title: Control of postoperative pain by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation after thoracic operations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) has been used extensively to control postoperative pain, but its effects are controversial. This is probably due to the different types of operations performed and, therefore, to the varying intensity of postoperative pain. Here we present an extensive study with TENS in 324 patients who underwent different types of thoracic surgical procedures: posterolateral thoracotomy, muscle-sparing thoracotomy, costotomy, sternotomy, and video-assisted thoracoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each patient cohort was randomly subdivided into three treatment groups: TENS, placebo TENS and control. The effectiveness of TENS was assessed by two factors: the time from the beginning of treatment to the request for further analgesia and the total medication intake during the first 12 hours after operation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whereas posterolateral thoracotomy produced severe pain, muscle-sparing thoracotomy, costotomy, and sternotomy caused moderate pain, and video-assisted thoracoscopy caused only mild pain. The TENS treatment was not effective in the posterolateral thoracotomy group, but it was useful as an adjunct to other medications in the muscle-sparing thoracotomy, costotomy, and sternotomy groups. In contrast, representing the only pain control treatment with no adjunct drugs, it was very effective in patients having video-assisted thoracoscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings show that TENS is useful after thoracic surgical procedures only when postoperative pain is mild to moderate; it is uneffective for severe pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, CIND Center for the Neurophysiology of Pain, University of Torino Medical School, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Benedetti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amanzio
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Casadio
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cavallo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cianci
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Giobbe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mancuso
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ruffini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maggi
mesh_terms: D004724:Endoscopy; D006801:Humans; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D012272:Ribs / Q000601:surgery; D013249:Sternum / Q000601:surgery; D013903:Thoracic Surgery; D013906:Thoracoscopy; D013908:Thoracotomy; D013997:Time Factors; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation