title: Audible in utero sound caused by the ultrasonic radiation force from a real-time scanner.
abstract: While investigating in utero sound levels during vibro-acoustic stimulation on the maternal abdomen it was noticed that noise level increased when the real-time ultrasonic scanner beam was directed at the sensing hydrophone. The noise was recorded and later analysed for frequency content and waveform. It appeared related to the scanning and frame rate frequencies of the scanner used. Sounds may originate from radiation pressure produced when the ultrasound beam is absorbed by tissue or reflected from bone or the metal hydrophone. This implies that although ultrasound cannot be heard per se, any modulation of its intensity will produce vibrations in the maternal tissues or reflecting structures such as skull bone, and especially stapes, malleus and incus, that would be heard as sound by the fetus. The intensity of the sound produced varied with orientation of the transducer beam and this may itself produce a stimulation. Based on our recordings (Fig. 1), it was calculated (please see Appendix) that the fetus would hear a sound corresponding to 84dB noise pressure level in air.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arulkumaran
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Talbert
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nyman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Westgren
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ratnam
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D004431:Ear, External / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D014159:Transducers; D014465:Ultrasonics; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal