title: Apo-3, a new member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family, contains a death domain and activates apoptosis and NF-kappa B.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Two receptors that contain the so-called "death domain' have been described to date: tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) and Fas/Apo-1 (CD95); both belong to the TNFR gene family. The death domain of TNFR1 mediates the activation of programmed cell death (apoptosis) and of the transcription factor NF-kappa B, whereas the death domain of CD95 only appears to activate apoptosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have identified an additional member of the TNFR family, which we have named Apo-3. Apo-3 is a transmembrane protein of approximately 47 kDa that has similarity of members of the TNFR family in its extracellular, cysteine-rich domains. In addition, Apo-3 resembles TNFR1 and CD95 in that it contains a cytoplasmic death domain. The Apo-3 gene mapped to human chromosome 1p36.3, and Apo-3 mRNA was detected in several human tissues, including spleen, thymus, peripheral blood lymphocytes, small intestine and colon. Ectopic expression of Apo-3 in HEK293 or HeLa cells induced marked apoptosis. CrmA, a poxvirus inhibitor of Ced-3-like proteases which blocks death signaling by TNFR1 and CD95, inhibited Apo-3-induced apoptosis. Ectopic expression of Apo-3 also induced the activation of NF-kappa B. Apo-3 did not specifically bind to the Apo-2 ligand, suggesting the existence of a distinct ligand for Apo-3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results identify Apo-3 as a third member of the TNFR family that activates apoptosis, and suggest that Apo-3, TNFR1 and CD95 engage a common apoptotic cell-death machinery. Apo-3 resembles TNFR1 because it can stimulate NF-kappa B activity and regulate apoptosis. Apo-3 mRNA is expressed in various tissues, consistent with the possibility that this receptor may regulate multiple signaling functions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080-4918, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Marsters
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Sheridan
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Donahue
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Pitti
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Goddard
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ashkenazi
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002878:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D053219:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 25; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D015843:Serpins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014764:Viral Proteins
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D053219:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 25; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D015843:Serpins; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; C506033:TNFRSF25 protein, human; C505653:TNFSF10 protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014764:Viral Proteins; C074641:interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme inhibitor