title: Echocardiographic monitoring of minimally invasive mitral valve surgery using an endoaortic clamp.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Twenty-four patients underwent minimally invasive mitral valve repair (n = 16) or mitral valve replacement (n = 8) using the Port-Access system. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was used in these patients to: (i) reassess valve pathology preoperatively; (ii) guide and continuously assess placement and position of the aortic endoclamp; (iii) measure aortic root diameters, aortic distensibility and aortic wall appearance prior to and after aortic endoclamping; (iv) evaluate the de-airing procedure; (v) evaluate the results of mitral valve repair; and (vi) guide weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Placement and positioning of the endoclamp was guided effectively in all but one patient who had acute retrograde aortic dissection with the onset of femoro-femoral bypass. The mean position of the tip of the endoclamp was 2.8 +/- 0.5 cm from the aortic valve annulus. The position was stable in all but five patients in whom repositioning and additional clamp volume were required. There was only a poor relationship between balloon volume and sinotubular junction diameter. The dynamic movement of the aorta was well preserved after clamping and the elasticity module did not change significantly (1.6 +/- 0.71 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.75 dynes x 10(6)/cm2). No intimal tears or wall edema was observed after clamp release. De-airing was incomplete in five patients, two of whom had transient ST-elevations with regional wall motion abnormalities. Weaning of CPB was therefore postponed until the ECG had normalized. All mitral valve repairs but one were successful (equal to or less than grade I residual mitral insufficiency). One patient with persistent grade II mitral insufficiency underwent valve replacement using the same approach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TEE can effectively guide minimally invasive mitral valve surgery using the Port-Access system. Placement and positioning of the endoclamp and its effects on the aortic wall can be evaluated. De-airing, weaning from CPB and the results of the procedure were effectively monitored using TEE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, Herzzentrum, University of Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Falk
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Walther
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diegeler
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wendler
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Autschbach
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: van Son
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Siegel
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Pompilli
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Mohr
mesh_terms: D001011:Aorta / Q000601:surgery*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D008722:Methods; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left