title: Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to bax mRNA promote survival of rat sympathetic neurons in culture.
abstract: Previous in vitro studies have shown that the presence of high levels of Bax protein accelerated the rate of cell death following growth factor deprivation and that the ratio of cell death repressor Bcl-2 to cell death effector Bax may determine the susceptibility to apoptosis. Both Bcl-2 and Bax protein expression has been detected in sympathetic neurons in vivo, and overexpression of bcl-2 in cultured sympathetic neurons prevented apoptosis after deprivation of nerve growth factor (NGF). In the present study, we investigated the expression of bax and bcl-2 in primary cultures of sympathetic neurons from rat superior cervical ganglia. Furthermore, we tested the effects of a partially phosphorothioated bax antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) on the survival of sympathetic neurons in cultures supplied with suboptimal concentrations of NGF (0.5 ng/ml). A constitutive expression of bax mRNA at high levels was detected by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction which did not change significantly following NGF reduction or treatment with bax antisense ODN. A decrease in Bcl-2 immunoreactivity was observed by immunocytochemistry in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons when cultured under suboptimal NGF concentrations, whereas Bcl-2 immunolabeled non-neuronal cells were not affected. Maximal number of neurons was obtained in control cultures containing 50 ng/ml of NGF. Few neurons survived in cultures grown in 0.5 ng/ml of NGF for 2 days (12.0 +/- 1.5% of controls, mean +/- SEM). Addition of two control ODNs at 1 microM had no effect on neuronal survival (10.1 +/- 1.2% and 11.0 +/- 1.3%, respectively), while the number of neurons was significantly increased in NGF-reduced cultures treated with a bax antisense ODNs (1 microM) (31.5 +/- 1.9%). Administration of fluorescein-labeled ODNs demonstrated intracellular uptake into cultured neurons. Treatment with bax antisense ODNs caused a significant reduction of Bax protein levels in SCG neurons by 46 +/- 2.6% as assessed by immuno-cytochemistry and digital image analysis. Taken together, our data demonstrate a constitutive expression of bax mRNA in sympathetic neurons suggesting that activation of bax expression may not be required for neuronal cell death after NGF withdrawal. After changing to suboptimal NGF concentrations, the cell-specific reduction in Bcl-2 immunoreactivity preceded morphological signs of degeneration indicating that growth factor starvation may down-regulate neuronal bcl-2 expression. Treatment with bax antisense ODNs indicated that suppression of Bax protein synthesis may promote neuronal survival in the threshold situation of insufficient trophic support.
authors.affiliation: II. Physiologisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gillardon
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Uhlmann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krajewski
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Klimaschewski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects*; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017783:Superior Cervical Ganglion / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein
chemical_list: C494828:Bax protein, rat; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein