title: Transdermal nicotine for mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ulcerative colitis is predominantly a disease of nonsmokers. Transdermal nicotine may help control clinical manifestations of this condition.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy of transdermal nicotine for controlling clinical disease activity in active ulcerative colitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-center clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multispecialty group serving as an academic tertiary referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  64 nonsmoking patients with mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis despite the use of medication.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were stratified on the basis of smoking history, extent of disease, and concomitant medical therapy. After stratification, patients were randomly assigned to daily treatment with transdermal nicotine (n = 31) at the highest tolerated dose (11 mg for 1 week and then < or = 22 mg for 3 weeks) or placebo (n = 33).
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical features were assessed at baseline and 4 weeks by endoscopy, physician assessment, and a patient diary of daily symptoms. Serum concentrations of nicotine were determined by using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, and plasma concentrations of cotinine were measured by using high-performance liquid chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 4 weeks, 12 of 31 patients (39%) who received nicotine showed clinical improvement compared with 3 of 33 patients (9%) who received placebo (P = 0.007). Four patients receiving nicotine discontinued therapy because of side effects (contact dermatitis [n = 2], nausea [n = 1], and acute pancreatitis [n = 1]). At week 4, the nicotine group had a mean (+/-SD) trough serum nicotine concentration of 11.3 +/- 8.4 ng/mL and a mean trough plasma cotinine concentration of 192 +/- 95 ng/mL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transdermal nicotine administered at the highest tolerated dosage (< or = 22 mg/d) for 4 weeks is efficacious for controlling clinical manifestations of mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis.
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Sandborn
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Tremaine
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Offord
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Lawson
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Batts
authors.forename: I T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Croghan
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Hurt
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood; D003877:Dermatitis, Contact / Q000209:etiology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D010919:Placebos; D012074:Remission Induction
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos; D009538:Nicotine; D003367:Cotinine