title: Risk factors and dose-effect relationship for osteoradionecrosis after hyperfractionated and conventionally fractionated radiotherapy for oral cancer.
abstract: A high frequency of osteoradionecrosis after hyperfractionated radiotherapy (RT) of head and neck tumours led to a detailed analysis of risk factors in the dental, surgical, and radiotherapeutic areas. 168 patients with oral cancer were analysed retrospectively. 19% of them had been irradiated primarily and 81% postoperatively. 116 patients received a total dose mostly ranging from 60 Gy to 70 Gy to the ICRU 29 reference point (daily single dose 2 Gy). 52 patients were treated hyperfractionally with two daily fractions of 1.2 Gy per day, 4 h minimum apart and a total dose 82.8 Gy. Dental findings could be evaluated in 126 patients. Factors were checked for prognostic significance for osteoradionecrosis (ORN). Dose dependency was computed using a PROBIT analysis. Dental status before radiotherapy was generally poor (mean 11/32 teeth present, of these 1 was dead, 2.4 carious, 2.4 loose, 0.3 destroyed). On average, six teeth (range 0-27 teeth) had to be extracted. In one-third of the patients bone surgery was necessary. ORN occurred in 8.6% of the patients treated conventionally but in 22.9% of those treated hyperfractionally (p = 0.029). Biologically effective dose (p = 0.032) and deep paradontitis (p = 0.034) proved to be significant risk factors for ORN. PROBIT analysis showed a steadily rising dose dependency of the ORN frequency after conventional radiotherapy. Using total doses up to 70 Gy the frequency of ORN was 8.6%. Dose escalation using hyperfractionation led to an intolerable ORN frequency (22.9%) where a short interfraction interval was a significant factor. The use of this dose fractionation was therefore discontinued in 1992.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, University Hospital of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niewald
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Barbie
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schnabel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schedler
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nieder
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Berberich
mesh_terms: D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D010020:Osteonecrosis / Q000209:etiology*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors