title: Human submandibular saliva specifically inhibits HIV type 1.
abstract: Studies from a number of laboratories have shown the presence of factor(s) in whole, parotid, and submandibular human saliva capable of inhibiting HIV-1 infectivity in vitro. Data from our laboratory suggested that the level of anti-HIV-1 activity is higher in submandibular than parotid or whole saliva. Previous results obtained with pooled submandibular saliva from seronegative individuals included a filtration step following saliva-virus interaction. In this article, we present data on the HIV-1 inhibitory activity of individual submandibular saliva samples collected from 15 donors. We show that although anti-HIV activity is quantitatively similar in most individuals (9 of 15), some (4 of 15) are much less active than others and some (2 of 15) lack inhibitory activity. We also show that for most individuals the level of anti-HIV inhibitor is similar with or without a filtration step. However, 2 of the 15 samples demonstrated activity only after filtration. The quantitative and qualitative anti-HIV activity of individual saliva samples appeared to reflect differences in the individual donors. We further show that the anti-HIV activity of submandibular saliva is demonstrated not only against laboratory strains of HIV-1 but is similarly active against three clinical HIV-1 isolates. In contrast, submandibular saliva had little effect on the infectivity of HIV-2 or SIV.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagashunmugam
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: L T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Malamud
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24 / Q000032:analysis; D018023:HIV Seronegativity; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D015498:HIV-2 / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear; D008297:Male; D008851:Micropore Filters; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000187:drug effects; D013363:Submandibular Gland / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides