title: Hemodynamic exercise testing. A valuable tool in the selection of cardiac transplantation candidates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peak exercise oxygen consumption (Vo2), a noninvasive index of peak exercise cardiac output (CO), is widely used to select candidates for heart transplantation. However, peak exercise Vo2 can be influenced by noncardiac factors such as deconditioning, motivation, or body composition and may yield misleading prognostic information. Direct measurement of the CO response to exercise may avoid this problem and more accurately predict prognosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hemodynamic and ventilatory responses to maximal treadmill exercise were measured in 185 ambulatory patients with chronic heart failure who had been referred for cardiac transplantation (mean left ventricular ejection fraction, 22 +/- 7%; mean peak Vo2, 12.9 +/- 3.0 mL. min-1.kg-1). CO response to exercise was normal in 83 patients and reduced in 102. By univariate analysis, patients with normal CO responses had a better 1-year survival rate (95%) than did those with reduced CO responses (72%) (P < .0001). Survival in patients with peak Vo2 of > 14 mL.min-1.kg-1 (88%) was not different from that of patients with peak Vo2 of < or = 14 mL.min-1.kg-1 (79%) (P = NS). However, survival was worse in patients with peak Vo2 of < or = 10 mL.min-1.kg-1 (52%) versus those with peak Vo2 of > 10 mL.min-1.kg-1 (89%) (P < .0001). By Cox regression analysis, exercise CO response was the strongest independent predictor of survival (risk ratio, 4.3), with peak Vo2 dichotomized at 10 mL. min-1.kg-1 (risk ratio, 3.3) as the only other independent predictor. Patients with reduced CO responses and peak Vo2 of < or = 10 mL.min-1.kg-1 had an extremely poor 1-year survival rate (38%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both CO response to exercise and peak exercise Vo2 provide valuable independent prognostic information in ambulatory patients with heart failure. These variables should be used in combination to select potential heart transplantation candidates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn 37232-6300, USA.
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Chomsky
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Rayos
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shyr
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Yeoh
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Pierson
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002302:Cardiac Output; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000503:physiopathology; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000503:physiopathology; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D018579:Patient Selection; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011669:Pulmonary Wedge Pressure; D012119:Respiration; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors