title: Sudden death in Williams syndrome: report of ten cases.
abstract: Williams syndrome (WS) is a recognizable pattern of malformation with mental retardation, mild growth deficiency, characteristic facies and temperament, and cardiovascular disease. Sudden death is a recognized complication of WS; however, it is thought to be rare. The clinical features of 10 children with WS who died suddenly are reported here, doubling the number of unexpected deaths reported in the literature. We suggest that sudden death is a more common complication than has been assumed previously. Pathologic findings on the seven autopsy cases implicate two anatomic abnormalities that predispose individuals with WS to sudden death: coronary artery stenosis and severe biventricular outflow tract obstruction. The mechanisms for sudden death for both anatomic subgroups include myocardial ischemia, decreased cardiac output, and arrhythmia. We believe these observations warrant the development of strategies for monitoring patients with WS in an attempt to identify those at increased risk of sudden death.
authors.affiliation: Division of Dysmorphology, Children's Hospital, San Diego, California 92123, USA.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Billman
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Lacro
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Spicer
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Jariwala
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Hoyme
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zamora-Salinas
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Viskochil
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Frikke
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000473:pathology; D003645:Death, Sudden / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D014694:Ventricular Outflow Obstruction / Q000473:pathology; D018980:Williams Syndrome / Q000473:pathology*