title: Early postoperative flow rates after internal thoracic artery grafting for the left coronary artery system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The low perioperative flow rates of internal thoracic artery (ITA) conduits have been regarded as a limitation of their use in critical coronary situations with a high myocardial blood demand. To clarify whether these restrictions are justified, early postoperative flow rates were determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following bilateral ITA grafting, 48 of 106 patients (April 1993-September 1994) underwent recatheterization. Subsequent to control angiography between days 8 and 12, 20 of these patients were studied by intravascular Doppler techniques applied for ITA grafts supplying the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and branches of the circumflex system (CX) (n = 20). Doppler spectral analysis allowed for determination of the average peak velocity and diastolic-systolic velocity ratio. Vascular diameters were assessed by simultaneously performed quantitative angiography and mean flow rates were calculated. All parameters were recorded at rest and following selective stimulation with nitroglycerin (0.2 mg) and papaverine (12.5 mg) to evaluate the graft flow capacity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline values of average peak velocity at rest were 24.6 +/- 11.5 cm/s for ITA-LAD conduits and 21.9 +/- 6.8 cm/s for ITA-CX pedicles. Following dilative stimulation with papaverine, a significant increase in average peak velocities were obtained for both locations (ITA-LAD: 47.3 +/- 17.1 cm/s, ITA-CX: 42.3 +/- 11.8 cm/s). The application of nitroglycerin had a similar effect (ITA-LAD: 42.6 +/- 15.3 cm/s, ITA-CX: 40.3 +/- 10.7 cm/s). The vascular diameters of ITA conduits remained unchanged on nitroglycerin stimulation, whereas papaverine effected significant dilatation in both locations. Flow rates at rest were not significantly different (ITA-LAD: 51.0 +/- 34.2 ml/min, ITA-CX: 44.7 +/- 16.4 ml/min) and maximal flow increase was observed following papaverine stimulation of the LAD conduits (116.1 +/- 90.6 ml/min). Dilative stimulation effected an increase in diastolic-systolic velocity ratios from average values at rest in a range between 34% and 41.7% for both groups and substances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The basic blood flow in functioning ITA grafts appears to be similar in conduits supplying the LAD and marginal branches. Flow rates between 50 and 60 ml/min at rest should meet myocardial demands, even in the LAD position. Increased flow rates were predominantly based on higher flow velocities with an increased diastolic flow proportion. Enlargement of the graft diameter may exert additional effects, at least following papaverine stimulation at a particular concentration.
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cremer
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Harringer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hermann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lins
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ostermann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haverich
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009204:Myocardial Revascularization; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000494:pharmacology; D010208:Papaverine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011184:Postoperative Period; D013895:Thoracic Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D014654:Vascular Patency; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D010208:Papaverine; D005996:Nitroglycerin