title: Evolving stages of lipohemarthrosis of the knee. Sequential magnetic resonance imaging findings in cadavers with clinical correlation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lipohemarthrosis, the presence of fat and blood in a joint cavity, exhibits several complex layers related to differences in specific component relaxation on magnetic resonance (MR) images. The authors investigated sequential changes in the appearance of lipohemarthrosis of the knee as demonstrated by MR imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sequential MR imaging over a 4-day period was performed on two cadaveric knees after intraarticular injection of blood from a volunteer and fat from a cadaveric tibia (50 mL of blood and 25 mL of fat in one knee and 15 mL of blood and 5 mL of fat in the other knee). The authors determined components in the joint based on MR signal behavior. Magnetic resonance imaging examinations of four patients with intracapsular fractures and lipohemarthroses of the knee were reviewed retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sequential MR images of cadaveric knees showed serial changes representing progressive formation and lysis of blood clot. Several fluid-fluid levels (globules of fat at the interface between fat and blood) and entrapment of fat were early findings of lipohemarthrosis. Three different fluid levels appeared approximately 3 hours after injection of fresh blood and marrow fat. The 96-hour study demonstrated three distinct levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lipohemarthrosis demonstrates temporal changes on MR imaging related to stages of formation and lysis of blood clot.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center 92161, USA.
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jaovisidha
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Maeseneer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sartoris
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Resnick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002102:Cadaver; D018450:Disease Progression; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006395:Hemarthrosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000473:pathology*; D008068:Lipomatosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male