title: Role of nitric oxide and its interaction with superoxide in the suppression of cardiac muscle mitochondrial respiration. Involvement in response to hypoxia/reoxygenation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nitric oxide (NO); superoxide anion (O2.d-); the reaction product of NO with O2.d-, peroxynitrite (ONOO-); and ischemia/reperfusion have all been reported to inhibit respiration in isolated mitochondria. However, the specific species involved in the inhibition of respiration in intact tissues are poorly understood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  O2 consumption in isolated cardiac muscle from bovine calf hearts was quantified by use of a Clark-type electrode. Exogenous and endogenous sources of NO, from S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) and bradykinin or carbachol, reversibly inhibited respiration, whereas the O2.- releasing agent, pyrogallol (PG), inhibited respiration in a manner that was only partially reversed when examined 15 minutes after the removal of PG. The generation of ONOO- with SNAP + PG caused a potentiation of the O2(-)-elicited inhibition of respiration when examined 15 minutes after the removal of the ONOO- generating system. Tiron (a scavenger of O2.-) did not alter the actions of SNAP, but it attenuated the direct inhibitory effects of PG +/- SNAP and essentially eliminated the suppression of respiration observed 15 minutes after removal of the O2.- or ONOO- generating system. Urate (a scavenger of ONOO-) antagonized only the actions of PG + SNAP. After exposure of muscle slices to a model of hypoxia (15 minutes) and reoxygenation (10 minutes), respiratory inhibition was observed. This reoxygenation-induced inhibition was potentiated by L-arginine, the substrate for NO biosynthesis, and was markedly blocked by nitro-L-arginine (an NO synthase inhibitor), Tiron, or urate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The potentially physiological reversible regulation of respiration in cardiac muscle by NO is converted to an effect that does not show rapid reversibility under conditions in which ONOO- forms, and this could contribute to cardiac dysfunction in situations such as hypoxia/reoxygenation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla 10595, USA.
authors.forename: Y W
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wolin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism*; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000378:metabolism*; D009566:Nitrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010100:Oxygen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D010210:Papillary Muscles / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D009566:Nitrates; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013481:Superoxides; C039642:peroxynitric acid; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D010100:Oxygen