title: Plasminogen activation in epiretinal membranes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Formation of epiretinal membranes occurs in proliferative vitreoretinopathy, macular pucker and after penetrating trauma. Epiretinal membrane formation includes cell migration and proliferation, extracellular matrix formation and tissue contraction. Generally in scar tissue formation, the production of new extracellular matrix occurs concomitantly with its proteolytic degradation, resulting in continuous tissue remodelling. The plasminogen activator-mediated proteolytic cascade is an important mechanism for pericellular degradation of the extracellular matrix. Therefore we wanted to study the presence of the plasminogen activator-mediated proteolytic cascade in epiretinal membranes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Specimens of 18 epiretinal and 3 subretinal membranes were obtained during vitreous surgery for retinal detachment with proliferative vitreoretinopathy or macular pucker. Plasminogen activators and plasmin were characterized in frozen sections of epiretinal membranes by in situ zymography and in membrane lysates by zymography. Indirect immunofluorescence staining was performed to localize urokinase in epiretinal membranes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urokinase was present in 17/21 and tissue-type plasminogen activator in 12/21 of the membranes studied. Active plasmin was not detected in the frozen sections of epiretinal membranes. Immunofluorescence staining localized urokinase predominantly in the areas invaded by macrophages and cells of retinal pigment epithelial origin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate the presence of proteolytic activity in periretinal scar tissue. Urokinase was more consistently present, but smaller amounts of tissue-type plasminogen activator were also found in the specimens. These results indicate that continuous tissue remodelling with simultaneous extracellular matrix production and breakdown regulates the growth of epiretinal membranes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Immonen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vaheri
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tommila
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sirén
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002455:Cell Division; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005341:Fibrinolysin / Q000378:metabolism; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008566:Membranes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010958:Plasminogen / Q000502:physiology*; D010960:Plasminogen Activators / Q000378:metabolism*; D012163:Retinal Detachment / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018630:Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D010958:Plasminogen; D010960:Plasminogen Activators; D005341:Fibrinolysin