title: Direct hypoglossal nerve stimulation in obstructive sleep apnea.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the motor responses resulting from direct electrical stimulation of the hypoglossal (HG) nerve and to correlate these responses to changes in upper airway patency during sleep.
  
  
  METHODS
  The motor effects of direct electrical stimulation of the main trunk of the HG nerve and the branch that supplies the genioglossus muscle during anesthesia and wakefulness were assessed visually. Responses in airflow during sleep to HG nerve stimulation were assessed with standard polysomnographic techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  University medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen patients undergoing a surgical procedure that involved the neck that exposed the HG nerve and 5 volunteer patients with obstructive sleep apnea constituted the study population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The main trunk (n = 3) and genioglossus branch (n = 2) of the HG nerve were stimulated electrically with a half-cuff tripolar electrode.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stimulation of the branch of the HG nerve that innervates the genioglossus muscle caused protrusion and contralateral deviation of the tongue. Stimulation of the main trunk of the HG nerve caused slight ipsilateral deviation and retrusion of the tongue. The arousal threshold for stimulation exceeded the motor recruitment threshold by 0.8 +/- 0.4 V. Inspiratory airflow increased in all patients by 184.5 +/- 61.7 mL/s (mean +/- SD; P = .02, analysis of variance) with stimulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Direct HG nerve stimulation below the arousal threshold can improve airflow in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md, USA.
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Eisele
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D004558:Electric Stimulation; D006801:Humans; D007002:Hypoglossal Nerve; D017286:Polysomnography; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014059:Tongue / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology