title: Effect of mu-opioids morphine and buprenorphine on the development of adjuvant arthritis in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  On the basis that endogenous opioids play a role in the physiological response to inflammation, this study tests the anti-arthritic effects of a mu-opioid agonist, morphine and the partial mu-agonist, buprenorphine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Lewis rats were used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were inoculated subcutaneously with 0.05 ml of Freund's complete adjuvant (5 mg/ml) into the right hind paw to produce adjuvant arthritis. Morphine (either 10 to 60 mg/kg/day s.c. bolus or 60 mg/kg/day s.c. infusion) and buprenorphine (0.65 +/- 0.06 mg/kg/day, orally), respectively, were administered for 3 days during the primary inflammatory phase of adjuvant arthritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The progression of adjuvant arthritis was monitored every three days by body weight change and hind limb oedema (ipsilateral and contralateral). On day 21 the animals were sacrificed and histology and radiography of the contralateral limb were performed. In rats receiving Freund's adjuvant and no drug treatment, the incidence of arthritis was 89%. Effect was expressed as the pooled severity index (PSI) derived from the arithmetic average of the volume, histology and radiography scores in the contralateral hind limb.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Buprenorphine had no effect on experimental arthritis (PSI control vs treated: 242 +/- 28 vs 253 +/- 28%). In contrast, morphine by subcutaneous injection twice daily (10 to 60 mg/kg/day) but not by subcutaneous infusion (60 mg/kg/day) was found to attenuate the progression of adjuvant arthritis in a dose-dependent manner. This indicates that the anti-arthritic effects of morphine are opioid receptor mediated (ED50, 58 +/- 9 mg/kg) and suggests that the local concentration reached effective levels only after subcutaneous injection. It is also possible that the high doses of morphine were anti-inflammatory through effects at the kappa receptor. However, these high doses of morphine produced death in one third of the rats, the calculated lethal dose (LD50, 63 +/- 2 mg/kg) being close to the effective dose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anti-arthritic effects of morphine are opioid receptor mediated but morphine use for this indication is restricted by its adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: School of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Chandler
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Binder
authors.forename: R O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Day
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000819:agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000473:pathology; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000819:agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D002047:Buprenorphine; D009020:Morphine