title: Major depressive disorder in the 6 months after miscarriage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test a priori hypotheses that miscarrying women are at increased risk for a first or recurrent episode of major depressive disorder in the 6 months following loss and that this increased risk is greater for childless women, women with prior reproductive loss, and women aged 35 years or older; and to evaluate whether risk varies by time of gestation or by attitude toward the pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The miscarriage cohort consisted of women attending a medical center for a spontaneous abortion (n=229); the comparison group was a population-based cohort of women drawn from the community (n=230).
  
  
  METHODS
  Miscarriage was defined as the involuntary termination of a nonviable intrauterine pregnancy before 28 completed weeks of gestation. Half of all participants were between 25 and 34 years of age; 40% were white and 35% Hispanic; 55% had more than a high school education. Participants constituted 60% of miscarrying women and 72% of community women who completed the first phase of this cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Major depressive disorder was measured using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Risk for an episode of major depressive disorder among miscarrying women in the 6 months following loss was compared with the 6-month risk among community women who had not been pregnant in the preceding year. Among miscarrying women, 10.9% experienced an episode of major depressive disorder, compared with 4.3% of community women. The overall relative risk (RR) for an episode of major depressive disorder for miscarrying women was 2.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-5.1) and was substantially higher for childless women (RR, 5.0; 95% CI, 1.7-14.4) than for women with children (RR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.5-3.5) (P<.06). Among miscarrying women, 72% of cases of major depressive disorder began within the first month after loss; only 20% of community cases started during the comparable period. Among miscarrying women with a history of major depressive disorder, 54% experienced a recurrence. However, RR did not vary significantly by history of prior reproductive loss or by maternal age, nor did risk vary by time of gestation or attitude toward the pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physicians should monitor miscarrying women in the first weeks after reproductive loss, particularly women who are childless or who have a history of major depressive disorder. Where appropriate, supportive counseling or psychopharmacologic treatment should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology of Developmental Brain Disorders Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Neugebauer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kline
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shrout
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skodol
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Geller
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Susser
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors