title: Tri-state myoelectric control of bilateral upper extremity neuroprostheses for tetraplegic individuals.
abstract: For the purpose of bimanual control of tetraplegic hands that have useful movement restored by a neuroprosthetic device, the use of myoelectric signals from bilateral sternoclei-domastoid muscles is proposed. Three state control has been proposed where each sternocleidomastoid controls its ipsilateral hand. Demonstration was made with spinal-cord-injured and nonspinal-cord-injured subjects providing three levels of activation that can be repeatably made with each of these muscles. The agonist and antagonist sternocleidomastoids during this command control were differentiated so that the desired hand will respond to a command. Neither normal head movements nor head position within its comfortable range of motion were shown to interfere with the proposed command. The provision of feedback was shown as important to provide robustness in the operation for the users selection of the right or left hand. The performance of spinal cord injured and noninjured persons using this controller was quantitatively measured through the completion of precision tracking tasks by the manipulation of on-screen virtual hands. All subjects were able to operate the controller with a degree of skill acceptable for completion of functional tasks with bilateral stimulated hand grasps. The sensitivity of the subjects performance to variation in controller parameters was also measured.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering/School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Peckham
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Kilgore
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation