title: Intrapleural administration of streptokinase in complicated purulent pleural effusion: a CT-guided strategy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the usefulness and the results of a strategy using intrapleural streptokinase (SK) instillation guided by repeated computed tomography (CT) scan examinations in pleural empyemas unresponsive to chest tube drainage.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical Intensive Care Unit and Department of Radiology, in a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen patients with empyema who had a persistent pleural effusion despite drainage, among 37 patients with infectious pleural effusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the 16 patients, CT examination was performed before and at least once after SK. Intrapleural SK was instilled, either through the chest tube or via a needle puncture, according to the CT scan results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The first CT scan confirmed a persistent effusion in all, showing a multiloculated effusion in 13 patients, and an ectopic loculus in one. The first SK instillation resulted in a dramatic increase of fluid drained per day (from 68 +/- 28 ml to 567 +/- 262 ml; p < 0.001), leading to complete resolution in 11 patients, while the others required a second CT scan-guided procedure. In one, the chest tube was misplaced, while in two, transparietal injection was needed. Finally, a complete resolution was observed in 14 (87.5%) of the patients. Two patients had a poor initial response to SK and were eventually scheduled for video-thoracoscopy. A single episode of chills and fever was observed among 32 SK instillations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CT-guided SK instillation in pleural empyema appears to be safe, and allowed complete resolution in 87.5% of our patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care Unit, INSERM U 296, Paris XII University, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roupie
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bouabdallah
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Delclaux
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brun-Buisson
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lemaire
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vasile
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brochard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015505:Chest Tubes; D016724:Empyema, Pleural / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007322:Instillation, Drug; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000209:etiology*; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013300:Streptokinase / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D013300:Streptokinase