title: Hemodynamic effects of epinephrine, bicarbonate and calcium in the early postnatal period in a lamb model of single-ventricle physiology created in utero.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A reproducible fetal animal model of single-ventricle physiology was created to examine the effects of pharmacologic agents commonly used in the perinatal and perioperative intensive care management of patients with a single ventricle.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Single-ventricle physiology is characterized by parallel pulmonary and systemic circulations, with effective blood flow to each determined by the relative resistances in the pulmonary and systemic vascular beds. Perinatal and perioperative management of these patients is largely based on empiric observations and differs considerably between institutions and is further complicated by the transitional physiology of the newborn. The lack of animal models of single-ventricle physiology has hindered the understanding of this problem.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 10-mm, Damus-Kaye-Stansel-type aortopulmonary anastomosis was created in 10 fetal sheep at 140 +/- 1.2 days of gestation. The main pulmonary artery was ligated distally, and pulmonary blood flow (Qp) was provided through a 5-mm aortopulmonary shunt. Eight lambs were delivered at term and placed on cardiopulmonary bypass (30 min) 48 to 72 h after birth. Pharmacologic interventions (0.1 microgram/kg body weight per min of epinephrine, 2 mEq/kg of sodium bicarbonate and 10 mg/kg of calcium chloride) were performed before and after bypass, and hemodynamic responses were observed. The response to the epinephrine bolus was determined only in the postbypass study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both before and after bypass, epinephrine infusion and calcium and bicarbonate administration increased Qp and systemic blood flow (Qs) (total cardiac output) but produced only small changes in the Qp/Qs ratio (-0.5% to -7.3% change). With the epinephrine bolus, Qp increased enormously, and the Qp/Qs ratio increased by 584% (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In neonatal lambs with single-ventricle physiology created in utero, epinephrine infusion and calcium and bicarbonate administration increased total cardiac output without significantly compromising the Qp/Qs ratio. However, epinephrine bolus seems to be hemodynamically detrimental in circumstances of single-ventricle physiology and should be used with caution and probably in relatively lower doses in the resuscitation of patients with single-ventricle physiology. Further investigation of the dose-dependent effects and the effects of prolonged administration of common pharmacologic agents will enable better management of patients with single-ventricle physiology.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Liddicoat
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: McElhinney
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Fineman
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Hanley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000503:physiopathology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000002:abnormalities*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation; D012756:Sheep; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014655:Vascular Resistance
chemical_list: D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate; D002122:Calcium Chloride; D004837:Epinephrine