title: Obstetric antecedents of intraventricular hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia in the low-birth-weight neonate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia have a strong correlation with eventual neurologic deficit. Our objective was to correlate obstetric factors with the development of these lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven hundred forty-five consecutive inborn neonates with birth weights from 500 to 1750 gm were divided into three clinical groups: premature rupture of membranes, refractory preterm labor with intact membranes, and delivery initiated by the physician for maternal or fetal indications. Neonatal neurosonography was performed on days 3 and 7 of life and results were described as normal or abnormal. Abnormal scans included intraventricular hemorrhage seen within 3 days and echodense or echolucent periventricular leukomalacia seen within 7 days of life. Major abnormalities included intraventricular hemorrhage grades 3 and 4, intraventricular hemorrhage with periventricular leukomalacia, and echolucent periventricular leukomalacia. Abnormal scans were correlated with groups of origin and clinical and histologic chorioamnionitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Abnormal scans occurred in 33% of cases of premature rupture of membranes and in 38.9% of cases of preterm labor compared with 17.7% of physician-initiated cases (p < 0.000001). Major lesions occurred in 17.6% of cases of premature rupture of membranes, 21.4% of cases of preterm labor, and 1.1% of physician-initiated cases (p < 0.0000001). Clinical chorioamnionitis occurred in 19.7% of cases of premature rupture of membranes, 11.9% of cases of preterm labor, and 1.1% of physician-initiated cases (p < 0.001) and was associated with a significant increase in the incidence (p < or = 0.005) and severity (p < or = 0.007) of these lesions. Histologic chorioamnionitis occurred in 59.9% of cases of premature rupture of membranes, 43.2% of cases of preterm labor, and 8% of physician-initiated cases and did not correlate significantly with the incidence or severity of abnormal scans. These findings were independent of gestational age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence and severity of intraventricular hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia were significantly increased in premature rupture of membranes and preterm labor compared with the physician-initiated cases. Clinical chorioamnionitis increased the incidence and severity of these lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York Medical College, Westchester County Medical Center, Valhalla 10595, USA.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tejani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Reale
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Beneck
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Figueroa
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Visintainer
mesh_terms: D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D005322:Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007751:Labor, Induced; D007969:Leukomalacia, Periventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature; D011247:Pregnancy; D014463:Ultrasonography