title: Gut function and immune and inflammatory responses in patients perioperatively fed with supplemented enteral formulas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate if the perioperative administration of a supplemented enteral formula modulates selective inflammatory and immune variables and gut function after surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, double-blind, clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department of surgery, university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty patients with neoplasm of the colorectum or stomach.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven days before surgery, the patients drank 1 L/d of a control enteral formula (n = 20) or the same formula enriched with arginine, RNA, and omega-3 fatty acids (n = 20). Jejunal infusion with the same formulas was started 6 hours after operation and continued until day 7.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immune response was determined by phagocytosis ability and respiratory burst of polymorphonuclear cells, and inflammatory response by plasma levels of C-reactive protein. Operative intestinal microperfusion, postoperative intestinal mucosa oxygen metabolism, and plasma intestinal isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase were used as indicators of gut function. Plasma nitric oxide also was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the enriched group, phagocytosis ability and respiratory burst after surgery was higher (P < .01) and C-reactive protein level was lower (P < .05) than in the control group. The enriched group had higher mean (+/-SD) intestinal microperfusion (180 +/- 46 vs 146 +/- 59 perfusion units, P < .05), intestinal mucosa oxygen metabolism (pHi 7.39 +/- 0.2 vs pHi 7.33 +/- 0.1, P < .05), and 5-fold lower levels of intestinal isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (P < .05). Postoperative levels of nitric oxide were higher in the enriched group (P < .05, analysis of variance).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The perioperative administration of an enriched enteral formula significantly improved gut function and positively modulated postsurgical immunosuppressive and inflammatory responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Scientific Institute S Raffaele Hospital, University of Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Braga
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gianotti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cestari
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vignali
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pellegatta
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dolci
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Di Carlo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D005260:Female; D005526:Food, Formulated; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000502:physiology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016897:Respiratory Burst; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*