title: A multiparameter analysis of sickle erythrocytes in patients undergoing hydroxyurea therapy.
abstract: During 24 weeks of hydroxyurea treatment, we monitored red blood cell (RBC) parameters in three patients with sickle cell disease, including F-cell and F-reticulocyte profiles, distributions of delay times for intracellular polymerization, sickle erythrocyte adherence to human umbilical vein endothelial cells in a laminar flow chamber, RBC phthalate density profiles, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and cation content, reticulocyte mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance transverse relaxation rates of packed RBCs, and plasma membrane lateral and rotational mobilities of band 3 and glycophorins. Hydroxyurea increases the fraction of cells with sufficiently long delay times to escape the microcirculation before polymerization begins. Furthermore, high pretreatment adherence to human umbilical vein endothelial cells of sickle RBCs decreased to normal after only 2 weeks of hydroxyurea treatment, preceding the increase in fetal hemoglobin levels. The lower adhesion of sickle RBCs to endothelium would facilitate escape from the microcirculation before polymerization begins. Hydroxyurea shifted several biochemical and biophysical parameters of sickle erythrocytes toward values observed with hemoglobin SC disease, suggesting that hydroxyurea moderates sickle cell disease toward the milder, but still clinically significant, hemoglobin SC disease. The 50% reduction in sickle crises documented in the Multicenter Study of Hydroxyurea in Sickle Cell Disease is consistent with this degree of erythrocyte improvement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Bridges
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Barabino
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brugnara
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Christoph
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dover
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Ewenstein
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Golan
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Guttmann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hofrichter
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Mulkern
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Eaton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001457:Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte / Q000502:physiology; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002712:Chlorides / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology; D004903:Erythrocyte Aggregation / Q000188:drug therapy; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005319:Fetal Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006450:Hemoglobin SC Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006918:Hydroxyurea / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017136:Ion Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001457:Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte; D002712:Chlorides; D005319:Fetal Hemoglobin; D011188:Potassium; D006918:Hydroxyurea