title: Hepatocellular carcinoma in long-term oral contraceptive use.
abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies in certain parts of the world, particularly in Africa and Asia, but it is less commonly encountered in the United States. It is closely associated with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, and almost always develops in a cirrhotic liver. In non-cirrhotic livers, HCC is found in about 20% of asymptomatic carriers of HBV and rarely in patients taking androgenic-anabolic or oral contraceptive (OC) steroids. We report four patients, who developed HCC after prolonged use of OC steroids. Whether OC steroids act as mutagen or co-carcinogen in hepatocarcinogenesis is not clear. To exclude latent HCV and HBV infections which may occur in the absence of their serological markers, we employed polymerase chain reaction for the detection of HBV and HCV sequences in the tumor and non-tumorous liver tissue. Viral sequences of HBV and HCV were undetectable in all four cases. These findings suggest OC use as the only known risk factor in these cases and, therefore, strengthen its possible role in hepatocarcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Lillian and Henry M. Straton-Hans Popper Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, City University of New York, New York 10029, USA.
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Fiel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gerber
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Faire
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Thung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000139:chemically induced*; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal