The molecular genetics of retinoic acid receptors: cardiovascular and limb development.
The vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid (RA) is utilized as a signalling molecule in wide variety of developmental processes, defined by defects which occur after nutritional vitamin A deficiency or after exposure to excess vitamin A. We have initiated a genetic analysis of RA function through the establishment of lines of mice which carry germline mutations in the genes which encode retinoid receptors. Defects which result from developmental RA deficiency or excess have been recovered in embryos which are deficient in various combinations of retinoid receptors. In this chapter, our current understanding of the role of RA and retinoid receptors in cardiovascular and limb development are described, as for these our level of understanding is most advanced.
Sucov
H M
HM
Department of Cell and Neurobiology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033, USA.
Lou
J
J
Gruber
P J
PJ
Kubalak
S W
SW
Dyson
E
E
Gumeringer
C L
CL
Lee
R Y
RY
Moles
S A
SA
Chien
K R
KR
Giguere
V
V
Evans
R M
RM
D000818:Animals; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000254:growth & development*; D005121:Extremities / Q000196:embryology*; D051379:Mice; D018994:Myosin Light Chains / Q000235:genetics; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000235:genetics*; D000072482:Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics
D018994:Myosin Light Chains; C000607072:Rara protein, mouse; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D000072482:Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D014157:Transcription Factors; C082925:retinoic acid receptor beta