title: Subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in punctate inner choroidopathy. Surgical management and pathologic findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate submacular surgery for the management of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in punctate inner choroidopathy, to describe the histopathology and ultrastructure of the excised subretinal tissue, and to propose a staging system that characterizes the development of choroidal neovascularization with associated subretinal fibrosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors reviewed the records of five patients (6 eyes) with punctate inner choroidopathy who underwent submacular surgery for subfoveal choroidal neovascularization. Surgical specimens were examined using light and transmission electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Visual improvement was noted postoperatively in all six eyes, with follow-up ranging from 8 to 36 months (median, 14 months). Recurrences (6 in 4 eyes) were common. Five of the six recurrences required additional procedures: three were managed surgically, two with laser photocoagulation, and one with observation. "Bridging" of separate foci of choroidal neovascularization resulted in stellate or "dumbbell-shaped" areas of subretinal fibrosis in four of six eyes. Histopathologic evaluation of the excised tissue showed endothelial-lined vascular channels, retinal pigment epithelium, lymphocytes, plasma cells, fibrocytes, collagen fragments, and rarely, outer retinal elements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in punctate inner choroidopathy may be managed with submacular surgery. Recurrences are common and may result in substantial loss of vision. Choroidal neovascular membranes with an accompanying fibrotic reaction are responsible for the stellate or dumbbell-shaped areas of subretinal fibrosis. No beneficial effect was demonstrated using corticosteroid treatment of the choroidal neovascularization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Capone
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sternberg
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Grossniklaus
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Aaberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002829:Choroid / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D015862:Choroid Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005584:Fovea Centralis; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D017075:Laser Coagulation; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008566:Membranes / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012008:Recurrence; D014792:Visual Acuity