title: Surveillance for silicosis, 1993--Illinois, Michigan, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Texas, and Wisconsin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Silicosis is an occupational respiratory disease caused by the inhalation of respirable dust containing crystalline silica. Public health surveillance programs to identify workers at risk for silicosis and target workplace-specific and other prevention efforts are currently being field-tested in seven U.S. states.
  
  
  METHODS
  Confirmed cases ascertained by state health departments during the period January 1, 1993, through December 31, 1993; the cases and associated workplaces were followed through December 1994.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of the Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks (SENSOR) program initiated by CDC's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), development of state-based surveillance and intervention programs for silicosis was initiated in 1987 in Michigan, New Jersey, Ohio, and Wisconsin and in 1992 in Illinois, North Carolina, and Texas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From January 1, 1993, through December 2, 1994, the SENSOR silicosis programs in Illinois, Michigan, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Texas, and Wisconsin confirmed 256 cases of silicosis that were initially ascertained in 1993. Overall, 185 (72%) were initially identified through review of hospital discharge data or through hospital reports of silicosis diagnoses; 188 (73%) were associated with silica exposure in manufacturing industries (e.g., foundries; stone, clay, glass, and concrete manufacturers; and industrial and commercial machinery manufacture). Overall, 42 (16%) cases were associated with silica exposure from sandblasting operations. Among the 193 confirmed cases for which information was available about duration of employment in jobs with potential exposure to silica, 37 (19%) were employed < or = 10 years in such jobs and 156 (81%) were employed > or = 11 years. A total of 192 primary workplaces associated with potentially hazardous silica exposures were identified for the 256 confirmed silicosis cases. Of these, nine (5%) workplaces were inspected by state health department (SHD) industrial hygienists, 19 (10%) were referred to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) for follow-up, and seven (4%) were routinely monitored by the Mine Safety and Health Administration. Of the 157 (82%) remaining workplaces, follow-up activities determined that 82 were no longer in operation, eight were no longer using silica, 18 were assigned a lower priority for follow-up, six were associated with building trades and could not be inspected because of the transient nature of work in the construction industry, and 43 workplaces were not inspected for other reasons. Fourteen (7%) of the 192 workplaces were inspected. At 10 of the 14 workplaces, airborne levels of crystalline silica were measured; in nine, silica levels exceeded the NIOSH-recommended exposure level of 0.05 mg/m, and in six, airborne silica levels also exceeded federal permissible exposure limits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Employee-specific and other preventive interventions have been initiated in response to reported cases. In addition, special silicosis prevention projects have been initiated in Michigan, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Texas, and Wisconsin. To facilitate the implementation of silicosis surveillance by other states, efforts are ongoing to identify and standardize core data needed by surveillance programs to describe cases and the workplaces where exposure occurred. These core variables will be incorporated into a user-friendly software system that states can use for data collection and reporting.
authors.affiliation: Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, IL, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maxfield
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alo
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rosenman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kalinowski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stanbury
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Valiante
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Randolph
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Socie
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gromen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Migliozzi
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Willis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schnitzer
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Perrotta
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gruetzmacher
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Jajosky
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Castellan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Game
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007087:Illinois / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D009515:New Jersey / Q000453:epidemiology; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D009820:Ohio / Q000453:epidemiology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012307:Risk Factors; D012829:Silicosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013781:Texas / Q000453:epidemiology; D014922:Wisconsin / Q000453:epidemiology