title: Botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of arm and hand spasticity in stroke patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Focal spasticity can be a major drawback in the rehabilitation of stroke patients. Previous studies suggest a beneficial effect for botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) for relief of spasticity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the safety and efficacy of BTX-A in the treatment of spasticity in a homogeneous group of stroke patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this phase III open label trial 19 stroke patients stable for at least six months were enrolled (mean age 53.1 (SD 3.27) years; range 26-72). There were 16 males and 4 females.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical (Ashworth spasticity rating scale, scores for joint mobility, pain and frequency of spasms, Frenchay arm test (FAT)) and subjective (semi-quantitative rating scale filled out by the patient). Only hand and finger flexors were injected. The maximum dosage was 150 U BOTOX (25 U/muscle), the mean dosage was 92.1 +/- 31.6 U BOTOX.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ashworth rating scale and joint mobility scores improved from a median value of 2 at baseline to a median value of 1 one month after treatment, FAT scores also improved from a median value of 0 at baseline to a median value of 1 one month after treatment (Kruskall-Wallis test p < 0.01). Two-thirds of the patients rated their functional improvement as none or mild.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study confirmed that BTX-A has an anti-spastic effect but its functional impact needs further evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sampaio
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crespo
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ferro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Castro-Caldas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014953:Wrist / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A