title: Development and evaluation of a computer-based system for dietary management of hyperlipidemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the development of a computer-based system for dietary management of hyperlipidemia and to evaluate its efficacy for lowering plasma cholesterol level.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a stepwise approach, we developed and tested a three-part self-management system in five consecutive clinical studies. Each study assessed plasma cholesterol levels before and after dietary intervention using the system. These studies enabled progressive refinement of (a) a food frequency questionnaire used to assess food intake in the preceding month; (b) computer-generated progress reports, based on questionnaire responses, offering dietary change subgoals and strategies for change; and (c) a dietary workbook providing detailed information on how to achieve goals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Persons with hyperlipidemia (n=814) were enrolled from worksite and clinical settings in the San Francisco Bay area of California. The attrition rate after randomization was 5%.
  
  
  METHODS
  Elements of the dietary intervention evolved in response to the results of five clinical studies. In each study, patients underwent a form of baseline assessment of dietary intake followed by counseling/instruction by various means. Follow-up dietary assessments were provided at specific intervals to facilitate subjects' progress toward their dietary goals. A dietary workbook provided the detailed instruction required to implement the recommendations contained in the periodic progress reports.
  
  
  METHODS
  Changes in plasma cholesterol level were measured by paired and unpaired t tests. The relationship between the reported reduction in dietary fat and cholesterol level assessed by food frequency questionnaires and the directly measured change in plasma cholesterol level was measured by multiple linear regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three major elements of the final computerized system (food frequency questionnaires, computer-generated progress reports, and dietary workbook) were developed and refined in the course of the five clinical studies. Reductions in total plasma cholesterol level of 5.0% to 6.5% achieved by participants in all five studies were consistent with self-reported reductions in intake of dietary saturated fat and cholesterol. Therefore, the computerized self-management system appears to be an effective tool for reducing plasma cholesterol levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A computer-based system for dietary self-management of hyperlipidemia, implemented by mail, was effective in short-term studies. This self-management system can potentially provide health-promoting services to large numbers of people at low cost.
authors.affiliation: Stanford Cardiac Rehabilitation Program, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ghandour
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bandura
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: DeBusk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015930:Diet Records; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005246:Feedback; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000178:diet therapy*; D016014:Linear Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D012648:Self Care; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted
chemical_list: D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D004041:Dietary Fats; D002784:Cholesterol