title: Application of the Mitrofanoff principle in children with severe impairment of bladder function.
abstract: Treatment of children with severe impairment of bladder function requires a large-volume, low-pressure reservoir combined with a continent, easily catheterizable valve. The Mitrofanoff principle (MP) appears to meet these requirements. Between 1986 and 1993, the MP was applied in 15 children (4 girls) aged 4 to 14 years. The primary diagnosis was bladder exstrophy in 8 (2 girls), neuropathic bladder in 3 (2 girls), urethral valves in 2, and rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) in 2. In 10 patients bladder augmentation with an intestinal patch was performed in addition to a Mitrofanoff procedure; in 5 a neobladder and continent appendicostomy were made. One boy with RMS died of distant metastases with a well-functioning appendicostomy and adequate renal function. At 2 to 9 years follow-up of the other 14 patients, 12 have a good result defined as: (1) adequate reservoir capacity; (2) continence; (3) normal renal function; and (4) no hydronephrosis. In 1 exstrophy patient with pre-existing impairment of renal function, further deterioration necessitated frequent catheterization and additional medical treatment. In 1 boy with fulgurated urethral valves, spontaneous micturition became subsequently possible, allowing closure of his appendicovesicostomy. Complications occurred in 10 patients, necessitating reintervention in 7. The MP in combination with the creation of an adequate reservoir gives good results in children with severe impairment of bladder function. Careful attention should be given to patient education regarding emptying of the reservoir. Long-term follow-up of renal function is mandatory.
authors.affiliation: Kinderchirurgisch Centrum Amsterdam, Emma Kinderziekenhuis/Kinder AMC and Academisch Ziekenhuis Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Heij
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ekkelkamp
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Moorman-Voestermans
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001065:Appendix / Q000601:surgery; D001746:Bladder Exstrophy / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012208:Rhabdomyosarcoma / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014521:Urethra / Q000002:abnormalities; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000601:surgery; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000601:surgery*; D014547:Urinary Diversion / Q000379:methods; D016476:Urinary Reservoirs, Continent / Q000379:methods*