title: A hope and hopelessness model applied to the family of multitrauma injury patient.
abstract: A hope and hopelessness model is applied to the family of multitrauma injury patient. The purpose of the article is to identify factors contributing to hopelessness and organize them into physiological, cognitive-temporal, affective-contextual, and affiliative-behavioral hopelessness. Personal experience with family's of multitrauma injury patients and research regarding hope, hopelessness, and family led to the development of a hope model. Nursing interventions are then delineated according to a hope model, which fosters the family's sense of hope in themselves and the patient's future. Assessment of factors contributing to hopelessness and utilization of the hope model will enable nurses and family members to combine their efforts in reducing hopelessness and facilitate a sense of hope.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, California State University, Long Beach, USA.
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Cheffer
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D003422:Critical Care; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016294:Models, Nursing; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009013:Morale; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology*; D010347:Patient Care Planning