title: Vesicoureteral reflux and ureteropelvic junction obstruction: association, treatment options and outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the association, treatment options and outcomes of patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction and concomitant vesicoureteral reflux.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 6,790 consecutive pediatric urology records at our university. Treatment options included observation, and primary pyeloplasty, ureteroneocystostomy and nephroureterectomy. Hydronephrosis, reflux and obstruction were judged as resolved, improved, unchanged or worse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1,140 patients had vesicoureteral reflux, 224 had ureteropelvic junction obstruction and 41 had both conditions (39 ipsilateral and 6 contralateral kidneys). There was no increased risk of obstruction in patients with reflux when all grades of reflux were grouped (odds ratio 1.26, confidence interval 0.91 to 1.71). In contrast, subgroup analysis of patients with high grade reflux demonstrated a 5-fold increased risk of obstruction (odds ratio 5.0, confidence interval 2.4 to 10.8). One patient was lost to followup. Observation of 6 kidneys led to resolution of reflux in 3 (50%), resolution of obstruction in 3 (50%) and resolution or improvement of hydronephrosis in 4 (67%). Primary pyeloplasty was done on 29 kidneys with 10 (35%) requiring subsequent ureteroneocystostomy. At latest followup hydronephrosis resolved or improved in 24 patients (83%), vesicoureteral reflux resolved or improved in 19 (66%) and ureteropelvic junction obstruction resolved in all. Primary ureteroneocystostomy was performed on 5 kidneys, all of which required subsequent pyeloplasty. Hydronephrosis resolved in 3 patients (60%), and reflux and obstruction resolved in all. Two patients treated with primary nephroureterectomy, and 1 who underwent concomitant pyeloplasty and ureteroneocystostomy have had no subsequent urological problems. One patient awaits primary pyeloplasty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High grade vesicoureteral reflux is associated with ureteropelvic junction obstruction. No association with low or intermediate grade reflux was demonstrated. While some patients may be monitored expectantly, in our series pyeloplasty or nephrectomy was required in 81% and ureteroneocystostomy was required in 36%. In no case did primary ureteroneocystostomy protect against the subsequent need for pyeloplasty.
authors.affiliation: Section of Urology and Pediatric Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Bomalaski
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Hirschl
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bloom
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006869:Hydronephrosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D007682:Kidney Pelvis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*