title: Experiences with morphine injected into the subarachnoid space in sheep.
abstract: The effects of morphine (M), 0.1 mg/kg, administered into the lumbosacral subarachnoid space of sheep used for experimental stifle surgery, were investigated. In a pilot study, preservative-free morphine was administered to three sheep, morphine containing preservatives to two sheep, and saline (S) to one sheep. After recovery from anesthesia, all five sheep administered M displayed rear limb weakness. One sheep, which had received morphine containing preservatives, also licked and chewed incessantly at its flank and hindquarters during recovery. A group of 24 sheep was used to study the effects of morphine containing preservatives, injected intrathecally, on recovery from general anesthesia and hindlimb orthopedic surgery. Eight sheep received M, eight sheep received S, and eight sheep had a needle placed in the subarachnoid space without any injection (N). Times from end of anesthesia to standing varied greatly and did not differ significantly among groups (P = .73), with M sheep averaging 119 minutes; S sheep, 87 minutes; and N sheep, 83 minutes. One sheep administered M licked and chewed at its hindquarters during recovery. Another group of 24 sheep was used to study the effects of morphine containing preservatives, injected intrathecally, on postoperative lameness. Treatments were as described previously. Sheep were videotaped intermittently for 36 hours after surgery, and each sheep was scored as follows: 0 = not lame; 1 = slightly lame; and 2 = very lame. The average lameness scores, which did not differ significantly among groups (P = .21), were: M sheep, 1.07; S sheep, 0.81; and N sheep, 0.68. One sheep administered M displayed extensor spasms of the hindlimbs, and could not stand until several hours after surgery. We conclude that subarachnoid morphine at the dosage used produces no apparent benefit in sheep which have had stifle surgery, and in fact may cause detrimental side effects, such as hindlimb weakness, and pruritus or irritation of the hindquarters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: C I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Dunlop
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Turner
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular / Q000662:veterinary*; D007794:Lameness, Animal / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000662:veterinary; D012756:Sheep / Q000502:physiology*; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013346:Subarachnoid Space; D013522:Surgery, Veterinary / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine