title: First experience with laparoscopic spine fusion in an experimental model in the pig.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We elucidated whether anterior lumbar spine fusion with interbody implants (BAK) can be performed in an experimental model in the pig using a transperitoneal laporoscopic approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  In seven animals, a pneumoperitoneum with an intraabdominal pressure of 12 mmHg was induced, and five trocars were placed in the middle, as well as in the left and right lateral aspect of the abdomen. With the use of specially designed instruments, the bifurcations of the aorta and vena cava were prepared. The sacral artery, overlying the anterior aspect of the L5/S1 disc space, was retracted, allowing the exposure of the disc space. A working trocar was then fixed to the spine bodies above (L6) and below (S1) the disc, and instrumentation was completed by destruction of the disc, insertion of distraction plug, and implantation of the BAK cage. X-ray control allowed exact positioning of the cage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no major complications during the operative procedure, in particular no bleeding from major blood vessels and no injury to intraperitoneal organs. Cages were implanted in all animals in correct position, as indicated by postoperative X-ray control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude from our experiments that in the pig model implants for anterior interbody lumbar spine fusion can be inserted successfully using the laparoscopic approach. We propose that the pig model represents an ideal tool for training before applying this operative procedure in men.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hildebrandt
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pistorius
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olinger
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Menger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D020706:Laparoscopes; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods; D008161:Lumbosacral Region / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D011028:Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial; D011859:Radiography; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome