title: Heroin addiction in Bahrain: 15 years experience.
abstract: This study describes the development and outcome of a new treatment programme for the management of heroin addiction in Bahrain. The problem reached its peak in the early 1980s with several reported deaths and with the involvement of many disciplines in the overall response. In 1983, treatment of all addicts was restricted by law to the government psychiatric hospital. The newly established specialized drug unit was overwhelmed by the number of patients seeking treatment. The lack of sufficient resources and suitably trained staff forced the unit to adopt an outpatient maintenance therapy approach for most of its clients. In 1987, a new comprehensive treatment programme was introduced that relies on a clear philosophy, safe detoxification (using objective scales for withdrawal manifestations) rather than maintenance therapy, followed by psychological and social rehabilitation. A national committee for drug addiction was formed and an intensive programme of education was started at all levels. The results indicate an initial increase at inpatient level but a marked drop of outpatient attendance. The use of the Opioid Objective Withdrawal Manifestations Scale (OOWMS) revealed that only a small number of our patients developed moderate or severe signs of withdrawal that required detoxification, and the rate of dispensed controlled medication was reduced by 99%. The effect of this approach is discussed, with special reference to the need for a collaborative effort from all disciplines in planning, implementing, continuously evaluating and modifying the national programmes for handling the serious problem of addiction.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric Hospital, State of Bahrain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdel-Mawgoud
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: al-Haddad
mesh_terms: D001445:Bahrain / Q000453:epidemiology; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010343:Patient Admission; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D008691:Methadone