title: Application of ultra short acting beta blockade (esmolol) in pediatric open heart surgery: a trial in total anomalous pulmonary venous return.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) under cardiopulmonary bypass, esmolol, ultra short acting beta blocker, was applied to obtain low heart rate and weak ventricular contraction under mild hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five infants aged from 14 to 158 days with an average of 70 days, underwent a primary or palliative repair of TAPVR. The type of anomalous return was supracardiac type (2), infracardiac (2), and intracardiac (1). A primary repair was done in three for isolated TAPVR with bypass time of 65 to 76 minutes, and a palliative repair for two with complex anomalies with bypass time of 64 and 87 minutes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was one operative death from cerebral bleeding in an infant with complex TAPVR who underwent simultaneous pulmonary banding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This strategy seems to be applicable in pediatric cardiac surgery when aortic cross-clamping is better to be avoided and the surgery is mainly limited to the atrial level.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Surgery, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kadoba
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sawa
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kume
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyagawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimazaki
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D010166:Palliative Care; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000002:abnormalities*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D011412:Propanolamines; C036604:esmolol