The etiology and pathogenesis of laryngeal carcinoma.
Epidemiologic data suggest that the etiology and pathogenesis of laryngeal carcinoma are influenced by environmental and lifestyle-related factors, such as tobacco use, ethanol consumption, and exposure to toxic substances. In addition, dietary factors, irradiation, papilloma virus infection, and laryngopharyngeal reflux seem to be significant carcinogenic cofactors. This article presents a multi-factorial model of laryngeal mucosal carcinogenesis.
Koufman
J A
JA
Center For Voice Disorders of Wake Forest University, Department of Otolaryngology, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1034, USA.
Burke
A J
AJ
D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D003043:Cocarcinogenesis; D004777:Environment; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007818:Laryngeal Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D007822:Laryngeal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D027383:Papillomaviridae; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections; D010608:Pharyngeal Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D011830:Radiation Effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D014118:Toxins, Biological / Q000009:adverse effects; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections
D014118:Toxins, Biological; D000431:Ethanol