title: Spatial temperature control with a 27 MHz current source interstitial hyperthermia system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article gives an overview of the properties of a 27 MHz current source interstitial hyperthermia system, affecting temperature uniformity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Applicators can be inserted in standard flexible afterloading catheters. Maximum temperatures are measured with seven-point constantan-manganin thermocouple probes inside each applicator. Temperature can be controlled automatically using a simple control algorithm. Three-dimensional power absorption and thermal models for inhomogeneous tissues are available to optimize applicator geometry and phase configuration. Properties of the interstitial heating system have been verified both in phantom experiments and in in vivo treatments of rhabdomyosarcomas implanted in the flank of a rat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An experiment with four electrodes in one catheter proves that longitudinal control of the specific absorption rate (SAR) is feasible. Local cooling applied by cold water circulation through a catheter perpendicular to the afterloading catheter could be compensated by independent control of electrode power. Furthermore, comparison of two different phase configurations using four dual electrode applicators shows that the SAR distribution can be manipulated significantly, utilizing the phase of the electrodes. Finally, the temperature can be controlled safely and model calculations are in fair agreement with the measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The features of the 27 MHz current source interstitial hyperthermia system enable spatial temperature control at approximately 1.5 cm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physics, Dr. Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kaatee
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Crezee
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Kanis
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lagendijk
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Levendag
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Visser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008954:Models, Biological; D051381:Rats; D013696:Temperature