title: Deep retinal vascular anomalous complexes in advanced age-related macular degeneration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors describe the clinical characteristics of a group of patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), deep retinal vascular anomalous complexes (RVACs), advanced Bruch membrane changes, and severe visual loss. Based on clinical evaluation and imaging studies, the authors hypothesize the cause of such retinal vascular formations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors quantified an initial case series of 6 patients and expanded it to 11 patients (14 eyes) with AMD and RVACs diagnosed by fluorescein angiography or slit-lamp examination. Associated pigment epithelial detachments (PEDs) of 13 eyes are described. In addition to the clinical and fluorescein angiography descriptions, infrared imaging and indocyanine green angiography were used to characterize more recently described RVACs and fellow eyes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each study eye had a clearly defined anastomosis connecting the retinal circulation to a vascular complex in the deep retina. The RVACs associated with PEDs assumed a more central location than did typical choroidal neovascularization associated with PEDs. In seven eyes with RVACs, there were clinically recognizable retinovascular findings: intraretinal hemorrhages, telangiectasia, or microaneurysms. Legal blindness occurred in 9 of 11 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that retinovascular changes can be associated with nondisciform AMD. The authors speculate that neurodegenerative changes and hypoxia may lead to such changes, the RVAC being a more advanced finding. Closure of an RVAC with photocoagulation is difficult, perhaps because of its higher blood flow. The visual outcome is poor, not only because of the advanced state of the underlying AMD, but also because of the exudative nature of the RVAC.
authors.affiliation: Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hartnett
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Weiter
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Staurenghi
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Elsner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D001766:Blindness / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D016570:Bruch Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D014792:Visual Acuity
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D007208:Indocyanine Green