title: Starvation increases the number of coliform bacteria in the caecum and induces bacterial adherence to caecal epithelium in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the impact of starvation for 24 and 48 h on the number of coliform bacteria in the caecal contents, on the mucosal adherence of coliform bacteria, and on bacterial translocation in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Open prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University departments of surgery and microbiology, Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  46 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  19 rats served as controls, and were fed until samples were taken. Six animals were starved for 24 h and another 15 for 48 h, with free access to water, and then anaesthetised before blood, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), caecum, and caecal contents were sampled. To verify bacterial translocation in this strain of rats, another six rats underwent controlled haemorrhage for 60 min to reduce the blood pressure to 55 mm Hg mean arterial pressure (MAP). These rats had free access to food and water before haemorrhage but were allowed only water until samples were taken 24 h after haemorrhage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Presence and number of coliform bacteria in samples taken from caecal contents, caecal epithelium, MLN, and blood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Starvation for 24 h increased the number of coliform bacteria (colony forming units (CFU)/g) in the caecal contents 25-fold (p < 0.05). Starvation for 48 h further increased the number by a factor of 100. The number of coliform bacteria that adhered to the caecal epithelium increased 3,000 times in rats that had been starved for 48 h (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in translocation (as indicated by cultures from MLN) between rats that had been fed and those that had been starved for 48 h. In 4 of the 6 rats that were bled and then starved for 24 h there were signs of bacterial translocation, which was significantly more than the 1/19 in fed rats (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Starvation increases the number of bacteria in the caecal contents and increases bacterial adherence to the caecal epithelium. These changes may contribute to the previously reported increase in bacterial translocation in starved compared wit fed rats that were subjected to stress. The same changes in the gut were observed in animals subjected to haemorrhagic stress in addition to starvation, and in which bacterial translocation was evident.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Nettelbladt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Katouli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Volpe
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bark
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Muratov
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Svenberg
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Möllby
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ljungqvist
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D018988:Bacterial Translocation; D002432:Cecum / Q000382:microbiology*; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000502:physiology*; D005508:Food Deprivation / Q000502:physiology*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley