title: Retrograde atrial kick in acute aortic regurgitation. Study of mitral and pulmonary venous flow velocities by transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was the comprehensive evaluation of the changes in pulmonary venous and mitral flow velocities of patients with acute and chronic severe aortic regurgitation. Transmitral flow velocities obtained with pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography have been used to provide information on left ventricular (LV) filling and diastolic function. Pulmonary venous flow tracings are an important adjunct to LV inflow pattern in assessing LV diastolic function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen patients with severe aortic regurgitation (8 chronic and 6 acute) and in sinus rhythm were examined by transthoracic and transesophageal pulsed Doppler echocardiography. Mitral and pulmonary flow velocities were recorded and compared. All patients had ejection fractions > 40%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early mitral flow peak velocity was higher in patients with acute regurgitation (p < 0.001). The mitral A wave was absent in five patients with acute regurgitation. In contrast, a prominent reverse atrial pulmonary systolic wave AR was demonstrated in these patients. Peak diastolic velocity of the pulmonary venous flow was greater in patients with acute aortic regurgitation (0.76 +/- 0.13) than in patients with chronic aortic regurgitation (0.40 +/- 0.09) (p < 0.001). Peak systolic velocity did not differ significantly between the two groups. The systolic fraction of pulmonary venous flow in patients with acute aortic regurgitation was lower (0.43 +/- 0.05) than that of patients with chronic regurgitation (0.63 +/- 0.1) (p < 0.01). All patients with acute aortic regurgitation had an S/D ratio < 1, while those with chronic regurgitation had an S/D > 1 (p < 0.001) and an E/A < 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with severe acute aortic regurgitation showed a retrograde atrial kick (absence of transmitral A wave with prominent pulmonary AR wave). These patients had an S/D ratio < 1 (restrictive Doppler pattern). Patients with chronic aortic regurgitation exhibited a Doppler pattern of abnormal LV relaxation (E/A < 1, S/D > 1).
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitario de San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vilacosta
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: San Román
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arganda
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rollán
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Peral
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Harguindey
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zarco
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001022:Aortic Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D018619:Echocardiography, Doppler, Pulsed; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology