title: [Coinfection by mycobacteria in HIV-positive patients].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics and therapeutic management of coinfection by mycobacteria in the authors hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two cases of coinfection detected in mixed cultures in agar 7H11 or simultaneous positive cultures in several evaluable clinical samples (blood cultures for MAI and M. kansasii and sputum or stools for M. tuberculosis).
  
  
  RESULTS
  One coinfection by MAI and M. tuberculosis and another by MAI and M. kansasii in two severely immunosuppressed HIV positive patients with less than 0.010 CD4 lymphocytes/10(9)/l. The clinical manifestations were unspecific, with fever and deterioration of the general state predominating over the 30-45 days of evolution. One of the patients improved with treatment which, in both cases, included a macrolide. Survival was very short and death was by intercurrent causes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the diagnostic of coinfection in severely immunosuppressed patients multiple organic samples should be taken and appropriately processed to detect the mixed cultures or the presence of different mycobacteria in different samples from the same patients. Although the diagnosis of the species is fundamental, the empiric treatment of a disease by mycobacteria in severely immunosuppressed patients should include at least: ethambutol and clarithromycin or azithromycin in addition to other first line tuberculostatic drugs until definitive identification.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Nuestra Señora de Aránzazu, Alto de Zorroaga, San Sebastián.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: von Wichmann
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Arrondo
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Iribarren
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arrizabalaga
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Idígoras
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barandiarán
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D000328:Adult; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000382:microbiology; D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000150:complications; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006525:Hepatitis, Viral, Human / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009165:Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D009162:Mycobacterium avium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015270:Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009170:Nontuberculous Mycobacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000150:complications; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000150:complications; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial