title: Music increases satisfaction in elderly outpatients undergoing cataract surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Music has long been known to reduce anxiety, minimize the need for sedatives, and make patients feel more at ease. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of music in elderly outpatients undergoing elective cataract surgery with retrobulbar block and monitored anaesthetic care using fentanyl or alfentanil and midazolam.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and twenty one patients were prospectively and randomly assigned to hear: relaxing suggestions, white noise, operating room noise or relaxing music via audio-cassette headphones. Vital signs were documented before and after retrobulbar block and every 15 min thereafter. Anxiety was assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) before and after surgery. Visual analogue scales (VAS) were used to assess anxiety and patient satisfaction postoperatively with a standardized questionnaire. Between group comparisons were made using Chi-Square, or ANOVA, where appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no differences between groups in STAI or anxiety VAS scores at any time. Differences were noted in systolic blood pressure, but not in other vital signs. Patients' ratings of the whole operative experience, satisfaction with the tape played, general level of relaxation and preference for the chosen tape for subsequent surgery were different (music > relaxing suggestions > white noise and OR noise, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elderly patients undergoing cataract surgery under retrobulbar block were more satisfied with their experience if they heard relaxing music, rather than relaxing suggestions or white noise or OR noise. The type of auditory stimuli to which the patients were exposed did not influence the level of anxiety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Cruise
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yogendran
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Little
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015760:Alfentanil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001007:Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002387:Cataract Extraction; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D005123:Eye / Q000294:innervation; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D009146:Music; D009407:Nerve Block; D009622:Noise; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012064:Relaxation Therapy; D013404:Suggestion
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D015760:Alfentanil; D008874:Midazolam; D005283:Fentanyl