title: Multiple receptors involved in peripheral alpha 2, mu, and A1 antinociception, tolerance, and withdrawal.
abstract: We examined the interactions among three classes of peripherally-acting antinociceptive agents (mu-opioid, alpha 2-adrenergic, and A1-adenosine) in the development of tolerance and dependence to their antinociceptive effects. Antinociception was determined by assessing the degree of inhibition of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-induced mechanical hyperalgesia, using the Randall-Selitto paw-withdrawal test. Tolerance developed within 4 hr to the antinociceptive effect of the alpha 2-adrenergic agonist clonidine; dependence also occurred at that time, demonstrated as a withdrawal hyperalgesia that was precipitated by the alpha 2-receptor antagonist yohimbine. These findings are similar to those reported previously for tolerance and dependence to mu and A1 peripheral antinociception (Aley et al., 1995). Furthermore, cross-tolerance and cross-withdrawal between mu, A1, and alpha 2 agonists occurred. The observations of cross-tolerance and cross-withdrawal suggest that all three receptors are located on the same primary afferent nociceptors. In addition, the observations suggest that the mechanisms of tolerance and dependence to the antinociceptive effects of mu, A1, and alpha 2 are mediated by a common mechanism. Although any of the agonists administered alone produce antinociception, we found that mu, A1, and alpha 2 receptors may not act independently to produce antinociception, but rather may require the physical presence of the other receptors to produce antinociception by any one agonist. This was suggested by the finding that clonidine (alpha 2-agonist) antinociception was blocked not only by yohimbine (alpha 2-antagonist) but also by PACPX (A1-antagonist) and by naloxone (mu-antagonist), and that DAMGO (mu-agonist) antinociception and CPA (A1-agonist) antinociception were blocked not only by naloxone (mu-antagonist) and PACPX (A1-antagonist), respectively, but also by yohimbine (alpha 2-antagonist). This cross-antagonism of antinociception occurred at the ID50 dose for each antagonist at its homologous receptor. To test the hypothesis that the physical presence of mu-opioid receptor is required not only for mu antinociception but also for alpha 2 antinociception, antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) for the mu-opioid and alpha 2C-adrenergic receptors were administered intrathecally to reduce the expression of these receptors on primary afferent neurons. These studies demonstrated that mu-opioid ODN administration decreased not only mu-opioid but also alpha 2-adrenergic antinociception; A1 antinociception was unaffected. In contrast, alpha 2C-adrenergic ODN decreased antinociception induced by all three classes of antinociceptive agents. In conclusion, these data suggest that peripheral antinociception induced by mu, alpha 2, and A1 agonists requires the physical presence of multiple receptors. We propose that there is a mu, A1, alpha 2 receptor complex mediating antinociception in the periphery. In addition, there is cross-tolerance and cross-dependence between mu, A1, and alpha 2 antinociception, suggesting that their underlying mechanisms are related.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, University of California at San Francisco 94143-0452, USA.
authors.forename: K O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Aley
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Levine
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D020875:Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-; D004745:Enkephalins / Q000494:pharmacology; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000494:pharmacology; D058906:Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000819:agonists / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1 / Q000502:physiology*; D015290:Second Messenger Systems; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014970:Xanthines / Q000494:pharmacology; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D004745:Enkephalins; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D058906:Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1; D014970:Xanthines; D020875:Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-; D015016:Yohimbine; D009270:Naloxone; C048599:N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine; C046379:1,3-dipropyl-8-(2-amino-4-chlorophenyl)xanthine; D000241:Adenosine; D015232:Dinoprostone; D003000:Clonidine