title: Plasma bupivacaine concentrations associated with continuous extradural infusions in babies.
abstract: The maximum recommended dose for extradural infusions of bupivacaine in children older than 1 month is 0.5 mg kg-1 h-1 but there are few specific reports of the associated blood concentrations during infusions in babies. Toxic symptoms can occur in children at plasma concentrations of bupivacaine as low as 2 micrograms ml-1. We attempted to measure venous plasma concentrations of total and free bupivacaine in babies aged 3-12 months during extradural infusions given at a rate commonly used in our hospital. We studied eight babies (mean age 33 weeks; mean weight 7.8 kg). After a mean initial dose of 1.2 mg kg-1 (range 1.1-1.3 mg kg-1), bupivacaine was infused at a mean rate of 0.38 (0.36-0.39) mg kg-1 h-1 for a mean of 31 (4-44) h. Blood was obtained at 4, 8, 16, 24, 32 and 40 h after starting the infusion and plasma separated by centrifugation. Total plasma bupivacaine concentration was measured using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Plasma concentrations of total bupivacaine were mostly less than 2 micrograms ml-1. One baby had a concentration of 2.02 micrograms ml-1 at 32 h and showed clear evidence of accumulation of bupivacaine. Babies can accumulate bupivacaine and achieve plasma concentrations above the threshold for toxic side effects, despite infusion rates below the currently accepted maximum. The samples size in our study was small but we believe an extradural infusion rate of 0.375 mg kg-1 h-1 is probably an absolute maximum for babies younger than 12 months.
authors.affiliation: Royal Hospital for Sick Children, St Michael's Hill, Bristol.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Peutrell
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Holder
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gregory
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011184:Postoperative Period
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine