title: Projection of the thoracic pedicle and its morphometric analysis.
abstract: METHODS
  This study defined the projection point of the thoracic pedicles on their posterior aspect and its relation to a reliable landmark. It also reported pedicle dimensions based on 43 thoracic spines.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the projection point of the pedicle axis on the posterior aspect of the thoracic spine, quantitatively describe relations of the projection point to some reliable landmarks, and evaluate linear and angular dimensions of the thoracic pedicle.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Posterior segmental screw fixation is the current standard of internal fixation at the level of the second lumbar vertebrae or below. However, pedicular screw fixation in the thoracic spine, especially in the middle and upper thoracic region, is not common because the small dimensions of the pedicle in this region make screw insertion difficult. More information about pedicle axis projection (not pedicle zone) and its quantitative relationship to some reliable landmarks is essential.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-three dry thoracic specimens (516 vertebrae) were obtained for study of the thoracic pedicle. Anatomic evaluation focused on the determination of the projection point of the thoracic pedicle axis on its posterior aspect and the anatomic relationship of this point to the lateral edge of superior facet and the midline of the transverse process. Also, pedicle dimensions, including linear and angular, were measured. The mean, range, and standard deviation were calculated for all of the specimens and for male and female specimens separately.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sexual difference was found to be significant statistically in more than half of parameters. For T1-T2, the projection point of the pedicle axis was approximately 7-8 mm medial to the lateral edge of the superior facet and 3-4 mm superior to the midline of the transverse process. For T3-T12, this point was 4-5 mm medial to the lateral margin of the facet and 5-8 mm superior to the midline of the transverse process. The transverse angle of the pedicle axis was found to be 30-40 degrees at T1-T2, 20-25 degrees at T3-T11, and 10 degrees at T12.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This information, in conjunction with preoperative computed tomography evaluation, may enhance our knowledge of transpedicular screw fixation in the thoracic pedicle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, USA.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Ebraheim
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Yeasting
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000648:ultrastructure