title: Toward the development of DNA vaccines.
abstract: DNA vaccination has proved to be a generally applicable technology in various preclinical animal models of infectious and noninfectious disease and several DNA vaccines have now entered phase I human clinical trials. It is too early to predict the effectiveness of DNA vaccines in humans and whether improved formulations of DNA vaccines will be required but several lines of investigation have suggested ways in which DNA vaccines may be improved, such as increases in expression, facilitation of DNA targeting or uptake, and enhancement of immune responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virus Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, WP 16-10,1 West Point, PA 19486, USA. margaret_liu@merck.com
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Ulmer
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Donnelly
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D004247:DNA / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D011992:Endosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D009132:Muscles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D010957:Plasmids / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D014611:Vaccination; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic; D004247:DNA