title: In vitro human skin barrier modulation by fatty acids: skin permeation and thermal analysis studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to elucidate the skin permeation enhancement and the skin perturbation effects of a number of fatty acids, i.e. straight-chain saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated acids (PUFA).
  
  
  METHODS
  The skin permeation enhancement effects were studied using human stratum comeum (SC) and p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) as a model permeant. The fatty acids in propylene glycol (FA/PG) were applied according to a pre-treatment/co-treatment protocol. The perturbation effects were studied using differential thermal analysis (DTA) on SC after pretreatment with FA/PG.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SFA with 6 to 12 carbons exhibit a parabolic correlation between enhancement effect and chain-length, with a maximum at nonanoic-decanoic acids (with 9 and 10 carbons). Nonanoic and decanoic acids exert barely noticeable effects on the thermal behaviour of SC, suggesting that they easily mix with the skin lipids. All cis-6-, 9-, 11- or 13-octadecenoic acids (MUFA) enhance the permeation of PABA to the same extent. DTA revealed that the cis-9- and 13-isomers form a separate domain containing mostly the pure fatty acids within the SC lipids and suppress the lipid transitions at 70 degrees/80 degrees C. PUFA--linoleic (LA), alpha-linolenic (ALA) and arachidonic acids--enhance PABA permeation stronger than MUFA but additional double bonds do not further increase the degree of enhancement. LA and ALA form separate domains but do not completely suppress the SC lipid transitions at 70 degrees/80 degrees C. Increase in the enthalpy changes of 70 degrees/80 degrees transitions linearly correlates to the decrease in the permeability coefficients, suggesting that an increased perturbation of the skin lipids not necessarily has to yield an increased PABA permeation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The enhancement effects of fatty acids on the PABA penetration through SC are structure-dependent, associated with the existence of a balance between the permeability of pure fatty acids across SC and the interaction of the acids to skin lipids.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanojo
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bouwstra
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Junginger
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Boddé
mesh_terms: D010129:4-Aminobenzoic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D004055:Differential Thermal Analysis; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000494:pharmacology; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D010539:Permeability; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D010129:4-Aminobenzoic Acid