title: Risk factors for upper gastrointestinal bleeding in intensive care unit patients: role of helicobacter pylori. Federal Hyperimmune Immunoglobulin Therapy Study Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the role of preexisting Helicobacter pylori infection in the development of acute upper gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage in intensive care unit (ICU) patients in relation to other potential predisposing risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, multicenter, cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical and surgical ICUs in six tertiary care Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight-hundred seventy-four patients without previous GI bleeding or peptic ulcer disease who were enrolled in a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of prophylactic intravenous immunoglobulin to prevent ICU-associated infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  This substudy of the larger intravenous immunoglobulin study only involved data analysis and had no intervention. All patients were enrolled in the larger study where they received intravenous immunoglobulin or placebo as intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were prospectively evaluated for the development of acute upper GI hemorrhage while in an ICU. Anti-H. pylori immunoglobulin G and immnoglobulin A concentrations were determined by enzyme immunoassay on preintervention serum samples. Seventy-six (9%) patients had over upper GI bleeding and a mortality rate of 49%, as compared with a 15% mortality rate in patients who did not bleed (p < .001). By logistic regression analysis, the following factors were associated with an increased risk of bleeding: acute hepatic failure, prolonged duration of nasogastric tube placement, alcoholism, and an increased serum concentration of anti-H. pylori immunoglobulin A.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased anti-H. pylori immunoglobulin A concentrations, prolonged nasogastric intubation, alcoholism, and acute hepatic failure were found to be independently correlated with the development of acute GI bleeding in an ICU setting. These observations should be prospectively confirmed in an independent population before being used for treatment guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA.
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Ellison
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perez-Perez
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Welsh
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Blaser
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Riester
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Cross
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Donta
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Peduzzi
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000368:Aged; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006787:Hospitals, Veterans; D006801:Humans; D007116:Immunization, Passive; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors