title: R-Ras can activate the phosphoinositide 3-kinase but not the MAP kinase arm of the Ras effector pathways.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The small GTPase R-Ras displays a less potent transforming activity than the closely related Ras oncogene products. Although R-Ras has been reported to interact with c-Raf1 and Ral-GDS in vitro, the pathways by which it exerts its effects on cellular proliferation are not known.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both Ras and R-Ras interact with phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase in vitro, and induce elevation of the levels of PI 3-kinase lipid products in intact cells. Unlike Ras, R-Ras does not activate Raf or mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in cells. In co-transfection assays, the serine/threonine protein kinase PKB (or Akt) is effectively stimulated by R-Ras, Ras, mutants of Ras that activate PI 3-kinase but not other effectors, and activated forms of PI 3-kinase. Ras and R-Ras stimulate PKB/Akt through a non-autocrine mechanism that involves PI 3-kinase. The constitutive activation of PI 3-kinase alone is sufficient to activate PKB/Akt, but not the MAP kinase ERK or the stress-activated protein kinase, Jun N-terminal kinase. Transformation assays in fibroblasts suggest that PKB/Akt and Raf are part of distinct oncogenic signalling pathways.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the Raf-MAP kinase and PI 3-kinase-PKB/Akt pathways are activated by Ras, but only the PI 3-kinase-PKB/Akt pathway is activated by R-Ras. PI 3-kinase, and downstream targets such as PKB/Akt, are likely to be essential mediators of transformation induced by R-Ras. PI 3-kinase, as well as Raf, is thus implicated also in Ras transformation.
authors.affiliation: Imperial Cancer Research Fund, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK.
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Marte
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Viciana
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wennström
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Warne
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Downward
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000187:drug effects*; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D020558:GTP Phosphohydrolases / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) / Q000187:drug effects*; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor); D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D020558:GTP Phosphohydrolases; C513254:Rras protein, mouse; D018631:ras Proteins