title: Acquired esotropia due to Arnold-Chiari I malformation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diplopia is not frequently associated with Arnold-Chiari I malformation. We reviewed our cases of Arnold-Chiari I malformation in which acquired esotropia with diplopia was the main neuro-ophthalmologic finding early in the clinical course.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five patients were studied, all female, ranging in age from 17 to 36 years, who were treated by the neuro-ophthalmology service of urban teaching hospitals. Eye movement recordings using magnetic search coil technique were performed in two patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients reported onset of horizontal diplopia due to acquired esotropia as an initial manifestation of the Arnold-Chiari I malformation. All had full abduction of each eye. In addition, all five had gaze-evoked nystagmus, two skew deviations, and one bilateral internuclear ophthalmoparesis. Oculography in two patients showed normal abducting saccadic peak velocities. This supports divergence palsy as a mechanism of acquired esotropia and provides evidence against subtle sixth nerve palsy in these patients. Four patients underwent neurosurgical decompression of their Chiari malformations, and neuro-ophthalmologic signs and symptoms improved in all.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acquired esotropia, often in association with other eye movement abnormalities, may be an early sign of Arnold-Chiari I malformation. This quantitative study indicates that divergence palsy is the cause of esotropia in some patients. Neurosurgical suboccipital and upper cervical decompression may lead to improvement or resolution of diplopia.
authors.affiliation: Combined Program in Ophthalmology, Eye Foundation Hospital, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Kline
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sharpe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001139:Arnold-Chiari Malformation / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004172:Diplopia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D004948:Esotropia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed