Tourette's syndrome in the year 2000.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the current status of knowledge of Tourette's syndrome (TS) and to highlight those areas of research that are most likely to have the most significant advances in the next few years into the 21st century.


METHODS
Index Medicus was consulted from its beginning in 1885 until 1964 (inclusive), looking initially under the title 'tics' and subsequently under 'Tourette's Disorder'. From 1965 and the advent of MEDLINE, a search was performed looking for 'Tourette's'. A chronological examination of TS in the medical literature is presented. Some issues surrounding Huntington's Disease (HD) research are pertinent to TS and may serve as a guide in the future direction of TS research; these issues have been identified and illustrated in the context of TS. Where relevant, other medical disorders are also commented on.


RESULTS
There has been a steady increase in the volume of TS literature since 1885, with a marked increase since 1980, changing in focus from a psychological to a neurobiological viewpoint. Current areas of interest include genetics, comorbid psychopathologies, neuroimaging, treatments, epidemiology and educational considerations. Issues raised by HD and other movement disorders such as Parkinson's Disease (PD) are predictive testing, gene therapy and neural transplants.


CONCLUSIONS
The year 2000 is likely to herald a significant increase in our knowledge of the genetics and neuroimaging of TS, with new developments in therapy. A broadening of awareness of TS among health workers and teachers in particular is likely to increase the number of diagnosed patients and, hence, new challenges will be posed to existing resources for health and educational provision.
Robertson
M M
MM
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, University College London, Medical School, Middlesex Hospital, United Kingdom.
Boardman
J
J
D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D025063:Chromosome Disorders; D002894:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4; D005544:Forecasting; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D006266:Health Education; D006801:Humans; D006816:Huntington Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D012106:Research / Q000639:trends*; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy