title: The nosologic status of the whiplash syndrome: a critical review based on a methodological approach.
abstract: METHODS
  Empirical studies concerning the whiplash syndrome are reviewed from the point of view of epidemiologic methodology.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the nosologic status of the whiplash syndrome.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Although a large number of studies concerning the syndrome exist, there is still controversy concerning the existence of the syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  The manner in which each study contributes to the validity of the syndrome is determined on the basis of the methodologic design (descriptive, case-control, cohort, and intervention/experimental) of the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whereas the face validity of the syndrome is excellent, the descriptive, construct, and predictive validity are rather poor. In particular, convincing empirical evidence for a causal link (construct validity) between the trauma mechanism and chronic symptoms is sparse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carefully conducted studies designed to assess the degree to which head and nec trauma contribute to the development of chronic pain, particularly head and neck pain, are urgently needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Stovner
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology*