title: The struggle of weaning: factors determining breastfeeding duration in east Bhutan.
abstract: This paper presents the qualitative part of a project in a traditional community in East Bhutan, which, among other items, investigates the effects on child health of breastfeeding, weaning and subsequent pregnancy of the mother. Quantitative data from the project have shown that children who are weaned during a subsequent pregnancy of the mother have a reduced weight gain and an increased incidence of infectious diseases during weaning, while this is not so for children weaned from non-pregnant mothers. In-depth interviews with 35 women with experience from breastfeeding were carried out in the local language in order to obtain qualitative data regarding the processes underlying the motherś decisions during weaning. Breastfeeding was found to fulfil a valuable social function in addition to its biological and emotional properties. The breastfed child had an undebatable "right of access" to the mother's care, not only her breast, whenever it wanted. This child also assumed a status in the family in which both its vulnerability, its special needs and its value were clearly recognized. The mothers expressed a basic motivation to breastfeed "as long as possible". There were, however, important limitations as to how this was manifested in the practical weaning process. If the mother was pregnant at the time of weaning, these limitations tended to be mother-centred. Most of the women had experienced tenderness of the breasts and a reduced milk production from the start of the next pregnancy. It was believed that the breast milk of a pregnant woman could "rot" and cause disease in the child. In spite of this belief, concurrent breastfeeding and pregnancy were common, but a pregnant mother whose breastfed child got ill, e.g. with diarrhoea, would immediately stop breastfeeding. The child would thereby abruptly loose the most important protection against the negative effects of the disease, when this protection was most needed. Concurrent pregnancy and lactation are common in many areas of the poor world. This has important consequences for the health of mothers and children, and has only recently been given the attention it derserves.
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bøhler
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ingstad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001631:Bhutan; D001721:Birth Intervals; D001942:Breast Feeding; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008875:Middle Aged; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000208:ethnology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014886:Weaning