title: Prostate heating patterns comparing electrosurgical transurethral resection and vaporization: a prospective randomized study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A prospective study was performed to determine if transurethral electrosurgical vaporization of the prostate is associated with unseen heat damage to vital periprostatic structures compared to conventional loop resection. In addition, energy consumption and its relationship to observed tissue temperature at the prostate periphery were evaluated for each treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with moderate to severe symptoms of benign prostatic bladder outflow obstruction and objective evidence of diminished flow or acute urinary retention were randomized to undergo either transurethral loop resection or electrosurgical vaporization after stratification for gland volume. Instrumentation was standardized for both groups except for the monopolar electrode used. The radiofrequency power source in the study was a new computer controlled generator with a constant power delivery feature. Regional tissue heating patterns were evaluated with optical fiber probes in real time. Four stationary sites were chosen for temperature measurements, namely the lateral lobe of the prostate, neurovascular bundle beside the prostatic apex at the level of the external sphincter, and anterior rectal wall at the level of the prostatic base and apex. A pull back technique was used to search for hot points in the long axis of the probe (3-dimensional temperature mapping) in 2 patients from each group. Incident generator panel power settings for the electrosurgical vaporization treatments were equivalent to those commonly used for loop resection (150 watts) and were adjusted up or down as needed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prostate electrosurgical vaporization was possible at generator panel settings that were nearly equivalent to those for transurethral resection of the prostate (130 to 190 watts). No significant rectal or sphincteric heating was detected with either procedure. Conductive cooling of the neurovascular bundles was observed in 2 patients in each group toward the end of the operation. More energy was used per minute of treatment during electrosurgical vaporization than with regular loop resection (p < 0.004) but this was not associated with unwanted tissue heating.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neither conventional loop resection nor electrosurgical vaporization of the prostate appeared to be unsafe treatments with respect to unseen deep heating effects to vital periprostatic structures when performed at equivalent low incident power. The extra energy used during electrosurgical vaporization provided the benefit of improved coagulative hemostasis concurrently with shallow tissue vaporization using pure cutting current alone, without compromising treatment safety.
authors.affiliation: UCLA Department of Urology, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez-Aceves
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Ryan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004598:Electrosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D014521:Urethra; D001748:Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*