title: Analgesia following arthroscopy--a comparison of intra-articular morphine, pethidine and fentanyl.
abstract: It has recently been reported that morphine given in low doses intra-articularly can produce significant analgesia in patients undergoing arthroscopic knee joint surgery. Data are lacking on the effect of other opioids using a local approach for drug delivery. We studied the analgesic effect of intra-articular opioids in 70 patients, divided into 7 groups, subjected to arthroscopic knee surgery in general anesthesia. The dimension of the study was based on a power of 0.8 to detect a 25% difference in pain intensity between those receiving opioids locally versus systemically (alpha = 0.05 and beta = 0.20). Following surgery, but before terminating anesthesia, the patients received one of the following combinations: 1 mg morphine intra-articularly (i.art.) + saline intramuscularly (i.m.), 10 mg pethidine i.art + saline i.m., or 10 micrograms fentanyl i.art + saline i.m. In three additional groups the three opioids were given i.m. and saline given i.art. An additional control group received saline i.art. + i.m. We did not find any significant difference between the groups considering postoperative pain intensity, need for analgesics or considering time to standing/walking or to discharge, analysing each opioid independently. There was, however, a tendency for pethidine i.art. to produce the lowest pain scores both at rest and during movement (P = 0.06). If analysing the results with regards to if opioids were given intra-articularly or systemically, not considering the type of opioid given, we did however, find a significantly lower total sum of pain scores at movement following local administration (P < 0.05). No specific side-effects were detected. We conclude that pethidine given intra-articularly merits further investigation with respect to postoperative analgesia following the activation of peripheral opioid mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Söderlund
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Westman
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ersmark
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valentin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ekblom
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D015760:Alfentanil / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000009:adverse effects; D011431:Dextropropoxyphene / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008614:Meperidine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D015760:Alfentanil; D000082:Acetaminophen; D009020:Morphine; D008614:Meperidine; D011431:Dextropropoxyphene; D005283:Fentanyl