title: Smoking and fatal prostate cancer in a large cohort of adult men.
abstract: The authors examined the relation between smoking and the risk of fatal prostate cancer in a large prospective mortality study of 450,279 men who were cancer free at enrollment in 1982. During 9 years of follow-up, 1,748 deaths occurred from prostate cancer. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to adjust for other risk factors. Current cigarette smoking was associated with fatal prostate cancer (rate ratio = 1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16-1.56). The rate ratio was greater at younger ages, decreasing from 1.83 (95% CI 1.04-3.24) among men below the age of 60 years to 1.11 (95% CI 0.79-1.58) among men aged 80 years and above (p for trend = 0.16). No trend in risk was observed with the number of cigarettes per day or with the duration of smoking among current smokers at baseline, and no increased risk was found among former smokers. Race did not significantly modify the association between cigarette smoking and fatal prostate cancer. These data, together with those of three other large prospective studies that find higher death rates from prostate cancer in current cigarette smokers, and inconsistent findings in incidence studies suggest that smoking may adversely affect survival in prostate cancer patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA 30329-4251, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Tatham
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Thun
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Calle
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Heath
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015996:Survival Rate; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People