title: Cranial nerve II-VII injuries in fatal closed head trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the distribution and mechanism of traumatic injuries to the nerves supplying the eye and muscles protecting the visual apparatus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Brain autopsy was carried out in 12 consecutive patients who died within three days after closed head injury. A segment of the brainstem with the entire intracranial portion of nerves II-VII was dissected out in each case and fixed in formalin. The specimens were stripped of the leptomeninges and inspected thoroughly under magnification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Injuries to the nerves were seen in nine subjects. The oculomotor nerve was completely torn off from the midbrain unilaterally in three and bilaterally in two cases. In one patient only a portion of the superficial fibres on the medial aspect of the nerve was ripped out from the brainstem. In two patients the fourth nerve was ruptured. The root of the fifth cranial nerve was contused and the fibres between the brainstem and Gasserian ganglion crushed and separated in one case. Bilateral avulsion of the root of the sixth nerve from the brainstem was found in two cases. The initial segment of the facial nerve was crushed in two subjects. No visible injury to the optic nerves was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cranial nerves related to the visual system are subject to serious injury in a large proportion of cases of severe head trauma resulting from automobile accidents. In the majority of cases damage results from ripping the roots of these nerves out of the brainstem.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical School, Bialystok, Poland.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mariak
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mariak
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stankiewicz
mesh_terms: D061227:Accessory Nerve Injuries; D000058:Accidental Falls; D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D020209:Cranial Nerve Injuries; D003391:Cranial Nerves / Q000473:pathology; D005123:Eye / Q000294:innervation* / Q000473:pathology; D020220:Facial Nerve Injuries; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D061287:Glossopharyngeal Nerve Injuries; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D061228:Hypoglossal Nerve Injuries; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000473:pathology; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology; D061220:Oculomotor Nerve Injuries; D012421:Rupture; D012887:Skull Fractures; D061285:Vestibulocochlear Nerve Injuries