title: Oxygen uptake kinetics during low intensity exercise: relevance for rate adaptive pacemaker programming.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish a normal database for oxygen uptake (VO2) kinetics during low intensity treadmill exercise (LITE) testing, to be used as a guideline for programming rate adaptive pacemakers, and to determine its relation to VO2 at anaerobic threshold and peak exercise.
  
  
  METHODS
  VO2 kinetics during LITE were compared with VO2 at anaerobic threshold and at peak exercise.
  
  
  METHODS
  LITE testing is applicable during ambulatory or hospital care and can even be performed by patients with reduced cardiac capacity.
  
  
  METHODS
  60 healthy subjects (23 women, 51.6 (SD 20.4) years; 37 men, 42.2 (16.2) years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Treadmill exercise testing with "breath by breath" gas exchange monitoring using the LITE protocol for steady state, submaximal exercise, and the ramping incremental treadmill exercise (RITE) protocol for peak exercise.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mean response time of VO2, mean oxygen deficit, and VO2 at anaerobic threshold (VO2-AT) and at peak exercise (VO2-peak) were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (1) LITE protocol: mean response time of VO2 = 35.1 (9.9) s; oxygen deficit = 418.3 (47.9) ml; oxygen deficit/VO2 time index = 54.7 (7.4). (2) RITE protocol: VO2-AT = 22.1 (5.7) ml/kg/min; heart rate at anaerobic threshold = 120.1 (3.6) beats/min; VO2-peak = 37.6 (10.7) ml/kg/min; peak heart rate = 167.8 (19.3) beats/min. The mean response time and oxygen deficit/VO2 time index were significantly correlated to VO2-peak and VO2-AT (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VO2 kinetics calculated in healthy controls may serve as a control database for assessing the rate response programming of pacemakers and its influence on VO2 during LITE. Because aerobic capacity below the anaerobic threshold is more likely to represent activity in daily life and the kinetics of VO2 are significantly related to VO2 at anaerobic threshold and peak exercise, LITE may provide a clinically useful correlate to peak exercise testing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine-Cardiology, University of Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lewalter
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rickli
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: MacCarter
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schimpf
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schwartze
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Candinas
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lüderitz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D012016:Reference Values