title: A double-blind randomized trial of low-dose versus high-dose topical anaesthesia in unsedated upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is frequently performed on unsedated subjects. Pharyngeal anaesthesia is thought to improve patient tolerance to the procedure but the optimum dose of anaesthesia is not known. The aim of this study was to assess the benefits of low-dose vs. high-dose topical anaesthesia in unsedated gastroscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and fourteen subjects attending for diagnostic gastroscopy were studied. Patients were randomized to receive either 30 mg or 100 mg of topical pharyngeal lidocaine spray prior to endoscopy in a double-blind fashion. Subjects completed a questionnaire before and after endoscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A similar proportion of patients in each group required intravenous sedation because of discomfort or anxiety during the procedure (P = 0.48). The high-dose group experienced less discomfort during endoscope insertion (P = 0.002) and throughout the examination (P = 0.01). Overall satisfaction was almost identical in the two groups (P = 0.85) and a similar percentage of the high-dose and low-dose groups stated that they would request sedation prior to future endoscopy (37 vs. 44%; P = 0.48). Further analysis showed that apprehensive patients and younger patients reported relatively high levels of discomfort, and that female subjects were more likely to express a preference for sedation at any future gastroscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-dose pharyngeal anaesthesia reduces patient discomfort during unsedated upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. However, patient tolerance is also influenced by clinical features, which might be useful in deciding which patients are suitable for this procedure.
authors.affiliation: Digestive Diseases Research Centre, St Bartholomew's, London, UK.
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Mulcahy
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Greaves
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ballinger
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Patchett
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Riches
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Fairclough
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Farthing
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives