title: Second-line hormonal therapy for advanced prostate cancer: a shifting paradigm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To discuss the evolution of new concepts in the Use of second-line hormonal therapy for patients with progressive prostate cancer despite androgen deprivation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pertinent contemporary prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based reports of the utility of secondary hormonal maneuvers after treatment with combined androgen blockade (CAB) were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of PSA as an end point in hormonerefractory prostate cancer (HRPC) trials is more widely accepted, but still remains somewhat controversial. Using PSA as an end point, it is clear that a variety of secondary hormonal maneuvers can result in responses. Antiandrogen withdrawal is efficacious in approximately 20% of patients and can be observed with a variety of antiandrogens, including flutamide, bicalutamide, and megestrol acetate. A variety of regimens, including megestrol, bicalutamide, glucocorticoids, aminoglutethimide, and ketoconazole, retain activity (14% to 75% PSA response proportion) even in patients who have failed to respond to CAB and flutamide withdrawal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Once CAB (suppression of gonadal and adrenal androgen) is undertaken, further hormonal maneuvers remain efficacious in some patients with progressive prostate cancer. Antiandrogen withdrawal is now a mandatory maneuver before proceeding to other regimens. It is clear that certain patients will continue to respond to hormonal maneuvers even after antiandrogen withdrawal. An understanding of the molecular basis of these responses may result in the development of a more targeted therapy in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94115, USA. ericvvsmall@QUICKMAIL.UCSF.edu
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Small
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Vogelzang
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen