title: Dietary folate protects against the development of macroscopic colonic neoplasia in a dose responsive manner in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diminished folate status is associated with enhanced colorectal carcinogenesis. This study investigated the potential chemopreventive role of dietary folate in the dimethylhydrazine colorectal cancer model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing either 0, 2 (daily dietary requirement), 8 or 40 mg folate/kg diet for 20 weeks. After five weeks of diet, rats were injected with dimethyl-hydrazine (44 mg/kg) weekly for 15 weeks. Fifteen weeks after the first injection of dimethylhydrazine, all rats were killed. Folate status was determined, and the entire colorectum from each rat was analysed for macroscopic and microscopic neoplasms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma and colonic folate concentrations correlated directly with dietary folate levels (p < 0.005). The incidence of microscopic neoplasms was similar among the four groups. However, the incidence and the average number of macroscopic tumours per rat decreased progressively with increasing dietary folate levels up to 8 mg/kg diet (p < 0.05). In the strongly procarcinogenic milieu used in this study, folate supplementation at 20 times the basal requirement was associated with rates of macroscopic tumour development that were intermediate, and not statistically distinct, from rates observed at either 0 or 8 mg/kg diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that in this rat model, (a) increasing dietary folate up to four times the basal requirement leads to a progressive reduction in the evolution of macroscopic neoplasms from microscopic foci; and (b) folate supplementation beyond four times the requirement does not convey further benefit.
authors.affiliation: Vitamin Bioavailability Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Y I
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Salomon
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Graeme-Cook
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Dallal
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Mason
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens; D003106:Colon / Q000737:chemistry; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004127:Dimethylhydrazines; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012435:S-Adenosylhomocysteine / Q000032:analysis; D012436:S-Adenosylmethionine / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D004127:Dimethylhydrazines; D012436:S-Adenosylmethionine; D005492:Folic Acid; D012435:S-Adenosylhomocysteine