title: The role of immunologic and viral markers in predicting clinical outcome in HIV infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In an ideal world, one clinical marker would explain all the variance in a disease system. In reality, however, this is rarely the case and HIV disease is no exception. This review considers several specific markers that have demonstrated some use in clinical trials and/or epidemiologic studies of antiretroviral therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CD4 lymphocyte count, HIV viral load and perhaps immune activation markers can be used to measure the activity of antiretroviral therapy. Some recent studies are presented and the results discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sustained improvements in several markers (particularly HIV viral load and CD4 cell count) in combination appear to be the most predictive of clinical benefit. No current viral or immunologic markers adequately reflect toxicities attributable to antiretroviral therapy. Lamivudine/zidovudine combination therapy leads to sustained changes in several markers, and appears to be well tolerated. This may translate into significant clinical benefit but the duration of such benefit remains unknown.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Graham
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D018450:Disease Progression; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers