title: [DIN-compatible vision assessment of increased reproducibility using staircase measurement and maximum likelihood analysis].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Visual acuity determination according to DIN 58,220 does not make full use of the information received about the patient, in contrast to the staircase method. Thus, testing the same number of optotypes, the staircase method should yield more reproducible acuity results. On the other hand, the staircase method gives systematically higher acuity values because it converges on the 48% point of the psychometric function (for Landolt rings in eight positions) and not on the 65% probability, as DIN 58,220 with criterion 3/5 does. This bias can be avoided by means of a modified evaluation. Using the staircase data we performed a maximum likelihood estimate of the psychometric function as a whole and computed the acuity value for 65% probability of correct answers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined monocular visual acuity in 102 persons with widely differing visual performance. Each subject underwent four tests in random order, two according to DIN 58,220 and two using the modified staircase method (Landolt rings in eight positions scaled by a factor 1.26; PC monitor with 1024 x 768 pixels; distance 4.5 m). Each test was performed with 25 optotypes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The two procedures provide the same mean visual acuity values (difference less than 0.02 acuity steps). The test-retest results match in 30.4% of DIN repetitions but in 50% of the staircases. The standard deviation of the test-retest difference is 1.41 (DIN) and 1.06 (modified staircase) acuity steps. Thus the standard deviation of the single test is 1.0 (DIN) and 0.75 (modified staircase) acuity steps.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new method provides visual acuity values identical to DIN 58,220 but is superior with respect to reproducibility.
authors.affiliation: Universitäts-Augenklinik Göttingen.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Weigmann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Petersen
mesh_terms: D003196:Computer Graphics; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008838:Microcomputers; D011594:Psychometrics; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014787:Vision Tests / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014792:Visual Acuity
vernacular_title: DIN-kompatible Visusbestimmung höherer Reproduzierbarkeit mit Staircase-Messung und Maximum-likelihood-Auswertung.