title: MR imaging evaluation of renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study examines the minimally required imaging protocol needed for detection and staging of renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  In 81 patients (21 women, 60 men; mean age = 62 years) with 85 RCCs, T1-weighted (T1WI), contrast-enhanced T1-weighted (Gd-T1WI), T2-weighted (T2WI), and gradient recalled echo-fast low flip angle shot (GRE/FLASH) images were evaluated alone and in combination. Surgical-pathological findings were available in all patients and were considered the standard of reference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumor detection for lesions smaller than 3 cm was better on Gd-T1WI than on any other sequence, but only the comparison with noncontrast T1WI and GRE/FLASH was statistically significant (detection: T1WI = 33%, Gd-TIWI = 80%, T2WI = 60%, GRE = 47%). The respective accuracies of T1WI, Gd-T1WI, T2WI, and GRE/FLASH images were 81%, 78%, 71%, and 62% for evaluating local tumor extension; 90%, 88%, 89%, and 85% for lymphadenopathy; and 89%, 81%, 91%, and 95% for renal vein thrombus. The combination of T1WI and GRE sequences rendered the highest overall staging accuracy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For tumor detection, contrast-enhanced T1WI is necessary for lesions smaller than 3 cm. For tumor staging, although the addition of GRE results in significant improvement in the evaluation of venous thrombus, any combination of two sequences will result in similar accuracy, and the use of multiple sequences is not necessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The Center for Adult Diseases, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Narumi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hricak
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Presti
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Forstner
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Sica
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sawai
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kotake
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kinouchi
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Carroll
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D003287:Contrast Media; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008536:Meglumine; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D004369:Pentetic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D004338:Drug Combinations; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D008536:Meglumine; D004369:Pentetic Acid; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA