title: In vivo imaging of nitrous oxide-induced changes in cerebral activation during noxious heat stimuli.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although previous studies have provided some insight into the pharmacologic aspects of nitrous oxide analgesia, the neural circuits mediating its antinociceptive effect remain relatively unexplored. Position emission tomography was used in nine volunteers to identify the loci of nitrous oxide-modulated cerebral responses to a peripheral noxious stimulus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nitrous oxide-pain interactions were studied by comparing regional cerebral blood flow responses to a 48 degrees C tonic heat stimulus, applied to each volunteer's left forearm, during room air inhalation with those obtained while 20% nitrous oxide was administered. Two cerebral blood flow scans were obtained with the 15O-water technique during each condition. Locations of specific regional activation related to pain, and nitrous oxide, were identified using the statistical parametric mapping method, with a significance level of P < 0.01. Pain was rated by visual analog scale and the values were compared using Wilcoxon rank sum analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain produced cerebral activation in the contralateral thalamus, anterior cingulate, and supplementary motor area. Adding nitrous oxide during pain stimulation abolished activation in these areas but was associated with activation in the contralateral infralimbic and orbitofrontal cortices. In parallel, mean visual analog scale scores decreased significantly from 67 +/- 4 (SEM) to 54 +/- 5 (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nitrous oxide, at 20% concentration, appears to modulate pain processing in the brain's medial pain system, and also activates the infralimbic and orbitofrontal cortices. The potential contribution of the affected brain areas to nitrous oxide analgesia is discussed.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Gyulai
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Firestone
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mintun
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Winter
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006361:Heating; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010104:Oxygen Radioisotopes; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D013569:Synapses / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D010104:Oxygen Radioisotopes; D005947:Glucose; D009609:Nitrous Oxide