title: Children with headache: clinical predictors of surgical space-occupying lesions and the role of neuroimaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine clinical predictors useful in differentiation of surgical lesions from medically treated disorders and the role of neuroimaging in children with headache. MATERIALS' AND METHODS: In a 4-year retrospective study, 315 patients with headache and no known neurologic disorder underwent brain magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Sixty-nine patients also underwent brain computed tomography (CT). Clinical data were correlated with findings from MR imaging and CT and the final diagnosis by means of logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen (4%) patients had surgical space-occupying lesions. Seven independent multivariate predictors of a surgical lesion were identified. Sleep-related headache and no family history of migraine were the strongest predictors. Other predictors included vomiting, absence of visual symptoms, headache of less than 6 months duration, confusion, and abnormal neurologic examination findings. A positive correlation between number of predictors and risk of surgical lesion was noted (P < .0001). No difference between MR imaging and CT was noted in detection of surgical space-occupying lesions, and there were no false-positive or false-negative surgical lesions detected with either modality on the basis of clinical follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children at high risk on the basis of these criteria usually require neuroimaging, while children at low risk may be safely followed up clinically without neuroimaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Pinter
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zurakowski
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuban
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Barnes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016080:Arachnoid Cysts / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D016015:Logistic Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed