title: Endoscopic variceal ligation using a clipping apparatus in children with portal hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy (EVS) is a procedure frequently used to control bleeding from esophageal varices in adults. The use of EVS has been restricted in children due to the associated risks. The present paper describes the safety and efficacy of a new apparatus for endoscopic variceal ligation with clipping (EVLC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Endoscopic variceal ligation using a clipping apparatus (HX-3 L, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan), was carried out in 12 children with portal hypertension (four with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction and eight with congenital biliary atresia; four boys and eight girls, age range 2-14 years). A total of 417 variceal clipping procedures were carried out in 56 separate EVLC sessions; 118 esophageal varices and 65 gastric fundic varices were ligated using 417 clips. Initially, the EVLC sessions were repeated at approximately monthly intervals until the varices were eradicated, but the interval was gradually extended to twice a year or once a year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Varices were successfully ligated at the first attempt in 414 (99.3%) of the 417 clipping procedures. The esophageal varices were initially eradicated in all patients. The follow-up period ranged from nine to 48 months, and complete variceal eradication or reduction of the grade of the varices was obtained in 11 of the 12 patients after initial eradication during this period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that EVLC offers advantages in the treatment of patients with esophageal varices combined with gastric fundic varices.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Pediatric Surgery, Chiba University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohnuma
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanabe
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Iwai
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Muramatsu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001656:Biliary Atresia / Q000150:complications; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019723:Endoscopes; D004867:Equipment Design; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000601:surgery*; D020701:Esophagoscopes; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005748:Gastric Fundus / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D006975:Hypertension, Portal / Q000150:complications*; D008026:Ligation / Q000295:instrumentation; D008297:Male; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000150:complications; D011169:Portal Vein; D012008:Recurrence; D012074:Remission Induction; D012449:Safety