title: Development of prescribing indicators for elderly medical inpatients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify and improve suboptimal prescribing for elderly patients we have developed a number of prescribing indicators which focus on areas of concern and allow evaluation of the benefit of interventions. We report here on fourteen indicators.
  
  
  METHODS
  The indicators are of three types: a) purely descriptive with no attempt to define optimal values, e.g. number of items prescribed per patient; b) based on unnecessary or potentially harmful prescribing, e.g. duplication; c) assessing the appropriateness of prescribing specific drugs or combinations e.g. digoxin and warfarin/aspirin in atrial fibrillation (AF). Appropriateness was defined on the basis of objective research findings and involved comparing individual patient clinical records to criteria for appropriate prescribing. Prescribing and personal data were collected for medical inpatients aged 65 years or over in 19 hospitals in England and Wales. A total of 1686 patients were included, median age 81 years, 41% were male.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were prescribed 11475 items, mean 4.6 regular items per patient. Completion of drug allergy/sensitivity statements varied from 3 to 93% between units. Use of generic name and specification of a maximum frequency of administration for "as required' medicines were more consistent, ranging from 76-94% and 52-81% respectively. Little duplication of therapy was seen. Benzodiazepines were prescribed for 22% patients, but were appropriate in only approximately one third of these. Of the 2% patients prescribed an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor with a potassium-sparing diuretic or potassium supplement, prescription of the combination was appropriate in 84%. Coprescription of steroids with beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists appeared excessive in 67% patients receiving a beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist, as only 51% had documented evidence of steroid responsiveness or another indication for steroids. Stroke prophylaxis in AF was inadequate: 22% patients prescribed digoxin also received warfarin or aspirin 300 mg whereas 64% should have received the coprescription.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These prescribing indicators are sensitive to inappropriate prescribing for elderly medical inpatients and cover a wide range of therapeutic areas. They should enable changes in prescribing quality to be measured objectively. Interhospital variation in casemix resulted in substantial differences in the proportion of patients in whom it would have been appropriate to prescribe specific drugs or combinations and prevented derivation of reference ranges of optimal prescribing for four indicators.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Care of the Elderly, King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Oborne
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Batty
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Maskrey
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Swift
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000592:standards; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006300:Health Services Misuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011364:Professional Practice / Q000592:standards*