title: Adjunctive brainstem behaviors in the rat.
abstract: Adjunctive behaviors refers to behaviors that are "out of context" and/or excessive in amount. The terminology was first used for unexplained behaviors associated with food pellet ratio contingencies in food deprived rats (Falk, 1971). Clinically, unrelated and complex excessive behaviors were also noted with brainstem and diencephalic discharges (Andy, 1986, 1989 and 1995; Andy and Jurko, 1986). The objective of this study was to develop a model of brainstem generated adjunctive behaviors in the rat.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-one adult rats were used. Kindling was induced by mechanical and DC electrical perturbations in the midbrain. Nine different treatment groups were established in which lesions and drugs were used separately and in different combinations. Cocaine was used to accentuate, and dextrorphan to attenuate the kindling process. Behaviors were visually analyzed and recorded by video camera; they were not quantified. DC stimulation and EEGs were doen with Grass instruments. Recording and stimulation sights were verified histologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 45 different behaviors were elicited. DC stimulation kindled subjects had significantly more behaviors than did electrode insertion alone and cocaine alone. However, cocaine combined with DC stimulation increased the number and intensity of the kindled behaviors. Dextrorphan tended to facilitate catatonic and sleep states. Behaviors occurred randomly and were unrelated, even when they occurred in clusters. The behaviors were associated with four abnormal EEG discharge patterns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We speculate that brainstem behaviors are innate adjunctive drives that are generated in the brainstem reticular formation. They are monitored by the cortex and partially modified by environmental and cortical inputs.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Neurosurgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson 39216, USA.
authors.forename: O J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Andy
authors.forename: X B
authors.initials: XB
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lundien
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dearman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Andy
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Rockhold
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andrews
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003042:Cocaine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003917:Dextrorphan / Q000494:pharmacology; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects; D007696:Kindling, Neurologic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D011921:Rats, Inbred WKY; D012154:Reticular Formation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013239:Stereotyped Behavior / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D003917:Dextrorphan; D003042:Cocaine