title: Logistic analysis of studies with two-stage sampling: a comparison of four approaches.
abstract: This paper discusses the analysis of two-stage studies where covariates are missing or measured with error at the first stage of sampling and are validated at the second stage in a subsample. Four recently developed approaches, the weighted pseudo-likelihood method of Flanders and Greenland (1991), the pseudo-conditional likelihood methods of Breslow and Cain (1988) and Schill et al. (1993) and the maximum likelihood estimate obtained via the EM-algorithm (Wacholder and Weinberg, 1994) are reviewed, and some connections between them are established. It is shown that, with respect to odds ratio estimation, case-control designs can be analysed as if first-stage sampling had been prospective. The procedures are numerically compared with respect to asymptotic relative efficiency in a missing value setting.
authors.affiliation: Bremen Institute for Prevention Research and Social Medicine, Germany.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schill
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Drescher
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D016015:Logistic Models; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects