title: Hyperlocomotion during recovery from isoflurane anesthesia is associated with increased dopamine turnover in the nucleus accumbens and striatum in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It was recently reported that isoflurane increases dopamine release in the striatum in rats both in vivo and in vitro, and that isoflurane inhibits uptake of dopamine in the rat brain synaptosomes. However, the functional role of these effects of isoflurane on dopamine neurons is uncertain. Dopaminergic mechanisms within the nucleus accumbens and striatum play an important role in the control of locomotor activity, and a change in dopamine turnover depends essentially on a change in impulse flow in the dopamine neurons. In this study, the effects of isoflurane on locomotor activity and on dopamine turnover were investigated in discrete brain regions in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were placed in individual airtight clear plastic chambers and spontaneously breathed isoflurane in 25% oxygen and 75% nitrogen (fresh gas flow, 4 l/min). Locomotor activity was measured with an Animex activity meter. Animals were decapitated after treatments with or without isoflurane, and the concentrations of monoamines and their metabolites in different brain areas were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 10 min after the cessation of the 20-min exposure to isoflurane, there was a significant increase in locomotor activity in animals breathing 1.5% isoflurane but not 0.7% isoflurane. This increase in locomotor activity produced by 1.5% isoflurane was abolished by a low dose of haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg), a dopamine receptor antagonist. Regional brain monoamine assays revealed that 1.5% isoflurane significantly increased the 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid:dopamine ratio (one indicator of transmitter turnover) in the nucleus accumbens and striatum, but a concentration of 0.7% did not. This significant increase in dopamine turnover in these regions continued during 20 min after the cessation of the administration of 1.5% isoflurane.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that isoflurane-induced hyperlocomotion during emergence may be associated with increased dopamine turnover in the nucleus accumbens and striatum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Kagoshima University Dental School, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Irifune
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishikawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Masuyama
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nomoto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawahara
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000378:metabolism*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000494:pharmacology; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D007530:Isoflurane; D006220:Haloperidol; D004298:Dopamine