title: Regulation of expression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) gene: a central role for steroidogenic factor 1.
abstract: Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) plays a critical role in regulating the rate-limiting step in steroid hormone synthesis, cholesterol side-chain cleavage. StAR gene expression is transcriptionally controlled in the gonads by gonadotropic hormones via a cAMP second message. We have begun to analyze factors responsible for the transcriptional activation of the StAR gene. The human StAR gene promoter has at least two cis elements that govern basal and cAMP-regulated gene expression. One of these elements (the distal element) is a consensus binding sequence for the orphan nuclear receptor transcription factor, steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1); the other (the proximal element) is a related motif. The human StAR promoter is not active in BeWo choriocarcinoma cells, but is functional and cAMP-responsive in murine Y1 adrenal cortical tumor cells. Cotransfection of a plasmid expressing SF-1 allows a StAR promoter construct to function in BeWo cells. Other orphan nuclear transcription factors do not support StAR promoter function in BeWo cell hosts. Deletion or mutation of the distal and proximal cis elements individually substantially reduces SF-1-supported StAR promoter activity. The distal site binds SF-1 with high affinity, whereas the proximal site binds SF-1 with lower affinities. These findings demonstrate a requirement for SF-1 for human StAR gene expression.
authors.affiliation: Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugawara
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiriakidou
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: McAllister
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arakane
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Strauss
mesh_terms: D015124:8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D051717:Fushi Tarazu Transcription Factors; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006107:Granulosa Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D006801:Humans; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D010053:Ovary / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D054339:Steroidogenic Factor 1; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D000098682:Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051717:Fushi Tarazu Transcription Factors; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C515057:NR5A1 protein, human; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D054339:Steroidogenic Factor 1; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000098682:Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein; C515058:steroidogenic factor 1, mouse; D015124:8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D000242:Cyclic AMP