title: Long-term gene transfer in porcine myocardium after coronary infusion of an adeno-associated virus vector.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Viral vector-mediated gene transfer into the heart represents a potentially powerful tool for studying both cardiac physiology as well as gene therapy of cardiac disease. We report here the use of a defective viral vector, which expresses no viral gene products, for gene transfer into the mammalian heart. Previous studies have used recombinant viral vectors, which retained viral genes and yielded mostly short-term expression, often with significant inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  An adeno-associated virus vector was used that contains no viral genes and is completely free of contaminating helper viruses. The adeno-associated virus vector was applied to rat hearts by direct intramuscular injection; adeno-associated virus was also infused into pig hearts in vivo via percutaneous intraarterial infusion into the coronary vasculature using routine catheterization techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gene transfer into rat heart yielded no apparent inflammation, and expression was observed for at least 2 months after injection. Infusion into pig circumflex coronary arteries resulted in successful transfer and expression of the reporter gene in cardiac myocytes without apparent toxicity or inflammation; gene expression was observed for at least 6 months after infusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report the use of adeno-associated virus vectors in the cardiovascular system as well as successful myocardial gene transfer after percutaneous coronary artery infusion of viral vectors in a large, clinically relevant mammalian model. These results suggest that safe and stable gene transfer can be achieved in the heart using standard outpatient cardiac catheterization techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, New York Hospital-Cornell University Medical College, New York, USA.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Kaplitt
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Samulski
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ojamaa
authors.forename: I L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Makimura
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kaplitt
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Strumpf
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Diethrich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003331:Coronary Vessels; D000229:Dependovirus; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006321:Heart; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology; D010957:Plasmids; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013552:Swine; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D001616:beta-Galactosidase