title: Influence of age and gender on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil. I. Model development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have reported conflicting results concerning the influence of age and gender on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fentanyl, alfentanil, and sufentanil. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of age and gender on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the new short-acting opioid remifentanil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-five healthy adults (38 men and 27 women) ages 20 to 85 y received remifentanil by constant-rate infusion of 1 to 8 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 for 4 to 20 min. Frequent arterial blood samples were drawn and assayed for remifentanil concentration. The electroencephalogram was used as a measure of drug effect. Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling was performed using the software package NONMEM. The influence of volunteer covariates were analyzed using a generalized additive model. The performances of the simple (without covariates) and complex (with covariates) models were evaluated prospectively in an additional 15 healthy participants ages 41 to 84 y.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The parameters for the simple three-compartment pharmacokinetic model were V1 = 4.98 l, V2 = 9.01 l, V3 = 6.54 l, Cl1 = 2.46 l/min, Cl2 = 1.69 l/min, and Cl3 = 0.065 l/min. Age and lean body mass were significant covariates. From the ages of 20 to 85 y, V1 and Cl1 decreased by approximately 25% and 33%, respectively. The parameters for the simple sigmoid Emax pharmacodynamic model were Ke0 = 0.516 min-1, E0 = 20 Hz, Emax = 5.62 Hz, EC50 = 11.2 ng/ml, and gamma = 2.51. Age was a significant covariate of EC50 and Ke0, with both decreasing by approximately 50% for the age range studied. The complex pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model performed better than did the simple model when applied prospectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study identified (1) an effect of age on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil; (2) an effect of lean body mass on the pharmacokinetic parameters; and (3) no influence of gender on any pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic parameter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA.
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Minto
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Schnider
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Egan
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Youngs
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lemmens
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Gambus
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Billard
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hoke
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hermann
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Muir
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Mandema
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Shafer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D010880:Piperidines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077208:Remifentanil; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D010880:Piperidines; D000077208:Remifentanil