title: Posttraumatic stress disorder in incarcerated juvenile delinquents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in severely delinquent subjects and to measure associated personality characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-five incarcerated boys (mean age 16.6, SD = 1.2) with mostly violent offenses were studied. The sample was representative of the California Youth Authority population. They received a standard psychiatric screen, a semistructured interview for PTSD, and self-report questionnaires measuring personality traits and defenses. A nonclinical sex- and age-matched group was used for comparing psychometrics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects suffered from PTSD at higher rates than other adolescent community samples and at higher rates than those found in county probation camps. Thirty-two percent fulfilled criteria for PTSD, 20% partial criteria. One half of the subjects described the witnessing of interpersonal violence as the traumatizing event. Psychometric results converged in the predicted way: Subjects with PTSD showed elevated distress, anxiety, depression, and lowered restraint, impulse control, and suppression of aggression; they had high levels of immature defenses such as projection, somatization, conversion, dissociation, and withdrawal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PTSD occurs at high rates in delinquents, and this finding has implications for management and treatment. Personality characteristics that might put individuals at risk for the development of PTSD were identified.
authors.affiliation: Division of Child Psychiatry and Child Development, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5540, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.forename: I G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Matthews
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D003717:Denial, Psychological; D004213:Dissociative Disorders; D006801:Humans; D007604:Juvenile Delinquency / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011330:Prisons; D011385:Projection; D012094:Repression, Psychology; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology*