title: The clinical introduction of genetic testing for Alzheimer disease. An ethical perspective.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Primary caregivers should be aware of recent progress in the genetics of Alzheimer disease (AD) and of the clinical and ethical considerations raised regarding the introduction of genetic testing for purposes of disease prediction and susceptibility (risk) analysis in asymptomatic individuals and diagnosis in patients who present clinically with dementia. This statement addresses arguments for and against clinical genetic testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 20 participants were selected by the investigators (S.G.P., T.H.M., A.B.Z., and P.J.W.) to achieve balance in the areas of genetics, counseling, ethics, and public policy, and to include leadership from related consensus projects. The consensus group met twice in closed meetings and carried on extensive correspondence over 2 years (1995-1997). The project was supported by the National Human Genome Research Institute of the National Institutes of Health.
  
  
  METHODS
  All 4 involved chromosomes were discussed in group meetings against a background of information from several focus group sessions with AD-affected families. The focus groups comprised volunteers identified by the Cleveland Area Chapter of the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association and represented a variety of ethnic populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The first draft was written in April 1996 by the principal investigator (S.G.P.) after the consensus group had met twice. The draft was mailed to all consensus group members 3 times over 6 months for extensive response and redrafting by the principal investigator until all members were satisfied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Except for autosomal dominant early-onset families, genetic testing in asymptomatic individuals is unwarranted. Use of APOE genetic testing as a diagnostic adjunct in patients already presenting with dementia may prove useful but it remains under investigation. The premature introduction of genetic testing and possible adverse consequences are to be avoided.
authors.affiliation: Center for Biomedical Ethics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Post
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Whitehouse
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Binstock
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Eckert
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Farrer
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Fleck
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Gaines
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Juengst
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Karlinsky
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miles
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Quaid
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Relkin
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Roses
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: St George-Hyslop
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Steinbock
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Truschke
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Zinn
mesh_terms: D026683:Advisory Committees; D000483:Alleles; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics; D002878:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1; D002883:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14; D002891:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21; D032921:Consensus; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E