title: Measurement of nitrite and nitrate in biological fluids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and by the Griess assay: problems with the Griess assay--solutions by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
abstract: Assay methods based on the Griess reaction are frequently used to measure nitrite and nitrate in urine, plasma, and other biological fluids. With minor exceptions, careful attention has not been paid in extending the Griess assay from aqueous solutions to biological fluids, In the present study, parallel measurements of nitrite and nitrate were performed in urine, plasma, and aqueous solutions with a published batch assay based on the Griess reaction and with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We report here further interferences by free reduced thiols, proteins, and other plasma constituents in the Griess assay but not in GC-MS. The best correlation (r2 = 0.985) between the Griess assay and GC-MS was observed for aqueous solutions in the absence of thiols. Unlike GC-MS, the Griess assay was not applicable to whole human plasma and urine samples. For the measurement of nitrate in diluted human urine samples, reduction by cadmium was performed both under acidic (pH 2 or 5) and alkaline (pH 8.8) conditions. The mean recovery rate of nitrate from urine samples was quantitative in the GC-MS but amounted to only 30-80% in the Griess assay. Measurement of nitrate in human urine samples (n = 33) resulted in an excellent correlation between two GC-MS techniques (r2 = 0.979) but only in a poor correlation (r2 < 0.64) between the Griess assay and GC-MS. Unlike GC-MS, the batch Griess assay is associated with many problems in measuring nitrate in biological fluids.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tsikas
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Gutzki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rossa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dockendorff
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sandmann
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Frölich
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009566:Nitrates / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D009573:Nitrites / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000097:blood; D014462:Ultrafiltration
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds