title: Gender and acute myocardial infarction: is there a different response to thrombolysis?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to 1) determine the effect of gender on early and late infarct-related artery patency and reocclusion after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction; 2) examine the effect of gender on left ventricular function in response to injury/reperfusion; and 3) assess the independent contribution of gender to early (30-day) mortality after acute myocardial infarction.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Women have a higher mortality rate than men after myocardial infarction. However, the effect of gender on infarct-related coronary artery patency and left ventricular response to injury/reperfusion have not been fully defined in the thrombolytic era.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patency rates and global and regional left ventricular function were determined in patients at 90 min and 5 to 7 days after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. The effect of gender on infarct-related artery patency and left ventricular function was determined. Thirty-day mortality differences between women and men were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women were significantly older and had more hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, heart failure and shock. They were less likely to have had a previous myocardial infarction, history of smoking or previous bypass surgery. Ninety-minute patency rates (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction [TIMI] flow grade 3) in women and men were 39% and 38%, respectively (p = 0.5). Reocclusion rates were 8.7% in women versus 5.1% in men (p = 0.14). Women had more recurrent ischemia than men (21.4% vs. 17.0%, respectively, p = 0.01). Ninety-minute ejection fraction and regional ventricular function were clinically similar in women and men with TIMI 2 or 3 flow (ejection fraction [mean +/- SD]: 63.4 +/- 6% vs. 59.4 +/- 0.7%, p = 0.02; number of chords: 21.4 +/- 0.9 vs. 21.0 +/- 1.9, p = 0.7; SD/chord: -2.4 +/- 08 vs. -2.4 +/- 0.2, p = 0.9, respectively). No clinically significant differences in left ventricular function were noted at 5- to 7-day follow-up. Women had a greater hyperkinetic response than men in the noninfarct zone (SD/chord: 2.4 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.7 +/- 0.1, p = 0.005). The 30-day mortality rate was 13.1% in women versus 4.8% in men (p < or = 0.0001). After adjustment for other clinical and angiographic variables, gender remained an independent determinant of 30-day mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women do not differ significantly from men with regard to either early infarct-related artery patency rates or reocclusion after thrombolytic therapy or ventricular functional response to injury/reperfusion. Gender was an independent determinant of 30-day mortality after acute myocardial infarction.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Woodfield
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Lundergan
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Reiner
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Rohrbeck
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Deychak
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Califf
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Topol
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D013300:Streptokinase / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015996:Survival Rate; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D013997:Time Factors; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014654:Vascular Patency; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
chemical_list: D006493:Heparin; D013300:Streptokinase; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator