title: Diagnosis of pulmonary infections in immunocompromised patients by fiber-optic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage and serology.
abstract: Fiber-optic bronchoscopy (FOB) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were performed on 67 occasions in 57 immunocompromised patients with symptoms consistent with pulmonary infection. Diagnosis was achieved more often in renal transplant patients than in patients with hematological malignancies (85% versus 28%). Culture (bacteria, virus, fungi), staining and microscopy (bacteria, fungi, Pneumocystis carinii (PC)) and antigen detection by indirect immunofluorescence (cytomegalovirus (CMV), respiratory viruses, PC, Legionella) were used for diagnosis. On 20 occasions transbronchial biopsies with histopathologic examination were performed. In addition, serology comprising the herpes group (HHV-6) and respiratory viruses was done. A microbial diagnosis was obtained on 45% of occasions. The most common pathogens found were CMV (31%) and PC (25%). On 22 (33%) occasions a rapid diagnosis of 1 or more microbial agents was obtained within 24 h by conventional staining or indirect immunofluorescence. The clinical relevance of findings of CMV, HHV-6, and Epstein-Barr virus in BAL by polymerase chain detection on 18, 6 and 3 occasions is discussed. On 4 occasions pathogenic bacteria were found. It was not possible to relate findings of coagulase-negative staphylococci, alpha-streptococci and Candida albicans to the pulmonary infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: F Z
authors.initials: FZ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Elvin
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hillerdal
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lundholm
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Linde
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Olding-Stenkvist
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D018893:Bronchoalveolar Lavage / Q000379:methods*; D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology / Q000295:instrumentation; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000032:analysis; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D008172:Lung Diseases, Fungal / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055100:Optical Fibers; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D004279:DNA, Viral; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M