title: Exposure assessment for a field investigation of the acute respiratory effects of metalworking fluids. I. Summary of findings.
abstract: The exposure assessment summarized here is part of an epidemiologic study of the acute respiratory health effects of metalworking fluid (MF) exposures. Exposures were measured as the inhalable concentrations of the MF aerosol, a variety of metals and elements, and endotoxin as well as the level of culturable bacteria in the aerosol size fraction less than 8 microns. Bulk samples of soluble MFs were tested for pH, mineral and tramp oil fraction, endotoxin, culturable bacteria, and lipopolysaccharide levels. The MF exposed workers had higher geometric mean inhalable aerosol exposures (0.181 mg/m3) than the MF unexposed workers (0.046 mg/m3). The MF exposed workers had higher geometric mean (GM) airborne culturable microbial counts (102 colony-forming units (CFU)/m3 for bacteria < 8 microns) than the unexposed workers (GM = 14 CFU/m3). Among the unexposed, Bacillus was the predominant airborne species, while among the exposed workers, Pseudomonas predominated. Exposed workers also had higher geometric mean airborne endotoxin levels (GM = 7.1 endotoxin units (EU)/m3) than the unexposed workers (GM = 1.9 EU/m3). Elemental concentrations of iron, chlorine, and sulfur were substantially higher among the exposed workers compared to the unexposed workers. For soluble metalworking fluids, the levels of bulk constituents were examined by three categories of time since the machine sump was refilled with fresh MF (< 4 days, 4-21 days, > 21 days). Univariate analyses of percent oil, pH, culturable bacteria, tramp oil percent, endotoxin, or fatty acid levels all showed no statistically significant changes in level over time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell 01854, USA.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Woskie
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Virji
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kriebel
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Sama
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eberiel
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Milton
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moure-Eraso
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000336:Aerosols; D000391:Air Microbiology; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D007219:Industrial Oils / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D008669:Metallurgy; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational