title: Curcumin, an antioxidant and anti-tumor promoter, induces apoptosis in human leukemia cells.
abstract: Curcumin, widely used as a spice and coloring agent in food, possesses potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor promoting activities. In the present study, curcumin was found to induce apoptotic cell death in promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells at concentrations as low as 3.5 micrograms/ml. The apoptosis-inducing activity of curcumin appeared in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Flow cytometric analysis showed that the hypodiploid DNA peak of propidium iodide-stained nuclei appeared at 4 h after 7 micrograms/ml curcumin treatment. The apoptosis-inducing activity of curcumin was not affected by cycloheximide, actinomycin D, EGTA, W7 (calmodulin inhibitor), sodium orthovanadate, or genistein. By contrast, an endonuclease inhibitor ZnSO4 and proteinase inhibitor N-tosyl-L-lysine chloro-methyl ketone (TLCK) could markedly abrogate apoptosis induced by curcumin, whereas 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) had a partial effect. The antioxidants, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), L-ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, catalase and superoxide dismutase, all effectively prevented curcumin-induced apoptosis. This result suggested that curcumin-induced cell death was mediated by reactive oxygen species. Immunoblot analysis showed that the level of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 was decreased to 30% after 6 h treatment with curcumin, and was subsequently reduced to 20% by a further 6 h treatment. Furthermore, overexpression of bcl-2 in HL-60 cells resulted in a delay of curcumin-treated cells entering into apoptosis, suggesting that bcl-2 plays a crucial role in the early stage of curcumin-triggered apoptotic cell death.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Toxicology College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival; D003474:Curcumin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000502:physiology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D003474:Curcumin