title: Structure-activity relationships for chemical and glutathione S-transferase-catalysed glutathione conjugation reactions of a series of 2-substituted 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzenes.
abstract: Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) constitute an important class of phase II (de)toxifying enzymes, catalysing the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with electrophilic compounds. In the present study, Km, kcat and kcat/Km values for the rat GST 1-1-, 3-3-, 4-4- and 7-7-catalysed conjugation reactions between GSH and a series of 10 different 2-substituted 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzenes, and the second-order rate constants (ks) of the corresponding base-catalysed reactions, were correlated with nine classical physicochemical parameters (electronic, steric and lipophilic) of the substituents and with 16 computer-calculated molecular parameters of the substrates and of the corresponding Meisenheimer complexes with MeS- as a model nucleophile for GS- (charge distributions and several energy values), giving structure-activity relationships. On the basis of an identical dependence of the base-catalysed as well as the GST 1-1- and GST 7-7-catalysed reactions on electronic parameters (among others, Hammett substituent constant sigma p and charge on p-nitro substituents), and the finding that the corresponding reactions catalysed by GSTs 3-3 and 4-4 depend to a significantly lesser extent on these parameters, it was concluded that the Mu-class GST isoenzymes have a rate-determining transition state in the conjugation reaction between 2-substituted 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzenes and GSH which is different from that of the other two GSTs. Several alternative rate-limiting transition states for GST 3-3 and 4-4 are discussed. Furthermore, based on the obtained structure-activity relationships, it was possible to predict the kcat/Km values of the four GST isoenzymes and the ks of the base-catalysed GSH conjugation of 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacochemistry, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Van der Aar
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bouwman
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Commandeur
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism*; D007700:Kinetics; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009578:Nitrobenzenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D009578:Nitrobenzenes; C010407:4-chloronitrobenzene; D005982:Glutathione Transferase