightless environment. These will become important as the laparoscopic support hardware is miniaturized from its present form, as laparoscopic technology becomes more advanced, and as more surgically capable crew medical officers are present in future long-duration space-exploration missions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Operations, NASA-Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Billica
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johnston
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D000337:Aerospace Medicine / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods; D010388:Pelvis / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D013026:Space Flight; D013552:Swine; D014893:Weightlessness