title: Cardiovascular and metabolic responses to clonidine and midazolam premedication.
abstract: In this double-blind placebo controlled study the preoperative cardiovascular and metabolic effects of intramuscular (i.m.) clonidine and midazolam are assessed. Forty-five ASA Grade I patients (n = 15 per group) undergoing plastic surgical procedures were randomly allocated to receive either placebo, clonidine 4 micrograms kg-1 or midazolam 70 micrograms kg-1. Drugs were administered into the deltoid muscle approximately 90 min prior to the scheduled induction of anaesthesia. The metabolic measurements were performed using an indirect calorimetry device. Heart rate and blood pressure were measured noninvasively. Pre-operative subjective anxiety, dryness of mouth and tiredness were assessed using visual analogue scales (VAS). Clonidine increased subjective tiredness significantly more than placebo. Clonidine also induced moderate decreases in blood pressure and heart rate. Oxygen consumption (VO2), CO2 production and energy expenditure (EE) decreased significantly after clonidine and midazolam. The decrease in VO2 and EE was maximally 11-14% on average from the base-lines after clonidine and midazolam. These effects were of longer duration after clonidine and lasted until the end of the 90 min study period. In conclusion, both clonidine and midazolam are effective as a means of decreasing pre-operative VO2 and EE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taittonen
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kirvelä
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aantaa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kanto
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000328:Adult; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D006454:Hemoglobins; D003000:Clonidine; D008874:Midazolam