title: Cesarean delivery. Microbial colonization in amniotic fluid.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency, clinical significance and causative factors behind intraamniotic microbial colonization in uninfected parturients at the time of cesarean delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Amniotic fluid specimens for bacterial and mycoplasmal cultures were obtained by direct aspiration at cesarean section from 251 pregnant women (24-43 completed weeks) who had no clinical infection at the time of the operation. The symptoms of maternal infection were followed postoperatively for the first week of the puerperium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of amniotic fluid microbial invasion was 29% (72/251). In patients not in labor and with intact membranes, it was 13% (20/158); in patients in labor and with intact membranes, 23% (5/22); and in those with ruptured membranes, 66% (47/71). The most common species isolated were Ureaplasma urealyticum, Lactobacillus species and coagulase-negative staphylococci. In the total 251 patients, clinically evident postoperative endometritis was observed in 6 (2%) and wound infection in 10 (4%). In patients operated on and with intact membranes, no risk factors were found as regards amniotic fluid microbial colonization. In patients operated on after rupture of the membranes, the only significant risk factor as regards amniotic fluid microbial invasion was use of an internal monitor before the operation (P < .0003) (relative risk 10.7, 95% confidence limit 2.9-39.4). The relative risk of postoperative endometritis was 2.3 (95% confidence limit 1.3-4.3) in patients with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity as compared to patients without invasion. The corresponding risk value for post-operative wound infection was 1.4 (95% confidence limit 0.6-3.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Though the incidence of microbial invasion of the amniotic fluid before surgery was unexpectedly high, its clinical significance as regards maternal puerperal morbidity appeared to be low. The use of internal monitoring during labor was the only significant risk factor as regards amniotic fluid microbial colonization in patients operated on after membrane rupture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Keski-Nisula
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kirkinen
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Katila
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ollikainen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saarikoski
mesh_terms: D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000382:microbiology*; D001424:Bacterial Infections; D002585:Cesarean Section; D005260:Female; D005322:Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes / Q000382:microbiology; D005323:Fetal Monitoring / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016990:Ureaplasma urealyticum / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014591:Uterine Diseases / Q000382:microbiology