title: [Intraosseous puncture in preclincal emergency medicine. Experiences of an air rescue service].
abstract: In prehospital emergency treatment, the timely establishment of a secure vascular access, especially in infants and small children, can be difficult or even impossible. An alternative to the puncture of peripheral or central veins is intraosseous (IO) puncture However, experience with this method in prehospital emergency medicine within the Federal Republic of Germany is extremely limited at present. After intensive theoretical and practical training of our trauma anaesthesiologists, IO puncture was introduced in our rescue helicopter program "Christoph 22" as an alternative to peripheral or central venous puncture in the prehospital treatment of patients up to 6 years of age. IO puncture is indicated after a maximum of three failed peripheral venous puncture attempts. The purpose of this study was to collect data and summarise first-hand experience on the prehospital use of the IO method as well as the practicability of our prescribed IO puncture algorithm in order to subject them to critical review and evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A restrospective study by the rescue helicopter service "Christoph 22" was carried out for the period 1 June 1993-31 August 1995.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a total of 1,455 primary rescue missions flown, the proportion of patients < and = 6 years of age, was 6.2% (n = 90). Ten patients in this partial collective (11.1%) were subjected to IO puncture (Fig. 3). In all of these cases (10/10), the first IO puncture attempt was successful. A standardized puncture technique was performed using the proximal tibia. The time required to successful placement of the IO infusion line was < and = 60 s in all cases. Complications, especially incorrect needle position, did not occur during the study period. Materials infused by IO infusion before hospitalisation included crystalloids (Lactated Ringer's, Päd OP) as well as colloids (hydroxyethylstarch, human albumin), adrenaline, atropine, ketamine, thiopentone, diazepam, fentanyl, succinylcholine, and vecuronium (Table 3). Prehospital induction of general anaesthesia using the IO infusion line was required by 2/10 children; dosage and onset of administered drugs was described by the trauma anaesthesiologists as being similar to that using an i.v. infusion line. Seven of the patients had been treated prior to the arrival of the rescue helicopter team by other emergency medical personnel; in all of these cases multiple peripheral and in 3 additional central venous puncture attempts had failed (duration of attempts: 10-50 min). Upon arrival of the rescue helicopter, 5 of these patients had been pulseless and non-breathing (Table 2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The IO infusion technique has proven to be a simple, fast, and safe alternative method of emergent access to the vascular system.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Ulm.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Helm
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Breschinski
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lampl
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Frey
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Bock
mesh_terms: D000401:Aircraft; D002404:Catheterization; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000628:therapy
vernacular_title: Die intraossäre Punktion in der prälkinischen Notfallmedizin. Praktische Erfahrungen aus dem Luftrettungsdienst.