title: Metabotropic glutamate receptor activation modulates kainate and serotonin calcium response in astrocytes.
abstract: Although metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) modulation has been studied extensively in neurons, it has not been investigated in astrocytes. We studied modulation of glutamate-evoked calcium rises in primary astrocyte cultures using fura-2 ratiometric digital calcium imaging. Calcium plays a key role as a second messenger system in astrocytes, both in regulation of many subcellular processes and in long distance intercellular signaling. Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and cortical astrocytes showed striking differences in sensitivity to glutamate and to mGluR agonists, even after several weeks in culture. Kainate-evoked intracellular calcium rises were inhibited by concurrent application of the type I and II mGluR agonists quisqualate (10 micro;M), trans-(+/-)-1-amino-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylate (100-500 micro;M), and (2S-1'S-2'S)-2-(carboxycyclopropyl)glycine (L-CCG-I) (10 micro;M). Inhibition mediated by L-CCG-I had long-lasting effects (>45 min) in approximately 30% of the SCN astrocytes tested. The inhibition could be mimicked by the L-type calcium channel blocker nimodipine (1 micro;M) as well as by protein kinase C (PKC) activators phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (10 micro;M) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (500 nM), and blocked by the PKC inactivator (+/-)-1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (200 micro;M), suggesting a mechanism involving PKC modulation of L-type calcium channels. In contrast, mGluRs modulated serotonin (5HT)-evoked calcium rises through a different mechanism. The type III mGluR agonist L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate consistently inhibited 5HT-evoked calcium rises, whereas in a smaller number of cells quisqualate and L-CCG-I showed both inhibitory and additive effects. Unlike the mGluR-kainate interaction, which required a pretreatment with an mGluR agonist and was insensitive to pertussis toxin (PTx), the mGluR modulation of 5HT actions was rapid and was blocked by PTx. These data suggest that glutamate, acting at several metabotropic receptors expressed by astrocytes, could modulate glial activity evoked by neurotransmitters and thereby influence the ongoing modulation of neurons by astrocytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020, USA.
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Haak
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Heller
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: van den Pol
mesh_terms: D000600:Amino Acids, Dicarboxylic / Q000494:pharmacology; D000613:Aminobutyrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D003515:Cycloleucine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007608:Kainic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009553:Nimodipine / Q000494:pharmacology; D037342:Pertussis Toxin; D015240:Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate / Q000494:pharmacology; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D016318:Quisqualic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D015290:Second Messenger Systems / Q000187:drug effects*; D012701:Serotonin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013493:Suprachiasmatic Nucleus / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D010566:Virulence Factors, Bordetella / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C089836:2-amino-2-methyl-4-phosphonobutyrate; C074680:2-amino-4-phosphonobutanoic acid receptor; D000600:Amino Acids, Dicarboxylic; D000613:Aminobutyrates; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D015220:Calcium Channels; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; D010566:Virulence Factors, Bordetella; C073111:metabotropic quisqualate receptor; D003515:Cycloleucine; C036361:1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane; C035261:(alpha-carboxycyclopropyl)glycine; D012701:Serotonin; D015240:Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D009553:Nimodipine; D016318:Quisqualic Acid; D037342:Pertussis Toxin; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D007608:Kainic Acid; D002118:Calcium