title: Measurement and modeling of thermal transients during Er:YAG laser irradiation of vitreous.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the transient thermal behavior of vitreous in order to understand the local thermal effects of laser output, and to predict the potential for unintentional injury during Er:YAG laser vitreoretinal surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The output of a free-running Er:YAG laser (2.94 microns, 300 microseconds FWHM) was delivered through a fiberoptic and applied to en bloc samples of bovine vitreous. Temperature was measured with ultrafine thermocouples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For 6 mJ pulse energy at 10 Hz, a temperature rise of 20 degrees C is measured 500 microns from the laser tip. The temperature rise is localized with a rapid fall-off greater than 1 mm from the energy source. At constant time-averaged laser power, the temperature profile is independent of repetition rate. Our finite-difference model generates results qualitatively consistent with measured data and allows for investigation of the influence of thermophysical parameters on heat transfer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thermal injury to ocular structures should be limited during intravitreal application of Er:YAG laser energy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Bochow
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Talamo
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: D'Amico
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000528:radiation effects; D002417:Cattle; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D007834:Lasers; D008954:Models, Biological; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000528:radiation effects*