title: Water vaporization from heated tissue: an in vitro study by differential scanning calorimetry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The heat balance equation is central to modeling laser vaporization of tissue. Because about 70% of tissue is water, energy loss due to water vaporization becomes an important consideration in modeling. In this study, the rate and pattern of water vaporization from various animal tissues studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  DSC thermograms of fresh muscle, liver, and kidney tissues were made at heating rates of 2 degrees C/min, 5 degrees C/min, and 10 degrees C/min in the temperature range of 30-150 degrees C. Thermograms of vacuum-dried muscle sample were also made to establish that the endotherms obtained were essentially due to the water in the tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two broad peaks-one below and the other above 100 degrees C-are seen in all the endotherms. The peaks are attributed to the structural and compositional features of tissue and tissue water. The two-stage vaporization pattern has importance in modeling tissue heating by a continuous-wave Nd:YAG laser.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology, Trivandrum, India.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ramachandran
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sreenivasan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sivakumar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007668:Kidney / Q000528:radiation effects*; D053685:Laser Therapy; D007834:Lasers; D008099:Liver / Q000528:radiation effects*; D009132:Muscles / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011817:Rabbits; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water