title: Efficacy of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in the elderly.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to assess the effect of advanced age on the outcome of patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ICDs are effective in preventing sudden cardiac death in susceptible patients, but their beneficial effect on survival is attenuated by the high rate of nonsudden cardiac death in those treated. Although advanced age is an important variable in determining cardiovascular mortality, its impact on the outcome of patients with an ICD has been inadequately studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed multivariate analysis of a data base consisting of 769 consecutive patients with an ICD. Seventy-four patients > or = 75 years old at ICD implantation (Group 1) were compared with the remaining 695 patients (Group 2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The two groups were similar in clinical presentation, left ventricular function and gender distribution. The mean follow-up time was 29 and 42 months, respectively, for patients in Group 1 and Group 2. Actuarial survival at 4 years was 57% in Group 1 versus 78% in Group 2 (p = 0.0001). This difference was primarily due to a higher rate of nonsudden cardiac death in Group 1. On multivariate analysis, age > or = 75 years, New York Heart Association functional class III, left ventricular ejection fraction < 30% and appropriate shocks during follow-up were independently associated with increased mortality (odds ratio 3.56, 1.8, 1.6 and 1.39, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients with similar functional class and ejection fraction, the mortality risk is increased threefold in those > or = 75 years old at the time of ICD implantation. Extrapolation of results from younger patients is likely to overestimate ICD benefit in the elderly.
authors.affiliation: Electrophysiology Laboratory, Milwaukee Heart Institute of Sinai Samaritan Medical Center, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Panotopoulos
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Axtell
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sra
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Blanck
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deshpande
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biehl
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Keelan
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Jazayeri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akhtar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dhala
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left