title: Randomised trial of nadolol alone or with isosorbide mononitrate for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. Gruppo-Triveneto per L'ipertensione portale (GTIP)
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The risk of having a first cirrhosis-associated variceal bleed is lowered by about 50% by beta-blockers. Use of beta-blockers is currently recommended for patients with cirrhosis and oesophageal varices that are at risk of bleeding. We aimed to test the effectiveness of isosorbide mononitrate as an adjunct to the beta-blocker nadolol in the prophylaxis of first variceal bleeding in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We did a randomised multicentre study to compare the non-selective beta-blocker, nadolol, with nadolol plus isosorbide mononitrate in 146 relatively well (Child-Pugh score < or = 11) patients who had oesophageal varices at risk of bleeding. Patients on nadolol alone received a single oral 40 mg daily dose. Every second day the dose was titrated to achieve 20-25% decrease in resting heart rate (maximum dose 160 mg daily). Patients receiving both drugs received nadolol as above then isosorbide mononitrate was added starting with 10 mg orally twice daily, which was increased to 20 mg unless hypotension or severe headache occurred. The main endpoint was the occurrence of variceal bleeding of any severity. Patients were followed up for up to 40 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period 11 of 74 patients from the nadolol alone group and four of 72 from the nadolol plus isosorbide mononitrate group had variceal bleeding (log-rank test p = 0.03). Cumulative risk of variceal bleeding was 18% in the nadolol group and 7.5% in the combined treatment group (95% CI for difference 1-25%). Two patients in each group had a non-variceal bleed related to portal hypertension. 14 patients from the nadolol only group and eight from the combined treatment group died during the study period (log-rank test p = 0.09). Four and eight patients, respectively, had to discontinue one of the drugs because of side-effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nadolol plus isosorbide mononitrate is significantly more effective than nadolol alone in the primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in relatively well patients with cirrhosis, and has few side-effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Merkel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Enzo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Donada
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cavallarin
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Torboli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Amodio
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sebastianelli
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sacerdoti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Felder
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mazzaro
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Beltrame
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gatta
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007548:Isosorbide Dinitrate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009248:Nadolol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012306:Risk; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009248:Nadolol; D007548:Isosorbide Dinitrate; C030397:isosorbide-5-mononitrate