title: Remodelling of choroidal circulation in carotid cavernous sinus fistula.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carotid cavernous sinus fistula may induce drastic changes in choroidal circulation secondary to elevated orbital venous pressure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three patients affected by spontaneous carotid cavernous sinus fistula were studied for 3-15 months. The angioarchitecture and hemodynamics of the choroid were evaluated repeatedly by indocyanine green angiography using a montage panoramic technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Choroidal vessels underwent drastic restructuring including patchy nonperfusion of the choriocapillaris, attenuation of vortex veins, preferential venous dilatations, and drainage into outflow channels near the optic disc or into anterior ciliary veins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Choroidal veins were very versatile in remodelling their structure and hemodynamics after sustained elevation of orbital venous pressure. The presence of numerous anastomoses between choroidal veins appeared to be a major underlying cause of this versatility. The observed remodelling of choroidal vessels seemed to be guided by the principle that the venous blood flowed toward sites of lesser pressure resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sutoh
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Muraoka
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimizu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula / Q000150:complications*; D001775:Blood Circulation; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D002426:Cavernous Sinus; D002829:Choroid / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D014680:Veins / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D007208:Indocyanine Green