title: Serological evidence of an association between Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and lung cancer.
abstract: Epidemiological evidence suggests that airway obstruction is an independent risk factor for lung cancer and that this cannot be explained by active or passive smoking alone. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection has been associated with chronic bronchitis and its exacerbates. Our aim was to evaluate the association between chronic C. pneumoniae infection and risk of lung cancer among male smokers. Smoking males with lung cancer (n = 230) and their age- and locality-matched controls were selected among participants of the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. The presence of C. pneumoniae infection was assessed by analyzing specific antibodies and immune complexes in 2 serum samples collected with a 3-year interval before the lung cancer diagnosis. The diagnosis of chronic infection was based on stable levels of positive specific IgA antibody (titer > or = 16) and immune complex (titer > or = 4). Relative risks were estimated by odds ratios (OR) adjusted for age, locality and smoking history by a conditional logistic regression model. Markers suggesting chronic C. pneumoniae infection were present in 52% of cases and 45% of controls and hence were positively associated with the incidence of lung cancer (OR 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0-2.3). The incidence was especially increased in men younger than 60 years (OR 2.9; 95% CI 1.5-5.4) but not in the older age group (OR 0.9; 95% CI 0.5-1.6). Before concluding that C. pneumoniae infection is a new independent risk factor for lung cancer, corroboration from other studies with larger number of cases and longer follow-up is needed.
authors.affiliation: National Public Health Institute, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Laurila
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Anttila
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Läärä
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bloigu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Virtamo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Albanes
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leinonen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saikku
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood*; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D016993:Chlamydophila pneumoniae; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000097:blood; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D019207:beta Carotene