title: Effects of ketorolac versus bupivacaine coadministration during patient-controlled hydromorphone epidural analgesia after thoracotomy procedures.
abstract: We studied the comparative effects of ketorolac versus bupivacaine supplementation of hydromorphone (HM) patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) on the HM requirement, postoperative pain, and pulmonary function in 62 consenting patients after thoracotomy procedures. Patients were randomly assigned to receive one of three different combinations of analgesic medications after the operation according to a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The treatment groups consisted of: Group 1 (n = 23): PCEA HM 3-mL (0.15 mg) bolus doses + saline 1 mL intravenously (IV) q6h, Group 2 (n = 20): PCEA HM (0.15 mg) in 0.125% bupivacaine 3-mL bolus doses + saline 1 mL IV q6h, and Group 3 (n = 19): PCEA HM 3-mL (0.15 mg) bolus doses + ketorolac 1 mL (30 mg) IV q6h. Epidural HM and supplemental analgesic requirements, pain visual analog scale (VAS) scores, the incidence of nonincisional pain, and side effects were recorded at 24 and 48 h after surgery. Bedside pulmonary function tests were performed using a Puritan Bennett 100TM (Puritan-Bennett Corp., Wilmington, MA) spirometer before and 24 and 48 h after surgery. IV ketorolac supplementation of HM PCEA significantly reduced the incidence of nonincisional pain and the HM requirement over 48 h compared with the HM PCEA alone group (7% vs 26%; 3 +/- 1.6 mg vs 5.3 +/- 2.8 mg). Both ketorolac and bupivacaine supplementation of HM PCEA reduced the severity of pain on coughing and on movement compared with HM PCEA alone on postoperative day (POD) 1. Significant reductions in forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 s, forced expiratory flow 25%-75% of the vital capacity, and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) were noted on PODs 1 and 2 in all three treatment groups. The decrease in PEFR on PODs 1 and 2 was significantly less with ketorolac compared with bupivacaine supplementation. We conclude that ketorolac supplementation of HM PCEA reduces the incidence of nonincisional pain and HM requirement compared with HM PCEA alone and may have a beneficial effect on pulmonary function compared with bupivacaine supplementation of HM PCEA in postthoracotomy patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9068, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Bossard
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Yeatts
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods*; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D004091:Hydromorphone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D020910:Ketorolac; D008168:Lung / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012646:Self Administration; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000379:methods*; D014046:Tolmetin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D014046:Tolmetin; D004091:Hydromorphone; D002045:Bupivacaine; D020910:Ketorolac