title: An eccentric- and concentric-strength profile of shoulder external and internal rotator muscles in professional baseball pitchers.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to establish a data base on the isokinetic eccentric muscular performance characteristics of external and internal rotator muscles in the shoulders of professional baseball pitchers. Concentric data are also included and compared with previously published concentric studies. Twenty-five professional baseball pitchers were evaluated with a Kin-Com isokinetic dynamometer. The subjects tested had a mean age of 23.5 years and a mean body weight of 199 pounds. Eccentric and concentric isokinetic tests were performed at 60 and 120 deg/sec. The testing protocol was standardized for each subject. Test results indicated no statistically significant difference in mean torque between throwing and nonthrowing shoulders for either external or internal rotator muscle groups. Eccentric strength was significantly greater than concentric strength for all muscle groups tested. The external-to-internal rotator muscle strength ratios were well above those previously published for high school through professional pitchers. Mean torque-to-lean body weight ratios were also included to establish a data base. This study establishes one of the first data bases for eccentric isokinetic muscle strength of shoulder rotator muscles in professional baseball pitchers. The data may help clinicians prevent and rehabilitate shoulder injuries in professional throwing athletes.
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic Sports Medicine Center, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Sirota
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Malanga
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Eischen
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Laskowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001484:Baseball / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D012782:Shoulder / Q000502:physiology*