title: Magnetic resonance imaging in relation to functional outcome of pediatric closed head injury: a test of the Ommaya-Gennarelli model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize late neuropathological findings of pediatric closed head injury (CHI), to assess depth of brain lesion in relation to acute severity, and to assess long-term outcome to test the Ommaya-Gennarelli model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at least 3 months postinjury in a prospective sample (n 5 169) and at least 3 years after CHI in a retrospective sample (n 5 82) was studied. Lesion volume was measured by planimetry. Acute CHI severity was measured by the Glasgow Coma Scale. Patients were classified according to the depth of the deepest parenchymal lesion into no lesion, subcortical, and deep central gray/brain stem groups. The outcomes were assessed by the Glasgow Outcome Scale and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale, which were performed at the time of the MRI in the retrospective sample and up to 3 years postinjury in the prospective sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Focal brain lesions were present in 55.4% of the total sample. Depth of brain lesion was directly related to severity of acute impairment of consciousness and inversely related to outcome, as measured by both the Glasgow Outcome Scale and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale. A rostrocaudal gradient of hemispheric lesion frequency was observed, whereas the posterior lesions of the corpus callosum were particularly common. Total lesion volume could not explain the depth of lesion effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings extend support for the Ommaya-Gennarelli model to pediatric CHI, indicating that depth of brain lesion is related to functional outcome. The relative frequency of focal brain lesions revealed by late MRI is higher than that of previous findings using acute computed tomography. Future investigations could explore whether depth of lesion observed using late MRI is sensitive to neuroprotective interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mendelsohn
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lilly
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yeakley
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Scheibel
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Harward
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kufera
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bruce
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies