title: Ability of laying hens to negotiate horizontal perches at different heights, separated by different angles.
abstract: 1. This paper describes how birds move between horizontal perches at different heights with different angles separating them, using the time to complete the task and the number of birds failing to indicate ability. 2. For the first experiment, 4 groups of 15 birds (ISA Brown) were subjected to each of the experimental treatments (using three perches with angles of 0 degree (horizontal control), 30 degrees, 45 degrees or 60 degrees between them). The birds were required to move upward between the perches for each treatment and then to move downward between the perches, as a second part of the experiment. 3. Birds moving up between the perches took significantly longer at 60 degrees than at any other angle. No birds failed to complete the task. 4. For birds moving downward between the perches, the median time to complete the task increased significantly with angle. Furthermore, the number of birds failing to complete the task increased with angle. 5. A second experiment was conducted to test whether the vertical or horizontal component of distance affected birds' ability to negotiate perches separated by different angles. 6. For the second experiment 4 groups of 10 Lohmann Brown laying hens were subjected to each of the following treatments: two horizontal perches separated by 30 degrees or 60 degrees and either directly, horizontally or vertically separated by a set distance of 50 cm. Birds were required to move both up and down between perches. 7. Birds negotiated horizontally-separated perches more successfully at 30 degrees than at 60 degrees. However, when the vertical distance between the perches was 50 cm there was no significant difference in the ability of birds to move downward at 30 degrees or 60 degrees. For birds moving upward, 60 degrees was easier to negotiate than 30 degrees. 8. The vertical and horizontal separations, as well as the different angles affected the ability of birds to move between perches. There was a general decreasing trend in ability with increasing vertical separation between perches. 9. The findings are important in terms of arrangements of perches to improve bird welfare. To minimise the risk of injury, the angle between perches at different heights should be no more than 45 degrees, and the horizontal and vertical distances between these perches minimised, to allow the birds to be able to move downwards more easily.
authors.affiliation: Poultry Science Department, SAC Auchincruive, Ayr, Scotland.
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Lambe
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hitchcock
mesh_terms: D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D005160:Facility Design and Construction; D005260:Female; D006799:Housing, Animal; D008124:Locomotion; D008433:Mathematics; D008954:Models, Biological; D010058:Oviposition; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D006113:United Kingdom