title: Effects of thoracic epidural anesthesia on changes in ischemic myocardial metabolism induced by intracoronary injection of endothelin in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) has been reported to alleviate ischemic damage to the myocardium. Endothelin, an endothelium-derived peptide and a potent coronary vasoconstrictor, may contribute to poor cardiac perfusion and ischemia. The objective was to examine regional myocardial metabolism during ischemia caused by intracoronary injection of endothelin with and without TEA.
  
  
  METHODS
  The three experimental groups and three treatments were randomized.
  
  
  METHODS
  All studies were conducted in a university research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty anesthetized dogs comprised the study groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study animals were divided into three groups of 10 animals each identified as normal saline (NS); TEA; and TEA + blood pressure controlled (TEA + BPC). The NS group had 0.5 mL/kg of normal saline injected into the T4-5 epidural space. The TEA group had 0.5 mL/kg of saline containing 1% lidocaine injected into the T4-5 space. The TEA + BPC group had blood pressure and heart rate maintained at pre-epidural injection values by partially occluding the descending aorta and by atrial pacing. Endothelin (15 pmol/kg) was bolus injected into the left anterior descending (LAD) artery of each heart. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and LAD coronary blood flow (CBF) were monitored. Three minutes after injection of endothelin, myocardial tissue was sampled from the distribution of the LAD artery and from the control, left circumflex (LCx) artery. ATP, ADP, AMP, lactate, and pyruvate were measured by enzymatic methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was found that in each group endothelin consistently decreased LAD CBF, but the decrease was less in the TEA + BPC group. In the tissue distribution of the LAD, the levels of ATP and energy charge potential were lower, and the level of lactate was higher in the NS group than in the TEA or the TEA + BPC groups (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results confirm that (1) endothelin injected into the LAD artery decreases CBF and causes selective myocardial ischemia in a fashion similar to intravascular stenosis of the LAD rather than to mechanical occlusion and (2) TEA, with or without pressure support, lessens the degree of regional ischemia induced by injection of endothelin in the LAD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Sapporo Medical College, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsuchida
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kanaya
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kokita
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawamata
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Namiki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ichihara
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000818:Animals; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004285:Dogs; D016232:Endothelins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D019289:Pyruvic Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016232:Endothelins; D019344:Lactic Acid; D019289:Pyruvic Acid; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate