title: A comparison of patient-controlled and fixed schedule analgesia after orthognathic surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this prospective study was to compare the effectiveness of patient-controlled intravenous (i.v.) opioid analgesic administration (PCA) with fixed schedule and dosage oral/rectal administration of naproxen, and opioid analgesics intramuscularly/orally as needed (i.m./p.o. prn) for postoperative analgesia over a period of 48 to 56 hours after surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 75 orthognathic patients aged 25.73 +/- 8.01 years, subdivided into three study groups of 25: codeine group (8 males, 17 females); naproxen group (5 males, 20 females) and PCA group (8 male, 17 females). The degree of analgesia was assessed every 4 hours from 8:00 AM to 8:00 PM hours on days 1 and 2 postsurgery using a visual analog scale (VAS). Mean daily and mean overall VAS scores were treated as parametric data and were analyzed accordingly. Mean daily VAS scores also were categorized as comfort days when mean scores were less than 3.0 cm, and as discomfort days when mean scores were equal to or greater than 3.0 cm. ANOVA were used to analyze patient demographics, pain scores, surgical time, fentanyl used during general anaesthesia, analgesic morphine equivalents, and vital signs. Chi-square tests were used to analyze sex, comfort (discomfort) days, and nausea and vomiting. Mean VAS ratings were analyzed using independent t-tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three groups were matched in demographics, surgical time, fentanyl used, and sex. The PCA group used less than half the amount of morphine equivalent as the codeine group (P = .0001). Both the naproxen and the PCA groups were significantly more comfortable than the codeine group during day 1 and day 2 postsurgery. The codeine group had significantly more episodes of nausea than either the naproxen or the PCA groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients undergoing orthognathic surgery, the naproxen and PCA regimens provided better analgesia than the codeine regimen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Precious
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Multari
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Finley
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McGrath
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003061:Codeine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007569:Jaw Abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009288:Naproxen / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009288:Naproxen; D003061:Codeine