title: Pain and discomfort during mammography.
abstract: The aim of this prospective study was to investigate associations of mammography pain and discomfort with sociodemographics, personal history and psychological and situational factors. Subjects were women with a negative screening finding (n = 883) from a random sample of 50-year-old Finnish women attending their first breast cancer screening. Questionnaires were sent 1 month before the screening invitation and 2 months after screening. Sixty-one per cent reported painful and 59% uncomfortable mammograms (4% severely). Linear regression analyses showed that anticipation of pain and discomfort was the most powerful factor explaining pain and discomfort among women with earlier mammography. However, it had no effect among women without earlier mammography, for whom screening-related nervousness and perceptions of staff were crucial. Suggested interventions include better information before screening, a friendly screening atmosphere and empathetic, supportive staff behaviour, especially towards women having their first mammogram, encouraging them to feel more at ease and distracted from pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Aro
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Absetz-Ylöstalo
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eerola
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pamilo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lönnqvist
mesh_terms: D001294:Attitude to Health; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000523:psychology; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011897:Random Allocation; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012677:Sensation