title: Alteration of human placental vascular tone by antiarrhythmic medications in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antiarrhythmic medications are commonly used during pregnancy for treatment of maternal or fetal arrhythmias, but little is known about their effect on human placental vascular tone and, consequently, placental blood flow. The objective of this study was to evaluate the tone responses caused by antiarrhythmic medications in human placental vessels from normal term pregnancies in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isolated human placental arteries and veins from uncomplicated term pregnancies incubated in Krebs'-bicarbonate under 5% oxygen/5% carbon dioxide/balance nitrogen (PO2 35 to 38 torr) were exposed to cumulative doses of quinidine, procainamide, lidocaine, flecainide, propranolol, amiodarone, verapamil, digoxin, and adenosine after submaximal contraction with 5-hydroxytryptamine. The study was conducted both in the presence and absence of endothelium. The addition of the tested medications caused a significant, dose-dependent relaxation of human placental arteries and veins except for adenosine, which induced a sustained, dose-dependent contraction of human placental vessels regardless of the presence or absence of tone. Removal of the endothelium did not alter these responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on these results, the medications tested should have no decremental effect on placental blood flow, with the possible exception of adenosine, which causes significant, dose-dependent contraction of human placental vessels in vitro. Should similar contraction be present in vivo, it may have an adverse effect on the fetus when administering adenosine to pregnant women at term or during labor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown 26506, USA.
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Omar
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arsich
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Einzig
mesh_terms: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010920:Placenta / Q000098:blood supply*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D012016:Reference Values; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents