title: Conservative management of cocaine-packet ingestion: experience in Milan, the main Italian smuggling center of South American cocaine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess retrospectively the effectiveness and the safety of the conservative medical management of asymptomatic cocaine body-packers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series collected during twelve years (1980-1992).
  
  
  METHODS
  Milan Airports Health Center. Department of Surgery and Intensive Care Unit of San Raffaele Hospital-University of Milan.
  
  
  METHODS
  189 suspected cocaine body packers (143 male, 53 female), aged between 18-53 years, were brought to our observation by customs after disembarking at the Milan International Airports of Malpensa and Linate. 61 subjects (32%) turned to be carriers of packets containing cocaine (ovules).
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical conservative treatment, based on close clinical observation and light solid diet, free assumption of liquids and oily laxatives. Plain abdominal X-ray and ultrasound were performed for the diagnosis of cocaine packet ingestion and then repeated up to the complete evacuation of all ovules. Two laparotomies with surgical removal of ovules in symptomatic patients (bowel obstruction and acute cocaine intoxication due to the intraluminal rupture).
  
  
  METHODS
  Physical examination with neurological assessment every 8 hours and vital signs (including blood pressure, heart frequency and temperature) every 4 hours to detect complications (acute cocaine intoxication, bowel obstruction or perforation) secondary to cocaine packet ingestion. Structural features of the containers, cocaine amount per ovule, and rate and indications for surgical treatment have been reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evacuation period lasted from 3 to 6 days. Ingested containers varied from 52 to 117 with a mean of 88 +/- 13 ovules for each body packer. Total amount of recovered 95% pure cocaine hydrochloride was 41 kilograms. Signs of cocaine toxicity and bowel obstruction requiring emergency laparotomy occurred in two cases (3.3%). Both patients recovered uneventfully.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conservative management during spontaneous evacuation of the containers is the first choice approach to the body-packet ingestion. Close clinical observation allows an early detection of the patients with complications requiring emergency surgical treatment.
authors.affiliation: IRCCS H San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Aldrighetti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paganelli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giacomelli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Villa
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ferla
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003042:Cocaine / Q000506:poisoning*; D003415:Crime; D005260:Female; D005547:Foreign Bodies; D006801:Humans; D007415:Intestinal Obstruction / Q000628:therapy*; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013020:South America
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine