title: 4-Hydroxycatecholestrogen metabolism responses to exercise and training: possible implications for menstrual cycle irregularities and breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the behavior of C4-substituted estrogens, the so-called catecholestrogens, in response to acute exercise and training. The 4-hydroxyestrogens are known to have both a strong estrogenic potency and affinity for catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), the enzyme that deactivates catecholamines.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective trial covering three menstrual cycles: a control cycle, a moderate training cycle, and a heavy training cycle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six untrained, healthy, eumenorrheic women (mean pretraining maximum oxygen uptake: 40.9 +/- 4.9 mL/kg per minute, body fat: 27.9% +/- 3.6%) volunteered for this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  An incremental exercise test to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer, in the follicular and luteal phases, before and after a brief but exhaustive training program.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hormone measurements included follicular and luteal phase plasma E2, LH, catecholamines, PRL, total unconjugated and conjugated estrogens, total 4-hydroxyestrogens (4-OHE), and 4-hydroxyestrogen-monomethylethers (4-MeOE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pretraining baseline 4-OHE levels were significantly higher in the luteal phase (66 +/- 9 pg/mL; mean +/- SEM) than in the follicular phase (51 +/- 7 pg/mL). Pretraining and post-training baseline 4-MeOE values were below minimal detection limits (< 35 pg/mL). During incremental exercise, catecholamines, PRL, E2, unconjugated and conjugated estrogens, 4-OHE, and 4-MeOE always increased (the increases in 4-OHE during exercise were more pronounced before training, contrary to the 4-MeOE being most increased after training). The baseline 4-MeOE:4-OHE ratio (a measure of catecholestrogen activity) significantly increased with progressive training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because 4-OHE have been shown to be able to control the hypothalamic gonadotropin oscillator and to stimulate the luteolytic prostaglandin PGF2 alpha, the acute exercise-induced increases of 4-OHE and their positive correlation with lactate levels may indicate a key process in the pathogenesis of exercise-associated menstrual irregularities. In addition, 4-OHE, when insufficiently O-methylated, are known to be capable of raising mutagenic superoxide free radicals and causing DNA damage that may lead to breast cancer. The results of the present study also may be of significance for the apparent protective effects of sports participation against cancer of the breast.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied and Experimental Reproductive Endocrinology, Institute for Gyneco-Endocrinological Research, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Crée
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Van Kranenburg
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Geurten
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujimori
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Keizer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000097:blood; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D004967:Estrogens / Q000097:blood; D002393:Estrogens, Catechol / Q000097:blood*; D015444:Exercise; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D008599:Menstruation Disturbances; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D005082:Physical Exertion; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D004967:Estrogens; D002393:Estrogens, Catechol; D004958:Estradiol; D011388:Prolactin