title: Diagnosis of subclinical cryptosporidiosis in captive snakes based on stomach lavage and cloacal sampling.
abstract: The applicability of stomach lavage and cloacal swab techniques for diagnosis of subclinical cryptosporidiosis were tested in eight captive snakes subclinically infected with Cryptosporidium serpentis. Two feeding regimes were employed. The snakes were first fed 7 days prior to stomach and cloaca sampling, and then 3 days prior to sampling, and the oocysts were detected by fluorescein labeled monoclonal antibody (mAb) and by acid-fast stained (AFS) direct wet smear (DWS). The overall sensitivity of AFS DWS was 95% for stomach samples and 57% for cloacal samples, with false-negativity of 5% and 43%, respectively. A significant relationship (P < 0.01) was found between stomach and cloacal samples when mAb were used for oocyst detection. Stomach sampling was diagnostically superior to cloacal sampling for identifying snake subclinical cryptosporidiosis. Based on gastric aspirates, cryptosporidial infection was diagnosed in all eight animals, and only in two or four snakes when cloacal swab material was processed by AFS or by mAb, respectively. Feeding snakes 3 days prior to sampling facilitated diagnosis based on stomach samples; however, it did not improve diagnosis when cloacal samples were used. The fraction of oocyst-positive stomach samples was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for snakes fed 3 days prior to gastric lavage when compared with the fraction of positive samples of snakes fed 7 days prior to lavage. If subclinical cryptosporidiosis is suspected in a non-eating snake patient, force-feeding and stomach lavage, 3 days after the meal, is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. tgraczyk@phnet.sph.jhu.edu
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Graczyk
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cranfield
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002988:Cloaca; D003457:Cryptosporidiosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D003458:Cryptosporidium / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005766:Gastrointestinal Contents / Q000469:parasitology*; D007421:Intestine, Small; D051379:Mice; D010270:Parasite Egg Count; D012911:Snakes / Q000469:parasitology; D013045:Species Specificity; D013270:Stomach; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation