title: Oral clonidine premedication decreases energy expenditure in human volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clonidine not only stops postoperative shivering and decreases oxygen consumption, but also decreases energy expenditure with or without a reduction in shivering during recovery from anaesthesia. It is important to see if clonidine decreases energy expenditure at rest since this may contribute to a postoperative decrease in energy expenditure. The authors tested the hypothesis that oral clonidine decreases energy expenditure at rest.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty healthy male volunteers were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Ten volunteers received oral clonidine approximately 5 micrograms.kg-1 (clonidine group), while the remaining 10 volunteers received placebo (control group). Blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature at the tympanic membrane, sedation score graded from 1 (alert) to 5 (sleeping and difficult to be aroused by tactile stimulation) were measured before and at 30-min intervals for three hours after administration of clonidine or placebo. Measurements of energy expenditure and respiratory quotient were made with a head canopy system at one-minute intervals and averaged over 15 min before, and at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min after administration of clonidine or placebo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sedation score increased from 1 to 3 (median) after clonidine administration. Energy expenditure decreased from 1452 +/- 225 kcal.24hr-1 (mean +/- SD) at baseline to 1258 +/- 175 kcal.24hr-1 at 180 min after clonidine administration (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that oral clonidine at a dose of 5 micrograms.kg-1 decreases energy expenditure at rest.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan. hirotaka@intio.or.jp
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishikawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mizutani
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Handa
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000328:Adult; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011292:Premedication
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D003000:Clonidine