title: Myocardial cooling and right ventricular function in patients with right coronary artery disease: antegrade vs. retrograde cardioplegia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Protection of the right ventricular (RV) myocardium during ischaemia in cardiac surgery is difficult, especially in patients with severe right coronary artery (RCA) disease. Retrograde coronary sinus cardioplegia is thought to distribute uniformly, but doubts still remain as to its adequacy in RV preservation. This study evaluated distribution of antegrade vs. exclusively retrograde coronary sinus cold blood cardioplegia by assessing myocardial cooling and compared the effects on RV function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-eight patients scheduled for elective coronary artery surgery-29 patients with significant RCA disease and another 29 with no significant RCA stenosis (controls)-were randomised to receive either antegrade or retrograde cold blood cardioplegia through either aortic root or conventional self-inflating coronary sinus catheter (RCA-ante, RCA-retro, C-ante and C-retro groups). RV function was assessed by fast-response thermodilution. Myocardial temperatures were measured in the anterior and posterior wall of the right and left ventricle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cooling of the posterior wall of the RV was effective only in the control patients given antegrade cardioplegia (14.7 degrees C), whereas in the other groups the lowest myocardial temperatures there remained above 20 degrees C (P < 0.001). In patients with obstructed RCA both antegrade and retrograde cold cardioplegia led to uneven cooling of the myocardium. After cardiopulmonary bypass the RV ejection fraction (RVEF), RV stroke work index (RVSWI) and cardiac index (CI) were significantly reduced in the RCA-retro group, and RVSWI and CI in the C-retro group, too. Regression analysis showed an inverse relationship between the temperatures of the posterior walls of the ventricles and changes in the RVEF and CI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retrograde and antegrade cardioplegia alone were not effective in reducing the temperature of the posterior wall of the RV in the patients with obstructed RCA, in whom with retrograde cardioplegia RV haemodynamics were impaired for 1 hour following bypass. Neither retrograde nor antegrade cardioplegia alone can be relied on to protect the posterior wall of the RV in the patients with obstructed RCA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Tampere University Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Honkonen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kaukinen
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Pehkonen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaukinen
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia; D001831:Body Temperature; D002302:Cardiac Output; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right; D017725:Ventricular Pressure