title: Selective surgical indications for iatrogenic hemobilia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was undertaken to assess the place for surgery in patients with iatrogenic hemobilia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen patients were treated for hemobilia caused by percutaneous liver biopsy (n = 11), percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC, n = 5), or percutaneous biliary drainage (PBD, n = 3). Selective embolization was attempted in all patients who bled after percutaneous liver biopsy or PTC but one, whereas irrigation via the external catheter was tried first in patients bleeding after PBD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Selective embolization was successful in 13 cases (87%) of 15. Technical impossibility of selective embolization (n = 2) and absence of recognizable vascular lesion (n = 1) were the reasons for surgery in three actively bleeding patients. Indications for delayed surgery included hemocholecystitis (n = 3) and inadvertent embolization of the gallbladder (n = 1). Biliary decompression was only required after PTC and was achieved by endoscopic sphincterotomy (n = 3), percutaneous transtumoral intubation (n = 1), or surgery (n = 1) after failure of percutaneous biliary dilation. After PBD, repeat irrigation and tube replacement were used to stop the bleeding and to decompress the biliary tract without embolization or surgery. None of the 19 patients died, and none experienced recurrent bleeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgical indications for iatrogenic hemobilia are limited and include failure or complication of arterial embolization, hemocholecystitis, and failed attempt at endoscopic or percutaneous biliary decompression in case of obstructive jaundice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dousset
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sauvanet
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bardou
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Legmann
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vilgrain
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Belghiti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001662:Biliary Tract Surgical Procedures; D001706:Biopsy / Q000009:adverse effects; D002758:Cholangiography / Q000009:adverse effects; D004322:Drainage / Q000009:adverse effects; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005260:Female; D006431:Hemobilia / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged