title: Optimum body size of Holstein replacement heifers.
abstract: Criteria that define optimum body size of replacement heifers are required by commercial dairy producers to evaluate replacement heifer management programs. Historically recommended body size criteria have been based on live BW measurements. Numerous research studies have observed a positive relationship between BW at first calving and first lactation milk yield, which has served as the impetus for using live BW to define body size of replacement heifers. Live BW is, however, not the only available measurement to define body size. Skeletal measurements such as wither height, length, and pelvic area have been demonstrated to be related to first lactation performance and (or) dystocia. Live BW measurements also do not define differences in body composition. Differences in body composition of replacement heifers at first calving are also related to key performance variables. An updated research data base is available for the modern Holstein genotype to incorporate measures of skeletal growth and body composition with BW when defining body size. These research projects also lend insight into the relative importance of measurements that define body size of replacement heifers. Incorporation of these measurements from current research into present BW recommendations should aid commercial dairy producers to better define replacement heifer growth and management practices. This article proposes enhancements in defining optimum body size and growth characteristics of Holstein replacement heifers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA.
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology; D001824:Body Constitution / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D007743:Labor, Obstetric / Q000502:physiology; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D013997:Time Factors