title: Perceived parental styles in a Japanese sample of depressive disorders. A replication outside Western culture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dysfunctional parental styles, as measured by the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), have been associated with adult depression in Western cultures. This study sought to determine whether such parental styles are also associated with adult depression in a non-Western society.
  
  
  METHODS
  PBI scores and parental styles assessed by PBI quadrants were explored in 51 Japanese depressive patients and controls in a matched, case-control design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low care and high protection scores were associated not with melancholic but with non-melancholic depression. Subjects exposed to dysfunctional parental styles demonstrated a high risk for non-melancholic depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the association between dysfunctional parental styles on PBI and non-melancholic depression may be independent of cultural differences.
authors.affiliation: Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Loyoake City, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakado
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uehara
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishioka
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kasahara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009769:Object Attachment; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016487:Parenting