title: Vitamins C and E interact in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, L.).
abstract: A two way regression study was performed to investigate the interactions between vitamins C and E, and the influence of dietary vitamin C on the development of vitamin E deficiency in first feeding Atlantic salmon. The fish were fed three levels of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (0, 150, and 300 mg/kg), each with six levels of ascorbate monophosphate (0, 7.5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 mg/kg ascorbic acid equivalents). Vitamin C protected the fish against vitamin E deficiency in a dose dependent manner, as seen from the data on growth, mortality, hematology, and lipid oxidation in the liver, indicated by the concentration of malondialdehyde. Vitamin C did not influence the tissue levels of vitamin E, except in vitamin C deficiency, which induced a large drop in liver vitamin E concentration. The liver level of vitamin C increased in response to supplementation of both vitamins. The results indicate two different interaction mechanisms: a synergistic effect of simultaneous protection of the water and lipid phases against oxidation, and regeneration of vitamin E from the vitamin E radical by ascorbic acid.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutrition, Directorate of Fisheries, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hamre
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Waagbø
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Berge
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D004032:Diet; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000502:physiology; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012474:Salmon / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D014811:Vitamin E Deficiency / Q000378:metabolism*; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D008315:Malondialdehyde; D005978:Glutathione; D001205:Ascorbic Acid