title: Late posterior cardiac tamponade after open heart surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Late cardiac tamponade after open heart surgery is a relatively uncommon, but potentially serious complication. We retrospectively analyzed 14 patients who had posterior cardiac tamponade 13 to 210 days after open heart surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between May 1988 and July 1995, 3150 adult patients underwent open heart surgery at the Gülhane Military Medical Academy. In 35 of 3150 patients (1.11%) late pericardial effusions developed, and in 14 (0.44% of 3150 consecutive open heart surgery performed on adult patients in our center) of these patients had posterior tamponade. There were moderate symptoms including fatigue, malaise, and dyspnea on exertion in all patients. The diagnosis was made by echocardiography in 13 patients, and by tomographic scanning in 1 patient. Analysis of these 14 patients revealed that all of them had hemodynamic criteria consistent with tamponade physiology on right heart catheterization with Swan-Ganz catheters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Echocardiography guid pericardiocentesis through the left anterior axillary line was effective in decompressing of posterior cardiac tamponade in 10 of 14 patients. Three patients required operative surgical drainage after unsuccessful pericardiocentesis through subxiphoid area. Two patients who underwent surgical drainage died, and in one patient surgical pericardiotomy had complete evacuation of posterior pericardial fluid with major complication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  2-D echocardiography guid pericardiocentesis through left anterior axillary line was found to be a useful, safe, and simple technique. It can be used as an alternative treatment to surgical pericardiotomy for posterior cardiac tamponade after open heart surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arslan
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Demirkliç
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kuralay
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ozal
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bingöl
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Oz
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tatar
authors.forename: O Y
authors.initials: OY
authors.lastname: Oztürk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002305:Cardiac Tamponade / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010490:Pericardial Effusion / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011677:Punctures; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome