title: General anaesthesia versus cervical block and perioperative complications in carotid artery surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the influence of anaesthetic technique on perioperative complications in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a retrospective study of 1020 consecutive patients who underwent carotid artery surgery over 10 years, perioperative neurologic and cardiologic complications and the use of an internal carotid artery shunt were compared in 337 patients (33%) treated under general anaesthesia and 683 (67%) under cervical block. The two groups had similar characteristics. The most frequent surgical indication was symptomatic carotid artery disease (91.5%). The remaining patients had asymptomatic severe internal carotid lesions (> 70%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall perioperative stroke rate was 1.9%, the death-stroke rate 0.7% and the cardiac complication rate 0.8%. The perioperative stroke rate was higher in the general anaesthesia group than in the cervical block group (3.2% vs 1.3%, p = 0.01). Cardiac complication rates were similar in the two groups. A carotid artery shunt was used in 75 patients (22%) receiving general anaesthesia and in 92 patients (13%) receiving cervical block (p = 0.0004). The causes of stroke in the cervical block group were intraoperative embolism (4 cases, 26%), perioperative thromboembolism (7 cases, 58%) and clamping ischaemia (1 case, 16%). Mechanisms causing stroke in the general anaesthesia group remained unidentified or uncertain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cervical block anaesthesia yields better perioperative results than general anaesthesia probably because it allows more reliable cerebral monitoring, reducing or even eliminating perioperative strokes related to clamping ischaemia. It facilitates detection of the mechanism underlying intraoperative stroke allowing surgical techniques and intraoperative management to be modified accordingly. Cervical block anaesthesia significantly reduces the need for internal carotid artery shunting.
authors.affiliation: I Department of Vascular Surgery, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fiorani
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sbarigia
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Speziale
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Antonini
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fiorani
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Massucci
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000601:surgery*; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D009407:Nerve Block; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate