title: Treatment selections of 239 patients with blepharospasm and Meige syndrome over 11 years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A retrospective review of 239 patients with benign essential blepharospasm and Meige syndrome was performed in order to determine patients' long term treatment preferences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 239 patients evaluated, 228 received local injections of botulinum toxin, type A, into the eyelid and facial musculature over 11 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 228 patients, 202 (72.1%) were still treated with botulinum toxin, type A. Eighteen patients (6.9%) no longer received botulinum toxin injections and sought no other treatment. Five patients (2.2%) had apparent remission of their disease after injection. Three patients (1.3%) ultimately obtained relief from orbicularis muscle extirpative surgery and required no additional treatment. Two of the 11 patients (4.6%) who chose not to receive botulinum toxin injections were successfully treated with other modalities: psychotherapy (one patient) and oral haloperidol (one patient).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While botulinum toxin is the most highly effective treatment for benign essential blepharospasm and Meige syndrome over a long period of time, adjunctive oral drug therapy, including minor tranquillisers as well as eyelid surgery, may augment its effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, UMDNJ, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mauriello
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dhillon
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Leone
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pakeman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mostafavi
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Yepez
mesh_terms: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D001764:Blepharospasm / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008538:Meige Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009126:Muscle Relaxation; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A