title: Expectation maximization reconstruction of positron emission tomography images using anatomical magnetic resonance information.
abstract: Using statistical methods the reconstruction of positron emission tomography (PET) images can be improved by high-resolution anatomical information obtained from magnetic resonance (MR) images. We implemented two approaches that utilize MR data for PET reconstruction. The anatomical MR information is modeled as a priori distribution of the PET image and combined with the distribution of the measured PET data to generate the a posteriori function from which the expectation maximization (EM)-type algorithm with a maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimator is derived. One algorithm (Markov-GEM) uses a Gibbs function to model interactions between neighboring pixels within the anatomical regions. The other (Gauss-EM) applies a Gauss function with the same mean for all pixels in a given anatomical region. A basic assumption of these methods is that the radioactivity is homogeneously distributed inside anatomical regions. Simulated and phantom data are investigated under the following aspects: count density, object size, missing anatomical information, and misregistration of the anatomical information. Compared with the maximum likelihood-expectation maximization (ML-EM) algorithm the results of both algorithms show a large reduction of noise with a better delineation of borders. Of the two algorithms tested, the Gauss-EM method is superior in noise reduction (up to 50%). Regarding incorrect a priori information the Gauss-EM algorithm is very sensitive, whereas the Markov-GEM algorithm proved to be stable with a small change of recovery coefficients between 0.5 and 3%.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicine, Research Centre Jülich GmbH, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lipinski
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Herzog
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rota Kops
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Oberschelp
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Müller-Gärtner
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D015233:Models, Statistical; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed / Q000379:methods*