title: A study of the three-dimensional organization of the human diaphragmatic lymphatic lacunae and lymphatic drainage units.
abstract: The peritoneal stomata, lymphatic drainage units and subperitoneal terminal lymphatics, called lymphatic lacunae, form a specialized drainage system in the diaphragm, by which absorption of fluid in bulk, particles and cells is carried out in the peritoneal cavity. The aim of this study is to elucidate the three-dimensional organization and function of the subperitoneal lymphatic lacunae and lymphatic drainage units by using lymphatic casts in the scanning electron microscope (SEM), ODO (OsO4-DMSO-OsO4) freeze fracture, conventional SEM and the transmission electron microscope (TEM). The subperitoneal lymphatic lacuna is unique for its large size and its multiple morphology and can be recognized by its broad, flattened enlargement and the blind-ends of lymphatic vessels, from which extend numerous main lymphatic vessels and side branches. These lymphatic vessels communicate with each other and form a rich lymphatic plexus under the diaphragmatic peritoneum. Two layers of lymphatic networks, i.e. the subperitoneal plexus and the deeper plexus are found in the muscular portion. Only one layer is present in the tendinous portion of the human diaphragm. The lymphatic plexus is denser in the tendinous portion than that in the muscular portion. The lymphatic lacunae occur exclusively in the muscular portion of the human diaphragm. The lumina of lymphatic lacunae are separated from the peritoneal cavity by a barrier consisting of cuboidal mesothelial cells, endothelial cells of the lymphatic lacunae and intervening connective tissue forming a lymphatic drainage unit. All these three components of the lymphatic drainage unit abut upon each other, but are not linked by specialized junctions. The cuboidal mesothelial cells frequently extend valve-like cytoplasmic processes that bridge the subperitoneal channel and make give it a tortuous course. The fibrous layer of the connective tissue is arranged in fiber bundles and gives a three-dimensional network forming the floor of the peritoneal stomata and the roof of the lymphatic lacunae. Via the fibrous network, the cuboidal mesothelial cells and the endothelial cells of the lacunae come into close contact with each other and form short subperitoneal channels which connect the peritoneal cavity with the subperitoneal lymphatic lacunae. The lymphatic drainage units may regulate the material absorption of the peritoneal stomata from the peritoneal cavity. It is suggested that the peritoneal stomata together with the subperitoneal channels, lymphatic drainage units and lymphatic lacunae comprise an important diaphragmatic lymphatic drainage system which plays an important role in the absorption of materials from the peritoneal cavity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Lymphology, Zhejiang Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D003964:Diaphragm / Q000196:embryology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D005333:Fetus; D005614:Freeze Fracturing; D006801:Humans; D008208:Lymphatic System / Q000196:embryology* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008961:Models, Structural