title: Halothane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane reduce postischemic adhesion of neutrophils in the coronary system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) contribute to postischemic reperfusion damage in many organs and tissues, a prerequisite being adhesion of PMNs to vascular endothelial cells. Because adhesion processes involve orderly interactions of membrane proteins, it appeared possible that "membrane effects" of volatile anesthetics could interfere. We investigated the effects of halothane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane on postischemic adhesion of human PMNs in the intact coronary system of isolated perfused guinea pig hearts.
  
  
  METHODS
  The hearts (n = 7-10 per group) were perfused in the "Langendorff" mode under conditions of constant flow (5 ml/min) using modified Krebs-Henseleit buffer equilibrated with 94.4% oxygen and 5.6% carbon dioxide. Global myocardial ischemia was induced by interrupting perfusion for 15 min. In the second minute of reperfusion (5 ml/min), a bolus dose of 6 x 10(5) PMNs was injected into the coronary system. The number of cells reemerging in the coronary effluent was expressed as a percentage of the total number of applied PMNs. Halothane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, each at 1 and 2 minimal alveolar concentration (MAC), were vaporized in the gas mixture and applied from 14 min before ischemia until the end of the experiment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under nonischemic conditions, 24.7 +/- 1.3% of the injected neutrophils did not reemerge from the perfused coronary system. Subjecting the hearts to global ischemia augmented retention (36.4 +/- 2.8%, P < .05). Application of halothane reduced adhesion of neutrophils to 22.6 +/- 2.1% and 24.2 +/- 1.8% at 1 and 2 MAC, respectively (P < .05). Exposure to 1 and 2 MAC isoflurane was similarly effective, whereas basal adhesion was not significantly influenced. Sevoflurane-treated hearts (1 and 2 MAC) also showed decreased adhesion of PMNs (23 +/- 2.3% and 24.8 +/- 1.8%, respectively; P < .05) and an identical reduction resulted when sevoflurane (1 MAC) was applied only with the onset of reperfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the mechanism of action of volatile anesthetics remains unclear in these preliminary studies, their inhibitory effect on ischemia-induced adhesion of PMNs may be beneficial for the heart during general anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anesthesiology, University of Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kowalski
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zahler
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flaucher
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Conzen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gerlach
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Peter
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000166:cytology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology; D004987:Ethers / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006221:Halothane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects*; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control; D000077149:Sevoflurane
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D004987:Ethers; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D007530:Isoflurane; D006221:Halothane