title: Juvenile onset of primary Sjögren's syndrome: report of 10 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ten new cases with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) whose disease began before age 16 are described. Special attention is paid both to the follow-up and treatment of this condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases with juvenile pSS were retrospectively identified from our series of 180 pSS patients. Ocular, salivary, and extraglandular manifestations as well as a full laboratory evaluation including HLA-DR typing were retrieved.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A disease prevalence of 5.5% (10 cases, 8 female and 2 male) was found in our series. The mean age at onset was 11.0 years, but the disease started at the age of 4 in 2 patients. At onset, parotid swelling was found in 6 cases and extraglandular manifestations in 3. Throughout the follow-up period (mean 48.6 months from the time of diagnosis), the clinical picture was similar to that of pSS in adults, but oral involvement was generally milder. Extraglandular manifestations were always present but never severe. Pertinent laboratory abnormalities (e.g. rheumatoid factor, polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia, leukopenia, increased ESR, ANA and anti-SSA/SSB antibodies) were found in all patients. Specifically, ANA and anti-SSA were always positive. Moreover, in our cases histocompatibility antigens HLA-DR3 and DR 52 were closely associated with the disease. Clinical outcome was difficult to predict; however, no serious complications have been observed so far. We obtained good results with low-dose steroids and/or hydroxychloroquine, especially with regard to the extraglandular manifestations and laboratory abnormalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We confirm that juvenile pSS is not a rare condition. It closely resembles pSS in adults except for the extremely high prevalence of recurrent parotitis and immunological findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, University of Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Ostuni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ianniello
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sfriso
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mazzola
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andretta
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Gambari
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006650:Histocompatibility Testing; D006801:Humans; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine