title: The thrombin receptor second cytoplasmic loop confers coupling to Gq-like G proteins in chimeric receptors. Additional evidence for a common transmembrane signaling and G protein coupling mechanism in G protein-coupled receptors.
abstract: Thrombin activates human platelets and other cells in part by cleaving an unusual G protein-coupled receptor. Thrombin cleavage of this receptor's amino-terminal exodomain unmasks a new amino terminus. This then binds intramolecularly to the body of the receptor to trigger transmembrane signaling and activation of Gi- and Gq-like G proteins. Toward identifying the domains responsible for thrombin receptor-G protein interactions, we examined the signaling properties of chimeric receptors in which thrombin receptor cytoplasmic sequences replaced the cognate sequences in the Gs-coupled beta2-adrenergic receptor (beta2AR) or the Gi-coupled dopamine D2 receptor (D2R). In Xenopus oocytes, a chimeric beta2AR bearing the thrombin receptor second cytoplasmic (C2) loop gained the ability to trigger intracellular Ca2+ release in response to adrenergic agonist, whereas a beta2AR bearing the cognate C2 loop from the D2R did not. Similarly, in COS-7 cells, a chimeric D2R bearing the thrombin receptor C2 loop gained the ability to trigger phosphoinositide hydrolysis in response to dopaminergic agonist, apparently by coupling to a Gq-like G protein. No detectable Gs coupling was seen. Thus, the thrombin receptor C2 loop was able to confer Gq-like coupling in several different receptor contexts. These observations suggest that the thrombin receptor C2 loop specifies Gq coupling by directly contacting Gq or by contributing to a structure required for Gq coupling. The ability of the thrombin receptor C2 loop to function in the context of the D2R and beta2AR strongly suggests that the transmembrane switching and G protein activation strategies used by the thrombin receptor must be very similar to those used by the D2R and beta2AR despite the thrombin receptor's strikingly different liganding mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0130, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Verrall
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tram
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Coughlin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D006801:Humans; D018179:Receptors, Thrombin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017421:Sequence Analysis; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014981:Xenopus
chemical_list: D018179:Receptors, Thrombin; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins