title: Scintigraphic visualization of intrathecal liposome biodistribution.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Liposomes containing local anaesthetics have been administered intrathecally and in the epidural space. Poor attention has been given to the pharmacokinetics of liposomes as drug carriers. Therefore, we observed the biodistribution of liposomes after intrathecal injection in rats by scintigraphic imaging during 24 h.
  
  
  METHODS
  We administered 99mTc-labeled multilamellar (MLV) and small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) of defined size and volume dispersities into the cerebrospinal fluid at the lumbar level. Those vesicles were free of contamination by radiolabeled colloids as visualized by light and electron microscopy and of neurotoxic products from phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis and peroxidation, both during the preparation process and after 24 h incubation in cerebrospinal fluid at 37 degrees C in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SUV immediately diffused from the lumbar site of injection to the head and were cleared between 1 and 24 h after injection. MLV were cleared more slowly from the spinal space and appeared in the head region 1 h after injection where they accumulated up to 24 h. These differences were explained in terms of vesicle sizes and volumes. SUV with 0.05 micron diameters were rapidly absorbed into the blood through the arachnoid granulations. In contrast, particles larger than the upper size limit of the arachnoid granulations permeability (+/- 8 microns) could accumulate in the head with a slow elimination rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This difference in clearance from the intrathecal space outlines the importance of defining the size of the liposomes, the distribution of a tracer or a drug inside the liposomal preparation, the chemical stability and the absence of toxic degradation products of liposome formulations before clinical use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Flemish Free University of Brussels Medical Centre, Belgium.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Umbrain
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: D'Haese
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alafandy
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Roover
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schoutens
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Van Gansbeke
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Goffinet
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Camu
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Legros
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008081:Liposomes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010316:Particle Size; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013670:Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m; D013667:Technetium; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D008081:Liposomes; D013667:Technetium; D013670:Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m