title: Faciogenital dysplasia protein (FGD1) and Vav, two related proteins required for normal embryonic development, are upstream regulators of Rho GTPases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dbl, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for members of the Rho family of small GTPases, is the prototype of a family of 15 related proteins. The majority of proteins that contain a DH (Dbl homology) domain were isolated as oncogenes in transfection assays, but two members of the DH family, FGD1 (the product of the faciogenital dysplasia or Aarskog-Scott syndrome locus) and Vav, have been shown to be essential for normal embryonic development. Mutations to the FGD1 gene result in a human developmental disorder affecting specific skeletal structures, including elements of the face, cervical vertebrae and distal extremities. Homozygous Vav-/- knockout mice embryos are not viable past the blastocyst stage, indicating an essential role of Vav in embryonic implantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we show that the microinjection of FGD1 and Vav into Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts induces the polymerization of actin and the assembly of clustered integrin complexes. FGD1 activates Cdc42, whereas Vav activates Rho, Rac and Cdc42. In addition, FGD1 and Vav stimulate the mitogen activated protein kinase cascade that leads to activation of the c-Jun kinase SAPK/JNK1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that FGD1 and Vav are regulators of the Rho GTPase family. Along with their target proteins Cdc42, Rac and Rho, FGD1 and Vav control essential signals required during embryonic development.
authors.affiliation: CRC Oncogene and Signal Transduction Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, London, UK.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Pasteris
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gorski
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020558:GTP Phosphohydrolases / Q000378:metabolism*; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors; D006801:Humans; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D051567:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-vav; D020764:cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; C490796:FGD1 protein, human; C097489:Fgd1 protein, mouse; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors; C057811:MCF2 protein, human; C512843:Mcf2 protein, mouse; D011506:Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051567:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-vav; C496618:VAV1 protein, human; C496619:Vav1 protein, mouse; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020558:GTP Phosphohydrolases; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D020764:cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein