title: Upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis. Risk factors, diagnosis, and complications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the clinical, diagnostic, and prognostic aspects of upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify the clinical and laboratory parameters associated with this disease, to assess the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonographic methods for its detection, and to establish the frequency of both early and late complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  After a careful history was taken, 58 consecutive patients with signs and symptoms that were clinically suggestive of UEDVT underwent the determination of antithrombin III and protein C and S levels and resistance to activated protein C and lupuslike anticoagulants. Compression ultrasonography, color flow Doppler imaging, and Doppler ultrasonography were performed prior to venography. Patients with confirmed UEDVT underwent objective tests to detect a pulmonary embolism and were followed up prospectively to record recurrent thromboembolic events and postthrombotic sequelae.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings from venography confirmed UEDVT in 27 patients (47%). Central venous catheters, thrombophilic states, and a previous leg vein thrombosis were statistically significantly associated with UEDVT. Sensitivity and specificity of compression ultrasonography (96% and 93.5%, respectively) and color flow Doppler imaging (100% and 93%, respectively) were comparable and better than those of Doppler ultrasonography (81% and 77%, respectively). Objective findings suggestive of a pulmonary embolism were recorded in 36% of the patients with UEDVT. After a mean follow-up of 2 years, 2 patients with UEDVT experienced recurrent thromboembolic events, and 4 had postthrombotic sequelae.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Symptomatic UEDVT is associated with central venous catheters, thrombophilic states, and a previous leg vein thrombosis. Both compression ultrasonography and color flow Doppler imaging are accurate methods for its detection. A pulmonary embolism is a common complication of the disease. Finally, this disorder may recur and may be followed by postthrombotic sequelae.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Semeiotics, University Hospital of Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Prandoni
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Polistena
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bernardi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cogo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Casara
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Verlato
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Angelini
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Simioni
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Signorini
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benedetti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Girolami
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001132:Arm; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010690:Phlebography; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013924:Thrombophlebitis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color