title: Timing and magnitude of decline in alpha-fetoprotein levels in treated children with unresectable or metastatic hepatoblastoma are predictors of outcome: a report from the Children's Cancer Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We analyzed data on 31 children with primary unresectable or metastatic hepatoblastoma (HB) to investigate possible prognostic correlations between the serum level of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), its changes during treatment, and outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were treated according to the Children's Cancer Group (CCG) protocol 823F, which included an initial surgery before eight courses of chemotherapy that consisted of cisplatin immediately followed by a continuous infusion of doxorubicin. Four courses were given before and four after the second surgery. AFP levels were measured before treatment, before and after second surgery, and at the end of treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four of 31 patients showed a decline of > or = 1 log in AFP levels before second surgery (early responders). By the end of treatment, there were 16 patients, all early responders, without clinical or radiographic evidence of tumor and with normal AFP levels. Fifteen of those 16 had a decline of > or = 2 logs in AFP before second surgery (large early response). Of the 15 patients who failed to respond to treatment, 10 died, among whom only one patient had a large early response. A large early response was the strongest independent predictor of outcome in a univariate and multivariate Cox regression model, and patients with such a response had the best survival (P < .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For children with unresectable or metastatic HB, early changes in AFP levels are a reliable predictor of outcome and can be used for identification of poor responders to treatment, ie, patients whose AFP level fails to decrease 2 logs before second surgery should be considered for alternative treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Van Tornout
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Feusner
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Krailo
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ortega
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D018197:Hepatoblastoma / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins