title: Influence of thermoregulatory vasomotion and ambient temperature variation on the accuracy of core-temperature estimates by cutaneous liquid-crystal thermometers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, liquid crystal skin-surface thermometers have become popular for intraoperative temperature monitoring. Three situations during which cutaneous liquid-crystal thermometry may poorly estimate core temperature were monitored: (1) anesthetic induction with consequent core-to-peripheral redistribution of body heat, (2) thermoregulatory vasomotion associated with sweating (precapillary dilation) and shivering (minimal capillary flow), and (3) ambient temperature variation over the clinical range from 18-26 degrees C.
  
  
  METHODS
  The core-to-forehead and core-to-neck temperature difference was measured using liquid-crystal thermometers having an approximately 2 degrees C offset. Differences exceeding 0.5 degree C (a 1 degree C) temperature range) were a priori deemed potentially clinically important. Seven volunteers participated in each protocol. First, core-to-peripheral redistribution of body heat was produced by inducing propofol/desflurane anesthesia; anesthesia was then maintained for 1 h with desflurane. Second, vasodilation was produced by warming unanesthetized volunteers sufficiently to produce sweating; intense vasoconstriction was similarly produced by cooling the volunteers sufficiently to produce shivering. Third, a canopy was positioned to enclose the head, neck, and upper chest of unanesthetized volunteers. Air within the canopy was randomly set to 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26 degrees C.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Redistribution of body heat accompanying induction of anesthesia had little effect on the core-to-forehead skin temperature difference. However, the core-to-neck skin temperature gradient decreased approximately 0.6 degree C in the hour after induction of anesthesia. Vasomotion associated with shivering and mild sweating altered the core-to-skin temperature difference only a few tenths of a degree centigrade. The absolute value of the core-to-forehead temperature difference exceeded 0.5 degree C during approximately 35% of the measurements, but the difference rarely exceeded 1 degree C. The core-to-neck temperature difference typically exceeded 0.5 degree C and frequently exceeded 1 degree C. Each 1 degree C increase in ambient temperature decreased the core-to-fore-head and core-to-neck skin temperature differences by less than 0.2 degree C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Forehead skin temperatures were better than neck skin temperature at estimating core temperature. Core-to-neck temperature differences frequently exceeded 1 degree C (a 2 degrees C range), whereas two thirds of the core-to-forehead differences were within 0.5 degree C. The core-to-skin temperature differences were, however, only slightly altered by inducing anesthesia, vasomotor action, and typical intraoperative changes in ambient temperature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0648, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Sessler
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marder
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xiong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000379:methods; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers; D005546:Forehead; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced; D008297:Male; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods; D009333:Neck; D012768:Shivering / Q000502:physiology; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D013546:Sweating / Q000502:physiology; D013821:Thermometers; D014666:Vasomotor System / Q000502:physiology*