title: Nitric oxide metabolite levels in acute vaso-occlusive sickle-cell crisis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  1) To measure nitric oxide (NO) metabolite levels in patients presenting to the ED in acute vaso-occlusive sickle-cell crisis (SCC), and 2) to determine whether a relationship exists between NO metabolite levels and pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, observational study of patients with documented sickle-cell anemia (SCA), aged > or = 18 years, presenting in typical, acute SCC was conducted in an urban, university teaching hospital. Excluded were those with atypical pain or acute, coexistent disease (as evidenced by fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, or hypotension). Pain scores were measured by a 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS). Blood NO metabolite levels for SCC patients and control subjects (healthy volunteers, n = 9; SCA control subjects not in SCC, n = 10) were determined using an NO-specific chemiluminescence technique that measured plasma nitrite and nitrate, the stable end-products of NO. The acute SCC patients were divided into 3 groups, with the range for the SCC-normal (n = 5) group defined as within 2 SD of the healthy volunteer control patients. The SCC-low patients (n = 21) had NO metabolite levels below this range and the SCC-high (n = 21) patients had levels above this range.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SCA and healthy volunteer control groups had similar NO metabolite levels (25.3 vs 22.6 mumol; p = 0.10). The 3 acute SCC groups had the following mean NO levels: 1) SCC-normal = 21.3 +/- 1.6 mumol; 2) SCC-low = 7.2 +/- 1.1 mumol; and 3) SCC-high = 43.7 +/- 3.5 mumol. The SCC-high NO-level group had significantly lower VAS pain scores when compared with the SCC-low and SCC-normal NO-level groups (6.52 +/- 1.85 cm vs 8.76 +/- 0.83 cm, and 8.62 +/- 1.29 cm, p = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NO metabolite levels vary in SCC patients. Elevated levels are associated with lower pain scores, while lower levels are associated with higher pain scores, indicating that NO metabolites may potentially represent a marker for compensatory mechanisms in SCC tissue ischemia. Further work is needed to delineate the usefulness of NO metabolites in assessing the severity of SCC.
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA, USA. lopezb@jeflin.tju.edu
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Ballas
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Christopher
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Davis-Moon
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000150:complications*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide