title: Comparison of caudal bupivacaine and diamorphine with caudal bupivacaine alone for repair of hypospadias.
abstract: Forty-five boys undergoing repair of hypospadias were allocated randomly to one of two groups. After induction of anaesthesia, 22 patients received 0.25% caudal bupivacaine 0.5 ml kg-1 and diamorphine 30 micrograms kg-1 and the remaining 23 patients received 0.25% caudal bupivacaine 0.5 ml kg-1 alone. Pain scores (Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale), sedation scores, ventilatory frequency, analgesic requirements and associated side effects were recorded for the first 24 h after operation. The two groups were indistinguishable in age, weight and duration of surgery. There was a statistically significant reduction in early pain scores. There was also a statistically significant increase in the time to first passage of urine in those boys in the diamorphine group who were not catheterized during operation.
authors.affiliation: St Georges Hospital, London.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kelleher
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Penman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Howard
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003243:Consciousness / Q000187:drug effects; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D003932:Heroin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D014554:Urination / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D003932:Heroin; D002045:Bupivacaine