The complexity of labor pain: experiences of 278 women.
All women giving birth over a period of 2 weeks in a major city of Sweden, except non-Swedish speaking women and those with elective Caesarean sections, were asked about their experience of pain 2 days after the birth. The sensory (pain intensity) and effective (negative or positive experience) dimensions of pain, as well as need for pain relief during labor were explored. The 278 women who returned completed questionnaires (91%) reported high levels of pain, 41% worst imaginable pain, in spite of wide use of pharmacological pain relief. Only 9% had no analgesia. Pain was not an entirely negative experience, 28% assessing it as more positive than negative, suggesting that coping with pain is a rewarding experience for some women. More than 30 different explanatory variables were included in regression analysis to explain the variation in pain intensity and pain attitude scores, but only five contributed to the respective model. Most of the variables explaining pain intensity, namely anxiety during labor, expected pain, expected birth experience, midwife support and duration of labor, differed from the variables explaining attitude to pain. These were pain intensity, anxiety, expected birth experience physical well-being during pregnancy and emergency Caesarean section. The explanatory values were relatively low, especially for the model explaining pain intensity (R2 = 15%). The findings are discussed in the light of the different character and meaning of childbirth pain compared with pain related to disease.
Waldenström
U
U
Graduate Clinical School of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
Bergman
V
V
Vasell
G
G
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D016362:Analgesia, Obstetrical; D001294:Attitude to Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011247:Pregnancy; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires