title: Blocking mechanisms of ketamine and its enantiomers in enzymatically demyelinated peripheral nerve as revealed by single-channel experiments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ketamine shows, besides its general anesthetic effect, a local anesthetic-like action that is due to blocking of peripheral nerve sodium currents. In this study, the stereoselectivity of the blocking effects of the ketamine enantiomers S(+) and R(-) was investigated in sodium and potassium channels in peripheral nerve membranes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ion channel blockade of ketamine was investigated in enzymatically dissociated Xenopus sciatic nerves in multiple-channel and in single-channel outside-out patches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concentration-effect curves for the Na+ peak current revealed half-maximal inhibiting concentrations (IC50) of 347 microM and 291 microM for S(+) and R(-) ketamine, respectively. The potential-dependent K+ current was less sensitive than the Na+ current with IC50 values of 982 microM and 942 microM. The most sensitive ion channel was the flickering background K+ channel, with IC50 values of 168 microM and 146 microM for S(+) and R(-) ketamine. Competition experiments suggest one binding site at the flicker K+ channel, with specific binding affinities for each of the enantiomers. For the Na+ channel, the block was weaker in acidic (pH = 6.6) than in neutral (pH = 7.4) and basic (pH = 8.2) solutions; for the flicker K+ channel, the block was weaker in acidic and stronger in basic solutions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ketamine blockade of sodium and potassium channels in peripheral nerve membranes shows no stereoselectivity except for the flicker K+ channel, which showed a very weak stereoselectivity in favor of the R(-) form. This potential-insensitive flicker K+ channel may contribute to the resting potential. Block of this channel and subsequent depolarization of the resting membrane potential leads, besides to direct Na+ channel block, to inexcitability via Na+ channel inactivation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany. michaele.breau@chiru.med.uni-giessen.de
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bräu
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hempelmann
mesh_terms: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers; D007649:Ketamine