title: Depression following a spinal cord injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Depression is a common problem following a spinal cord injury (SCI) and can greatly interfere with the rehabilitation process because of reduced energy, negative expectations, and social withdrawal. Understanding various factors which influence a vulnerability to depression may improve the diagnosis and treatment of depressive disorders and can improve rehabilitation outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A thorough literature search was conducted using Medline, PsychLit, Pyschinfo, and Social Science Citation Index to identify relevant articles published between 1967 and 1995.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A diathesis-stress model is proposed to explain the increased risk of depressive symptoms after a SCI. Biological changes associated with SCI and pre-existing cognitive biases may influence the individual's vulnerability to stressful life events following the injury. The nature and frequency of stressful life events following the injury can tax the individual's coping resources. Furthermore, the perceived quality of social support and the severity of conflict within the family can influence the individual's adaptation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Social support and recent stressors should be assessed to identify patients at high risk for depression. Patients are less likely to become depressed if their independence is fostered and they are encouraged to develop new sources of self-esteem. Relatives can be counseled to help maintain supportive relationships within the family.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Boekamp
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Overholser
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Schubert
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009490:Neurosecretory Systems / Q000503:physiopathology; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012944:Social Support; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology