title: Serum bilirubin and cardiovascular risk factors in a Chinese population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) have been identified. Recently an association between low concentration of serum bilirubin and increased risk of CVD has been reported. However, information on this topic remains scarce.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the relationships between serum bilirubin and CVD risk factors in 1508 Hong Kong Chinese. We divided the subjects into four quartiles based on serum bilirubin concentrations. Cardiovascular risk factors studied include age, sex, smoking, obesity glycaemic status and lipid indices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Decreasing serum bilirubin concentration was associated with older age, increased prevalence of smoking, higher body mass index and systolic blood pressure, increased glycated haemoglobin, fasting and 2 h insulin, triglyceride, very-low-density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein B concentrations, and lower high-density lipoprotein concentration. Women had lower bilirubin concentrations than men. After adjustment for age, sex, smoking and insulin levels as covariates, the associations between serum bilirubin concentration and glycated haemoglobin, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein and very-low-density lipoprotein persisted. The prevalence rates of abnormal glucose tolerance (impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes) were similar amongst the four quartiles of bilirubin concentrations. However, the mean bilirubin concentration was significantly lower in subjects with abnormal glucose tolerance (9.3 +/- 3.5 mumol/l, n = 178) than in normal subjects (10.1 +/- 5.2 mumol/l, n = 1330, P = 0.039). When analysed as a continuous variable by age-adjusted partial correlation coefficients, serum bilirubin concentration was inversely correlated with fasting insulin, triglyceride, very-low-density lipoprotein and glycated haemoglobin level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were close associations between low serum bilirubin concentration and increased CVD risk factors. Subjects with abnormal glucose tolerance also had lower serum bilirubin concentration than normal subjects. Some of these associations (body mass index, systolic blood pressure) could be explained by differences in insulin level. These relationships between bilirubin and CVD risk factors require further clarification, although abnormal intermediary metabolism and antioxidant deficiency may be possible linking factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, N.T. Hong Kong.
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: V T
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: W Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: So
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Cockram
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000208:ethnology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001663:Bilirubin