title: Openness in adoption and the level of child participation.
abstract: There is great controversy regarding the impact of openness in adoption, especially the impact of such an arrangement on adopted children. Three indicators of the level of child participation in the openness arrangement were examined: (a) level of openness reported by adoptive parents, (b) level of information adopted children reported having about their birthparents, and (c) whether adoptive parents have withheld any pertinent information gained through communication with the birthmother from the adopted child. 171 children (90 males, 81 females; mean age = 7.99) wee studied to assess how that participation influenced their conceptual understanding of what adoption means, general self-worth, satisfaction with level of openness, and curiosity about birthparents. Overall it does not appear that providing information about a child's birthparents will confuse the child about the meaning of adoption or lower the child's self-esteem, but neither will it move them to levels of understanding that are beyond their cognitive capabilities to reach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Bethel College, St. Paul, MN 55112, USA.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Wrobel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ayers-Lopez
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Grotevant
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: McRoy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Friedrick
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000300:Adoption / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003210:Concept Formation; D005106:Exploratory Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010553:Personality Development; D012649:Self Concept; D014342:Truth Disclosure