title: Use of stress-inducible transgenic nematodes as biomarkers of heavy metal pollution in water samples from an english river system.
abstract: Transgenic strains of the nematode Caenorhabditiselegans, which carry stress-inducible lacZ reporter genes, aremeasurably stressed by exposure to heavy metals in aqueous solution. Thisstress response can be quantified, using enzymatic assays for the reportergene-product (Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase), or estimatedapproximately by in situ staining for beta-galactosidase in exposedworms. Stress responses to heavy metals have been demonstrated both inlaboratory tests using Cd2+ or Hg2+, and also in watersamples taken from a metal-polluted river system in southwest England. TheRiver Carnon flows through an area with an ancient mining history,principally for Sn, but also for Cu and other metals; As, Cd, Al, Mn, and Zn,as well as large amounts of Fe, are all present in these ore bodies. Foursites in the Carnon river basin were compared with respect to theirmacroinvertebrate diversity, physical and chemical characteristics (includingthe concentrations of As, Cd, Al, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Fe). Transgenic worms wereexposed to water samples from these four sites, and also to a 0.33%(v/v) dilution of metal-laden minewater from the principal local mine (WhealJane). Transgene expression was induced in all five cases, though markedlyless so for the least polluted of the sites (which also supported a richermacroinvertebrate fauna). Two different transgenic strains were tested inthis study; strain PC72 (using a homologous hsp16 promoter) isslightly more sensitive to most metal-containing water samples than strainCB4027 (using a heterologous Drosophila hsp70 promoter). Bothtransgenic strains and two different assay methods gave essentially similarresults. These findings demonstrate that transgenic nematodes could provide arapid and simple assessment of aquatic pollution, in that the transgeneresponse is inducible by mixtures of dissolved metals at concentrationsactually encountered in metal-polluted watercourses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Mutwakil
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Reader
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Holdich
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Smithurst
authors.lastname: Candido EPM
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Stringham
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: de Pomerai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D015415:Biomarkers; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000187:drug effects*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008670:Metals; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D001616:beta-Galactosidase