title: Gender differences in the relationships between plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity and factors linked to the insulin resistance syndrome in essential hypertension.
abstract: Impaired fibrinolysis due to elevated levels of plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) is a risk factor for thromboembolic disease. Hypertension, obesity, derangements in lipid and glucose homeostasis, and elevated levels of PAI-1 are features of the insulin resistance syndrome. The interrelationships between PAI-1 and the metabolic disturbances seen in this condition are unsettled. We investigated the associations between PAI-1 activity and components of the insulin resistance syndrome in 53 men and 31 women with untreated hypertension. In men, PAI-1 activity correlated significantly with plasma glucose (r = .41, P = .002), insulin sensitivity (r = -.35, P = .01), and insulin-induced suppression of nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) (r = -.43, P = .007). Plasma glucose and NEFA suppression were independently associated with PAI-1 activity in a multivariate analysis. In women, PAI-1 activity correlated with body mass index (r = .62, P = .0005), waist-to-hip ratio (r = .75, P = .0001), plasma glucose (r = .50, P = .007), insulin (r = .49, P = .009), proinsulin (r = .57, P = .002), C-peptide (r = .60, P = .0009), insulin sensitivity (r = -.74, P = .0001), NEFA suppression (r = -.64, P = .003), and triglycerides (r = .58, P = .001). In multivariate analyses, insulin sensitivity and NEFA suppression were independently associated with PAI-1 if waist-to-hip ratio was not included in the model. After introduction of waist-to-hip ratio into the model, waist-to-hip ratio was the only independent predictor of PAI-1 activity. We conclude that in women, waist-to-hip ratio, body mass index, and insulin-induced NEFA suppression are determinants for PAI-1 activity. In men, insulin-induced NEFA suppression and plasma glucose are independently associated with PAI-1 activity.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Norway. ingridt@fagmed.uit.no
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Toft
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Bønaa
authors.forename: O C
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Ingebretsen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nordøy
authors.forename: K I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Birkeland
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jenssen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001835:Body Weight; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood*; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1