title: Fast-to-slow muscle conversion by chronic electrostimulation: effects on mitochondrial respiratory chain function with possible implications for the gracilis neosphincter procedure.
abstract: The effects of chronic, around the clock, low-frequency electrostimulation on the respiratory chain activity and cytochrome content of freshly isolated mitochondria were evaluated in rabbit skeletal muscle before and after 30 days of continuous or cyclical electrostimulation using a totally implantable system and a training programme now used in humans. The respiratory activity measured in state III increased strongly after electrostimulation. The efficiency of the respiratory chain increased significantly after electrostimulation but the activity of complex [(reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase) did not increase. The amount of cytochromes a and a3, b562, and c and c1 increased clearly after electrostimulation. The respiratory activity rate of mitochondria obtained after continuous electrostimulation was apparently higher than after cyclical electrostimulation. Chronic uninterrupted low-frequency electrostimulation, using a clinical training programme, induces an increase in mitochondrial respiratory chain activity in purified mitochondria of skeletal muscle. These changes are the basis of induced resistance to fatigue in fast-to-slow muscle conversion by chronic electrostimulation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Surgery, Università degli Studi di Buri, Italy.
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Altomare
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boffoli
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Scacco
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rinaldi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vicente-Prieta
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martinelli
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Memeo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019069:Cell Respiration; D017936:Cytochrome a Group / Q000378:metabolism*; D003573:Cytochrome b Group / Q000378:metabolism*; D003574:Cytochrome c Group / Q000378:metabolism*; D003575:Cytochromes c1 / Q000378:metabolism; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004579:Electron Transport; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000378:metabolism; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D008297:Male; D008931:Mitochondria, Muscle / Q000378:metabolism*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D009243:NAD / Q000378:metabolism; D009245:NADH Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D013386:Succinates / Q000378:metabolism; D019802:Succinic Acid
chemical_list: D017936:Cytochrome a Group; D003573:Cytochrome b Group; D003574:Cytochrome c Group; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D013386:Succinates; D009243:NAD; D003575:Cytochromes c1; C017850:cytochrome b562, E coli; D019802:Succinic Acid; D009245:NADH Dehydrogenase; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV