title: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in established febrile neutropenia: a randomized study of pediatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Infection in neutropenic patients is potentially life-threatening and carries important implications for hospital resource use. Prophylactic administration of cytokines may reduce the severity of neutropenia, but involves the treatment of all patients for the possible benefit of a minority. This study evaluates whether treatment with cytokines in the setting of established febrile neutropenia will influence outcome and be potentially more cost-effective.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a double-blind study, pediatric patients with fever and severe neutropenia were randomized to receive granulocyte colony-stimulating factor ([G-CSF] filgrastim; 5 microg/kg/d) or placebo, in addition to antibiotics. The study protocol required a resolution of fever and a neutrophil count > or = 0.2 x 10(9)/L for hospital discharge. Patients could be randomized for up to four independent febrile episodes. A total of 186 episodes of febrile neutropenia were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients randomized to G-CSF had a shorter hospital stay (median, 5 v 7 days; P = .04) and fewer days of antibiotic use (median, 5 v 6 days; P = .02). G-CSF-treated patients also had more rapid neutrophil recovery and higher neutrophil levels at discharge. The 2-day reduction in hospital stay reduced the median bed cost by 29% per patient admission (P = .04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under the clinical guidelines of our institution, the use of G-CSF in the treatment of established febrile neutropenia produced a small but significant reduction in the time that children required antibiotics and hospital admission, with possible cost savings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Oncology, Royal Marsden National Health Service Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Morland
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dick
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Easlea
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Pinkerton
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000628:therapy*; D000069585:Filgrastim; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000628:therapy*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D000069585:Filgrastim