title: Automated cardiac output measurement by spatiotemporal integration of color Doppler data. In vitro and clinical validation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A new Doppler echocardiographic technique has been developed for automated cardiac output measurement (ACOM) that assumes neither a flat flow profile nor collinearity with the scan line, but clinical validation of this method is lacking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 165 subjects (50 intensive care patients, 10 dobutamine echocardiography patients, and 105 normal volunteers; age, 49.4 +/- 19.3 years; 92 men), ACOM was performed in the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), with the color baseline shifted to avoid aliasing. ACOM was also tested in a pulsatile in vitro model. Stroke volume was calculated by double integration of Doppler signals in space (across the LVOT) and in time (through the systolic period), assuming hemiaxial symmetry: integral of integral of pi r v(r,t) dr dt, where v(r,t) is the velocity at a distance r from the center of the LVOT at time t during systole. Stroke volume from ACOM was compared with thermodilution (TD), aortic valve pulsed-wave Doppler (PWAO), and left ventricular echocardiographic (two-dimensional [2D]) methods. There was good correlation between ACOM and PWAO (r = .93). TD (r = .86), and 2D (r = .74), with close agreement seen. ACOM had higher correlation and agreement with TD than did either PWAO (P < .02) or 2D (P < .01). ACOM was also able to track accurately the changes in cardiac output with dobutamine infusion in comparison with PWAO (r = .94). In vitro assessment demonstrated excellent correlation (r = .98, y = 1.0x + 1.94) with little impact of pulse repetition frequency or misalignment up to 30 degrees. Gain dependency was noted but could be optimized by visual inspection of the color image.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Automatic integration of numerical data within color Doppler flow fields is a feasible new method for quantifying flow. It is simpler and faster, requires fewer assumptions, and uses only one apical view. ACOM is a promising new approach to echocardiographic quantification that deserves further study and refinement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Cleveland (Ohio) Clinic Foundation 44195, USA.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pu
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Fouad
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Christian
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D001331:Automation; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D016638:Critical Illness; D004280:Dobutamine; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D004280:Dobutamine