title: The internal dose of passive smoking at home depends on the size of the dwelling.
abstract: As part of a longitudinal study two urine samples (survey 1 in 1991 and survey 2 in 1992) were collected from 602 elementary school children to investigate the relationship between urinary cotinine excretion (UCE) and the daily consumption of cigarettes at home (exposure). Size of the dwelling, educational level, and maternal smoking were taken into consideration as additional predictors. The history regarding parental smoking habits and confounding variables was ascertained by standardized questionnaires completed by the parents. Cotinine was measured using gas chromatography selected ion monitoring. UCE was expressed as cotinine/creatinine (ng/mg). In children with detectable UCE in survey 1 (35%) and in survey 2 (44%) the excretion ranged between 1.5 and 24.7 ng/mg (5-95%) and between 1.2 and 25.2 ng/mg, respectively. UCE measurements in both surveys were highly correlated (r = 0.65, P = 0.0001), and 59.6% of the UCE in survey 2 can be explained in linear regression by the UCE in survey 1. Using multiple linear regression, the categorized number of cigarettes reported to be consumed at home (20 cigarettes and more: 1991, P = 0.0001; 1992, P = 0.0003) and low educational level of the parents (P = 0.011 in 1991, P = 0.04 in 1992) were positively associated with UCE, whereas the size of the dwelling turned out to be negatively associated with UCE (P = 0.12 in 1991, P = 0.001 in 1992). In small dwellings (< or = 80 m2) the effect of exposure on UCE was much more pronounced. In conclusion, a single UCE measurement provides information which is widely stable within a yearly interval and is related to passive smoke history as well as to socio-economic status and the size of the dwelling. The latter variable should be considered as an effect modifier of exposure on internal dose and should be taken into account in future studies on passive smoke exposure.
authors.affiliation: University Children's Hospital Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Henschen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Frischer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pracht
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Spiekerkötter
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Karmaus
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Meinert
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lehnert
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wehrle
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuehr
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012907:Smoking / Q000639:trends; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D003367:Cotinine