title: Presence of mature sperm in testicular parenchyma of men with nonobstructive azoospermia: prevalence and predictive factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hitherto, patients with testicular dysfunction and azoospermia had to resort to adoption, donor sperm insemination, or child-free living. The realization that a proportion of such men harbor spermatozoa in their testicular parenchyma, combined with the ability of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) to effect pregnancy with single sperm, has prompted male infertility clinicians to explore testicular sperm extraction (TESE) in this patient population. We sought to investigate the likelihood of finding spermatozoa during TESE from men presenting with nonobstructive azoospermia and to define if any factors existed that were predictive of eventual sperm presence or absence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients with nonobstructive azoospermia underwent TESE and simultaneous formal testis biopsy, cytologic analysis, and wet preparation analysis. Tissue obtained from TESE was analyzed according to a rigorous protocol, followed by exhaustive searching by trained embryologists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one patients (70%) had spermatozoa found on testicular tissue analysis. Neither patient age nor follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level was predictive of the ability to find sperm. With regard to histologic pattern, 50% of men with Sertoli cell-only, 75% of patients with maturation arrest, and 100% of patients with spermatids seen on histologic analysis had sperm retrieved from their testicular tissue during TESE. Absence of sperm on cytologic smear and wet preparation analysis failed to predict the presence of sperm on formal testicular tissue analysis in 40% of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Men with nonobstructive azoospermia may have mature spermatozoa present within their testicular parenchyma. Relying on these data, patients should not be excluded from TESE based on serum FSH level, age, prior histopathologic pattern, or cytology/wet preparation results. These figures will allow clinicians to counsel patients with nonobstructive azoospermia informatively regarding TESE and their chances of having testicular sperm retrieved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Mulhall
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Oates
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009845:Oligospermia / Q000473:pathology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D013094:Spermatozoa; D013737:Testis / Q000166:cytology*