title: Electron/photon matched field technique for treatment of orbital disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A number of approaches have been described in the literature for irradiation of malignant and benign diseases of the orbit. Techniques described to date do not deliver a homogeneous dose to the orbital contents while sparing the cornea and lens of excessive dose. This is a result of the geometry encountered in this region and the fact that the target volume, which includes the periorbital and retroorbital tissues but excludes the cornea, anterior chamber, and lens, cannot be readily accommodated by photon beams alone. To improve the dose distribution for these treatments, we have developed a technique that combines a low-energy electron field carefully matched with modified photon fields to achieve acceptable dose coverage and uniformity.
  
  
  METHODS
  An anterior electron field and a lateral photon field setup is used to encompass the target volume. Modification of these fields permits accurate matching as well as conformation of the dose distribution to the orbit. A flat-surfaced wax compensator assures uniform electron penetration across the field, and a sunken lead alloy eye block prevents excessive dose to the central structures of the anterior segment. The anterior edge of the photon field is modified by broadening the penumbra using a form of pseudodynamic collimation. Direct measurements using film and ion chamber dosimetry were used to study the characteristics of the fall-off region of the electron field and the penumbra of the photon fields. From the data collected, the technique for accurate field matching and dose uniformity was generated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The isodose curves produced with this treatment technique demonstrate homogeneous dose coverage of the orbit, including the paralenticular region, and sufficient dose sparing of the anterior segment. The posterior lens accumulates less than 40% of the prescribed dose, and the lateral aspect of the lens receives less than 30%. A dose variation in the match region of +/-12% is confronted when an unmodified photon field edge is matched with the fall-off of the electron field at the 50% isodose lines. By modifying the penumbra, the dose variation is reduced to +/-2%. Treatment setup accuracy is essential.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The electron/photon matched field technique offers a uniform isodose distribution for treatment of the orbit that has not been previously achieved. With this technique a homogeneous dose can be delivered to the entire orbit while avoiding a significant dose to the anterior segment and minimizing the risk of morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0058, USA.
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Arthur
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Zwicker
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Garmon
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Schmidt-Ullrich
mesh_terms: D004583:Electrons / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009916:Orbital Diseases / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D017785:Photons / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage