title: Ultrastructure and synthesis of the extracellular matrix of Pisaster ochraceus embryos preserved by freeze substitution.
abstract: When asteroid embryos cryoprotected with propylene glycol are rapidly frozen in liquid propane and freeze substituted with ethanol, preservation of the cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) is excellent. The basal lamina, although thicker and less well defined than in conventionally fixed embryos, demonstrates a region of decreased density just below the cells that corresponds to the lamina lucida and a lamina densa. The former region is often occupied by fibrous material. In addition, as was previously described in conventionally fixed issues, the basal lamina of the ectoderm is generally thicker and more substantial than that of the endoderm, reinforcing an earlier suggestion that the structure of the basal is different in different regions of the embryo. The ECM of the blastocoel consists of thin "twig-like" elements that form a loose meshwork evenly distributed throughout the blastocoel. Bundles of 20 nm fibers, located within the meshwork, are oriented parallel to the base of the cells of the stomodeum. In the long axis of the embryo, similar fibers are present in the dorsal aspect of the animal between the stomach and the ectoderm and radiate out from the esophagus crossing the region between it and the ectoderm. Immunocytochemical work with three different monoclonal antibodies shows that glycoprotein molecules, synthesized in the Golgi apparatus, are also secreted here and form part of the matrix structure. The results suggest that the blastocoel is filled with a gel-like material reinforced with bundles of 20-nm fibers. The manner in which the observed arrangement could contribute to the development and maintainence of the shape of the embryo is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Reimer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods*; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D017110:Freeze Substitution; D005782:Gels; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008970:Molecular Weight; D013215:Starfish / Q000196:embryology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D002241:Carbohydrates; D005782:Gels