title: The role of brachytherapy in early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present the treatment results and assess the optimal radiation dose and the role of brachytherapy in early stage nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC).
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred eighty-three patients with Stage I and II (American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging System, 1987) NPC completed the planned radiotherapy in our institution from 1979 to 1991. In 133 patients, radiotherapy was given to the nasopharynx by external beam to 64.8-68.4 Gy. Further boost was done by high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy for 5-16.5 Gy in one to three fractions. For the remaining 50 patients, a course of external radiotherapy to the nasopharynx for 68.4-72 Gy was given to nasopharynx. Age (>40 or not), sex, neck boost or not, brachytherapy, and irradiation dose were analyzed to determine significant factors that influence the probabilities of local control and actuarial survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 5-year disease-specific survival was 85.8% and local control was 83%. Only the brachytherapy and irradiation dose significantly affected the results. The use of the brachytherapy had significant impact on overall survival and local control. Furthermore, we compared the prognostic effect of various radiation dosage among Group I of 50 patients (<72.5 Gy, no brachytherapy, excluding four patients who received brachytherapy), Group II of 71 patients (72.5-75 Gy; one to two fractions of brachytherapy), and Group III of 58 patients (>75 Gy; three fractions of brachytherapy). Five-year disease-specific survival rates of Group I, Group II, and Group III were 77, 95.5, and 82.4%, respectively. Five-year local control rates were: 73.7, 93.9, and 79.5%. We found that the Group II had the best actuarial survival and local control rate (log-rank test,p < 0.05). Most patients receiving brachytherapy encountered foul odor because of nasopharynx crust; 12 of them had palate or sphenoid sinus floor perforation or nasopharynx necrosis. None of the patients without brachytherapy experienced the same complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The optimal radiotherapy dose to the nasopharynx area in early stage NPC may be within 72.5 to 75 Gy by our treatment protocol. A dose of more than 75 Gy did not have significant local control or survival advantage. The use of brachytherapy to elevate radiation dose had significant local control and survival benefit for early stage NPC patients, but the fractionation size should be decreased to reduce the complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: See
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D015996:Survival Rate