title: Histopathologic appearance of arterial occlusions with hydrogel and polyvinyl alcohol embolic material in domestic swine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study observes the histologic changes resulting from a hydrogel embolic agent (polyacrylonitrile [PAN]) compared with polyvinyl alcohol particles (PVA) of similar size.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hepatic and renal embolizations were performed in 13 domestic swine by selecting small (1-mm) branches utilizing a coaxial 3-F microcatheter. The hydrogel embolic agent (tantalum-loaded and plain) and PVA were delivered through microcatheters. The longest follow-up period was 8 weeks. Postmortem examination of the embolized tissues included gross examination and histologic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tantalum-loaded PAN particles were radiopaque and seen in groups fluoroscopically and individually with specimen radiography. Histologic studies showed similar luminal and cellular response to PVA and the hydrogel embolic agents. The arterial lesion induced by the hydrogel embolic agents led to an absence of the arterial wall locally in the area of deployment. Hydrogel embolic particles became surrounded in fibrous connective tissue with no arterial wall. PVA and porous hydrogel capsules produced an inflammatory response, resulting in less wall reorganization, and surrounding fibrous connective tissue at 8 weeks than the solid PAN particles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These hydrogel embolic create a permanent arterial occlusion by transmural arterial damage. Mechanical effects and, to a lesser degree, inflammatory changes are responsible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento 95817, USA.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Link
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Strandberg
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Virmani
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Blashka
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mourtada
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Samphilipo
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D000818:Animals; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D006499:Hepatic Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol; D011859:Radiography; D012077:Renal Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D013552:Swine; D013635:Tantalum
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; C010504:polyacrylonitrile; D013635:Tantalum; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol