title: Efficacy of ketorolac tromethamine and extrapleural intercostal nerve block on post-thoracotomy pain. A prospective, randomized study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Post-thoracotomy pain causes severe impairment of the respiratory function. Epidural analgesia is effective in the treatment of post-thoracotomy pain but may give rise to significant side-effects. Other low-risk and cost-effective analgesic treatments are therefore required.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty male patients who had undergone pulmonary lobectomy entered a prospective, randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy of ketorolac tromethamine (Group 2) and extrapleural intercostal nerve block (Group 3) with intermittent low-dose bupivacaine. Objective and subjective assessment was carried out at 8, 16, 24 and 48 hours postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences between Groups 1 (control group) and 2. Vital capacity was significantly lower in Group 3 (p<0.05) than in Group 1 after 16 hours. Forced Vital Capacity was significantly higher in Group 2 than in Group 3 after 16 and 24 hours (p<0.05). Peak expiratory flow was also significantly better in Group 2 than in Group 3 after 16 hours (p<0.05). On-demand opioid consumption was significantly lower in Group 2 (p<0.001) and Group 3 (p<0.05). No side-effects were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ketorolac tromethamine was effective in the treatment of post-thoracotomy pain. Extrapleural intercostal nerve block allowed a significant reduction in the consumption of opioids. These analgesic techniques could be useful as low-risk, cost-effective and reproducible treatments when more effective techniques, such as epidural analgesia, are contraindicated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, University of Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carretta
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zannini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chiesa
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Altese
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Melloni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grossi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002045:Bupivacaine; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006801:Humans; D007367:Intercostal Nerves / Q000187:drug effects*; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine; D008176:Lung Volume Measurements; D008297:Male; D008614:Meperidine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011013:Pneumonectomy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013908:Thoracotomy; D014046:Tolmetin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D014325:Tromethamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D014325:Tromethamine; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine; D008614:Meperidine; D014046:Tolmetin; D002045:Bupivacaine