title: The differential diagnosis of ritual abuse allegations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because psychiatrists do not have a consistent way to classify and define the forms of child abuse that may be mistaken for ritual abuse, the objective of this paper is to create a comprehensive differential diagnosis of allegations of ritual abuse.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors reviewed 60 articles, chapters, and books that contained allegations of ritual abuse or behaviors that might be mistaken for ritual abuse, that were made by patients or caretakers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This paper clarifies the behaviors that represent or may be mistaken for ritual abuse: Cult-based ritual abuse, pseudoritualistic abuse, activities by organized satanic groups, repetitive psychopathological abuse, sexual abuse by pedophiles, child pornography portraying ritual abuse, distorted memory, false memory, false report due to a severe mental disorder, pseudologia phantastica, adolescent behavior simulating ritual abuse, epidemic hysteria, deliberate lying, and hoaxes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The differential diagnosis of allegations of ritual abuse is important in both clinical and forensic psychiatry. In some cases, it will not be possible to tell whether a particular allegation is factual or what the underlying mental processes are. It is important to separate the role of the mental health professional as therapist from the role as an expert witness in court.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric Hospital at Vanderbilt, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bernet
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005555:Forensic Psychiatry; D006801:Humans; D019221:Mandatory Reporting; D009781:Occultism