title: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in labour pain: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the effectiveness and safety of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for labour pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of randomised controlled trials of TENS in pain during labour.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight reports involving 712 women were included; 352 women received active TENS and 360 acted as controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reports were sought by searching MEDLINE and the Oxford Pain Relief Database.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analgesic and adverse effect outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evidence for reduced pain using TENS in labour was weak. Additional analgesic interventions may be less likely with TENS (odds ratio 0.57; 95% CI 0.34-0.96), number-needed-to-treat 14 (95% CI 7.3-119).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Randomised controlled trials provide no compelling evidence for TENS having any analgesic effect during labour. Weak positive effects in secondary (analgesic sparing) and tertiary (choosing TENS for future labours) outcomes may be due to inadequate blinding causing overestimation of treatment effects.
authors.affiliation: Pain Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tramèr
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: McQuay
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nye
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011247:Pregnancy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation / Q000379:methods*