title: The Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale in people with arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the comprehensibility, reliability, and validity of a trait measure, the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), among people with arthritis. The scale is designed to measure perceived coping ability across a wide range of demanding situations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four studies were conducted. Study 1 tested the comprehensibility of the GSES. Studies 2, 3, and 4 tested the reliability and validity of the modified scale. Data were collected through self-administered questionnaires. Reliability and structure of the GSES were examined using standard item analysis, internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), test-retest reliability, and factor analyses. Concurrent and predictive validity were examined in relation to demographic, physical, psychological, and social dimensions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The GSES assessed a unitary concept. Higher generalized self-efficacy was associated with greater psychological well-being, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. The GSES was independent of age and physical health status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The GSES is a reliable and valid measure for use among community-based samples of people with arthritis and may be a useful indicator of general adaptational outcomes.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Barlow
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D001168:Arthritis / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012648:Self Care; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*