title: Vertical optokinetic nystagmus and after-responses during backward tilt.
abstract: METHODS
  Vertical optokinetic nystagmus (VOKN) and after-responses were detected in nine subjects using the corneo-retinal potential (CRP) technique and an infrared video camera detection apparatus (ISCAN) simultaneously. The ISCAN method produced a much smaller inter-subject variability, a higher linear regression coefficient (0.94) when vertical eye position was regressed against vertical target position (+/- 30 degrees, 5 degrees increments). Detected by ISCAN, VOKN responses were measured at 3 angles of pitch head (and body) tilt: upright (0 degrees), supine (90 degrees), and declined 45 degrees below horizontal (135 degrees). Two stripe velocities (40 degrees.s-1 and 60 degrees.s-1) were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In six of the nine subjects (67%) and in 40/54 conditions (74%) for all subjects, upward (slow phase velocity up) VOKN gain was greater than downward VOKN gain for both stripe velocities at all tilt angles. The gain for both upward and downward VOKN decreased as stripe velocity increased from 40-60 degrees.s-1, which suggests that both upward and downward VOKN systems were starting to saturate. Across subjects, a mean up-down asymmetry index, I, increased monotonically as the subjects declined. The slope of the monotonic function was greater for 60 degrees.s-1 stripe velocity than for 40 degrees.s-1 stripe velocity. The mean of all subjects' individual asymmetry ratios (ASYM) also increased as tilt increased but the slope of the best fitted regression line was not statistically significantly different from zero (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Optokinetic after-responses observed in the present study were of two types: 1) resetting of the eye by a drift, with nystagmus superimposed, from a beating field (eye position) that occurred during optokinetic stimulation; and 2) resetting of the eye without nystagmus superimposed. Upward VOKN produced the greatest number of after-responses. The beating field of VOKN was not correlated with pitch tilt.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-1063, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Correia
authors.forename: O I
authors.initials: OI
authors.lastname: Kolev
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Rupert
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Guedry
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004584:Electronystagmography; D018475:Head-Down Tilt / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007259:Infrared Rays; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D017120:Nystagmus, Optokinetic / Q000502:physiology*; D016683:Supine Position / Q000502:physiology; D014743:Videotape Recording