title: Interleukin 4 in inflammatory bowel disease and mucosal immune reactivity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Interleukin (IL) 4 has immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory activities, but little is known about IL-4 in the human gut. We investigated production of IL-4 by isolated lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs) from normal and inflamed intestine and its capacity to modulate local immune responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  IL-4 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in cultures of control and inflammatory bowel disease LPMCs, and the effect of IL-4 on LPMC proliferation and interaction with IL-2, IL-1 beta, lipopolysaccharide, bacterial antigens, superantigen, and antibodies to various T-cell receptors was investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Various stimuli induced LPMCs to produce IL-4, but inflammatory bowel disease cells expressed IL-4 messenger RNA and secreted protein in significantly lower amounts than control cells. IL-4 failed to stimulate proliferation by fresh LPMCs, but a vigorous dose-dependent response was observed after preactivation by phytohemagglutinin, IL-2, or IL-4. When added to fresh LPMCs, IL-4 inhibited IL-2-induced proliferation. IL-4 amplified proliferation to IL-1 beta, lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan-polysaccharide complexes, staphylococcus enterotoxin A, and antibodies to the CD3 and CD28 receptors but not to tetanus toxoid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decreased production of IL-4 in inflammatory bowel disease may cause defective immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory mechanisms and may contribute to disease pathogenesis. The ability of IL-4 to differentially modulate LPMC reactivity probably influences mucosal immune homeostasis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuura
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fiocchi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D007376:Interleukin-2; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma