title: Stroke volume and cardiac output in normotensive children and adults. Assessment of relations with body size and impact of overweight.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Relations between organs and body size are not linear but rather follow allometric (growth) relations characterized by their powers (exponents).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stroke volume (SV) by M-mode echocardiography was related to height, weight, body surface area (BSA), and ideal BSA (derived from ideal body weight for given height) in 970 normotensive individuals (1 day to 85 years old; 426 < 18 years old; 204 overweight to obese; 426 female). In normal-weight children, adults, and the entire population, SV was related by allometric relations to BSA (power = 0.82 to 1.19), body weight (power = 0.57 to 0.71), and height (power = 1.45 to 2.04) (all P < .0001). Relations of cardiac output to measures of body size had lower allometric powers than those for SV in the entire population (0.41 for body weight, 0.62 for BSA, and 1.16 for height). In overweight adults, observed SVs were 17% greater than predicted for ideal BSA, a difference that was approximated by normalization of SV for height to age-specific allometric powers. Similarly, observed cardiac output was 19% greater than predicted for ideal BSA, a difference that was accurately detected by use of cardiac output/height to age-specific allometric powers but not of BSA to the first power.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indices of SV and cardiac output for BSA are pertinent when the effect of obesity needs to be removed, because these indices obscure the impact of obesity. To detect the effect of obesity on LV pump function, normalization of SV and cardiac output for ideal BSA or for height to its age-specific allometric power should be practiced.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, NY 10021, USA. mjograd@mail.med.cornell.edu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: de Simone
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Devereux
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mureddu
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Roman
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Kimball
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Greco
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Witt
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Contaldo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001830:Body Surface Area; D001835:Body Weight; D002302:Cardiac Output; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology; D012016:Reference Values; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left