title: Epidural analgesia following upper abdominal surgery: United Kingdom practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidural Analgesia (EA) may be used to provide pain relief after upper abdominal surgery. A variety of drugs and combinations may be used. Potential side effects lead some to believe EA should be restricted to high care areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  The use of EA following upper abdominal surgery is surveyed in 214 hospitals in the United Kingdom by means of a postal questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-seven percent use EA frequently and 3% not at all. The low thoracic site is the most commonly used, by 65%. Forty-eight percent use a combination of sites. EA is most frequently achieved using a mixture of an opioid and a local anaesthetic (97%). No other agents are used. Fentanyl and diamorphine are the opioids used most widely (61% and 52% departments, respectively) in combination with local anaesthetic. Subcutaneous heparin is regularly used in 89% of departments. In 43%, the epidural is sited shortly after administering heparin. Use of EA is restricted solely to intensive or high-care units in 46% of hospitals. In 82% of departments, EA is continued for up to 72 h. Ninety-six percent of departments use continuous epidural infusions in the post-operative period. Adjunct analgesia includes non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in 50% of departments. An anaesthetist supervises EA in 89% of hospitals. EA is considered to be the best mode of analgesia available by 80% of respondents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EA is widely used in the United Kingdom following upper abdominal surgery. A degree of consensus exists on the choice of drug types, their method of administration and duration. There is no consensus as to whether the technique should be used on a general ward, which opioid should be used or the timing of heparin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Royal United Hospital, Bath, UK.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Eaton
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Goodwin
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery*; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local