title: Expression and regulation of G1 cell-cycle inhibitors (p16INK4A, p15INK4B, p18INK4C, p19INK4D) in human acute myeloid leukemia and normal myeloid cells.
abstract: In hematological malignancies, structural alterations of genes for G1-specific cyclin-dependent kinases inhibitors (CKIs) have been extensively investigated. G1-CKIs might play an important role not only as tumor suppressor genes but also in cellular differentiation. We examined constitutive and differentiation-induced expression and regulation of the four members of the G1-CKI family p16INK4A, p15INK4B, p18INK4C and p19INK4D in acute myeloid leukemia as well as their expression in normal granulocytes and monocytes. p18INK4C and p19INK4D mRNA were expressed constitutively at high levels in seven myeloid cell lines and 16 AML patient samples, whereas expression of p15INK4B mRNA was very low and only detectable by nested RT-PCR analysis. During phorbol ester-induced monocytic differentiation of leukemic HL-60 cells expression of particular G1-CKIs was disparately regulated. This process was associated with growth arrest of the majority of the cells (> or = 80%) in G1/G0, and in parallel p15INK4B were upregulated whereas p18INK4C and p19INK4D expression was downregulated. In contrast, granulocytic differentiation induced by DMSO was accompanied by an increase of p18INK4C and p19INK4D expression only. PMA treatment of blast cells from two AML patients confirmed these cell line results. Disparate regulation of p15INK4B and p18INK4C mRNA was dependent on intermediary protein synthesis and occurred at the post-transcriptional level as shown by nuclear run-on analysis and mRNA half-life studies. In normal granulocytes and monocytes low constitutive p15INK4B and p18INK4C mRNA expression was detectable by RT-PCR only, but p19INK4D transcripts were noted by Northern blotting in both cell types. Disparate expression of G1-specific cell cycle inhibitors indicates complex and divergent roles of particular CKIs during normal and leukemic myeloid hematopoiesis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research, University of Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwaller
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pabst
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Koeffler
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Niklaus
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Loetscher
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Fey
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tobler
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D050762:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D050763:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p18; D050764:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p19; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016193:G1 Phase; D015973:Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic; D006098:Granulocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D018922:HL-60 Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007951:Leukemia, Myeloid / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
chemical_list: C493966:CDKN2B protein, human; C493971:CDKN2C protein, human; C493974:CDKN2D protein, human; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D050762:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D050763:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p18; D050764:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p19; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins