title: Histological evidence of an inflammatory reaction to suture material in the dog vas deferens.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate changes in histology and semen variables after using an elastomeric-hydrogel matrix plug as a reversible vasectomy device in dogs, and to determine the potential applications for improving fertility after vasectomy reversal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Semen samples from six adult male dogs were obtained after left vasal ligation, placement of the plug in the right vas deferens, and subsequent removal of the plug. The vasa, epididymides and testes were evaluated histologically in four of the dogs after removal of the implant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No sperm were present in the ejaculate after the plug was removed. Histological sections showed intraluminal spermatids in areas where the plug had been placed. The lumen was occluded, secondary to foreign-body giant-cell reaction, at the vasotomy suture site, but other areas of the was previously containing the implant remained patent after it was removed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were no sperm in the ejaculate after the plug was removed because the vasal lumen was occluded as a result of an inflammatory reaction to the suture material. In contrast, areas that had contained the implant but without a vasotomy suture were not inflamed. We suggest that further trials comparing various suture materials are carried out to determine if patency rates can be improved during vasotomy closure or vasovasotomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, New England Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Fallick
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Sable
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Faller
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Larock
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Sant
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Schlesinger
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Schwaitzberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009845:Oligospermia / Q000473:pathology; D013076:Sperm Count; D013537:Sutures; D014649:Vas Deferens / Q000473:pathology*; D014659:Vasectomy; D014669:Vasovasostomy