title: The amino-terminal residues in the crystal structure of connective tissue activating peptide-III (des10) block the ELR chemotactic sequence.
abstract: alpha-Chemokines comprise a family of cytokines that are chemotactic for neutrophils and have a structure similar to platelet factor 4 (PF4), in which the first two cysteine residues are separated by one residue (Cys-X-Cys). The two alpha-chemokines, connective tissue activating peptide-III (CTAP-III) and neutrophil activating peptide-2 (NAP-2), are carboxyl-terminal fragments of platelet basic protein (PBP) that are generated by monocyte-derived proteases. NAP-2 strongly stimulates neutrophils that are present during inflammation whereas its precursors, PBP and CTAP-III, are inactive, although they also possess the highly conserved, amino-terminal sequence, Glu-Leu-Arg (ELR), that is critical for receptor binding. To resolve this conundrum, we have determined the crystal structure of recombinant Asp-CTAP, which has ten fewer amino-terminal residues than CTAP-III but five more than NAP-2. The space group is P2(1)with unit cell dimensions a = 43.8 A, b = 76.8 A, c = 43.8 A, and beta =97.0 degrees, and a tetramer in the asymmetric unit. The molecular replacement method, with the NAP-2 tetramer as a starting model, was used to determine the initial phase information. The final R-factor is 0.196 (Rfree = 0.251) for 2sigma data from 7.0 to 1.75 A resolution. This high-resolution model of Asp-CTAP is the longest defined structure of an alpha-chemokine to date. The electron density map shows an over-all structure for Asp-CTAP that is very similar to that of NAP-2, but with the additional five amino-terminal residues folding back through a type-II turn, thereby stabilizing the oligomeric "inactive" state, and masking the critical ELR receptor binding region that is exposed in the structure of NAP-2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Wayne State University, Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Malkowski
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lazar
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Edwards
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D001620:beta-Thromboglobulin
chemical_list: D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors; C061615:PPBP protein, human; D010455:Peptides; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D001620:beta-Thromboglobulin; C009862:connective tissue-activating peptide; C018329:low affinity platelet factor 4