title: The course of psychopathologic features in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The onset and course of the psychopathologic features of Alzheimer disease have not been established in prospective, longitudinal studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred thirty-five patients with early, probable Alzheimer disease were recruited at 3 sites and observed naturalistically for up to 5 years. At 6-month intervals, the Columbia University Scale for Psychopathology in Alzheimer's Disease was administered. Markov analyses were used to predict the probability of a specific symptom developing or being maintained at the next visit. For each symptom category, the maximum frequency of occurrence at 4 consecutive points (duration, 2 years) was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Misidentification, wandering or agitation, and physical aggression increased during follow-up. At any visit, the likelihood of a new symptom developing was greatest for behavioral disturbance, intermediate for paranoid delusions and hallucinations, and least for depressed mood with vegetative features. Wandering or agitation occurred at 3 or more of 4 consecutive visits (duration, 2 years) in the majority of patients, paranoid delusions and hallucinations were intermediate in their degree of persistence, and depressed mood with vegetative signs rarely persisted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Behavioral disturbance, particularly agitation, is common and persistent in patients with Alzheimer disease. Psychotic symptoms are less common and show moderate persistence over time. Depressed mood with vegetative signs is uncommon and rarely persists. These findings suggest leads about the optimal treatment duration for specific subtypes of psychopathologic features.
authors.affiliation: Memory Disorders Clinic, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research in New York City, USA.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Devanand
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: M X
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Del Castillo-Castaneda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marder
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Bylsma
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Stern
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003702:Delusions / Q000175:diagnosis; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008390:Markov Chains; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010259:Paranoid Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000175:diagnosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index