title: PKC epsilon functions as an oncogene by enhancing activation of the Raf kinase.
abstract: Previous studies have indicated that PKCepsilon behaves as an oncogene when overproduced in rodent fibroblasts (Cacace et al., 1993; Mishak et al., 1993). In the present study, Western blot analysis revealed that the hyperphosphorylated form of Raf kinase was present at a high level in PKCepsilon overproducing R6 rat fibroblasts but not in R6 fibroblasts overproducing PKCalpha or beta1. Extracts from the PKCepsilon overproducing cells also exhibited a marked increase in Raf-1 kinase and MAP-kinase activity. To investigate the significance of these findings, dominant negative mutants of ras (N17) or raf (301-1) were stably expressed in early passage control and PKCepsilon-transformed R6 fibroblasts, by transduction using retrovirus-derived constructs. Dominant negative raf expressing clones exhibited a flat morphology, a decreased saturation density, and decreased growth in soft agar. In addition, these reverted clones exhibited decreased Raf kinase activity. In contrast, dominant negative ras expressing clones remained highly transformed. In addition, PKCepsilon was detected in Raf-1 immunoprecipitates indicating that PKCepsilon forms a complex with Raf-1 in vivo. Taken together, these results suggest that PKCepsilon functions as an oncogene in R6 cells by enhancing activation of the Raf-1 kinase.
authors.affiliation: Columbia-Presbyterian Cancer Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cacace
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ueffing
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Philipp
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kolch
authors.forename: I B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Weinstein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003114:Colony-Forming Units Assay; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D009857:Oncogenes / Q000502:physiology*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D007527:Isoenzymes; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C497257:Prkce protein, rat; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate