title: The suboccipital cavernous sinus.
abstract: The authors studied the microsurgical anatomy of the suboccipital region, concentrating on the third segment (V3) of the vertebral artery (VA), which extends from the transverse foramen of the axis to the dural penetration of the VA, paying particular attention to its loops, branches, supporting fibrous rings, adjacent nerves, and surrounding venous structures. Ten cadaver heads (20 sides) were fixed in formalin, their blood vessels were perfused with colored silicone rubber, and they were dissected under magnification. The authors subdivided the V3 into two parts, the horizontal (V3h) and the vertical (V3v), and studied the anatomical structures topographically, from the superficial to the deep tissues. In two additional specimens, serial histological sections were acquired through the V3 and its encircling elements to elucidate their cross-sectional anatomy. Measurements of surgically and clinically important features were obtained with the aid of an operating microscope. This study reveals an astonishing anatomical resemblance between the suboccipital complex and the cavernous sinus, as follows: venous cushioning; anatomical properties of the V3 and those of the petrous-cavernous internal carotid artery (ICA), namely their loops, branches, supporting fibrous rings, and periarterial autonomic neural plexus; adjacent nerves; and skull base locations. Likewise, a review of the literature showed a related embryological development and functional and pathological features, as well as similar transitional patterns in the arterial walls of the V3 and the petrous-cavernous ICA. Hence, due to its similarity to the cavernous sinus, this suboccipital complex is here named the "suboccipital cavernous sinus." Its role in physiological and pathological conditions as they pertain to various clinical and surgical implications is also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA.
authors.forename: K I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Arnautović
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: al-Mefty
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Pait
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Krisht
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Husain
mesh_terms: D001158:Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002426:Cavernous Sinus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008866:Microsurgery; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D013127:Spinal Nerves / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014680:Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014711:Vertebral Artery / Q000033:anatomy & histology