title: Introducing Critical Appraisal to studies of animal models investigating novel therapies in sepsis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To discuss theoretical and practical aspects relating to the design of animal studies investigating the efficacy of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of sepsis, and to make explicit the process whereby these studies can be evaluated for the purpose of designing clinical trials in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant articles from the pertinent literature were reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies relevant to an evidence-based assessment of clinical studies on therapeutic efficacy, and studies relevant to the design of animal models of sepsis were selected.
  
  
  METHODS
  Concepts relevant to an evidence-based assessment of the animal literature were extracted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Articles were reviewed and an evidence-based framework for the assessment of animal studies was developed. In this process, we discuss the steps that are necessary to assess the internal validity of an individual study and review topics relevant to the application of animal data to the design of clinical trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The success of clinical trials of sepsis therapies is predicated on the generation and interpretation of sound preclinical data. In this review, we have attempted to outline an evidence-based approach to the assessment of preclinical animal studies evaluating novel therapeutic interventions in sepsis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Piper
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bone
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Sibbald
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D011379:Prognosis; D012107:Research Design; D018805:Sepsis / Q000145:classification* / Q000628:therapy*