title: Functional and metabolic effects of adenosine in cardioplegia: role of temperature and concentration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Addition of adenosine to cardioplegic fluid has been shown to improve myocardial tolerance to ischemia. This study was designed to investigate further this phenomenon to evaluate the dose-response and the temperature dependence of the effect of addition of adenosine to St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution.
  
  
  METHODS
  The isolated working rat heart model was used in this study. After the assessment of control function, hearts (6 in each group) were subjected to infusions of cardioplegic solution containing 0.0 (control), 0.1, 5.0, 10.0 or 20.0 mmol/L adenosine followed by 3 hours of ischemic arrest at temperatures of 20 degrees C, 10 degrees C, or 4 degrees C with multidose (3 minutes every 30 minutes) cardioplegic infusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After ischemic arrest at 20 degrees C, the recovery of cardiac output (expressed as percent of preischemic baseline) was 35.4 +/- 5.11 (control) 45.0 +/- 5.51 (0.1 mmol/L), 53.1 +/- 2.9 (5.0 mmol/L), 61.8 +/- 3.7 (10.0 mmol/L), and 57.6 +/- 2.3 (20.0 mmol/L). Hearts receiving 5.0 to 20.0 mmol/L adenosine had significantly greater recovery of cardiac output than control hearts. In its optimal concentration (10 mmol/L), adenosine improved the efficacy of the cardioplegic solution by almost 75%. Myocardial adenosine triphosphate content (expressed in mumol/g protein) was 4.7 +/- 0.5 (control), 4.9 +/- 1.4 (0.1 mmol/L), 8.1 +/- 0.7 (5 mmol/L), 12.5 +/- 2.0 (10 mmol/L), and 11.2 +/- 2.8 (20 mmol/L), at the end of ischemia and 13.9 +/- 0.2 (control), 13.1 +/- 1.7 (0.1 mmol/L), 18.0 +/- 2.0 (5 mmol/L), 18.6 +/- 1.2 (10 mmol/L), and 20.7 +/- 2.1 (20 mmol/L) at the end of reperfusion. Thus, the adenosine triphosphate content was higher (p < 0.05) in hearts receiving 5.0 to 20.0 mmol/L adenosine than in controls both at the end of ischemia and after reperfusion. Myocardial adenosine monophosphate level at the end of ischemia was inversely related to adenosine triphosphate level. Functional assessment of the effect of 10 mmol/L adenosine at 10 degrees C and 4 degrees C during arrest indicated attenuation of beneficial effects: adenosine improved function only by 17% at 10 degrees C, whereas at 4 degrees C the protective effect was not observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations suggest that adenosine has the potential to enhance the efficacy of clinical cardioplegic arrest but the degree of improvement is lower at decreased temperature during ischemia. A principal mechanism of action of this modification of cardioplegic fluid appears to be through the inhibition of high-energy phosphate utilization immediately before or during ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Heart Science Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Harefield Hospital, Middlesex, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ledingham
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amrani
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Smolenski
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lachno
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jayakumar
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Yacoub
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002302:Cardiac Output; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D000241:Adenosine