title: Cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcal glucuronoxylomannan, galactoxylomannan, and mannoprotein induce different levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
abstract: Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) release by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) during disseminated infection by Cryptococcus neoformans may initiate and amplify the immune response of the host, leading to elimination of the fungus. The ability to induce TNF-alpha in PBMC by four clinical strains of C. neoformans, a laboratory strain (NIH 37), and the purified cryptococcal components glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), galactoxylomannan (GalXM), and mannoproteins (MP1 and MP2) were investigated under different opsonic conditions. In the absence of serum, the levels of TNF-alpha induced by all strains and cryptococcal components were not above background levels. Normal human serum (NHS) enhanced TNF-alpha induction by whole cryptococci and the different cryptococcal components, with MP2 being the most potent TNF-alpha inducer. Inactivation of complement (HI NHS) almost abrogated the ability of whole cryptococci and the GXMs to induce TNF-alpha. In contrast, when MP1, MP2, and GalXM were incubated with HI NHS, 48, 71, and 44%, respectively, of the original TNF-alpha levels remained. MPs incubated with heat-inactivated immunoglobulin G (IgG)-depleted serum still induced 50% of the levels of TNF-alpha induced by components incubated with HI NHS. Both these sera contained the same very low levels of anti-MP IgG antibodies, indicating the opsonic effect of a heat-stable factor other than antibody. Two anti-CD14 monoclonal antibodies (60BCA and 3C10) inhibited the production of TNF-alpha induced by MP2. The results indicate that (i) induction of TNF-alpha by C. neoformans and GXMs strongly depends on complement, (ii) MP1 and MP2 induction of TNF-alpha is facilitated by a heat-stable serum factor other than Ig, and (iii) CD14 may be involved in the induction of TNF-alpha by MP2.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vaccines, Eijkman-Winkler Institute for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Inflammation, University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chaka
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Verheul
authors.forename: V V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Vaishnav
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cherniak
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scharringa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verhoef
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Snippe
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Hoepelman
mesh_terms: D000906:Antibodies / Q000494:pharmacology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000276:immunology; D003165:Complement System Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000276:immunology; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000276:immunology; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013045:Species Specificity; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011134:Polysaccharides; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C025363:mannoproteins; C043689:galactoxylomannan; C027478:glucuronoxylomannan; D003165:Complement System Proteins