title: Properties of the mouse alpha-globin HS-26: relationship to HS-40, the major enhancer of human alpha-globin gene expression.
abstract: HS-26, the mouse homologue of HS-40, is the major regulatory element of the mouse alpha-globin gene locus. Like HS-40, HS-26 is located within an intron of a house-keeping gene; comparison of the nucleotide sequences of HS-26 and HS-40 reveals conservation of the sequences and positions of several DNA binding motifs in the 5' regions of both elements (3 GATA, 2 NFE-2, and 1 CACCC sites) and the absence in HS-26 of three CACCC sites and one GATA site that are present in the 3' region of HS-40, suggesting that the two elements might not be identical. We report here that when HS-26 is linked to a 1.5 kb Pstl human alpha-globin gene fragment, it has a weak enhancer activity in induced MEL cells and in transgenic embryos, and it does not have any detectable activity in adult transgenic mice. This suggests that HS-26 does not have Locus Control Region (LCR) activity but can act as an enhancer during the embryonic life when integrated at a permissive locus. To further test the importance of HS-26 at its natural locus, we have generated embryonic stem cells and chimeric animals in which 350 bp containing HS-26 have been replaced by a neomycin resistance gene by homologous recombination. The sizes of the chimeras' red cells were then estimated by measuring forward scattering on a FacsScan apparatus in hypotonic conditions. This revealed that a fraction of the chimeric animals' red cells were smaller than normal mouse red cells and were very similar to cells from mice heterozygous for alpha-thalassemia. Density gradient analysis also suggested the presence of thalassemic cells. These results indicated that despite its lack of LCR activity, HS-26 is important for the regulation of the mouse alpha-globin gene locus.
authors.affiliation: Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Bouhassira
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Kielman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gilman
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Fabry
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suzuka
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Leone
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gikas
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Bernini
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Nagel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005914:Globins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D005914:Globins