title: Quantitative three dimensional echocardiography in patients with pulmonary hypertension and compressed left ventricles: comparison with cross sectional echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the accuracy of quantitative three dimensional echocardiography in patients with deformed left ventricles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three dimensional and cross sectional echocardiographic estimates of left ventricular volume and ejection fraction were prospectively compared to those obtained from magnetic resonance imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Echocardiography laboratory of a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  26 patients (9 months to 42 years, median age 11 years) with pulmonary hypertension and fixed reversal of normal interventricular septal curvature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Left ventricular end diastolic and end systolic volumes and ejection fraction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three dimensional echocardiographic comparison to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) yielded r values of 0.94 and 0.87 with a bias of -6.9 (SD 6.9) ml and -16 (11.2) ml for systolic and diastolic volumes respectively. Inter-observer variability was minimal (8.3% and 7.6% respectively). Cross sectional echocardiography gave correlation coefficients of 0.62 and 0.80 and bias of 3.1 (14.1) ml and 16.3 (18.3) ml for systolic and diastolic volumes respectively. Ejection fraction by three dimensional echocardiography also had closer agreement with MRI (bias = 1.1 (7.7)%) than cross sectional echocardiography (bias = 4.4 (13.9)%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three dimensional echocardiography provides reliable estimates of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction, comparable to magnetic resonance imaging in pulmonary hypertension patients with compressed ventricular geometry. Because it eliminates the need for geometric assumptions it shows closer agreement with magnetic resonance imaging in that setting than cross sectional echocardiography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Babies and Children's Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Apfel
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Gopal
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vangi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Solowiejczyk
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Altmann
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Barst
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Boxt
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Allan
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004452:Echocardiography; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging