title: Limited role of CD28-mediated signals in T helper subset differentiation.
abstract: The role of CD28-mediated signals in T helper cell maturation is not fully understood. We tested the requirement for costimulation through CD28 in several systems of CD4+, T cell differentiation. In vivo priming of mice with genetic disruption of CD28 (CD28-/-) yielded normal levels of antigen-specific interferon gamma production but markedly diminished levels of interleukin 4 (IL-4) after in vitro restimulation. In response to the pathogenic microbe, Leishman a major, C57BL6 CD28-/- mice were fully capable of controlling infection and exhibited a normal T helper 1 response. BALB/c CD28-/- mice unexpectedly exhibited normal susceptibility to L. major. BALB/c CD28-/- mice developed high levels of IL-4 mRNA and protein induction in the draining lymph nodes. In addition, susceptibility of BALB/c CD28-/- mice was reversed by neutralization of IL-4 in vivo. We also activated transgenic CD28-bearing T cells from the BALB and C57BL background in vitro in the presence of CTLA4Ig. BALB cells had greater IL-4 producing capacity than C57BL cells in the absence of costimulation. Diverse factors including costimulatory signals, genetic polymorphism, and the nature of the immunogen all influence T helper phenotype commitment, but these results provide evidence that CD28 is not an absolute requirement for generating either Th1 or Th2 responses.
authors.affiliation: University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Moskowitz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Reiner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000502:physiology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D015398:Signal Transduction; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000166:cytology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D018106:CD28 Antigens