Studies on the abstinence-like overshoot following reversal of the potent 19-isoamyl derivative of etorphine with naloxone. A comparison with the opioids fentanyl and alfentanil.
Reversal of opioid-related respiratory depression is often accompanied by an "acute abstinence like syndrome" with hypertension, tachycardia, and pain. This overshoot was used to investigate the extent at which opioids of high potency but different structure are involved in naloxone-induced abstinence. In 10 awake and trained mongrel dogs two highly mu-selective compounds, alfentanil and fentanyl, were given in cumulative doses and at different occasions (30-60-120-240 micrograms/kg, and 6-12-24-48 micrograms/kg, respectively). Subsequently, a high dose of naloxone (100 micrograms/kg) was given at 5 min intervals while arterial blood gases, blood pressure, heart rate and the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) were measured continuously. Following a wash-out period, the 19-isoamyl derivative of etorphine (M-140; 10,000 times more potent than normorphine and a 4.5 fold potency of ethylketocyclazocine in a bioessay preparation) was also given in increasing doses (0.2-0.4-0.8-3.2 micrograms/kg). Again, naloxone was given (100 micrograms/kg) at 5 min interval, while cardiovascular parameters, blood gases and SEPs were measured continuously. All three opioids induced a dose-related respiratory depression with hypercarbia and hypoxia, a dose-related bradycardia, and a modest hypotension. This was accompanied by a dose-related depression of the amplitude of the SEP, reflecting the degree of blockade of nociceptive afferents. Naloxone was sufficient to reverse respiratory impairment after fentanyl, alfentanil and M-140. However, in contrast to fentanyl and alfentanil, there was no cardiovascular or evoked potential overshoot following naloxone reversal of M-140. After alfentanil naloxone increased blood pressure, heart rate and amplitude of the SEP by 7%, 41% and 38%, respectively. After fentanyl this increase in blood pressure, heart rate and amplitude of the SEP was 17%, 43% and 96%, respectively. The study indicates that the more potent the opiate mu ligands are the more is naloxone liable to induce a hyperexcitatory state of the cardiovascular system and an increase of nociceptive stimuli to pain modulating centres. After M-140 reversal of mu-related respiratory depression by naloxone was possible. However, no precipitation on an acute abstinence-like syndrome affecting antinociception or inducing cardiovascular overshoot was observed. This may stem from an intense binding and slow dissociation of the ligand from the receptor site or may be due to high binding affinity to both the mu and the kappa receptor site. Opioids which interact with various receptor sites may be of clinical interest for substitution therapy in opioid dependent addicts.
Freye
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Department of Vascular Surgery and Renal Transplantation, Heinrich-Heine-University Clinics of Düsseldorf, Germany.
Neruda
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Smith
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D015760:Alfentanil / Q000494:pharmacology; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004285:Dogs; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005048:Etorphine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000494:pharmacology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D015760:Alfentanil; D009270:Naloxone; D005048:Etorphine; C104855:M 140; D005283:Fentanyl