title: Akathisia in adults with mental retardation: development of the Akathisia Ratings of Movement Scale (ARMS).
abstract: We developed an akathisia rating scale for use with persons who have mental retardation and screened for the occurrence of akathisia in three samples: 66 adults receiving maintenance neuroleptic treatment, 20 adults not receiving neuroleptics, and 8 adults undergoing neuroleptic dose reduction. The scale had an acceptable level of interrater reliability and validly measured group differences related to neuroleptic treatment status. Using an empirically derived cut-off-score, we estimated the prevalence rate for akathisia to be 5% in neuroleptic-free subjects, 17% in neuroleptic-maintenance subjects, and 25% in neuroleptic-reduction subjects. Akathisia, dyskinesia, and stereotypy manifested as qualitatively different movement topograhies. The occurrence of dyskinesia stereotyped movement disorder was associated significantly with an increased occurrence of akathisia.
authors.affiliation: Western Carolina Center, (Morganton, NC, USA.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Bodfish
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Newell
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sprague
authors.forename: V N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017109:Akathisia, Drug-Induced / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents