title: Implication of nitric oxide synthase activity in the genesis of water immersion stress-induced gastric lesions in rats: the protective effects of FK506.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent cytoprotective substance of gastric mucosa. FK506, an immunosuppressive drug, shows anti-gastric ulcer effects equivalent to famotidine, an H2 blocker, in rats. This study was designed to evaluate the cytoprotective mechanism of FK506 on gastric mucosa in relation to the changes in NO synthase activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gastric lesions were induced in rats by water immersion stress. Changes in NO synthase activity during water immersion stress treatment, and effects of FK506 on NO synthase activity were determined enzymatically. Gastric mucosal interleukin (IL)-1 beta and IL-2 were measured by immunoradiometric assay. Gastric mucosal blood flow was measured by hydrogen gas clearance technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FK506 mitigated gastric lesions developed by water immersion stress. Stress-induced lesions were exacerbated by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), a specific inhibitor of NO synthase, while sodium nitroprusside, a NO donor, mitigated the lesions. Water immersion stress increased NO synthase activity in the early phase (0.5 h after stress treatment) and decreased it in the late phase (6 h after). Decrease in NO synthase activity in the late phase was significantly mitigated by FK506, though it did not affect changes in NO synthase activity in the early phase. Water immersion stress increased gastric mucosal IL-1 beta and IL-2 contents 6 h after stress treatment, and these increases were prevented by FK506. FK506 itself did not affect gastric mucosal blood flow. L-NMMA treatment significantly decreased gastric mucosal blood flow. In contrast, gastric mucosal blood flow was significantly increased by sodium nitroprusside.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increase in NO synthase activity might contribute to cytoprotection, and a decrease in activity might be a harmful factor for the gastric mucosa. Preservation of NO synthase activity by FK506 might be involved in FK506's protective effects on the gastric mucosa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hisanaga
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tachi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology*; D007101:Immersion; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000209:etiology; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D007375:Interleukin-1; D007376:Interleukin-2; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D016559:Tacrolimus