title: Prospective evaluation of three smoking interventions in 205 recovering alcoholics: one-year results of Project SCRAP-Tobacco.
abstract: A total of 205 (113 male, 92 female) nonhospitalized recovering alcoholics with > 3 months of continuous abstinence from alcohol and drugs and relatively heavy tobacco dependence (Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire score = 7.7; mean number of cigarettes per day, 26.8; mean number of years smoked, 24.4) were randomized to standard treatment (ST) American Lung Association quit program plus nicotine anonymous meetings (n = 70), behavioral counseling plus physical exercise (BEX; n = 72), or behavioral counseling plus nicotine gum (BNIC; n = 63). A 3 x 4 repeated measures design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the interventions on smoking outcome at baseline, posttreatment, and 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Self-reported smoking status was verified with biochemical and informant report. Verified self-report indicated that significantly more smokers in BEX quit by posttreatment (60%) than in either BNIC (52%) or ST (31%), chi 2 (2, N = 205) = 17.85, p < .01, but not at the 6-month (29%, 27%, and 21%, respectively) or 12-month (27%, 27%, and 26%, respectively) follow-up. Only 4% (7 of 188) relapsed to alcohol or drugs. Alcohol relapse did not differ by treatment group or smoking status. Length of alcohol abstinence was not associated with smoking cessation outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, California 92120, USA. jmartin@sdsu.edu
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Calfas
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Patten
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Polarek
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Hofstetter
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Noto
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Beach
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications*; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000592:standards*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome