title: Cerebral oxygenation during cardiopulmonary bypass in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous work has found cerebral oxygen extraction to decrease during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass in children. To elucidate cardiopulmonary bypass factors controlling cerebral oxygen extraction, we examined the effect of perfusate temperature, pump flow rate, and hematocrit value on cerebral hemoglobin-oxygen saturation as measured by near infrared spectroscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty children less than 7 years of age scheduled for cardiac operations with continuous cardiopulmonary bypass were randomly assigned to warm bypass, hypothermic bypass, hypothermic low-flow bypass, or hypothermic low-hematocrit bypass. For warm bypass, arterial perfusate was 37 degrees C, hematocrit value 23%, and pump flow 150 ml/kg per minute. Hypothermic bypass differed from warm bypass only in initial perfusate temperature (22 degrees C); hypothermic low-flow bypass and low-hematocrit bypass differed from hypothermic bypass only in pump flow (75 ml/kg per minute) and hematocrit value (16%), respectively. Cerebral oxygen saturation was recorded before bypass (baseline), during bypass, and for 15 minutes after bypass had been discontinued.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the warm bypass group, cerebral oxygen saturation remained at baseline levels during and after bypass. In the hypothermic bypass group, cerebral oxygen saturation increased 20% +/- 2% during bypass cooling (p < 0.001), returned to baseline during bypass rewarming, and remained at baseline after bypass. In the hypothermic low-flow and hypothermic low-hematocrit bypass groups, cerebral oxygen saturation remained at baseline levels during bypass but increased 6% +/- 2% (p = 0.05) and 10% +/- 2% (p < 0.03), respectively, after bypass was discontinued.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In children, cortical oxygen extraction is maintained during warm cardiopulmonary bypass at full flow and moderate hemodilution. Bypass cooling can decrease cortical oxygen extraction but requires a certain pump flow and hematocrit value to do so. Low-hematocrit hypothermic bypass and low-flow hypothermic bypass can also alter cortical oxygen extraction after discontinuation of cardiopulmonary bypass.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 19104, USA.
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Kurth
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Steven
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Nicolson
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Jacobs
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011184:Postoperative Period; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen