title: Local tolerance of subcutaneous injections.
abstract: Human insulin-like growth factor I (hIGF-I) has several possible clinical applications. Because subcutaneous administration of the drug can cause pain, local tolerance to injection of different formulations with or without hIGF-I has been investigated in man using isotonic saline solution as reference. The formulations, made isotonic with NaCl, ranged in pH from 6 to 7 with phosphate buffer concentrations of 5 to 50 mM. The local tolerance after injection was assessed as injection pain on a visual analogue scale, pain duration and local tolerance (redness, paleness and oedema). The discomfort at the injection site was lowest with 10 mM phosphate, pH 7. Injection of buffer at pH 6 (50 mM phosphate) caused significantly more pain than using 10 mM phosphate, whereas the pain at pH 6 using 10 mM phosphate did not differ significantly from that experienced on injection of the solution at pH 7 using either 10 or 50 mM phosphate. hIGF-I itself did not seem to cause pain. We concluded that for subcutaneous injections at non-physiological pH, the buffer strength should be kept as low as possible to avoid pain upon injection. We also hypothesize that when a non-physiological pH must be used for stability reasons, a lower buffer strength enables more rapid normalization of the pH at the injection site.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacia and Upjohn, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fransson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Espander-Jansson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002021:Buffers; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D002021:Buffers; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I