title: Detection of static and dynamic activities using uniaxial accelerometers.
abstract: Rehabilitation treatment may be improved by objective analysis of activities of daily living. For this reason, the feasibility of distinguishing several static and dynamic activities (standing, sitting, lying, walking, ascending stairs, descending stairs, cycling) using a small set of two or three uniaxial accelerometers signals can be measured with a portable data acquisition system, which potentially makes it possible to perform online detection of static and dynamic activities in the home environment. However, the procedures described in this paper have yet to be evaluated in the home environment. Experiments were conducted on ten healthy subjects, with accelerometers mounted on several positions and orientations on the body, performing static and dynamic activities according to a fixed protocol. Specifically, accelerometers on the sternum and thigh were evaluated. These accelerometers were oriented in the sagittal plane, perpendicular to the long axis of the segment (tangential), or along this axis (radial). First, discrimination between the static or dynamic character of activities was investigated. This appeared to be feasible using an rms-detector applied on the signal of one sensor tangentially mounted on the thigh. Second, the distinction between static activities was investigated. Standing, sitting, lying supine, on a side and prone could be distinguished by observing the static signals of two accelerometers, one mounted tangentially on the thigh, and the second mounted radially on the sternum. Third, the distinction between the cyclical dynamic activities walking, stair ascent, stair descent and cycling was investigated. The discriminating potentials of several features of the accelerometer signals were assessed: the mean value, the standard deviation, the cycle time and the morphology. Signal morphology was expressed by the maximal cross-correlation coefficients with template signals for the different dynamic activities. The mean signal values and signal morphology of accelerometers mounted tangentially on the thigh and the sternum appeared to contribute to the discrimination of dynamic activities with varying detection performances. The standard deviation of the signal and the cycle time were primarily related to the speed of the dynamic activities, and did not contribute to the discrimination of the activities. Therefore, discrimination of dynamic activities on the basis of the combined evaluation of the mean signal value and signal morphology is proposed.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomedical Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Veltink
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Bussmann
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Martens
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Van Lummel
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012046:Rehabilitation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity