title: Force decay and deformation of orthodontic elastomeric ligatures.
abstract: This study evaluated commercially available molded gray elastomeric ligatures from seven companies for force decay, dimensional change, and the relationship between ligature dimension and force. The initial wall thickness, inside diameter, outside diameter, and force levels of each ligature were measured. Three of four test groups of ligatures were stretched over stainless steel dowels with a circumference approximating that of a large orthodontic twin bracket. Test group 1 was kept at room temperature and humidity for 28 days and test group 2 in a synthetic saliva bath at 37 degrees C, pH 6.84 for 28 days. The residual forces and dimensional changes were measured. The third test group was placed in a synthetic saliva bath at 37 degrees C, pH 6.84, and force levels recorded at initial, 24 hours, 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days. The fourth test group of unstretched samples was placed in a synthetic saliva bath at 37 degrees C, pH 6.84 for 28 days to evaluate dimensional changes due solely to moisture sorption. The results for stretched samples in a simulated oral environment revealed the following: (1) Moisture and heat had a pronounced effect on force decay and permanent deformation, (2) a positive correlation existed between the wall thickness and force, (3) a negative correlation existed between the inside diameter and force, (4) a weak correlation existed between outside diameter and force, (5) the greatest force loss occurred in the first 24 hours and the decay pattern was similar for all ligatures tested, and (6) unstretched ligatures absorbed moisture in the range of 0.060% to 3.15%. The ligatures tested appear to be suitable for use during initial aligning and leveling. However, the rapid force loss and permanent deformation of these products may preclude their use for rotational and torque corrections.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Army Dental Corps, Fort George G. Meade, Md., USA.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Taloumis
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Hondrum
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lorton
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D004548:Elasticity; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008422:Materials Testing; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances; D011140:Polyurethanes / Q000737:chemistry; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012408:Rubber / Q000737:chemistry*; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; D013997:Time Factors; D019415:Torque; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D011140:Polyurethanes; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; D014867:Water; D012408:Rubber