title: Learning disabilities, low achievement, and mild mental retardation: more alike than different?
abstract: Children identified with learning disabilities (LD), low achievement (LA), or mild mental retardation (MMR) were contrasted on 41 measures of ability, academic achievement, social skills, problem behavior, academic engaged time, perceptual-motor skills, and school history. Both multivariate, univariate, and meta-analytic comparisons among the three groups showed relatively large differences on measures of aptitude and achievement, with the LD group scoring higher on measures of cognitive ability than the LA and MMR groups and the LA group showing higher tested academic achievement than the LD and MMR groups. Teacher ratings of academic competence showed similar levels of functioning for the LD and LA groups. No differences among the groups were found on measures of social skills, problem behaviors, or academic engaged time, or on most indices reflecting school history. Results were interpreted in light of studies contrasting LD and LA groups. Comparisons with earlier studies were difficult in light of demographic differences in samples and the lower cognitive and academic functioning of children in the present study. The current study showed that 61% of the LD group could be differentiated from the LA group, with LD-MMR and LA-MMR differentiation levels being 68.5% and 67.5%, respectively.
authors.affiliation: School Psychology Program, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA.
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Gresham
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: MacMillan
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Bocian
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000150:complications*; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills; D011581:Psychological Tests; D014477:Underachievement