title: Stereospecific effect of bupivacaine isomers on atrioventricular conduction in the isolated perfused guinea pig heart.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The local anesthetic bupivacaine is an equal mixture of two optically active isomers known to exert different cardiotoxic profiles in vivo. Enantiomer-specific forms of bupivacaine may have differential effects on cardiovascular function, specifically on cardiac electrophysiology. The authors' aim was to determine if there were any direct functional differences in the cardiac effects of bupivacaine isomers. The isolated heart was used to avoid possible indirect cardiac effects of bupivacaine, such as autonomic nervous and hormonal influences, as well as preload and afterload factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The hearts of 12 ketamine-anesthetized guinea pigs were perfused with Krebs-Ringer's solution (97% oxygen, 3% carbon dioxide) at constant perfusion pressure using the Langendorff technique. Atrial and ventricular bipolar electrodes were placed to measure heart rate (HR) and atrioventricular (AV) conduction time. Left ventricular pressure (LVP), coronary flow, and inflow and outflow oxygen tensions were also measured. Oxygen delivery, oxygen consumption (MVO2), and percentage of oxygen extraction were calculated. Each heart was perfused with increasing randomized concentrations (0.5, 1, 5, 10 microM) of both isomers and the racemate of bupivacaine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Racemic and isomeric bupivacaine equally and dose dependently decreased cardiac function. At 10 microM bupivacaine these changes were HR, -17 +/- 2%; LVP, -50 +/- 3%; coronary flow, -20 +/- 4%; and MVO2, -46 +/- 4%. The (+) isomer significantly prolonged AV conduction compared with the racemate and the (-) isomer at all concentrations. At 10 microM, AV time was 54 +/- 6% longer with the (+) isomer and 30 +/- 4% longer with the (+/-) racemate than with the (-) isomer. The greater delay in AV time with the (+) than the racemate or (-) isomer led to a second-degree AV dissociation in 10 of 12 of hearts treated with (+) bupivacaine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that bupivacaine has an enatiomer-specific effect to delay AV conduction and to produce second-degree AV dissociation in the isolated perfused heart. This suggests that bupivacaine isomers probably have differential effects on one or more ion-specific channels regulating AV conduction. Other measured direct cardiac effects of bupivacaine appear to be independent of the isomeric form.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA.
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Graf
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Z J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Bosnjak
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Stowe
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001283:Atrioventricular Node / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D010477:Perfusion; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine