title: B-mode and colour-flow duplex ultrasonography: a useful adjunct in diagnosing scrotal diseases?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the value of ultrasonography (US) and colour-flow duplex ultrasonography (CFD) as routine investigations in the diagnosis of scrotal pathologies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The imaging techniques were applied to 215 consecutive patients with scrotal complaints. The diagnosis of a urologist (D1, made from the patient's history, physical examination and laboratory results) and that of the radiologist (D2, using US and CFD) were compared with the "gold standard' (D3, the operative findings and course of the disease). The sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic pathways (D1, D2) were determined statistically and compared with D3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final diagnoses (D3) were testicular torsion (13 patients), torsion of the appendix testis (5), epididymitis (42), inguinal hernia (7), tumour (11), trauma (9), hydrocele (46), epididymal cyst (37), orchitis (10), varicocele (46) and other diagnoses (8). Using D1, the urologist missed seven diagnoses, of which one was a patient with a testicular torsion combined with an inguinal hernia, and one a patient with a tumour. Using US and CFD (D2), the radiologist missed five diagnoses, including one patient with combined testicular torsion and inguinal hernia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the diagnosis of scrotal disorders, the basic clinical evaluation usually provides the correct diagnosis. However, US and CFD are useful adjuncts which cause a minimal burden to the patient and that in most cases will lead to the correct diagnosis, especially with important diagnoses like testicular torsion, when US and CFD should be performed immediately. If this does not provide a clear diagnosis, the patient should be explored surgically.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hendrikx
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vroegindeweij
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Korte
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D004823:Epididymitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005832:Genital Diseases, Male / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009920:Orchitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012611:Scrotum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013086:Spermatic Cord Torsion / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006848:Testicular Hydrocele / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013737:Testis / Q000293:injuries; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D014646:Varicocele / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins