title: Net effect of inoculum size on antimicrobial action of ampicillin-sulbactam: studies using an in vitro dynamic model.
abstract: To examine the predictable effect of inoculum size on the kinetics of the antimicrobial action of ampicillin-sulbactam, five TEM-1 beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli strains were studied in an in vitro dynamic model at two different initial inocula (N0S). All bacteria were exposed to ampicillin-sulbactam in a simulated system reflecting the pharmacokinetic profiles in human tissue after the administration of a single intravenous dose of ampicillin (2 g) plus sulbactam (1 g). Each strain was studied at low (4.0 to 5.2 log CFU/ml) and high (5.0 to 7.1 log CFU/ml) N0S. Despite pronounced differences in susceptibilities, the patterns of the killing curves observed with a given strain at different N0S were similar. As expected, viable bacterial counts increased with inoculum size. Striking visual contrasts in the respective curves for each organism were reflected by the area under the bacterial count-time curve (AUBC) but not by the difference between the N0 and the lowest bacterial counts (Nmin) at the nadir of the killing curve: the N0-associated changes in the AUBC on average were 75%, versus 2.5% for log N0--logNmin. To examine qualitative differences in antimicrobial effects at different N0S (i.e., the net effect of the inoculum), the difference in the high and low N0S was subtracted from each point on the killing curve obtained at the higher N0 for each strain. These adjusted curves were virtually superimposable on the observed killing curves obtained at the lower N0. Moreover, by using adjusted data, the AUBC values were similar at the two inocula, although slight (average, 11%) but systematic increases in the AUBC occurred at high N0S. Thus, there was only a weak net effect of inoculum size on the antibacterial effect of ampicillin-sulbactam. Due to similar slopes of the AUBC-log N0 plots, the antibacterial action at different N0S may be easily predicted by an approximate equation; the predicted AUBCs were unbiased and well correlated with the observed AUBCs (r = 0.997). Compiled data obtained with normalized AUBCs for different strains at different N0S yielded a positive correlation (r = 0.963) between the N0-normalized AUBC and the MIC of ampicillin-sulbactam. The adjustment and normalization procedure described might be a useful tool for revealing the net effect of the inoculum and to predict the inoculum effect if there are no qualitative differences in antimicrobial action at different inocula.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Brown University, Roger Williams Medical Center 02908, Providence, USA.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Firsov
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruble
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saverino
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Savarino
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Manzano
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Medeiros
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Zinner
mesh_terms: D000667:Ampicillin / Q000494:pharmacology; D019540:Area Under Curve; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D013407:Sulbactam / Q000494:pharmacology; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C035444:sultamicillin; D000667:Ampicillin; D001618:beta-Lactamases; C034413:beta-lactamase TEM-1; D013407:Sulbactam