title: Tirofiban provides "platelet anesthesia" during cardiopulmonary bypass in baboons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tirofiban (Aggrastat) is a reversible, nonpeptide inhibitor of platelet glycoprotein II/IIIa receptors. We tested the hypothesis that tirofiban preserves platelet number and function and shortens postoperative bleeding times in baboons after cardiopulmonary bypass.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four groups were studied: control, n = 12; low-dose tirofiban (0.1 microg/kg per minute), n = 7; high-dose tirofiban (0.3 microg/kg per minute), n = 7; and bolus tirofiban (15 microg/kg) followed by 0.1 microg/kg per minute during cardiopulmonary bypass, n = 7. After heparin, animals were perfused for 60 minutes at 50 ml/kg per minute and 37 degrees C with a bubble oxygenator, roller pump, and peripheral cannulation. Hemodynamics, platelet count, platelet aggregation to adenosine diphosphate, and release of beta-thromboglobulin were measured before tirofiban infusion, before heparin, after heparin before bypass, after 5 and 55 minutes of bypass, after protamine, and 60 minutes after protamine. Template bleeding times were measured at the same times except during cardiopulmonary bypass and 120 and 180 minutes after protamine administration. Platelet glycoprotein IIIa antigen was measured in Triton X-100 washes (Sigma Chemical Company) of the perfusion circuit after bypass.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High-dose tirofiban completely prevents platelet loss during cardiopulmonary bypass. beta-Thromboglobulin release and sensitivity to adenosine diphosphate are significantly less than control at the end of bypass in all tirofiban groups. Template bleeding times return to preoperative values in both the low- and high-dose tirofiban groups 180 minutes after protamine administration and are significantly less than control bleeding times at both 120 and 180 minutes after protamine. Surface glycoprotein IIIa antigen does not significantly differ between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-dose tirofiban completely preserves platelet number and improves platelet function during cardiopulmonary bypass in baboons and significantly accelerates restoration of normal template bleeding times after bypass.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104-4283, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hiramatsu
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gikakis
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Gorman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marcinkiewicz
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Niewiarowski
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Edmunds
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001760:Bleeding Time; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D006493:Heparin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010215:Papio; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010976:Platelet Count / Q000187:drug effects; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D000077466:Tirofiban; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D014443:Tyrosine; D006493:Heparin; D000077466:Tirofiban