title: Abdominal CT findings when the superior vena cava, brachiocephalic vein, or subclavian vein is obstructed.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated findings on contrast-enhanced abdominal CT scans that suggest obstruction of the superior vena cava, brachiocephalic vein, or subclavian vein.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective review of 22 patients with superior vena caval, brachiocephalic vein, or subclavian vein obstruction and analyzed the upper abdominal images on a chest CT scan or an abdominal CT scan. We assessed collateral vessels in the upper abdomen to answer the following question: Did enhancement approach undiluted IV contrast or were there other findings? In the second part of our study, we conducted a prospective review of abdominal CT scans of 200 patients without known mediastinal disease or known upper extremity venous occlusion to determine the frequency of abnormal enhancement of these vessels in a healthy population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The groups of collateral vessels revealed on abdominal CT scans were azygos or hemiazygos veins, internal mammary veins, lateral thoracic and superficial thoracoabdominal veins, vertebral venous plexus veins, and small mediastinal collateral veins. In the retrospective series, one patient had focal enhancement of the liver and early inferior vena caval enhancement due to collateral vessels. In the prospective series, abdominal CT scans of two patients (1%) revealed dense undiluted enhancement of one or more groups of collateral vessels: One patient had an ipsilateral pacemaker, and the other patient had an anterior neck phlegmon to the upper mediastinum. Both conditions may have been factors in the revealing of the collateral vessels. Two other patients (1%) in the prospective series had mild to moderate vessel enhancement that was less than that from undiluted contrast material. In one of these patients, the enhancement was related to abdominal wall hyperemia after surgery. In the other patient, enhancement may have been the result of ipsilateral axillary nodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On upper abdominal CT scans, dense undiluted contrast material in the collateral vessel groups that we studied suggests possible obstruction of the superior vena cava, brachiocephalic vein, or subclavian vein.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bashist
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Parisi
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Frager
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Suster
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000098:blood supply; D000328:Adult; D016121:Brachiocephalic Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D003287:Contrast Media; D003974:Diatrizoate Meglumine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007479:Iopamidol; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010690:Phlebography; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011860:Radiography, Abdominal; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013350:Subclavian Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D013479:Superior Vena Cava Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D003974:Diatrizoate Meglumine; D007479:Iopamidol