title: Adrenal and extra-adrenal retroperitoneal ganglioneuroma: imaging findings in 13 adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the radiologic appearance of ganglioneuromas of the adrenal gland and extra-adrenal retroperitoneum.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review was performed of imaging findings in nine patients with ganglioneuroma, two with ganglioneuroma-pheochromocytoma, and two with malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (PNST) that arose in a ganglioneuroma. Patients underwent computed tomography (CT) (n = 13), magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (n = 5), and ultrasonography (US) (n = 5).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In nine patients with ganglioneuroma, the mass ranged in size from 2 x 4 x 4 cm to 21 x 21 x 22 cm. Imaging findings included attenuation entirely or predominantly less than that of muscle on contrast material-enhanced CT images (n = 9); heterogeneous, predominantly high signal intensity on T2-weighted MR images (n = 5); partial or complete surrounding of one or more major blood vessels with little or no luminal narrowing (n = 4) and calcifications (n = 4) on CT scans; and homogeneous, moderate echogenicity (n = 3) on US scans. CT findings in two patients with ganglioneuroma-pheochromocytoma included central necrosis (n = 1) and calcifications (n = 1). In the two patients with malignant PNST that arose in a ganglioneuroma, contrast-enhanced CT showed a large, markedly heterogeneous mass.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diagnosis of ganglioneuroma should be considered when typical CT or MR imaging findings are present. Findings in cases of ganglioneuroma-pheochromocytoma and malignant PNST arising in a ganglioneuroma appear to be nonspecific.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center 90033, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Radin
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: David
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Goldfarb
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Francis
mesh_terms: D000310:Adrenal Gland Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005729:Ganglioneuroma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018317:Nerve Sheath Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010673:Pheochromocytoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012186:Retroperitoneal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography