title: Notoginsenoside R1 counteracts endotoxin-induced activation of endothelial cells in vitro and endotoxin-induced lethality in mice in vivo.
abstract: In this study we investigated a possible counteracting activity notoginsenoside R1 (NG-R1) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced effects in vitro and in vivo. The upregulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) antigen due to LPS (1 microgram/mL for 12 hours) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was prevented when the cells were incubated simultaneously with 100 micrograms/mL NG-R1 (PAI-1 antigen: LPS-treated cells, 969 +/- 54 ng/10(5) cells; control cells, 370 +/- 15 ng/10(5) cells; LPS + NG-R1-treated cells, 469 +/- 29 ng/10(5) cells; n = 6). The 2.5- and 3.4-fold (2.2- and 3.2-kb) increases in PAI-1 mRNA levels induced by LPS (1 microgram/mL for 6 hours) were reduced to 1.4- and 2.6-fold increases in the presence of both LPS and 100 micrograms/mL NG-R1. LPS-induced tissue factor (TF) activity in HUVECs was also counteracted when the cells were coincubated with both LPS and 100 micrograms/mL NG-R1 for 6 hours (TF activity: LPS-treated cells, 88.6 +/- 6.5 mU/10(6) cells; control cells, 0.7 +/- 0.01 mU/10(6) cells; LPS + NG-R1-treated cells, 56.0 +/- 1.9 mU/10(6) cells). The 26-fold increase in TF mRNA levels induced by LPS (1 microgram/mL for 2 hours) was reduced to a 13-fold increase in the presence of both LPS and 100 micrograms/mL NG-R1. PAI activity levels in the plasma of mice 4 hours after injection of LPS (10 ng/g body wt) increased 2.3-fold compared with a control group. In contrast, PAI activity from LPS + NG-R1 (1 microgram/g body wt NG-R1)-treated animals was at control level (PAI-1 activity: LPS-treated group, 11.3 +/- 3.1 U/mL; control group, 4.9 +/- 0.3 U/mL; LPS + NG-R1-treated group, 4.3 +/- 1.0 U/mL; n = 5 to 8). The production of TNF-alpha induced by 1 microgram/mL LPS by cultured human whole-blood cells was inhibited by 46% when the cells were incubated together with 100 micrograms/mL NG-R1. NG-R1 protected mice from the lethal effects of LPS. The 78% lethality induced by LPS/galactosamine was reduced to 23% when NG-R1 was administered simultaneously (P < .01 by chi 2 test). To extend this study to inflammatory cells, the effect of NG-R1 on LPS stimulation of the monocytic cell line THP-1 was investigated. NG-R1 inhibited the LPS-induced degradation of I kappa B-alpha and superinduced LPS-induced I kappa B-alpha mRNA, indicating that the effect of NG-R1 is not restricted to endothelial cells and is at least in part mediated by interference with the NF-kappa B/I kappa B-alpha pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, University of Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wojta
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Binder
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D036145:Ginsenosides; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012503:Saponins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D036145:Ginsenosides; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012503:Saponins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C072936:notoginsenoside R1