title: Higher hematocrit improves cerebral outcome after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Various degrees of hemodilution are currently in clinical use during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest to counteract deleterious rheologic effects linked with brain injury by previous reports.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen piglets were randomly assigned to three groups. Group I piglets (n = 7) received colloid and crystalloid prime (hematocrit < 10%), group II piglets (n = 5) received blood and crystalloid prime (hematocrit 20%), group III piglets (n = 5) received blood prime (hematocrit 30%). All groups underwent 60 minutes of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest at 15 degrees C with continuous magnetic resonance spectroscopy and near-infrared spectroscopy Neurologic recovery was evaluated for 4 days (neurologic deficit score 0, normal, to 500, brain death; overall performance category 1, normal, to 5, brain death). Neurohistologic score (0, normal, to 5+, necrosis) was assessed after the animals were euthanized on day 4.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group I had significant loss of phosphocreatine and intracellular acidosis during early cooling (phosphocreatine in group I, 86.3% +/- 26.8%; group II, 117.3% +/- 8.6%; group III, 110.9% +/- 2.68%; p = 0.0008; intracellular pH in group I, 6.95 +/- 0.18; group II, 7.28 +/- 0.04; group III, 7.49 +/- 0.04; p = 0.0048). Final recovery was the same for all groups. Cytochrome aa3 was more reduced in group I during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest than in either of the other groups (group I, -43.6 +/- 2.6; group II, -16.0 +/- 5.2; group III, 1.3 +/= 3.1; p < 0.0001). Neurologic deficit score was best preserved in group III (p < 0.05 group II vs group III) on the first postoperative day, although this difference diminished with time and all animals were neurologically normal after 4 days. Histologic assessment was worst among group I in neocortex area (group I, 1.33 +/- 0.3; group II, 0.22 +/- 0.1; group III, 0.40 +/- 0.2, p < 0.05, group I vs group II; p = 0.0287, group I vs group III).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extreme hemodilution during cardiopulmonary bypass may cause inadequate oxygen delivery during early cooling. The higher hematocrit with a blood prime is associated with improved cerebral recovery after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shin'oka
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shum-Tim
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Jonas
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Lidov
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Laussen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: du Plessis
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000097:blood; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D006400:Hematocrit; D006438:Hemodilution / Q000379:methods*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D010725:Phosphocreatine / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D010725:Phosphocreatine; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV