title: Structure of a human lysosomal sulfatase.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  . Sulfatases catalyze the hydrolysis of sulfuric acid esters from a wide variety of substrates including glycosaminoglycans, glycolipids and steroids. There is sufficient common sequence similarity within the class of sulfatase enzymes to indicate that they have a common structure. Deficiencies of specific lysosomal sulfatases that are involved in the degradation of glycosamino-glycans lead to rare inherited clinical disorders termed mucopolysaccharidoses. In sufferers of multiple sulfatase deficiency, all sulfatases are inactive because an essential post-translational modification of a specific active-site cysteine residue to oxo-alanine does not occur. Studies of this disorder have contributed to location and characterization of the sulfatase active site. To understand the catalytic mechanism of sulfatases, and ultimately the determinants of their substrate specificities, we have determined the structure of N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  . The crystal structure of the enzyme has been solved and refined at 2.5  resolution using data recorded at both 123K and 273K. The structure has two domains, the larger of which belongs to the alpha/beta class of proteins and contains the active site. The enzyme active site in the crystals contains several hitherto undescribed features. The active-site cysteine residue, Cys91, is found as the sulfate derivative of the aldehyde species, oxo-alanine. The sulfate is bound to a previously undetected metal ion, which we have identified as calcium. The structure of a vanadate-inhibited form of the enzyme has also been solved, and this structure shows that vanadate has replaced sulfate in the active site and that the vanadate is covalently linked to the protein. Preliminary data is presented for crystals soaked in the monosaccharide N-acetylgalactosamine, the structure of which forms a product complex of the enzyme.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  . The structure of N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase reveals that residues conserved amongst the sulfatase family are involved in stabilizing the calcium ion and the sulfate ester in the active site. This suggests an archetypal fold for the family of sulfatases. A catalytic role is proposed for the post-translationally modified highly conserved cysteine residue. Despite a lack of any previously detectable sequence similarity to any protein of known structure, the large sulfatase domain that contains the active site closely resembles that of alkaline phosphatase: the calcium ion in sulfatase superposes on one of the zinc ions in alkaline phosphatase and the sulfate ester of Cys91 superposes on the phosphate ion found in the active site of alkaline phosphatase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia.
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Clements
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ashby
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Collyer
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Harrop
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hopwood
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Guss
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000737:chemistry; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D016466:CHO Cells; D002803:Chondro-4-Sulfatase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D016384:Consensus Sequence; D006224:Cricetinae; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D006031:Glycosylation; D006801:Humans; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000201:enzymology*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009087:Mucopolysaccharidosis VI / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D005810:Multigene Family; D017354:Point Mutation; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014638:Vanadates / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014638:Vanadates; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D002803:Chondro-4-Sulfatase