title: Gastrointestinal, hepatic, and metabolic effects of enteral and parenteral nutrition in rats infused with tumor necrosis factor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We previously showed that continuous infusion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in orally fed rats caused weight and muscle wasting mainly because of anorexia. However, when we tried to prevent weight loss by giving total parenteral nutrition (TPN), TNF-infused rats developed hyperglycemia, azotemia, and hepatic abnormalities. The present study was designed to determine whether the enteral (ENT) feeding resulted in fewer complications than parenteral (TPN) feeding in TNF-infused rats (100 micrograms/kg/d).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two rats were randomly allocated to four groups as follows: controls: TPN and ENT, and TNF-infused: TPN + TNF and ENT + TNF. All groups received the same liquid defined formula diet either enterally or parenterally (isocaloric and isonitrogenous). Twenty-six rats were used for studies of body composition and metabolism and 16 for vascular permeability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TPN + TNF and ENT + TNF rats showed significantly increased liver weights and significantly reduced carcass weights compared with controls. A significant reduction in the muscle weights and total protein, as well as hyperglycemia, azotemia, and abnormal liver enzymes was also seen in ENT + TNF rats compared with ENT rats. The gastric and small intestinal mucosa was inflamed in the ENT + TNF but not in the ENT, TPN + TNF, and TPN rats. The plasma TNF levels determined by bioassay were significantly increased in the TPN + TNF and ENT + TNF rats compared with controls. There was increased vascular permeability in the stomach and small and large intestine in the ENT + TNF rats compared with ENT rats. No significant changes in vascular permeability were seen in TPN and TPN + TNF rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ENT, but not TPN, resulted in prominent changes in the body composition and marked metabolic effects in the TNF-infused rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Raina
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Jeejeebhoy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D004064:Digestive System / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha