title: Ocular perforation during retrobulbar and peribulbar injections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the ocular perforations during retrobulbar and peribulbar injections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five ocular perforations between 1976 and 1993 occurred after 13 retrobulbar and 12 peribulbar injections. Eighteen patients (72%) were women. Eighteen eyes were myopic (72%). Risk factors included high myopia in 11 cases (44%), use of Atkinson gaze in 21 cases (84%) and a sharp injection needle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Deep position of the posterior pole was common. Perforation signs comprised vitreous hemorrhage in 25 eyes (100%), subretinal hemorrhage in 19 eyes (76%), retinal breaks along the inferior vascular arcade in 19 eyes (76%), and retinal detachment in 14 eyes (56%). Proliferative vitreoretinopathy developed in 11 eyes (44%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retinal detachment strongly correlated to poor visual outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Karolinska Institutet, St. Erik's Eye Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Berglin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stenkula
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Algvere
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; D012163:Retinal Detachment / Q000209:etiology; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D012167:Retinal Perforations / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014823:Vitreous Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology