title: Hypoxia response elements in the aldolase A, enolase 1, and lactate dehydrogenase A gene promoters contain essential binding sites for hypoxia-inducible factor 1.
abstract: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor which is expressed when mammalian cells are subjected to hypoxia and which activates transcription of genes encoding erythropoietin, vascular endothelial growth factor, and other proteins that are important for maintaining oxygen homeostasis. Previous studies have provided indirect evidence that HIF-1 also regulates transcription of genes encoding glycolytic enzymes. In this paper we characterize hypoxia response elements in the promoters of the ALDA, ENO1, and Ldha genes. We demonstrate that HIF-1 plays an essential role in activating transcription via these elements and show that although absolutely necessary, the presence of a HIF-1 binding site alone is not sufficient to mediate transcriptional responses to hypoxia. Analysis of hypoxia response elements in the ENO1 and Ldha gene promoters revealed that each contains two functionally-essential HIF-1 sites arranged as direct and inverted repeats, respectively. Our data establish that functional hypoxia-response elements consist of a pair of contiguous transcription factor binding sites at least one of which contains the core sequence 5'-RCGTG-3' and is recognized by HIF-1. These results provide further evidence that the coordinate transcriptional activation of genes encoding glycolytic enzymes which occurs in hypoxic cells is mediated by HIF-1.
authors.affiliation: Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-3914, USA. gsemenza@welchlink.welch.jhu.edu
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Semenza
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Passantino
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Concordet
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maire
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giallongo
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005634:Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase / Q000235:genetics*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D018257:Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000235:genetics*; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D005634:Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase