title: Cost-effectiveness of perioperative mupirocin nasal ointment in cardiothoracic surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the cost-effectiveness of perioperative intranasal application of mupirocin calcium ointment in cardiothoracic surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost-effectiveness analysis based on results of an intervention study with historical controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  University Hospital Rotterdam, a tertiary referral center for cardiac and pulmonary surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery between August 1, 1989, and February 1, 1991 (control group, n = 928), and between March 1, 1991, and August 1, 1992 (intervention group, n = 868).
  
  
  METHODS
  Perioperative nasal application of mupirocin calcium ointment started on the day before surgery, continued for 5 days, twice daily.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postoperative costs were increased significantly in patients with a surgical-site infection (SSI), compared with uninfected patients (P < .001). Mean SSI-attributable costs were estimated at $16,878 (95% confidence interval, $15,575-$18,181). The incidence of SSIs was 7.3% in the control group and 2.8% in the intervention group, mupirocin effectiveness being 62%. The costs of mupirocin were $11 per patient. Thus, the savings per SSI prevented were $16,633. To validate this comparative estimate of SSI-attributable costs, a noncomparative analysis of the postoperative length of stay (POLS) was performed, according to the Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol. Approximately 50% of the comparative SSI-attributable POLS were judged SSI-attributable in the noncomparative analysis. Sensitivity analyses, testing for the robustness of our conclusions, indicated that the presented model is rather insensitive to variations in the incidence of SSIs and for the effectiveness and costs of mupirocin. SSI-attributable costs were shown to be the only variable with substantial effect on the cost-effectiveness ratio. Perioperative mupirocin would result in net costs instead of savings only if SSI-attributable costs were less than $245.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SSIs in patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery are associated with a substantial increase in postoperative costs. Provided that perioperative mupirocin reduces the SSI rate, this measure will be highly cost-effective in most centers providing cardiothoracic surgical services.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: VandenBergh
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kluytmans
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: van Hout
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Maat
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Seerden
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McDonnel
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Verbrugh
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002353:Carrier State / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016527:Drug Costs; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016712:Mupirocin / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology*; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000382:microbiology*; D013903:Thoracic Surgery
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D016712:Mupirocin