title: Screening for psychiatric distress and low self-esteem in patients presenting for excimer laser surgery for myopia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients presenting for photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) may have unusual psychological profiles. Certain psychological variables may impact treatment outcome, making early identification crucial. We report a controlled questionnaire study of psychiatric "anxiety/distress" and self-esteem in myopic patients who presented for excimer laser treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety consecutive myopic individuals (patients) who presented for excimer laser PRK and 50 consecutive myopic individuals who presented to an optometrist for contact lens fitting (controls) were assessed using two self-completion questionnaires-the GHQ30 and Hudson Index of Self-Esteem ISE. The questionnaires were distributed during assessment for treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PRK patients had a 90% response rate for both questionnaires and control patients, 98% for GHQ30 and 100% for Hudson ISE. PRK patients were significantly older (p = 0.000003), had a greater myopic spherical equivalent refraction (p = 0.012) and had better spectacle-corrected visual acuity (p = 0.0096). No significant differences were demonstrated with regard to anxiety/distress in terms of absolute scores (p = 0.07), or the proportion of patients being positive or negative (p = 0.10). Similarly, self-esteem was not significantly different between the two groups (absolute scores p = 0.69; positive/negative p = 0.29). The high response rate shows that the GHQ30 and Hudson ISE are easy to use and well tolerated by myopes in a busy clinic setting. The fact that the patients were older, with a greater refractive error, may partly reflect the onset of contact lens intolerance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The psychological findings suggest that PRK patients cannot be considered more distressed or anxious than other myopic individuals. There is no evidence that their decision to undergo surgery is driven by abnormally low self-esteem.
authors.affiliation: Corneal Diseases and Excimer Laser Unit, Sunderland Eye Infirmary, England.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kidd
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stark
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: McGhee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D054018:Lasers, Excimer; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009216:Myopia / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010468:Perceptual Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D018903:Photorefractive Keratectomy; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012649:Self Concept; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014792:Visual Acuity