title: The HSD-hCG vaccine prevents pregnancy in women: feasibility study of a reversible safe contraceptive vaccine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a vaccine for reversible control of fertility in women. MATERIALS AND PROTOCOLS: Purified beta subunit of hCG annealed to purified alpha subunit of ovine LH linked chemically to tetanus toxoid (TT) and diphtheria (DT); vaccine employed at 300 micrograms gonadotropin equivalent per injection adsorbed on alhydrogel with 1 mg SPLPS added in the first injection; Phase I safety trials in 47 women with elective tubal ligation; Phase II efficacy studies in 148 proven fertile women (2 children), sexually active, desirous of family planning using IUD; IUD removed when anti-hCG titres exceed 50 ng/ml hCG bioneutralization capacity; boosters given to maintain above threshold antibody levels; post coital tests conducted in 8 volunteers; sera of protected women analysed for immuno-determinants recognized by competitive enzyme immunoassays employing a panel of monoclonal antibodies and by direct binding to synthetic peptides; recombinant vaccines expressing beta hCG as a secreted product or as a fused protein anchored on membrane.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunization was well tolerated with no significant changes in endocrine, metabolic and hematological indices. Normal ovulatory cycles were maintained as indicated by menstrual regulation. The vaccine was highly effective in preventing pregnancy (1 pregnancy in 1224 cycles ) at and above antibody titres of 50 ng/ml. Antibodies declined in course of time in absence of boosters, with conceptions occurring below 35 ng/ml titres indicating regain of fertility. Ability of antibodies to prevent pregnancy was confirmed by post coital tests. High avidity (10(10) M-1) and other characteristics of antibodies generated by the vaccine are described and compared with those induced by two other hCG vaccines having undergone Phase I trials. The antibody response of the HSD vaccine in humans is characterized predominantly to an epitope recognized by the monoclonals 206 and P3W80. The antibodies had low or no reactivity with the carboxy terminal peptide and 38-57 region peptide. Live recombinant vaccines expressing beta hCG as a membrane anchored peptide generated antibody response to hCG in all animals following a single injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reversible fertility control is feasible with the HSD-hCG vaccine without impairment of ovulation or disturbance of menstrual regularity. Suggestions have been made for further optimization of the vaccine, which include replacement of TT and DT by a panel of T non B determinants communicating with the entire MHC spectrum and development of recombinant vaccine expressing beta hCG along with membrane anchored carrier.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Immunology New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Talwar
authors.forename: O M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hasnain
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pal
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Majumbar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vrati
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mukhopadhay
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Deshmukh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ganga
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mandokhot
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D003269:Contraception, Immunologic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D016056:Immunodominant Epitopes / Q000276:immunology; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012756:Sheep; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human; D016056:Immunodominant Epitopes; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone