title: Heart rate during group flooding therapy for PTSD.
abstract: The objective of this study was to assess, via heart rate, the arousal levels of participants in group trauma reexposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder, and so to better understand this common mode of treatment, particularly in regards to its presumed curative factor, extinction. Six Vietnam combat-related PTSD inpatients participated twice weekly in group trauma reexposure therapy during which their electrocardiograms were recorded. Heart rate was quantified continuously off-line. Heart rates of participants not directly engaged in imaginal reexposure to their personal combat traumas consistently exhibited mild linear declines from the beginnings to the ends of the approximately 2.5 hour sessions. Participants actively engaged in personal combat trauma reexposure exhibited higher whole-session heart rates. Most also exhibited more specific elevation extending over the later portions of therapy sessions during which intensive reexposure usually occurred. Surprisingly, no patients exhibited focal increases in heart rate concurrent with periods of most intensive traumatic incident review as judged from videotape. Administering imaginal reexposure in a group context does not preclude substantial physiological (sympathetic) arousal, as is preconditional for extinction. Under conditions in which the actively engaged reexposure patient is reliably identified, group trauma reexposure therapy may not provide an opportunity for "vicarious" flooding in nonengaged participants.
authors.affiliation: National Center for PTSD, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, CA 94304, USA.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Woodward
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Drescher
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Ruzek
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Foy
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Arsenault
authors.forename: F D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Gusman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005108:Extinction, Psychological; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011615:Psychotherapy, Group; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D014728:Veterans