Promoting in tandem: the promoter for telomere transposon HeT-A and implications for the evolution of retroviral LTRs.
HeT-A elements are non-long terminal repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposons found in head-to-tail arrays on Drosophila chromosome ends, where they form telomeres. We report that HeT-A promoter activity is located in the 3' end of the element, unlike the 5' location seen for other non-LTR retrotransposons. In HeT-A arrays the 3' sequence of one element directs transcription of its downstream neighbor. Because the upstream promoter has the same sequence as the 3' end of the transcribed element, the HeT-A promoter is effectively equivalent to a 5' LTR in both structure and function. Retroviruses and LTR retrotransposons have their promoters and transcription initiation sites in their 5' LTRs. Thus HeT-A appears to have the structure of an evolutionary intermediate between non-LTR and LTR retrotransposons.
Danilevskaya
O N
ON
Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA.
Arkhipova
I R
IR
Traverse
K L
KL
Pardue
M L
ML
D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D005075:Biological Evolution; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000502:physiology; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements / Q000235:genetics*; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster; D005814:Genes, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012190:Retroviridae / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D016615:Telomere / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000235:genetics
D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D012333:RNA, Messenger