title: Effects of flunixin, tolfenamic acid, R(-) and S(+) ketoprofen on the response of equine synoviocytes to lipopolysaccharide stimulation.
abstract: The objective of this study was to analyse the effects of 4 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the production of beta-glucuronidase (beta-glu), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated equine synoviocytes. The agents studied were flunixin, tolfenamic acid, S(+)ketoprofen (KTP) and R(-)ketoprofen. LPS-induced release of beta-glu from synoviocytes was inhibited in a concentration dependent manner by all 4 compounds, tolfenamic acid being the most potent. Of the 2 KTP enantiomers, S(+)KTP exerted the greatest inhibitory effect. Tolfenamic acid and flunixin increased the production of IL-6-like activity by LPS-stimulated synoviocytes only at the highest concentration studied (1000 mumol/l). Lower concentrations produced no effect on IL-6. Flunixin, tolfenamic acid and S(+)KTP produced statistically significant and concentration related increases in the release of IL-1-like activity by LPS-stimulated synoviocytes. Prostaglandin E2 synthesis was markedly inhibited in a concentration dependent manner by the 4 NSAIDs. However, R(-)KTP was effective only at the highest concentrations investigated (1000 and 100 mumol/l). The present findings are compatible with the possibility that longterm use of NSAIDs in arthropathies, by removing the regulator role of PGE2 on IL-1 synthesis, might enhance the pathological process of cartilage degeneration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Herts, UK.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Landoni
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Foot
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Frean
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lees
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003002:Clonixin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005966:Glucuronidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006736:Horses / Q000378:metabolism*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D007660:Ketoprofen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D062367:ortho-Aminobenzoates / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D062367:ortho-Aminobenzoates; C014557:flunixin; C009500:tolfenamic acid; D007660:Ketoprofen; D005966:Glucuronidase; D015232:Dinoprostone; D003002:Clonixin