title: When 3-year-olds pass the appearance--reality test.
abstract: Sixty-eight 3-year-olds received a standard appearance-reality task along with either a trick task, in which the appearance question was placed in the context of a deceptive game, or a reduced information processing task, in which a dual object (e.g., a sponge-rock) was presented along with an object that matched the dual object's identity (a sponge) and one that matched the dual object's appearance (a rock). Children were more likely to pass either the trick or reduced information processing task and fail the standard than the reverse. Thus, 3-year-olds can grasp the distinction between appearance and reality (a) when their goal is to trick someone, which may prime them to think about the other's mental state, and (b) when they do not need to held conflicting object identities in mind at the same time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02167, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Koinis
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tager-Flusberg
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Winner
mesh_terms: D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003210:Concept Formation; D004193:Discrimination Learning; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual; D011936:Reality Testing; D012938:Social Perception; D013404:Suggestion