title: Localization of the prostatic apex for radiotherapy planning: a comparison of two techniques.
abstract: Autopsy and pathology studies have shown that the caudal portion of the prostate gland harbors tumour in 64-75% of specimens examined. Accurate localization of the prostatic apex may be important in improving local control with external beam radiation therapy. We compared the location of the apex obtained with CT based treatment planning versus localization using retrograde urethrography in 32 consecutive patients. The prostatic apex, localized by CT and retrograde urethrography, was compared relative to the ischial tuberosities and the symphysis pubis. Discordance between the location of the prostatic apex as defined on CT scan and retrograde urethrography was found in 50% of patients evaluated. There was 31% discordance between the location of the prostatic apex as defined on CT and retrograde urethrography when data were analysed with the location of the prostatic apex 1 cm above the narrowing on urethrography, a definition others have suggested. The urethrogram defined prostatic apex, as compared with the CT definition, necessitated the treatment of more of the surrounding normal tissues in 31% of our cases, with four-field techniques. Comparison of dose-volume histograms of the bladder, rectum and penis irradiated for target volumes defined by CT versus retrograde urethrography showed that more penis was irradiated in some patients with the urethrogram defined prostatic apex; irradiation of the base of the penis could be relatively avoided by using a six-field treatment plan instead of the standard four-field box. There is discordance between the CT and urethrogram defined prostatic apex. Dose-volume histogram information suggests that differences in apex localization can significantly affect doses to normal adjacent prostatic tissues. Combining CT localization with the urethrogram localization of the prostatic apex optimizes radiotherapy planning and dose delivery.
authors.affiliation: Michael Reese/University of Chicago Center for Radiation Therapy, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lubich
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chiru
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ignacio
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vijayakumar
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000379:methods; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014567:Urography / Q000379:methods