title: Gamma delta T lymphocytosis associated with common variable immunodeficiency.
abstract: We present the case of a 28-year-old Caucasian female with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) since age 5 who had a long history of hospitalizations for unexplained fevers and pulmonary infiltrates. The patient developed mild lymphocytosis 7 months prior to our evaluation. Flow cytometry of peripheral blood revealed an expansion of gamma delta T lymphocytes, mild CD4 T lymphocytopenia, and a reduced CD4/CD8 ratio (0.2). Two subpopulations of gamma delta T lymphocytes were found (CD3+/CD4-/CD8+, 47%; CD3+/CD4-/CD8-, 53%), the vast majority of which expressed V-delta 1. An infectious cause for the patient's gamma delta T lymphocytosis could not be found. The sputum was chronically colonized with Staphylococcus aureus, and the organism produced TSST-1 in vitro. A bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) revealed marked lymphocytosis, but gamma delta T lymphocytes were not overrepresented in the BAL. Lymphocyte functional studies revealed poor proliferative responses to mitogens and staphylococcal superantigens and diminished cytokine production. V-delta 1 T lymphocytes from the patient's blood were not expanded in vitro in response to staphylococcal superantigens. TCR gene rearrangement studies confirmed the presence of J gamma and J beta 1 clonal rearrangements accounting for only a small subpopulation of the gamma delta T lymphocytes. These studies were repeated 5 months later and were unchanged. A bone marrow biopsy was negative for leukemia. Hence, the cause of the patient's gamma delta T lymphocytosis could not be determined despite evaluation for underlying malignancy, occult infection, or superantigen-driven stimulation. The patient ultimately died of progressive respiratory insufficiency. The state of current knowledge regarding gamma delta T lymphocytosis, decreased production of alpha beta T lymphocytes, and a low CD4/ CD8 ratio in association with CVID is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Allergy and Immunology, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC 20307, USA.
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Katial
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lieberman
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Muehlbauer
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lust
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Hamilos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D017074:Common Variable Immunodeficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D008218:Lymphocytosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D016692:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta / Q000235:genetics*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000276:immunology; D018089:Superantigens / Q000276:immunology; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004768:Enterotoxins; D016692:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta; D018089:Superantigens; C030107:enterotoxin F, Staphylococcal