title: Beta-amyloid protein protein precursor expression in lacrimal glands and tear fluid.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Proteases in tear fluid play important roles in the regulation of corneal wound healing. Inhibitors of proteolytic activity are major modulators of the associated events. Although it is known that various enzyme inhibitors exist in tear fluid, it is not known whether certain isoforms of the beta-amyloid protein precursor (beta-APP), a potent inhibitor of serine proteases, are present in tear fluid. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether beta-APP can be detected in human tear fluid and, if so, to determine the isoform composition and cellular origin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tear fluid was collected from healthy volunteers. The beta-APP was identified and characterized by immunoblotting using antibodies specific for domains of the beta-APP. The protein was characterized further by ion exchange chromatography. Expression of the beta-APP gene was studied using in situ hybridization and RNA-RNA solution hybridization assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  beta-APP with protease inhibitory properties was identified in all samples of human tear fluid. Immunologic analysis revealed that it had been processed proteolytically before secretion. Gene expression studies showed that the beta-APP gene was expressed in lacrimal glands, particularly in acinar cells. The gene transcript almost exclusively corresponded to beta-APP containing the protease inhibitor insert.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  beta-APP is expressed in lacrimal glands and subsequently is secreted into tear fluid. Because the bulk of the beta-APP contained the protease inhibitor insert, the authors propose that beta-APP is an important regulator of proteolysis in tear fluid and that possibly it plays a role in the events associated with corneal wound healing. This suggests a novel physiological function of beta-APP in addition to those previously described-regulation of blood coagulation and cell growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, St. Eriks Eye Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Van Setten
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hahne
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kvanta
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Gandy
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Näslund
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nordstedt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002852:Chromatography, Ion Exchange; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007765:Lacrimal Apparatus / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes; D012313:RNA / Q000032:analysis; D013347:Subcellular Fractions; D013666:Tears / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes; D012313:RNA