title: Diagnostic formula for the differentiation of adnexal tumors by transvaginal sonography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To create a strategy for sonographic differentiation of benign and malignant adnexal tumors in premenopausal and postmenopausal patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multiple sonomorphologic criteria were analyzed prospectively in 754 tumors. Four hundred were found in premenopausal and 354 in postmenopausal women. In a logistic regression model, relevant criteria were selected, and a diagnostic formula for tumor differentiation was derived.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 165 malignant tumors, of which 37 (9.2%) were found in premenopausal and 128 (36.2%) in postmenopausal women. In both groups, the criteria of solid phase and ascites were the most significant. Further important diagnostic criteria were structure and tumor size in premenopausal women and cyst architecture and tumor surface in postmenopausal women. These results allowed an estimation of the probability of malignancy. Using a cutoff point of 10% for the probability to classify tumors as malignant, the sensitivity and specificity in premenopausal patients were 86.5% and 92.6%, respectively, with an accuracy of 92%. In postmenopausal women, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 93%, 82.7%, and 86.6%, respectively. Assuming a prevalence as given in the study, the positive and negative predictive values were 54.4% and 98.5% in premenopausal and 75.3% and 95.4% in postmenopausal women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With four binary criteria, a useful diagnostic formula for tumor differentiation was obtained. However, estimates for sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy may be too optimistic because they were derived from the same data that were already used for model selection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Prömpeler
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Madjar
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sauerbrei
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lattermann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pfleiderer
mesh_terms: D000290:Adnexa Uteri / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005833:Genital Neoplasms, Female / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D017697:Premenopause; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography