title: [Risk factors in osteoporosis: clinical and epidemiologic evidence].
abstract: The mechanisms of bone loss involve a predominance of osteodestructive cell activity over bone repair. Age and gender are the most significant biological risk factors; perimenopausal women constitute the most susceptible population group. Hormone-related phenomena, such as pregnancies and lactational performance, as well as heredity and ethnic origin, are also associated with osteoporosis. Alcohol and caffeine have been linked with progressive bone demineralization. A reduced body mass increases the probability of fractures. Dietary factors, such as adequate intakes of calcium, phosphates, and vitamin D, exert a protective action while the effect of fluoride and dietary fiber is still controversial. A constant physical activity promotes an appropriate development and maintenance of bone mass and architecture.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Transición Epidemiológica, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mor.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Parra-Cabrera
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hernández-Avila
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tamayo Orozco
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fernández Ortega
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Meneses
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000209:etiology*; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000209:etiology; D017584:Reproductive History; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D004044:Dietary Proteins
vernacular_title: Factores de riesgo en la osteoporosis: evidencias clínicas y epidemiológicas.