title: The direction of the Whitacre needle aperture affects the extent and duration of isobaric spinal anesthesia.
abstract: The use of Whitacre spinal needles results in directional flow out of the needle aperture, diverting local anesthetic from the longitudinal axis of the needle. Thus, a change in orientation of the needle aperture would be expected to result in a different local anesthetic distribution in the subarachnoid space. We studied 40 outpatients undergoing elective knee arthroscopy under spinal anesthesia with 60 mg plain lidocaine 2% in a prospective, double-blinded manner. Patients were randomly assigned to either Group I (needle aperture oriented in a cephalad direction throughout intrathecal injection) or Group II (aperture directed caudally). Onset and offset of sensory and motor block were analyzed at frequent intervals. Times to completion of ambulatory milestones, including discharge, were recorded. Group I was characterized by a higher sensory level (T 3.4 +/- 1.3 vs T 6.6 +/- 2.8, P < 0.001). Group I had significantly shorter duration of lumbar sensory anesthesia (149.2 +/- 30.6 min vs 177.8 +/- 23.5 min, P < 0.01) and motor blockade (117.6 +/- 26.1 min vs 150.0 +/- 22.8 min, P < 0.001). Mean time to outpatient discharge was approximately 32 min shorter in Group I. The orientation of the Whitacre needle aperture exerts a major influence on sensory level, as well as the duration of isobaric lidocaine spinal anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital for Special Surgery, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Urmey
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stanton
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bassin
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Sharrock
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal / Q000295:instrumentation; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009339:Needles; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012677:Sensation; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine