title: Effect of injection speed on the spread of ethanol during experimental liver ethanol injections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Percutaneous ethanol injection therapy may cause serious complications, most likely due to the uncontrolled spread of ethanol. The authors changed the speed of the injection into postmortem pig livers and examined the adverse spread of ethanol from the injection site and the shape and size of the resulting lesion.
  
  
  METHODS
  One milliliter of 96% ethanol was injected into pig livers under sonographic guidance at different speeds (0.075-0.91 mL/s). The spread (graded from I to III) and the volumes and shapes of the resulting lesions seen after dissection were recorded and correlated with the injection speed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When increasing the speed of the injections the large, grade III spread increased significantly (P < .01). The lesions created by more rapid injection were less spherical than were those created by slower injections (P = .08). The volumes of the lesions were not affected by the injection speed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This experimental model suggests that in percutaneous ethanol injection therapy, rapid injection (> 0.3-0.4 mL/s) should be avoided to reduce the uncontrolled spread of ethanol. Spherical spreading of ethanol around the needle tip is best achieved with slow injection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tapani
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vehmas
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Voutilainen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004210:Dissection; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007267:Injections; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009336:Necrosis; D009339:Needles; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol