title: A regulatory gene (ccaR) required for cephamycin and clavulanic acid production in Streptomyces clavuligerus: amplification results in overproduction of both beta-lactam compounds.
abstract: A regulatory gene (ccaR), located within the cephamycin gene cluster of Streptomyces clavuligerus, is linked to a gene (blp) encoding a protein similar to a beta-lactamase-inhibitory protein. Expression of ccaR is required for cephamycin and clavulanic acid biosynthesis in S. clavuligerus. The ccaR-encoded protein resembles the ActII-ORF4, RedD, AfsR, and DnrI regulatory proteins of other Streptomyces species, all of which share several motifs. Disruption of ccaR by targeted double recombination resulted in the loss of the ability to synthesize cephamycin and clavulanic acid. Complementation of the disrupted mutant with ccaR restored production of both secondary metabolites. ccaR was expressed as a monocistronic transcript at 24 and 48 h in S. clavuligerus cultures (preceding the phase of antibiotic accumulation), but no transcript hybridization signals were observed at 72 or 96 h. This expression pattern is consistent with those of regulatory proteins required for antibiotic biosynthesis. Amplification of ccaR in S. clavuligerus resulted in a two- to threefold increase in the production of cephamycin and clavulanic acid.
authors.affiliation: Area of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of León, Spain.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Pérez-Llarena
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liras
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-García
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Martín
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D002513:Cephamycins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019818:Clavulanic Acid; D002969:Clavulanic Acids / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D005784:Gene Amplification; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D005809:Genes, Regulator; D005816:Genetic Complementation Test; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D013302:Streptomyces / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002513:Cephamycins; D002969:Clavulanic Acids; D019818:Clavulanic Acid