title: Studies into aromatase activity associated with fetal allantochorionic and maternal endometrial tissues of equine placenta. Identification of metabolites by gas chromatography mass spectrometry.
abstract: Maternal endometrial and fetal allantochorionic tissues were separated manually from the placentae of seven healthy thoroughbred and three pony mares, ranging in gestational age from 100 to 318 days. The homogeneity of subcellular fractions prepared from these tissues was assessed initially using the marker enzymes, succinate dehydrogenase, NADPH cytochrome C reductase and lactate dehydrogenase for the mitochondrial, microsomal and cytosolic fractions, respectively. Light microscopy and histochemical analysis demonstrated that the separated fetal allantochorionic membrane, which is made up of allantoic and chorionic epithelia, contained no significant contamination of maternal tissues. The maternal endometrium, however, was found to contain appreciable amounts of fetal chorion torn off during the separation process. Tissue homogenates and subcellular fractions were incubated with testosterone together with [4-(14)C] and [(2)H5 or (2)H3] labelled analogues in either an NADPH (1 mM) or a NADPH-regenerating environment; control experiments (without additional cofactor) were also performed. After extraction of the tissue homogenates, neutral and phenolic (oestrogen) unconjugated steroids were separated by column chromatography. Radiolabelled studies revealed that in allantochorionic tissue incubations 67-77% of testosterone was converted to oestrogenic material, subcellular fractionation indicating that oestrogen production was largely confined to the microsomal fraction and time-course studies showing that the rate of formation appeared to be linear up to 90 min. In contrast, only 5-25% conversion occurred using maternal endometrial tissues, which could be accounted for by the contaminating presence of fetal chorion. No oestrogen production was detected in control incubations. These radiolabelled studies demonstrate that aromatase activity is located on the fetal allantochorionic surface and, together with the histochemical data, further delineate this activity to the chorion in mature equine placenta. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis of the phenolic extracts from allantochorionic tissue homogenate incubations indicated the presence of substrate-derived oestradiol-17beta (E2), 6-oxo-oestradiol-17beta (6-oxo-E2) and 6beta-hydroxyoestradiol-17beta (6beta-OH-E2). Whereas all three oestrogens were identified as metabolites from testosterone in incubations performed using allantochorionic tissue homogenates and post-mitochondrial suspensions (PMS), only E2 was identified from incubations performed using microsomal fractions prepared from this tissue. We conclude that both the microsomal and cytosol fractions are required for the conversion of E2 to the 6-oxygenated species in vitro. Using stable isotope-labelled substrates and GC-MS analysis the mechanism of formation of these metabolites from these in vitro incubation studies may be inferred. GC-MS analysis of the neutral extracts from allantochorionic tissue homogenate incubations confirmed the presence of small quantities of substrate-derived 5(10)-oestrenediols. No substrate-derived 5(10)-oestrene-3,17-diols were detected in extracts from microsomal preparations incubated in the absence of cytosol. These data suggest that demethylation of C19 steroids to produce C18 neutral steroids may require the synergistic action of enzymic activities that appear to reside both in the microsomal and cytosolic fractions of equine allantochorionic tissues.
authors.affiliation: Horseracing Forensic Laboratory Ltd., Newmarket, Suffolk, U.K.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Dumasia
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wooding
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Gower
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Houghton
mesh_terms: D000482:Allantois / Q000201:enzymology*; D000818:Animals; D001141:Aromatase / Q000378:metabolism*; D002458:Cell Fractionation; D002823:Chorion / Q000201:enzymology*; D003600:Cytosol / Q000201:enzymology; D004717:Endometrium / Q000201:enzymology*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006736:Horses; D008861:Microsomes / Q000201:enzymology; D009249:NADP / Q000378:metabolism; D010920:Placenta / Q000201:enzymology*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D013739:Testosterone; D009249:NADP; D001141:Aromatase