title: Contribution of craniofacial risk factors in increasing apneic activity among obese and nonobese habitual snorers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the role of craniofacial risk factors in increasing apneic activity between nonobese and obese habitual snorers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional.
  
  
  METHODS
  Care-seeking volunteers identified through advertisements, and referral-based volunteers from two sleep centers serving the greater Cleveland area.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 142 habitual snorers (mean +/- SD, 45.5 +/- 10.6 years, 68% men; 20% African-Americans)
  
  
  RESULTS
  Apneic activity was determined using unattended home sleep monitoring to assess the respiratory disturbance index (RDI). Independent variables included body mass index, cranial index, facial index, and 13 anatomic variables (lateral and frontal cephalometric radiographs were used to characterize craniofacial hard and soft tissues). A linear regression model explained approximately 54% and 53% of the variation in RDI (log transformed) scores for the nonobese and obese groups, respectively. The largest predictor of RDI in the nonobese group was tongue length, followed by alignment of the middle cranial fossa, and age. In the obese group, the largest predictor of RDI was hyoid to mandibular plane, followed by tongue length.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measurements of soft tissues of the oropharynx (especially the tongue) are more closely associated with increased apneic activity. In addition, the hard tissue anatomic limits of the oropharynx may place nonobese individuals in the at-risk group. Therefore, anatomic relationships that are temporally stable may be useful to predict apneic activity in later years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hans
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002508:Cephalometry; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005145:Face / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012886:Skull / Q000473:pathology*; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D014059:Tongue / Q000473:pathology