title: Mitral valve repair for mitral regurgitation with ventricular septal defect in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We examined the results of intermediate and long-term follow-up of 25 patients aged 3 months to 11 years (mean, 2.6 +/- 2.3 years) who initially underwent conservative mitral valve repair for mitral regurgitation associated with ventricular septal defect between April 1973 and March 1991.
  
  
  METHODS
  The preoperative degree of mitral regurgitation was 2+ in 3, 3+ in 17, and 4+ in 5 patients, and the major causes of mitral regurgitation were annular dilatation and prolapse of the anterior leaflet. Annuloplasty was performed in all except 2 patients, suturing of the cleft was done in 3 patients, and posterior mitral leaflet advancement was done in 2 patients. In addition, the papillary muscle was incised and adhesive chordae were removed in 1 patient, and adhesive fused chordae were detached from a leaflet in 1 other patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no early deaths. Two patients with residual mitral regurgitation with or without mitral stenosis underwent reoperation for mitral valve replacement 2 months and 6 years after the mitral repair, respectively. Late death occurred in 2 patients, and the actuarial survival rate was 92.0% at 15 years after operation. The freedom from reoperation was 91.3% at both 10 and 15 years after the initial operation. Postoperative color Doppler flow imaging was performed in 22 of the 23 survivors, and results showed no mitral regurgitation in 4, mild regurgitation in 14, and moderate regurgitation in 4 patients. Four patients presently have mitral stenosis, with a mean transmitral pressure gradient greater than 10 mm Hg. The residual lesion of moderate mitral regurgitation with or without mitral stenosis developed in 6 of 11 patients in whom bilateral mitral annuloplasty was applied after the initial operation. Nineteen of the 22 survivors without reoperation were in New York Heart Association class I, and 3 were in class II.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical improvement was observed after conservative mitral repair in most pediatric patients with ventricular septal defect. However, careful follow-up for growth potential still appears to be needed to detect changes in mitral regurgitation and the development of mitral stenosis after valve repair, especially after bilateral annuloplasty.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hisatomi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Isomura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kosuga
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohishi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Katoh
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000601:surgery*; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000151:congenital / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D008946:Mitral Valve Stenosis / Q000150:complications; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012086:Reoperation; D015996:Survival Rate