title: Evidence of chronic inflammation in retina excised after relaxing retinotomy for anterior proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epiretinal membranes from eyes with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) frequently express molecules associated with chronic inflammation. To investigate the extent to which inflammation may compromise the detached retina, we determined the expression of inflammatory molecules in anterior retina removed after relaxing retinotomy for retinal detachment complicated by anterior PVR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surgical retinal specimens were studied immunohistochemically for the distribution of the vascular cell adhesion molecules VCAM, E-selectin, P-selectin, ICAM and PECAM and for the presence of the cytokine TNF alpha and of T lymphocytes (CD3-positive cells), macrophages (CD68-positive cells) and HLA-DR molecules. The findings were compared with those in control cadaveric retina.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aberrant expression of ICAM-1 was observed in four of nine retinal specimens from eyes with PVR, whereas its expression in control retinas was confined to the external limiting membrane and ganglion cell layers. PECAM was observed in seven of nine surgical retinal specimens and in four of five controls. E-selectin and P-selectin were expressed within the luminal aspects of four of nine retinal specimens from eyes with PVR, and VCAM was present in three of nine surgical specimens investigated. All cadaveric control retinas were negative for E-selectin and VCAM, whilst one was positive for P-selectin. Staining for TNF alpha was observed within luminal aspects and walls of retinal vessels from eight of nine surgical specimens, but was not seen in any of the cadaveric controls. T lymphocytes and cells expressing the macrophage marker CD68 were identified in two and seven of nine diseased retinas respectively, but not in any of the controls. Cells staining for HLA-DR were observed in eight of nine surgical retinal specimens and in three of five controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings indicate that retina from eyes with advanced PVR may itself be subject to inflammatory changes, and indicate that the PVR process is not limited to retinal membranes, but involves a more widespread distribution of inflammation than is generally appreciated.
authors.affiliation: Immunology Research Unit, Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Limb
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Chignell
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Woon
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Dumonde
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D008264:Macrophages / Q000473:pathology; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery*; D012173:Retinitis / Q000473:pathology*; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D018630:Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1