title: Retinoic acid blocks adipogenesis by inhibiting C/EBPbeta-mediated transcription.
abstract: Adipocyte differentiation is thought to involve sequential induction of the transcription factors C/EBPbeta, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), and C/EBPalpha. C/EBPalpha expression is both necessary and sufficient for adipocyte differentiation. Here we report that ectopic expression of either C/EBPalpha or C/EBPbeta induces PPARgamma expression and adipogenesis and that retinoic acid (RA) completely inhibits adipogenesis by either form of C/EBP. In studies of normal preadipocytes, RA does not prevent C/EBPbeta induction but blocks induction of PPARgamma, C/EBPalpha, and adipogenesis. In transient transfection studies, liganded RA receptor (RAR) specifically blocks transcriptional activation by either C/EBPalpha or C/EBPbeta. These results strongly suggest that C/EBPalpha substitutes for C/EBPbeta to induce adipocyte differentiation and that liganded RAR inhibits adipogenesis by blocking C/EBPbeta-mediated induction of downstream genes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Reginato
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Krakow
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lazar
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008024:Ligands; D051379:Mice; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000502:physiology; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014162:Transfection; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D008024:Ligands; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014212:Tretinoin