title: Resource implications of palliative chemotherapy for ovarian cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the costs and outcomes of palliative chemotherapy in women with recurrent and refractory ovarian cancer from the perspective of a health care provider.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of 40 consecutive women who started second- or third-line chemotherapy for recurrent or refractory ovarian cancer between 1989 and 1992. Resource utilization from the commencement of second- or third-line chemotherapy until death or last follow-up evaluation was determined from a detailed chart review. All elements of care were recorded, including inpatient admissions, outpatient visits, chemotherapy drugs, nonchemotherapy drugs, radiation therapy, surgical procedures, investigations, and home care. Costs calculated using the hotel-approximation method are expressed in 1994 Canadian dollars. Actuarial estimates of cost and survival were used to account for censored observations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a minimum follow-up period of 24 months, 36 of 40 women had died. The median survival duration of the group was 1.1 years from study entry and 1.7 years from first relapse. The women received a median of two regimens of chemotherapy (range, one to four) from study entry. They spent a median of 33 days as hospital inpatients (mean, 46; range, 0 to 185); 58% of these inpatient days were for symptomatic management and 32% were for chemotherapy. The mean cost per patient was $53,000 (median, $36,600; range, $4,800 to $162,900). The relationship between cost and survival duration was not linear--the cost per year was lowest for those who lived longest. Inpatient admissions, chemotherapy drugs, and outpatient visits accounted for 62%, 21%, and 8% of the total cost, respectively. The total costs attributable to chemotherapy were $24,000 (45% of total costs) and the total costs attributable to supportive care were $23,000 (43% of total costs).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data illustrate the cost of palliative management of recurrent and refractory ovarian cancer, which must be considered in the context of quality and duration of survival. They indicate the potential to improve cost efficiency by improving resource management, for example, by shifting from inpatient to outpatient chemotherapy, everything else being equal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stockler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pintilie
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Panesar
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Warde
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sturgeon
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Oza
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000191:economics*; D017281:Cost of Illness; D016527:Drug Costs; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006295:Health Resources / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality; D009864:Ontario; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000191:economics*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents