title: Ultrasonography for thyroid screening after head and neck irradiation in childhood cancer survivors.
abstract: We prospectively used ultrasonography to detect thyroid abnormalities in 96 long-term survivors of childhood cancer, who received head and neck radiation therapy at a median age of 8.9 years. The median time interval since irradiation was 10.8 years (range 5.6-22.8 years). Most survivors of leukemia received 24 Gy cranial irradiation for central nervous system prophylaxis; patients with solid tumors received between 20 and 66 Gy (median 37.5 Gy). The total evaluation included clinical history, physical examination, thyroid function tests, and thyroid ultrasonography; radionuclide scans were performed in patients whose abnormalities persisted on subsequent ultrasound exams. Clinical history and physical examination revealed thyroid abnormalities in 14 patients (15%), but ultrasound detected abnormalities in 42 patients (44%). These findings included inhomogeneity (n = 29), cysts (n = 15), and nodules (n = 22) and occurred in nearly half of patients treated with 15 Gy or more directly to the thyroid gland. Radionuclide scans confirmed the presence of thyroid nodules in 13 of 15 patients with ultrasonographic evidence of nodules. Six patients had thyroid neoplasia, including one case of papillary carcinoma. All patients with neoplasia had nodules demonstrated on ultrasonography. Our experience suggests that in childhood cancer survivors, ultrasonography is a sensitive, affordable, and noninvasive means of detecting subtle parenchymal abnormalities. We recommend thyroid ultrasonography for childhood cancer survivors who received head and neck irradiation. A baseline study should be obtained within 1 year of completion of therapy. The frequency of subsequent examinations should be based on the radiation dose and the patient's age at the time of irradiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology-Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38101-0318, USA.
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Crom
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kaste
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Tubergen
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Greenwald
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Sharp
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hudson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000528:radiation effects; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D014463:Ultrasonography