title: Effect of hemodilution with diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin on intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, and fluid requirements after head injury and shock.
abstract: Hemodilution has been shown to increase cerebral blood flow (CBF) and reduce lesion volume in models of occlusive cerebral ischemia, but it has not been evaluated in the setting of head trauma and shock in which ischemia is thought to play a role in the evolution of secondary injury. In a porcine model of brain injury and shock the authors compared hemodilution with diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin (DCLHb) to a standard resuscitation regimen using Ringer's lactate solution and shed blood. After creation of a cryogenic brain injury followed by hemorrhage, the animals received a bolus of either 4 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate solution (Group 1, six animals) or DCLHb (Group 2, six animals), followed by infusion of Ringer's lactate solution to restore mean arterial pressure (MAP) to baseline. Group 1 received shed blood 1 hour after hemorrhage (R1) in the form of packed red blood cells. Group 2 received shed blood only for an Hb count of less than 5 g/dl. The animals were monitored for 24 hours. At R1, Group 2 had a significantly greater cerebral perfusion pressure ([CPP] 88 +/- 5.7 vs. 68 +/- 2.4 mm Hg, p < 0.05). By 3 hours after hemorrhage (R3) Group 2 had a significantly lower Hb concentration (8.5 +/- 0.4 vs. 12.1 +/- 0.3 g/dl, p < 0.05) and a significantly lower intracranial pressure ([ICP] 9 +/- 0.8 vs. 14 +/- 0.6 mm Hg, p < 0.05). The total 24-hour fluid requirement was significantly less in Group 2 (10,654 +/- 505 ml vs. 15,542 +/- 1094 ml, p < 0.05) There was no difference between the groups regarding levels of regional CBF in the injured hemisphere. Cerebral O2 delivery was not significantly different between groups at any time. Lesion volume as determined at postmortem examination was not significantly different between the groups. The increased MAP and CPP and lower ICP observed in the Group 2 animals indicate that hemodilution with DCLHb may be beneficial in the treatment of head injury and shock.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Chappell
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Shackford
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: McBride
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001241:Aspirin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001834:Body Water / Q000737:chemistry; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002496:Central Venous Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000737:chemistry; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000503:physiopathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006438:Hemodilution; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007427:Intracranial Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D012769:Shock / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D012965:Sodium Chloride; C083478:diaspirin-cross-linked hemoglobin; D001241:Aspirin; D010100:Oxygen