title: Bladder preservation by combined modality therapy for invasive bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To update the efficacy of a selective multimodality bladder-preserving approach by transurethral resection (TURBT), systemic chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1986 through 1993, 106 patients with muscle-invading clinical stage T2 to T4a,Nx,M0 bladder cancer were treated with induction by maximal TURBT and two cycles of chemotherapy (methotrexate, cisplatin, vinblastine [MCV]) followed by 39.6-Gy pelvic irradiation with concomitant cisplatin. Patients with a negative postinduction therapy tumor site biopsy and cytology (a T0 response, 70 patients) plus those with less than a T0 response but medically unfit for cystectomy (six patients), received consolidative chemoradiation to a total of 64.8 Gy. Surgical candidates with less than a T0 response (13 patients) and patients who could not tolerate the chemoradiation (six patients) went to immediate cystectomy. The median follow-up duration is 4.4 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 5-year actuarial overall survival and disease-specific survival rates of all patients are 52% and 60%, respectively. For clinical stage T2 patients, the actuarial overall survival rate is 63%, and for T3-4, 45%. Thirty-six patients (34%) underwent cystectomy, all with evidence of tumor activity, including 17 with an invasive recurrence. The 5-year overall survival rate with an intact functioning bladder is 43%. Among 76 patients who completed bladder-preserving therapy, the 5-year rate of freedom from an invasive bladder relapse is 79%. No patient required cystectomy for treatment-related bladder morbidity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined modality therapy with TURBT, chemotherapy, radiation, and selection for organ-conservation by response has a 52% overall survival rate. This result is similar to cystectomy-based studies for patients of similar age and clinical stages. The majority of the long-term survivors retain fully functional bladders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kachnic
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Heney
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Althausen
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Zietman
authors.forename: W U
authors.initials: WU
authors.lastname: Shipley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D015653:Cystectomy; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D014747:Vinblastine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D014747:Vinblastine; D002945:Cisplatin; D008727:Methotrexate