title: Bacterial colonization as a potential source of nosocomial respiratory infections in two types of spirometer.
abstract: The potential risk of spirometers in the transmission of respiratory infections has not been yet established. We performed a prospective cross-sectional study to determine the rate of colonization of a water-sealed spirometer and a pneumotachograph, and the potential risk of cross-transmission of microorganisms to patients using each of these devices. Fifty four patients (aged 51 +/- 18 (mean +/- SD) yrs) were included in the study. All of them had undergone forced spirometry with bronchodilator response by means of the water-sealed spirometer (n = 36) or the pneumotachograph (n = 18). None had a clinically apparent respiratory infection at the time of the study. Routine hygiene measures for respiratory equipment were performed before the study protocol. Samples for microbiological cultures of different parts both of the water-sealed spirometer (proximal and distal tubing, bell and water-bell) and pneumotachograph (proximal and distal tubing) were taken daily before and after the usual series of lung function tests during a 5 day period. Pharyngeal swab cultures were obtained before spirometry and 7 days later in each subject. Thirty six out of a total of 40 (90%) culture samples from the water-sealed spirometer showed microbial growth compared to 4 out of 30 (13%) samples obtained from the pneumotachograph (p < 0.0001). Significant colonization of the water-sealed spirometer was apparent after the third day of the study. The microorganisms most frequently isolated were penicillium sp. (62%), Pseudomonas fluorescens (32%), and Burkholderia cepacea (48%). Distal tubing, water and water-bell were the parts of the water-sealed spirometer that showed higher colonization counts (> or = 10(4) colony-forming units (cfu).mL-1). No transmission sequence of potentially pathogenic microorganisms from equipment to patients or vice versa could be demonstrated. In summary, the water-sealed spirometer frequently became colonized by microorganisms. The potential hazard of such equipment as reservoirs of microorganisms suggests a need for the implementation of new hygiene measures for their maintenance.
authors.affiliation: Servei de Pneumologia i Allérgia Respiratoría, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Burgos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Puig de la Bellacasa
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Roisin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roca
mesh_terms: D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000635:transmission*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000635:transmission*; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010614:Pharynx / Q000382:microbiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests / Q000295:instrumentation; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000635:transmission*; D013147:Spirometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013997:Time Factors