title: Primary gonadotropin releasing hormone and adjunctive human chorionic gonadotropin treatment in cryptorchidism: a clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effect of intranasal gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and intramuscular human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the treatment of cryptorchidism was investigated in 48 prepubertal boys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight prepubertal boys with 70 undescended testes were enrolled into a prospective study between November 1989 and November 1991. GnRH was applied as nasal spray at a dose of 1.2 mg/day for 4 weeks. The patients with partial descent were subsequently treated with 1500 IU hCG weekly for 3 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete descent was observed in 53% (37 of 70) of testes; 58% (15 of 26) in unilateral and 50% (22 of 44) in bilateral undescended testes. One abdominally located testicle did not respond to therapy. Of 37 testes located in the inguinal canal, seven (19%) descended. On the other hand, descensus rates were 100% for the testes located at the external inguinal ring and at a high scrotal level. Six primarily descended testes (16%) showed relapse during the follow-up. Surgery was performed in 12 patients (14 testes), revealing associated hernia in nine testes and epididymal anomalies in four.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We believe that the GnRH and hCG combination is an effective therapy for undescended testes located at and beyond the external inguinal ring and should be the first treatment choice because of its noninvasiveness. Both unilateral and bilateral undescended testes responded with similar success rate to hormonal therapy. Surgery should be considered for proximal cryptorchidism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Istanbul University Medical Faculty, Turkey.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nane
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ziylan
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Esen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kocak
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ander
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tellaloglu
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone