title: The effect of verapamil on the prevalence and severity of cyclosporine-induced gingival overgrowth in renal allograft recipients.
abstract: Cyclosporine A (CsA) and verapamil are two agents used in renal transplantation, both of which are suspected of inducing gingival overgrowth. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of verapamil on the severity and prevalence of CsA-induced gingival overgrowth. Fifty-one (51) renal transplant recipients (total group) of whom 22 were using only CsA (Group A) and 29 of whom were prescribed CsA + verapamil (Group B) were evaluated for various periodontal and pharmacological parameters. No statistically significant differences were found in age, sex, plaque index, gingival index, calculus index, probing depth, CsA oral dose, CsA whole blood level, duration of CsA therapy, azathioprine dose, and prednisolone dose. Although the prevalence of the gingival overgrowth was more pronounced in CsA + verapamil group compared to CsA group (51.72% vs. 40.91%), the difference was not statistically significant. Similarly, the severity of gingival overgrowth, although more manifest in CsA + verapamil group than CsA patients (34.24% vs. 28.91%), was not significantly different. Gingival overgrowth scores in the main group, CsA, and CsA + verapamil groups were found to be positively correlated to periodontal probing depths (r = 0.60, r = 0.70, r = 0.52, respectively) and the gingival index (r = 0.60, r = 0.70, r = 0.54, respectively). CsA oral dose, whole blood level, and duration of CsA therapy were not found to be correlated with the gingival overgrowth in either group. Likewise, the dose of verapamil and the duration of verapamil therapy were not correlated with the gingival overgrowth in Group B. This study indicates that verapamil, when prescribed as the calcium channel blocker in renal transplant patients, has no augmenting effect on the severity and the prevalence of CsA-induced gingival overgrowth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cebeci
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kantarci
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Firatli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carin
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tuncer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D005885:Gingival Hyperplasia / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D010512:Periodontal Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014700:Verapamil / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D014700:Verapamil