title: Heart murmurs in horses: determining their significance with echocardiography.
abstract: Physiological flow murmurs occur frequently in horses and may be difficult to distinguish from murmurs associated with underlying cardiac disease. The significance of heart murmurs auscultated in horses is often difficult to determine if the horse is not exhibiting any clinical signs or if the signs, such as poor performance, are nonspecific. A complete echocardiographic examination (M-mode, 2-dimensional (2-D) and Doppler) provides an objective assessment of the severity of the horse's underlying cardiac disease. Valvular regurgitation and ventricular septal defects (VSDs) occur frequently and may impair performance, result in the horse's premature demise or have no apparent effect on the horse's life expectancy or performance capabilities. The echocardiographic findings that are used to formulate a prognosis for longevity and performance in horses with valvular regurgitation include the abnormalities detected on the valve leaflets, degree of cardiac chamber enlargement, severity of the resultant volume overload, size of the regurgitant jet, and relative relationship of jet size to chamber size. The echocardiographic findings that are used to formulate a prognosis for horses with VSDs are the number, size and location of the defect(s), degree of left ventricular volume overload, maximal velocity and direction of shunt flow through the defect and the presence and severity of concurrent valvulus regurgitation. Knowledge of the natural progression of the common types of cardiovascular disease in horses, coupled with the echocardiographic findings, clinical history and owner's or trainer's expectations can help the veterinarian form an accurate prognosis for life and performance in horses with heart murmurs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Studies (Section of Sports Medicine and Imaging), New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square 19348, USA.
authors.forename: V B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Reef
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D006337:Heart Murmurs / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary*; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D006351:Heart Valves / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D011379:Prognosis