title: The role of venous outflow obstruction in patients with chronic venous dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the functional venous outflow obstruction with different location and extent of obstruction attributed to previous deep vein thrombosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vascular Laboratory, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, London, England.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two groups: group 1, 25 case patients and 9 control subjects, and group 2, 45 case patients and 30 control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ascending venography, duplex scanning, air plethysmography, and venous pressure measurements in the foot and the arm via a 21-gauge butterfly needle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Venous outflow fraction (VOF), venous outflow resistance (VOR), and arm-foot pressure differential (A-F PD) at rest and after reactive hyperemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Venous outflow resistance was evaluated in group 1. Twenty-two case patients underwent VOF testing, and 16 had A-F PD measurement performed. Case patients in group 2 underwent VOF testing. Signs and symptoms of chronic venous dysfunction were associated with the anatomical extent of obstruction. Limb swelling and ache were present in most of the patients; skin changes were noted in about 30% and ulceration in 10% of patients. The results of all tests showed no evidence of obstruction in control subjects. In most case patients with popliteal vein obstruction, test results were similar to those in control subjects: the more proximal the veins involved, the more severe the obstruction. In 16 case patients, all 3 tests were performed and agreement between A-F PD and VOR test results was found in 14 of them. The VOF test results agreed with the results of A-F PD and VOR tests in 9 case patients. In group 2, 50% of the limbs with obstruction proximal to the popliteal vein had a reduced VOF, which became worst in the limbs with extensive obstruction, particularly when the iliac veins were involved. Of the 73 limbs tested for VOF in both groups, only 7 limbs (9.6%) had their venous outflow markedly reduced by occlusion of the superficial veins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The anatomical extent of venous obstruction and the development of collateral circulation determine the hemodynamic severity of the chronic venous obstruction. The deep collaterals seem to be more important than the superficial venous system in bypassing the obstruction. The VOR and the A-F PD tests can be used to identify those patients who have venous obstruction, whereas the use of the VOF test may reduce the need for performing the above tests in 50% of the patients.
authors.affiliation: Irvine Laboratory for Cardiovascular Investigation, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, London, England.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Labropoulos
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Volteas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leon
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sowade
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rulo
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Giannoukas
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Nicolaides
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010991:Plethysmography; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013924:Thrombophlebitis / Q000503:physiopathology*