title: L-citrulline recycling in opossum internal anal sphincter relaxation by nonadrenergic, noncholinergic nerve stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  L-citrulline formed stoichiometrically along with nitric oxide (1:1) from L-arginine may be enzymatically converted to L-arginine. The possibility of L-citrulline recycling in the maintenance of nitrergic neurotransmission in the opossum internal anal sphincter (IAS) smooth muscle strips was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Responses to nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) nerve stimulation by electrical field stimulation (EFS) (either short-train or continuous stimulation) on the basal IAS tension were recorded before and after the NO synthase inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), L-NNA plus L-citrulline, or L-arginine. During continuous EFS, when the basal IAS tone after the initial relaxation had recovered to almost pre-EFS levels, the effects of L-citrulline or L-arginine were examined before and after L-glutamine, which is a putative blocker of L-citrulline uptake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inhibition of NANC nerve-mediated IAS relaxation by L-NNA was reversed by L-citrulline as well as L-arginine. L-Citrulline and L-arginine caused concentration-dependent relaxation of the IAS tone recovered during the prolonged EFS. L-Glutamine blocked the responses of L-citrulline but not of L-arginine. Furthermore, L-glutamine increased the speed of recovery of IAS tone during continuous EFS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  L-citrulline recycling may be responsible for the maintenance of IAS relaxation during frequent short-train and prolonged NANC nerve stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rattan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chakder
mesh_terms: D001003:Anal Canal / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002956:Citrulline / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005973:Glutamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000187:drug effects; D009129:Muscle Tonus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009424:Nervous System Physiological Phenomena; D019335:Nitroarginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009893:Opossums; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005973:Glutamine; D019335:Nitroarginine; D002956:Citrulline; D001120:Arginine