title: On wearing two hats: role conflict in serving as both psychotherapist and expert witness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article explores the clinical, legal, and ethical problems that typically occur when a psychotherapist serves as both a treating clinician and forensic evaluator (or expert witness) in the same case.
  
  
  METHODS
  The professional literature, ethics codes, opinion surveys, and the changing economic and institutional contexts of psychotherapy are reviewed in order to identify obstacles to widespread recognition of this straightforward ethical issue. The processes of psychotherapy and forensic evaluation are then analyzed so as to reveal fundamental incompatibilities between the psychotherapist's clinical and legal functions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Attempting to treat and evaluate the same person typically creates an irreconcilable role conflict. This role conflict manifests itself in different conceptions of truth and causation, different forms of alliance, different types of assessment, and different ethical guidelines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although circumstances sometimes compel a practitioner to assume the dual role of treater and evaluator, the problems that surround this practice argue for its avoidance whenever possible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Strasburger
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Gutheil
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brodsky
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D026686:Beneficence; D032781:Codes of Ethics; D003219:Confidentiality; D030881:Disclosure; D004645:Empathy; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D005104:Expert Testimony; D005249:Fees and Charges; D005555:Forensic Psychiatry / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D010819:Physician's Role; D024382:Professional Role; D011613:Psychotherapy; D012380:Role; D012941:Social Responsibility; D035502:Trust