title: Peripheral nerve stimulation in a whole-body echo-planar imaging system.
abstract: Echo-planar techniques in MRI use a rapidly oscillating frequency-encoding gradient with the potential to produce peripheral nerve stimulation. To evaluate the incidence, type, and location of stimulation in a commercial whole-body scanner, we studied two groups: (a) 173 consecutive individuals scanned by echo-planar imaging for other purposes and (b) seven subjects who were scanned with an extensive set of 36 echo-planar sequences (with prompting after each scan to report any peripheral nerve stimulation) to test the effects of various parameters. Although only 5% of group A reported symptoms of peripheral nerve stimulation, all in group B experienced some type of stimulation, dependent primarily on direction of the oscillating gradient and location of the body within the gradient coil. Maximum stimulation typically occurred 30 to 40 cm from isocenter in the region of maximum dB/dt. Generally, y gradients produced truncal stimulation, and x gradients produced stimulation in the head. When hands were clasped over the abdomen, a tingling in the hands occasionally was felt. Patients should be instructed to keep their hands apart.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ehrhardt
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Magnotta
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Yuh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values