title: Matrix vesicles promote mineralization in a gelatin gel.
abstract: Extracellular matrix vesicles (MVs) are associated with initial calcification in a variety of tissues, but the mechanisms by which they promote mineralization are not certain. In this study, MVs isolated from fourth passage rat growth plate chondrocyte cultures were included within a gelatin gel into which calcium and phosphate ions diffused from opposite ends. In this gel, apatite formation occurs by 3.5 days in the absence of mineralization promoters, allowing measurement of the ability of different factors to "nucleate" apatite before this time or to assess the effects of molecules which modulate the rate and extent of mineral deposition. Mineral ion accumulation and crystal type are assayed at 5 days. In this study, MV protein content in the central band of a 10% gelatin gel was varied by including 100 microliters of a Tris-buffered solution containing 0-300 micrograms/ml MV protein. There was a concentration-dependent increase in mineral accretion. Whereas 10 micrograms MV protein in the gel did not significantly promote apatite formation as compared with vesicle-free gels, 20 and 30 micrograms MV protein in the gel did promote apatite deposition. Inclusion of 10 mM beta-glycerophosphate in the gels, along with MVs, did not significantly increase apatite formation despite the demonstrable alkaline phosphatase activity of the MVs. In contrast, MVs at all concentrations significantly increased apatite accumulation when proteoglycan aggregates or ATP, inhibitors of apatite formation and proliferation, were included in the gel. Slight increases in calcium, but not phosphate accumulation, were also noted when an ionophore was included with the MVs to facilitate Ca ion transport into the vesicles. FT-IR analysis of the mineral formed in the vesicle-containing gels revealed the presence of a bone-like apatite. These data suggest that MVs facilitate mineralization by providing enzymes that modify inhibitory factors in the extracellular matrix, as well as by providing a protected environment in which mineral ions can accumulate.
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Boskey
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Boyan
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001031:Apatites / Q000378:metabolism; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002356:Cartilage / Q000166:cytology; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005780:Gelatin; D005782:Gels; D005994:Glycerophosphates / Q000494:pharmacology; D006132:Growth Plate; D008297:Male; D015388:Organelles / Q000378:metabolism*; D010710:Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D001031:Apatites; D005782:Gels; D005994:Glycerophosphates; D010710:Phosphates; D011509:Proteoglycans; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D005780:Gelatin; D002118:Calcium; C031463:beta-glycerophosphoric acid