title: Intracorneal, aqueous humor, and vitreous humor penetration of topical and oral ofloxacin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the intracorneal, aqueous, and vitreous penetration of ofloxacin, and to assess the concentration of the drug after topical administration alone and after combined topical and oral administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty consecutive patients undergoing penetrating keratoplasty with vitrectomy for bullous keratopathy received 2 drops of 0.3% ofloxacin every 30 minutes starting 4 hours before surgery. Group A (10 patients) received topical therapy alone. Group B (10 patients) received an additional 3 doses of oral ofloxacin, 400 mg, every 12 hours starting 26 hours before surgery. Aqueous humor, vitreous humor, and corneal specimens were analyzed for ofloxacin levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For group A, the mean intracorneal ofloxacin level was 4.51 micrograms/mL (range, 0.58-8.77 micrograms/mL; 10 specimens), the mean aqueous humor level was 1.34 micrograms/mL (range, 0.07-4.98 micrograms/mL; 8 specimens), and the mean vitreous humor level was 0.37 micrograms/mL (range, 0.05-0.90 micrograms/mL; 8 specimens). For group B, the mean intracorneal ofloxacin level was 8.59 micrograms/mL (range, 1.18-23.24 micrograms/mL; 10 specimens), the mean aqueous humor level was 2.77 micrograms/mL (range, 0.25-5.80 micrograms/mL; 10 specimens), and the mean vitreous humor level was 2.55 micrograms/mL (range, 0.28-4.97 micrograms/mL; 9 specimens).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Topically applied ofloxacin achieves therapeutic levels in the cornea and aqueous. Mean levels achievable are well above the 90% minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC90) for the majority of bacteria responsible for endophthalmitis and corneal ulceration. The addition of oral ofloxacin to topical therapy increased vitreous penetration 7-fold in this assay trial.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY, USA.
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Donnenfeld
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moadel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elsky
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000368:Aged; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000378:metabolism*; D001682:Biological Availability; D003315:Cornea / Q000378:metabolism*; D003316:Corneal Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015948:Keratoplasty, Penetrating; D008297:Male; D015242:Ofloxacin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D014821:Vitrectomy; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D015242:Ofloxacin