title: Pediatric leptomeningeal metastases: outcome following combined therapy.
abstract: Fifteen children ranging in age from 4 to 18 years with leptomeningeal metastases were evaluated for extent of tumor and treated with radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Histologic diagnosis included: acute lymphoblastic leukemia (4); anaplastic astrocytoma (1); ependymoma (2); nonseminomatous germ cell tumor (1); non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (1); pineoblastoma (1); and primitive neuroectodermal tumor not otherwise specified (2). Pretreatment imaging studies demonstrated recurrent intracranial parenchymal disease in nine, spinal disease in four, and abnormal radioisotope ventriculography in six. Systemic disease was seen in four children (3 leukemia; 1 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma). All children were treated with systemic chemotherapy and intraventricular chemotherapy. Nine children received radiotherapy to bulky or symptomatic leptomeningeal disease. Median survival was 6 months (range, 4-18 months). Children with hematologic malignancies had superior outcomes compared to children with solid tumors. Three children with leukemic or lymphomatous meningitis are alive and disease free whereas all children with carcinomatous meningitis died. In conclusion, leptomeningeal metastases in children portends a limited survival, and therapies at this time remain palliative except in children with hematologic malignancies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, USA.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Chamberlain
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000166:cytology; D010478:Chemotherapy, Cancer, Regional Perfusion; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008577:Meningeal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy*; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D015996:Survival Rate; D013852:Thiotepa / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003561:Cytarabine; D013852:Thiotepa; D008727:Methotrexate