title: Conformational investigation of designed short linear peptides able to fold into beta-hairpin structures in aqueous solution.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Formation of secondary structure plays an important role in the early stages of protein folding. The conformational analysis of designed peptides has proved to be very useful for identifying the interactions responsible for the formation and stability of alpha-helices. However, very little is known about the factors leading to the formation of beta-hairpins. In order to get a good beta-hairpin-forming model peptide, two peptides were designed on the basis of beta-sheet propensities and individual statistical probabilities in the turn sites, together with solubility criteria. The conformational properties of the two peptides were analyzed by two-dimensional NMR methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Long-range cross-correlations observed in NOE and ROE spectra, together with other NMR evidence, show that peptide IYSNPDGTWT forms a highly populated beta-hairpin in aqueous solution with a type I beta-turn plus a G1 beta-bulge conformation in the chain-bend region. The analogous peptide with a Pro5 substituted by Ser forms, in addition to the previous conformation, a second beta-hairpin with a standard type I beta-turn conformation, and the two forms are in fast dynamic equilibrium with one another. The effect of pH demonstrates the existence of a stabilizing interaction between the Asn and Asp sidechains. The populations of beta-hairpin conformations increase in the presence of trifluoroethanol (a structure-enhancing solvent). On the other hand, some residual structure persists at a high denaturant concentration (8 M urea).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work highlights the importance of the beta-turn residue composition in determining the particular type of beta-hairpin adopted by a peptide, though a role of interstrand sidechain interactions in the stabilization of the formed beta-hairpin is not discarded. The fact that trifluoroethanol can stabilize alpha-helices or beta-hairpins depending on the intrinsic properties of the peptide sequence is again shown. An additional example of the presence of residual structure under denaturing conditions is also presented.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Alba
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jiménez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rico
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Nieto
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D015195:Drug Design; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011489:Protein Denaturation; D017510:Protein Folding; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D012996:Solutions; D014270:Trifluoroethanol; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D009842:Oligopeptides; D012996:Solutions; D014867:Water; D014270:Trifluoroethanol