title: Enhanced in vitro neurotoxicity of artemisinin derivatives in the presence of haemin.
abstract: The role of haem in the neurotoxicity of artemisinin derivatives has been studied in vitro by examining neurite outgrowth measured by image analysis and cellular metabolism of the tetrazolium salt MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) measured spectrophotometrically in the neuroblastoma cell line NB2a, and by examining binding of radiolabelled dihydroartemisinin to NB2a cell and rat brain proteins. In the cases of artemether, dihydroartemisinin, and arteether, haemin (ferriprotoporphyrin IX) significantly increased the dose-related inhibition of neurite outgrowth from differentiating NB2a cells and significantly increased the dose-dependent inhibition of MTT metabolism. Inhibition of neurite outgrowth and metabolism of MTT in the presence or absence of haemin ranged from 72% to 93% and from 27% to 49% at a drug concentration of 300 nM. Haemin also significantly increased the dose-related binding of radiolabelled dihydroartemisinin to proteins from NB2a cells approximately twofold and to rat brain between three- and sixfold. Haemin did not enhance the neurotoxicity of desoxyarteether, a structural analogue of arteether with an ether linkage in the place of the endoperoxide bridge. It is suggested that haemin may catalyse the transformation of these derivatives via an interaction with the endoperoxide bridge of the artemisinin derivative to produce free radicals or electrophilic intermediates that are toxic to neuronal cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, U.K.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fishwick
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: McLean
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000633:toxicity*; D037621:Artemisinins; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D006427:Hemin / Q000633:toxicity*; D016501:Neurites / Q000187:drug effects; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000633:toxicity*; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000378:metabolism; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D006427:Hemin; C031327:artemisinin; C022616:thiazolyl blue