title: Effects of intranasal exposure to spores of Stachybotrys atra in mice.
abstract: The effects of highly toxic and nontoxic spores of Stachybotrys atra were investigated in mice after six intranasal administrations of 1 x 10(5) and 1 x 10(3) spores in phosphate-buffered saline during a 3-week period. Toxic spores contained the trichothecene mycotoxins, satratoxins G and H, as well as the immunosuppressant stachybotrylactones and -lactams. No trichothecenes were detected in the nontoxic spores, and they contained only minor amounts of stachybotrylactones and -lactams. In mice injected with toxic and nontoxic spores, the platelet count was decreased and leucocyte and erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit were increased. No IgG antibodies to S. atra were detected in sera of mice exposed intranasally to spores. No histological changes were detected in spleen, thymus, or intestines of mice. The mice receiving 1 x 10(5) toxic spores intranasally developed severe inflammatory changes within both bronchioles and alveoli. Hemorrhage was detected in alveoli. The mice receiving 1 x 10(5) nontoxic spores also developed inflammatory changes in the lungs, but these changes were significantly milder than those in mice receiving toxic spores. The mice receiving 1 x 10(3) toxic spores developed inflammatory changes in the lungs that were less severe than those in the mice receiving 1 x 10(5) toxic spores. No inflammatory changes were detected in the mice receiving 1 x 10(3) of nontoxic spores. The present findings indicate that exposure to S. atra spores containing toxins (satratoxins) can be a significant health risk.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Microbiology and Epidemiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nikulin
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reijula
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Jarvis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Veijalainen
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Hintikka
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D000946:Antigens, Fungal / Q000276:immunology; D001772:Blood Cell Count / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D007114:Immunization; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000276:immunology; D013191:Stachybotrys / Q000276:immunology; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000946:Antigens, Fungal; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D009183:Mycotoxins; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; D014255:Trichothecenes