title: NONMEM population pharmacokinetic studies of cytosine arabinoside after high-dose and after loading bolus followed by continuous infusion of the drug in pediatric patients with leukemias.
abstract: We examined the population pharmacokinetics (PPK) of cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) after high-dose ara-C (HDara-C) (3 g/m2 every 12 h) and after a loading bolus (LB) plus continuous infusion (C1) of ara-C for 72 h in 52 pediatric patients with leukemias, enrolled in four clinical trials. The PPK analyses of the drug were performed using the NONMEM program. The patients' ages ranged from 2 months to 19 years. The ara-C data were analyzed using a two-compartment open model. Interindividual variability was described by the constant coefficient of variation (CCV) model, while the intraindividual variability was described by a combined additive and CCV error model. The covariates age (AGE) and surface area (SA) were tested to examine their influence on the estimation of the ara-C PPK parameters. In the absence of model covariates, the data fit was characterized by considerable bias, as indicated by the plot of measured vs predicted ara-C concentrations. The fit of the data was greatly improved when the parameters total body clearance (CL), intercompartmental clearance (Q), and volumes of distribution of central (Vd1) and peripheral (Vd2) compartments were expressed as linear functions of the covariate product, AGE x SA. The final parameter estimates were: CL = 2.59 x AGE x SA 1/h, Q = 2.01 x AGE x SA 1/h, Vd1 = 0.48 x AGE x SA1, and Vd2 = 38.1 x AGE x SA1. The coefficients of variation of CL, Q, Vd1 and Vd2 were 83.79%, 12.08%, 40.0%, and 52.54%, respectively, indicating substantial interindividual variability. In separate NONMEM analyses, the PK of ara-C and its metabolite uracil arabinoside (ara-U) were modeled simultaneously in order to investigate whether the dependence of ara-C on patient age was due to increased deamination of ara-C to ara-U. The PK of ara-C were described by the two-compartment open model while the PK of ara-U were simultaneously described by the one-compartment open model. The conversion of ara-C to ara-U was modeled as a first-order kinetic process due to the relatively low concentrations of ara-C in plasma. These PPK analyses indicated that elimination of ara-C from the central compartment occurs primarily by its metabolic conversion to ara-U and that the rate of conversion of ara-C to ara-U increases with increasing patient age, which explains the higher ratios of ara-U to ara-C and, hence, the increased ara-C clearance observed in older children as compared to infants. We conclude that the NONMEM PPK methodology allowed the simultaneous analyses of data from different doses and dose regimens and explained phenomena that prior standard two-stage analyses could not.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 90027, USA.
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Periclou
authors.forename: V I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Avramis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001086:Arabinofuranosyluracil / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007938:Leukemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008954:Models, Biological
chemical_list: D003561:Cytarabine; D001086:Arabinofuranosyluracil