title: Short-term contamination of luting cements by water and saliva.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the effect of water, artificial saliva and natural saliva on the hardening process of three dental luting cements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cement samples, 1 mm thick and 5 mm in diameter, were subjected to various storage conditions in an oven maintained at 37 degrees C. Some samples were aged in 100% humidity or water for up to 1 wk. The other samples were covered with water, artificial saliva or natural saliva at various times after mixing. The Knoop hardness values of the cement surfaces were measured. Differences between groups were evaluated with an ANOVA followed by a Tukey multiple comparison at the 5% level of significance. The hardness ratio of the contaminated samples was calculated using the 30 min mean KHN of the samples aged in 100% humidity as the divisor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The glass ionomer samples were significantly harder (48.3 +/- 3.8) than the zinc phosphate (38.9 +/- 7.5) or composite cements (35.4 +/- 10.2) after 1 wk in 100% humidity storage condition. When immersed in water, the hardness of both the glass ionomer and the zinc phosphate decreased to almost half that of the specimens stored in 100% humidity (26.2 +/- 2.7 and 16.9 +/- 2.5, respectively). Contamination decreased the hardness of zinc phosphate and glass ionomer (hardness ratio, water contamination at 5 min: 0.39 +/- 0.10 and 0.52 +/- 0.12, respectively) but had very little effect on the composite. Overall, water had a greater softening effect than artificial or natural saliva on the cements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In light of these results, glass ionomer cement should be protected from water and saliva for the first 15 min after mixing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mojon
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaltio
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Feduik
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Hawbolt
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: MacEntee
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D010710:Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry; D019279:Resin Cements; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D012464:Saliva, Artificial / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D015036:Zinc Phosphate Cement / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D003738:Dental Cements; C061504:Flecks; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; C093719:Panavia TPN-S; D010710:Phosphates; D019279:Resin Cements; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; D014867:Water; C084541:Fuji glass-ionomer lining cement; D015036:Zinc Phosphate Cement