title: An experimental study of the reflection from spherical and flat ended cylindrical targets suitable for fetal Doppler performance assessment.
abstract: The performance of small-diameter targets suitable for use as oscillating targets for testing the sensitivity of Doppler fetal heartbeat detectors has been systematically studied. Experimental results are presented in the 1.6-3.0 MHz frequency range for the plane-wave reflection loss for a total of 16 targets: spherical balls made of stainless steel; hemispherical-ended rods made of PTFE; and flat-ended rods made of stainless steel, PTFE, polycarbonate, and tungsten carbide. Results show that the fine-structure variation of reflection loss with frequency is greatest in the case of spherical ball targets and least for flat-ended targets. It has been shown that, providing care is taken during manufacture, the reflection loss from a flat-ended target can be predicted using a simple theory based on a plane disc reflector. Tungsten carbide targets consisting of a long rod with a diameter of 1.6 mm tapered down to a cylindrical flat end with a diameter of 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 mm have been shown to provide reflection losses of between 60 and 40 dB, and to have a smooth variation of reflection loss with frequency. They can also be manufactured in a form that allows no significant interference from the supporting structure and, therefore, are ideal targets to meet the requirements of International Electrotechnical Commission 1266:1995.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ionising Radiation and Acoustics, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, UK.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Preston
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Bond
mesh_terms: D004301:Doppler Effect; D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000592:standards*