title: Adverse drug events in hospitalized patients. Excess length of stay, extra costs, and attributable mortality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the excess length of stay, extra costs, and mortality attributable to adverse drug events (ADEs) in hospitalized patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Matched case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The LDS Hospital, a tertiary care health care institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients admitted to LDS Hospital from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 1993, were eligible. Cases were defined as patients with ADEs that occurred during hospitalization; controls were selected according to matching variables in a stepwise fashion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controls were matched to cases on primary discharge diagnosis related group (DRG), age, sex, acuity, and year of admission; varying numbers of controls were matched to each case. Matching was successful for 71% of the cases, leading to 1580 cases and 20,197 controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Crude and attributable mortality, crude and attributable length of stay, and cost of hospitalization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ADEs complicated 2.43 per 100 admissions to the LDS Hospital during the study period. The crude mortality rates for the cases and matched controls were 3.5% and 1.05%, respectively (P<.001). The mean length of hospital stay significantly differed between the cases and matched controls (7.69 vs 4.46 days; P<.001) as did the mean cost of hospitalization ($10,010 vs $5355; P<.001). The extra length of hospital stay attributable to an ADE was 1.74 days (P<.001). The excess cost of hospitalization attributable to an ADE was $2013 (P<.001). A linear regression analysis for length of stay and cost controlling for all matching variables revealed that the occurrence of an ADE was associated with increased length of stay of 1.91 days and an increased cost of $2262 (P<.001). In a similar logistic regression analysis for mortality, the increased risk of death among patients experiencing an ADE was 1.88 (95% confidence interval, 1.54-2.22; P<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The attributable lengths of stay and costs of hospitalization for ADEs are substantial. An ADE is associated with a significantly prolonged length of stay, increased economic burden, and an almost 2-fold increased risk of death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology, LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT 84143, USA.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Classen
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Pestotnik
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Burke
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000191:economics; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D006302:Health Services Research; D006746:Hospital Bed Capacity, 500 and over; D017721:Hospital Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014589:Utah