title: Vascular air embolism: location, frequency, and cause on electron-beam CT studies of the chest.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency and location of venous air emboli that occur with the use of electron-beam computed tomographic (CT) studies of the chest.
  
  
  METHODS
  Findings from 677 patients who underwent chest electron-beam CT with intravenous administration of contrast material were reviewed. Unenhanced CT studies were performed in 127 (18.8%) of these patients while the intravenous cannula was in place but before injection of contrast material.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Air emboli were observed on CT studies in 79 (11.7%) of 677 patients. Emboli were small (up to three air bubbles less than 1 cm in diameter) in 70 (10.3%) patients and were moderate (more than three air bubbles or bubbles 1-2 cm in diameter) in nine (1.3%) patients. Air emboli were located in the main pulmonary artery (n = 54 [8.0%]), superior vena cava (n = 12 [1.8%]), right ventricle (n = 10 [1.5%]), subclavian or brachiocephalic vein (n = 6 [0.9%]), and right atrium (n = 5 [0.7%]). Seven patients (1.0%) had emboli in more than one location. Air emboli were depicted on unenhanced CT scans of seven (5.5%) of 127 patients. No association was found between the frequency of air embolism and injection flow, injection site, or amount or type of contrast agent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravenous administration of contrast material may cause small to moderate-sized air emboli. Knowledge of the common locations of emboli can help radiologists distinguish them from image artifacts or paravasal air collections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Medical School and University Hospital Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Groell
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Schaffler
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rienmueller
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kern
mesh_terms: D016121:Brachiocephalic Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects; D007472:Iohexol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D013350:Subclavian Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000009:adverse effects; D014283:Triiodobenzoic Acids; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D014283:Triiodobenzoic Acids; D007472:Iohexol; C038192:iopromide; C053571:iopentol