title: Identification of a replication-competent pathogenic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with a duplication in the TCF-1alpha region but lacking NF-kappaB binding sites.
abstract: Multiple human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) sequences with deletions of NF-kappaB binding sites at both the 5' and 3' long terminal repeats (LTRs) were identified in serial samples collected from an infected individual. The effect of this deletion on the level of transcription was studied by transient transfection of an LTR-driven luciferase reporter gene and by infection with a full-length recombinant HIV-1 containing a luciferase reporter (HIVHXBluc). Detectable levels of gene expression were found in both systems, in the presence or absence of the viral transactivator Tat. Interestingly, a duplication of a putative TCF-1alpha motif was found in place of the NF-kappaB elements in these viruses. Higher transcriptional activity was observed with HXBLTR (NF-kappaB intact) than with the patient's LTR (NF-kappaB deleted), suggesting that the NF-kappaB binding sites may promote optimal levels of viral gene transcription. The ability of these viruses with NF-kappaB deleted to replicate and cause substantial decline in CD4 cell counts demonstrates that the NF-kappaB binding sites are not absolutely required for viral replication or pathogenicity in vivo. These results are consistent with the notion that the HIV-1 LTR possesses functional redundancy which allows it to interact with multiple transcription factors, thereby ensuring viral replication in a variety of cell types.
authors.affiliation: The Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10016, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ip
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D002460:Cell Line; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005784:Gene Amplification; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D051821:Lymphoid Enhancer-Binding Factor 1; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051821:Lymphoid Enhancer-Binding Factor 1; D016328:NF-kappa B; D014157:Transcription Factors