title: Aetiological factors for oral manifestations of HIV.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Describe the oral diseases in HIV-infected individuals in London, UK and identify social and medical factors related to the presence of specific oral diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dental clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive sample of 456 patients with HIV infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Social and medical history and clinical examinations. Univariate and logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Presence of HIV-associated oral disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  80% of patients with AIDS and 50% of patients with HIV had a specific oral disease. The most common diseases were hairy leukoplakia (30%), erythematous candidiasis (24%), pseudomembranous candidiasis (14%), angular chielitis (6%), necrotising periodontal disease (8%) and non-recurrent ulceration (6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of erythematous candidiasis was not related to advanced HIV disease. Pseudo-membranous candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia and mucosal ulceration were significantly associated with advanced HIV disease. Smoking was also identified as a strong aetiological factor in oral diseases. Longitudinal studies are required to further explore the prognostic significance of oral diseases in HIV infection.
authors.affiliation: United Medical School, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Challacombe
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Birnbaum
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Croser
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Erridge
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hodgson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McLaren
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Zakrzewska
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005892:Gingivitis, Necrotizing Ulcerative / Q000209:etiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D017733:Leukoplakia, Hairy / Q000209:etiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D019226:Oral Ulcer / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects