title: Effects of clomiphene citrate on the endometrial thickness and echogenic pattern of the endometrium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of clomiphene citrate (CC) on the endometrium by ultrasound and to reveal the echogenic difference between the control cycle and the CC cycle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study of patients before and during a CC treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-nine infertile women who had a spontaneous ovulation and a normal luteal function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients received 50 mg/d CC between days 5 and 9 of the menstrual cycle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endometrial thickness, echogenic pattern of the endometrium, serum E2 content, and E2 and P receptor contents in the endometrium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endometrial thickness was significantly thinner during the CC cycle (7.6 +/- 1.4 mm, mean +/- SD, n = 79) than during the control cycle (8.5 +/- 1.7 mm, n = 79) on late proliferative days, but there was no significant difference on midsecretory days (10.8 +/- 2.2 mm during the CC cycle, n = 79; 11.2 +/- 2.2 mm during the control cycle, n = 79). The echogenic patterns, however, were different between the two cycles on midsecretory days. Moreover, the incidence in which patients showed a grade 3 endometrium on midsecretory days was significantly higher during the conceived CC cycle compared with the not-conceived CC cycle. Serum E2 levels were significantly higher, but E2 receptor contents in the endometrium were significantly lower during the CC cycle (67 +/- 46 fmol/mg, n = 13) compared with the control cycle (123 +/- 89 fmol/mg, n = 15) on late proliferative days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clomiphene citrate affected the echogenic pattern of the endometrium, and most of the endometrium showed a grade 3 pattern on midsecretory days during the conceived CC cycle. Under the CC treatment, the comfortable endometrium for embryos might be different from the control cycle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sugino
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kato
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002996:Clomiphene / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004717:Endometrium / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011959:Receptors, Estradiol / Q000378:metabolism; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism; D012016:Reference Values; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D011959:Receptors, Estradiol; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D002996:Clomiphene