title: Myocardial contrast echocardiography in acute myocardial infarction using aortic root injections of microbubbles in conjunction with harmonic imaging: potential application in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate myocardial contrast echocardiography using aortic root injections with harmonic imaging in experimental acute myocardial infarction to determine the potential of this approach in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  It would be desirable to have an adjunctive procedure that could evaluate myocardial perfusion at the time of cardiac catheterization in patients with acute myocardial infarction. A single injection of contrast medium in the aortic root would provide complete information on myocardial perfusion in a cross section of the heart. High quality images would provide on-line assessment of myocardial perfusion without recourse to image processing. These data could be very valuable for determining patient management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Perfusion defects on myocardial contrast echocardiography were measured during coronary occlusion and reflow, using fundamental and harmonic imaging in both continuous and intermittent modes in nine open chest dogs. These defects were compared with risk area on technetium-99m autoradiography and infarct size on tissue staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whereas harmonic imaging increased myocardial video intensity by more than twofold (p < 0.001) compared with fundamental imaging after aortic root injection of contrast medium, intermittent imaging was not superior to continuous imaging. The improved signal to noise ratio of harmonic imaging allowed on-line definition of risk area (r = 0.98) and infarct size (r = 0.93) without recourse to off-line processing. Similar results could be obtained with fundamental imaging only after off-line processing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aortic root injection of contrast medium coupled with harmonic imaging can be used to provide accurate on-line assessment of risk area and infarct size during acute myocardial infarction. These results have important implications for the catheterization laboratory.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville 22908, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Firschke
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lindner
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Skyba
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaul
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D000418:Albumins; D000818:Animals; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D003287:Contrast Media; D004285:Dogs; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D058906:Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin; D014665:Vasodilator Agents
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; C060687:Albunex; D003287:Contrast Media; D058906:Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D000241:Adenosine; C101949:binodenoson