title: Effects of hormone-replacement therapy on fibrinolysis in postmenopausal women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Plasma levels of plasminogen-activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), an essential inhibitor of fibrinolysis in humans, increase in women after menopause, and this may contribute to the risk of cardiovascular disease. We studied the effects of hormone-replacement therapy on PAI-1 levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized, crossover study, we investigated the effects of oral conjugated estrogen (0.625 mg per day) in 30 postmenopausal women and transdermal estradiol (0.1 mg per day) in 20 postmenopausal women, either alone or in combination with medroxyprogesterone acetate (2.5 mg daily) for one month, on plasma PAI-1 antigen levels. Degradation products of cross-linked fibrin (D-dimer) were measured in serum as an index of fibrinolysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PAI-1 levels were inversely associated with D-dimer levels at base line (r= -0.540, P=0.002). Conjugated estrogen, both alone and in combination with medroxyprogesterone acetate, reduced mean (+/-SD) plasma levels of PAI-1 from 32+/-34 ng per milliliter to 14+/-10 ng per milliliter (P<0.001) and from 31+/-29 ng per milliliter to 15+/-11 ng per milliliter (P=0.003), respectively; there was a significant inverse correlation between pretreatment PAI-1 levels and the degree of reduction in these levels during therapy (r= -0.631, P<0.001 for conjugated estrogen; r = -0.507, P=0.004 for combined therapy). The degree of reduction in PAI-1 levels was associated with increases in D-dimer levels both when conjugated estrogen was given alone (r= -0.572, P=0.001) and when combined hormone therapy was given (r= -0.541, P=0.002). Transdermal estradiol caused no significant changes in PAI-1 levels from base-line values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conjugated estrogen, alone or combined with progestin therapy, reduced PAI-1 levels by approximately 50 percent in postmenopausal women and was associated with enhanced systemic fibrinolysis. These findings may partly explain the protective effect of hormone-replacement therapy with respect to coronary artery disease.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-1650, USA.
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mincemoyer
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Bui
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Csako
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pucino
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Guetta
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Waclawiw
authors.forename: R O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Cannon
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000032:analysis; D005342:Fibrinolysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP); D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; D008055:Lipids; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; C036309:fibrin fragment D; D004958:Estradiol; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate