title: Three-dimensional prostate ultrasound and its application to cryosurgery.
abstract: Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), despite its undeniable utility in prostate imaging, employs a spatially flexible and variable 2-dimensional (2-D) imaging technique to visualize a 3-dimensional (3-D) disease process and anatomy. To circumvent some of the limitations of 2-D TRUS, 3-D TRUS was developed. The system consists of a motorized assembly (to hold a standard ultrasound transducer) and a computer with a video frame grabber. The microcomputer, using software developed in our laboratory, rapidly reconstructs a series of linear ultrasound images into a 3-D image. The 3-D TRUS technology has been incorporated into our program for cryoablation of the prostate. With intraoperative 3-D TRUS providing a unique coronal view, cryoprobe placement is facilitated to detect malalignment and avoid subsequent suboptimal cryoablation. In our use of 3-D TRUS guidance, in all 21 initial patients, probe malalignment, otherwise not apparent on standard 2-D TRUS, was detected and corrected before cryosurgery. With median follow-up of just < 1 year, only 2 of 44 biopsy cores (from the same site of 1 patient) were positive at 3 and 6 months. 3-D TRUS appears to be a valuable adjunctive tool in prostate imaging, especially in providing guidance for cryoblation of prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, London Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Downey
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Onik
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fenster
mesh_terms: D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000379:methods; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional