title: Policy analysis of the conversion of histamine2 antagonists to over-the-counter use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors assess the costs associated with treatment of dyspepsia with histamine2 antagonists versus without availability of over-the-counter (OTC).
  
  
  METHODS
  A cost analysis was performed using a decision-analysis model. Patients with an initial episode of dyspepsia were studied. The model includes costs associated with consumption of OTC and prescription (Rx) medications for dyspepsia, physician visits and associated diagnostic testing, time spent for physician visits and diagnostic tests, and hospitalization costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The model is sensitive to the relative cost of histamine2 antagonists when purchased Rx or OTC, as well as to the efficacy of these drugs in relieving dyspeptic symptoms. For patients with nonulcer dyspepsia (the largest group of likely consumers), the model demonstrates a cost savings if the OTC cost of the medication is slightly less than one third the Rx cost. Costs are similar whether or not histamine2 antagonists are available OTC. If the symptom relief efficacies of histamine2 antagonists are equivalent whether purchased by prescription only or OTC, then the health-care expenditures for a typical patient with dyspepsia are $204 for OTC availability and $203 for Rx-only use. Viewing costs from the perspective of a managed-care organization, expenditures for an episode of dyspepsia are $149 regardless of whether or not histamine2 antagonists are available OTC. Restricting the analysis to patients with underlying nonulcer dyspepsia yields similar results. Variation of numerous assumptions and probabilities other than histamine antagonist cost and efficacy, including costs associated with physician visits and diagnostic tests, and the likelihood of seeking medical care, do not substantially affect the results of the model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Health-care costs associated with initial treatment of dyspepsia are similar regardless of the availability of histamine2 antagonists OTC. This is due largely to the similar efficacy of these drugs compared with antacids and the predicted increase in diagnostic testing that may result if a patient visits a physician after failure to achieve symptom relief with OTC use of histamine2 antagonists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kalish
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Bohn
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Avorn
mesh_terms: D017046:Cost Savings / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000191:economics; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D005252:Fees, Pharmaceutical; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000191:economics; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D012651:Self Medication
chemical_list: D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs