title: Ectopic application of recombinant BMP-2 and BMP-4 can change patterning of developing chick facial primordia.
abstract: The facial primordia initially consist of buds of undifferentiated mesenchyme, which give rise to a variety of tissues including cartilage, muscle and nerve. These must be arranged in a precise spatial order for correct function. The signals that control facial outgrowth and patterning are largely unknown. The bone morphogenetic proteins Bmp-2 and Bmp-4 are expressed in discrete regions at the distal tips of the early facial primordia suggesting possible roles for BMP-2 and BMP-4 during chick facial development. We show that expression of Bmp-4 and Bmp-2 is correlated with the expression of Msx-1 and Msx-2 and that ectopic application of BMP-2 and BMP-4 can activate Msx-1 and Msx-2 gene expression in the developing facial primordia. We correlate this activation of gene expression with changes in skeletal development. For example, activation of Msx-1 gene expression across the distal tip of the mandibular primordium is associated with an extension of Fgf-4 expression in the epithelium and bifurcation of Meckel's cartilage. In the maxillary primordium, extension of the normal domain of Msx-1 gene expression is correlated with extended epithelial expression of shh and bifurcation of the palatine bone. We also show that application of BMP-2 can increase cell proliferation of the mandibular primordia. Our data suggest that BMP-2 and BMP-4 are part of a signalling cascade that controls outgrowth and patterning of the facial primordia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Craniofacial Development, UMDS, London, UK.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Barlow
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Francis-West
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002642:Chick Embryo; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004627:Embryonic Induction / Q000187:drug effects*; D005145:Face / Q000196:embryology; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D051957:MSX1 Transcription Factor; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta
chemical_list: C525718:BMP2 protein, human; C525809:BMP4 protein, human; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D051957:MSX1 Transcription Factor; C084119:MSX2 protein; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C499469:recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2