title: The risk of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage with vacuum extraction of neonates weighing 2000 grams or less.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this retrospective study was to test the hypothesis that vacuum extraction of neonates with a birth weight < or = 2000 gm is associated with an increased risk of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage (PV-IVH).
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred sixty-eight neonates weighing < or = 2000 gm were entered into this case control study. Fifty-six neonates delivered by silicone-rubber vacuum comprised the study group. For every infant born by vacuum-assisted delivery, two spontaneously delivered neonates served as controls (n = 112) and were matched for best obstetric gestational age (within 1 week), delivery date within 1 year, and birth weight < or = 2000 gm. Maternal and neonatal medical records were reviewed for demographic variables, antenatal complications, indication for vacuum-assisted delivery, neonatal birth weight, Apgar scores, umbilical cord blood gas values, and neonatal morbidity including the incidence of PV-IVH. All perinatal outcome variables were compared between the vacuum-assisted and spontaneously delivered groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both groups were similar with regard to maternal age, parity, antepartum complications, gestational age at delivery, neonatal birth weight, and gender. Both groups were also similar with regard to the incidence of 1-minute Apgar score < 5, small for gestational age, cephalhematoma, birth trauma, respiratory distress syndrome, hyperbilirubinemia, and sepsis. There was a significant increased incidence of 5-minute Apgar scores < 7 in the vacuum-assisted group (p = 0.04). No significant difference was observed in the incidence of PV-IVH grades 1 through 4 (21.4% vacuum group vs 16.1% control group, odds ratio 1.42, 0.58 to 3.45).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indicated use of the silicone-rubber vacuum to assist vaginal delivery of neonates weighing < or = 2000 gm does not appear to be associated with an increased risk of PV-IVH or other neonatal complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine Orange, USA.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Asrat
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Weeks
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007969:Leukomalacia, Periventricular / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D014620:Vacuum Extraction, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods