title: Urinary free cortisone and the assessment of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in man.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Two isoforms of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 beta-HSD) catalyse the interconversion of cortisol to hormonally inactive cortisone; defects in the 11 beta-HSD2 isoform result in hypertension. The kidney, expressing high levels of 11 beta-HSD2, is the principal source of cortisone in man. We have validated the measurement of urinary free cortisone (UFE) excretion in normals and in patients with disorders of the pitultary-adrenal axis in an attempt to more accurately measure the activity of 11 beta-HSD2 in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one normal adults, 12 normal children < 12 years of age, 15 patients with Cushing's syndrome, 12 with hypopitultarism on replacement hydrocortisone, 12 with the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME) and 7 volunteers consuming liquorice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A complete 24-hour urine collection was analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for "A-ring' reduced cortisol and cortisone metabolites, i.e. tetrahydrocortisols (THF and allo-THF) and tetrahydrocortisone (THE). In addition, urinary free cortisol (UFF) and urinary free cortisone were quantified using deuterium-labelled internal standards.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In normal adults and children, UFE excretion exceeded that of UFF (UFF 30.4 +/- 2.4 micrograms/24h (mean +/- SE), UFE 54.6 +/- 4.1 micrograms/24h, adults) (for conversion to nmol/24h multiply E by 2.78 and F by 2.76 respectively). Thus the normal UFF/UFE ratio was 0.54 +/- 0.05 in contrast to the (THF + allo-THF)/THE ratio of 1.21 +/- 0.06. UFE excretion was normal in hypopituitary patients on replacement hydrocortisone. Although UFE was elevated in all forms of Cushing's syndrome, the UFF/UFE ratio was grossly elevated in patients with the ectopic ACTH syndrome (14.0 +/- 6.7, n = 6). UFE was below the lower limit of the assay (< 1 microgram/24h) in most patients with the so-called type 1 variant of AME and significantly reduced in 4 patients described as having the type 2 variant of AME (10.5 +/- 3.5 micrograms/h, P < 0.05) and in 7 volunteers consuming liquorice (26.8 +/- 10.0 micrograms/24h, P < 0.01). In ectopic ACTH syndrome, AME, and liquorice ingestion the UFF/UFE ratio was more deranged than the (THF + allo-THF)/THE ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In normals the discrepant THF + allo-THF/ THE and UFF/UFE ratio suggests that much more of the UFE is derived from the kidney. Reduction in UFE excretion is seen following liquorice ingestion and in both variants of AME, though it is more profound in AME1. The high UFF/UFE ratio in the mineralocorticoid excess state seen in the ectopic ACTH syndrome is compatible with substrate-saturation of renal 11 beta-HSD2. The measurement of UFE and the UFF/UFE ratio is a significant advance in the analysis of human 11 beta-HSD activity in vivo; in particular, the UFF/UFE ratio appears to be a more sensitive index than the (THF + allo-THF)/THE ratio of renal 11 beta-HSD2 activity.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA 94609, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Palermo
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Shackleton
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mantero
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Stewart
mesh_terms: D042842:11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003348:Cortisone / Q000652:urine*; D003480:Cushing Syndrome / Q000201:enzymology / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006035:Glycyrrhiza; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000652:urine*; D006913:Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases / Q000378:metabolism*; D007018:Hypopituitarism / Q000201:enzymology / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008901:Mineralocorticoids / Q000097:blood; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000378:metabolism*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D013760:Tetrahydrocortisol / Q000652:urine; D013761:Tetrahydrocortisone / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D008901:Mineralocorticoids; D013761:Tetrahydrocortisone; D013760:Tetrahydrocortisol; D006913:Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; D042842:11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; D003348:Cortisone; D006854:Hydrocortisone