title: Projectile metallic foreign bodies in the orbit: a retrospective study of epidemiologic factors, management, and outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intraorbital projectile metallic foreign bodies are associated with significant ocular and orbital injuries. The authors sought to evaluate epidemiologic factors, the incidence of associated ocular and orbital injury, and the nature and necessity of surgical intervention in these cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Charts of all patients with projectile intraorbital metallic foreign bodies seen at our institution (27) over the preceding 7 years were evaluated with respect to age, sex, type of injury, associated ocular and orbital injuries, location of the projectile (anterior, epibulbar, or posterior), postinjury visual acuity, and surgical intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of patients were male, between the ages of 11 and 30, and had BB pellet injuries. Thirteen projectiles were lodged anteriorly, 4 were in an epibulbar position, and the remaining 10 were posterior to the equator. Twelve of 13 anterior, and 4 of 4 epibulbar foreign bodies were removed surgically, whereas only 2 of 10 posterior foreign bodies required surgery. No case of surgical intervention resulted in a decrease of visual acuity. Associated ocular injuries were both more common and severe in patients with posteriorly located foreign bodies. Final visual acuity was better at presentation and at discharge in patients with anteriorly located foreign bodies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraorbital projectile metallic foreign bodies can be a source of significant ocular morbidity. Management of these cases is dependent on the location of the projectile. Ancillary radiographic studies can be helpful. Surgery to remove the projectile should be considered in each case, but foreign bodies that are not readily accessible often may be left safely in place. Closer regulation of the pellet gun industry, with an emphasis on education and protective eyewear use, would be helpful in reducing these injuries.
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmic Plastics and Orbital Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston 02114, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Finkelstein
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Legmann
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Rubin
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001900:Boston / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005129:Eye Foreign Bodies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery; D015807:Eye Injuries, Penetrating / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008670:Metals; D008875:Middle Aged; D009915:Orbit / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D008670:Metals