title: Cardiovascular deconditioning and venous air embolism in simulated microgravity in the rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Astronauts conducting extravehicular activities undergo decompression to a lower ambient pressure, potentially resulting in gas bubble formation within the tissues and venous circulation. Additionally, exposure to microgravity produces fluid shifts within the body leading to cardiovascular deconditioning. A lower incidence of decompression illness in actual spaceflight compared with that in ground-based altitude chamber flights suggests that there is a possible interaction between microgravity exposure and decompression illness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cardiovascular and pulmonary effects of simulated hypobaric decompression stress using a tail suspension (head-down tilt) model of microgravity to produce the fluid shifts associated with weightlessness in conscious, chronically instrumented rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Venous bubble formation resulting from altitude decompression illness was simulated by a 3-h intravenous air infusion. Cardiovascular deconditioning was simulated by 96 h of head-down tilt. Heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure, left ventricular wall thickening and cardiac output were continuously recorded. Lung studies were performed to evaluate edema formation and compliance measurement. Blood and pleural fluid were examined for changes in white cell counts and protein concentration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our data demonstrated that in tail-suspended rats subjected to venous air infusions, there was a reduction in pulmonary edema formation and less of a decrease in cardiac output than occurred following venous air infusion alone. Mean arterial blood pressure and myocardial wall thickening fractions were unchanged with either tail-suspension or venous air infusion. Heart rate decreased in both conditions while systemic vascular resistance increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These differences may be due in part to a change or redistribution of pulmonary blood flow or to a diminished cellular response to the microvascular insult of the venous air embolization.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Anesthesiology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School 77030, USA.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Doursout
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Chelly
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Little
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Butler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D018493:Cardiovascular Deconditioning / Q000502:physiology*; D003665:Decompression Sickness / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018495:Fluid Shifts; D018475:Head-Down Tilt; D006439:Hemodynamics; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008170:Lung Compliance; D051381:Rats; D014893:Weightlessness / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018474:Weightlessness Simulation / Q000009:adverse effects*