title: Functional domains of the nuclear receptor hepatocyte nuclear factor 4.
abstract: The hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF-4) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily and participates in the regulation of several genes involved in diverse metabolic pathways and developmental processes. To date, the functional domains of this nuclear receptor have not been identified, and it is not known whether its transcriptional activity is regulated by a ligand or other signals. In this report, we show that HNF-4 contains two transactivation domains, designated AF-1 and AF-2, which activate transcription in a cell type-independent manner. AF-1 consists of the extreme N-terminal 24 amino acids and functions as a constitutive autonomous activator of transcription. This short transactivator belongs to the class of acidic activators, and it is predicted to adopt an amphipathic alpha-helical structure. In contrast, the AF-2 transactivator is complex, spanning the 128-366 region of HNF-4, and it cannot be further dissected without impairing activity. The 360-366 region of HNF-4 contains a motif that is highly conserved among transcriptionally active nuclear receptors, and it is essential for AF-2 activity, but it is not necessary for dimerization and DNA binding of HNF-4. Thus, HNF-4 deletion mutants lacking the 361-465 region bind efficiently to DNA as homo- and heterodimers and behave as dominant negative mutants. Remarkably, the full transactivation potential of AF-2 is inhibited by the region spanning residues 371-465 (region F). The inhibitory effect of region F on the HNF-4 AF-2 activity is a unique feature among members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, and we propose that it defines a distinct regulatory mechanism of transcriptional activation by HNF-4.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts 02118-2394, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hadzopoulou-Cladaras
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kistanova
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Evagelopoulou
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cladaras
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ladias
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D053305:Apolipoprotein C-III; D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000235:genetics; D001056:Apolipoproteins C / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D051557:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4; D008099:Liver / Q000502:physiology; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D051381:Rats; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000737:chemistry*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000737:chemistry*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000737:chemistry*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation
chemical_list: D053305:Apolipoprotein C-III; D001055:Apolipoproteins B; D001056:Apolipoproteins C; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051557:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors