title: Sequential modification of serines 621 and 624 in the Raf-1 carboxyl terminus produces alterations in its electrophoretic mobility.
abstract: The Raf-1 serine/threonine protein kinase plays a central role in many of the mitogenic signaling pathways regulating cell growth and differentiation. The regulation of Raf-1 is complex, and involves protein-protein interactions as well as changes in the phosphorylation state of Raf-1 that are accompanied by alterations in its electrophoretic mobility. We have previously shown that a 33-kDa COOH-terminal, kinase-inactive fragment of Raf-1 underwent a mobility shift in response to the stimulation of cells with serum or phorbol esters. Here we demonstrate that treatment of NIH 3T3 cells or Sf9 cells with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) also induces the mobility shift of the kinase-inactive Raf-1 fragment. A series of deletion mutants of the Raf-1 COOH terminus were analyzed, and the region required for the mobility shift was localized to a 78-amino acid fragment (residues 566-643). Metabolic labeling revealed that the slower migrating forms of the 33-kDa and of the smaller fragment contained phosphorus. Mutation of a previously characterized phosphorylation site, serine 621, to alanine prevented the mobility shift as well as phosphate incorporation or Src and Ras-dependent kinase activation in Sf9 cells when this mutation was engineered into the full-length Raf-1. Mutation of 621 to aspartate yielded a protein that existed in both the shifted and unshifted forms, demonstrating that a negative charge at 621 was necessary, but not sufficient, for the mobility shift to occur; however, its full-length form was still resistant to activation in the Sf9 system. Additional mutation of nearby serine 624 to alanine blocked the shift, implicating this residue as the site of the second of a two-step modification process leading to the slower migrating form. Co-expression of the 33-kDa fragment with an activated form of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase in NIH 3T3 led to the appearance of the shifted form in a serum-independent manner. These results demonstrate that a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-induced event involving modification of serines 621 and 624 leads to the mobility shift of Raf-1.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4040, USA.
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Ferrier
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Benvenuto
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lowy
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: DeClue
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017354:Point Mutation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000737:chemistry*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf; D012694:Serine; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D014162:Transfection; D015032:Zinc / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012694:Serine; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf; D015032:Zinc; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate