title: Effect of age, ethnicity, and head injury on the association between APOE genotypes and Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: The association between apolipoprotein E (APOE)-epsilon 4 and Alzheimer's disease has been confirmed worldwide. We and others have observed a diminished association in the very old and among African-Americans compared to Caucasians and Hispanics in New York. In this review we describe a new method we developed to compare relative risks by APOE genotypes in an expanded cohort of cases and controls from three ethnic groups in a New York City community and discuss the association as between APOE epsilon 4 and Alzheimer's disease as modified by head injury. Compared to persons with APOE epsilon 3/epsilon 3 genotypes, relative risk (RR) for Alzheimer's disease associated with APOE epsilon 4 homozygosity was similar across ethnic groups (African-American RR = 3.3; 95% c.i. 1.6-6.8; Caucasian RR = 5.3; 1.6-16.0; Hispanic RR = 2.5; 1.1-5.8). The risk was also increased for APOE epsilon 4 heterozygous Caucasians (RR = 3.2; 1.8-5.8) and Hispanics (RR 1.5; 1.0-2.2) but not African-Americans (RR = 0.6; 0.4-0.9). Risk of AD was not significantly diminished for individuals in any group with APOE epsilon 2/epsilon 2 or -epsilon 2/epsilon 3 genotypes. A 10-fold increase in the risk of Alzheimer's disease was associated with both APOE epsilon 4 and a history of traumatic head injury, compared to a twofold increase in risk with APOE epsilon 4 alone. Head injury in the absence of an APOE epsilon 4 allele did not increase risk. These results imply that in Alzheimer's disease genotypic risk associated with APOE may be influenced by age, ethnicity, and certain environmental factors.
authors.affiliation: Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA.
authors.forename: M X
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maestre
authors.forename: W Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: X H
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: W Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chun
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schofield
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tycko
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mayeux
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics*; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D053327:Apolipoprotein E4; D001057:Apolipoproteins E