title: Major extended hepatic resections in diseased livers using hypothermic protection: preliminary results from the first 12 patients treated with this new technique.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatic vascular exclusion allows the performance of major hepatic resections with minimal intraoperative blood loss. We have previously shown that normothermic ischemia can be tolerated by a healthy liver for up to 90 minutes, and this period is increased to 4 hours if the liver is cooled to 4 degrees C using University of Wisconsin solution.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study assessed whether these techniques could be successfully applied for patients requiring resection of a diseased liver, which is more sensitive to ischemic damage. Between July 1990 and May 1994, 12 patients (6 men, 6 women; mean age, 57.8 years) in whom the planned hepatic resection was believed to require hepatic vascular exclusion for more than 1 hour were treated with perfusion with the University of Wisconsin solution. The surgical procedures were right hepatectomy (one patient), extended right hepatectomy (seven patients), and extended left hepatectomy (four patients). The underlying hepatic disease was cirrhosis or severe fibrosis with hepatocellular carcinoma (four patients), cholestasis (due to cholangiocarcinoma and biliary stricture, one patient each), and more than 30 percent steatosis after treatment of hepatic metastases with chemotherapy (six patients). The University of Wisconsin solution that had been cooled to 4 degrees C was perfused through a cannula placed in the portal vein or the hepatic arterial branch of the segment to be resected, but with flow directed toward the liver that should be retained and effluent fluid drained through a cavotomy. Before reperfusion, the liver was rinsed with Ringer's lactate solution, which was also 4 degrees C.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean duration of hepatic ischemia was 121 minutes (range, 65 to 250 minutes), and venovenous bypass was used in three cases. The mean amount of blood transfused intraoperatively was 4.3 +/- 4 U; four cases required no transfusion. One patient died on postoperative day seven of portal vein thrombosis. The median hospital stay was 21 days (range, 12 to 56 days). Postoperative complications consisted of pneumonia (one patient), liver insufficiency (one patient, who recovered spontaneously), and subphrenic abscess (one patient). The postoperative tests of hepatic function were altered to the same degree as that seen after hepatic vascular exclusion of less than 1-hour duration in healthy livers. All patients who left the hospital were alive at 1 year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cooling of the hepatic parenchyma allowed us to perform major hepatic resection in patients with diseased livers using hepatic vascular exclusion for longer than 1 hour without increased morbidity or mortality. However, because of particular difficulties due to the size or location of the lesions, the application of these new techniques should only be considered for the largest and most complex hepatic resections for which hepatic vascular exclusions longer than 1 hour are foreseen.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Chirurgie Digestive, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hannoun
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Delrivière
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gibbs
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Borie
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Vaillant
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Delva
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000493:Allopurinol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000517:prevention & control; D015925:Cryopreservation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005978:Glutathione / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006498:Hepatectomy / Q000379:methods*; D006499:Hepatic Artery / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008099:Liver; D008102:Liver Circulation; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019188:Organ Preservation Solutions; D011169:Portal Vein / Q000601:surgery; D011887:Raffinose / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control; D014021:Tissue Preservation
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D019188:Organ Preservation Solutions; C055206:University of Wisconsin-lactobionate solution; D000493:Allopurinol; D005978:Glutathione; D000241:Adenosine; D011887:Raffinose