title: High-dose cytosine arabinoside and etoposide: an effective regimen without anthracyclines for refractory childhood acute non-lymphocytic leukemia.
abstract: The purpose of this report is to describe the tolerability and activity of the combination of high-dose cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) given at the maximum tolerated dose of 36 g/m2, together with high doses of etoposide in relapsed and refractory childhood acute leukemias. Eighteen children with relapsed or refractory acute leukemia were treated with Ara-C 3 g/m2 every 12 h on days 1-6, followed by etoposide 400 mg/m2 on days 7-9 (HDAC/VP-16). Eight children with refractory disease received HDAC/VP-16 as salvage induction therapy after failing conventional induction regimens; four of five refractory ANLL patients (80%) had a complete response (CR) after HDAC/VP-16 therapy. Ten patients received HDAC/VP-16 as post-remission intensification therapy; five patients (four ANLL, one relapsed ALL) remain in second CR at 56, 26, 9, 5 and 2 months. Toxicities were primarily hematologic and dermatologic. Seven patients (39%) developed bacterial or fungal infections; four patients developed grade 3 or 4 acral erythema. No patient died of therapy-related toxicity. The combination of 36 g/m2 cytosine arabinoside and 1200 mg/m2 etoposide is an effective regimen for children with relapsed or refractory acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, with tolerable toxicities; the absence of anthracyclines makes this regimen suitable for patients who have previously received maximal doses of anthracyclines or who have evidence of cardiac dysfunction. Further evaluation of this regimen in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia is presently being investigated.
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6310, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Whitlock
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hord
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Janco
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Greer
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gay
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: McCurley
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Lukens
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D018943:Anthracyclines; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001855:Bone Marrow Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000075202:Contraindications; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007239:Infections / Q000209:etiology; D007951:Leukemia, Myeloid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018943:Anthracyclines; D003561:Cytarabine; D005047:Etoposide