title: Prevalence and inheritance of and selection for elbow arthrosis in Bernese mountain dogs and Rottweilers in Sweden and benefit: cost analysis of a screening and control program.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence and charges over time in the prevalence of elbow arthrosis in Bernese Mountain Dogs and Rottweilers, to ascertain whether prevalence or severity of elbow arthrosis was associated with sex of the dogs, age at the time of elbow joint examination, or ancestral background, to determine the effects of selective breeding, and to conduct an economic evaluation of the elbow arthrosis program operated by the Swedish Kennel Club.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of radiographic evaluations of elbow joint conformity.
  
  
  METHODS
  4,515 dogs from 2 breeds registered by the Swedish Kennel Club.
  
  
  METHODS
  All radiographs were scrutinized by a single radiologist (LA), and elbow joint conformation was classified as normal or arthrotic, with the degree of arthrosis classified as 1, 2, or 3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Decreasing prevalence of elbow arthrosis corresponding to selection of breeding stock and high heritabilities was found. Sex differences were documented in both breeds, but with contradictory directions. This was interpreted as breed differences in the distribution of genes related to elbow arthrosis. Economic analyses showed that costs of screening and registration of elbow joints was less than the value of dogs estimated to have been saved from moderate and severe elbow arthrosis in both breeds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Documented effects of age suggest that all dogs should be screened at the same age, rather than screening a few dogs at an older, more revealing age. In screening and control programs based on an open registry with access to family records, decreasing prevalence of elbow arthrosis can be expected, and related to selection of breeding stock.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Swenson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Audell
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hedhammar
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000818:Animals; D001175:Arthrography / Q000191:economics / Q000662:veterinary; D001947:Breeding; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D005552:Forelimb / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006619:Hip Dysplasia, Canine / Q000453:epidemiology; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D007596:Joints; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics / Q000662:veterinary*; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology