title: FETAX interlaboratory validation study: phase III--Part 1 testing.
abstract: The Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus (FETAX) is a 96-h whole embryo developmental toxicity screening assay that can be used in ecotoxicology and in detecting mammalian developmental toxicants when an in vitro metabolic activation system is employed. A standardized American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) guide for the conduct of FETAX has been published, along with a companion atlas that aids in embryo staging and identifying malformations. As part of the ASTM process, a three-phase interlaboratory validation study was undertaken to evaluate the repeatability and reliability of FETAX. Seven different participants collaborated in the study. In Phase I, FETAX proved to be more repeatable and reliable than many bioassays. However, some excessive variation was observed in a few laboratories. An initial lack of assay experience by some technicians caused variation. Phase II showed far less intra- and interlaboratory variability than Phase I. Non-teratogens showed the most consistent results, while more variability was observed for the two teratogens tested. Interlaboratory coefficient of variation values for all endpoints ranged from 7.3 to 54.7. Phase III--Part 1, using coded samples and test concentration ranges selected by each laboratory, showed results similar to Phase I. Analysis of the causes of variation suggested that some technicians judged some embryos to be malformed while others consistently judged similar embryos as normal. Concentration ranges tested by some of the laboratories varied greatly and a new protocol for selecting concentrations for initial testing was written to reduce variation from this source. Testing to date suggests that FETAX is as repeatable and reliable as other standard bioassays.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bantle
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Finch
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Fort
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Linder
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Rayburn
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hull
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumsher-King
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gaudet-Hull
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Turley
mesh_terms: D000629:Aminopropionitrile / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D001149:Arsenates / Q000633:toxicity; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000633:toxicity; D019327:Copper Sulfate / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects*; D047108:Embryonic Development; D015588:Observer Variation; D019346:Sodium Acetate / Q000633:toxicity; D012970:Sodium Glutamate / Q000633:toxicity; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology*
chemical_list: D001149:Arsenates; D013723:Teratogens; D000629:Aminopropionitrile; D019346:Sodium Acetate; C009277:sodium arsenate; D019327:Copper Sulfate; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D012970:Sodium Glutamate