title: Megavoltage imaging with a large-area, flat-panel, amorphous silicon imager.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The creation of the first large-area, amorphous silicon megavoltage imager is reported. The imager is an engineering prototype built to serve as a stepping stone toward the creation of a future clinical prototype. The engineering prototype is described and various images demonstrating its properties are shown including the first reported patient image acquired with such an amorphous silicon imaging device. Specific limitations in the engineering prototype are reviewed and potential advantages of future, more optimized imagers of this type are presented.
  
  
  METHODS
  The imager is based on a two-dimensional, pixelated array containing amorphous silicon field-effect transistors and photodiode sensors which are deposited on a thin glass substrate. The array has a 512 x 560-pixel format and a pixel pitch of 450 microns giving an imaging area of approximately 23 x 25 cm2. The array is used in conjunction with an overlying metal plate/phosphor screen converter as well as an electronic acquisition system. Images were acquired fluoroscopically using a megavoltage treatment machine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Array and digitized film images of a variety of anthropomorphic phantoms and of a human subject are presented and compared. The information content of the array images generally appears to be at least as great as that of the digitized film images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite a variety of severe limitations in the engineering prototype, including many array defects, a relatively slow and noisy acquisition system, and the lack of a means to generate images in a radiographic manner, the prototype nevertheless generated clinically useful information. The general properties of these amorphous silicon arrays, along with the quality of the images provided by the engineering prototype, strongly suggest that such arrays could eventually form the basis of a new imaging technology for radiotherapy localization and verification. The development of a clinically useful prototype offering high-quality images, ultimately with an approximately 52 x 52-cm2 detection surface, is anticipated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109, USA. antonuk@umich.edu
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Antonuk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yorkston
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sandler
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Siewerdsen
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: el-Mohri
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D011859:Radiography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012825:Silicon
chemical_list: D012825:Silicon