title: Human class Mu glutathione transferases, in particular isoenzyme M2-2, catalyze detoxication of the dopamine metabolite aminochrome.
abstract: Human glutathione transferases (GSTs) were shown to catalyze the reductive glutathione conjugation of aminochrome (2, 3-dihydroindole-5,6-dione). The class Mu enzyme GST M2-2 displayed the highest specific activity (148 micromol/min/mg), whereas GSTs A1-1, A2-2, M1-1, M3-3, and P1-1 had markedly lower activities (<1 micromol/min/mg). The product of the conjugation, with a UV spectrum exhibiting absorption peaks at 277 and 295 nm, was 4-S-glutathionyl-5,6-dihydroxyindoline as determined by NMR spectroscopy. In contrast to reduced forms of aminochrome (leucoaminochrome and o-semiquinone), 4-S-glutathionyl-5, 6-dihydroxyindoline was stable in the presence of molecular oxygen, superoxide radicals, and hydrogen peroxide. However, the strongly oxidizing complex of Mn3+ and pyrophosphate oxidizes 4-S-glutathionyl-5,6-dihydroxyindoline to 4-S-glutathionylaminochrome, a new quinone derivative with an absorption peak at 620 nm. GST M2-2 (and to a lower degree, GST M1-1) prevents the formation of reactive oxygen species linked to one-electron reduction of aminochrome catalyzed by NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase. The results suggest that the reductive conjugation of aminochrome catalyzed by GSTs, in particular GST M2-2, is an important cellular antioxidant activity preventing the formation of o-semiquinone and thereby the generation of reactive oxygen species.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Uppsala University, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden. Juan.Segura-Aguilar@farmbio.uu.se
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Segura-Aguilar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Widersten
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mannervik
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D045563:Indolequinones; D007211:Indoles / Q000378:metabolism*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D009251:NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D045563:Indolequinones; D007211:Indoles; D007527:Isoenzymes; D013481:Superoxides; C091584:aminochrome 1; D009251:NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D005978:Glutathione