title: Ultralow volume application of Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis for the control of mosquitoes.
abstract: Evaluation of the effectiveness of Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis (B.t.i.) against mosquito larvae dispersed by ultralow volume (ULV) spraying was conducted in simulated field trials. Effectiveness was measured using 3 different indicators: larval mortality, colony-forming unit enumeration, and droplet analysis. B.t.i. was dispersed with a ULV generator using 2 different flow rates: 0.3 and 0.5 liter/min on 2 different days. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that an output of 0.3 liter/min is effective for controlling Aedes aegypti. although a dosage of 0.5 liter/min can be used when high residual activity is desired. For Culex quinquefasciatus control, both dosages were effective but with low residual activity. For Anopheles maculatus control, only a discharge rate of 0.5 liter/min was effective with low residual activity. B.t.i. application at both dosages penetrated tires well, indicating that B.t.i. ULV application is an effective method for controlling container-inhabiting mosquitoes. Good coverage of target area and penetration were attributed to satisfactory droplet profiles.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Entomology, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Gregorio
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Khadri
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Seleena
mesh_terms: D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis; D007306:Insecticides; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides