title: A comparative study of the effects of an estradiol-releasing vaginal ring combined with an oral gestagen versus transdermal estrogen combined with a levonorgestrel-releasing IUD: clinical findings and endometrial response.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to compare the effects of a new estradiol-releasing vaginal ring with an oral progestin versus the efficacy, safety and acceptability of an intrauterine device releasing levonorgestrel combined with estradiol, delivered transdermally from a patch. Climacteric symptoms, bleeding pattern, and endometrial histologic features were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-six parous, postmenopausal women with urogenital symptoms were allocated to two groups for 1 year" 28 women receiving estradiol by a vaginal ring (2 mg/3 months) and an oral progestin for 7 days every month and 28 women receiving a continuous transdermal daily dose of 50 micrograms of estradiol with a levonorgestrel-releasing (20 micrograms/day) intrauterine device inserted. All the patients were subjected to vaginosonographic examination followed by thorough pathological examination of uterine curetting samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A mean endometrial thickness (double layer) of 2.9 and 3.0 mm, respectively, was found to be predictive of normal endometrium. Both treatment regimens effectively relieved urogenital symptoms. Endometrial proliferation was not observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of urogenital symptoms in postmenopausal women with these two forms of hormone replacement therapy was shown to be an effective and safe method, exhibiting possible advantages over other methods of treatment.
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Athens, Areteion Hospital, Greece.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kalogirou
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Antoniou
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Karakitsos
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kalogirou
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Antoniou
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Giannikos
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D001284:Atrophy; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003274:Contraceptive Devices, Female; D004717:Endometrium / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007436:Intrauterine Devices, Medicated; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D011372:Progestins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014621:Vagina / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D014627:Vaginitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D011372:Progestins; D004958:Estradiol; D016912:Levonorgestrel