title: Muscles in the Drosophila second thoracic segment are patterned independently of autonomous homeotic gene function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Drosophila, segment-specific muscle pattern is thought to be determined by the autonomous function of homeotic selector genes in the mesoderm in combination with inductive cues from the developing epidermis and nervous system. Here, we have examined the roles of homeotic genes in the patterning of the somatic muscles of the thoracic segments of Drosophila.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We determined the expression patterns of homeoproteins in the mesoderm of the thoracic segments during embryonic and adult development. We found that, unlike the mesoderm of the first and third thoracic segments which express Sex combs reduced and Antennapedia (Antp), respectively, the mesoderm of the second thoracic segment does not express any known homeotic selector gene of the Antp or bithorax complex. In animals homozygous for Antp null mutations, the muscles of the second thoracic segment were affected in the embryo, probably as an indirect consequence of its requirement in the ectoderm. Animals that specifically lacked Antp function in the mesoderm, but expressed the gene in the epidermis, developed with a normal muscle pattern in the second thoracic segment. Furthermore, specific ectopic expression of Antp and other homeotic selector genes in the mesoderm of the second thoracic segment respecified its muscle pattern, indicating that these genes are not required autonomously during muscle development in this segment. Finally, we showed that Antp continues to be expressed in the mesoderm of the homeotically transformed third thoracic segment in the 'four-winged fly', and suggest that this is a likely reason for the failure of flight muscle development in the transformed segment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present a model for muscle development in the second thoracic segment whereby mesodermal properties are specified entirely by induction, in contrast to muscle development in other segments, where autonomous function for homeotic selector genes is also required.
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, P.O. Box 1234, IISc Campus, Bangalore, 560012, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Shashidhara
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: VijayRaghavan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051943:Antennapedia Homeodomain Protein; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development*; D004475:Ectoderm / Q000502:physiology; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005801:Genes, Homeobox; D017344:Genes, Insect; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006720:Homozygote; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000502:physiology; D009132:Muscles / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology; D009154:Mutation; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D013909:Thorax; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D051943:Antennapedia Homeodomain Protein; C497974:Antp protein, Drosophila; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D005656:Fungal Proteins; C052130:GAL4 protein, S cerevisiae; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D019476:Insect Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; C059627:Scr protein, Drosophila; D014157:Transcription Factors