title: Waterborne protozoan pathogens.
abstract: Protozoan parasites were the most frequently identified etiologic agents in waterborne disease outbreak from 1991 to 1994. The waterborne parasites Giardia lamblia, Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayetanesis, Isospora belli, and the microsporidia are reviewed. For each parasite, the review includes history, life cycle, incidence, symptoms, and therapy. Clinical detection methods are compared, and emerging technologies are discussed. Information on the association of these parasites with waterborne outbreaks is reviewed. Current information on protozoan parasites identified as etiological agents in waterborne outbreaks is discussed. Water industry issues related to recent disease outbreaks are examined in the context of water quality testing regulations for G. lamblia and those proposed for C. parvum. The review identifies the limitations of the American Society of Testing and Materials water-testing method for these parasites. An overview of federal regulations affecting the water industry and laboratories that test for water quality is also provided. The article highlights the importance of the clinical laboratory as a frontline defense for the detection of infectious organisms. The review points to the need for clinical laboratories, physicians, and public health personnel to cooperatively plan and assess the challenge of meeting this potential public health threat.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Science, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA. marshalm@u.arizona.edu
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Naumovitz
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Sterling
mesh_terms: D000048:Acanthamoeba / Q000254:growth & development; D000562:Amebiasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D000563:Amebicides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000994:Antitrichomonal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003048:Coccidiosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D003457:Cryptosporidiosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D016785:Cryptosporidium parvum / Q000254:growth & development; D021741:Eimeriida / Q000254:growth & development; D004748:Entamoeba histolytica / Q000254:growth & development; D004749:Entamoebiasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D016829:Giardia lamblia / Q000254:growth & development; D005873:Giardiasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007549:Isospora / Q000254:growth & development; D016816:Microsporida / Q000254:growth & development; D016881:Microsporidiosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D016848:Naegleria fowleri / Q000254:growth & development; D011528:Protozoan Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence
chemical_list: D000563:Amebicides; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D000994:Antitrichomonal Agents