title: Microbiologic, radiographic, and anatomic study of the nasolacrimal duct apparatus in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus).
abstract: This study was motivated by the sporadic observation of epiphora in two male rabbits. The epiphora was unilateral and not associated with conjunctivitis or Pasteurella infection. To characterize the cause of epiphora, we studied 15 specific-pathogen-free New Zealand White rabbits. This study group was composed of the two affected males, four unaffected males, and nine unaffected females. Clinical evaluation consisted of bacterial culture of conjunctival specimens, examination of conjunctival scrapings for chlamydial inclusions, culture and cytologic examination of specimens from the nasolacrimal duct, plain and contrast radiography, latex casting, histologic examination, and the Schirmer tear test. Important differences found in the rabbits with epiphora included an opalescent, gritty, nasolacrimal duct flush fluid and marked unilateral dilatation of the duct proximal to a dorsal flexure at the caudal limit of the incisor tooth root. The flush solution from one affected rabbit cleared with ether, suggesting the presence of triglycerides or cholesterol. The organisms most commonly isolated from the conjunctiva were Moraxella sp., Oligella urethralis, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus sp., and Streptococcus viridans. The organisms most commonly isolated from the nasolacrimal duct flush fluid were Moraxella sp., S. viridans, and Neisseria sp. Culture of the nasolacrimal duct flush fluid yielded microorganisms more consistently than did culture of the conjunctival specimens. All microorganisms isolated from affected rabbits also were isolated from unaffected rabbits. There was no apparent contribution of microorganisms to the development of epiphora, and Schirmer tear test results for affected animals were within the range seen in unaffected animals. Occlusion of the nasolacrimal duct was presumed to be attributable to fat droplets. This study augments the existing literature and represents the first report of anomalous nasolacrimal duct anatomic features in the rabbit.
authors.affiliation: Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA.
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Marini
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Foltz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kersten
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Batchelder
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kaser
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002689:Chlamydia / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000382:microbiology; D003231:Conjunctivitis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009016:Moraxella / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009301:Nasolacrimal Duct / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000382:microbiology*; D011817:Rabbits / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000382:microbiology; D011859:Radiography; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013666:Tears / Q000378:metabolism