title: Thyroid-stimulating hormone promotes the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor in thyroid cancer cell lines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a vascular endothelial cell-specific mitogen secreted by some cancer cells and is a major regulator of angiogenesis. Because thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) promotes growth and progression of thyroid cancers, we postulated that TSH may increase the production and secretion of VEGF by thyroid cancer cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined primary cultures of normal human thyroid (NT 1.0), medullary thyroid cancer (MTC 1.1), and cell lines derived from the papillary (TPC-1), follicular (FTC-133), and Hürthle cell (XTC-1) thyroid cancer. We quantified the concentration of VEGF in conditioned medium by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cell lines derived from thyroid secrete VEGF. Basal VEGF secretion was similar in normal and thyroid cancer cells, except XTC-1, which has high basal secretion (p < 0.01). All thyroid cancer cells secrete significantly more VEGF than normal thyroid cells after TSH (10 mIU/ml) stimulation (p < 0.05). TSH stimulated secretion of VEGF in FTC-133 (8.2 ng/dl versus 18.8 ng/dl), TPC-1 (5.5 ng/dl versus 26.9 ng/dl), and MTC 1.1 (5.9 ng/dl versus 13.4 ng/dl) cell lines (p < 0.01), but not in NT 1.0 (8.4 ng/dl versus 9.9 ng/dl) and XTC-1 (25.4 ng/dl versus 31.2 ng/dl) cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that VEGF secretion is constitutively activated in some thyroid cancers and that VEGF secretion is stimulated by TSH; thus TSH may promote growth in some thyroid cancers by stimulating VEGF secretion and angiogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, UCSF/Mount Zion Medical Center, USA.
authors.forename: E Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Soh
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Sobhi
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Y G
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Siperstein
authors.forename: O H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Q Y
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Duh
mesh_terms: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D012016:Reference Values; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D013972:Thyrotropin