title: Tizanidine. A review of its pharmacology, clinical efficacy and tolerability in the management of spasticity associated with cerebral and spinal disorders.
abstract: The central alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonist tizanidine is a myotonolytic agent used in the treatment of spasticity in patients with cerebral or spinal injury. Wide interpatient variability in the effective plasma concentrations of tizanidine means that the optimal dosage must be titrated over 2 to 4 weeks for each patient (dosages of 2 to 36 mg/day have been used in clinical trials). Maximum effects occur within 2 hours of administration. Antispastic efficacy has been demonstrated for tizanidine in placebo-controlled trials, with reduction in mean muscle tone scores of 21 to 37% versus 4 to 9% for patients receiving placebo. Improvement in muscle tone occurred in 60 to 82% of tizanidine recipients, compared with 60 to 65% of baclofen and 60 to 83% of diazepam recipients. Spasm frequency and clonus are also reduced by tizanidine. The most common adverse effects associated with tizanidine are dry mouth and somnolence/drowsiness. Muscle strength, as assessed by objective means, appears not to be adversely affected by tizanidine and subjective muscle weakness is reported less often by tizanidine recipients than by those receiving baclofen or diazepam. Global tolerability was assessed as good to excellent in 44 to 100% of patients receiving tizanidine, compared with 38 to 90% of baclofen and 20 to 54% of diazepam recipients. In conclusion, tizanidine is an antispastic agent with similar efficacy to that of baclofen and a more favourable tolerability profile. While drowsiness is a frequently reported adverse effect with both agents, subjective muscle weakness appears to be less of a problem with tizanidine than with baclofen. Tizanidine, therefore, appears to be an attractive therapeutic alternative for patients with spasticity associated with cerebral or spinal damage.
authors.affiliation: Adis International Limited, Auckland, New Zealand. demail@adis.co.nz
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wagstaff
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Bryson
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003000:Clonidine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010276:Parasympatholytics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 / Q000187:drug effects; D013118:Spinal Cord Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D010276:Parasympatholytics; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2; C023754:tizanidine; D003000:Clonidine