title: From essential to beneficial: glycoprotein D loses importance for replication of bovine herpesvirus 1 in cell culture.
abstract: Glycoprotein D (gD) of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) has been shown to be an essential component of virions involved in virus entry. gD expression in infected cells is also required for direct cell-to-cell spread. Therefore, BHV-1 gD functions are identical in these aspects to those of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) gD. In contrast, the gD homolog of pseudorabies virus (PrV), although essential for penetration, is not necessary for direct cell-to-cell spread. Cocultivation of cells infected with phenotypically gD-complemented gD- mutant BHV-1/80-221 with noncomplementing cells resulted in the isolation of the cell-to-cell-spreading gD-negative mutant ctcs+BHV-1/80-221, which was present in the gD-null BIV-1 stocks. ctcs+BHV-1/80-221 could be propagated only by mixing infected with uninfected cells, and virions released into the culture medium were noninfectious. Marker rescue experiments revealed that a single point mutation in the first position of codon 450 of the glycoprotein H open reading frame, resulting in a glycine-to-tryptophan exchange, enabled complementation of the gD function for cell-to-cell spread. After about 40 continuous passages of ctcs+BHV-1/80-221-infected cells with noninfected cells, the plaque morphology in the cultures started to change from roundish to comet shaped. Cells from such plaques produced infectious gD- virus, named gD-infBHV-1, which entered cells much more slowly than wild-type BHV-1. In contrast, integration of the gD gene into the genomes of gD-infBHV-1 and ctcs+BHV-1/80-221 resulted in recombinants with accelerated penetration in comparison to wild-type virions. In summary, our results demonstrate that under selective conditions, the function of BHV-1 gD for direct cell-to-cell spread and entry into cells can be compensated for by mutations in other viral (glyco)proteins, leading to the hypothesis that gD is involved in formation of penetration-mediating complexes in the viral envelope of which gH is a component. Together with results for PrV, varicella-zoster virus, which lacks a gD homolog, and Marek's disease virus, whose gD homolog is not essential for infectivity, our data may open new insights into the evolution of alphaherpesviruses.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, Insel Riems, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schröder
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Linde
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fehler
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Keil
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002460:Cell Line; D017353:Gene Deletion; D014644:Genetic Variation; D007242:Herpesvirus 1, Bovine / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D017354:Point Mutation; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D014764:Viral Proteins; C046998:bovine herpesvirus type-1 glycoproteins