title: Potentiation of the antiangiogenic ability of linomide by androgen ablation involves down-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in human androgen-responsive prostatic cancers.
abstract: Linomide is a p.o. active antiangiogenic agent that has been demonstrated to be effective in suppressing the in vivo growth of rat and human prostatic cancer xenografts. The present studies were conducted to determine whether the angiogenic molecules, vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor (VEGF/VPF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) are expressed in vitro by DU-145, PC-3, TSU-PR1, and LnCaP human prostate cancer cell lines and whether Linomide inhibits the secretion of these angiogenic molecules. Additionally, two different androgen-responsive human prostatic cancer xenograft models (i.e., PC-82 and A-2) were used to determine whether androgen ablation-induced reduction in tumor growth is associated with a reduction in tumor VEGF and/or bFGF levels. These studies demonstrated that both VEGF and bFGF proteins are expressed to different degrees in the human prostatic cancer cell lines. The secretion of VEGF but not bFGF is up-regulated by hypoxia. Linomide is unable to inhibit either basal or hypoxia-induced secretion of VEGF. Linomide also has no effect on secreted bFGF levels. Castration inhibited tumor VEGF but had no effect on bFGF levels in both the androgen-responsive PC-82 and A-2 human prostatic cancers when grown in severe combined immunodeficient mice. When given in combination, castration potentiated the inhibition of tumor growth induced by Linomide alone. This potentiation is not due to a further inhibition in tumor VEGF levels induced by castration. Although both castration and Linomide inhibit angiogenesis, the former accomplishes it by inhibiting VEGF secretion, whereas the latter has multiple effects at several steps in the angiogenic process other than VEGF secretion. Based on their different but complementary mechanisms of action, simultaneous combination of androgen ablation with Linomide enhances the anti-prostatic cancer efficacy compared to either monotherapies alone and warrants testing in humans.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
authors.forename: I B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Isaacs
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D000728:Androgens; D000818:Animals; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D006912:Hydroxyquinolines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009919:Orchiectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D006912:Hydroxyquinolines; D008222:Lymphokines; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; C045282:roquinimex