title: Artificial anal sphincter.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to evaluate the use of a fully implanted artificial anal sphincter for management of severe fecal incontinence.
  
  
  METHODS
  An artificial anal sphincter was implanted in 12 patients who failed conventional management for severe fecal incontinence. Careful patient follow-up was recorded during a mean 58-month follow-up. Patients underwent preoperative and postoperative manometric assessment. Functional and patient satisfaction evaluations were obtained by mailed questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three infections and three mechanical complications occurred in four patients (33 percent). A successful outcome was achieved in nine patients (75 percent). Postoperative manometric studies documented establishment of an elevated high-pressure zone compared with preoperative resting pressures. Seven patients returned a detailed functional assessment and patient satisfaction questionnaire at a mean of 40 months postsphincter activation. All seven patients reported continence to solid stool. Two patients had some problems with control of liquid stool, and three had occasional incontinence to flatus. Six of the seven patients rated their bowel control as good to excellent. All seven respondents were satisfied with their functional improvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early experience with an artificial anal sphincter has demonstrated that continence can be restored with acceptable morbidity in patients with severe fecal incontinence.
authors.affiliation: Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, USA.
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Bartolo
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Rothenberger
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000601:surgery*; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D011182:Postoperative Care; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D016896:Treatment Outcome