title: Osteoarthritis of the knee in retired, elite Australian Rules footballers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the functional and radiological status of knee joints of retired Australian Rules footballers compared with those of active community members.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty retired elite footballers aged 34-85 years (mean, 53.7 years; SD, 11.4) from four AFL clubs and 50 age-matched controls (35-79 years; mean, 55.7 years; SD, 12.4) who had played no contact sport since their teenage years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Severity of knee functional osteoarthritis as determined by a questionnaire, and assessment of osteoarthritis by posteroanterior weight-bearing radiographs taken of both knees of each participant in 45-degree flexion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for age, height, weight and body mass index, footballers had a significantly greater prevalence (P < 0.0001) and severity (P < 0.05) of functional and radiological osteoarthritis than controls. Footballers with a history of intraarticular ligamentous and/or meniscal injury (Group 1) had a greater risk of functional osteoarthritis (P = 0.002) and radiological (P = 0.067) osteoarthritis than those with a history of collateral ligament injury or no injury (Group 2). Compared with controls, the odds of developing moderate to severe levels of functional and radiological osteoarthritis were 6.9 times (95% CI, 1.6-29.7; P = 0.01) and 105.0 times (95% CI, 11.8-931.8; P < 0.0001), respectively, those in Group 1 footballers and 3.6 times (95% CI, 0.8-16.2; P = 0.10) and 17.7 times (95% CI, 2.2-146.2; P = 0.0075), respectively, those in Group 2 footballers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elite Australian Rules footballers have a significant risk of both functional and radiological osteoarthritis, and a history of intra-articular ligament or meniscal injury increases this risk.
authors.affiliation: Olympic Park Sports Medicine Centre, Melbourne, VIC.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deacon
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bennell
authors.forename: Z S
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Kiss
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Crossley
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brukner
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001315:Australia; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011859:Radiography; D012179:Retirement; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012916:Soccer / Q000293:injuries; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires