title: Short-term outcome of major depression: I. Comorbidity and severity at presentation as predictors of persistent disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether there is a pattern of clinical characteristics at presentation that specifically predicts persistent major depression at 36 weeks follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-eight consecutive cases with a first episode DSM-III-R diagnosis of major depression were interviewed with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present Episode version and completed the mood and feelings self-report depression questionnaire (MFQ) at presentation and again at 36 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At presentation, 63 (93%) had one or more comorbid psychiatric disorders (median = 3). At 36 weeks, 17 (25%) cases were recovered; 17 (25%) continued to meet criteria for one or more psychiatric disorder but not major depression; 34 (50%) still met criteria for DSM-III-R major depression, of whom 25 (73%) had been persistently depressed and 9 (27%) had recovered and subsequently relapsed. Major depression at follow-up was specifically predicted by the additive effect of three features at presentation, comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder, higher MFQ score, and being older. Comorbid oppositional defiant disorder at presentation was a significant predictor of persistent psychiatric disorder. Individuals with persistent depression (n = 25) were more likely to have a longer duration of illness before presentation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systematic assessment of comorbid psychiatric conditions at initial interview, together with the use, in older subjects, of a self-report questionnaire to determine subjective severity, will provide valid clinical information concerning the potential short-term outcome of major depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Clinical School, University of Cambridge, England.
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Goodyer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Herbert
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Secher
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pearson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors