title: Plant immunomodulators for termination of unwanted pregnancy and for contraception and reproductive health.
abstract: Neem (Azadirachta indica) seed and leaf extracts have spermicidal, anti-microbial, anti-fungal and anti-viral properties. They are also immunomodulators that induce primarily a TH1 type response. These properties are being exploited to develop two different useful methods of fertility control. Neem extracts given orally at early post-implantation stage terminate pregnancy in rodents and primates. Treatment has no residual permanent effect and fertility is regained in subsequent cycles. The mechanism by which the action occurs is not fully clear. A transient increase in CD4 and more significantly in CD8 cells is noticed in mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen. A rise in immunoreactive and bioactive TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma in draining lymph nodes, serum and foetal-placental tissue is observed. A polyherbal cream and pessary have been developed containing three active ingredients of plant origin. These have synergistic spermicidal properties on human sperm as determined by the Sander Cramer test. Their use before mating has high contraceptive efficacy in rabbits and baboons. Another interesting property is their inhibitory action on a wide spectrum of micro-organisms, including Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and urinary tract Escherichia coli, Herpes simplex-2 and HIV-1. Phase I clinical trials have been completed in India, Egypt and the Dominican Republic, and indicate the safety of the formulation, its acceptability and beneficial action invaginosis due to infections.
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Health and Vaccinology Division, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Talwar
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Raghuvanshi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Misra
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shah
mesh_terms: D000028:Abortion, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000818:Animals; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D003269:Contraception, Immunologic; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000276:immunology* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005989:Glycerides / Q000276:immunology*; D000882:Haplorhini; D006801:Humans; D010215:Papio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D013729:Terpenes / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D005989:Glycerides; D013729:Terpenes; C002443:neem oil