title: Protective effects of ifenprodil on ischemic injury size, blood-brain barrier breakdown, and edema formation in focal cerebral ischemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ifenprodil, a polyamine site N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor/channel antagonist, has been reported to decrease infarction volume after cerebral ischemia. However, the possible mechanisms of this protective effect have not been studied in detail. We investigated the effects of ifenprodil on ischemic injury size, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, regional brain edema, and cerebral blood flow.
  
  
  METHODS
  Focal ischemia for 6 hours was produced by permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in 15 anesthetized cats. Treatment with drug (n = 8) or vehicle (n = 7) was initiated at 5 minutes after ischemia and continued for 3 hours. Physiological variables were continuously monitored during experiments. We measured ischemic injury size, brain edema, and BBB permeability to Evans blue and determined regional cerebral blood flow by using laser doppler flowmetry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both ischemic injury size and BBB permeability were smaller in the ifenprodil-treated group, compared with the saline-treated group (P < 0.05). Ifenprodil treatment also attenuated brain edema formation in the dense ischemic region, compared with saline treatment (1.035 +/- 0.002 versus 1.028 +/- 0.002, P < 0.05). There was no significant change in cerebral blood flow with ifenprodil treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings from this study confirm that ifenprodil treatment results in a significant decrease in the size of ischemic injury after focal ischemia. The tissue-sparing effect of ifenprodil is not related to its vasoactive properties. It is likely that its neuroprotective effects are related to its ability to antagonize N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, which results in a decrease in brain edema and BBB permeability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin Clinical Science Center, Madison, USA.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Başkaya
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Donaldson
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Dempsey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects*; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000473:pathology*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000473:pathology*; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D002415:Cats; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000473:pathology*; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D010880:Piperidines; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; C010739:ifenprodil