title: Improving the cancer chemotherapy use process.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reports of the tragic consequences of erroneous cancer chemotherapy overdoses at a prominent cancer center and a university hospital prompted a review of our institution's practices and those of 123 other hospitals to ascertain for each the current in-house process to prevent chemotherapy errors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multidisciplinary committee of oncologists, nurses, and pharmacists reviewed the chemotherapy use process and identified opportunities for improvement. A 1-page facsimile survey was answered by 150 of 215 members of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) who received it.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We further restricted the writing of cytotoxic chemotherapy orders to physicians who were board-certified or -eligible in hematology or medical, pediatric, and gynecologic oncology and their approved fellows. Dispensation of drugs is limited to oncology-certified pharmacists, and administration to chemotherapy-certified nurses. Standard orders are used either on special oncology forms or designated order sets in the computer. Procedures to regulate the ordering of antineoplastic drugs for nonmalignant indications by nononcology specialists are outlined. A process to prevent chemotherapy errors is in place in 95% of hospitals. Dedicated medical oncology units are ubiquitous, and most cancer centers and university hospitals have dedicated gynecologic and pediatric oncology units. Chemotherapy orders are generally written by oncology fellows and countersigned by an attending oncologist in cancer centers and university hospitals, whereas private oncology attending physicians write them in most community hospitals. Drugs are administered by oncology-certified nurses in most institutions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These recommendations should improve the safety and effective use of chemotherapy and reduce the error rate to as close to zero as human fallibility will allow.
authors.affiliation: Yale New Haven Hospital, CT, USA.
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alfano
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Knobf
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Donovan
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Beaulieu
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D008495:Medical Oncology / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D008508:Medication Errors; D008510:Medication Systems, Hospital / Q000592:standards*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents