title: Neuropsychological development in a child with early-treated congenital hypothyroidism as compared with her unaffected identical twin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism (CH) prevents the serious neuropsychological features of CH, but the question remains whether intelligence and motor skills of CH children treated early are completely normal.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this report we describe the rare case of two genetically identical twins, only one of whom was affected by CH due to thyroid agenesis. L-Thyroxine (9 microg/kg body weight/day) therapy was initiated at 27 days of age and was adequate throughout the follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neuropsychological evaluation was performed on the twins in parallel from 3 months to 8 years of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CH twin (NB) did not show major neuromotor impairments but, compared with the unaffected twin (EB), she had a slight delay in postural/motor achievements and in language development that completely disappeared at 8 years of age. On standardised tests of intelligence, NB was indistinguishable from control children but, compared with her twin, she had lower IQ scores in most testing occasions up to 7 years of age (NB = 108 vs EB = 115). School achievements of NB did not significantly differ from those of her classmates but, compared with her twin, she scored worse in writing, mechanical reading, verbal memory, and possibly in arithmetic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because the twins were genetically and phenotypically identical, were raised in the same environment, and received a similar education, it is concluded that hypothyroidism in utero and in the first neonatal month was responsible for the lower neuropsychological achievements of the CH twin. While foetal hypothyroidism is at present unavoidable, earlier diagnosis and initiation of treatment in neonates with CH are important and highly recommended.
authors.affiliation: Stella Maris Scientific Institute, University of Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bargagna
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chiovato
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dinetti
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Montanelli
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Giachetti
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Romolini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marcheschi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pinchera
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition; D003409:Congenital Hypothyroidism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic
chemical_list: D013974:Thyroxine