title: On the usefulness of glycylglycine in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis solutions.
abstract: This article reviews current knowledge on the usefulness of glycylglycine in preparing single stable hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) solutions containing bicarbonate. The coexistence of bicarbonate and glycylglycine in a dialysis solution renders it a potent, stable buffer in which the well known reactions between bicarbonate and calcium and magnesium, and the subsequent formation of insoluble neutral calcium and magnesium carbonate salts, are avoided. Single stable bicarbonate-glycylglycine (BiGG) solutions for HD and PD have been successfully prepared and studied, both experimentally and clinically. These studies have demonstrated the advantages of BiGG solutions in terms of simplicity, stability, convenience, tolerance, biocompatibility, protection of the peritoneum, and higher ultrafiltration, compared to standard acetate or lactate solutions, and on-line prepared bicarbonate solutions. Progressive accumulation of glycylglycine or glycine, even after prolonged use, side effects, or signs of toxicity were not observed. In conclusion, BiGG solutions ensure a physiologic dialysis both from the theoretic and practical points of view.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Department of Nephrology, University of Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yatzidis
authors.forename: N V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Dombros
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Digenis
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000737:chemistry; D002021:Buffers; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015314:Dialysis Solutions / Q000592:standards; D005998:Glycine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006033:Glycylglycine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory / Q000592:standards; D011817:Rabbits; D006435:Renal Dialysis
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D001639:Bicarbonates; D002021:Buffers; D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D006033:Glycylglycine; D005998:Glycine