title: Multiple hyperplastic polyps in the stomach: evidence for clonality and neoplastic potential.
abstract: The origin and neoplastic potential of gastric epithelial polyps remains an area of great interest, and treatment choices are a topic of controversy. This report describes a patient diagnosed with three concurrent hyperplastic gastric polyps that were studied for genetic alterations. The polyps were investigated for alterations in the K-ras oncogene and the p53 tumor suppressor gene and for p21WAF1/Cip1 and MDM2 protein overexpression. In addition, loss of heterozygosity at several loci that are frequently involved in human cancer was analyzed, microsatellite instability, a hallmark of the "mutator" phenotype, was determined, and Epstein-Barr virus infection was investigated. All separate areas from the three independent polyps harbored the same activating point mutation in codon 12 of the K-ras oncogene, indicating a clonal origin. DNA sequence alterations in p53 were not found, although high p53 protein levels could be shown by immunohistochemistry in areas of carcinoma within the largest polyp. No alterations in any of the other molecular markers were observed. The results strongly favor a clonal origin of the three independent gastric polyps and support the notion that these hyperplastic polyps may carry a risk for malignancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Dijkhuizen
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Entius
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Clement
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Polak
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Van den Berg
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Craanen
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Slebos
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Offerhaus
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002999:Clone Cells; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D016158:Genes, p53; D011905:Genes, ras; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D017354:Point Mutation; D011127:Polyps / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2; D012307:Risk Factors; D013272:Stomach Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C497206:MDM2 protein, human; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2