Surveillance of loperamide ingestions: an analysis of 216 poison center reports.
BACKGROUND
Loperamide was approved for nonprescription use in 1988. While efficacy is well documented, there are few data on loperamide overdose and management.


METHODS
Eight poison centers participated in a prospective study enrolling 216 patients.


RESULTS
Where the amount ingested was known, it ranged from 0.03 to 0.94 mg/kg. One- to 3-year-olds were involved in 57.9% of ingestions. Ingestion was unintentional in 182 cases (84.3%), including 59 patients with therapeutic errors (27.3% of all cases). Dispensing cup errors were implicated in 23 cases; 15 patients assumed the dispensing cup was the unit of measure. No symptoms developed in 63.0%; 27.8% had related symptoms. No related symptoms were life-threatening, and no fatalities occurred. The most frequent symptoms were drowsiness (15.7%), vomiting (4.2%), and abdominal pain or burning (3.7%). The frequency of related symptoms was compared in patients receiving the most frequently utilized decontamination modalities: ipecac alone, activated charcoal alone, lavage and activated charcoal, and ipecac and activated charcoal. Compared to the 112 patients who received no decontamination, only the ipecac-treated group demonstrated a significant reduction in the frequency of related symptoms; 13.9% of patients given ipecac alone (without other gastric decontamination) had related symptoms compared to 33.0% of patients who received no decontamination. Three patients received naloxone for CNS symptoms related to loperamide; two responded and the response of the third was unknown.


CONCLUSIONS
Within the range of doses implicated in this study (up to 0.94 mg/kg), there were no life threatening clinical effects and no fatalities. Development of a management protocol is complicated by the absence of a predictable clinical response in each dose range. The data suggest that children over six months with single acute ingestions up to 0.4 mg/kg, and possibly higher, can be safely managed at home, without gastric decontamination.
Litovitz
T
T
National Capital Poison Center, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
Clancy
C
C
Korberly
B
B
Temple
A R
AR
Mann
K V
KV
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000930:Antidiarrheals / Q000506:poisoning*; D002606:Charcoal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007486:Ipecac / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008139:Loperamide / Q000506:poisoning*; D008297:Male; D011039:Poison Control Centers; D011446:Prospective Studies
D000930:Antidiarrheals; D002606:Charcoal; D008139:Loperamide; D007486:Ipecac