title: Analysis of flow acceleration during erythrocyte filtration: dependence of hematocrit and cell rigidity.
abstract: At flow onset the blood filtration rate accelerates to a steady state, this may affect the interpretation of red blood cell (RBC) filterability. We studied the acceleration of flow while the pressure is built up across the filter to analyse effects of various hematocrits and RBC rigidity by glutaraldehyde (GA) hardening. This was analysed by a new filtration system with high time resolution and unlimited filtration volume. The system uses a digital balance that samples the accumulated weight (e.g., filtration rate through 5 microns Nucleopore membranes) with on-line computer communication. The filtration is computer controlled via a pneumatic valve. White blood cells (WBC) were removed prior to filtration by a WBC-eliminating filter to avoid clogging artifacts. When flow is initiated a steady state is reached at 0.3-0.4 s. This timing was also tested and confirmed by a video monitoring technique of filtration flow into a horizontal pipette. The digital balance has a mathematical function to reduce the effects of vibration noise; when this function was activated the apparent acceleration was retarded to 1.2 s. With any of these techniques the steady state timing did not vary with the hematocrit, however, the volume of filtered suspension during acceleration varied with both the hematocrit and the GA hardening (p < 0.001). Extrapolation to yield the initial filtration rate from the relative flow curve (RBC suspension divided by buffer flow) varied depending on if the acceleration phase was included or not. In the most unfavourable situation, with GA-hardened RBC, this difference was 340% (p < 0.01). The slope to calculate clogging rate was affected in a similar way. Moreover, with the most GA-hardened RBC a delay in flow onset was observed with this technique. The acceleration phenomenon may cause artifacts in systems employing volume-derived filtration kinetics because of fixed volumes of filtrated medium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Cell Biology, University of Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lindmark
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Engström
mesh_terms: D004903:Erythrocyte Aggregation; D004907:Erythrocyte Deformability; D005976:Glutaral; D006400:Hematocrit; D018056:Hemorheology; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological
chemical_list: D005976:Glutaral