title: Environmental and genetic determinants of the hypercoagulable state and cardiovascular disease in renal transplant recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fibrinogen and factor VII coagulant activity (VIIc), risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the general population, could contribute to CVD risk in renal transplant recipients (RTR).
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured fibrinogen and VIIc in 38 RTR and 31 controls, along with prothrombin fragment F1 + 2 and D-Dimer (markers of coagulation and fibrinolytic activation), plasma lipids and the acute phase response cytokine, interleukin 6. The effect of genetic polymorphisms of beta-fibrinogen (G/A-455) and factor VII (Arg/Gln353) was explored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  F1 + 2, D-Dimer, and fibrinogen were increased in all RTR, indicating a chronic prothrombotic state. Fibrinogen correlated with age. F1 + 2, and trough cyclosporin A (CsA). RTR carriers of the A-455 allele had a greater increment in plasma fibrinogen concentration and correlation with CsA than homozygotes for the G-455 allele. Interleukin 6 was increased in RTR confirming that a persistent lowgrade acute-phase response could contribute to increased fibrinogen. Differences in plasma VIIc were associated with factor VII genotype, disease status, and blood lipids. Carriers of the Gln353 allele had 30% lower VIIc when compared with Arg353 homozygotes, which could confer a reduced thrombotic risk. The 12 RTR with CVD or metabolic complications (RTR+) were more hyperlipidaemic and had higher fibrinogen and VIIc than the 26 RTR free of disease complications (RTR-), or the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term RTR manifest features of a chronic prothrombotic and persistent inflammatory state. Alterations in fibrinogen and VIIc in RTR arise in part as a result of interactions between common genetic and environmental factors, and these changes could contribute to the increased risk of CVD in RTR.
authors.affiliation: Oxford Renal Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Irish
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D001778:Blood Coagulation Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D004777:Environment; D005167:Factor VII / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000378:metabolism; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000378:metabolism; D011516:Prothrombin / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C036309:fibrin fragment D; C045879:prothrombin fragment 1.2; D005167:Factor VII; D011516:Prothrombin; D005340:Fibrinogen