title: Jugular foramen involvement in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
abstract: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) may spread posterolaterally with infiltration of the jugular foramen, jugular vein and the cranial nerves IX-XI. Cranial nerve palsies may be evident clinically but the extent of skull base infiltration is best assessed radiologically. Denervation atrophy is well demonstrated by both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT). Accurate delineation of the lesion is important in prognosis and radiotherapy planning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: V F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.forename: Y F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Fan
mesh_terms: D000055:Accessory Nerve / Q000473:pathology; D003714:Denervation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009777:Occipital Bone; D013701:Temporal Bone; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000473:pathology