title: "Low-dose" aprotinin modifies hemostasis but not proinflammatory cytokine release.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cytokines are implicated in the pathogenesis of the "whole-body inflammatory response" that may complicate the period after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Low-Dose aprotinin in the pump during CPB has been shown to improve postoperative hemostasis and platelet preservation. We tested the hypothesis that low-dose aprotinin influences the inflammatory reaction (in terms of cytokine release) after CPB.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective, randomized study, 36 patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting were investigated. Nineteen patients received low-dose aprotinin (2 x 10(6) KIU (280 mg] in the pump), and a control group of 19 did not. Complement activation, cytokine production, leukocyte elastase release. D-dimer level, full blood count, postoperative blood loss, and transfusion requirements were analyzed before, during, and after after CPB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interleukin-1 beta was not detected in either group, whereas traces of tumor necrosis factor-alpha were infrequently observed. Plasma elastase, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and neutrophil count increased (p < 0.001) during and after CPB compared with the baseline levels, reaching a peak at 2 hours after protamine administration in both groups before returning toward baseline at 24 hours. Proinflammatory cytokine markers did not differ significantly (p > 0.1) between the groups throughout the study period. The C5b-9 level increased (p < 0.001) in both groups perioperatively, reaching its peak 15 minutes after protamine. Twenty-four-hour postoperative blood loss was significantly (p < 0.001) reduced in the aprotinin group in association with markedly reduced D-dimer levels (p < 0.001). Patients in the aprotinin group also received significantly less banked blood postoperatively than the control group (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-dose aprotinin fails to modify proinflammatory cytokine release, yet confers hemostatic improvement through reduced fibrinolysis in patients undergoing routine coronary artery bypass grafting.
authors.affiliation: Cardiothoracic Department, Killingbeck Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ashraf
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cowan
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chatrath
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Watterson
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D007611:Aprotinin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000517:prevention & control; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005342:Fibrinolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006487:Hemostasis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D006490:Hemostatics; D007611:Aprotinin