title: A prospective study of oral contraceptives and NIDDM among U.S. women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine prospectively the association between modern oral contraceptives with low doses of estrogen and progestin and subsequent incidence of NIDDM.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective cohort study, 98,590 U.S. female nurses aged 25 to 42 and free of diagnosed diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, and cancer at baseline in 1989 were followed for 4 years. Endpoint was incidence of confirmed NIDDM. Oral contraceptive use was reported on mailed questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 352,067 person-years follow-up, we confirmed 185 incident cases of NIDDM. After adjusting for age, BMI, cigarette smoking, family history of diabetes, parity, physical activity, alcohol intake, ethnicity, history of diagnosis of infertility, elevated cholesterol, and hypertension, women currently using oral contraceptives had a relative risk (RR) of 1.6 (95% CI, 0.9-3.1). For past users, the multivariate RR was 1.2 (95% CI, 0.8-1.8). This association was attenuated after restricting the analysis to symptomatic cases of NIDDM. For current users, RR = 1.3 (95% CI, 0.6-2.8), and for past users, RR = 0.9 (95% CI, 0.6-1.4), suggesting that increased surveillance may explain at least part of any excess risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this large prospective study, we found no appreciable increase in the 4-year risk of NIDDM among current users of oral contraceptives. There was no apparent increase in risk among past users. The small number of cases reflect the low absolute risk of NIDDM in this population of young women.
authors.affiliation: Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. phlec@gauss.bwh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chasan-Taber
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stampfer
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Colditz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spiegelman
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Manson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined