title: Application of contrast agents in the evaluation of stroke: conventional MR and echo-planar MR imaging.
abstract: The availability of new therapeutic interventions, including neuroprotective agents and endovascular thrombolysis, has given new hope to patients suffering an acute stroke. Early intervention remains a key factor in the effectiveness of these new and traditional treatments. More importantly, the capability to assess the viability and reversibility of the ischemic tissue became essential for better delineation and differentiation of infarcted versus ischemic tissue and patient management. Abnormal MR imaging (MRI) findings during acute stroke usually reflect the underlying pathophysiologic changes, which can be classified into three sequential stages: (a) hypoperfusion, (b) cellular dysfunction and (c) breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. The first stage is a kinetic phenomenon (not biologic) and, therefore, can be detected immediately. Contrast agents accentuate the abnormal flow kinetics and facilitate the early diagnosis of ischemia using either conventional MRI or newly developed echo-planar perfusion imaging (EPPI). The demonstration of abnormal arterial or parenchymal enhancement on conventional MRI during acute stroke provides the earliest sign of vascular occlusion/stenosis. EPPI, in contrast, provides information related to microcirculation (< 100 microns) and tissue reserve (cerebral blood volume) that cannot be obtained by conventional angiography and is directly related to the target end-organ. Further information obtained from both contrast MRI and EPPI may have a predictive value in the clinical outcome of acute stroke patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Maley
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Crosby
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Quets
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Lawler
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Bendixen
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Yuh
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media