title: Self-insurance and worksite alcohol programs: an econometric analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The worksite is an important point of access for alcohol treatment and prevention, but not all firms are likely to find offering alcohol programs profitable. This study attempts to identify at a conceptual and empirical level factors that are important determinants of the profitability of worksite alcohol programs. A central question considered in the empirical analysis is whether firms' decisions about worksite alcohol programs are related to how employee group health insurance is provided.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data used are from the 1992 National Survey of Worksite Health Promotion Activities (N = 1,389-1,412). The econometric analysis focuses on measures of whether the surveyed firms offer Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs), individual counseling, group classes and resource materials regarding alcohol and other substance abuse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Holding other factors constant, the probability that a self-insured firm offers an EAP is estimated to be 59%, compared to 51% for a firm that purchases market group health insurance for its employees. Unionized worksites and larger worksites are also found to be more likely to offer worksite alcohol programs, compared to nonunionized smaller worksites. Worksites with younger work-forces are less likely than those with older employees to offer alcohol programs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The empirical results are consistent with the conceptual framework from labor economics, since self-insurance is expected to increase firms' demand for worksite alcohol programs while large worksite is expected to reduce the average program cost. The role of union status and workforce age suggests it is important to consider workers' preferences for the programs as fringe benefits. The results also suggest that the national trend towards self-insurance may be leading to more prevention and treatment of worker alcohol-related problems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Consumer Economics and Housing, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-4401, USA.
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kenkel
mesh_terms: D000437:Alcoholism / Q000191:economics / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006264:Health Benefit Plans, Employee / Q000191:economics; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000191:economics; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D017059:Models, Econometric; D012456:Salaries and Fringe Benefits / Q000191:economics; D017132:Workplace