title: Activin-like signal activates dorsal-specific maternal RNA between 8- and 16-cell stages of Xenopus.
abstract: In many animals the dorsal-ventral axis forms by an initial localization of maternal molecules, which then regulate the spatial location of signals that directly influence the expression of axis-specific fates. Several recent studies have demonstrated that dorsal-animal blastomeres of the Xenopus morula (8-32 cells) are biased toward dorsal fates prior to mesoderm inductive signaling. In this study we ask whether the dorsal bias is the result of autonomous expression of maternal molecules specifically localized within dorsal cells or of early activating signals. It was found that although 16-cell dorsal-animal blastomeres (D1.1) can differentiate into dorsal tissues when cultured alone, the 8-cell mothers (D1) can not. Likewise, although RNA extracted from D1.1 can induce an extra dorsal axis when injected into vegetal blastomeres, RNA extracted from D1 can not. However, D1 does express dorsal tissues if co-cultured with dorsal-vegetal cells or with culture medium containing a mixture of activins (PIF-medium). Furthermore, short-term culture of D1 in PIF-medium enables the D1 RNA to induce an ectopic dorsal axis. Ventral-animal blastomeres also can express dorsal axial tissues when co-cultured with dorsal-vegetal blastomeres or in PIF-medium, but the RNA from the activin-treated ventral cells cannot induce ectopic dorsal axes. These studies demonstrate that there are maternal RNAs that, shortly after fertilization, are present only in the dorsal-animal region. They do not act cell autonomously, but require an activin-like signal. These RNAs may function by increasing the responsiveness of dorsal-animal blastomeres to the mesoderm inductive signals present in both the morula and the blastula.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hainski
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Moody
mesh_terms: D028341:Activins; D000818:Animals; D001757:Blastomeres; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D005260:Female; D007265:Inhibins / Q000235:genetics*; D012313:RNA; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics*; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D028341:Activins; D007265:Inhibins; D012313:RNA