title: Effects of Ca2+ on rabbit translens short-circuit current: evidence for a Ca2+ inhibitable K+ conductance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the effects of medium Ca2+ levels on rabbit lens electrical properties. Early studies with wholly submerged lenses had shown that Ca2+ removal from the bath resulted in an increased Rb+ efflux, a consequence of an increased Na+ Permeability and lens depolarization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lenses were bathed with Ussing-type chambers under short-circuited conditions, an arrangement in which the translens short-circuit current (Isc) is carried out across the posterior lens surface mainly by an influx of Na+, and across the anterior face largely by a K+ efflux.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under the present conditions in which the effects of Ca2+ were characterized unilaterally, the above established effects could only be ascribed to the posterior surface. When Ca2+ removal was limited to the anterior face, the Isc increased from 11.87 +/- 1.17 to 17.04 +/- 1.52 microA/cm2 (means +/- SE's, n = 18; an accompanying translens resistance (Rt) decrease of 0.23 +/- 0.049 K omega.cm2 was also recorded). Conversely, increasing the control, anterior-bath [Ca2+] from 1.8 to 3.6 mM reduced the K+ efflux-dependent Isc from 10.54 +/- 1.09 to 8.93 +/- 1.02 (n = 10, with an Rt increase of 0.11 +/- 0.013). These changes were reversible Na(+)-independent, and fully inhibited by the presence of K+ channel blockers (quinidine or Ba2+). Inhibitions of the Ca2+ effects were also obtained with strontium, a Ca2+ surrogate. The Isc was less responsive to changes in the Ca2+ content of the posterior bath. Removal of the cation caused a gradual 1.65 +/- 0.72 microA/cm2 increase (n = 9, with an Rt decrease of 0.090 +/- 0.021 K omega.cm2). In the absence of posterior Na+, Ca2+ withdrawal resulted in highly variable responses, with some specimens exhibiting salient current increases, suggesting that an outwardly directed, posterior efflux of an anion could also have been affected. During the course of this study it was consistently observed that the removal of Na+ from the anterior bath led to an Isc decrease of 2.62 +/- 0.22 microA/cm2 (n = 32, with an Rt increase of 0.35 +/- 0.029 k omega.cm2). This change occurred in both the presence of ouabain and the absence of Ca2+, suggesting that it did not result from an inhibition of the Na(+)-K+ pump current nor from a reversal in putative Na+/Ca2+ exchange activity. Small Isc increases upon anterior Na+ withdrawal (1.68 +/- 0.17, n = 7), consistent with Na+ efflux from the lens, could only be observed with K+ channels inhibited with Ba2+. Also congruent with the observations of a relatively limited anterior Na+ permeability, was the finding that the induction of nonspecific cation channels with amphotericin B reduced the Isc by following Na+ from the anterior bath to enter the lens. Thus, changes in lens Isc can differentiate changes in K+ permeability across the native anterior epithelium from changes in Na+ permeability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, these results suggest that lens Ca2(+)-mobilizing agents (e.g. acetylcholine) could trigger the inhibition of epithelial K+ conductance(s) by the direct action of Ca2+ on K+ channels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Candia
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Zamudio
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D015194:Diffusion Chambers, Culture; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism*; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects*; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D015221:Potassium Channels; D009543:Nifedipine; D000109:Acetylcholine; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium