title: Indeterminate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 western blot may indicate an abortive infection in some low-risk blood donors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The infectious status of persons with an indeterminate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Western blot must be established.
  
  
  METHODS
  Evaluation of the CD4 and CD8 T-cell subsets and the expression of HIV-1-integrated sequences by Southern blot and polymerase chain reaction were studied in a group of low-risk subjects with an indeterminate Western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From a total of 45,000 blood donors and 50 patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis who were tested during the period of 1985 through 1990, 50 sera (0.1%) had an indeterminate Western blot. A low CD4:CD8 ratio (0.7-1.2) was detected in 14 of 24 tested subjects, whereas the unfractionated and adherence-enriched cells of 7 (32%) and 5 (23%) of 22 patients, respectively, could be stained with a p24 monoclonal antibody. A transient positive culture was detected in 3 of 20 subjects, but these viral isolates could not be transmitted to CEM-A310 cells. Ultracentrifuged culture supernatants hybridized under high-stringency conditions with genomic gag-pol (4 cases), env (3 cases), and tat (1 case) cDNA fragments of the HXB2 HIV-1 clone. In one case, DNA obtained from adherent but not unfractionated mononuclear cells contained 3.3- and 3.9-kb env- and gag-pol-related HIV-1 sequences, respectively; these sequences were heavier than expected. Polymerase chain reaction analysis for gag and pol but not env sequences was positive in 1 and 2 of 7 cases, respectively. A female patient with a positive viral culture and who was positive for pol in polymerase chain reaction demonstrated a full seroconversion 19 months later.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results strongly suggest that, rarely, some low-risk subjects with indeterminate Western blot results might be infected with low-level replicative strains or HIV-related viruses; thus, an exhaustive immunologic and virologic workup is needed for the investigation of these subjects.
authors.affiliation: AIDS National Reference Center of Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Georgoulias
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Malliaraki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Theodoropoulou
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Spanakis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fountouli
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tsatsaki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kotsaki
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karvela-Aggelaki
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Malliaraki-Pinetidou
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001782:Blood Donors; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D016516:CD4-CD8 Ratio; D005260:Female; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000032:analysis; D019302:HIV Envelope Protein gp160 / Q000276:immunology; D015700:HIV Envelope Protein gp41 / Q000276:immunology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood*; D019427:HIV Integrase / Q000737:chemistry; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA
chemical_list: D015483:HIV Antibodies; D019302:HIV Envelope Protein gp160; D015700:HIV Envelope Protein gp41; D019427:HIV Integrase