title: Human connective tissue growth factor is expressed in advanced atherosclerotic lesions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atherosclerosis affects certain but not all vascular beds of the human circulation. Its molecular mechanisms are only partially understood. Human connective tissue growth factor (hCTGF) is a novel cysteine-rich, secreted polypeptide. hCTGF is implicated in connective tissue formation, which may play an important role in atherosclerosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By using a differential cloning technique, we isolated a cDNA clone from a human aorta cDNA library, which is identical to hCTGF. Northern analysis shows that hCTGF mRNA was expressed at 50- to 100-fold higher levels in atherosclerotic blood vessels compared with normal arteries. In vascular smooth muscle cells, high-level expression of hCTGF mRNA was induced by transforming growth factor-beta 1. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we found that all advanced atherosclerotic lesions of human carotid arteries (eight patients; mean age, 69; age range, 57 to 85 years) and femoral arteries (two patients; mean age, 71.5 years) that we tested expressed high levels of both hCTGF mRNA and protein. hCTGF expression was localized mainly to smooth muscle cells in the plaque lesions that are negative for proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining. In addition, some CD-31-positive endothelial cells of plaque vessels expressed high levels of hCTGF mRNA and protein. hCTGF-positive cells were found predominantly in areas with extracellular matrix accumulation and fibrosis. In contrast, in normal arteries, we were unable to detect either hCTGF mRNA or immunoreactive hCTGF protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the present study, we have shown for the first time that both hCTGF mRNA and protein are expressed in human arteries in vivo and that hCTGF may represent a novel factor expressed at high levels specifically in advanced lesions and may play a role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, University Hospital Bern, Switzerland. OEMAR@UBACLU.UNIBAS.CH
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Oemar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Garnier
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Do
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Godoy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nauck
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: März
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rupp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pech
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Lüscher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001158:Arteries / Q000378:metabolism*; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor; D004691:Endarterectomy; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D015723:Gene Library; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008934:Mitogens / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: C526317:CCN2 protein, human; D006133:Growth Substances; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008934:Mitogens; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor