title: Use of xylazine, butorphanol, tiletamine-zolazepam, and isoflurane for induction and maintenance of anesthesia in ratites.
abstract: Anesthetic effects of xylazine, butorphanol, tiletamine-zolazepam, and isoflurane in ratites (9 emus, 3 rheas, 6 ostriches) were determined. Anesthetic treatments included 4 regimens: induction and maintenance of anesthesia with isoflurane, preanesthetic tranquilization with xylazine and butorphanol followed by induction and maintenance of anesthesia with isoflurane, induction of anesthesia with tiletamine-zolazepam and maintenance with isoflurane, and preanesthetic tranquilization with xylazine and butorphanol followed by induction of anesthesia with tiletamine-zolazepam and maintenance with isoflurane. None of the birds developed irreversible adverse effects, but 2 developed brady cardia (1 was treated with atropine and responded) and 2 others developed transient apnea. Intravenous administration of tiletamine-zolazepam produced rapid and smooth induction of anesthesia in adult ostriches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Surgery and Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849-5522, USA.
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Todhunter
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Powe
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Ruffin
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000662:veterinary*; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D002077:Butorphanol; D003975:Diazepam; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007530:Isoflurane; D008874:Midazolam; D013992:Tiletamine; D014991:Xylazine; D015041:Zolazepam
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D014991:Xylazine; D013992:Tiletamine; D007530:Isoflurane; D015041:Zolazepam; D003975:Diazepam; D002077:Butorphanol; D008874:Midazolam