title: Analysis of proteinuria: reference limits for urine excretion of albumin, protein HC, immunoglobulin G, kappa- and lambda-immunoreactivity, orosomucoid and alpha 1-antitrypsin.
abstract: Efficient use of assessment of urine protein excretion in nephrological practice requires adequate reference intervals. To determine the upper reference limits of urine albumin, protein HC (alpha 1-microglobulin, immunoglobulin G (IgG), orosomucoid (alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, alpha 1-antitrypsin, and kappa- and lambda-chain immunoreactivities, the concentrations of these proteins were measured in urine samples from 95 healthy, adult individuals, using rapid, generally available methods and with conditions for urine collection which secured stable protein levels. The obtained values were expressed in mg 1(-1), as the urine protein-creatinine index and as fractional protein-creatinine clearance. No differences were found between the upper reference limits in the first voided morning urine samples and the randomly collected urine samples, nor between the upper reference limits in urine samples collected from males and females. The urinary excretion of the tested proteins did not correlate to age, positive dipsticks for haematuria nor to granular casts in urine sediment. Thus, the same upper reference limits can be used for both sexes and regardless of the type of urine collection. The upper reference limits of urine protein-creatinine index found in this study were: for albumin, 3.8 mg mmol(-1); for protein HC, 0.7 mg mmol; for IgG, 0.8 mg mmol(-1); for orosomucoid, 0.7 mg mmol(-1); for alpha 1-antitrypsin, 0.2 mg mmol(-1), and for kappa-immunoreactivity 0.7 mg mmol(-1). The upper reference limit for lambda-immunoreactivity was below the detection limit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Lund University Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tencer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thysell
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grubb
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000652:urine*; D000510:Alpha-Globulins / Q000652:urine; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000652:urine; D007145:Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains / Q000652:urine; D007146:Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009961:Orosomucoid / Q000592:standards / Q000652:urine; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000652:urine*; D012016:Reference Values; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000592:standards; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000592:standards*; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin / Q000592:standards / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D000510:Alpha-Globulins; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007145:Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains; D007146:Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains; D009961:Orosomucoid; D012709:Serum Albumin; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin; C016001:alpha-1-microglobulin; D003404:Creatinine