title: Small molecule interactions with protein-tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B and their use in inhibitor design.
abstract: We have previously shown that a small peptide bearing the hydrolytically stable phosphotyrosyl (pTyr) mimetic, (difluorophosphonomethyl) phenylalanine (F2Pmp), is an extremely potent inhibitor of PTP1B, with an IC50 value of 100 nM [Burke, T. R., Kole, H. K., & Roller, P. P. (1994) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 204, 129-134]. We further demonstrated that removal of the peptide portion and incorporation of the difluorophosphonomethyl moiety onto a naphthalene ring system, but not a phenyl ring system, resulted in good inhibitory potency [Kole, H. K., Smyth, M. S., Russ, P. L., & Burke, T. R., Jr. (1995) Biochem, J. 311, 1025-1031]. In order to understand the structural basis for this inhibition, and to aid in the design of further analogs, we solved the X-ray structure of [1, 1-difluoro-1-(2-naphthalenyl)-methyl]phosphonic acid (6) complexed within the catalytic site of PTP1B, solved to 2.3 A resolution. In addition to showing the manner in which the phosphonate group is held within the catalytic site, the X-ray structure also revealed extensive hydrophobic interactions with the naphthalene ring system, beyond that possible with an analog bearing a single phenyl ring. It is further evident that, of the two fluorine atoms, the pro-R alpha-fluorine interacts with the enzyme to a significantly greater degree than the pro-S alpha-fluorine, forming a hydrogen bond to Phe 182. On the basis of a computer-assisted molecular modeling analysis, it was determined that addition of a hydroxyl to the naphthyl 4-position, giving [1, 1-difluoro-1-[2-(4-hydroxynaphthalenyl)] methyl]phosphonic acid (8), could potentially replace a water molecule situated in the PTP1B-6 complex, thereby allowing new hydrogen-bonding interactions with Lys 120 and Tyr 46. Compound 8 was therefore prepared and found to exhibit a doubling of affinity (Ki = 94 microM) relative to parent unsubstituted 6 (Ki = 179 microM), supporting, in principle, the development of high-affinity ligands based on molecular modeling analysis of the enzyme-bound parent.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Z Y
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barford
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites; D002151:Calorimetry; D003198:Computer Simulation; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D003545:Cysteine; D015195:Drug Design; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007700:Kinetics; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019000:Phosphotyrosine; D017354:Point Mutation; D011487:Protein Conformation; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012694:Serine
chemical_list: C103080:(1,1-difluoro-1-(2-naphthlenyl)methyl)phosphonic acid; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009281:Naphthalenes; D063065:Organophosphonates; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D019000:Phosphotyrosine; D012694:Serine; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; D003545:Cysteine