title: Retrospective study of concussive convulsions in elite Australian rules and rugby league footballers: phenomenology, aetiology, and outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the ictal phenomenology, aetiology, and outcome of convulsions occurring within seconds of impact in violent collision sport.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective identification of convulsions associated with concussive brain injury from case records from medical officers of football clubs over a 15 year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Elite Australian rules and rugby league footballers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neuroimaging studies, electroencephalography, neuropsychological test data, and statistics on performance in matches to determine presence of structural or functional brain injury. Clinical follow up and electroencephalography for evidence of epilepsy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty two cases of concussive convulsions were identified with four events documented on television videotape. Convulsions began within 2 seconds of impact and comprised an initial period of tonic stiffening followed by myoclonic jerks of all limbs lasting up to 150 seconds. Some asymmetry in the convulsive manifestations was common, and recovery of consciousness was rapid. No structural or permanent brain injury was present on clinical assessment, neuropsychological testing, or neuroimaging studies. All players returned to elite competition within two weeks of the incident. Epilepsy did not develop in any player over a mean (range) follow up of 3.5 (1-13) years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These concussive or impact convulsions are probably a non-epileptic phenomenon, somewhat akin to convulsive syncope. The mechanism may be a transient traumatic functional decerebration. In concussive convulsions the outcome is universally good, antiepileptic treatment is not indicated, and prolonged absence from sport is unwarranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Melbourne, Austin, Australia.
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: McCrory
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Bladin
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Berkovic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000209:etiology*; D005538:Football / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014474:Unconsciousness / Q000209:etiology