title: Plasma concentration following oral and intramuscular atropine in children and their clinical effects.
abstract: In a paediatric population, we compared i.m. v oral atropine premedication to a control group without atropine and determined atropine plasma concentrations (APC). Forty-five children were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Group I received atropine, 20 micrograms.kg-1 i.m., 15 min prior to induction. Group II received atropine, 30 micrograms.kg-1 orally, group III received no atropine. APC (expressed as percent of muscarine-2 receptor subtype occupancy), heart rate, rectal temperature, and salivation were determined before atropine, and 15, 25, 45, 60, 90, 120 (no APC), and 150 min following atropine. Only 10-20% of the M2-cholinoceptors were occupied after oral atropine with a peak at 90 min compared to 60-70% occupancy with a peak 25 min after i.m. atropine. The peak in M2-cholinoceptor occupation in group I was paralleled by a peak percentage change in heart rate of 15% from baseline. The peak in receptor occupation in group II did not correspond to the peak increase in heart rate. The percentage change of heart rate over time was not significantly different from baseline values in any of the groups. Bradycardia or temperature changes did not occur in any of the groups. Antisialogogue effects were observed only in group I. We conclude that atropine; 30 micrograms.kg-1 orally is not an equipotent dosage to atropine, 20 micrograms.kg-1 i.m.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Gervais
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: el Gindi
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Radermacher
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Volz-Zang
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palm
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Duda
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Dick
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D001285:Atropine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D043585:Receptor, Muscarinic M2; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic / Q000378:metabolism; D012472:Salivation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D043585:Receptor, Muscarinic M2; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic; D001285:Atropine