title: Palatal changes associated with reverse smoking in Filipino women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine baseline data for the presence or absence of reverse-smoking and conventional smoking associated oral palatal mucosal changes in women.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional evaluation of the clinical and cytological changes associated with the condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine rural barangays in Cabanatuan City, Philippines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine-one volunteer women smokers (61 reverse and 30 conventional) were examined clinically and photographically. Smears were also taken from three areas and the palate to investigate the cytology of palatal mucosal epithelium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Variations in colour, texture and topography of the palatal mucosa; determination of epithelial cell characteristics and inflammatory cell populations present in the lesions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical findings showed that subjects could be grouped into three categories: Group A subjects showed pigmentation and some erythema only; Group B subjects included those with ulceration, marked erythema and non-descript mucosal roughening; Group C subjects (comprising the majority of reverse smokers) exhibited various combination of leukoplakia, fissuring, thickening and pigmentation of the palatal mucosa. Additional features, including nodularity, erythema, prominence and reddening of minor salivary gland duct openings were also occasionally observed in this group. Cytologic analysis revealed that, within each smoking group, there was a significant site-dependent difference in the predominant epithelial cell type present.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study reports the first systematic description of reverse smoking associated palatal mucosal changes in Filipino women. It also provides a basis for classification of the palatal mucosal changes among reverse smokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pierce
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007972:Leukoplakia, Oral / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000473:pathology*; D019226:Oral Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D010159:Palate / Q000473:pathology*; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000473:pathology; D010679:Philippines / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*