title: Early traumatic stress reactions among Swedish survivors of the m/s Estonia disaster.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study is a three-month follow-up study in order to assess the short-term impact of traumatic stress among 53 Swedish survivors of the Estonia disaster.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire consisting of general questions about conditions during and after the disaster and self-assessment by Post Traumatic Symptom Scale (PTSS-10), Impact of Event Scale (IES), Sense of Coherence-short version (SoC-12), and the DSM-IV list of dissociative symptoms of Acute Stress Disorder formulated as questions regarding individual reactions was distributed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate was 79.2% (n = 42). The participants scored an average of 3.9 on PTSS-10, 28.5 on IES ('intrusion' and 'avoidance' subscales) and 62.8 on SoC-12, which shows elevated levels of post-traumatic stress reactions but a normal level of sense of coherence. The reported occurrence of dissociative symptoms during the disaster was as follows: emotional numbing in 43% of the survivors, reduction of awareness in 55%, derealisation in 67%, depersonalisation in 33%, and dissociative amnesia in 29%. Survivors scoring low in SoC scored significantly higher in both PTSS-10 and IES than those with high scores in SoC. All dissociative symptoms were predictive of post-traumatic reactions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study substantiates the importance of assessing dissociative symptoms during a life-threatening event as a possible for later post-traumatic reactions and possible PTSD. The Sense of Coherence Scale may be useful as an instrument to sort out survivors at risk.
authors.affiliation: National Centre for PTSD, Karolinska Hospital, Sundbyberg, Sweden.
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lundin
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004190:Disasters; D004213:Dissociative Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D004957:Estonia; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D012767:Ships; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D013534:Survival / Q000523:psychology*; D013548:Sweden