title: Midkine as a novel target gene for the Wilms' tumor suppressor gene (WT1).
abstract: Midkine (MK) is a heparin-binding growth factor which is strongly expressed during the midgestation period of mouse embryogenesis. Wilms' tumor is an embryonal kidney malignancy in infants, and WT1 has been identified as its tumor suppressor gene. The high expression level of MK in all Wilms' tumor specimens so far examined and the presence of two WT1 elements (5'-GCGGGGGCG-3') in the human MK promoter region led us to examine the possible role of the WT1 gene product in the regulation of MK gene expression. A gel shift assay verified the complex formation between the WT1 gene product and WT1 consensus sequence of MK gene. DNase1 footprint analysis also demonstrated that the downstream WT1 element was protected from DNase1 cleavage by the addition of the WT1 protein. The human MK promoter fused with the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene (phMK2.3kCAT) was co-transfected with an effector plasmid containing the WT1 gene into several cell lines. Transient transfection assays showed suppression of the MK promoter by WT1 co-transfection in recipient cells; deletion of the WT1 binding site abolished the suppression. The evidence reported in this study indicates that MK gene is a newly identified WT1 target gene.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsubara
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pedraza
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ozawa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tsutsui
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takamatsu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Noguchi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akiyama
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Muramatsu
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016384:Consensus Sequence; D016207:Cytokines; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D000078792:Midkine; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection; D025721:WT1 Proteins; D009396:Wilms Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016335:Zinc Fingers
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes; D014157:Transcription Factors; D025721:WT1 Proteins; D000078792:Midkine; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase