title: Influence of cooling on mesenteric vascular reactivity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiopulmonary bypass has been shown to cause hypoperfusion of certain vascular beds leading to multiple system organ failure. It has been reported that the gut may be an important trigger. The underlying mechanism is not fully known, but vascular changes, particularly those due to cooling, could play a role.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the effect of cooling (28 degrees C) and subsequent rewarming (37 degrees C) on the vascular reactivity of the rabbit mesenteric artery and abdominal aorta to a range of vasoactive substances using an in vitro organ bath apparatus. Cumulative concentration-responses of the agonists (noradrenaline, histamine, dopamine and potassium chloride) were examined at 37 degrees C, then repeated at 28 degrees C and then subsequently repeated after rewarming to 37 degrees C.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All agonists were capable of inducing a constrictor response on the mesenteric artery and abdominal aorta. The results represent means +/- SEM. There was an increase in potency of noradrenaline at the lower temperature [from 5.6 +/- 0.1 (37 degrees C) to 6.0 +/- 0.1 (28 degrees C); Bonferroni-corrected P < 0.05; n = 10], which returned to normal [5.6 +/- 0.1 (37 degrees C)] following rewarming in the mesenteric artery. In contrast, there was a decrease in potency of noradrenaline in the aorta on cooling [6.5 +/- 0.1 (37 degrees C) to 6.2 +/- 0.1 (28 degrees C); Bonferroni-corrected P < 0.05; n = 8]. Neither histamine or dopamine showed any difference in potency at 28 degrees C or at 37 degrees C following rewarming in the mesenteric artery or aorta. There was no difference in the efficacy of the response of the mesenteric artery to noradrenaline as indicated by the maximum responses. However, the response to the highest dose of dopamine was increased on rewarming to 37 degrees C compared to control responses at 37 degrees C before cooling in the aorta [7.23 +/- 1.48 g vs 3.6 +/- 0.6 g; Bonferroni-corrected P < 0.05; n = 14]. Histamine contractions were attenuated at 28 degrees C and following rewarming to 37 degrees C in the mesenteric artery [5.5 +/- 0.5 g (37 degrees C) vs 2.2 +/- 0.2 g (28 degrees C); Bonferroni-corrected P < 0.05; n = 18], [5.5 +/- 0.5 g (37 degrees C) vs 2.32 +/- 0.5 g (37 degrees C rewarming); Bonferroni-corrected P < 0.05; n = 18].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that cooling elicits a heterogeneous responsiveness of the rabbit mesenteric artery and abdominal aorta to noradrenaline and dopamine which could have important implications for blood flow to mesenteric vascular beds during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass.
authors.affiliation: Heart Science Centre, National Hert and Lung Institute, Harefield Hospital, Middlesex, U.K.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Arnfeh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chester
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dzimiri
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Duran
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yacoub
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001012:Aorta, Abdominal / Q000502:physiology; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D004298:Dopamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006632:Histamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008638:Mesenteric Arteries / Q000502:physiology*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D011817:Rabbits; D017694:Rewarming; D014661:Vasoconstriction
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D011189:Potassium Chloride; D006632:Histamine; D004298:Dopamine; D009638:Norepinephrine