title: Availability of iron to Pseudomonas fluorescens in rhizosphere and bulk soil evaluated with an ice nucleation reporter gene.
abstract: The biological availability of iron in the rhizosphere was assessed by evaluating ice nucleation activity (INA) expressed in situ by Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5 containing a transcriptional fusion (pvd-inaZ) of an iron-regulated promoter to an ice nucleation reporter gene (inaZ). Pf-5 containing pvd-inaZ expresses INA that is inversely related to the iron availability of a growth medium (J. E. Loper and S. E. Lindow, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:1934-1941, 1994). INA expressed by rhizosphere populations of Pf-5 containing pvd-inaZ was at a maximum within 12 to 24 h following inoculation of the bacterium onto bean roots and typically decreased gradually during the following 4 days. Iron availability in the soil, which was altered by the addition of chelators, influenced INA expressed by rhizosphere populations of Pf-5 containing pvd-inaZ. In soil adjusted to a pH of 7.0 or 8.0 by adding Ca(OH)2, rhizosphere populations of Pf-5 containing pvd-inaZ expressed greater INA, indicating lower iron availability, than they did in the nonamended soil at a pH of 5.4. Similarly, rhizosphere populations of Pf-5 containing pvd-inaZ expressed less INA in an agricultural soil of pH 5.4 than in other agricultural soils ranging in pH from 6.4 to 7.7. These results conform to the predictions of chemical models stating that pH is a major factor influencing iron availability in soil solutions. The results of this study indicate that P. fluorescens Pf-5 encountered an iron-limited environment immediately after it was inoculated onto bean roots planted in agricultural field soils. One to two days after the bacterium was inoculated onto root surfaces, however, iron became more available to rhizosphere populations of Pf-5. We speculate that iron acquisition systems of plants and other rhizosphere organisms may provide available sources of iron to established rhizosphere populations of P. fluorescens.
authors.affiliation: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Corvallis, Oregon 97330, USA. LoperJ@bcc.orst.edu
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Loper
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Henkels
mesh_terms: D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017753:Ecosystem; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007053:Ice; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism*; D010641:Phenotype; D010944:Plants / Q000382:microbiology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011551:Pseudomonas fluorescens / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012988:Soil Microbiology
chemical_list: D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D007053:Ice; C063113:ice nucleation protein; D007501:Iron