title: In vitro stability of free prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) complexed to alpha 1-antichymotrypsin in blood samples.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the in vitro stability of free and complexed forms of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in blood samples in order to establish guidelines for specimen handling, in particular for the clinical utility of the analysis of percentage free PSA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were collected and processed to generate serum, heparin plasma, and EDTA plasma. Three different two-site immunoassays were used to measure the concentrations of total PSA (PSA-T), free form of PSA (PSA-F), and PSA-alpha 1-antichymotrypsin complex (PSA-ACT) in order to determine the effect of repeated freezing and thawing, delayed separation of serum from blood cells, and stability during storage at 4 degrees C and 30 degrees C.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five cycles of freezing and thawing introduced no statistically significant changes in the measured concentrations of PSA-T, PSA-F, or PSA-ACT. The effect of storing blood samples at room temperature for 1-6 h before separation of serum revealed a statistically significant decrease only for PSA-F after 5.5 h of storage (mean decrease 3.5%). PSA-T and PSA-ACT showed good stability in both serum and plasma samples, whereas PSA-F, after 1 week of storage at 4 degrees C, decreased on average by 28.8%, 7.8%, and 5.6%, respectively, in serum, heparin plasma, and EDTA plasma. The decreases of PSA-F at 4 degrees C were statistically significant (P < 0.05) relative to the controls (samples stored at -20 degrees C) after storage for 23 h in serum, 86 h in heparin plasma, and 71 h in EDTA plasma. When the same samples were stored at 30 degrees C for 24 h, only the mean decrease of PSA-F (4.8%) in serum was statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PSA-F in blood samples is less stable than PSA-ACT. It is not advisable to store samples on the clot, especially if time and temperature cannot be controlled. Serum samples should be stored frozen if not analyzed during the same day. After thawing, samples can be stored up to 23 h at 4 degrees C prior to analysis. The use of plasma samples improves the stability of free PSA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Piironen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pettersson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suonpää
authors.forename: U H
authors.initials: UH
authors.lastname: Stenman
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Oesterling
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lövgren
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lilja
mesh_terms: D004492:Edetic Acid; D006493:Heparin; D006801:Humans; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood* / Q000502:physiology*; D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D000514:alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin
chemical_list: D015842:Serine Proteinase Inhibitors; D000514:alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin; D006493:Heparin; D004492:Edetic Acid; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen