Rho small G protein and cytoskeletal control.
The Rho family belongs to the Ras-related small GTP-binding protein (G protein) superfamily and regulates various cell functions in which the actomyosin system is involved, including cell morphology, membrane ruffling, cell motility, cell aggregation, cytokinesis, smooth muscle contraction, and yeast budding. Three GDP/GTP exchange proteins (GEPs), named Smg GDS, Dbl, and Rho GDI, and two GTPase activating proteins (GAPs), named Rho GAP and p190 associated with Ras GAP, have been identified. The Rho activity is likely to be regulated by protein kinase C which is linked through phospholipase C to the tyrosine kinase-type membrane receptors and the heterotrimeric G protein-linked receptors. It is likely that both Ras and Rho receive signals from the membrane receptors through different pathways and transduce signals to genes and cytoskeleton, respectively. In carcinogenesis, mutational activation of any component in the Ras signaling pathway may cause abnormal cell proliferation, whereas mutational activation of any component in the Rho signaling pathway may cause invasiveness and metastasis of carcinoma cells.
Takai
Y
Y
Department of Biochemistry, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan.
Kaibuchi
K
K
Sasaki
T
T
Tanaka
K
K
Shirataki
H
H
Nakanishi
H
H
D000205:Actomyosin / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000235:genetics; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000502:physiology*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D020690:GTPase-Activating Proteins; D020730:Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D008954:Models, Biological; D005810:Multigene Family; D043265:Phosphatidylinositol Diacylglycerol-Lyase; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases / Q000502:physiology; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases / Q000502:physiology; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000502:physiology; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D011506:Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor / Q000502:physiology; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D020668:rap GTP-Binding Proteins; D020703:ras GTPase-Activating Proteins; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D020666:ras-GRF1; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins; D062947:rho-Specific Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitors; D020743:rhoB GTP-Binding Protein
D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D020690:GTPase-Activating Proteins; D020730:Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitors; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor; D020703:ras GTPase-Activating Proteins; D020666:ras-GRF1; C085379:rho GTPase-activating protein; D062947:rho-Specific Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitors; D000205:Actomyosin; D011494:Protein Kinases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D020668:rap GTP-Binding Proteins; D018631:ras Proteins; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins; D020743:rhoB GTP-Binding Protein; D043265:Phosphatidylinositol Diacylglycerol-Lyase