title: Long-term follow-up of chronic Lyme neuroretinitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors report sequential fluorescein angiographic and color photographic findings of the fundi and response to treatment in a patient with chronic Lyme neuroretinitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Lyme enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with purified 41-kd flagellin as antigen was used to detect immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and vitreous. The changes were documented by fluorescein angiography and color photography tests performed during a 5 1/2 year follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The diagnosis of Lyme neuroretinitis was based on the history of erythema migrans and positive Lyme enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests from cerebrospinal fluid and vitreous and by the exclusion of other infectious and systemic diseases and uveitis entities. Fluorescein angiography results disclosed bilateral chronic neuroretinal edema with areas of cystoid, patchy, and diffuse hyperfluorescence peripapillary and in the macular areas. The hyperfluorescent lesions enlarged despite a 9-month period of antibiotic therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lyme borreliosis may cause neuroretinitis with unusual angiographic findings. Chronic Lyme neuroretinitis may be unresponsive to antibiotic therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karma
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stenborg
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Summanen
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Immonen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mikkilä
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Seppälä
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D015748:Borrelia burgdorferi Group / Q000276:immunology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D015818:Eye Infections, Bacterial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D008193:Lyme Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D009902:Optic Neuritis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy; D012173:Retinitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014821:Vitrectomy; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial