title: Interaction between polyalkylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles and peritoneal macrophages: MTT metabolism, NBT reduction, and NO production.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The nature of interactions between macrophages and drug carriers is of primordial importance either in the design of more effective therapeutic strategies for macrophage-associated pathogenesis or in establishing new approaches for pharmacological action avoiding macrophages.
  
  
  METHODS
  Polyalkylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles (PMCA, PECA, PBCA and PIBCA nanoparticles) were assayed for their toxicity on peritoneal resident and thioglycolate-elicited macrophages. Cellular viability was assessed by MTT tetrazolium salt assay, oxidative burst by NBT reduction and NO production by nitrite evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The nanoparticles tested led to cellular morphological modifications and induced toxicity in both types of macrophages in culture. The polyalkylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles uptake by peritoneal macrophages caused an increase in respiratory burst, as assessed by the NBT reduction assay, and induced the release of soluble toxic factors to the culture medium. The association of LPS with the PMCA nanoparticles significantly stimulated the production of nitric oxide (NO) by resident macrophages. In contrast, the association of PBCA nanoparticles with LPS does not increase the nitrite production as compared with LPS alone, which may be due to a different physico-chemical interaction between LPS and the two types of polymers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In cultured mice peritoneal macrophages, nanoparticles of PACA induce the production of oxygen reactive products, which cause changes in the cell metabolism of both resident and elicited macrophages. PMCA nanoparticles in association with LPS significantly increase the expression of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase, leading to the release of large amount of NO, which may be highly cytotoxic to the cultured cells in the presence of peroxide generated from the oxidative burst.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Farmácia and Centro de Neurociências, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gaspar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Donato
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lopes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003487:Cyanoacrylates / Q000633:toxicity*; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D009573:Nitrites / Q000032:analysis; D009580:Nitroblue Tetrazolium / Q000032:analysis; D011108:Polymers / Q000633:toxicity*; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000187:drug effects*; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000378:metabolism; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000378:metabolism; D013864:Thioglycolates / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D003487:Cyanoacrylates; D004337:Drug Carriers; D009573:Nitrites; D011108:Polymers; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D013864:Thioglycolates; D009580:Nitroblue Tetrazolium; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C022616:thiazolyl blue