title: Dose-response characteristics of cholesterol-lowering drug therapies: implications for treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop an optimal treatment strategy that reduces low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels and improves adherence to therapy by reviewing clinical trials that define the dose-response characteristics for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins), bile acid sequestrants, and niacin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from a MEDLINE search of the English-language literature published from 1975 through November 1995 and from an extensive bibliography review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled, clinical trials were reviewed if they evaluated 1) the effectiveness and toxicity of one LDL cholesterol-lowering agent (statins, bile acid sequestrants, or niacin, at two or more doses) or 2) monotherapy with two LDL cholesterol-lowering agents at defined doses used alone and in combination. Studies that had fewer than 10 patients in a treatment group or that selected patients on the basis of previous response to therapy were not included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trials were reviewed for overall methodology, inclusion and exclusion criteria, sources of bias, and outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dose-response relations for bile acid sequestrants and statins are nonlinear, and most of their LDL cholesterol-lowering effects can be obtained with lower doses. The few dose-response studies of niacin that have been done suggest that most of niacin's high-density lipoprotein cholesterol-increasing effect can also be achieved with relatively low doses, but higher doses are needed to substantially reduce LDL cholesterol levels. If bile acid sequestrants or niacin are added to statin therapy, the effect of combined therapy on LDL cholesterol levels is additive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The nonlinear dose-response relation of statins, bile acid sequestrants, and niacin and their additive LDL cholesterol-lowering effect when used together suggest a strategy for treating hypercholesterolemia that may optimize effectiveness while minimizing adverse effects and cost.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Froedtert Lutheran Memorial Hospital, Milwaukee 53226, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schectman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hiatt
mesh_terms: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009525:Niacin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D009525:Niacin