title: The effects of ammonia and portal-systemic shunting on brain metabolism, neurotransmission and intracranial hypertension in hyperammonaemia-induced encephalopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The pathogenetic factors contributing to encephalopathy in portacaval shunted rats with hyperammonaemia were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hyperammonaemia was induced by ammonium-acetate infusions in portacaval shunted rats (2.8 mmol.kg bw-1.h-1; AI-portacaval shunted rats) and in sham-portacaval shunted rats (6.5 mmol.kg bw-1.h-1; AI-NORM rats). Severity of encephalopathy was quantified by clinical grading and EEG spectral analysis. Changes in brain metabolites were assessed by amino acid analysis of brain cortex homogenates, whereas changes in amino acids with neurotransmitter activity were assessed in cerebrospinal fluid; brain water content was measured by subtracting dry from wet brain weights and intracranial pressure was measured by a pressure transducer connected to a cisterna magna cannula.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although similar increased blood and brain ammonia concentrations were obtained in both experimental groups, only AI-portacaval shunted rats developed encephalopathy, associated with a significant increase in intracranial pressure. Other significant differences were: higher concentrations of brain glutamine and aromatic amino acids, higher concentrations of cerebrospinal fluid glutamine, aromatic amino acids, glutamate and aspartate in AI-portacaval shunted rats than in AI-NORM rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that hyperammonaemia alone dose not induce encephalopathy, whereas portal-systemic shunting adds an essential contribution to the pathogenesis of encephalopathy. It is hypothesised that the larger increase in brain glutamine in AI-portacaval shunted rats than in AI-NORM rats is responsible for increased brain concentrations of aromatic amino acids, for cell swelling and for extracellular release of glutamate and aspartate. This might promote encephalopathy. If cell swelling is not restricted, intracranial hypertension will develop.
authors.affiliation: University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Internal Medicine, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Vogels
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Steynen
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Maas
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Jörning
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Chamuleau
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000641:Ammonia / Q000097:blood*; D000818:Animals; D001834:Body Water / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase / Q000378:metabolism; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000209:etiology*; D007427:Intracranial Pressure; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D011170:Portasystemic Shunt, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000502:physiology; D009435:Synaptic Transmission
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D000641:Ammonia; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase