title: Effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibition and acetoacetate on anaplerotic pyruvate carboxylase activity in cultured rat astrocytes.
abstract: In peripheral tissues, carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibition secondarily decreases the anaplerotic activity of pyruvate carboxylase activity leading to a decline in citric acid cycle intermediates and glutamate. In view of the important role of pyruvate carboxylase in the brain, we examined the effects of CA inhibition on pyruvate-carboxylase-mediated [14C]CO2 fixation in cultured astrocytes from postnatal rat brains. Incubation with H[14C]O3 led to radiolabeling of metabolites found both in the cells and in the medium. These were separated by ion exchange chromatography for identification. Ethoxyzolamide (ETZ), a sulfonamide CA inhibitor (SCAI) with a heterocyclic side group, caused a 43-73% decrease in cell lysate [alpha-ketoglutarate] and 14C incorporation into major products of pyruvate carboxylation in the cell lysates and cell medium (i.e., released products). Half-maximal inhibition of [14C]CO2 fixation was observed between 1 and 3 x 10(7) M. This is similar to the IC50 value for ETZ inhibition of events in other cells that are thought to be mediated by CA. Inhibition was also observed with trifluormethanesulfonamide, an aliphatic SCAI, providing further evidence that this effect is mediated by CA. Western blot analysis using isozyme-specific antisera indicated that astrocytes contain CA II, a cytosolic isozyme, but CA III, CA IV and CA V could not be detected. This finding is unusual since the effects of SCAIs on pyruvate carboxylation in other tissues have been attributed to inhibition of the intramitochondrial isozyme. CA V. [14C]CO2 fixation was also decreased by lowering media [pyruvate] or by addition of 5 mM acetoacetate. It is hypothesized that SCAIs may inhibit pyruvate carboxylation in astrocytes by limiting the supply of bicarbonate to this enzyme while ketone bodies, by inhibiting glucose oxidation, may limit the supply of pyruvate. Interestingly, both SCAIs and ketogenic diets are used to treat adolescent forms of epilepsy. The possibility that these treatments might ultimately work by affecting anaplerotic pyruvate carboxylase activity in the brain is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pa., USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hazen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Waheed
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Sly
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: LaNoue
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lynch
mesh_terms: D000090:Acetoacetates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005016:Ethoxzolamide / Q000494:pharmacology; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D007656:Ketoglutaric Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D010472:Perchlorates / Q000378:metabolism; D011766:Pyruvate Carboxylase / Q000378:metabolism*; D011773:Pyruvates / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000090:Acetoacetates; D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D007656:Ketoglutaric Acids; D010472:Perchlorates; D011773:Pyruvates; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases; D011766:Pyruvate Carboxylase; D005016:Ethoxzolamide