title: Vaginal Ultrasonography and Diagnostic Hysteroscopy for Women with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding after Menopause
abstract: Three hundred twenty-five postmenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding had transvaginal ultrasound examinations. In 158 the endometrial thickness was greater than 5 mm, in 20 less than 5 mm but irregular, and in 147 less than 5 mm and regular. Diagnostic hysteroscopy was performed in the first two groups and showed mild endometrial abnormalities in 23 women, severe in 23, endometrial polyps in 55, myoma in 10, and normal endometrium (atrophic or proliferative) in 22, with synechiae in 5. Forty-six (32%) endometrial biopsies were performed and showed 20 adenocarcinomas, 3 atypical hyperplasias, 10 simple hyperplasias, 5 atrophies, and 8 proliferative. In 18 patients the examination was not possible because of cervical stenosis and was performed under general anesthesia; polyps were removed by operative hysteroscopy. In patients with endometrial thickness greater than 5 mm, hysteroscopy revealed only two cases of mild endometrial abnormalities (cystic atrophy), two polyps, and two myomas. The frequency of endometrial cancer was 7%, similar to that reported by others. Ultrasonography is sensitive in evaluating abnormal uterine bleeding with or without endometrial pathology. Hysteroscopy must be the second procedure because it can exclude pathology and allow a targeted biopsy to confirm the diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of "Tor Vergata," Policlinico S. Eugenio, Viale Umanesimo 10, 00144 Rome, Italy.
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Valli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zupi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marconi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fabiani
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chiaretti
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Exacoustos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Romanini