title: The facet orientation circle. A new parameter for facet joint angulation in the lower lumbar spine.
abstract: METHODS
  A descriptive quantitative evaluation was done of the transverse orientation of the lower lumbar facet joints as measured by computed tomography scanning.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate a new parameter for facet joint angulation in the transverse plane (the "facet orientation circle") and to obtain reference values for this new parameter.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In other studies, both in vitro and in vivo, the angulation of the facet joints has been measured in degrees relative to the frontal or sagittal plane. These methods have some limitations. The parameter used in the present study has not been described in the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lower lumbar facet joint orientation was measured in 212 vertebral levels of 123 consecutive patients using the facet orientation circle parameter. Patients with degenerative or developmental abnormalities of the lumbar spine were excluded, as were those with technically inadequate computed tomography studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean facet orientation circle diameters (+/-SD) were: L3-L4, 43.7 +/- 10.5 mm; L4-L5, 63.8 +/- 26.4 mm; and L5-S1, 82.3 +/- 23.5 mm. Differences between right and left sides were: L3-L4, 6.3 +/- 7.1 mm; L4-L5, 13.9 +/- 25.3 mm; and L5-S1, 17.9 +/- 16.2 mm, intra-observer variability was 2.3%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measurement of facet joint angulation using the facet orientation circle is possible and reproducible. The morphometric data presented may be useful as a reference for biomechanical and clinical research of facet joint orientation and asymmetry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: van Schaik
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Pinxteren
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Verbiest
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crowe
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Zuiderveld
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D012015:Reference Standards; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data