Umbilical cord blood lead levels in Shanghai, China.
This study was designed to determine the cord blood lead (BPb) levels of babies born in one urban area of Shanghai, and to preliminarily identify the demographic, social environment and prenatal factors which have an effect on the cord BPb concentrations. From August to November 1993, umbilical cord blood samples were obtained from 605 live newborns in the Yangpu Maternal and Child Hospital. 257 samples were excluded from measurement because of clotting. In 348 cord samples, the geometric mean of cord BPb levels was 9.2 micrograms/dl, with a 95% confidence interval of the mean 8.86-9.54 (micrograms/dl). 142 babies (40.8%) had cord BPb levels of 10 micrograms/dl or greater. As a result of this high percentage of newborns with BPb levels equal to or greater than 10 micrograms/dl, we estimate that each year in the Shanghai City about 60,000 newborns are at risk for developing neuropsychological deficiencies caused by maternal lead exposure during pregnancy. To investigate the factors affecting cord blood levels, the subjects with levels greater than the 70th percentile (10.7 micrograms/dl) (n = 104) and less than the 30th percentile (7.4 micrograms/dl) (n = 104) were selected to compare the demographic, environment and prenatal medical history. Increased BPb levels at birth were associated with maternal passive smoking, a family member being occupationally exposed to lead, proximity to major traffic way, household coal combustion, neighborhood coal combustion, low level of maternal occupations, and the increasing occurrence of having the high lead foodstuff pidan (preserved duck egg) during pregnancy. We conclude that prenatal lead exposure has become an important health issue for young children in Shanghai.
Shen
X M
XM
Division of Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Second Medical University, China. xmshen@fudan.ihep.ac.cn
Yan
C H
CH
Guo
D
D
Wu
S M
SM
Li
R Q
RQ
Huang
H
H
Ao
L M
LM
Zhou
J D
JD
Hong
Z Y
ZY
Xu
J D
JD
Jin
X M
XM
Tang
J M
JM
D000328:Adult; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000097:blood; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood*; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000009:adverse effects
D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D007854:Lead