title: Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death. Many treatments have been proposed but considerable uncertainty still remains about their effectiveness. In this review we evaluated the quality, clinical coherence, consistency and results of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT) of non-surgical treatments for HCC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-seven RCTs examining the effect of different treatments were retrieved using MEDLINE (November 1978 to December 1995) and a review of reference lists. Selected aspects of the quality of design, conduct and reporting were examined. The odds ratio for the probability of surviving up to one year was calculated according to the Mantel Haenszel Peto method and displayed using l'Abbe plots.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 37 RCTs overall included 2803 patients (median 56, range 20-289). Patients prognosis varied widely across studies which also failed to report on important information about their characteristics. Only 10 RCTs had an untreated control group; the remaining 27 compared different regimens of intravenous or intraarterial chemotherapy with or without embolization of hepatic artery, hormono- and immunotherapy regimens. Some evidence of a moderate benefit emerged only from RCTs using tamoxifen and transcatheter arterial embolization vs. no treatment in unresectable patients: pooled odds ratio for 1-year survival were, respectively, 2.0 (95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.1-3.6) and 2.0 (95% CI 1.1-3.6). At 2 years, however, pooled odds ratio were no longer statistically significant for tamoxifen 1.2 (95% CI 0.6-2.6) but was significant for embolization 2.3 (95% CI 1.2-4.6). No evidence of efficacy was detected for embolization as adjuvant therapy in resected or transplanted patients nor for chemotherapy added to intraarterial embolization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This systematic review of RCTs on HCC, mostly in non resectable patients, indicate that the non-surgical current treatments are ineffective or minimally and uncertainly effective. The three treatment modalities minimally and uncertainly effective (i.e., embolization, tamoxifen and IFN) can deserve further assessment by larger and methodologically more sound randomized trials.
authors.affiliation: Divisione di Medicina, Ospedale V. Cervello, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Simonetti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liberati
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Angiolini
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pagliaro
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000628:therapy; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic