title: Torsade de pointes as a complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage: a critical reappraisal.
abstract: Subarachnoid hemorrhage is widely accepted as a potential cause of torsade de pointes (TdP), yet this putative etiologic relationship has never been systematically evaluated. We therefore undertook a MEDLINE search from 1966 through 1993, with relevant back referencing, and identified 20 cases of TdP in the setting of subarachnoid hemorrhage. It was impossible in any of these cases (usually because of insufficient data) to completely exclude one or more alternative explanations for TdP, including congenital long QT syndrome, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, or drug-induced QT prolongation. Furthermore, of a total of 1,139 patients in 16 prospective series of subarachnoid hemorrhage with electrographic analyses, there were only five reported cases of TdP, all in patients with hypokalemia. Thus, extremely limited scientific data exist to support the notion that subarachnoid hemorrhage can be a distinct cause of TdP. Until more definitive evidence is available, the development of TdP in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage is probably better characterized as a multifactorial phenomenon occurring in an acute, typically intensive care, setting.
authors.affiliation: Arrhythmia Center, Division of Cardiology/Department of Internal Medicine, Sinai Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Baga
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kawasaki
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reinoehl
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Steinman
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lehmann
mesh_terms: D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016171:Torsades de Pointes / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology