title: Improved staging of liver tumors using laparoscopic intraoperative ultrasound.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intraoperative ultrasound has been shown to provide significant assistance in operative staging and management of patients with liver tumors during open surgery. The availability of the 5.0-7.5 Mhz semiflexible ultrasound transducer with gray-scale, color and spectral Doppler capabilities can provide similar information laparoscopically.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four consecutive patients with liver tumors (18 metastatic and six primary), in technically resectable locations determined by a variety of conventional imaging studies, were brought to the operating room. There was no known extrahepatic disease, and there was no recurrence at the primary site in the metastatic subgroup. These patients were evaluated intraoperatively with laparoscopy and intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasound to assess resectability prior to performing a major laparotomy. Laparoscopy was successful in 23 of the patients and in 19 of 23, laparoscopic ultrasound was also employed, using the 5.0-7.5 MHz semiflexible transducer. The use of the open entry technique, selection of alternate entry sites, coupled with expertise in laparoscopic lysis of adhesions, has allowed safe laparoscopic tumor staging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The laparoscopic evaluation was aborted only once due to dense adhesions, despite the fact that 67% of the patients had undergone previous abdominal surgery. There was only one complication: bleeding from a liver biopsy in an unresectable cirrhotic patient, necessitating laparotomy. Laparoscopy and ultrasound together predicted nonresectability in six of eight unresectable patients, all of whom were spared an unnecessary laparotomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic ultrasonographic evaluation for the staging of liver tumors should be a prerequisite to definitive laparotomy, with the objective of avoiding unnecessary surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Barbot
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Feld
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Rosato
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color