title: Retinopathy and vision loss in insulin-dependent diabetes in Europe. The EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the frequency of retinopathy and vision loss in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and their relations to potentially modifiable risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors conducted a multicenter cross-sectional study of diabetic complications and their risk factors using standardized methods of assessment. The sample was comprised of 3250 insulin-dependent diabetic patients (1668 men, 1582 women) aged 15 to 60 years with mean (standard deviation) duration of diabetes of 14.7 (9.3) years from 31 European diabetes centers; 2991 of the patients were eligible for retinal photography. Visual acuity was measured using the Snellen chart. Retinopathy was evaluated by retinal photographs (two fields per eye) graded at a central facility. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), cholesterol, triglyceride, fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and urinary albumin excretion rate were assessed at a single location.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Corrected visual acuity was greater than or equal to 1.0 in both eyes in 69.7% of patients and less than or equal to 0.1 in the best eye in 2.3%. Factors significantly related to vision loss were age, duration of diabetes, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and level of retinopathy. Mild nonproliferative retinopathy was found in 25.8% of the patients, moderate-severe nonproliferative retinopathy in 9.8% of the patients, and proliferative retinopathy in 10.6% of the patients. After adjustment for age, duration of diabetes, HbA1c, and albumin excretion rate, significant risk factors for moderate-severe nonproliferative retinopathy were blood pressure and triglyceride, and risk factors for proliferative retinopathy were triglyceride and fibrinogen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vision loss is a common complication of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes, with diabetic retinopathy an important cause. Apart from poor glycemic control, several other potentially modifiable risk factors for retinopathy may be important, including elevated blood pressure, plasma triglyceride, and fibrinogen. In view of the possible barriers to the full implementation of strict glycemic control in this type of diabetes, additional strategies for the prevention and slowing of progression of retinopathy should be investigated, such as blood pressure and lipid lowering therapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Sjølie
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stephenson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aldington
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kohner
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Janka
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fuller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol; D005340:Fibrinogen; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D014280:Triglycerides; D014841:von Willebrand Factor