title: How reproducible are measures of the anal sphincter muscle diameter by endoanal ultrasound?
abstract: Anal endosonography is an imaging technique for the anal sphincter system and offers analysis of its muscular integrity. It is generally assumed that measurement of the thickness of muscle layers is provided by sonography; however, reproducibility of such measurements have not yet been investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study 1: In 10 healthy volunteers, endoanal ultrasound was performed independently by two experienced investigators with two different ultrasound machines, and thickness of the muscle layers of the internal and external anal sphincter was assessed in the position of the intermediate dorsal anal canal in a randomized cross-over fashion. Study 2: In a study of similar design, sonography was performed in nine healthy volunteers by two investigators independently using a single ultrasound machine in three standardized positions (proximal/intermediate/distal anal canal) and the sphincter layers assessed in the left, right, and dorsal segment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study 1: Both the same investigator with different ultrasound scanners and different investigators with the same machine failed to obtain reproducible results with respect to internal and external anal sphincter muscle layer diameter (four bivariate correlations, all with p > 0.05). Study 2: Standardization of the probe position did not improve the agreement (2 x 9 bivariate correlations, all but two p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At present, therefore, endoanal ultrasound does not provide reliable morphometric data on anal sphincter muscle diameter. This could explain previously conflicting observations of associations between anal sphincter morphometry and function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Heinrich Heine University Medical School, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Enck
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Heyer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gantke
authors.forename: W U
authors.initials: WU
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schäfer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Frieling
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Häussinger
mesh_terms: D001003:Anal Canal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D019160:Endosonography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015588:Observer Variation; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design