title: Phase I trial of tirapazamine in combination with cisplatin in a single dose every 3 weeks in patients with solid tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tirapazamine (SR4233, WIN 59075) is a benzotriazine-di-N-oxide bioreductive agent that is selectively activated to a reactive DNA-damaging species in hypoxic tumors. Preclinical studies show that synergistic antitumor activity results from a schedule-dependent interaction between tirapazamine and several cytotoxic drug classes, including cisplatin. In a phase I combination study, tirapazamine (130 to 260 mg/m2) was administered as a 1-hour intravenous (IV) infusion beginning 3 hours before cisplatin (75 to 100 mg/m2). Thirteen patients received 41 courses of therapy. These patients had an excellent performance status and were not heavily pretreated. The predominant diagnosis was lung cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The major acute side effects were nausea and vomiting, which were controlled with an intensive antiemetic regimen. Other acute effects included diarrhea and muscle cramping, while with repeated dosing, anorexia and fatigue predominated. Full doses of each agent were well tolerated in combination, although in this previously treated population, fatigue increased markedly after three cycles of therapy. Partial responses were observed in two patients (one with non-small-cell lung cancer and one with breast cancer), and a minor response occurred in a patient with mesothelioma. Tirapazamine pharmacokinetics were linear with respect to increasing dose with a mean maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 5.97 +/- 2.25 microg/mL and an area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of 811.4 +/- 311.9 microg/mL.min at 260 mg/m2. These results are consistent with other ongoing single-agent and combination studies and indicate that therapeutically relevant levels of tirapazamine are achievable in patients based on animal models. The mean cisplatin AUC was 285.6 +/- 46.4 microg/mL.min with mean Cmax values of 3.38 +/- 0.43 microg/mL at 75 mg/m2. The clearance of cisplatin was unaffected by coadministration with tirapazamine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This trial shows that in previously treated patients, full doses of cisplatin are well tolerated with increasing doses of tirapazamine up to 260 mg/m2. The observation of clinical responses in this trial supports the phase II investigation of this regimen.
authors.affiliation: Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kilpatrick
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: von Roemeling
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Greenslade
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Keenan
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: O'Dwyer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000077704:Tirapazamine; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014227:Triazines / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D014227:Triazines; D000077704:Tirapazamine; D002945:Cisplatin