title: Free neurovascular transfer of latissimus dorsi muscle to the bladder. I. Experimental studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Experimental studies were undertaken to investigate the practicability of a microneurovascular transfer of latissimus dorsi muscle to the bladder, and to look for possible techniques enhancing evacuation of a reservoir such as the bladder by striated muscle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve dogs were used for the studies. They were divided into 3 groups. Group I: Evacuation proficiency of a re-configured latissimus dorsi under tension was hydrodynamically tested after 6 months. Group II: Microneurovascular latissimus dorsi transposition anastomosing thoracodorsal vessels and nerve to circumflexa ilium profunda vessels and a lumbar plexus motor nerve, respectively, was performed to cover the bladder devoid of up to 50% of the detrusor muscle. Group III: Microneurovascular latissimus dorsi transposition was used to reconstruct the bladder after supratrigonal cystectomy. Urodynamic and radiographic in vivo studies were done after 6 and 9 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stimulation of the thoracodorsal nerve of geometrically reconfigurated non-transposed latissimus dorsi reservoirs after 6 months yielded average intraluminar pressures of 190 cm. H2O at maximum capacity, and 35 cm. H2O at a minimum capacity of 10 to 15 cc. Stimulation of latissimus dorsi transposed to the bladder resulted in a visible and measurable contraction of the transplanted muscle after 9 months. Mean bladder volumes in group II animals pre- and postoperatively were 267.5 and 270 cc, respectively. During cystography the bladder outline was smooth both during filling and voiding. Light and electron microscopic examination confirmed viable, re-innervated muscle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The "tension-torsion" reconfiguration produced intraluminal pressures which should enable stimulated striated muscle to evacuate bladder-like reservoirs successfully. Microneurovascular free transfer of latissimus dorsi muscle resulted in reinnervated, functional muscle in the pelvis. Augmentation cystoplasty using the latissimus dorsi in conjunction with a free omental flap for substitution of an accompanying mucosal defect was unsuccessful. The concept of microneurovascular transfer of latissimus dorsi muscle to the pelvis may be used for complicated fistula of the lower urinary tract, and may be a possible solution for the therapy resistent acontractile bladder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stenzl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ninkovic
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Willeit
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Feichtinger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schwabegger
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Colleselli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pavelka
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ander
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bartsch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D014563:Urodynamics