title: Hippocampal sclerosis contributes to dementia in the elderly.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relevance of hippocampal sclerosis (HS) to dementia in the elderly.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  HS is a prominent pathologic finding in some demented elderly, but the anatomic substrate and cognitive profiles of this dementia have not been well established.
  
  
  METHODS
  An autopsy series, including dot-immunobinding assay to estimate neocortical synaptic density, of eight patients (three men, five women) with HS on whom extensive antemortem neuropsychological testing was available.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age at onset was 72.0 (+/-9.8) (range, 59 to 89) with a mean duration of symptoms of 6.5 (+/-2.9) years. Patients were only mildly impaired with a mean MMSE of 20.9 (+/-4.9) and a mean DRS of 103.1 (+/-12.5) at presentation. Cardiovascular disease was present in 88%, with a mean Hachinski score of 3.4 (+/-2.2). No patient had a history of seizures. Sixty-three percent had depression or depressive symptoms. Neuropsychologically, most patients presented with prominent memory and language deficits and became progressively demented. Neuropathologically, isolated HS was a rare finding; many patients had either very mild or neocortical "plaque only or plaque predominant" Alzheimer's disease (AD) in addition to HS changes. Midfrontal neocortical synaptophysin counts were significantly reduced in all HS patients compared with controls (p = 0.0006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the elderly, HS can be a neuropathologic substrate of dementia. Clinically, it can be associated with a course that is difficult to distinguish from AD although cardiac disease and depression are frequent concomitants. Deterioration of cognitive function in these subjects may relate to other pathologic features such as neocortical synapse loss.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Corey-Bloom
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Sabbagh
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Bondi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Alford
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Masliah
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Thal
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D003071:Cognition; D003704:Dementia / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012016:Reference Values; D012598:Sclerosis