title: DNA typing and control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at two affiliated hospitals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe control of endemic and outbreak-related methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at two affiliated hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective surveillance of patients with MRSA. Disposable gloves were used by all staff having direct contact with the affected patient or his immediate environment, and patient isolates were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of genomic DNA. Surveillance and PFGE typing were used concurrently to identify possible nosocomial outbreaks, confirm or refute cross-infection, and support a need for additional outbreak control interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university hospital (Hospital A) and a university-affiliated public hospital (Hospital B).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with MRSA colonization or infection over an 18-month interval (June 1993-November 1994).
  
  
  METHODS
  Proper handwashing and gloving practices were reemphasized with staff following confirmation of outbreaks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hospital A had 60 community-acquired and 48 nosocomial cases of MRSA. Two small outbreaks (affecting a total of seven patients) and two pseudo-outbreaks were identified. Hospital B had 36 community-acquired and 22 nosocomial cases of MRSA. Only one outbreak affecting five patients occurred. All outbreaks ended shortly after staff meetings that emphasized ongoing and extremely careful handwashing and gloving when caring for identified patients. The majority of nosocomial cases at both hospitals were not related epidemiologically or had isolates with unique PFGE types. Pseudo-outbreaks were confirmed by demonstrating that isolates from epidemiologically related cases (by time and clinical service or hospital unit) had different PFGE types. Hospital A cases had 39 different PFGE types, and Hospital B cases had 31 different PFGE types.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MRSA in hospitals, including outbreaks identified by prospective surveillance and confirmed by PFGE typing, can be controlled by minimal special precautions and interventions. This is possible despite the continuous admission of patients with MRSA from the community. PFGE typing is useful to confirm outbreaks and pseudo-outbreaks, demonstrate differences among epidemiologically unrelated isolates, and substantiate the efficacy of MRSA control programs within hospitals.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, USA.
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Hartstein
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: LeMonte
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Iwamoto
mesh_terms: D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field / Q000379:methods; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D006779:Hospitals, Public; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007196:Indiana; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D016106:Methicillin Resistance; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012703:Serotyping / Q000379:methods; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial