title: Adjuvancy and reactogenicity of N-acetylglucosaminyl-N-acetylmuramyl-dipeptide (GMDP) orally administered just prior to trivalent influenza subunit vaccine. A double-blind placebo-controlled study in nursing home residents.
abstract: One hundred and fifty-three nursing home residents received 0, 5, 25 or 50 mg N-acetylglucosaminyl-N-acetylmuramyl-dipeptide (GMDP) orally, and trivalent influenza subunit vaccine intramuscularly. One day after intervention, there was a strong increase of total leucocytes, monocytes and neutrophils in the groups receiving 25 or 50 mg GMDP. A GMDP dose dependent increase in systemic, but not in local, vaccine side-effects was observed. No significant differences in post-vaccination haemagglutination inhibiting serum antibody titres were observed between the four groups, indicating that oral administration of GMDP together with influenza vaccination, does not lead to a higher vaccine efficacy.
authors.affiliation: WHO National Influenza Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Palache
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Beyer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hendriksen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gerez
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aston
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Ledger
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: de Regt
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kerstens
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Rothbarth
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Osterhaus
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D004306:Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D009735:Nursing Homes; D010919:Placebos
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D010919:Placebos