title: Empirical investigation of the signal performance of a high-resolution, indirect detection, active matrix flat-panel imager (AMFPI) for fluoroscopic and radiographic operation.
abstract: Signal properties of the first large-area, high resolution, active matrix, flat-panel imager are reported. The imager is based on an array of 1536 x 1920 pixels with a pixel-to-pixel pitch of 127 microns. Each pixel consists of a discrete amorphous silicon n-i-p photodiode coupled to an amorphous silicon thin-film transistor. The imager detects incident x rays indirectly by means of an intensifying screen placed over the array. External acquisition electronics send control signals to the array and process analog imaging signals from the pixels. Considerations for operation of the imager in both fluoroscopic and radiographic modes are detailed and empirical signal performance data are presented with an emphasis on exploring similarities and differences between the two modes. Measurements which characterize the performance of the imager were performed as a function of operational parameters in the absence or presence of illumination from a light-emitting diode or x rays. These measurements include characterization of the drift and magnitude of the pixel dark signal, the size of the pixel switching transient, the temporal behavior of pixel sampling and the implied maximum frame rate, the dependence of relative pixel efficiency and pixel response on photodiode reverse bias voltage and operational mode, the degree of linearity of pixel response, and the trapping and release of charge from metastable states in the photodiodes. In addition, X-ray sensitivity as a function of energy for a variety of phosphor screens for both fluoroscopic and radiographic operation is reported. Example images of a line-pair pattern and an anthropomorphic phantom in each mode are presented along with a radiographic image of a human hand. General and specific improvements in imager design are described and anticipated developments are discussed. This represents the first systematic investigation of the operation and properties in both radiographic and fluoroscopic modes of an imager incorporating such an array.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Antonuk
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: El-Mohri
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Siewerdsen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yorkston
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: V E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Scarpine
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Street
mesh_terms: D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004581:Electronics; D004867:Equipment Design; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D006225:Hand / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011859:Radiography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014962:X-Ray Film; D014965:X-Rays