title: Clinically significant macular edema in type I diabetes. Incidence and risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine incidence of and risk factors for clinically significant macular edema in persons with type I diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 189 persons with type I diabetes, recruited from a summer camp for children with diabetes and from practices of local physicians, were participants in a longitudinal study with annual follow-up visits which included physical and ophthalmologic examinations and color stereo fundus photographs of each eye, centered on the disc and macula. Subjects were free of proliferative retinopathy at study baseline. Ages ranged from 3 to 40 years, duration of diabetes ranged from 0 to 12 years, mean glycosylated hemoglobin (Hgb A1c) was 12.2% (range, 6.4%-21.5%), and average follow-up was 6.1 years. Presence of clinically significant macular edema was defined as in the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a total of 41 persons (62 eyes), clinically significant macular edema developed during study follow-up. Cumulative risk of clinically significant macular edema was 0 until 7 years' duration of diabetes. The cumulative risk of clinically significant macular edema increased linearly for each year of duration between 10 and 20 years, with an average annual increase of approximately 6.7%. Significant risk factors for clinically significant macular edema were older age at diagnosis, male sex, and higher Hgb A1c level. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, proteinuria, body mass index, race, initial presence of retinopathy, and use of antihypertensives did not significantly affect the risk of clinically significant macular edema.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Older age at diagnosis of diabetes, male sex, and higher Hgb A1c levels (poorer control of blood glycemic levels) significantly increase the risk of clinically significant macular edema in persons with type I diabetes. These data extend the evidence implicating worse glycemic control as a cause of clinically significant macular edema, even within a population with relatively loose control.
authors.affiliation: Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vitale
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Maguire
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hiner
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rourke
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sackett
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015142:Baltimore / Q000453:epidemiology; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D004487:Edema / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008266:Macula Lutea; D008297:Male; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014792:Visual Acuity
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin