title: Lead poisoning among children of Santo Amaro, Bahia, Brazil in 1980, 1985, and 1992.
abstract: A cross-sectional epidemiologic survey conducted at the beginning of 1992 evaluated the status of lead intoxication among children from 1 to 5 years of age living within 500 meters of a primary lead smelter in the Brazilian city of Santo Amaro, Bahia. A total of 103 children in this age group were initially enrolled in the study; however, 2 were later excluded because they could not be located, and 1 was excluded from the statistical analyses for reasons noted below. The results were compared with those from similar surveys made in 1980 and 1985 in the same area with children of the same age. A blood sample was obtained from each child, the child's hematocrit and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) level were determined, and an interview questionnaire was used to collect information of clinical or epidemiologic interest from the child's mother or guardian. The geometric average ZPP was 65.5 micrograms/100 mL (geometric standard deviation = 1.7), a level far exceeding the upper limit of normality established by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of 30 micrograms/100 mL. One child was excluded from the statistical analyses because it exhibited an extremely high ZPP level (789 micrograms/100 mL). Higher average ZPP levels were found for girls, children with darker-skinned racial backgrounds, children from homes where smelter slag was commonly used around the house, children presenting pica, and children of smelter workers. Of the symptoms of lead poisoning investigated, only nervousness and easy irritability exhibited high frequencies among the children studied. However, the prevalence of above-normal ZPP levels suggestive of lead poisoning was 92.2% in 1980, 98.4% in 1985, and 97.0% in 1992. Hence, the apparent prevalence of lead poisoning continued very high in 1992, indicating that the control measures adopted were ineffective or that other unidentified and uncontrolled risk factors were playing an important role. Overall, however, the proportion of children with very high ZPP levels fell sharply, and that of children with moderately high levels also declined notably, indicating that the severity of the problem had been reduced even though new cases of intoxication continued to occur. The Santo Amaro smelter closed its doors in December 1993.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Silvany-Neto
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Tavares
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Guimarães
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Amorim
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Peres
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Raña
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008669:Metallurgy; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014504:Urban Health