title: Nasopharyngeal carriage of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with sickle cell disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We studied the prevalence of nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage, antimicrobial susceptibilities, and serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) in children with sickle cell disease (SCD) in the Mid-South. In addition, we examined risk factors for NP carriage of penicillin-resistant SP (PRSP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Between July 1994 and December 1995, we obtained NP cultures from 312 children with SCD followed at the Mid-South Sickle Cell Center, 208 (67%) of whom were receiving penicillin prophylaxis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 312 patients, colonization with SP occurred in 42 (13%), 30 (71%) of whom were receiving penicillin prophylaxis. Twenty-three of the 42 SP isolates (55%) were resistant to penicillin; 5 of the 23 (22%) were highly resistant. PRSP organisms were also resistant to cefotaxime (43%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (57%), and erythromycin (22%). Serotypes 6A, 6B, 14, 19A, and 23F accounted for 19 (90%) of 21 resistant strains. Children who were treated with antibiotics during the preceding month were more likely to carry PRSP than children who were not treated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a high prevalence of NP carriage of PRSP in children with SCD in the Mid-South, which raises concerns regarding the continued effectiveness of penicillin prophylaxis in these children. Further studies on the antimicrobial susceptibilities of resistant organisms and the relationship between NP carriage of SP and invasive disease are needed before developing new recommendations for prophylaxis and treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology/Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA.
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Daw
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wilimas
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Presbury
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Joyner
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Chesney
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology*; D010403:Penicillin Resistance; D010406:Penicillins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors; D012703:Serotyping; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D010406:Penicillins