title: Comparison of tympanic, esophageal and blood temperatures during mild hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass: a study using an infrared emission detection tympanic thermometer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tympanic temperature can be obtained instantaneously using an infrared emission detection (IRED) thermometer. Its accuracy has been documented in a variety of clinical settings, but its performance at low body temperatures is still unknown. In this study we evaluated its performance during coronary artery revascularization surgery in which mild hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty adult patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery were enrolled in the study. Tympanic temperature obtained using IRED thermometry (Tt1) was compared with core temperatures from the esophagus (Te), and venous blood of CPB (Tv) before, during, and after CPB. We also measured tympanic temperature using a thermocouple probe (Tt2) in 16 of the 30 patients in order to study the agreement between the two methods. Values for correlation coefficients and limits of agreement were computed to assess the degree of agreement among the temperatures obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest agreement with Tv during CPB was obtained from Tt1 (r = 0.94, 0.41 +/- 1.73, limits of agreement) and from Te (0.91, 0.36 +/- 2.46). Tt1 also showed good agreement with Tt2 during surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infrared tympanic thermometry is a reliable, alternative method to measure tympanic temperature and may be useful to assess core temperature in both normothermic and mild hypothermic conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harasawa
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kemmotsu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mayumi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001790:Blood Physiological Phenomena; D001831:Body Temperature; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000502:physiology; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D007259:Infrared Rays; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013821:Thermometers; D014432:Tympanic Membrane / Q000502:physiology