title: Role of bacterial adherence and the mucus barrier on bacterial translocation: effects of protein malnutrition and endotoxin in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study was to investigate the potential relations between mucosal bacterial adherence, intestinal mucus and mucin content, and bacterial translocation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The attachment of bacteria to mucosal surfaces is the initial event in the pathogenesis of most bacterial infections that originate at mucosal surfaces, such as the gut. The intestinal mucus layer appears to function as a defensive barrier limiting micro-organisms present in the intestinal lumen from colonizing enterocytes. Consequently, studies focusing on the biology of bacterial adherence to the intestinal mucosa likely are to be important in clarifying the pathogenesis of gut origin sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  To explore the relations between intestinal bacterial adherence, mucus bacterial binding, and bacterial translocation, two models were used. One (protein malnutrition) in which profound alterations in intestinal morphology occurs in the absence of significant translocation and one (endotoxin challenge) in which bacterial translocation occurs and intestinal morphology is relatively normal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Protein malnutrition was not associated with bacterial translocation and measurement of enteroadherent, mucosally associated bacterial population levels documented that the total number of gram-negative enteric bacilli adherent to the ileum and cecum was less in the protein-malnourished rats than in the normally nourished animals (p < 0.01). Furthermore, there was an inverse relation between the duration of protein malnutrition and bacterial adherence to the intestinal mucosa (r = 0.62, p < 0.002). In contrast, after endotoxin challenge, the level of enteroadherent bacteria was increased and bacterial translocation was observed. The binding of Escherichia coli to immobilized ileal mucus in vitro was decreased significantly in protein-malnourished rats, whereas E. coli binding to insoluble ileal mucus was increased in the rats receiving endotoxin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that the adherence of bacteria to the intestinal mucosal surface is an important factor in bacterial translocation, that intestinal mucus modulates bacterial adherence, and that increased levels of mucosally associated bacteria are associated with a loss intestinal barrier function to bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark 07103-2714, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Specian
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Deitch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000502:physiology*; D018988:Bacterial Translocation / Q000502:physiology*; D002432:Cecum / Q000382:microbiology*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000502:physiology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000502:physiology; D007082:Ileum / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D009093:Mucus / Q000502:physiology*; D009748:Nutrition Disorders; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins