title: Comparison of the ultrasonic scalpel to CO2 laser and electrosurgery in terms of tissue injury and adhesion formation in a rabbit model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relative effect of an ultrasonic scalpel on reproductive tissue compared with CO2 laser and electrosurgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized animal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University laboratory setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen New Zealand White rabbits.
  
  
  METHODS
  A steel scalpel, an ultrasonic scalpel, a CO2 laser, or electrosurgery were used to perform an ovarian wedge resection and to remove the distal uterine horn. A 3-cm longitudinal incision also was made in the uterine horn.
  
  
  METHODS
  The number of 1-second bursts of needle-tip electrosurgery required for hemostasis, the depth and degree of coagulation necrosis, degree of fibrin deposition, and postoperative adhesion formation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The amount of electrosurgery needed to achieve hemostasis was less for any of the four power techniques than for the steel scalpel, with the exception of the ultrasonic scalpel at level 5 when used on the ovary. The depth (range: 0.30 to 0.38 mm) and the degree of coagulation necrosis was not different for any of the power techniques. The fibrin score was greatest for the ultrasonic scalpel at level 5 in both the ovarian tissue and the uterine tissue. There was no difference in adhesion scores for the power techniques and the steel scalpel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ultrasonic scalpel at level 3 is not different from either CO2 laser or electrosurgery in terms of hemostatic properties, coagulation necrosis, or adhesion formation in the rabbit model.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schemmel
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Haefner
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Selvaggi
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Termin
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Hurd
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D004598:Electrosurgery; D005260:Female; D005831:Genital Diseases, Female / Q000209:etiology*; D006487:Hemostasis; D053685:Laser Therapy; D009336:Necrosis; D010049:Ovarian Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D010053:Ovary / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011817:Rabbits; D000267:Tissue Adhesions / Q000209:etiology; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy; D014591:Uterine Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D014599:Uterus / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide