title: Measurement error and its impact on the estimated relationship between dust lead and children's blood lead: Members of the Rochester Lead-in-Dust Study Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lead-contaminated house dust is a major contributor to lead intake among urban children, but the reliabilities of various dust lead measurement methods and their impact on the estimated correlations between dust lead and children's blood lead levels are unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Repeated field measurements of lead-contaminated dust from children's homes were taken from 16 housing units using five dust lead measurement methods. Estimates of measurement error were used to obtain reliability ratios for the dust lead measurements, which were then used to correct estimated correlations between lead-contaminated dust and children's blood lead.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reliability varied over methods and surface types (from 0.0 to 0.8), but wipe loading and the BRM vacuum loading methods generally had greater reliability. Technician effects, inadvertent field exposure to lead, contamination of collection equipment, and laboratory instrument error were found to contribute little to total measurement error. Corrected correlations between blood lead and wipe loading measurements were 7 to 104% higher than uncorrected correlations. The multiple R2 and partial R2 for a wipe composite measurement in a multivariate regression model increased from 0.43 to 0.64 and from 0.053 to 0.26, respectively, after correction for measurement error bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Variation in lead deposition within small areas and variations in collection inherent to the devices are major contributors to measurement error. Measurement error causes dramatic underestimation of correlation between lead-contaminated house dust and children's blood lead.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA. emond@biostat.washington.edu
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Emond
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Lanphear
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eberly
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004391:Dust; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood*; D009518:New York; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018401:Sample Size; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D007854:Lead