title: Urine-based diagnostic technologies.
abstract: The worldwide dissemination of infectious agents has created a demand for simple diagnostic tests. Urine-based testing makes use of non-invasive collection of specimens, and there is no need for expensive facilities and equipment, or for highly trained personnel. As urine antibodies retain activity under normal conditions of transport and storage, such tests appear to have widespread application. Urine-based antibody tests have also indicated a compartmentalized antibody response to HIV-1 infection. Urine studies suggest that antibodies to the products of endogenous viral genes may be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases of suspected viral etiology.
authors.affiliation: Calypte Biomedical Corporation, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA. hervdoc@aol.com
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Urnovitz
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Gottfried
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Friedman-Kien
mesh_terms: D000906:Antibodies / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D001709:Biotechnology; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine*; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000652:urine; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; D015483:HIV Antibodies