title: Knowledge representation and problem solution in expert and novice youth baseball players.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine differences in knowledge representation and problem solutions in expert and novice youth baseball players. Ninety-four players in two age divisions, 7-8 years of age and 9-10 years of age, were assigned to three levels of expertise: high; average; and low skilled. Each subject participated in an interview session to elicit knowledge representation and solutions to five different defensive game situations. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed for content, solution to the problem, errors in problem solution, and qualitative trends. The frequency of advanced solutions to each of the five situations were analyzed in separate chi-square tests for age and expertise. Differences among the levels of expertise were found for the accuracy of solutions to three complex situations. Age was significant for only one situation. Patterns of knowledge content accessed during advanced and less advanced responses indicated both experts and novices were in a beginning stage of developing baseball knowledge structures. Errors in problem solutions indicated children had difficulty monitoring critical conditions and making correct inferences. Players' and teammates' ability to execute baseball skills seemed to influence the content and structure of tactical knowledge accessed during problem solution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA.
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: French
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Nevett
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Spurgeon
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Rink
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: McPherson
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001484:Baseball / Q000193:education*; D002648:Child; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D009048:Motor Skills; D011340:Problem Solving; D013850:Thinking