title: Who dies at A&E? The role of forensic pathology in the audit of mortality in an emergency medicine department.
abstract: The authors reviewed a total of 481 deaths, which occurred in an accident and emergency (A&E) department of a major general hospital, over a 3-year-period, from 1 January, 1992 to 31 December, 1994. Of these, 428 (89.0%) were referred to the coroner, with full medico-legal autopsies being conducted in 236 (55.1%) of the latter. There was a marked preponderance of male subjects (male:female ratio = 1.86) and, not unexpectedly, the likelihood of an autopsy being performed decreased with the patient's age. Nevertheless, all patients who died from trauma (or unnatural causes) underwent autopsies, irrespective of age. In all, autopsies were conducted for 70 traumatic and 166 natural deaths, with the mean age (95% CI) of the former group being some 19 years less than that of the latter (33.2 (28.4-38.1) vs. 52.0 (48.6-55.4), (P < 0.001). A comparison of the provisional causes of death (as recorded by the attending physicians in their clinical notes) with the autopsy findings yielded a higher diagnostic accuracy for traumatic deaths than for natural fatalities (correct diagnoses: 44/70 vs. 36/166; discordant diagnoses: 2/70 vs. 24/166, P < 0.01). This difference was accentuated after the patients who were dead upon arrival were excluded (44/55 vs. 36/96; 2/55 vs. 24/96, P < 0.005). As the injury severity score (ISS) is closely correlated with mortality, the autopsy findings were also used to calculate these values for 59 of a total of 70 patients who died from trauma or from unnatural causes. This showed that 24 had scores of 75 (incompatible with life), while 33 had ISS values above 16 (poor prognosis). The remaining 11 cases were not amenable to evaluation by means of the ISS. It was estimated that in approximately a third (18/55) of the misdiagnosed and undiagnosed natural fatalities, a correct diagnosis might have substantially altered acute management. This, in turn, could have improved patient survival, at least at the A&E level. By comparison, the perceived clinical impact of wrong diagnoses (two) and failure to diagnose (four) on traumatic deaths would have been almost negligible, as these patients generally had ISS values ranging from 30-75, with only one notable exception where the score was 10. Generally, given the circumstances under which physicians are required to work in A&E departments, the time spent with each patient is necessarily short. Furthermore, as there is usually limited access, if at all, to patients' medical records, very little relevant clinical or thanatological information is available, when death occurs. Therefore, in this instance, the medico-legal autopsy assumes the role of being an important investigative tool for the emergency physician. It may also contribute, substantially, towards medical audit and the enhancement of physicians' clinical acumen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Seow
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002423:Cause of Death; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D005554:Forensic Medicine; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged