title: Panic disorder and agoraphobia in consecutively referred children and adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This report examines the clinical features and correlates of juvenile panic disorder in referred children and adolescents to test specific hypotheses about its relationship with adult panic disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of consecutively referred children and adolescents (N = 472) comprehensively evaluated with structured diagnostic interviews, cognitive tests, and psychosocial assessments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Panic disorder was identified in 6% and agoraphobia in 15% of psychiatrically referred children and adolescents. Children meeting criteria for panic disorder also frequently met criteria for agoraphobia. The latter disorder was more prevalent and had an earlier age at onset than panic disorder. Children with panic disorder and those with agoraphobia had similar correlates with frequent comorbidity with other anxiety and mood disorders. A high level of comorbidity with disruptive disorders was also identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the hypothesis of continuity between the juvenile and the adult form of panic disorder. However, the high level of comorbidity with disruptive behavior disorders also suggests developmentally specific discontinuities between juveniles and adults with panic disorder.
authors.affiliation: Joint Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biederman
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marrs
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ablon
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mick
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gershon
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kearns
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000379:Agoraphobia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009497:Neurotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies