title: Echocardiographic assessment of commissural calcium: a simple predictor of outcome after percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to determine whether the presence of calcium in the mitral valve commissures, as demonstrated echocardiographically, could predict outcome and to compare this with an established echocardiographic scoring system.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy is an effective form of treatment for mitral valve stenosis. It is important to identify patients who would benefit from this procedure. Commissural splitting is the dominant mechanism by which mitral valve stenosis is relieved by this technique, and thus commissural morphology may predict outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred forty-nine consecutive patients who underwent percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy at the Mayo Clinic were evaluated retrospectively. The morphology of the mitral valve apparatus on the baseline echocardiograms was scored in blinded manner using a semiquantitative grading system of leaflet thickening, mobility, calcification and subvalvular thickening (Abascal score). Additionally, each of the medial and lateral commissures was graded for the presence or absence of calcification. End points were death, New York Heart Association functional class, repeat percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy and mitral valve replacement at follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean follow-up period was 1.8 years (maximum 7.9 years). Univariate predictors of death and all events combined included age, the use of a double-balloon technique, the presence of calcium in a commissure and the Abascal score, as continuous variables. Patients with an Abascal score < or = 8 showed a trend toward improved survival at 36 months free of death, repeat percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy or mitral valve replacement (78 +/- 6% vs. 67 +/- 8%, p = 0.07) and free of all events combined (75 +/- 6% vs. 64 +/- 8%, p = 0.07) versus those patients with a score > 8. However, survival at 36 months free of death, repeat percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy or mitral valve replacement (86 +/- 4% vs. 40 +/- 4%) and free of all events combined (82 +/- 5% vs. 38 +/- 10%) at follow-up was significantly different between patients without commissural calcium and those with commissural calcium (p < 0.001). In a Cox regression model with Abascal score and commissural calcium and their interaction, calcification emerged as the only significant variable (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of commissural calcium is a strong predictor of outcome after percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy. Patients with evidence of calcium in a commissure have a lower survival rate and a higher incidence of mitral valve replacement and all end points combined. Thus, the simple presence or absence of commissural calcification assessed by two-dimensional echocardiography can be used to predict outcome.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Cannan
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Reeder
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Ilstrup
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Tajik
mesh_terms: D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002404:Catheterization; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004452:Echocardiography; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008946:Mitral Valve Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome