title: The glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) null genotype and benzidine-associated bladder cancer, urine mutagenicity, and exfoliated urothelial cell DNA adducts.
abstract: Multiple studies in the general population have suggested that subjects with the glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1)-null genotype, who lack functional GSTM1, are at higher risk for bladder cancer. To evaluate the impact of the GSTM1-null genotype on bladder cancer caused by occupational exposure to benzidine and to determine its influence on benzidine metabolism, we carried out three complementary investigations: a case-control study of bladder cancer among workers previously exposed to benzidine in China, a cross-sectional study of urothelial cell DNA adducts and urinary mutagenicity in workers currently exposed to benzidine in India, and a laboratory study of the ability of human GSTM1 to conjugate benzidine and its known metabolites in vitro. There was no overall increase in bladder cancer risk for the GSTM1-null genotype among 38 bladder cancer cases and 43 controls (odds ratio, 1.0; 95% confidence interval, 0.4-2.7), although there was some indication that highly exposed workers with the GSTM1-null genotype were at greater risk of bladder cancer compared to similarly exposed workers without this allele. However, the GSTM1 genotype had no impact on urothelial cell DNA adduct and urinary mutagenicity levels in workers currently exposed to benzidine. Furthermore, human GSTM1 did not conjugate benzidine or its metabolites. These results led us to conclude that the GSTM1-null genotype does not have an impact on bladder cancer caused by benzidine, providing a contrast to its association with elevated bladder cancer risk in the general population.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rothman
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: T V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Zenser
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: DeMarini
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hirvonen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Talaska
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Bhatnagar
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Caporaso
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Lakshmi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kashyap
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: You
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Eischen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kashyap
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Shelton
authors.forename: F F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jaeger
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Parikh
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bell
mesh_terms: D001560:Benzidines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000032:analysis*; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D005838:Genotype; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine; D019459:Urothelium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D001560:Benzidines; D018736:DNA Adducts; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; C029876:benzidine; D005982:Glutathione Transferase