title: Crosslinking kinetics of the human transglutaminase, factor XIII[A2], acting on fibrin gels and gamma-chain peptides.
abstract: Factor XIII is the terminal enzyme of the coagulation cascade which serves to rapidly crosslink the adjacent gamma-chain C-termini of fibrin clots. In vivo, this process is initiated by the proteolytic action of thrombin which simultaneously converts both soluble fibrinogen to fibrin and activates zymogen FXIII; fibrin then spontaneously polymerizes to form a gel which activated FXIII stabilizes through crosslinking. Due to the kinetic complexity and the difficulty of investigating gel phase reactions, methods employing pre-activation of recombinant human Factor XIII (rFXIII[A'2]) were developed to effectively decouple these reactions. By utilizing these methods, the kinetic parameters of gamma-chain crosslinking in fibrin gels could be determined by both initial rate and integrated rate techniques under physiologically relevant conditions. The crosslinking of the gamma-chain of fibrin gels could be described by apparent Michaelis kinetics with K(m)(app) = 6.2 microM, kcat = 1872 min-1, and Ksp = 302 min-1 microM-1 for a fibrin gamma-chain monomer of M(r) = 170000 Da. In contrast, both the crosslinking rates of alpha-chains within fibrin gels (Ksp = 0.38 min-1 microM-1: Bishop et al. (1993)) and the crosslinking of a soluble synthetic peptide containing the unique gamma-chain fibrin crosslinking site (Ksp = 0.030 min-1 microM-1) could not be shown to saturate and gave apparent first-order rates with respect to rFXIII[A'2]. These observations coupled with the large differences in the turnover rates (approximately 10(4)) suggest two likely mechanisms for FXIII[A'2]-substrate interactions: (1) random (or independent) binding of non- or weakly interacting substrate pairs imposes a high entropic barrier (i. e., delta Gbinding) to the formation of a productive catalytic complex, e.g., for soluble gamma-chain peptides and the flexible alpha-chains within fibrin, and (2) binding to an oriented substrate pair effectively lowers the entropic barrier to formation of a Michaelis complex and thus greatly enhances the rate of catalysis, e.g., for gamma-chain pairs within the fibrin fibrils.
authors.affiliation: ZymoGenetics, Inc., Seattle, Washington 98102, USA.
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Teller
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fry
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Lasser
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Bishop
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D005337:Fibrin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D005337:Fibrin; D011503:Transglutaminases