title: Extracellular melibiose and fructose are intermediates in raffinose catabolism during fermentation to ethanol by engineered enteric bacteria.
abstract: Contrary to general concepts of bacterial saccharide metabolism, melibiose (25 to 32 g/liter) and fructose (5 to 14 g/liter) accumulated as extracellular intermediates during the catabolism of raffinose (O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-1, 6-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-fructofuranoside) (90 g/liter) by ethanologenic recombinants of Escherichia coli B, Klebsiella oxytoca M5A1, and Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16. Both hydrolysis products (melibiose and fructose) were subsequently transported and further metabolized by all three organisms. Raffinose catabolism was initiated by beta-fructosidase; melibiose was subsequently hydrolyzed to galactose and glucose by alpha-galactosidase. Glucose and fructose were completely metabolized by all three organisms, but galactose accumulated in the fermentation broth with EC16(pLOI555) and P2. MM2 (a raffinose-positive E. coli mutant) was the most effective biocatalyst for ethanol production (38 g/liter) from raffinose. All organisms rapidly fermented sucrose (90 g/liter) to ethanol (48 g/liter) at more than 90% of the theoretical yield. During sucrose catabolism, both hydrolysis products (glucose and fructose) were metabolized concurrently by EC16(pLOI555) and P2 without sugar leakage. However, fructose accumulated extracellularly (27 to 28 g/liter) at early stages of fermentation with KO11 and MM2. Sequential utilization of glucose and fructose correlated with a diauxie in base utilization (pH maintenance). The mechanism of sugar escape remains unknown but may involve downhill leakage via permease which transports precursor saccharides or novel sugar export proteins. If sugar escape occurs in nature with wild organisms, it could facilitate the development of complex bacterial communities which are based on the sequence of saccharide catabolism and the hierarchy of sugar utilization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moniruzzaman
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: York
authors.forename: L O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Ingram
mesh_terms: D016974:Dickeya chrysanthemi / Q000378:metabolism; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000378:metabolism; D000431:Ethanol / Q000378:metabolism*; D005285:Fermentation; D005632:Fructose / Q000378:metabolism*; D005818:Genetic Engineering; D007709:Klebsiella / Q000378:metabolism; D008553:Melibiose / Q000378:metabolism*; D011887:Raffinose / Q000378:metabolism*; D013395:Sucrose / Q000378:metabolism; D017355:Zymomonas / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005632:Fructose; D000431:Ethanol; D013395:Sucrose; D008553:Melibiose; D011887:Raffinose