title: Surgical treatment of intractable seizures with multilobar or bihemispheric seizure foci (MLBHSF).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with multilobar or bihemispheric seizure foci (MLBHSF) are generally not considered candidates for major resective surgery because of the high risk of complications. A combination of relatively less invasive surgical procedures were used to treat 19 patients with intractable seizures with MLBHSF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Epileptogenic areas were identified via standard techniques. Locations of the seizure foci were in two lobes of a hemisphere in 11 patients, three lobes of a hemisphere in four patients, four lobes of a hemisphere in one patient, and both hemispheres in three patients. All 19 patients had multiple subpial transections; in addition, seven patients had small topectomies and nine patients had amygdala hippocampotomies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The longest follow-up is 54 months and the median for follow-up is 33 months. Nine patients (47%) are either free of seizures or have only rare seizures; eight patients (41%) have greater than 90% reduction in seizure frequency; one patient (6%) has complete cessation of myoclonic seizures and secondary generalization, and greater than 50% reduction in partial complex seizures; and one patient (6%) has greater than 50% reduction in seizure frequency. There were no permanent operative complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Though the follow-up is relatively short and the number of patients is small, these results are encouraging, because the majority of patients in this group were poor surgical candidates.
authors.affiliation: Epilepsy Care Center, Immanuel Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Torkelson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome