title: Nocardiosis in systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was performed to study the clinical presentations, treatment, and outcome of six cases of nocardial infection in the systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) population living in Hong Kong and compare these cases with those reported in the English literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records of 215 SLE patients who attended our lupus and rheumatology clinics were reviewed, and cases of nocardial infection were retrieved and studied in detail. A Medline search from 1966 to 1995 was performed to identify other reported cases. The microbiology, diagnosis, and treatment strategies of nocardiosis were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six cases of nocardiosis were found in our lupus series, giving a prevalence of 2.8%. Another 26 cases of nocardial infection in SLE were reported in the literature. All except one were caused by Nocardia asteroides. The lung was the commonest site of involvement (81%), followed by the central nervous system (CNS) (13%). The mortality was high (35%), especially when the CNS was involved (75%). Sulphonamides were the mainstay of treatment, and adjunctive surgical procedures may be needed for suppurative complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nocardiosis has been increasingly recognized in SLE. Although still uncommon, it is an important opportunistic infection because it is curable and mortality is usually caused by delay in diagnosis and treatment. A high index of suspicion, an aggressive approach to diagnosis, and early empirical therapy are essential principles of management.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Mok
authors.forename: K Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Yuen
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D009617:Nocardia Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence