title: Abnormalities of skeletal muscle metabolism in patients with chronic heart failure: evidence that they are present at rest.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate abnormalities of skeletal muscle metabolism in patients with congestive heart failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  43 patients (22 New York Heart Association (NYHA) grade II, 21 grade III) and 10 controls were studied. A forearm model of muscle metabolism was used, with a cannula inserted retrogradely into an antecubital vein of the dominant forearm. Maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) was measured using handgrip dynamometry. Subjects performed handgrip exercise, 5 s contraction followed by 5 s rest for 5 min at 25%, 50%, and 75% of MVC or until exhaustion. Blood was taken at rest and 0 and 2 min after exercise for measurement of lactate and ammonia. After 30 min the procedure was repeated with fixed workloads of 7 kg, 14 kg, and 21 kg.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MVC (kg, mean (SEM)) was lower in patients than in controls (control 42.45 (2.3); NYHA II 34.13 (1.3), P = 0.003; NYHA III 33.13 (1.94), P = 0.008). Resting lactate (mmol/l) was higher in patients than controls (control 0.65 (0.06); NYHA II 0.84 (0.08), P = 0.13; NYHA III 1.18 (0.1), P = 0.002). Resting ammonia (mumol/l) was higher in NYHA III (65.7 (6.0)) than in NYHA II (48.0 (3.7), P = 0.016); no difference was found between controls (48.0 (7.1)) and patients. The overall lactate and ammonia response to exercise was greater in NYHA III than in NYHA II and controls (P < 0.05). At volitional exhaustion, peak lactate (mmol/l: NYHA III 3.31 (0.26); NYHA II 2.56 (0.16); controls 2.71 (0.22); P = 0.022 NYHA III v NYHA II) and ammonia (mumol/l: NYHA III) 126.4 (8.97); NYHA II 92.9 (7.23); controls 109 (16.3); P = 0.006 NYHA III v NYHA II) were higher in severe congestive heart failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Skeletal muscle metabolism is abnormal at rest in congestive heart failure. During exercise, the degree of metabolic abnormality is related to the symptomatic status of the patient.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital, Nottingham.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cowley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000641:Ammonia / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm; D018737:Hand Strength; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid; D000641:Ammonia