title: Liver biopsy techniques for adult horses and neonatal foals to assess copper status.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate standing, percutaneous, ultrasound-guided, transthoracic liver biopsy in mares, and transabdominal laparoscopically-guided, liver biopsy under general anaesthesia in foals, as techniques for obtaining tissue for assessment of copper status. The techniques were evaluated with respect to ease of use and effect on the animal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty of 24 Thoroughbred mares and 21 of their foals were biopsied. The animals were part of a larger study of the effect of copper supplementation on copper status and the prevalence of developmental orthopaedic disease. Livers were also collected from unrelated horses and sampled to investigate the variability in the distribution of copper in liver tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The biopsy technique caused no lasting effect on the mares, but there was an increased risk of viscus penetration associated with taking multiple biopsy cores. The use of ultrasonography to scan the target area for the liver identified four cases that were not appropriate candidates for liver biopsy, because of large intestine being located in the biopsy area. In the foals there were no serious postoperative adverse effects, nor was there any evidence of problems caused by the procedure when the abdomen was examined post-mortem at 5 months of age. In livers collected to investigate the variability of copper concentration, copper appeared to be relatively evenly distributed through the liver.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Standing, percutaneous, ultrasound-guided, transthoracic liver biopsy in mares, and transabdominal, laparoscopically-guided, liver biopsy under general anaesthesia in foals are convenient procedures for obtaining liver tissue for assessing copper status in horses. The use of ultrasound to identify liver tissue is recommended, especially in older mares.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Pearce
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Firth
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Grace
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Fennessy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000378:metabolism*; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D003300:Copper