title: The impact of 2D versus 3D quantitation of tumor bulk determination on current methods of assessing response to treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Measurements from sequential axial "2D" data in cancer patients are commonly used to assess treatment response or disease progression. This study compares the volume of tumor bulk calculated with 3D reconstructions with that calculated by conventional methods to determine if it might change patient classification.
  
  
  METHODS
  All medical, gynecologic, and pediatric oncology patients under treatment who were evaluated with serial CT scans between January 1, 1992, and July 31, 1994, for whom the digital data were available were included in this study. For each tumor site, the maximum diameter and its perpendicular were measured and multiplied together to yield an area. The sum of areas of the measured lesions was used as an approximation of overall 2D tumor volume. In addition, the 2D area of each site was multiplied by its height, yielding a 2D volume. Last, the digital data were loaded into a 3D computer system and total 3D tumor volumes determined. All medical and gynecologic oncology patients were treated based upon the 2D area of tumor. The pediatric oncology patients were treated based upon the 2D volume of tumor measured as per standard practice. The members of each treating oncologic service assessed their patients as to how the other two methods would have changed their classification of the patients' response category.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four hundred thirty-three CT scans were performed in 139 patients, which included 204 baseline and 294 follow-up CT examinations. Seventy patients had new tumor foci and would have been classified as failure by all three methods of tumor bulk measurement. The 3D volume versus the 2D area method of tumor bulk assessment would have changed response categories in 52 of the 294 follow-up CT examinations (p < 0.0001). Thirty-five patients were recategorized from either "no response" to "failure" (21 patients) or "no response" to "response" (14 patients) categories. If only those follow-up studies without new metastatic foci are considered, the 3D volume versus the 2D area methods of tumor assessment would have changed the treatment response category in 23.2%. The use of the 2D volume method of calculating tumor volume of bulk tended to overestimate the overall tumor size by an average of 244 cm3 (p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 3D method of tumor volume measurement differs significantly from conventional 2D methods of tumor volume determination. Large prospective studies analyzing the usefulness of 3D tumor volume measurements and assessing possible changes in patient response categories would be required for full utilization of this more accurate method of following disease bulk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Penn State University, Hershey 17033, USA.
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Hopper
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kasales
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Eggli
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: TenHave
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Belman
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Potok
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Van Slyke
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Olt
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Close
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lipton
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hartzel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy; D012074:Remission Induction; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media