title: Determination of methylene blue in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) tissue by liquid chromatography with visible detection.
abstract: Methylene blue (MB) is a thiazine dye that, although not regulated for use with edible fish, may sometimes be used as a chemotherapeutic agent in the aquaculture industry. A liquid chromatographic (LC) method was developed for the determination of MB in fish muscle. MB was extracted from catfish tissue with an acetonitrile-acetate buffer solution containing hydroxylamine and toluenesulfonic acid, partitioned into methylene chloride, and cleaned up on alumina and carboxylic acid solid-phase extraction cartridges. MB concentrations were determined by LC with visible detection at 660-665 nm. Recoveries of MB from catfish fortified at 10-50 ng/g were 75-90% (RSDs, 5-12%). Leucomethylene blue also can be recovered from catfish tissue as the MB colored form at low levels with similar recoveries. Analysis of catfish exposed to MB in a bath treatment at 5 ppm MB for 1 h recovered 10-20 ppb of the drug in the muscle tissue. The low tissue concentration suggests poor absorption of this drug compared with other antifungal dyes that tend to concentrate and remain in fish tissue at high levels.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Animal Drugs Research Center, Denver, CO 80225, USA.
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Turnipseed
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Roybal
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Plakas
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Pfenning
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hurlbut
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Long
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000818:Animals; D000892:Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary / Q000032:analysis*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D007059:Ictaluridae / Q000378:metabolism*; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism*; D012015:Reference Standards; D014021:Tissue Preservation
chemical_list: D000892:Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; D004396:Coloring Agents; D008751:Methylene Blue