title: Effects of physiologic growth hormone therapy on bone density and body composition in patients with adult-onset growth hormone deficiency. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with adult-onset growth hormone deficiency have reduced bone density and increased fat mass. Growth hormone at high doses may decrease body fat in these patients, but the effects of growth hormone at more physiologic doses on bone density and body composition have not been convincingly shown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether long-term growth hormone therapy at a dose adjusted to maintain normal insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels has clinical effects in patients with adult-onset growth hormone deficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, placebo-controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  32 men with adult-onset growth hormone deficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Growth hormone (initial daily dose, 10 micrograms/kg of body weight) or placebo for 18 months. The growth hormone dose was reduced by 25% if IGF-1 levels were elevated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Body composition and bone mineral density of the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and proximal radius were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry at 6-month intervals. Markers of bone turnover were also measured during the first 12 months of the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Growth hormone therapy increased bone mineral density in the lumbar spine by a mean (+/- SD) of 5.1% +/- 4.1% and bone mineral density in the femoral neck by 2.4% +/- 3.5%. In the growth hormone group, significant increases were seen in the following markers of bone turnover: osteocalcin (4.4 +/- 3.6 mg/L to 7.2 +/- 4.6 mg/L) and urinary pyridinoline (39.0 +/- 19.8 nmol/mmol of creatinine to 55.7 +/- 25.5 nmol/mmol of creatinine) and deoxypyridinoline (8.4 +/- 7.1 nmol/mmol of creatinine to 14.9 +/- 9.4 nmol/mmol of creatinine). Percentage of body fat in the growth hormone group decreased (from 31.9% +/- 6.5% to 28.3% +/- 7.0%), and lean body mass increased (from 59.0 +/- 8.5 kg to 61.5 +/- 6.9 kg). These changes were significant compared with corresponding changes in the placebo group (P < 0.01 for all comparisons).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Growth hormone administered to men with adult-onset growth hormone deficiency at a dose adjusted according to serum IGF-1 levels increases bone density and stimulates bone turnover, decreases body fat and increases lean mass, and is associated with a low incidence of side effects.
authors.affiliation: Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA.
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Baum
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Biller
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Finkelstein
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Cannistraro
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Oppenhein
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Schoenfeld
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wittink
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klibanski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects*; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000172:deficiency*; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D011788:Quality of Life
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I