title: A negative regulatory region containing a glucocorticosteroid response element (nGRE) in the human interleukin-1beta gene.
abstract: Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) is one of the most important inflammatory mediators in human inflammatory and immunological diseases. The regulation of human IL-1beta gene expression has been studied for several years, and a few regulatory elements have been discovered in the promoter region. However, little is known about negative regulation of IL-1beta expression at the transcriptional level, which may play an important role in anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. We have identified a negative regulatory element located in the region between -685 and -395. Within this region, a 19-bp nuclear factor binding site (-570 to -552) was characterized by DNase I footprinting and electromobility shift assay. A consensus sequence for a negative glucocorticoid response element (nGRE) and a transcription activator protein-2 binding site were noted within this footprint. Functional studies showed a 2.5-fold increase in promoter activity when this 19-bp binding site was deleted in the reporter constructs IL-1beta/CAT and IL-1beta/SV40 promoter/CAT. Dexamethasone (10(-8) M) repressed chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) production by 75% in the wild-type fragment but not in a deletion mutant lacking the 19-bp site. A protein of about 150 kD that bound to this negative regulatory sequence was identified by UV cross-linking. This is the first description of a negative regulatory region responsive to glucocorticoids in a cytokine gene.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics & the Metabolic Research Unit, University of California San Francisco, 94143-0978, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Duff
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites; D002457:Cell Extracts; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus; D018983:DNA Footprinting; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009000:Monocytes; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics*; D050656:Transcription Factor AP-2; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D002457:Cell Extracts; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007375:Interleukin-1; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D050656:Transcription Factor AP-2; D014157:Transcription Factors; D003907:Dexamethasone