[Role of host behavior in the life cycle of parasites].
Parasite is an organism which, at least in a part of its ontogeny uses another living organism as a proper environment for its life. In the "parasite-host" relationships, formed by both these components, the parasite itself bears the burden of formation and maintenance of these relationships in a balance. Three factors play the main role in this process: (1) physiological adaptations of the parasite, enabling survival in the host body and resistance against defence reactions of the host; (2) morphological adaptations, leading to changes in the body structure of the parasite, dependent on location in the host body; and (3) behavioural adaptations assuring contacts of parasites with their hosts. In the process of evolution most groups of parasites evolved a complicated life cycle, with change of host and outer environment, succeeding in maturation of the parasite and production of the offspring. To pursuit this aim the parasite takes advantage from the behaviour of its potential host, its food preferences (e.g. by inclusion into a food chain), periodic or circadian migrations, and generally from its mode of life. The parasite modifies behaviour of its hosts, sometimes to a high degree, especially the behaviour of intermediate hosts, making them more conspicuously displayed for predators, the most often their final hosts. The parasite itself changes also its behaviour to be more attractive for a potential host or to enhance the possibility of finding a proper host. Finally, in a host population the parasite bears upon the position of particular host individuals by degradation of dominants and shifting them from reproduction. This phenomenon may be considered as a self-defence of the host population against reproduction of ill individuals, weaken by a burden of parasites.
Grabda-Kazubska
B
B
Instytut Parazytologii im. W. Stefańskiego PAN, Warszawa.
Niewiadomska
K
K
Rocka
A
A
D000818:Animals; D017753:Ecosystem; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D006801:Humans; D011157:Population Dynamics