The stability and persistence of mutualisms embedded in community interactions.
In this paper we argue that two-species models of mutualism may be oversimplifications of the real world that lead to erroneous predictions. We present a four-species model of a pollination mutualism embedded in other types of community interactions. Conclusions derived from two-species models about the destabilizing effect of mutualisms are misleading when applied to the present scenario; although the mutualisms are locally destabilizing, the effect is more than canceled by an increased chance of feasibility. The crucial difference is the interaction of the mutualists with other species in a larger web. Furthermore, community persistence (without unrealistic population explosion), arguably a superior ecological criterion, is greatly enhanced by the presence of mutualisms. Therefore, we predict that mutualisms should be common in the real world, a prediction matching empirial findings and in contrast to the predictions from local stability analysis of basic two-species models. This method of stabilizing a mutualism appears superior in some ways to the often-used method of introducing density dependence in the strength of the mutualism, because it permits obligate mutualisms to exist even at low densities, again matching empirical findings. Lastly, this study is an example of how complex model assemblages can behave qualitatively differently from analogous simpler ones.
Ringel
M S
MS
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
Hu
H H
HH
Anderson
G
G
D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology*; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology*; D003163:Competitive Behavior; D017753:Ecosystem; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D018521:Plant Physiological Phenomena; D011058:Pollen; D011235:Predatory Behavior / Q000502:physiology*