title: N-butyl tetracaine as a neurolytic agent for ultralong sciatic nerve block.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neurolytic agents such as phenol (5% to 10%) and absolute alcohol have long been used clinically to destroy the pathogenic nerve regions that manifest pain. Both phenol and alcohol are highly destructive to nerve fibers. However, these agents exert only weak local anesthetic effects and therefore are difficult to administer to alert patients without pain. This report describes a tetracaine derivative that displays both local anesthetic and neurolytic properties. Studies with such a compound may lead to the design of neurolytic agents that are more effective and more easily administered than phenol and alcohol.
  
  
  METHODS
  A tetracaine derivative, N-butyl tetracaine quaternary ammonium bromide, was synthesized, and its ability to elicit sciatic nerve block of sensory and motor functions in vivo was tested in rats. A single dose of 0.1 ml N-butyl tetracaine at 37 mM was injected into the sciatic notch. Transverse sections of treated sciatic nerves were subsequently examined to determine the neurolytic effect of this drug. Finally, the local anesthetic properties of N-butyl tetracaine were studied in vitro; both tonic inhibition and use-dependent inhibition of Na+ currents in neuronal GH3 cells were characterized under whole-cell voltage-clamp conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  N-butyl tetracaine at 37 mM (equivalent to 1.11% tetracaine-hydrochloric acid concentration) elicited prolonged sciatic nerve block of the withdrawal response to noxious pinch in rats for more than 2 weeks. The withdrawal response was fully restored after 9 weeks. Parallel to sensory block, motor functions of the hind legs were similarly blocked by this drug. Morphologic examinations 3 and 5 weeks after a single injection of drug revealed degeneration of many sciatic nerve fibers, consistent with the results of functional tests. Finally, N-butyl tetracaine was found to be a potent Na+ channel blocker in vitro. It produced strong tonic and use-dependent inhibition of Na+ currents with a potency comparable to that of tetracaine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A single injection of N-butyl tetracaine produces ultralong sciatic nerve block in rats. This compound possesses both local anesthetic and neurolytic properties and may prove useful as a neurolytic agent in pain management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Wang@zeus.bwh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vladimirov
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Quan
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Mok
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Thalhammer
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Anthony
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000818:Animals; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D009407:Nerve Block; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051381:Rats; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000473:pathology*; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000187:drug effects; D013748:Tetracaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; C102818:N-butyltetracaine; D015222:Sodium Channels; D013748:Tetracaine