title: Prospective, multicenter study of spinal cord stimulation for relief of chronic back and extremity pain.
abstract: METHODS
  This prospective, multicenter study was designed to investigate the efficacy and outcome of spinal cord stimulation using a variety of clinical and psychosocial outcome measures. Data were collected before implantation and at regular intervals after implantation. This report focuses on 70 patients who had undergone 1 year of follow-up treatment at the time of data analysis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide a more generalizable assessment of long-term spinal cord stimulation outcome by comparing a variety of pain and functional/quality-of-life measures before and after management. This report details results after 1 year of stimulation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The historically diverse methods, patient selection criteria, and outcome measures reported in the spinal cord stimulation literature have made interpretation and comparison of results difficult. Although short-term outcomes are generally consistent, long-term outcomes of spinal cord stimulation, as determined by prospective studies that assess multidimensional aspects of the pain complaint among a relatively homogeneous population, are not well established.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred nineteen patients were entered at six centers throughout the United States. All patients underwent a trial of stimulation before implant of the permanent system. Most were psychologically screened. One hundred eighty-two patients were implanted with a permanent stimulating system. At the time of this report, complete 1-year follow-up data were available on 70 patients, 88% of whom reported pain in the back or lower extremities. Patient evaluation of pain and functional levels was completed before implantation and 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after implantation. Complications, medication usage, and work status also were monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All pain and quality-of-life measures showed statistically significant improvement during the treatment year. These included the average pain visual analogue scale, the McGill Pain Questionnaire, the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire, the Sickness Impact Profile, and the Back Depression Inventory. Overall success of the therapy was defined as at least 50% pain relief and patient assessment of the procedure as fully or partially beneficial and worthwhile. Using this definition, spinal cord stimulation successfully managed pain in 55% of patients on whom 1-year follow-up is available. Complications requiring surgical intervention were reported by 17% (12 of 70) of patients. Medication usage and work status were not changed significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This prospective, multicenter study confirms that spinal cord stimulation can be an effective therapy for management of chronic low back and extremity pain. Significant improvements in many aspects of the pain condition were measured, and complications were minimal.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Burchiel
authors.forename: V C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: F D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Fessler
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pelofsky
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Weiner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oakley
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shatin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001416:Back Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005121:Extremities; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009294:Narcotics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014937:Work
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D009294:Narcotics