title: Aetiology of secondary depression in male alcoholics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Secondary depression is common among primary alcoholics. However, its aetiology is poorly understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty men with primary alcoholism, abstinent for two weeks or more, with a secondary major depressive episode were compared with forty matched never-depressed primary alcoholic controls for risk factors for depression and recent life events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the six months before the onset of depression depressed alcoholics had experienced significantly more life events, more life events with negative impact, more dependent events caused by alcohol, and more independent events. Significantly more depressed alcoholics than controls had a family history of depression, a family history of suicidal behaviour and had themselves attempted suicide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Having recent life events, particularly events with negative impact, and a family history of depression are risk factors for secondary depression in alcoholics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dept. of Psychiatry 116A, East Orange, New Jersey 07018, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010552:Personality Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology*