title: Ultrastructural study of the keratinization of the dorsal epithelium of the tongue of Middendorff's bean goose, Anser fabalis middendorffii (Anseres, Antidae).
abstract: Comparative studies of ultrastructural features of tongues allow deductions to be made about relationships between structure and function, as reflected by an animal's feeding habits. The present study was performed to serve as a basis for further studies of avian feeding mechanisms and of relationships between the fine structure of the lingual epithelium and the development of the expression of keratins.
  
  
  
  The light microscope, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope were used.
  
  
  
  The dorsal surface of the tongue of Middendorff's bean goose, Anser fabalis middendorffii, has a distinctive anterior region that extends for five-sixths of its length and has a clear posterior region. The anterior region, when observed macroscopically and by scanning electron microscopy, is distinguished along its forward half by a clear median line. The back half of the anterior region has an indistinct median sulcus in some parts. There are no lingual papillae on the entire dorsal surface of the anterior and posterior regions. Giant conical papillae are located in a transverse row between the anterior and posterior regions. On both lateral sides of the anterior region for five-sixths of the length of the tongue, lingual hairs are compactly distributed, and small numbers of large cylindrical papillae are arranged at almost regular intervals between these lingual hairs. Examination of the dorsal lingual epithelium by light and transmission electron microscopy provided histological and cytological criteria for distinguishing the anterior and posterior regions, both of which were composed of stratified squamous epithelium. Basal cells were similar throughout the dorsal epithelium. The intermediate layer of cells in the anterior region contained numerous tonofibrils in electron-dense bundles composed of tonofilaments of 10 nm in diameter. The outer layer was composed of electron-dense, well-keratinized cells, with layers of electron-lucent cells on the outermost surface. The cells in the intermediate layer in the posterior region of the tongue were almost completely filled with unbundled tonofilaments. The surface layer exhibited features of parakeratinization. In all of the giant conical papillae, the large cylindrical papillae, and the lingual hairs, the epithelium was strongly keratinized.
  
  
  
  The three-dimensional microanatomy and cytological features of the dorsal lingual epithelium of avians seem to be related to the functional role and shape of the tongue of each species in feeding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology, Nippon Dental University School of Dentistry at Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iwasaki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Asami
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chiba
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology; D004848:Epithelium / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D005777:Geese / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D007633:Keratins / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012737:Sex Factors; D014059:Tongue / Q000648:ultrastructure*
chemical_list: D007633:Keratins