title: Implication of right frontostriatal circuitry in response inhibition and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relation between specific frontostriatal structures (prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia) and response inhibition deficits observed in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Children with ADHD and age-matched normal controls were scanned using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and tested on three response inhibition tasks. Behavioral performance was correlated with MRI-based anatomical measures of frontostriatal circuitry (prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia) implicated in ADHD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  First, significant differences in performance by children with ADHD and normal volunteers were observed on all three response inhibition tasks. Second, performance on these tasks correlated only with those anatomical measures of frontostriatal circuitry observed to be abnormal in children with ADHD (e.g., the region of the prefrontal cortex, caudate, and globus pallidus, but not the putamen) in the authors' previous study. Third, significant correlations between task performance and anatomical measures of the prefrontal cortex and caudate nuclei were predominantly in the right hemisphere, supporting a role of right frontostriatal circuitry in response inhibition and ADHD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest a role of the right prefrontal cortex in suppressing responses to salient, but otherwise irrelevant events while the basal ganglia appear to be involved in executing these behavioral responses.
authors.affiliation: Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.forename: F X
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Castellanos
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Giedd
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Hamburger
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.forename: Y C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Vauss
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Vaituzis
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Dickstein
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Sarfatti
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rapoport
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance