title: High-dose, hyperfractionated, accelerated radiotherapy using a concurrent boost for the treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer: unusual toxicity and promising early results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with conventional radiotherapy (RT) results in inadequate local tumor control and survival. We report results of a Phase II trial designed to treat patients with a significantly increased total dose administered in a reduced overall treatment time using a hyperfractionated, accelerated treatment schedule with a concurrent boost technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 49 patients with unresectable Stage IIIA/IIIB (38 patients) or medically inoperable Stage I/II (11 patients) NSCLC were prospectively enrolled in this protocol. Radiation therapy was administered twice daily, 5 days/week with > 6 h between each treatment. The primary tumor and adjacent enlarged lymph nodes were treated to a total dose of 73.6 Gy in 46 fractions of 1.6 Gy each. Using a concurrent boost technique, electively irradiated nodal regions were simultaneously treated with a dose of 1.25 Gy/fraction for the first 36 fractions to a total dose of 45 Gy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median survival for the entire group of 49 patients is 15.3 months. Actuarial survival at 2 years is 46%: 60% for 11 Stage I/II patients, 55% for 21 Stage IIIA patients, and 26% for 17 Stage IIIB patients. The actuarial rate of freedom from local progression at 2 years is 64% for the entire group of 49 patients: 62% for Stage I/II patients, 70% for Stage IIIA patients, and 55% for Stage IIIB patients. Patients who underwent serial bronchoscopic reevaluation (4 Stage I/II, 8 Stage IIIA, and 6 Stage IIIB) have an actuarial rate of local control of 71% at 2 years. The median total treatment time was 32 days. Nine of 49 patients (18%) experienced Grade III acute esophageal toxicity. The 2-year actuarial risk of Grade III or greater late toxicity is 30%. The 2-year actuarial rate of severe-late pulmonary and skin-subcutaneous toxicity is 20% and 15%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This treatment regimen administers a substantially higher biologically effective dose compared with conventional and pure hyperfractionation treatment schedules. The overall rate of acute and late toxicity was acceptable. Preliminary rates of overall survival and local control and freedom from local progression compare favorably to results reported with pure hyperfractionated radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA. sckingmd@aol.com
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Acker
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Kussin
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Weeks
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Leopold
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000528:radiation effects; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000528:radiation effects; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects; D016019:Survival Analysis