title: Norms for patents concerning human and other life forms.
abstract: The rationale of patients on transgenic organisms leads to the startling notion of the human qua infringement. The moral reasons by which we may tenably reject such notion are not conclusive as to human life forms outside the body. A close look at recombinant DNA experimentation reveals ingenious processes, but not entities that the body lacks. Except for artificial genes, the genes of biotechnology are found on chromosomes, albeit nonconsecutively, and their uninterrupted transcripts appear in messenger RNA. An enhanced form of protection for ingenious processes, the "human methods patent," is proposed and defended as a replacement for product patents. The proposed patent would pertain to biotechnology manufacturing and genetic intervention in somatic and germ cells. A counterpart could govern nonhuman life forms. It is argued that compulsory licensing protections should be a condition of such patent. Contrary to the conservative assumption that statutory sobriquets suffice, the reckoning of what qualifies as a patentable ingenious process will continue to require systematic scientific guidance.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Ethics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Guenin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D004274:DNA, Recombinant; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D005818:Genetic Engineering; D024861:Genetic Enhancement; D033161:Government Regulation; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D010330:Patents as Topic / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D004274:DNA, Recombinant