title: Effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing serious facial injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of helmets in preventing facial injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study between March 1, 1992, and August 31, 1994.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven Seattle, Wash, area hospitals including the regional trauma center and a large staff-model health maintenance organization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases were patients with serious facial injury, ie, fractures or lacerations; controls were patients who had injuries other than facial. Minor facial injuries were excluded to avoid ascertainment bias in those seeking care for serious injuries to other areas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serious facial injuries occurred to 700 (20.7%) patients. Helmets were used by 47% of cases and 57% of controls. After adjusting for age, sex, speed, and surface, we found that helmets reduced the risk of injury to the upper face (odds ratio [OR], 0.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.26-0.49) and middle face (OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.24-0.50) but had no significant effect on serious injury to the lower face (OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.72-1.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bicycle helmets offer substantial protection for the upper and mid face in addition to their known protection against head injuries. Helmets do not appear to offer any protection for the lower face.
authors.affiliation: Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Seattle, WA 98104-2499, USA. dct@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Nunn
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Rivara
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001642:Bicycling / Q000293:injuries*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006260:Head Protective Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio