title: Venous insufficiency in male workers with a standing profession. Part 1: epidemiology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) in the occupational population is often poorly recognized. The dimensions of this problem have never been thoroughly investigated in the Netherlands.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the epidemiology and risk factors of CVI in males with a standing position at work. To develop a simple diagnostic instrument for screening an (occupational) population for CVI.
  
  
  METHODS
  387 male workers with a standing profession were examined by means of a questionnaire, physical examination, Doppler ultrasound investigation, light reflection rheography and optical leg volume measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CVI was present in 29% of the subjects and correlated with age, weight and duration of standing work. Complaints of the legs were reported by 81% of the individuals with CVI but also by 63% of the persons without CVI. The questionnaire had a predictive value of 80% in detecting CVI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CVI was a major problem because of the quantity (29%) and the accompanying complaints. Neither the questionnaire nor other investigative measures proved to be as efficient in diagnosing CVI as physical examination in combination with Doppler ultrasound investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Dermatology, Free University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Krijnen
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Adèr
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Bruynzeel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005525:Food-Processing Industry; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D010808:Physical Examination; D010992:Plethysmography, Impedance; D011187:Posture; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012775:Shoes; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*