title: Cocaine, Neuroleptics, and tardive dyskinesia as paleocortical escape.
abstract: Human orobuccolingual movement is reviewed in terms of stimulation and inhibition within the striatonigral pathways and its domination and control by motor area 4 and the inhibitory neocortex. Haloperidol, clozapine and cocaine are then compared in terms of the effects of each on the physiology and function within these areas under normal and certain pathological conditions. Theoretical models are then derived that formulate evidence that a unique, previously unreported, combination of two distinct neurological circumstances must occur simultaneously to satisfy the criteria for pathological orobuccolingual movement.
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Unit, Southland Hospital, Invercargill, New Zealand.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Howard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003024:Clozapine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D003042:Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003391:Cranial Nerves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D004298:Dopamine / Q000502:physiology; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008410:Masticatory Muscles / Q000294:innervation; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014059:Tongue / Q000294:innervation; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D003042:Cocaine; D003024:Clozapine; D006220:Haloperidol; D004298:Dopamine