title: Muscle strain during aerial combat maneuvering exercise.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the in-flight muscular strain of fighter pilots.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to measure fighter pilots' mean and peak muscular strain during aerial combat maneuvering exercises. The results obtained were compared against existing ergonomic recommendations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six pilots volunteered to serve as test subjects. Their mean age (+/- SD) was 28.5 +/- 5 yr, height 181 +/- 7 cm, and weight 75 +/- 10 kg. They performed one-to-one dog-fight exercises in the morning and in the afternoon. During the flights, the pilots' electromyographic activity (EMC) was measured from the thigh, abdomen, back, and lateral neck. The mean and peak muscular strain for each muscle was calculated as the percentage of maximal voluntary contraction (%MVC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that the mean muscular strain was 5.2-19.8% MVC, the strain in the lateral neck being the highest. Peak muscular strain (over 50% MVC) occurred almost only during the encounters and usually in the lateral neck. Other muscles were subjected to fewer peak strain episodes; most of these occurred in the back. At least one peak strain episode exceeding 100% MVC was recorded for every muscle studied. The highest peak strain 257% MVC, was measured in the lateral neck. This peak strain episode caused an injury to the lateral neck area, and the flight mission was discontinued.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mean muscular strain measured in this study was rather low. However, the strain occurring in the lateral neck and the back exceeds the ergonomic recommendations for static work. Especially in the lateral neck, and to some extent in the back, peak strain occurs frequently, in a magnitude that is well above the maximal voluntary contraction; in these areas, the peak strain presents a potential risk of injury and negative health effects. The level and frequent occurrence of peak strain episodes means that fighter pilots' muscular strength and muscular endurance, especially in the neck and shoulder area, are subjected to demands clearly higher than those of the average population.
authors.affiliation: Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health, Laboratory of Physiology, Finland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oksa
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hämäläinen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rissanen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Myllyniemi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kuronen
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D001415:Back; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D008889:Military Personnel; D009132:Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D009333:Neck; D013180:Sprains and Strains / Q000209:etiology*; D013848:Thigh