title: Two cholinesterase activities and genes are present in amphioxus.
abstract: To obtain information about the evolution of the cholinesterases, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in the vertebrates, we investigated the cholinesterase (ChE) activity of the cephalochordate amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae and Branchiostoma lanceolatum). On the basis of evidence from enzymology, pharmacology, and molecular biology, we conclude that amphioxus possesses two ChE activities and two ChE genes. Two covalent inhibitors of cholinesterases were able to pharmacologically isolate the two activities as drug-sensitive ChE and drug-resistant ChE. Kinetically, in terms of substrate specificity, the drug-sensitive ChE resembles vertebrate AChE, and the drug-resistant ChE resembles the BuChE of cartilaginous and bony fish or the intermediate ChE of protostome invertebrates. We also used the polymerase chain reaction with degenerate oligonucleotide primers and genomic DNA to obtain clones of 1,574 and 1,011 bp corresponding to two cholinesterase genes from amphioxus, which we designated as ChE1 and ChE2. ChE2 codes for an enzyme with an acyl-binding pocket sequence, a portion of the protein that plays an important role in determining substrate specificity, typical of invertebrate ChE. ChE1, which contains a 503-bp intron, encodes a protein with a novel acyl binding site. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences suggests that the two genes are a result of a duplication event in the lineage leading to amphioxus. We discuss the relevance of our results to the evolution of the cholinesterases in the chordates. Previously, we reported that amphioxus contained a single cholinesterase activity with properties intermediate to AChE and BuChE (Pezzementi et al. [1991] In: Cholinesterases: Structure, Function, Mechanism, Genetics and Cell Biology. J. Massoulié et al., eds. ACS: Washington, D.C., pp. 24-31).
authors.affiliation: Division of Science and Mathematics, Birmingham-Southern College, Alabama 35254, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: McClellan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Milner
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Soong
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Axon
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hester
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Poczatek
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Routt
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pezzementi
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002093:Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide / Q000494:pharmacology; D001665:Binding Sites; D002091:Butyrylcholinesterase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D002816:Chordata, Nonvertebrate / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics*; D005796:Genes / Q000235:genetics*; D007700:Kinetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D010830:Physostigmine / Q000494:pharmacology; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013770:Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D002093:Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide; D013770:Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide; D010830:Physostigmine; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D002091:Butyrylcholinesterase