title: Visual and vestibular components of motion sickness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relative importance of visual and vestibular information in the etiology of motion sickness (MS) is not well understood, but these factors can be manipulated by inducing Coriolis and pseudo-Coriolis effects in experimental subjects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized that visual and vestibular information are equivalent in producing MS. The experiments reported here aim, in part, to examine the relative influence of Coriolis and pseudo-Coriolis effects in inducing MS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We induced MS symptoms by combinations of whole body rotation and tilt, and environment rotation and tilt, in 22 volunteer subjects. Subjects participated in all of the experiments with at least 2 d between each experiment to dissipate after-effects. We recorded MS signs and symptoms when only visual stimulation was applied, when only vestibular stimulation was applied, and when both visual and vestibular stimulation were applied under specific conditions of whole body and environmental tilt.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Visual stimuli produced more symptoms of MS than vestibular stimuli when only visual or vestibular stimuli were used (ANOVA F = 7.94, df = 1, 21 p = 0.01), but there was no significant difference in MS production when combined visual and vestibular stimulation were used to produce the Coriolis effect or pseudo-Coriolis effect (ANOVA: F = 0.40, df = 1, 21 p = 0.53). This was further confirmed by examination of the order in which the symptoms occurred and the lack of a correlation between previous experience and visually induced MS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visual information is more important than vestibular input in causing MS when these stimuli are presented in isolation. In conditions where both visual and vestibular information are present, cross-coupling appears to occur between the pseudo-Coriolis effect and the Coriolis effect, as these two conditions are not significantly different in producing MS symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Research, School of Optometry, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eyeson-Annan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peterken
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Atchison
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003312:Coriolis Force; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D009041:Motion Sickness / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009325:Nausea / Q000209:etiology; D010167:Pallor / Q000209:etiology; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D012399:Rotation; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014722:Vestibule, Labyrinth / Q000502:physiology*; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*