title: A phase I/II study of continuous infusion suramin in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer: toxicity and response.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Suramin is a synthetic polysulfonated naphthylurea which has been used for the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and onchocerciasis, but since the mid-1980s has received attention as a possible antiretroviral and antineoplastic agent.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This clinical trial of suramin was undertaken as a phase I/II study in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer, with the hypothesis that the intensity of therapy with suramin could be increased significantly if measures were undertaken to maintain the plasma concentrations of the drug under 300 microg/ml.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report the clinical results of this trial, wherein patients were treated at three different targeted plasma suramin concentrations (275, 215 and 175 microg/ml) for varying periods of time (2, 4 or 8 weeks), with delivery of the drug by continuous intravenous infusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The major toxicity observed in this trial was neurologic, consisting of a motor and sensory peripheral neuropathy that resulted in both paresis and paralysis of the limbs. Nearly all of this severe (CTEP grade III, IV) neurologic toxicity was observed in the patients treated at a plasma suramin concentration of 275 microg/ml for 4 or more weeks. A single patient treated at 215 microg/ml for 8 weeks developed moderate (CTEP grade III) proximal lower extremity weakness, and no patient treated at 175 microg/ml developed this toxicity. The second most common toxicity observed was infection of the central venous catheter. The overall response rate for all of the evaluable patients was 17% (13 of 75 patients). In addition, prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-defined responses were observed in six patients receiving therapy at 175 microg/ml, but these responses were confounded by cessation of therapy with flutamide during suramin treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, although plasma suramin concentrations were maintained below 300 microg/ml, neurologic toxicity nonetheless occurred with high frequency in patients treated at 275 microg/ml for 4 or more weeks. Therapy at 215 and 175 microg/ml was in general well tolerated, but central venous catheter-related infection, as well as the inconvenience and expense of continuous infusional therapy, make this method of drug delivery impractical. Only moderate antitumor activity was observed during this trial, but it is possible that both continuation of flutamide and flutamide withdrawal during suramin therapy confounded the assessment of suramin's activity in hormone-refractory prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Oncology Program, Division of Cancer Treatment, National Cancer Institute, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Bowden
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Figg
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sartor
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Bitton
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Weinberger
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Headlee
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005485:Flutamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013498:Suramin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D013498:Suramin; D005485:Flutamide