title: Immune activation, allergic drug toxicity and mortality in HIV-positive tuberculosis.
abstract: METHODS
  Tuberculosis Treatment Center, Kampala, Uganda.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  HIV-1 affects outcome in pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Immune mechanisms triggered by Mycobacterium tuberculosis may lead to increased HIV expression and accelerated disease progression. This study was conducted to correlate serum levels of markers of immune activation with mortality and drug toxicity in HIV + TB.
  
  
  METHODS
  Substudy of a randomized clinical trial of streptomycin-thiacetazone-isoniazid (STH) vs. rifampin-isoniazid-pyrazinamide (RHZ) in HIV + TB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neopterin > or = 14 ng/ml, TNF-alpha receptors > or = 6.5 ng/ml, and negative skin test were independently associated with increased mortality (P < 0.01). Among STH-treated subjects, dermatologic toxicity and mortality were respectively 13- and 6.3-fold more likely to occur in subjects with elevated neopterin (P < 0.05), although these two adverse events occurred independently. Activation markers increased from baseline after 2 months of therapy with the less rapidly bactericidal STH regimen, whereas they declined in those treated with RHZ, suggesting a relationship with continued mycobacterial replication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immune activation in HIV + TB is associated with shortened survival and increased risk of drug toxicity. HIV + TB patients with elevated serum neopterin should be treated with a rapidly-bactericidal drug regimen which does not include thiacetazone.
authors.affiliation: Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4984, USA.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Wallis
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Helfand
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Whalen
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Mugerwa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vjecha
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okwera
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ellner
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000150:complications*; D000328:Adult; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001708:Biopterins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D019798:Neopterin; D011897:Random Allocation; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2 / Q000097:blood; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000097:blood; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014374:Tuberculin Test; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D001708:Biopterins; D019798:Neopterin