title: Enoxaparin-associated dermal necrosis: a consequence of cross-reactivity with heparin-mediated antibodies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a patient with enoxaparin-induced dermal necrosis and to review previously reported cases of skin manifestations associated with low-molecular-weight heparins.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 43-year-old white woman with adult respiratory distress syndrome developed localized dermal necrosis and thrombocytopenia secondary to subcutaneous administration of unfractionated heparin. Upper extremity thrombi that had developed after administration of subcutaneous heparin at an outside hospital were treated with subcutaneous enoxaparin. Although platelet counts remained stable during enoxaparin therapy, dermal necrosis developed at the injection site. Parenteral anticoagulant therapy was discontinued and the necrotic lesions secondary to enoxaparin resolved with minimal local care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Numerous cases of dermal necrosis secondary to heparin administration have been reported while this reaction secondary to enoxaparin use has been reported only briefly. It has been postulated that dermal necrosis secondary to heparin is associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and is a result of heparin-mediated thrombosis in the microvasculature. Antibodies to heparin have cross-reactivity with enoxaparin; therefore, dermal necrosis secondary to enoxaparin may occur by a similar mechanism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although enoxaparin-associated dermal necrosis appears to be a rare occurrence, we advise against the use of enoxaparin or other low-molecular-weight heparins in patients with a previous history of heparin-associated thrombocytopenia or heparin-induced dermal necrosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Tonn
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Schaiff
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kollef
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003429:Cross Reactions; D003875:Drug Eruptions / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D017984:Enoxaparin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006493:Heparin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009336:Necrosis; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology; D013924:Thrombophlebitis / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000925:Anticoagulants; D017984:Enoxaparin; D006493:Heparin