title: Lovastatin induction of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in human breast cells occurs in a cell cycle-independent fashion.
abstract: Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) p21, p27, p16, and p15 are an essential and integral part of cell cycle regulation. Studies on the expression of these inhibitors in normal versus tumor human breast cancer cells revealed that although p27 and p16 are expressed at higher levels in tumor cells, p21 and p15 expression were higher in normal cells. Analysis on the expression pattern of these proteins throughout the cell cycle in synchronized cells demonstrated a substantial increase in p21 during the S-phase in normal cells and barely detectable expression of p21 in any phase of the tumor cell cycle. Levels of p15, p16, and p27 remained relatively constant throughout the cell cycle of normal and tumor cells. Synchronization of tumor cells by lovastatin, which arrests cells in G1, resulted in increased levels of p21 and p27 with a concomitant decrease in cyclin-dependent kinase 2-associated kinase activity. Synchronization of cells by double-thymidine block did not result in the induction of p21 or p27. These observations suggest that lovastatin causes a profound cell cycle-independent alteration of CKI expression which is distinct from growth factor deprivation or thymidine block.
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Medicine, Wadsworth Center, Albany, New York 12201, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gray-Bablin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Keyomarsi
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast / Q000378:metabolism*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002460:Cell Line; D050762:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D016213:Cyclins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008148:Lovastatin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; C493966:CDKN2B protein, human; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D050762:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D008148:Lovastatin; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases