title: Chemical and swelling evaluations of amino group crosslinking in gelatin and modified gelatin matrices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the extent of amino group crosslinking in gelatin matrices by chemical assay, and to compare these results to crosslinking evaluations from swelling measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Matrices crosslinked with a water soluble carbodiimide (EDC/G), glutaraldehyde (GTA/G), as well as a GTA crosslinked matrix prepared from gelatin modified to contain 230% greater crosslinking sites (GTA/Mod) were evaluated. Crosslinking extent, Xc, was determined by a UV assay of uncrosslinked amino groups before and after crosslinking, and was used to obtain crosslinking densities. Equilibrium swelling ratios, Qm, at 37 degrees C in isotonic pH 7.4 were used to calculate crosslinking degree from the Flory equation for swelling of ionic polymers for comparison to the chemically determined crosslinking densities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the original 33 x 10(-5) moles epsilon-amino groups/g gelatin, 91 to 95% were crosslinked in EDC/G and GTA/G. GTA/Mod lost 95% of the original 108 x 10(-5) moles amino groups/g gelatin. Crosslinking densities were 4.1 x 10(-4) and 4.2 x 10(-4) moles/mL for EDC/G and GTA/G, respectively. The value for GTA/Mod increased to 14.2 x 10(-4) moles/mL. Values of Qm followed the same trend. The Flory crosslinking degrees for both gelatin matrices were 12 x 10(-4) and 13 x 10(-4) moles/mL, respectively. The value for the more extensively crosslinked GTA/Mod was 280 x 10(-4) moles/mL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The swelling and chemical evaluations of crosslinking are in general agreement for matrices with the lower of two crosslinking levels. The chemical determination appears suitable for evaluating amino group crosslinking in gelatin and it may be suitable for other proteinaceous materials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science, Pennsylvania 19104-4495, USA.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ofner
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Bubnis
mesh_terms: D000588:Amines / Q000032:analysis*; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D005780:Gelatin / Q000032:analysis*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D005780:Gelatin