title: Laser scanning cytometer (LSC) analysis of fraction of labelled mitoses (FLM).
abstract: In this report we describe the successful application of a novel microscope-based multiparameter laser scanning cytometer (LSC) to measure duration of different phases of cell cycle in HL-60 human leukaemic cell lines by the fraction of labelled mitoses (FLM) method. Exponentially growing cells were harvested after various time intervals following pulse-labelling with 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdUrd), cytocentrifuged, fixed in ethanol, and then exposed to UV light to induce DNA strand breaks at the sites of incorporated BrdUrd. The 3' OH termini of the photolytically generated DNA strand breaks were labelled with BrdUTP in the reaction catalysed by exogenous terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), followed by FITC-labelled BrdUrd antibodies. DNA was counterstained with propidium iodide (PI). Due to differences in chromatin structure between the interphase and mitotic cells, the LSC identified the latter by virtue of their higher red (PI) fluorescence intensity values among all pixels over the measured cell. To confirm that the cells selected were indeed cells in mitosis, predominantly in metaphase, the recorded X-Y coordinates of selected cells were used to re-position the cell for their visual examination. From the time lapse analysis of percentage BrdUrd-labelled cells progressing through mitosis it was possible to calculate the duration of individual phases of the cell cycle. The duration of S (Ts) and G2 + M (TG2 + M) was 8 and 3 h, respectively, and the minimal duration of G2 (TG2) was 2 h. The cell cycle time (Tc) estimated for the cohort of the most rapidly progressing cells was 13 h. The ability to automatically and rapidly discriminate mitotic cells combined with the possibility of their subsequent identification by image analysis makes LSC the instrument of choice for the FLM analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla 10595, USA. wgorczyca@worldnet.att.net
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gorczyca
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Melamed
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Darzynkiewicz
mesh_terms: D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D002452:Cell Count; D002843:Chromatin / Q000737:chemistry; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D004253:DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase / Q000494:pharmacology; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods*; D016195:G2 Phase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007399:Interphase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008677:Metaphase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008938:Mitosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D011419:Propidium / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D011419:Propidium; D004253:DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine