title: Cardiopulmonary and gastrointestinal motility effects of xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia in horses previously treated with glycopyrrolate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the usefulness of glycopyrrolate (GLY) in preventing the decrease in cardiac index (CI) usually caused by xylazine (XYL)/ketamine (KET)-induced anesthesia in horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  6 healthy horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Horses were treated with saline solution or 2.5 micrograms of GLY/kg of body weight, administered i.v. 15 minutes later, XYL (1 mg/kg) was administered i.v., followed 5 minutes later by KET (2 mg/kg) administration. The horses were positioned in left lateral recumbency, insufflated with 15 L of oxygen/min, and maintained for 30 minutes on the infusion of 0.05 mg of XYL and 0.1 mg of KET/kg/min. Mean, systolic, and diastolic arterial blood pressures, mean pulmonary arterial and central venous pressures, heart rate, CI, and arterial and mixed venous blood gas tensions were recorded up to 40 minutes after anesthesia induction. Intestinal motility was assessed by auscultation of 4 abdominal quadrants for 24 hours after induction. Data were analyzed by Wilcoxon's rank-sum test for nonparametric observations, and by ANOVA for repeated measures and Scheffé's test for continuous parametric variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Horses given GLY had significantly higher heart rate; mean, systolic, and diastolic arterial blood pressures; CI; oxygen delivery; and mixed venous oxygen tensions, with significantly less tissue oxygen extraction, compared with saline-treated horses. Both groups had complete loss of intestinal motility associated with general anesthesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GLY significantly reduced the cardiovascular dysfunction attributable to general anesthesia with XYL and KET. The return of intestinal motility was delayed by 3 to 6 hours without causing any serious side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: W N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: McDonell
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Dyson
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium / Q000187:drug effects*; D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000662:veterinary*; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects*; D006024:Glycopyrrolate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006736:Horses; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D010313:Partial Pressure; D011292:Premedication / Q000662:veterinary; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011897:Random Allocation; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors; D014991:Xylazine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000777:Anesthetics; D006454:Hemoglobins; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D014991:Xylazine; D007649:Ketamine; D010100:Oxygen; D006024:Glycopyrrolate