title: Fetal exposure to tobacco smoke products: a comparison between self-reported maternal smoking and concentrations of cotinine and thiocyanate in cord serum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of the study was to assess the relationship between maternal smoking habits and biomarkers of tobacco smoke measured in cord serum.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population comprised 202 mothers, 42 daily smokers, 24 occasional smokers and 136 nonsmokers. Information on maternal smoking habits was collected in a self-administered questionnaire at birth and compared with cotinine and thiocyanate concentrations in cord serum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In linear regression analysis, a unit increase in daily cigarette smoking corresponded to a 4.4 ng/ml (95% CI: 1.1-7.6) increase in cotinine concentration and 2.3 mumol/l(0.8-3.8) in thiocyanate. A cut-off point of 14 ng/ml cotinine separated well between daily smokers (88% above) and nonsmokers (96% below), but revealed a classification problem in occasional smokers (46% above).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cord serum cotinine and thiocyanate concentrations are related to daily smoking rate during pregnancy, but these concentrations vary considerably among occasional smokers. Detailed information on smoking habits is the key issue in understanding the adverse fetal effects of occasional smoking during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health Sciences, National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nafstad
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kongerud
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Botten
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Urdal
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Silsand
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Jaakkola
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001724:Birth Weight; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016014:Linear Models; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D011247:Pregnancy; D012650:Self Disclosure; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013861:Thiocyanates / Q000097:blood*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D013861:Thiocyanates; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D003367:Cotinine; C031760:thiocyanate