title: Universal precautions: costs for protective equipment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The amount and costs of protective equipment used to implement universal precautions in Thailand have not previously been studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was done to determine the frequency of clinical and laboratory procedures requiring universal precautions and the amount of protective equipment needed for each.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study was performed in 24 government hospitals in Thailand in December 1993. Totaling 6549 beds, these hospitals had provided service to 357,391 inpatients and 3,411,122 outpatients during the previous year. The annual number of procedures performed in these hospitals was estimated at 17.5 million, with expenditures for protective equipment of $2.4 million (U.S.) per year. The average overall cost for protective equipment was U.S. $5.37 for one inpatient stay and U.S. $0.15 for one outpatient visit. The projected national expense for these barriers was U.S. $41.5 million per annum. The cost for these barriers after the implementation of universal precautions was 2.5 times the cost before implementation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overuse of sterile and examination gloves and gowns and underuse of heavy-duty gloves, masks, aprons, goggles, and boots were discovered during the study. Appropriate use of disposable and reusable universal precautions equipment would free health care dollars for other purposes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol, University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Danchaivijitr
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tangtrakool
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chokloikaew
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Thamlikitkul
mesh_terms: D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D011481:Protective Clothing / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013785:Thailand; D016635:Universal Precautions / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data