title: A prospective study of psychiatric and psychological aspects of Cushing's syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cushing's syndrome is associated with psychiatric and psychological disturbances. The aim of this study was to ascertain the extent of mental illness in patients before and after treatment for Cushing's syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with Cushing's syndrome were identified for a prospective study. Control patients were selected with pituitary adenomas secreting GH or PRL. The aim was to reassess patients after Cushing's syndrome had been treated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Psychiatric symptoms were measured and classified using the Present State Examination (PSE), and analysed on the Catego Programme. The Hamilton Rating Scale (HRS) was used to measure depression. The Crown-Crisp Experiential Index was used to measure common psychoneurotic symptoms (anxiety, phobia, obsession, somatic, depression and hysteria scales). The Eysenck Personality Inventory was used to assess extroversion and neuroticism. Cortisol, ACTH, and other hormones were measured by conventional methods. Parametric and non-parametric tests were used where appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Catego analysis of psychiatric ratings showed only 8 patients of 43 with active Cushing's syndrome (19%) were normal. Psychiatric diagnoses were obtained as follows: neurotic depression in 20 (46%), possible neurotic depression in 1 (2%), reactive depression in 6 (14%), and non-specific neurotic symptoms in 8 (19%). Additional Catego ratings of suspected other psychoses were made for 3 patients who were also depressed. None of these 43 patients with active Cushing's syndrome had ratings of schizophrenia or mania, obsessional neurosis or pathological anxiety. In the control group 13 (87%) were normal, 1 patient with acromegaly had an anxiety state and one patient with a prolactinoma had neurotic depression. It was possible to reassess the Present State Examination after treatment in 25 patients, when cortisol levels had been substantially reduced (to normal in 88%), the percentage rated as psychiatrically normal increased from 19 to 68 (chi 2 = 11.7, 1 d.f., P < 0.01). Hamilton Rating Scale scores for depression showed significant improvements after treatment for Cushing's syndrome (mean decrease from 9.2 to 2.4, n = 36, P < 0.001). Crown-Crisp experiential index data showed significant improvements in anxiety, somatic symptoms, and depression (n = 25, P < 0.05). Eysenck Personality Inventory assessments showed a significant improvement in neuroticism score (n = 26 P = 0.016), but no significant change in extroversion (P = 0.5) or lie score (P = 0.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most patients with Cushing's syndrome had significant psychiatric pathology, usually depressive illness. As cortisol levels were returned to normal there were significant improvements in scores for depression and anxiety. Management of patients with Cushing's syndrome should include careful assessment of psychological and psychiatric illness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Middlesbrough General Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Faragher
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D003480:Cushing Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone