title: Implantable biodegradable polymers for IUdR radiosensitization of experimental human malignant glioma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The potential of halogenated pyrimidines for the radiosensitization of human malignant gliomas remains unrealized. To assess the role of local delivery for radiosensitization, we tested a synthetic, implantable biodegradable polymer for the controlled release of 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (IUdR) both in vitro and in vivo and the resultant radiosensitization of human malignant glioma xenografts in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro: To measure release, increasing (10%, 30%, 50%) proportions (weight/weight) of IUdR in the polyanhydride [(poly(bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)-propane) (PCPP): sebacic acid (SA) (PCPP : SA ratio 20:80)] polymer discs were incubated (1 ml phosphate-buffered saline, 37 degrees C). The supernatant fractions were serially assayed using high performance liquid chromatography. To measure modulation of release, polymer discs were co-loaded with 20 microCi 5-125-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (125-IUdR) and increasing (10%, 30%, or 50%) proportions of D-glucose. To test radiosensitization, cells (U251 human malignant glioma) were sequentially exposed to increasing (0 or 10 microM) concentrations of IUdR and increasing (0, 2.5, 5.0, or 10 Gy) doses of acute radiation. In vivo. To measure release, PCPP : SA polymer discs having 200 microCi 125-IUdR were surgically placed in U251 xenografts (0.1-0.2 cc) growing in the flanks of nude mice. The flanks were reproducibly positioned over a collimated scintillation detector and counted. To measure radiosensitization, PCPP : SA polymer discs having 0% (empty) or 50% IUdR were placed in the tumor or contralateral flank. After five days, the tumors were acutely irradiated (500 cGy x 2 daily fractions).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro: Intact IUdR was released from the PCPP : SA polymer discs in proportion to the percentage loading. After 4 days the cumulative percentages of loaded IUdR that were released were 43.7 +/- 0.1, 70.0 +/- 0.2, and 90.2 +/- 0.2 (p < 0.001 ANOVA) for the 10, 30, and 50% loadings. With 0, 10, 30, or 50% D-glucose co-loading, the cumulative release of 125-IUdR from PCPP : SA polymers was 21, 70, 92, or 97% (p < 0.001), respectively, measured 26 days after incubation. IUdR radiosensitized U251 cells in vitro. Cell survival (log10) was -2.02 +/- 0.02 and -3.68 +/- 0.11 (p < 0.001) after the 10 Gy treatment and no (control) or 10 microM IUdR exposures, respectively. In vivo: 125-IUdR Release: The average counts (log10 cpm +/- SEM) (hours after implant) were 5.2 +/- 0.05 (0.5), 4.3 +/- 0.07 (17), 3.9 +/- 0.08 (64), and 2.8 +/- 0.06 (284). Radiosensitization: After intratumoral implantation of empty polymer or intratumoral 50% IUdR polymer, or implantation of 50% IUdR polymers contralateral to tumors the average growth delays of tumors to 4 times the initial volumes were 15.4 +/- 1.8, 20.1 + 0.1, and 20.3 + 3.6 (mean + SEM) days, respectively (p = 0.488 one-way ANOVA). After empty polymer and radiation treatments, no tumors regressed and the growth delay was 31.1 + 2.1 (p = 0.046 vs. empty polymer alone) days. After implantation of 50% IUdR polymers either contralateral to the tumors or inside the tumors, followed by radiation, tumors regressed; growth delays to return to the initial average volumes of 14.0 + 3.6 or 24.2 + 0.2 (p < 0.01) days, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Synthetic, implantable biodegradable polymers hold promise for the controlled release and local delivery of IUdR for radiosensitization of gliomas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, Baltimore, MD 21287-5001, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Dillehay
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tabassi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sipos
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fahlman
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brem
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D003652:Decanoic Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D004343:Drug Implants; D005910:Glioma / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D007065:Idoxuridine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D003652:Decanoic Acids; D004343:Drug Implants; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D007065:Idoxuridine