title: Does smoking aggravate musculoskeletal pain?
abstract: The present study was based on data from the Norwegian Health Survey 1985, a nationwide interview survey with members of a representative sample of households. Our sample comprised all adult respondents who had reported musculoskeletal pain (n = 4490). Smokers experienced more intense pain than nonsmokers. The association between smoking and considerable/intense pain was, however, only seen in persons younger than 67 years. In this age group, smoking was related to intense pain in a logistic regression analysis (OR = 1.58; 95% CI: 1.24-2.00; p < 0.001), adjusting for age, gender, socioeconomic status, civil status, having children under 16, physical exercise, the presence of a musculoskeletal disease, and mental distress. The association remained significant after adjusting for workplace factors, social network factors, alcohol consumption, and intake of cod liver oil as dietary supplement.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Community Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Eriksen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brage
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bruusgaard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D006224:Cricetinae; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009141:Musculoskeletal System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*