title: HIV-1 protease inhibitors. A review for clinicians.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The clinical care of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been substantially affected by the introduction of HIV-specific protease inhibitors (PIs). The 4 PIs available are saquinavir mesylate, ritonavir, indinavir sulfate, and nelfinavir mesylate. Comparison studies have not been reported; therefore, an assessment of the available data to aid clinicians and patients in choosing appropriate treatment will be presented.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of peer-reviewed publications, abstracts from national and international conferences, and product registration information through September 1996.
  
  
  METHODS
  Criteria used to select studies include their relevance to PIs, having been published in the English language, and pertinence for clinicians. Data quality and validity included the venue of the publication and relevance to clinical care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oral adminstration of ritonavir, indinavir, or nelfinavir generates sustainable drug serum levels to effectively inhibit the protease enzyme; however, saquinavir may not generate sustained levels necessary to inhibit the protease enzyme. Patients treated with ritonavir, indinavir, or nelfinavir experience similar reductions in viral load and increases in CD4+ lymphocytes; smaller effects occur among those treated with saquinavir. Two randomized placebo-controlled studies conducted among patients with severe immune system suppression and substantial zidovudine treatment experience demonstrated reduced HIV disease progression and reduced mortality with PI treatment. Genotypic resistance to PIs occurs; the clinical relevance of resistance is unclear. The costs of these agents including required monitoring impose new and substantial costs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PIs have emerged as critical drugs for people with HIV infection. Optimal use involves combination with reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Resistance develops to each agent, and cross-resistance is likely. These agents must be used at full doses with attention to ensuring patient compliance. The expense of these agents may be offset by forestalling disease progression and death and returning people to productive life. Selecting the initial PI must be individualized, and factors to consider include proven activity, possible toxicities, dosing regimens, drug interactions, and costs.
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Deeks
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holodniy
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Kahn
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000191:economics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D019469:Indinavir / Q000191:economics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000191:economics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019888:Nelfinavir; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000191:economics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019258:Saquinavir / Q000191:economics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D007546:Isoquinolines; D019469:Indinavir; D019888:Nelfinavir; D019258:Saquinavir; D019438:Ritonavir