title: Subnormal binocular vision in the Williams syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with Williams syndrome have been found to have a high prevalence of strabismus. This may be due to a primary sensory abnormality. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of subnormal binocular vision in patients with Williams syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients being followed in an interdisciplinary Williams syndrome clinic were prospectively evaluated to determine their binocular status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven patients with Williams syndrome underwent an ophthalmologic evaluation. Twenty-seven percent of patients had strabismus (3/11). Eight patients demonstrated no measurable strabismus. Six of these patients were found to have monofixation syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a high prevalence of subnormal binocular vision in Williams syndrome. This subnormal binocular vision may explain the high prevalence of strabismus in this syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Buffalo, State University of New York at Buffalo 14222, USA.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Olitsky
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Sadler
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Reynolds
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013285:Strabismus / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology*; D015354:Vision, Low / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014792:Visual Acuity; D018980:Williams Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology