title: Intrauterine growth restriction with absent end-diastolic flow velocity in the umbilical artery is associated with maldevelopment of the placental terminal villous tree.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to evaluate the structure of placental terminal villi and their capillaries in pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth restriction with absent end-diastolic flow velocity in the umbilical artery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Glutaraldehyde-perfusion-fixed villous tissue and a plastic cast of the vessels in at least two cotyledons were prepared from 10 cases with intrauterine growth restriction and 9 gestational age-matched control placentas. The structure and dimensions of 20 terminal capillary loops per cast were determined by scanning electron microscopic examination, and their appearances were correlated with the peripheral villi of the perfusion-fixed villous tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Capillary loops in the growth-restricted cases were sparse in number and significantly longer than in the control cases (218 microns [72] vs 137 microns [30], mean and SD, p < 0.05). They exhibited fewer branches (4.0 [1.9] per loop vs 6.1 [2.2], p < 0.05) and a majority of loops were uncoiled (79% vs 18%, p < 0.05). The villous tissues from the growth-restricted cases demonstrated elongated villi, consistent with the cast findings. The trophoblast surface was wrinkled and in some areas covered by fibrin plaques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The terminal villous compartment of the placenta appears to be maldeveloped in preterm intrauterine growth restriction pregnancies where absent end-diastolic flow velocity is demonstrated in the umbilical artery before delivery. These findings are consistent with an increase in fetoplacental vascular impedance at the capillary level and may account for the impaired gas and nutrient transfer in this disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Krebs
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Macara
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leiser
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Greer
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kingdom
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D002824:Chorionic Villi / Q000473:pathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D016319:Corrosion Casting; D003971:Diastole; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011247:Pregnancy; D014469:Umbilical Arteries / Q000503:physiopathology*