title: Behavioral effects of prenatal exposure to pulsed-wave ultrasound in unanesthetized rats.
abstract: The present experiment examined the developmental neurotoxicity of pulsed-wave (pw) ultrasound in rats, using an exposure system designed to eliminate restraint or anesthesia from the exposure conditions. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley CD rats trained to remain immobile in a water-filled ultrasound exposure tank were scanned with 3-MHz pw ultrasound at spatial peak temporal average intensities (ISPTA) of 0, 2, 20, or 30 W/cm2 on embryonic days 4-20 for approximately 10 min/day. The data showed that such insonation produced no adverse effects on maternal weight gain or reproductive outcome, nor on the postnatal growth or survival of the offspring. No exposure-related alterations in behavioral development were observed in the offspring of rats scanned with pw ultrasound during gestation. In addition, there was no consistent evidence of an ultrasound-associated change in the adult offspring behaviors tested; i.e., no treatment effects were found on measures of locomotor activity, water maze learning, and acoustic startle reactivity. An effect on tactile startle was observed on some trials in the low exposure group male offspring, but this effect was neither dose dependent nor consistent with any other finding. Overall, these results indicate that the neurobehavioral development of rats was not altered by prenatal exposure to pw ultrasound at ISPTA levels of up to 30 W/cm2.
authors.affiliation: Division of Developmental Biology, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Acuff-Smith
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Schilling
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Vorhees
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning; D009043:Motor Activity; D009420:Nervous System / Q000196:embryology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012018:Reflex; D013216:Reflex, Startle; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000009:adverse effects*