title: Improvement of alveolar-capillary membrane diffusing capacity with enalapril in chronic heart failure and counteracting effect of aspirin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  KII ACE, the enzyme that converts angiotensin I and inactivates bradykinin, is highly concentrated in the lungs; its blockade reduces exposure to angiotensin II and enhances exposure to prostaglandins generated by local kinin hyperconcentration. Our hypothesis is that ACE inhibitors improve pulmonary function in chronic heart failure (CHF) by readjusting lung vessel tone and permeability or alveolar-capillary membrane diffusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 16 CHF patients and 16 normal volunteers or mild untreated hypertensives, pulmonary function and exercise tests with respiratory gas analysis were assessed on placebo, enalapril (10 mg BID), enalapril plus aspirin (325 mg/d), or aspirin, in random order and double blind, for 15 days each. In CHF, enalapril increased pulmonary carbon monoxide diffusion (DLCO), oxygen consumption (VO2), and exercise tolerance and reduced the ratio of dead space to tidal volume (VD/VT) and the ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO2). On enalapril, VO2 (r = .80, P < .0001) and VD/VT (r = -.69, P = .003) changes from placebo correlated with those in DLCO. These effects were inhibited by aspirin and were absent in control subjects. In 8 additional patients, hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate, as an alternative treatment for reducing pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) and increasing exercise capacity, were more effective than enalapril for the PCWP but did not affect DLCO and VE/VCO2; amelioration in VO2 and VD/VT was unrelated to DLCO and was not modified by aspirin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ACE inhibition improved pulmonary diffusion in CHF. Hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate failed to provide this result. Counteraction by aspirin, a prostaglandin inhibitor, bespeaks prostaglandin participation while on enalapril that might readjust capillary permeability or alveolar-capillary membrane diffusion.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Cardiologia dell'Università degli Studi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Fondazione "Monzino," I.R.C.C.S., Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guazzi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marenzi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alimento
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Contini
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Agostoni
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001241:Aspirin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015824:Blood-Air Barrier / Q000187:drug effects*; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000502:physiology; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004058:Diffusion; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004656:Enalapril / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011464:Epoprostenol / Q000502:physiology; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006830:Hydralazine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D007548:Isosorbide Dinitrate / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000502:physiology; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000187:drug effects*; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D006830:Hydralazine; D004656:Enalapril; D011464:Epoprostenol; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; D007548:Isosorbide Dinitrate; D001241:Aspirin; D001920:Bradykinin