title: Risk factors for the development of obliterative bronchiolitis after lung transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute rejection has emerged as an important risk factor for obliterative bronchiolitis after lung transplantation. We performed a multivariate analysis to assess the impact of additional variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-four recipients (48 heart-lung, 18 single-lung, and 8 bilateral-lung recipients) who survived longer than 90 days and underwent transplantation more than 15 months before data analysis were included in this study. Several variables were entered into a Cox regression analysis to determine their association with the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome developed in 48 (65%) of 74 patients. Significant correlations were detected for acute rejection score, defined as the sum of pathologic grades of each separate acute rejection episode (p = 0.0004, likelihood ratio test value = 12.4) and for lymphocytic bronchiolitis (p = 0.03). In a bivariate model, episodes of organizing pneumonia and bacterial or fungal pneumonia significantly increased the likelihood ratio test value of the acute rejection score. The addition of the cytomegalovirus infection score, reflecting the frequency and severity of infection, to the combination of the acute rejection score and episodes of bacterial or fungal pneumonia resulted in a further significant increase in the likelihood ratio test value. Significant risk factors for moderate to severe stages of airflow limitation were at least one episode of acute rejection of grade > or = 2, younger recipient age, and any acute rejection episode 180 days or longer after transplantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing frequency and severity of acute rejection episodes are strongly associated with the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Lymphocytic bronchiolitis appeared to be significant by univariate analysis, but in a two-risk factor model, it did not augment the influence of acute rejection. Organizing pneumonia, bacterial or fungal pneumonia, and increasing severity and frequency of cytomegalovirus infections potentiate the effect of acute rejection. Late episodes of acute rejection and younger recipient age increase the risk for development of advanced disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine of the School of Medicine, Stanford University, Calif, USA.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Girgis
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Reichenspurner
authors.forename: V G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Valentine
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Conte
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ting
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Johnstone
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Reitz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Theodore
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001989:Bronchiolitis Obliterans / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection; D006801:Humans; D016040:Lung Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000150:complications; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012307:Risk Factors