title: Immunohistologic analysis of renal CD40 and CD40L expression in lupus nephritis and other glomerulonephritides.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate potential mechanisms by which CD40L-mediated signals may be involved in the pathogenesis of lupus glomerulonephritis (GN).
  
  
  METHODS
  Renal in situ CD40L and CD40 expression was examined in patient biopsy specimens. Immunohistochemical studies were performed on frozen sections utilizing anti-CD40L monoclonal antibody (MAb), anti-CD40 MAb, or control MAb. As controls, we analyzed normal kidney specimens and specimens obtained from patients with IgA nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, minimal change disease, idiopathic membranous GN, and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive pauci-immune GN. Staining distribution was noted and staining intensity scored on a semiquantitative scale of 0 (no staining) to 3+ (intense staining).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In normal kidney, CD40 was expressed on parietal epithelial cells, mesangial cells, endothelial cells, and distal tubules but not proximal tubules. Glomerular and tubular CD40 expression was markedly up-regulated in class III and class IV lupus GN, where there was intense staining of crescents, proximal and distal tubules, and interstitial mononuclear cells. In contrast, CD40 expression in class V lupus GN was similar to that in normal kidney. Interstitial mononuclear cells expressing CD40L were present in class IV lupus GN. However, these findings were not unique to lupus GN: up-regulation of CD40 and CD40L expression was similarly observed in other inflammatory renal diseases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that CD40 is expressed on a variety of renal parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells in normal kidney. Renal CD40 expression is up-regulated in class III and class IV lupus nephritis, as well as in other inflammatory renal diseases, and is associated with the presence of CD40L+ mononuclear cells.
authors.affiliation: Columbia University, Division of Rheumatology, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Yellin
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: D'Agati
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Parkinson
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szema
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baum
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Estes
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Szabolcs
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chess
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D019013:CD40 Antigens / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D023201:CD40 Ligand; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D019013:CD40 Antigens; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D023201:CD40 Ligand