title: [Relationship between peripheral hypoechoic nodules of the prostatic gland and prostate cancer].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the incidence of prostate cancer in the hypoechoic nodes located in the periphery of the prostate gland and its relationship with findings by digital rectal examination, and blood PSA and PSAD levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study of 166 hypoechoic nodes detected and biopsed between January 1994 and August 1995, associating the pathoanatomical results with the findings from digital rectal examination, PSA and PSAD levels. Statistical analysis was done by estimation of confidence intervals for a 95% confidence level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nodal cancer was present in 54.8% cases. The association of suspicious rectal examination increased the probability of cancer by 63% (IC95 = 51%-75%). The association of suspicious rectal examination and PSAD > 0.15 increases by 36.7% (IC95 = 11.7%-61.1%) the probability of having cancer versus a suspicious digital rectal examination alone. When no suspicious rectal examination was considered, the difference in the proportions observed for PSA > 10 versus PSA levels > 4 and < or = 10 ng/mL is 13.7% (IC95 = -2.1%-29.4%) and, for PSAD > 0.15 versus PSAD < or = 0.15 was 11.6% (IC96 = 3.8%-27.1%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Presence of a suspicious rectal examination and PSAD > 0.15 increased significantly the probability of prostate cancer being present in the hypoechoic node. When digital examination is not suspicious, neither the PSA or the PSAD levels influence significantly in the appearance of cancer.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Urología, H.G.U., Gregorio Marañón, Madrid.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Herranz Amo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Verdú Tartajo
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Díez Cordero
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hernández Fernández
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rodríguez Fernández
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lledó García
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valer Algarabel
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen