title: The protective effect of AIDS-related behavioral change among injection drug users: a cross-national study. WHO Multi-Centre Study of AIDS and Injecting Drug Use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed the relationship between self-reported acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) behavioral change and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serostatus among injection drug users.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study sample involved 4419 injection drug users recruited from drug abuse treatment and nontreatment settings in 11 cities in North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. The World Health Organization multisite risk behavior questionnaire was used, and either blood or saliva samples for HIV testing were obtained. Subjects were asked, "Since you first heard about AIDS, have you done anything to avoid getting AIDS?"
  
  
  RESULTS
  The protective odds ratio for behavioral change against being infected with HIV was 0.50 (95% confidence interval = 0.42, 0.59). While there was important variation across sites, the relationship remained consistent across both demographic and drug use history subgroups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Injection drug users are capable of modifying their HIV risk behaviors and reporting accurately on behavioral changes. These behavioral changes are associated with their avoidance of HIV infection.
authors.affiliation: Chemical Dependency Institute, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Des Jarlais
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Friedmann
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hagan
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Friedman
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D018023:HIV Seronegativity; D006679:HIV Seropositivity; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012309:Risk-Taking; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014944:World Health Organization