title: Pharmacokinetics and dosimetry of cobalt-55 and cobalt-57.
abstract: The isotopes 55Co and 57Co have been evaluated for PET and SPECT imaging in several clinical brain studies. For clinical application of cobalt, it is important to know the delivered radiation dose. The biodistribution of 55Co in both rat and humans after intravenous (bolus)-administration was studied. Based on pharmacokinetic data, radiation dose calculations according to the MIRD system are presented. By combining present measurements with literature data on 60CoCl2, the radiation dose delivered by 56CoCl2 (T1/2 78.8 days) and 57CoCl2 (T1/2 = 270 days) could be assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole-body Co-PET was performed in two healthy volunteers and one rat after intravenous injection of 37 and 3.7 MBq (1 resp. 0.1 mCi) 55Co, respectively. Blood samples were withdrawn during 300 min in humans. In seven rats the 55Co-biodistribution was determined by postmortem analysis. The residence time of the liver (critical organ) was determined in rats and humans. Blood partition-data of 55Co were assessed resulting in basic pharmacokinetic data in humans. Based on these kinetic data, radiation dose was calculated using the MIRD protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both the humans and the rat, the liver and bladder retained the highest fractions of 55Co (about 50% resp. 40% of the administered dose). The liver residence time in humans was 8.6 hr. The free fraction 55Co in the human plasma was at maximum 12%. The total-body mean transit time was 152 min. The volume of the central compartment = 2.8 liter and the steady-state distribution volume = 48 liter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From these results, according to the WHO recommendations for class II studies, 22.2 MBq (0.6 mCi) 55Co and 14.8 MBq (0.4 mCi) 57Co (excluding any radionuclide contamination) can be used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Knollema
authors.forename: L V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: van der Duin
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Willemsen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wiersma
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Franssen
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Russel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Korf
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Paans
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes