title: Local anesthesia for circumcision: which technique is most effective?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Circumcision is the most commonly performed surgical procedure in the United States, and it is painful. Several investigators have independently documented the reliability and safety of local anesthesia in eliminating the pain associated with circumcision. Investigations have not, however, been conducted to determine which technique is most effective in reducing the pain of the procedure. This study compares the techniques of local anesthesia for circumcision to determine which technique most safely and reliably reduces pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-six infants being circumcised were randomly assigned to one of three groups according to anesthesia technique: (1) distal branch block, (2) root block, and (3) subpubic block. Change in heart rate and oxygen saturation, as well as cry response, were recorded. Heart rate and oxygen saturation differences were analyzed utilizing Student's t test, whereas cry response was analyzed using the chi-square test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We discontinued using the distal branch block technique during the study because we were concerned about possible untoward outcomes. As a result, only data from the circumcisions of the 42 infants who were assigned to the root block and subpubic block groups were analyzed. The dorsal penile nerve root block more reliably reduced the pain of circumcision than did the subpubic technique (P = 0.05). There were no serious complications with any of the techniques in this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with distal branch block and subpubic block techniques, nerve block at the penile root most reliably and safely eliminated the pain of circumcision.
authors.affiliation: University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, USA.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Lenhart
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Lenhart
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Chong
mesh_terms: D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D002944:Circumcision, Male / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods; D010147:Pain Measurement