title: Pharmacokinetic characteristics of a new liquid sustained-release formulation of theophylline designed for the elderly and children: microcaps as sachet.
abstract: A new sustained-release theophylline formulation was especially designed for the elderly and children. Microcapsules of theophylline, administered as a suspension in water, proved to be a suitable dosage form for a clientele with impaired or difficult deglutition. Pharmacokinetic characteristics of 2 batches at the lower (T1) and the upper (T2) in vitro dissolution specification range of this new formulation and a pellet formulation (R) as a comparator were evaluated in an open, randomized, 3-way, multiple-dose, crossover study design with an asymmetric dosage regimen of 400 mg and 200 mg theophylline. Smooth and safe plasma concentrations with a high and long-lasting plateau were achieved with this new formulation. Plateau times which are independent of the asymmetric dosage regimen ranged from 16.4 hours (T1) to 13.8 hours (T2) and could therefore span sufficient time of the dosage interval. Maximum serum levels of 9.6 micrograms/ml and 10.0 micrograms/ml were attained 6.6 and 6.1 hours after dosing of T1 and T2, coinciding perfectly with the time of the critical morning dip at 2-4 a.m. With a nocturnal excess of 15.5% (T1) and 17.9% (T2) this circadian-tailored asymmetric dosage regimen proved to take into account the chronopathology of asthma and the chronopharmacokinetics of theophylline sustained-release preparations. Bioequivalence of all 3 formulations versus each other with regard to rate (Cmaxss) and extent (AUC(tau)ss) of absorption could be established for the 2 batches at the upper and lower in vitro specification range and for both batches of the new formulation compared to the reference. All in all, safety and efficacy of this new liquid prolonged-release theophylline could be established. Furthermore, in vitro specifications could be justified according to current EU guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Klinge Pharma GmbH, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Von Nieciecki
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laicher
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gay
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pabst
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002214:Capsules; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008875:Middle Aged; D013806:Theophylline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D002214:Capsules; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D013806:Theophylline