title: The overwet phenomenon: a transmission electron microscopic study of surface moisture in the acid-conditioned, resin-dentin interface.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify ultrastructural features resulting from possible primer-water interaction when a two-bottle, acetone- and alcohol-based dentin adhesive (All-Bond 2) was applied to acid-conditioned dentin in the presence of excess water.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three groups (3-second dry, visibly moist, overwet), each comprising eight dentin discs prepared from human third molars, were established and bonded with All-Bond 2 under different degrees of surface moisture. Variations in the ultrastructural appearance of the resin-dentin interface from laboratory demineralized and epoxy resin embedded disc pairs were examined either with en bloc ruthenium red pre-staining alone or further stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Displacement of water by the volatile primer solvents resulted in the formation of a layer of resin-impregnated dentin in the three groups. Interaction of the primer with water following the evaporation of the volatile primer solvents resulted in phase separation of the primer components. Ultrastructural features observed within the previously water-filled blister-like spaces on the dentin surface in the visibly moist and overwet groups recapitulated what was observed within partially water-filled dentin tubules in the 3-second dry group. The overwet phenomenon appeared to be a result of emulsion polymerization, involving irreversible interaction of water-soluble bifunctional primer components with those that are water-immiscible, through the formation of micelles, resulting in the absence of total interfacial integrity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Children's Dentistry and Orthodontics, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, University of Hong Kong.
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Tay
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Gwinnett
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Wei
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D003094:Collagen; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods; D003804:Dentin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D003806:Dentin Permeability; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry*; D008823:Micelles; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D016062:Porosity; D013499:Surface Properties; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: C074864:All-Bond system; D003188:Composite Resins; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D008689:Methacrylates; D008823:Micelles; D011108:Polymers; D014867:Water; D003094:Collagen