title: Rectus abdominis muscle flap (RAMF) technique for the management of bladder exstrophies: late clinical outcome and urodynamic findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the efficacy of the rectus abdominis muscle flap (RAMF) technique for the closure and augmentation of small, non-compliant bladder exstrophies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The RAMF technique was used in two girls and two boys (mean age at operation, 31.7 months, range 3-72) with bladder exstrophy. The clinical outcome and urodynamics were assessed during a follow-up of 29 months to 6 years (mean 49.2 months) and included imaging, cystoscopy, biochemical and microbiological studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no urinary tract infections, metabolic problems or electrolyte disturbances and kidney function remained normal in all patients. Radiography confirmed intact function and anatomy of the urinary tract and cystoscopy showed complete coverage of the inner peritoneal layer of RAMF with uroepithelium. No stone formation or mucus production were detected. Currently, three patients void using clean intermittent catheterization through the native urethra and the fourth through an appendiceal Mitrofanoff valve. However, the bladder volume was insufficient at the late follow-up and three patients required bladder augmentation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The RAMF technique is a good alternative for closing bladder exstrophies and achieves an increase in bladder capacity; however, although there is a mild improvement in bladder capacity and compliance. RAMF should not be used as a bladder augmentation procedure. The technique is indicated in the closure of large bladder defects, bladder exstrophies with small, inelastic, non-compliant bladder remnants and failed primary closures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, University of Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Celayir
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kiliç
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eliçevik
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Büyükünal
mesh_terms: D001746:Bladder Exstrophy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D017568:Rectus Abdominis; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014563:Urodynamics