title: A reappraisal of reliability and validity studies in stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The emergence of prophylactic and therapeutic interventions in stroke has been accompanied by the widespread use of stroke classifications and scales that measure deficit (stroke scales) or resulting long-term handicap (handicap and disability scales). Although the accuracy of some scales and classifications has been studied, there is no updated systematic review appraising all of them.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the literature and selected 21 studies on classifications and scales. The International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, achieved the highest interobserver agreement among seven stroke classifications. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, the Canadian Neurological Scale, and the European Stroke Scale had the highest reliability across items among nine stroke scales. The Barthel Index was the most reliable disability scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The identification of the most reliable stroke classifications and scales should encourage their use in selection of homogeneous populations of patients for clinical research studies and to improve communication among scientists. Further research is needed to investigate neglected aspects of the neurological examination and the validity of stroke classifications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Detroit, Mich 48202, USA. ldrda@aol.com
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: D'Olhaberriague
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Litvan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mitsias
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Mansbach
mesh_terms: D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000145:classification*; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D015588:Observer Variation; D012720:Severity of Illness Index