title: The receiver operating characteristics curve in the evaluation of a random urine specimen as a screening test for diabetic nephropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the performance of measurements of urinary albumin concentration (UAC) and urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (UACR) in a diurnal random urine specimen (RUS) for the screening of diabetic nephropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 95 ambulatory NIDDM patients (49 women, ages 40-75 years) collected 123 RUSs during the morning after completing a timed 24-h urine collection. Albumin was measured by immunoturbidimetry. According to timed urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) measured in the 24-h collection (criterion standard), samples were classified as normoalbuminuric (UAER < 20 micrograms/min; n = 54), microalbuminuric (UAER 20-200 micrograms/min; n = 44), and macroalbuminuric (UAER > 200 micrograms/min; n = 25). The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve approach was used. The ROC curves of UAC and UACR in RUS for screening of microalbuminuria (normo- and microalbuminuric samples; n = 98) and macroalbuminuria (micro- and macroalbuminuric samples; n = 69) were plotted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spearman's coefficients of correlation of 24-h UAER vs. UAC and UACR were 0.91 and 0.92, respectively (P < 0.001). The calculated areas (+/- SE) under the ROC curves to screen microalbuminuria for UAC (0.9766 +/- 0.015) and UACR (0.9689 +/- 0.014) were similar (P > 0.05) as were the corresponding areas for macroalbuminuria (0.9868 +/- 0.0094 and 0.9614 +/- 0.0241, respectively; P > 0.05). The first point with 100% sensitivity and the point of intersection with a 100%-to-100% diagonal for microalbuminuria were as follows: 16.9 and 33.6 mg/l for UAC and 15.0 and 26.8 mg/g for UACR; for macroalbuminuria 174.0 and 296.2 mg/l for UAC and 116.0 and 334.3 mg/g for UACR, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Albumin measurements (UAC and UACR) in an RUS presented almost perfect accuracy for the screening of micro- and macroalbuminuria and UAC measured in an RUS is simpler and less expensive than UACR and UAER. It is suggested as a valid test for use in screening for diabetic nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Unit, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zelmanovitz
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paggi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tatsch
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Azevedo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D011897:Random Allocation; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013048:Specimen Handling; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine