title: Endoscopic stenting in the management of biliary stones.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endoscopic sphincterotomy and stenting are established modes of treatment in the management of bile duct stones and cholangitis. It is the first choice of treatment when the patients are elderly and have other medical conditions rendering them unfit for surgery.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We studied the immediate and long-term outcome of endoscopic stenting in patients who underwent Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for ductal stones.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1990 to December 1992, 366 patients had ERCP done for biliary stone disease. Fifty-five of these patients received a 10 French biliary stent for the treatment of bile duct stones. Most of these patients (60%) had an advanced age of more than 70 years and 45% had co-existing medical conditions rendering them high risk for surgery. Ninety-one percent had stones greater than 1.2 cm in diameter and 82% had multiple stones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-nine percent of the patients had relief of jaundice and cholangitis resolved in 96% of the patients after stenting. None required immediate surgery after ERCP. Temporary bile drainage was achieved in 19 patients who went for surgery at a later date when they became more stable. Twenty-nine patients were on long-term follow-up for a mean period of 13 months. Nineteen patients still have their stents in place and remained well. The stents were repeatedly changed in 15 patients after an average duration of 5.5 months. Late complications were cholangitis in 2 patients and stent migration in one patient. There was no related mortality. In 5 patients, the stones have either disappeared spontaneously or become smaller and have been removed at subsequent ERCP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic stenting is a valuable alternative to surgical bile duct exploration. It can be the definitive mode of treatment for large or multiple bile duct stones in the elderly and patients with multiple medical problems who are unfit for surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001649:Bile Duct Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016717:Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D015607:Stents