title: Intraoperative apical ventricular septal defect closure using a modified Rashkind double umbrella.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the safety and efficacy of intraoperative apical ventricular septal defect (VSD) closure using a modified Rashkind double umbrella.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive study of all patients in whom intraoperative device closure of apical VSDs was attempted.
  
  
  METHODS
  A tertiary referral centre.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four patients with an apical VSD requiring closure, during the period January 1993 to May 1995.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intraoperative placement of a modified Rashkind umbrella.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four successful placements resulting in apical VSD closure, as judged by transoesophageal colour flow mapping. Three patients received a 17 mm and one a 12 mm umbrella. Early complete closure was achieved in three patients. There was a small residual leak around the 12 mm device that had resolved at 5 month follow up. There was one early death, which was unrelated to VSD closure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Apical ventricular septal defects can be closed safely and effectively with intraoperative use of a modified Rashkind umbrella.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Royal Brompton Hospital, London.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Chaturvedi
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Shore
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yacoub
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Redington
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016306:Vena Cava Filters