title: A comparison of "U" and standard techniques for Norplant removal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the "U" technique versus the manufacturer-recommended technique for Norplant removal.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a randomized comparison of the manufacturer-recommended method of removal and the "U" technique. The latter involves an incision between and parallel to the third and fourth implants and uses a modified vasectomy clamp to remove the implants by pulling perpendicular to the implant's axis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one physicians (three experienced, 18 inexperienced) performed 200 Norplant removals. Inexperienced physicians took significantly less time for removal using the "U" technique than the standard technique (7.9 versus 10.5 minutes), even after controlling for other factors. Experienced physicians also required less time for removal using the "U" technique (3.1 versus 3.7 minutes), but the difference was not statistically significant after controlling for other factors. Both experienced and inexperienced physicians broke implants more frequently using the standard technique, although the difference was significant only for experienced physicians (relative risk 3.6, 95% confidence interval 1.2, 10.8). No differences were noted between the techniques with respect to tissue damage or patient reports of pain during or after removal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the "U" technique is an improvement over the standard technique, particularly for personnel who are not highly experienced in Norplant removal.
authors.affiliation: Health Decisions, Inc., Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Barone
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Waugh
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Brache
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Pollack
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003267:Contraception / Q000379:methods; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004343:Drug Implants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D004343:Drug Implants; D016912:Levonorgestrel