title: International survey on the management of patients with SLE. III. The results of a questionnaire regarding renal involvement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the practice patterns in the management of lupus nephritis (LN) of physicians dealing with systemic lupus erythematosus.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multiple choice questionnaire was sent to 135 lupus centers, mainly in Europe. It was divided into 4 sections, one of which regarded LN. Sixty-one centers (40%) sent the questionnaire back before the meeting; however two of them did not fill out the LN section. Therefore, 59 valid LN questionnaires were collected and analyzed. Statistical evaluation was performed using frequency analysis and the chi-square test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 50 centers (85%), renal biopsy is performed in all patients with clinically evident renal involvement, and in most of them it is repeated in cases of relapse and/or ineffectiveness of treatment. Oral steroid alone is the therapy preferred by 67% of responding physicians in patients with WHO class II LN. Multi-drug therapy is favoured by 57% in patients with class III LN, by 79% for mild-to-moderate forms of class IV LN (IVm), by 84% for moderate-to-severe forms of class IV LN (IVs), by 47% for mild-to-moderate forms of class V LN (Vm), and by 65% for moderate-to-severe forms of class V LN (Vs). Steroids plus cyclophosphamide (CYPH) is the association most commonly used for class III, IVm and IVs LN, having been indicated by 70%, 80% and 88% of the centers, respectively. Furthermore, pulse CYPH is largely preferred to oral CYPH by the majority of centers. It is worth noting that 41 centers (70%, p < 0.01) utilise the same drugs in the treatment of both WHO class IVm and IVs LN. No clear trends in the use of multi-drug associations were identifiable in the treatment of class V LN. Moreover, most of the centers (64%) said that they rely on histologic parameters in order to define renal prognosis and that they consider the chronicity index to be the best predictor of poor renal outcome (74% of the centers).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was possible to identify some clear trends in the behaviour of physicians who are "expert" in lupus patients: (i) they perform a renal biopsy in order to charaterize the LN and repeat it when they are faced with relapse or ineffective therapy; (ii) they treat WHO class II LN with oral steroids alone and class III and IV LN with steroids associated with CYPH (CYPH, generally in a pulse regimen); and (iii) they define renal prognosis by means of histologic predictors, especially the chronicity index. However, no trend seemed to exist for the treatment of class V LN, particularly Vm.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, University of Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Doria
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vitali
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tincani
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Balestrieri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galeazzi
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Meroni
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Migliorini
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Neri
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tavoni
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bombardieri
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D013256:Steroids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D013256:Steroids; D003520:Cyclophosphamide