title: Improved carbohydrate metabolism after physical training and dietary intervention in individuals with the "atherothrombogenic syndrome'. Oslo Diet and Exercise Study (ODES). A randomized trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the single and joint effect of 1-year diet and exercise intervention on carbohydrate metabolism and associated coronary risk variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unmasked, randomized, 2 x 2 factorial intervention trial with 1-year duration for each participant.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were recruited from a screening examination of 40-year-old persons in Oslo, Norway.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and nineteen sedentary men and women, with diastolic blood pressure 86-99 mmHg, HDL cholesterol < 1.20 mmol L-1, triglycerides > 1.4 mmol L-1, total cholesterol 5.20-7.74 mmol L-1 and BMI > 24. Participants were randomly allocated to control (n = 43), diet (n = 55), exercise (n = 54) and diet+exercise (n = 67).
  
  
  METHODS
  Exercise: supervised endurance exercise three times a week. Diet: reduce weight, increase the intake of fish and reduce total fat intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-year changes in insulin and glucose before and after a standardized glucose load.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As compared with controls fasting insulin in pmol L-1 decreased significantly in the combined diet and exercise group (3.9 +/- 6.2 versus -22.6 +/- 4.7 respectively, P = 0.003). Insulin in pmol L-1 after glucose load decreased significantly in all intervention groups compared to controls (diet: -82.2 +/- 49.9 P = 0.02; exercise: -92.4 +/- 60.1 P = 0.03; diet + exercise: -179.6 +/- 46.1 P = 0.0004). Fasting glucose in mmol L-1 decreased significantly in the diet alone group (0.21 +/- 0.07 P = 0.006) and in the diet+exercise group (-0.26 +/- 0.08 P = 0.005). In a subgroup analysis of the good responders, the observed changes with respect to total cholesterol (-0.76 mmol L-1), HDL cholesterol (0.16 mmol L-1), triglycerides (-0.72 mmol L-1), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (-8.5/ -6.8 mmHg) were all statistically significant compared to the control with P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exercise and diet intervention and in particular the combination of the two, were effective in improving carbohydrate metabolism. Associated risk factors were also affected in a beneficial direction.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian University of Sport and Physical Education, Department of Biology and Sports Medicine, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Anderssen
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hjermann
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Urdal
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Torjesen
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Holme
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004041:Dietary Fats; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids