title: Chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced cytologic alterations in the sputum of patients with inoperable lung carcinoma. Role in follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the light microscopic cytologic changes due to chemotherapy (CT) and/or radiotherapy (RT); to evaluate the differentiation of those changes according to treatment; to find out whether a relation exists between treatment type and its duration and the cytologic findings; and to determine the role of sputum cytology in evaluating efficacy of treatment and follow-up in patients with inoperable lung cancer of various histology.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1,605 periodic sputum samples from 80 cases of lung cancer obtained during treatment and follow-up were prospectively examined cytologically. The relationship of treatment type and duration to qualitative and semiquantitative data and the definability of the response to treatment as well as the relationship of progression-free survival (PFS) and total survival (TS) rates with cytologic data were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of therapy-induced cellular changes were in the nucleus and were directly related to the duration of treatment. An increase in minimally affected tumor cells, tumor cells that lost their pathologic features and necrotic cell debris were good indicators of therapeutic efficacy. Cytologic changes did not reflect PFS and TS rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although light microscopic cytologic changes cannot be attributed objectively to either RT or CT, therapeutic efficacy is shown in follow-up sputum cytology, which can be used in monitoring and planning additional therapy or other therapeutic options in lung cancer patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Gülhane Military Medical Academy Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Oztek
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Baloğlu
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Uskent
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kartaloğlu
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Uçmakli
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aydilek
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dorkip
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yaylaci
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ozel
mesh_terms: D002277:Carcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000473:pathology; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013183:Sputum / Q000166:cytology*