title: Insulin- and mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated phosphorylation and activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma.
abstract: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma plays an important role in adipocyte differentiation and the regulation of adipocyte gene expression. Insulin also serves to promote adipogenesis. We report that insulin and a PPARgamma ligand (thiazolidinedione (TZD)) stimulate in a synergistic manner the expression of an adipocyte-specific gene (aP2) in rat adipocytes and 3T3-L1 cells. Potential cross-talk between insulin signaling and PPARgamma was studied in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing insulin receptors (CHO.T), PPARgamma, and reporter genes. Both TZD and insulin independently stimulated PPARgamma-mediated transactivation of aP2 promoter-luciferase reporter genes; both agents combined resulted in a synergistic effect. Co-transfection of CHO.T cells with dominant-negative mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase-kinase (MKK1) abrogated both insulin- and TZD-mediated activation of PPARgamma; transactivation was markedly increased in cells co-transfected with constitutively active MKK1. Both insulin and constitutively active MKK1 also stimulated 32P incorporation into PPARgamma in vivo. The conclusions are: 1) Insulin synergizes with a PPARgamma ligand and can activate the receptor in a ligand-independent fashion. 2) PPARgamma is phosphorylated in vivo by insulin stimulation or activation of the MAP kinase pathway. 3) MAP kinase is an important mediator of cross-talk between insulin signal transduction pathways and PPARgamma function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA. bei_zhang@merck.com
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elbrecht
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Biswas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: White-Carrington
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Szalkowski
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Moller
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006224:Cricetinae; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1; D051379:Mice; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D014157:Transcription Factors; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1; C482127:Map2k1 protein, mouse; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases