title: Intracranial abnormalities in infants treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: update on sonographic and CT findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency of intracranial lesions in infants treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), to evaluate trends in frequency during an 8-year period, and to determine which infants are at highest risk for intracranial injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Daily sonograms were obtained in 386 infants during treatment with ECMO. Cranial CT scans were acquired after decannulation in 286 of 322 survivors. Abnormalities were classified as major or minor and hemorrhagic or nonhemorrhagic. Results were correlated with infant demographic data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intracranial abnormalities were detected in 203 (52%) of the 386 infants; 73 (19%) hemorrhagic, 86 (22%) nonhemorrhagic, and 44 (11%) combined lesions. Eighty-two lesions (21%) were classified as major. Forty-six (94%) of 49 major hemorrhages were identified at sonography. CT contributed additional information in 73% of neonates with intracranial abnormalities, of which 17 were major lesions not identified at sonography. The frequency of intracranial hemorrhage was increased in infants who were septic or premature or weighed less than 2.5 kg. An increase in time spent on ECMO bypass increased the risk for nonhemorrhagic injury. During an 8-year period, the frequency of hemorrhagic and major nonhemorrhagic lesions remained constant, whereas minor nonhemorrhagic abnormalities increased significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infants treated with ECMO continue to be at high risk for cerebrovascular injury. Although daily sonograms are useful in identifying major hemorrhages, follow-up CT scans are crucial for accurate evaluation of intracranial abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Bulas
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Short
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Fitz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vezina
mesh_terms: D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality; D004453:Echoencephalography; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D002534:Hypoxia, Brain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed