title: 9-cis retinoic acid--a better retinoid for the modulation of differentiation, proliferation and gene expression in human neuroblastoma.
abstract: To date, the clinical success of 13-cis or all-trans retinoic acid in the treatment of neuroblastoma has been disappointing. In vivo, 13-cis will isomerise to both all-trans and 9-cis retinoic acid, believed to be the main biologically-active isomers. In vitro studies with an N-type neuroblastoma cell line, SH SY 5Y, show that 9-cis is better than other isomers at both inducing morphological differentiation and inhibiting proliferation. RAR-beta, a gene which may mediate retinoic acid responsiveness and be of prognostic significance, is also more-effectively induced by 9-cis retinoic acid. 9-cis and all-trans retinoic acid do not have synergistic effects on SH SY 5Y cell proliferation and gene expression. A retinoid X receptor (RXR)-specific analogue of 9-cis retinoic acid had similar effects on gene expression to 9-cis retinoic acid alone. In view of these results, 9-cis retinoic acid or stable analogues of this retinoid may have potential for the treatment of neuroblastoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (Medical Molecular Biology Group), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Lovat
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Irving
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Malcolm
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Redfern
mesh_terms: D000077556:Alitretinoin; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D009447:Neuroblastoma; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000077556:Alitretinoin; D014212:Tretinoin