title: Otorhinolaryngologic computer-assisted biopsies of the Iceman.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Iceman is a prehistoric, completely preserved, 5300-year-old male human mummy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To obtain the first biopsy specimens from inside the Iceman while meeting an extended standard of hygiene and following precise intraoperative guidance to the site of biopsy and keeping tissue damage to a minimum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biopsy specimens from the nose, the maxillary sinus, and the larynx of the Iceman were obtained. Special caution had to be taken while performing the biopsies to not contaminate the Iceman with heavy metals or remnants of microorganisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Iceman, a cadaver kept frozen in a glacier for 5300 years. The Iceman is in an excellent state of preservation and will allow fundamental histological, morphological, and molecular genetic insights into early man.
  
  
  METHODS
  The biopsies were planned and executed with the aid of Interventional Video Tomography, a system that guides the surgeon to the target area by combining live video with existing imaging modalities. The system does not need mechanical fixation of the subject (the Iceman) and is barely in physical contact with the subject; thus, it was the ideal tool for guiding the surgeon to the site of the biopsy samplings through a tiny canal into the nose, the maxillary sinus, and the larynx of the Iceman.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have obtained a number of tissue samples by precisely guided 3-dimensional navigation. Unnecessary tissue damage was avoided.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visual inspection of the extracted mucosa showed typical human cadaver tissue, despite its age, without clinical abnormalities. Currently, the samples are being investigated by various international scientific groups.
authors.affiliation: Ear, Nose, and Throat Department, University Hospital Innsbruck, Australia.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Gunkel
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Freysinger
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Thumfart
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Truppe
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gaber
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Künzel
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Platzer
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tiefenbrunner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D005615:Freezing; D049690:History, Ancient; D015186:Hominidae / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007830:Larynx / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008443:Maxillary Sinus / Q000473:pathology*; D009106:Mummies / Q000473:pathology*; D009666:Nose / Q000473:pathology*; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014741:Video Recording