title: Acute oral toxicity study of pyridostigmine bromide, permethrin, and DEET in the laboratory rat.
abstract: This study investigated the lethal interaction of pyridostigmine bromide (PB), permethrin, and DEET when given to adult male rats by gavage and was separated into two phases. Phase I determined the acute oral lethal dose-response relationship of each compound with the vehicle, propylene glycol. Phase II was divided into two portions: a dose-response study using probit units obtained from phase I [lethal dose (LD) 16, 30, 50, 70, and 84], and an interaction study that contained low levels (calculated LD16, additive LD32) of the two compounds while the concentration of the third compound was varied. Rats were fasted overnight, dosed, and observed for 14 d. A significant increase in lethality occurred when PB, permethrin, and DEET were given concurrently when compared to expected additive values. Furthermore, solutions containing PB and permethrin or PB and DEET also caused a significant increase in lethality when compared to expected additive values. This information suggests that lethality in this study was more than an additive effect.
authors.affiliation: Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: McCain
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Whaley
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Beall
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leach
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D003671:DEET / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D007302:Insect Repellents / Q000633:toxicity*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008297:Male; D009026:Mortality; D026023:Permethrin; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity*; D011729:Pyridostigmine Bromide / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D007302:Insect Repellents; D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; D003671:DEET; D026023:Permethrin; D011729:Pyridostigmine Bromide