title: Caring and comfort metaphors used by patients in critical care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the meaning of metaphors used by critical care patients about their ventilator weaning experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  Grounded theory.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 1992-1993, from a population of mechanically ventilated patients, a convenience sample of 20 adult patients was recruited from one 14-bed multispecialty ICU in a 740-bed teaching hospital in eastern Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transcripts of interviews were reviewed from the 20 original study transcripts, of which 18 included one or more metaphors for a total of 70. All were coded and classified with sub-themes analyzed for implicit meanings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four categories of metaphors were Physical Discomfort, Nurse Caring, Altered Self, and Patient Work. Data provide the elements for a mid-range theory of caring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metaphors provide vivid images of significant patient concerns and are a way for people to express meaning and feeling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  People communicate about their inner world through language. Examining patients' metaphors is a valuable approach to understanding the experiential world of patients in critical care so that nursing actions can be directed toward personal needs which may not be expressed openly. Providing interventions aimed at these personal needs will help patients find suitable levels of physical and emotional comfort.
authors.affiliation: University of Ottawa, School of Nursing, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jenny
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Logan
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004645:Empathy; D006801:Humans; D019365:Metaphor; D008875:Middle Aged; D009742:Nursing Theory; D015300:Ventilator Weaning / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology*