title: Sociodemographic, hygienic and nutritional correlates of Helicobacter pylori infection of young Bangladeshi children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  By the age of 10 years most children in developing countries have been infected by Helicobacter pylori Identification of clues to modes of transmission of this organism to children, as well as evaluation of the sequelae of childhood infections, constitute important research priorities for developing countries.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate demographic, socioeconomic and hygienic factors associated with acquisition of infection by H. pylori early in childhood among Bangladeshi children ages 2 to 5 years and to assess whether infection by H. pylori was associated with poor nutritional status in these children and in an older group ages 6 to 9 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  A random population-based survey of 257 rural Bangladeshi children ages 2 to 5 years and 312 children ages 6 to 9 years. Seropositivity for H. pylori, as manifested by the presence of serum IgG anti-H. pylori antibodies, was correlated with nutritional status of the sampled children and with sociodemographic features and access to clean water and latrine facilities among families of the children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among children ages 2 to 5 years, the 123 (48%) who were infected by H. pylori were similar to the 134 noninfected children with respect to socioeconomic level, family access to tube well water and family ownership of a latrine. However, families of infected children had more persons per sleeping room in the home (3.8 vs. 3.2, P < 0.05) and were more likely to be Hindu (20% vs. 10%, P < 0.05). Infected children did not differ significantly from noninfected children in Z scores for weight-for-age (-2.66 vs. -2.78), weight-for-height (-1.17 vs. -1.28) or height-for-age (-3.58 vs. -3.56). Analysis of survey children ages 6 to 9 years also revealed similar nutritional indexes among infected vs. noninfected children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Household crowding and behaviors that differ between Hindus and Muslims, but not lack of access to clean water and latrines, may enhance the transmission of H. pylori to rural Bangladeshi children. Although confirming the high frequency of infections in young Bangladeshi children, our findings do not support the notion that H. pylori is responsible for the high prevalence of malnutrition in this setting.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. ClemensJ@hd01.nichd.nih.gov
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clemens
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huda
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Qadri
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Van Loon
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pradhan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naficy
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Banik
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000888:Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic / Q000032:analysis*; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003625:Data Collection; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis*; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012307:Risk Factors; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012698:Serologic Tests; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D000888:Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic; D007074:Immunoglobulin G