title: The influence of alcohol consumption on worldwide trends in mortality from upper aerodigestive tract cancers in men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess current trends in male mortality from cancers of the oral cavity/pharynx, oesophagus, and larynx (upper aerodigestive tract cancers), and relate these to past national consumption of alcohol and smoking of cigarettes. To assess the impact of current trends in alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking on likely future rates of these cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mortality data for cancers of the oral cavity/pharynx, oesophagus, and larynx were obtained for the years 1955-89 in 25 countries located in North America, Australasia, Europe, and Japan. Information on past and current alcohol consumption was also obtained for these countries, while current national lung cancer rates were used as a proxy measure of past smoking levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  The World Health Organization mortality database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  National death rates from cancers of the oral cavity/pharynx, oesophagus, and larynx (considered together) are currently increasing among men and are most strongly associated with the level of per capita consumption of alcohol 20 years previously. They were less strongly associated with the level of alcohol consumption 10 years ago, and only very weakly associated with the current level of lung cancer mortality (a marker of past smoking habits). Regression analysis showed that the national rate of upper aerodigestive tract cancer could be estimated using information on past alcohol consumption and an interaction term between alcohol consumption and current lung cancer rates. Assuming stability in rates of lung cancer, the sizeable increase in alcohol consumption from 5 to 10 litres per capita each year that occurred in some countries during the 1960s and 70s means that increases of around 5 per 100,000 in the death rate from these cancers can be expected in these countries in the next decades.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Previous alcohol consumption in a country is a strong predictor of deaths from cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract in men, and current increases in death rates can probably be related to increases in consumption which took place during the 1960s and 70s. Combined with a reduction in tobacco smoking, which is already taking place in some countries, reversing the trend of increases in consumption of alcohol has the potential for a sizeable impact on the burden of these cancers.
authors.affiliation: ARC Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Epidemiology and Health Sciences, University of Manchester.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Macfarlane
authors.forename: T V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Macfarlane
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Lowenfels
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D005544:Forecasting; D014943:Global Health; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D007822:Laryngeal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D010610:Pharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012142:Respiratory Tract Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric