title: Alkalinization is ineffective for severe hyperkalemia in nonnephrectomized dogs. Hyperkalemia Research Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether alkalinization with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) in near-lethal hyperkalemia either lowers potassium (K) rapidly or shortens duration of cardiac conduction disturbances.
  
  
  METHODS
  A controlled canine laboratory investigation of 3 treatments for severe hyperkalemia. Conditioned dogs (n = 8; 17-30 kg) received, in random order, 2 mmol/kg of each of 3 treatments (matched in sodium and water) in separate experiments > or = 1 week apart: 1.05% NaHCO3 over 60 minutes (infusion therapy); 8.4% NaHCO3 over 5 minutes, then 14 mL/kg sterile water over 55 minutes (bolus therapy); 8.4% NaCl over 5 minutes, then 14 mL/kg sterile water over 55 minutes (saline therapy). Prior to administering one of the above therapies, the animals were anesthetized with 0.5-2.5% isoflurane and ventilated to maintain a normal PCO2. After 30 minutes of equilibration, 2 mmol/kg/hr (loading dose) of a 2-mmol/mL KCl solution was given until idioventricular or relative junctional bradycardic dysrhythmias were sustained for 15 minutes. Then KCl was decreased to 1 mmol/kg/hr (maintenance dose) for 2 hours and 45 minutes. Treatment was begun after 45 minutes of maintenance KCl infusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pretreatment K level (all studies) was 9.06 +/- 0.82 mmol/L (mean +/- SD). Although the mean K level decreased more after saline therapy than after bolus therapy at every time, differences were neither statistically significant nor clinically important during the first 30 minutes. The means of the differences in decreases (saline minus bolus) were small, 0.26 (95% CI, -0.48 to 1.00) at 15 minutes, 0.16 (95% CI, -0.67 to 0.98) at 30 minutes. Dysrhythmia duration was shorter with bolus therapy than for saline therapy in only 1 of 5 dogs (p = 0.38).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypertonic saline bolus lowered plasma K as effectively as NaHCO3 bolus in this animal model within the first 30 minutes. Clinically meaningful decreases due to alkalinization alone within 30 minutes are unlikely.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA. kaplanj@aehn2.einstein.edu
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Braitman
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Dalsey
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mangione
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D006947:Hyperkalemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate