title: Hyperprolactinaemia and verapamil: prevalence and potential association with hypogonadism in men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Verapamil has been associated with hyperprolactinaemia, but there have been no population-based studies. Our objective was to determine the prevalence and degree of hyperprolactinaemia associated with verapamil in the clinical setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observation with cross-sectional and longitudinal components in the setting of an urban teaching hospital and its satellite out-patient clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male out-patients excluding those taking other drugs known to raise PRL, renal failure and known primary hypothyroidism (1265 eligible subjects). Control subjects were drawn from eligible out-patients not taking verapamil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum PRL levels, frequency of persistent hyperprolactinaemia and total testosterone levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prolactin levels were obtained in 449 subjects on verapamil (35.5% response rate) and 166 controls. The proportions of individuals with hyperprolactinaemia (PRL > 460 mU/l) were 0.085 and 0.030 in the verapamil and control groups, respectively (P = 0.012, X2-test). The mean (+/- SD) serum PRL levels were 267 +/- 205 and 203 +/- 118 mU/l in the verapamil and control groups, respectively (P < 0.001, independent t-test). Of the 38 patients with previously determined elevated PRL levels, follow-up data were obtained in 25 (65.8%); one was found to have a pituitary adenoma and was excluded from the analysis. Fifteen of the 24 were still on verapamil (Group 1) and 14 (93.3%) continued to be hyperprolactinaemic. In 9 patients verapamil had been discontinued (Group 2) and all had normal PRL levels. Continued verapamil use was associated with persistent hyperprolactinaemia (odds ratio > 120, P < 0.00001). The mean +/- SD serum testosterone levels at follow-up were significantly lower in Group 1 (6.16 +/- 2.52 nmol/l) than in Group 2 (9.42 +/- 3.92 nmol/l, P = 0.029, independent t-test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of hyperprolactinaemia associated with verapamil use in this study of male out-patients was 8.5% (95% CI 5.9-11.1%). The persistence of hyperprolactinaemia when verapamil was continued (Group 1) and the return to normal PRL levels when verapamil was discontinued (Group 2) confirm verapamil's causal role in the development of hyperprolactinaemia. While low testosterone levels were common in both groups, testosterone levels were lower in patients on verapamil. Our data suggest that screening for hyperprolactinaemia should be considered in male patients taking verapamil.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Medicine, Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Romeo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dombrowski
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fuehrer
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Aron
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D006966:Hyperprolactinemia / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; D015995:Prevalence; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood; D014700:Verapamil / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D013739:Testosterone; D014700:Verapamil