title: A gradient of cytoplasmic Cactus degradation establishes the nuclear localization gradient of the dorsal morphogen in Drosophila.
abstract: Dorsoventral axis formation in the Drosophila embryo is established by a signal transduction pathway that comprises the products of at least 12 maternal genes. Two of these genes, dorsal and cactus, show homology to the mammalian transcription factor NF-kappa B and its inhibitor I kappa B, respectively. As in the case for I kappa B and NF-kappa B, Cactus inhibits Dorsal by retaining it in the cytoplasm. In response to the signal produced and transmitted by the products of the other genes, Dorsal translocates to the nucleus preferentially on the ventral side of the embryo. Here, we show that Cactus forms a cytoplasmic concentration gradient inversely correlated to the nuclear translocation gradient of Dorsal. Deletions of the N-terminus and C-terminus of Cactus reveal that two modes of degradation control cactus activity: signal-induced degradation and signal-independent degradation, respectively. Genetic evidence indicates that degradation of Cactus is required, but not sufficient to translocates Dorsal completely into the nucleus.
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Abt. für Genetik, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bergmann
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Geisler
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hagenmaier
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schnell
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nüsslein-Volhard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019521:Body Patterning / Q000235:genetics*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004330:Drosophila; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D017344:Genes, Insect; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014157:Transcription Factors
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D019476:Insect Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C068721:Tl protein, Drosophila; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014157:Transcription Factors; C062236:dl protein, Drosophila; C077938:cact protein, Drosophila