title: Eprinomectin: a novel avermectin for use as a topical endectocide for cattle.
abstract: Eprinomectin (MK-397 or 4"-epi-acetylamino-4"-deoxy-avermectin B1) is a novel avermectin selected for development as a topical endectocide for all cattle, including lactating dairy cows. Herein, we show its anthelmintic, insecticidal and miticidal activity. To determine its anthelmintic capabilities, eprinomectin was tested topically on Jersey calves at 0.08, 0.2, or 0.5 mg kg-1 in a probe formulation against experimental infections of adult Haemonchus placei, ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, Cooperia oncophora, C. punctata, Nematodirus helvetianus, Oesophagostomum radiatum and Dictyocaulus viviparus. Eprinomectin removed > or = 99% and > or = 98% of the adult stage of every species at the 0.5 and 0.2 mg kg-1 dosage levels, respectively. The lowest dosage (0.08 mg kg-1) produced maximal or near maximal efficacy against most of the adult endoparasites with the exception of T. colubriformis (87%) and C. oncophora (88%). In a separate test, eprinomectin was evaluated topically against the immature stages of species at the same dosages. Results showed > or = 99% and > or = 98% removal of the immature stages of each species at the 0.5 and 0.2 mg kg-1 dosage levels, respectively. The 0.08 mg kg-1 dosage maintained > or = 97% efficacy against 6 species with reduced activity against H. placei (42%) and N. helvetianus (66%). For ectoparasites, eprinomectin was tested topically at 0.16, 0.24, 0.32 or 0.5 mg kg-1 on mixed breed cattle naturally infested with the sucking louse, Linognathus vituli. Complete elimination of lice at all dosages was observed by day 14. Topical delivery of eprinomectin at 0.16, 0.24, 0.32 or 0.5 mg kg-1 to Holstein calves experimentally challenged with horn fly, Haematobia irritans, produced 100% efficacy to challenge by week 2 post-treatment in all dosages groups and 94% and 99% efficacy to challenge at the 0.32 and 0.5 mg kg-1 dosage groups, respectively, at week 4. Topical delivery of eprinomectin at 0.16, 0.24 or 0.5 mg kg-1 to Deutsches Fleckvieh cattle infested with mange mites, Chorioptes bovis, produced > or = 95% control at all dosages levels by day 14 post-treatment and was maintained at or near this efficacious level for the 6-week duration of the trial. No adverse reaction was observed in any animal in any of these tests. In summary, these experimental data indicate that eprinomectin is an excellent broad-spectrum endectocide for cattle and is suitable for topical delivery.
authors.affiliation: Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA.
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Shoop
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Egerton
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Eary
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Haines
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mrozik
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eskola
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Slayton
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ostlind
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Skelly
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Fulton
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Seward
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Turner
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases; D004175:Diptera; D015195:Drug Design; D005260:Female; D006376:Helminths / Q000187:drug effects*; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D007774:Lactation; D008924:Mite Infestations / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D008925:Mites; D009349:Nematode Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D007559:Ivermectin; C019264:avermectin; C101434:eprinomectin