title: Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase inactivation and 5-fluorouracil pharmacokinetics: allometric scaling of animal data, pharmacokinetics and toxicodynamics of 5-fluorouracil in humans.
abstract: The pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in different animal species treated with the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) inactivator, 5-ethynyluracil (776C85) were related through allometric scaling. Estimates of 5-FU dose in combination with 776C85 were determined from pharmacokinetic and toxicodynamic analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The pharmacokinetics of 5-FU in the DPD-deficient state were obtained from mice, rats and dogs treated with 776C85 followed by 5-FU. The pharmacokinetics of 5-FU in humans were then estimated using interspecies allometric scaling. Data related to the clinical toxicity for 5-FU were obtained from the literature. The predicted pharmacokinetics of 5-FU and the clinical toxicity data were then used to estimate the appropriate dose of 5-FU in combination with 776C85 in clinical trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The allometric equation relating total body clearance (CL) of 5-FU to the body weight (B) (CL = 0.47B0.74) indicates that clearance increased disproportionately with body weight. In contrast, the apparent volume of distribution (Vc) increased proportionately with body weight (Vc = 0.58 B0.99). Based on allometric analysis, the estimated clearance of 5-FU (10.9 l/h) in humans with DPD deficiency was comparable to the observed values in humans lacking DPD activity due to genetic predisposition (10.1 l/h), or treatment with 776C85 (7.0 l/h) or (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (BVdUrd, 6.6 l/h). The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of 5-FU in combination with 776C85 was predicted from literature data relating toxicity and plasma 5-FU area under the concentration-time curve (AUC). Based on allometric analysis, the estimated values for the MTD in humans treated with 776C85 and receiving 5-FU as a single i.v. bolus dose, and 5-day and 12-day continuous infusions were about 110, 50 and 30 mg/m2 of 5-FU, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pharmacokinetics of 5-FU in the DPD-deficient state in humans can be predicted from animal data. A much smaller dose of 5-FU is needed in patients treated with 776C85.
authors.affiliation: Glaxo Wellcome Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Khor
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Amyx
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Baccanari
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Spector
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D042943:Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP); D004285:Dogs; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D014498:Uracil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; C073482:eniluracil; D014498:Uracil; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D042943:Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP); D005472:Fluorouracil