title: Employment profiles in neuromuscular diseases.
abstract: Consumer and rehabilitation provider factors that might limit employment opportunities for 154 individuals with six slowly progressive neuromuscular diseases (NMD) were investigated. The NMDs were spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), hereditary motor sensory neuropathy (HMSN), Becker's muscular dystrophy (BMD), facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), myotonic muscular dystrophy (MMD), and limb-girdle syndrome (LGS). Forty percent were employed in the competitive labor market at the time of the study, 50% had been employed in the past, and 10% had never been employed. The major consumer barrier to employment was education. Other important factors were type of occupation, intellectual capacity, psychosocial adjustment, and the belief by most individuals that their physical disability was the only or major barrier to obtaining a job. Psychological characteristics were associated with level of unemployment. However, physical impairment and disability were not associated with level of unemployment. There also were differences among the types of NMDs. Compared with the SMA, HMSN, BMD, and FSHD groups, the MMD and LGS groups had significantly higher levels of unemployment, lower educational levels, and fewer employed professional, management, and technical workers. Nonphysical impairment factors such as a low percentage of college graduates, impaired intellectual function in some individuals, and poor psychological adjustment were correlated with higher unemployment levels in the MMD group. Unemployment in the LGS group was correlated with a failure to complete high school. Major provider barriers to employment were the low level of referrals to Department of Rehabilitation by physicians and the low percentage of acceptance into the State Department of Rehabilitation. The low rate of acceptance was primarily attributable to the low number of referrals compounded by a lack of counselor experience with individuals with NMD. Both consumer and provider barriers may contribute to the lack of interest in obtaining a job.
authors.affiliation: PM&R, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Abresch
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Brewer
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Bowden
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Wanlass
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003710:Demography; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004522:Educational Status; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D009468:Neuromuscular Diseases / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012050:Rehabilitation, Vocational