title: Effect of long-term passive smoking on erectile function and penile nitric oxide synthase in the rat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Given that smoking is a risk factor for erectile dysfunction, this study aimed to determine, in a rat model, whether long-term exposure to cigarette smoke impairs nitric oxide (NO)-dependent erectile function and reduces penile nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and if these changes are accompanied with effects on the systemic blood pressure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult (5 month) and old (20 month) rats were exposed to daily passive smoking for 8 wks. Three days after the conclusion of exposure, half of the animals were submitted to electrical field stimulation (EFS) of the cavernosal nerve and the maximum intracavernosal pressure (MIP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were determined and expressed as mm. Hg. On the other half of the animals, NOS activity in the penile cytosol was measured by the arginine/citrulline assay, and neuronal NOS (nNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) contents were estimated by western blot and densitometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When compared to controls, the smoking rats had a higher MAP in both the adult (115 vs 162) and old (113 vs 140) rats, but surprisingly the MIP also increased, from 78 to 111 (adult rats) and from 59 to 83 (old rats). Smoking reduced penile NOS activity by 73% (adult rats), and 62% (old rats), and nNOS content by 43% and 50%, respectively. In contrast, eNOS was not affected. Nitrite release, in vitro, by cavernosa slices or in rat penile smooth muscle cells (RPSMC) was not inhibited by nicotine or cotinine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that chronic smoking in the rat leads to age-independent moderate hypertension and considerable decreases in penile NOS activity and nNOS content, that are not reflected in a reduction of the erectile response to EFS or accompanied by a decrease in penile eNOS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance 90509, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Garban
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rajfer
authors.forename: N F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Cadavid
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D003367:Cotinine / Q000494:pharmacology; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism*; D010410:Penile Erection / Q000187:drug effects; D010413:Penis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D013997:Time Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D009538:Nicotine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D003367:Cotinine