title: Lifestyle changes may reverse development of the insulin resistance syndrome. The Oslo Diet and Exercise Study: a randomized trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare and assess the single and joint effect of diet and exercise intervention for 1 year on insulin resistance and the development leading toward the insulin resistance syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  An unmasked, randomized 2 x 2 factorial intervention trial was applied with a duration of 1 year for each participant. The trial comprised 219 men and women with diastolic blood pressure of 86-99 mmHg, HDL cholesterol < 1.20 mmol/l, triglycerides > 1.4 mmol/l, total cholesterol of 5.20-7.74 mmol/l, and BMI > 24 kg/m2. Participants were randomly allocated to diet group (n = 35), diet and exercise group (n = 67), exercise group (n = 54), and control group (n = 43). The diet included increased intake of fish and reduced total fat intake. The exercise program entailed supervised endurance exercise three times a week. Baseline cross-sectional changes and 1-year changes in insulin resistance, fasting serum levels of insulin, C-peptide, proinsulin, glucose, and lipids as well as weight, mean blood pressure, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) values were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cross-sectional results at baseline showed significant correlations between the calculated insulin resistance and BMI (r = 0.54) and correlations between the mean blood pressure (mBP) (r = 0.26) and PAI-1 (r = 0.40). The 1-year diet intervention gave a significant decrease in the calculated insulin resistance from 4.6 to 4.2 and a positive correlation between the changes in insulin resistance and changes in BMI (r = 0.40). The diet and exercise intervention also led to significantly decreased insulin resistance (from 5.0 to 4.0). The exercise intervention did not significantly change insulin resistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cross-sectional and 1-year intervention results supported each other and underscored the important connection between increased BMI and the development leading toward the insulin resistance syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Hormone Laboratory, Aker University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Torjesen
authors.forename: K I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Birkeland
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Anderssen
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hjermann
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Holme
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Urdal
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008019:Life Style; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood; D011384:Proinsulin / Q000097:blood; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013577:Syndrome; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D007328:Insulin; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D014280:Triglycerides; D011384:Proinsulin