title: Evidence for the rapid onset of apoptosis in medial smooth muscle cells after balloon injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vascular myocyte apoptotic cell death has been reported in human atherectomy and endarterectomy specimens and for neointimal smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in balloon-injured rat carotid arteries between 7 and 30 days after injury. However, the immediate effect of balloon injury on medial SMC viability has not been examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rat carotid arteries were harvested at the time of balloon injury (T = 0) and at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 hours after injury. Uninjured vessels or vessels harvested at the time of injury (T = 0) did not display evidence of apoptosis. However, as early as 30 minutes after injury, 70% of medial SMCs appeared apoptotic by TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) analysis and by the appearance of condensed chromatin. High frequencies of TUNEL-positive cells were also observed at 1 and 2 hours after injury but not at 4 hours. Transmission electron microscopy revealed many cells with morphological characteristics of apoptosis in the injured sections. A marked decrease in bcl-X expression was detected in the most luminal layers of the media. To corroborate these findings in a second animal model, rabbit external iliac arteries were analyzed after balloon angioplasty. Apoptotic cell death was evident in rabbit arteries at 30 minutes and at 4 hours after injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As early as 30 minutes after balloon injury, myocytes appear to undergo apoptotic cell death at a high frequency as shown by TUNEL staining, chromatin condensation, and the appearance of morphological features in electron micrographs. The induction of apoptosis coincides with a marked downregulation of bcl-X expression.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Research, St Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02135-2997, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Perlman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maillard
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krasinski
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Walsh
mesh_terms: D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D015415:Biomarkers; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D020212:Carotid Artery Injuries; D002843:Chromatin / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004691:Endarterectomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007083:Iliac Artery / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012016:Reference Values; D013997:Time Factors; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051020:bcl-X Protein
chemical_list: C494811:BCL2L1 protein, human; C494813:Bcl2l1 protein, rat; D015415:Biomarkers; D002843:Chromatin; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051020:bcl-X Protein