title: Intermittent antegrade warm blood cardioplegia in aortic valve replacement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intermittent antegrade warm blood cardioplegia (IAWBC) is a well established technique of myocardial protection for coronary artery surgery, with metabolic and experimental basis.
  
  
  METHODS
  To evaluate its effectiveness in aortic valve replacement (AVR), we compared 171 consecutive patients who underwent first AVR using IAWBC (group A) with the last 100 consecutive patients who underwent first AVR using intermittent antegrade cold blood cardioplegia (IACBC) (group B). The endpoints considered were myocardial protection related (recovery of spontaneous rhythm, need for mechanical support, incidence of low-output syndrome, perioperative Q wave myocardial infarct, CK-MB levels, ventricular arryhthmias and lidocaine infusion requirement, cardiac-related deaths, and deaths any cause) and temperature perfusion related (bleeding, awaking time, time to extubation, and cerebrovascular accidents).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mortality was similar in both groups, but no patient in group A died for cardiac-related cause (0 vs 4, p < 0.01). More patients in group A recovered a spontaneous rhythm (144 vs 47, p < 0.0001). Incidence of low-output syndrome was higher in group B (16 vs 3, p < 0.0005), as well as ventricular arryhthmias incidence and need for lidocaine infusion (respectively 15 vs 2, p < 0.0001, and 10 vs 1, p < 0.0005). Awaking time was shorter in warm patients (2.5 +/- 2.5 hours vs 4.4 +/- 3.7 hours, p < 0.0005), as the extubation time (9.4 +/- 7.7 hours vs 13.5 +/- 11.7 hours, p < 0.0005) and bleeding (803 +/- 714 mL/24 hours vs 1051 +/- 1375 mL/24 hours, p < 0.05). As a consequence, the intensive care unit and the postoperative hospital stays were shorter in group A (32 +/- 27 hours vs 48 +/- 20 hours, p < 0.0005, and 7.2 +/- 3.1 days vs 11.3 +/- 5.4 days, p < 0.0001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IAWBC provides lower cardiac-related mortality and morbidity in patients who undergo AVR in comparison with IACBC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, G. D'Annunzio Chieti University, Italy.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Calafiore
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Teodori
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bosco
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Giammarco
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vitolla
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fino
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Contini
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000601:surgery*; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000517:prevention & control; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D013696:Temperature; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins