title: Parental involvement in diabetes management tasks: relationships to blood glucose monitoring adherence and metabolic control in young adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to identify parental behaviors that relate to adherence and metabolic control in a population of young adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), and to understand the interrelationships among the variables of parental involvement, adherence to blood glucose monitoring, and glycemic control.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional design was used to investigate parental involvement in diabetes regimen tasks in 89 youth, aged 10 to 15 years, with IDDM. Levels of parental involvement in blood glucose monitoring (BGM) and insulin administration were evaluated through interviews. Assessment of adherence was made by physicians or nurses, independent of patient or parent reports of adherence. Glycemic control was assessed with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (reference range, 4% to 6%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant differences in the mean HbA1c values between the older (13 to 15 years of age) (HbA1c = 8.9% +/- 1.03%) and younger (10 to 12 years) patients (HbA1c = 8.4% +/- 1.06%) (p < 0.02). Parental involvement in BGM was significantly related to adherence to BGM (number of blood sugar concentrations checked daily) in both groups of adolescent patients. The younger patients monitored their blood glucose levels more frequently than did the older patients, 39% of the younger patients checked sugar concentrations four or more times daily compared with only 10% of the older group (p < 0.007). In a multivariate model controlling for age, gender, Tanner staging, and duration of diabetes, the frequency of BGM was a significant predictor of glycemic control (R2 = 0.19, p < 0.02). Increased frequency of BGM was associated with lower HbA1c levels. When the frequency of BGM was zero or once a day, the mean HbA1c level was 9.9% +/- 0.44 (SE); when the frequency of BGM was two or three times a day, the mean HbA1c level was 8.7% +/- 0.17; and when the frequency of BGM was four or more times daily, the mean HbA1c level was 8.3% +/- 0.22.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parental involvement in BGM supports more frequent BGM in 10- to 15-year-old patients with IDDM. This increased adherence to BGM is associated with better metabolic control (i.e., lower HbA1c levels). These findings suggest that encouraging parental involvement in BGM with 10- to 15-year-old patients with IDDM may help to prevent the well-documented deterioration in glycemic control and adherence to treatment that often occurs in later adolescence.
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Unit, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brackett
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Finkelstein
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Laffel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016487:Parenting; D010349:Patient Compliance
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin