title: Selective carotid angiography during cross-clamping of the descending thoracic aorta in pigs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To visualize the intra- and extracranial blood vessels during cross-clamping of the descending thoracic aorta.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental animal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animal laboratory, University Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven pigs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-clamping of the descending thoracic aorta for 30 minutes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Selective carotid angiography was performed before, during and after cross-clamping. Venous filling time of internal- and external jugular veins, diameter of internal and external jugular veins and internal, external and common carotid arteries and contrast intensity were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During cross-clamping the blood flow velocity increased as demonstrated by decreased venous filling time and decreased contrast intensity. In addition, the diameter of the external jugular vein increased and the diameter of the internal carotid artery decreased during cross-clamping. No arteriovenous anastomoses could be detected during the experiment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate increased intra- and extracranial blood flow during cross-clamping of the descending thoracic aorta in pigs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Trondheim.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Strømholm
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.forename: O D
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Saether
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aadahl
authors.forename: H O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Myhre
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000502:physiology*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002342:Carotid Artery, External / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011859:Radiography; D013552:Swine