title: New surgical approaches to treatment of cervical cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to evaluate laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection, para-aortic lymph node sampling, and laparoscopic radical vaginal hysterectomy (Schauta) in the treatment of early stage cervical cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a retrospective study of 37 patients treated in the period between October 1993 and February 1996, we evaluated operative time, blood loss, length of hospital stay, lymph node count, and morbidity. Radical abdominal hysterectomy was compared with laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection and para-aortic lymph node sampling. Improvement over time was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean operative time was 225 minutes, blood loss was 525 mL, and the average hospital stay was 3 days. This information was compared with a radical abdominal hysterectomy and pelvic and para-aortic lymph node dissection, where the operative time was 210 minutes, blood loss was 1500 mL, and the hospital stay was 9.7 days. Blood transfusion was required in 11% of patients compared with a range of 35%-95% reported in the literature for radical abdominal hysterectomy. The mean pelvic lymph node count was 35; the mean para-aortic lymph node count was 11. Two patients had cystotomies repaired at surgery without lengthening hospital stay or subsequent complication. Two patients had ureteral vaginal fistulae treated by a ureteral stent, which was removed 6 weeks later without further operative procedures or urinary damage. When the data were correlated with the length of experience using the analysis of variance test and linear regression, operative time, blood loss, and hospital costs significantly improved over time. Patient charges averaged $14,868.00 and estimated hospital costs averaged $6449.00.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection and para-aortic lymph node sampling can be performed with adequate lymph node counts and lower morbidity. Laparoscopic Schauta allows shorter hospital stay than radical abdominal hysterectomy, with significantly less blood loss and markedly fewer blood transfusions. Morbidity is higher early in the surgeon's experience but decreases over time.
authors.affiliation: Gynecologic Oncology Division, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724, USA.
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Hatch
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Hallum
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nour
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004210:Dissection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007045:Hysterectomy, Vaginal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*