title: Estrogen replacement therapy after coronary angioplasty in women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of estrogen replacement therapy on long-term outcome, including restenosis, myocardial infarction, stroke and death after a first percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) procedure, in postmenopausal women.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Observational and epidemiologic studies, basic laboratory research and clinical trials consistently suggest that estrogen replacement therapy is associated with beneficial cardiovascular effects in women. These cardioprotective actions may be particularly relevant to women with coronary artery disease, such as those who have undergone PTCA.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective study that included 337 women who underwent elective PTCA between 1982 and 1994. The treatment group consisted of 137 consecutive women receiving long-term estrogen therapy at the time of elective PTCA and during follow-up. The control group comprised 200 women who were computer-matched with the estrogen group. The mean follow-up period was 65 +/- 35 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Actuarial survival was superior in the estrogen group; the 7-year survival rate was 93% for the estrogen group versus 75% for the control group (p = 0.001). The cardiovascular event rate (death, nonfatal myocardial infarction or nonfatal stroke) was significantly lower in the estrogen group at 7 years (12% vs. 35% in the control group, p = 0.001). The need for subsequent revascularization during follow-up was similar in the two groups. Multivariable analysis identified diabetes, estrogen therapy (adjusted risk ratio 0.38, 95% confidence interval 0.19 to 0.79) and left ventricular ejection fraction < 40% as independent correlates of cardiovascular death or myocardial infarction during follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Estrogen replacement therapy was associated with an improved long-term outcome after PTCA in postmenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Mid America Heart Institute, St. Luke's Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: O'Keefe
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: V C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Cochran
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Lawhorn
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: McCallister
mesh_terms: D000206:Actuarial Analysis; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002423:Cause of Death; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome