title: Ventricular dysfunction and the risk of stroke after myocardial infarction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In patients who have had a myocardial infarction, the long-term risk of stroke and its relation to the extent of left ventricular dysfunction have not been determined. We studied whether a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction is associated with an increased risk of stroke after myocardial infarction and whether other factors such as older age and therapy with anticoagulants, thrombolytic agents, or captopril affect long-term rates of stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed an observational analysis of prospectively collected data on 2231 patients who had left ventricular dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction who were enrolled in the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement trial. The mean follow-up was 42 months. Risk factors for stroke were assessed by both univariate and multivariate Cox proportional-hazards analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among these patients, 103 (4.6 percent) had fatal or nonfatal strokes during the study (rate of stroke per year of follow-up, 1.5 percent). The estimated five-year rate of stroke in all the patients was 8.1 percent. As compared with patients without stroke, patients with stroke were older (mean [+/-SD] age, 63+/-9 years vs. 59+/-11 years; P<0.001) and had lower ejection fractions (29+/-7 percent vs. 31+/-7 percent, P=0.01). Independent risk factors for stroke included a lower ejection fraction (for every decrease of 5 percentage points in the ejection fraction there was an 18 percent increase in the risk of stroke), older age, and the absence of aspirin or anticoagulant therapy. Patients with ejection fractions of < or = 28 percent after myocardial infarction had a relative risk of stroke of 1.86, as compared with patients with ejection fractions of more than 35 percent (P=0.01). The use of thrombolytic agents and captopril had no significant effect on the risk of stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During the five years after myocardial infarction, patients have a substantial risk of stroke. A decreased ejection fraction and older age are both independent predictors of an increased risk of stroke. Anticoagulant therapy appears to have a protective effect against stroke after myocardial infarction.
authors.affiliation: Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Loh
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wun
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rouleau
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Flaker
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Lamas
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Moyé
authors.forename: S Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Goldhaber
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pfeffer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000150:complications*