title: Cytogenetic, histopathologic, and immunologic studies of multifocal renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multifocal tumor areas occurred in 12-22% of patients with renal cell carcinoma. It is unknown whether these tumors have malignant potential and characterize a higher risk for metastases. The performance of nephron-sparing surgery in patients with low grade or low stage tumors is controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary and secondary tumors were analyzed by conventional cytogenetics and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-11, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 were determined using standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and bioassays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 15.2% of the renal cell carcinoma cases evaluated, multifocal tumors were detected. Cytogenetics revealed a concordance of primary and secondary tumors in 9 of 14 cases (64%). In 11 of 12 multifocal tumors (94%), the same immunologic activity status was observed in both primary and secondary tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Secondary tumors must be expected to have malignant potential similar to that of the primary tumors. This was underscored by the high concordance of cytogenetic, histopathologic, and immunologic data in this study.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Junker
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schlichter
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Junker
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Knöfel
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kosmehl
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Claussen
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations / Q000473:pathology; D002871:Chromosome Banding; D025063:Chromosome Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007621:Karyotyping; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis