title: Progenitor-cell mobilization after low-dose cyclophosphamide and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor: an analysis of progenitor-cell quantity and quality and factors predicting for these parameters in 101 pretreated patients with malignant lymphoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define parameters that predict for rapid engraftment after peripheral-blood stem-cell (PBSC) transplantation, progenitor thresholds, the proportion of patients who achieve these thresholds with a standardized mobilization regimen, and the factors that predict for mobilization efficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and one patients with pretreated lymphoma were mobilized with cyclophosphamide 1.5 g/m2 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), with the first apheresis performed when the recovery WBC count was > or = 5.0 x 10(9)/L. The relationship between the number of progenitor cells collected and patient age, sex, diagnosis, prior radiotherapy, and time since last chemotherapy was determined by multivariate analysis. The relationship between these factors, progenitor numbers returned, post-PBSC G-CSF, and hematologic recovery was performed in 81 patients following chemotherapy with carmustine (BCNU), etoposide, cytarabine, and melphalan (BEAM protocol).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No BEAM recipients had delayed neutrophil recovery beyond 28 days. Delayed platelet recovery occurred in 7.4% and minimum and optimum thresholds of 1 x 10(6) and 3.5 x 10(6) CD34+ cells/kg and 1 x 10(5) and 3.5 x 10(5) granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells (GM-CFC)/kg were established. Hematologic recovery was adversely affected by prior treatment with mini-BEAM, and neutrophil recovery was accelerated by post-PBSC G-CSF. The minimum GM-CFC threshold was achieved with a single apheresis in 83% of patients and in 90% with two aphereses. The optimal threshold was achieved with two leukaphereses in 69% of patients. Prior radiotherapy adversely affected mobilization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hematopoietic recovery following PBSC is dependent on progenitor-cell number infused and affect of previous chemotherapy on progenitor quality. Progenitor-cell mobilization is adversely affected by prior radiotherapy. The minimum threshold of GM-CFC required is achieved in most patients with a single apheresis, but an optimal collection usually requires at least two harvests.
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology, University College London Medical School, United Kingdom. michael.watts@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jamieson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pearce
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fielding
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Devereux
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Goldstone
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Linch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018952:Antigens, CD34; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D007937:Leukapheresis; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D018952:Antigens, CD34; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D003520:Cyclophosphamide