title: Cross-protection among lethal H5N2 influenza viruses induced by DNA vaccine to the hemagglutinin.
abstract: Inoculation of mice with hemagglutinin (HA)-expressing DNA affords reliable protection against lethal influenza virus infection, while in chickens the same strategy has yielded variable results. Here we show that gene gun delivery of DNA encoding an H5 HA protein confers complete immune protection to chickens challenged with lethal H5 viruses. In tests of the influence of promoter selection on vaccine efficacy, close correlations were obtained between immune responses and the dose of DNA administered, whether a cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate-early promoter or a chicken beta-actin promoter was used. Perhaps most important, the HA-DNA vaccine conferred 95% cross-protection against challenge with lethal antigenic variants that differed from the primary antigen by 11 to 13% (HA1 amino acid sequence homology). Overall, the high levels of protection seen with gene gun delivery of HA-DNA were as good as, if not better than, those achieved with a conventional whole-virus vaccine, with fewer instances of morbidity and death. The absence of detectable antibody titers after primary immunization, together with the rapid appearance of high titers immediately after challenge, implicates efficient B-cell priming as the principal mechanism of DNA-mediated immune protection. Our results suggest that the efficacy of HA-DNA influenza virus vaccine in mice extends to chickens and probably to other avian species as well. Indeed, the H5 preparation we describe offers an attractive means to protect the domestic poultry industry in the United States from lethal H5N2 viruses, which continue to circulate in Mexico.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kodihalli
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Haynes
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Webster
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D019470:Biolistics; D002645:Chickens; D004306:Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; D000939:Epitopes; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D053125:Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000517:prevention & control; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D014611:Vaccination; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D000939:Epitopes; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D019444:Vaccines, DNA