title: Evidence of clonal divergence in colorectal carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to investigate the generation of DNA ploidy diversity in different stages of colorectal carcinoma development.
  
  
  METHODS
  DNA flow cytometry was performed on tissue samples from 20 colorectal adenomas, 38 colorectal carcinomas, 30 lymph node metastases, and 70 hematogenous metastases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DNA aneuploidy was detected in 30% of the adenomas, 82% of the primary colorectal tumors, 57% of the lymph node metastases, 92% of the liver metastases, and 100% of the other distant hematogenous metastases. Multiple DNA tumor stemlines were found in 10%, 39%, 29%, 24%, and 40%, respectively. Sixty-two percent of the DNA tumor stemlines detected in the lymph node or liver metastases were also present in the primary tumors. In primary carcinomas and lymph node metastases, the DNA index distribution had a bimodal shape with a minimum at the 1.2-1.4 region. In the hematogenous metastases, a higher percentage of hypertetraploid stemlines was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The emergence of DNA aneuploidy as well as clonal divergence seems to take place during the transition from adenoma to carcinoma. The DNA aneuploid stemlines formed during this phase remain relatively stable over time, although ongoing clonal evolution at distant metastatic tumor sites cannot be completely ruled out.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Tollenaar
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Bonsing
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Kuipers-Dijkshoorn
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hermans
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: van de Velde
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Cornelisse
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Fleuren
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000782:Aneuploidy; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D018740:Genetic Heterogeneity; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000556:secondary; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm