title: Phase I dose-escalation pharmacokinetics of AZT-P-ddI (IVX-E-59) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus.
abstract: 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidilyl-(5',5')-2',3'-dideoxy-5'-inosinic acid (AZT-P-ddI, IVX-E-59, Scriptene) is a heterodimer composed of one molecule of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (zidovudine or AZT) and one molecule of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (didanosine or ddI) linked through their 5' positions by a phosphate bond. AZT-P-ddI exhibits enhanced antiviral activity and selectivity in vitro compared with AZT and ddI alone. The pharmacokinetics of AZT-P-ddI were studied in 12 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who had CD4+ cell counts higher than 200 cells/mm3. Isotopic preparations of (14C)-AZT-P-(3H)-ddI were administered intravenously (50 mg and 100 mg) to eight patients; 1 month later these patients were crossed over to oral administration (100 mg and 200 mg). A second group of patients (n = 4) received only a 450-mg oral dose of AZT-P-ddI. Plasma levels of unchanged AZT-P-ddI after intravenous infusion declined rapidly and were undetectable 0.75 hours after the end of infusion, whereas the parent compound was not detected after oral administration, indicative of a very rapid metabolism. The parent entity was enzymatically cleaved in vivo yielding the two constituent drugs AZT and ddI, which were subsequently subjected to their respective pharmacokinetic and metabolic processes. The beta-glucuronide derivative of AZT (GAZT) represented the major metabolite of AZT, but there were no detectable levels of the toxic metabolite 3'-amino-3'-deoxythymidine (AMT). A major and previously unrecognized in vivo metabolite of ddI, referred as ddI-M, was detected in plasma and urine. Analysis by high-field proton nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry led to the identification of ddI-M as being R(-)-dihydro-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2(3H)-furanone. The formation of AZT and ddI metabolites was increased after oral administration of AZT-P-ddI compared with the intravenous infusion, with an area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) ratio of metabolite to AZT and metabolite to ddI being 7.7 and 5.7 (oral) and 3.8 and 1.1 (intravenous), respectively. The newly identified ddI-M exhibited sustained plasma levels for extended time periods with an apparent elimination half-life (t1/2) of approximately 10 hours after oral administration of AZT-P-ddI. Recovery of radioactivity associated with 3H and 14C in urine was essentially complete within 48 hours after oral and intravenous administration of AZT-P-ddI. The oral bioavailability of AZT (64.7-67.3%) and ddI (33.6-42.9%) and the other pharmacokinetic parameters were consistent with previous data reported with each nucleoside analog alone or in combination therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) 35294-0019, USA.
authors.forename: X J
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Squires
authors.forename: X R
authors.initials: XR
authors.lastname: Pan-Zhou
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bernhard
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Agrofoglio
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Duchin
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Sommadossi
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D016049:Didanosine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D054306:Dideoxynucleotides; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D054306:Dideoxynucleotides; D015215:Zidovudine; D016049:Didanosine; C106062:scriptene