title: A preliminary evaluation of a recombinant circumsporozoite protein vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum malaria. RTS,S Malaria Vaccine Evaluation Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The candidate vaccines against malaria are poorly immunogenic and thus have been ineffective in preventing infection. We developed a vaccine based on the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum that incorporates adjuvants selected to enhance the immune response.
  
  
  METHODS
  The antigen consists of a hybrid in which the circumsporozoite protein fused to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is expressed together with unfused HBsAg. We evaluated three formulations of this antigen in an unblinded trial in 46 subjects who had never been exposed to malaria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two of the vaccine formulations were highly immunogenic. Four subjects had adverse systemic reactions that may have resulted from the intensity of the immune response after the second dose, which led us to reduce the third dose. Twenty-two vaccinated subjects and six unimmunized controls underwent a challenge consisting of bites from mosquitoes infected with P. falciparum. Malaria developed in all six control subjects, seven of eight subjects who received vaccine 1, and five of seven subjects who received vaccine 2. In contrast, only one of seven subjects who received vaccine 3 became infected (relative risk of infection, 0.14; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.02 to 0.88; P<0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A recombinant vaccine based on fusion of the circumsporozoite protein and HBsAg plus a potent adjuvant can protect against experimental challenge with P. falciparum sporozoites. After additional studies of protective immunity and the vaccination schedule, field trials are indicated for this new vaccine against P. falciparum malaria.
authors.affiliation: Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. 20307-5100, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Stoute
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Slaoui
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Heppner
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Momin
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Kester
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Desmons
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Wellde
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Garçon
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Krzych
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marchand
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000276:immunology*; D000939:Epitopes; D005260:Female; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D017780:Malaria Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D000939:Epitopes; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D017780:Malaria Vaccines; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic; C041595:circumsporozoite protein, Protozoan