title: Intravenous cidofovir for peripheral cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. A randomized, controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is the most common intraocular infection in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). If left untreated, it may lead to progressive destruction of retinal tissue and blindness. Cidofovir is a nucleotide analogue of cytosine that has potent, prolonged in vitro and in vivo activity against herpesviruses, including many CMV isolates that are resistant to ganciclovir and foscarnet.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether intravenous cidofovir delays progression of previously untreated CMV retinitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, controlled trial comparing immediate with deferred cidofovir treatment. Patients in the deferred treatment group were eligible to receive cidofovir after progression of CMV retinitis was documented by retinal photography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight academic medical centers and an independent center that read retinal photographs.
  
  
  METHODS
  48 patients with AIDS and previously untreated peripheral CMV retinitis who were randomly assigned to immediate (n = 25) or deferred treatment (n = 23).
  
  
  METHODS
  Intravenous cidofovir, 5 mg/kg of body weight, once weekly for 2 weeks and then once every other week. To minimize nephrotoxicity, oral probenecid and intravenous hydration with normal saline were administered with each cidofovir infusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Progression of CMV retinitis was assessed by bilateral, full-field retinal photographs that were read by an ophthalmologist who was masked to treatment assignment. Incidence of side effects, changes in visual acuity, effect on CMV shedding in urine and blood, and mortality were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median time to progression of CMV retinitis was 22 days (95% CI, 10 to 27 days) in the deferred treatment group and 120 days (CI, 40 to 134 days) in the immediate treatment group (P < 0.001). Neutropenia (15%) and proteinuria (12%), both asymptomatic, were the most common serious adverse events considered to be possibly related to cidofovir. Cidofovir treatment was discontinued in 10 of 41 patients (24%) because of protocol-defined treatment-limiting nephrotoxicity. Transient reactions to probenecid, including mild to moderate constitutional symptoms or nausea, occurred in 23 of 41 patients (56%) and were dose limiting in 3 (7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cidofovir was efficacious in delaying progression of previously untreated CMV retinitis. Treatment was associated with manageable side effects; strict adherence to monitoring of renal function before cidofovir was administered and concomitant administration of probenecid and saline hydration appeared to minimize drug-related nephrotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lalezari
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Stagg
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Kuppermann
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Ives
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Youle
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Drew
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Jaffe
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000077404:Cidofovir; D017726:Cytomegalovirus Retinitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology; D003596:Cytosine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D063065:Organophosphonates; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014792:Visual Acuity
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D063065:Organophosphonates; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D003596:Cytosine; D000077404:Cidofovir