title: Extrinsic innervation of the cat prostate gland: a combined tracing and immunohistochemical study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present study was to determine the peripheral neural pathways, spinal distribution, sizes, and peptide transmitter content of primary afferent and autonomic efferent neurons that innervate the prostate gland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrograde transport of the fluorescent dye "fast blue" (injected into the prostate gland) was combined with neurotransmitter immunohistochemistry. Lesions of the pelvic and pudendal nerve were used to determine the peripheral neural pathways.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of the afferent innervation arose from the sacral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and was equally comprised of small, substance P- and calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive (IR) neurons and large, non-IR neurons. The majority (70%) of the afferent axons traversed the pelvic nerve with the remainder traversing the pudendal nerve. Fewer afferent neurons were located in lumbar DRG; nearly all of these were small, peptidergic neurons. Efferent autonomic neurons were located in the inferior mesenteric ganglia (IMG), sympathetic chain ganglia (SCG), and pelvic plexus ganglia (PPG). Nearly all efferent neurons in the IMG and SCG, but only 2/3 of the PPG neurons, contained dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Substantial neuropeptide Y innervation was derived from the SCG but not the IMG or PPG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  First, clinical reports suggested that sensory innervation of the prostate would be purely nociceptive in nature (implied by small, peptide-IR neurons). However, the present study suggests that there may also be a substantial, presumably non-nociceptive, afferent innervation (implied by findings of large, non-IR neurons). Second, 3 sources of autonomic efferent innervation exist, each being different in the distribution of transmitter phenotypes. Understanding the physiological role of putative non-nociceptive primary afferent neurons, and the differential roles of the various autonomic neurons, is likely to be important in developing therapies for the treatment of prostatic diseases, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatodynia.
authors.affiliation: Division of CNS Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Danuser
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Springer
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Katofiasc
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Thor
mesh_terms: D000578:Amidines; D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000737:chemistry; D009476:Neurons, Efferent / Q000737:chemistry; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000032:analysis; D010525:Peripheral Nerves; D011467:Prostate / Q000294:innervation*
chemical_list: D000578:Amidines; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D009479:Neuropeptides; C031455:diamidino compound 253-50