title: Enhanced cytotoxicity of alkyl viologens and N,N'-diamino analogs toward cultured murine leukemia L1210 cells under vortex-stirring with a high molecular weight polyacrylic acid.
abstract: Alkyl viologens showed cytotoxicity when incubated with cultured murine leukemia L1210 cells for 48 h, whereas they were not cytotoxic when briefly incubated for 10 min. Under the permeabilizing conditions achieved by vortex-stirring with a high molecular weight polyacrylic acid (A-119), appreciable cytotoxicity was shown even after a 10-min exposure to any of the alkyl and amino viologens examined. Acetylamino viologen showed no cytotoxicity regardless of the presence or absence of A-119. This permeabilizing procedure was demonstrated to be applicable to internalize water-soluble positively charged viologen molecules into the cell.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kohara
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kohda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawazoe
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007939:Leukemia L1210 / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D008970:Molecular Weight; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014755:Viologens / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D006540:Herbicides; D014755:Viologens; C006903:carbopol 940