title: Ventilation/carbon dioxide production ratio in early exercise predicts poor functional capacity in congestive heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether changes in the ventilation/carbon dioxide production ratio during early exercise could reliably serve as a surrogate marker for maximal oxygen consumption in heart failure patients. Maximal oxygen consumption is an important determinant of the severity of congestive heart failure with values > 14 ml/kg/min conferring a good 2-year survival. However, many patients undergoing cardiopulmonary exercise testing cannot exercise maximally because of other functional limitations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ventilation/carbon dioxide production ratio was assessed at rest, anaerobic threshold, and peak exercise in 75 patients with chronic heart failure and in 12 healthy controls. Patients were divided into two groups on the basis of heart failure severity as judged by maximal oxygen consumption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with mild-moderate heart failure had a 20% reduction in the ventilation/carbon dioxide production ratio at anaerobic threshold similar to that in healthy controls. Patients with severe heart failure failed to reduce this ratio at anaerobic threshold. Furthermore, a reduction in the ventilation/carbon dioxide production ratio in early exercise of less than 10% predicted a maximal oxygen consumption of < 14 ml/kg/min with a positive predictive value of 96% and a negative predictive value of 88%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A reduction of the ventilation/carbon dioxide production ratio of less then 10% with early exercise reliably predicts poor functional capacity in congestive heart failure. Changes in this ratio during early exercise may be used as a surrogate for maximal oxygen consumption in patients who cannot exercise maximally.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Medical Institutions, New Orleans, Louisians 70121, USA.
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Milani
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Mehra
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lavie
authors.forename: H O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Ventura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000502:physiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012119:Respiration
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide