title: The relationship of IL-6 to hormonal mediators, fuel utilization, and systemic hypermetabolism after surgical trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the relationship between inflammatory cytokines, hormonal mediators, alteration of energy substrate and hypermetabolism during the early phase after surgical trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective case-control study of 13 patients underwent elective surgery for carcinoma between November 1993 and January 1995.
  
  
  METHODS
  They received parenteral supply of adequate glucose and amino acids through central venous catheter after surgery equally. Inflammatory cytokines such as TNF- alpha, IL-1 and IL-6, stress hormones such as norepinephrine, glucagon and insulin, and fuel utilization and hypermetabolism variables such as resting energy expenditure (REE), CRP, free fatty acid, respiratory quotient, the calculated rates of glucose and fat oxidation using indirect calorimetry were measured serially (the day before operation, the end of surgery, and postoperative day (POD) 1, 2 and 5).
  
  
  RESULTS
  TNF- alpha and IL-1 were not detected during the study period. Initial elevation and steady decline of IL-6 concentrations were seen after surgical injury, and this response related significantly to post-operative norepinephrine and glucagon levels throughout the study period, and to insulin levels only at the end of surgery. %REE (REE/BEEHB; basal energy expenditure according to the Harris-Benedict equation) on POD 2 and 5, and all CRP levels after surgery were significantly related to IL-6 levels more than hormone levels. Fuel utilization variables on POD 2 were related to both IL-6 and hormone levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Initial elevation of IL-6 concentration might induce stress hormones such as norepinephrine and glucagon, but not insulin after surgical trauma. Moreover not only hormonal mediators but also cytokine such as IL-6 are responsible for the development of the stress response of the alteration of energy substrate and hypermetabolism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Kobe University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kotani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Usami
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kasahara
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saitoh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000502:physiology*; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D005934:Glucagon; D009638:Norepinephrine