title: Effects of a carfentanil-xylazine combination on cardiopulmonary function and plasma catecholamine concentrations in female bongo antelopes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of an i.m. administered carfentanil-xylazine combination on cardiopulmonary variables and plasma catecholamine concentrations and to validate use of pulse oximetry in bongo antelopes.
  
  
  METHODS
  8 healthy adult females.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antelopes were immobilized with carfentanil citrate (8.3 micrograms/kg of body weight, i.m.) and xylazine hydrochloride (0.79 mg/kg, i.m.). Hematologic values and plasma biochemical and catecholamine concentrations were determined at the beginning and end of immobilization. Immediately after induction of immobilization and every 15 minutes thereafter, cardiopulmonary variables were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Induction time after carfentanil-xylazine administration was 6 +/- 2 minutes. At 15 and 45 minutes after immobilization and thereafter, significant decrease in heart and respiratory rates, respectively, were observed. After 15 minutes of immobilization, all antelopes had developed mild hypoxemia, which resolved after nasal insufflation with 100% oxygen. Pulse oximetry readings underestimated arterial blood gas values, but reliably indicated trends in arterial oxygen desaturation. Antelopes developed hypoxemia after oxygen administration was terminated at the end of the procedure, prior to reversal of immobilization. Norepinephrine concentrations increased significantly (P < 0.05), and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations decreased significantly at the end of the anesthetic event. Immobilization of all antelopes was reversed, using antagonists naltrexone and yohimbine hydrochloride. Time to standing was 3 +/- 1 minutes, and renarcotization was not observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The carfentamil-xylazine combination at the dosage used induced hypoxemia, pronounced arterial hypertension, and significant increase in plasma norepinephrine and decrease in plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations in bongo antelopes. Supplemental administration of oxygen is recommended. Pulse oximetry is a useful tool to monitor trends in arterial oxygen desaturation, but does not substitute for arterial blood gas analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Citino
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dawson
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000866:Antelopes / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D003900:Desoxycorticosterone / Q000097:blood*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood*; D010092:Oximetry / Q000662:veterinary; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010313:Partial Pressure; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D014991:Xylazine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D014991:Xylazine; D003900:Desoxycorticosterone; C017114:carfentanil; D010100:Oxygen; D005283:Fentanyl; D009638:Norepinephrine