title: Stress-wave-assisted transport through the plasma membrane in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laser-induced stress waves have been shown to alter the permeability of the plasma membrane without affecting cell viability. The aim of the work reported here was to quantify the molecular uptake by cell cultures in vitro and determine optimal stress-wave parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were exposed to laser-induced stress waves in an experimental arrangement that eliminated interference from ancillary effects such as plasma, heat, or cavitation. A radiolabeled compound (tritiated thymidine) was used as the probe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stress waves enhanced the diffusion of tritiated thymidine by inducing a transient permeabilization of the plasma membrane. Furthermore, maximum intracellular concentration (2 x 10(5) thymidine molecules/cell or 10% of the extracellular concentration) was reached with only 2-3 stress waves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laser-induced stress waves provide an efficient method for delivering molecules through the plasma membrane into the cytoplasm of cells.
authors.affiliation: Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McAuliffe
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Flotte
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Doukas
mesh_terms: D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000502:physiology*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000166:cytology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013936:Thymidine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D013936:Thymidine