title: Assessment of tumor invasion of the distal esophagus in carcinoma of the cardia using endoscopic ultrasonography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Esophageal invasion by carcinoma of the cardia may affect the surgical approach. Accurate assessment of esophageal invasion is difficult using endoscopy, computed tomography, or barium contrast radiography. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) in the prediction of esophageal invasion by carcinoma of the cardia.
  
  
  METHODS
  EUS (using a linear-array scanner) was carried out prospectively in 47 patients with carcinoma of the cardia who underwent subsequent surgical resection. The findings were correlated with the histopathological assessment of tumor infiltration in the esophagus in the resected specimen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An absence of esophageal invasion was correctly predicted by EUS in 12 of 13 patients. Histopathologically confirmed invasion of the esophagus was correctly predicted in 32 of 34 patients. With a margin of error of 10 mm, the accuracy of EUS in predicting or excluding histologically confirmed invasion of the esophagus was 85.1% (40 of 47 patients). False-positive results with EUS occurred in patients with prominent edematous or fibrous changes in the distal esophagus; false-negative results with EUS were seen in patients with scattered infiltration of a small number of tumor cells into the mucosal or submucosal layer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EUS can provide the surgeon with additional information on the extent of esophageal infiltration in patients with carcinoma of the gastric cardia, and can therefore assist in the selection of the surgical approach.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Surgery, Kagoshima University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Natsugoe
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshinaka
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moringa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hokita
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baba
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takao
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukumoto
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aikou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002299:Cardia; D019160:Endosonography; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D016629:Esophagectomy; D004947:Esophagus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D005743:Gastrectomy; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery