title: Initial contractile response of isolated rat heart cells to halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In several beating cardiac muscle preparations, a short-lived increase in twitch tension or amplitude has been observed when they were exposed abruptly to solutions containing halothane or enflurane. As exposure to the anesthetics was continued, the expected negative inotropic effect became evident after the short-lived increase in twitch. No such increase in twitch has been reported during exposure to isoflurane. It has been hypothesized that this short-lived increase in twitch is caused by an enhancement of calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, but other mechanisms have not been excluded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Freshly isolated, single rat ventricular cells were stimulated to beat at room temperature and abruptly exposed to solutions containing halothane (0.25-0.64 mM), enflurane (0.69-1 mM), or isoflurane (0.31-0.54 mM). During these exposures, twitch amplitude was measured and intracellular calcium concentration was followed using the calcium-sensitive dye indo-1. In some experiments, the whole-cell patch-clamp technique was used to measure membrane current. In addition, in several cells the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium content was assessed through the response to brief pulses of caffeine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both the twitch amplitude and the intracellular calcium transient were increased temporarily in cells abruptly exposed to halothane or enflurane. No such behavior was found with isoflurane. After continued exposure to all three agents, both the twitch amplitude and the calcium transient were less than control. During the beats exhibiting an increase in twitch, no alteration in the relation between cell length (twitch amplitude) and the intracellular calcium transient was found compared with control conditions. In addition, the temporary increase in twitch amplitude occurred in cells contracting under voltage-clamp control when halothane was introduced, and it was not associated with any increase in the calcium current. The sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium content at the time of the halothane-induced increase in twitch also was not increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The short-lived increase in twitch after abrupt exposure to halothane or enflurane is related to increased intracellular calcium during the beat and not to any changes in myofilament sensitivity to calcium. Because these results eliminate most alternative explanations for this phenomenon, the authors conclude that halothane, and probably also enflurane, increases the fraction of calcium released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum with each heart beat. Isoflurane appears to lack this action.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: duBell
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Spurgeon
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004737:Enflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006221:Halothane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D002110:Caffeine; D004737:Enflurane; D007530:Isoflurane; D002118:Calcium; D006221:Halothane