title: Diurnal activity and pulsatility of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal system in male depressed patients and healthy controls.
abstract: There is only sparse and ambiguous information about circadian and pulsatile secretion features of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical system in depression. We studied 15 severely depressed (Hamilton Depression Scale 30.4 +/- 6.7) male patients (age 22-72 yr; mean, 47.7 +/- 14.8) and 22 age-matched male controls (age 23-85 yr; mean, 53.1 +/- 18.2). Twenty-four-hour blood sampling from 0800-0800 h with 30-min sampling intervals was performed; from 1800-2400 h, blood was drawn every 10 min. Multivariate analysis of covariance, with the covariate being age, revealed mean 24-h cortisol (315.9 +/- 58.5 vs. 188.2 +/- 27.3 nmol/L) and mean ACTH (7.82 +/- 1.94 vs. 5.79 +/- 1.28 pmol/L) to be significantly increased in depressed patients. The frequency of cortisol (2.6 +/- 0.7 vs. 1.3 +/- 1.0 pulses/6 h) and ACTH (2.6 +/- 1.6 vs. 1.6 +/- 1.4 pulses/6 h) pulses during the evening were higher in patients compared to controls. The flattened circadian cortisol variation and reduced time of quiescence of cortisol secretory activity (140 +/- 116 vs. 305 +/- 184 min) in patients suggest disturbances of circadian functions. We conclude that increased hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical activity in depression is related to a greater frequency of episodic hormone release, and we hypothesize that the observed circadian changes might be partly due to altered mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor capacity and function.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Clinical Institute, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deuschle
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schweiger
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gotthardt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Körner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schmider
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Standhardt
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lammers
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Heuser
mesh_terms: D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000378:metabolism*; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003863:Depression / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010507:Periodicity; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone