title: Further observations on the immune response to recombinant hepatitis B vaccine after administration to aboriginal and Torres Strait Island children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) immunity and infection at 5 years of age in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island children who were fully vaccinated in infancy, and to examine the response to a booster dose of hepatitis B vaccine in those children who had no detectable immunity despite vaccination.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of serological markers to HBV in a sample of 239 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island children, with a mean age of 5.7 years, who were fully vaccinated in infancy. The antibody response to a booster dose of hepatitis B vaccine was determined in those children in the sample who had no markers of either immunity to HBV or infection with HBV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 239 children, 6% (95% CI 4-10%) had been infected and, of these, four were HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) positive. Of the remaining 224 children, only 41% (95% CI 35-48%) had evidence of immunity (i.e. an antibody to HBV surface antigen (anti-HBs) level of > or = 10 miu/mL) to HBV. Of the children with no detectable immunity (i.e. anti-HBs < 10 miu/mL), 113 were followed up after receiving a booster dose of hepatitis B vaccine. Of these, 84% (95% CI 76-90%) had an anamnestic response (i.e. anti-HBs < 10 miu/mL following the booster dose). Therefore 16% (95% CI 10-24%) still had no detectable immunity following the booster dose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides further evidence that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island children have a suboptimal response to recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. It also indicates that a considerable number of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island children in the study age cohort have been exposed to HBV. However, despite these concerns, this study and historical data provide strong evidence that there has been a marked reduction in the prevalence of HBV infection and carriage in previously 'high risk' Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island children since the introduction of hepatitis B vaccines. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island children who have been fully vaccinated in infancy do not require a booster dose of hepatitis B vaccine at school entry.
authors.affiliation: Tropical Public Health Unit, Queensland Health, Cairns, Australia.
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Faoagali
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Buda
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Sheridan
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D002353:Carrier State; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006511:Hepatitis B Antigens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007117:Immunization, Secondary; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D014611:Vaccination; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D006511:Hepatitis B Antigens; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic