title: Positron emission tomography measurement of cerebral metabolic correlates of yohimbine administration in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have previously reported an increase in symptoms of anxiety in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following administration of the beta 2-antagonist yohimbine, which stimulates brain norepinephrine release. Preclinical studies show decreased metabolism in the neocortex and the caudate nucleus with high-dose yohimbine-induced norepinephrine release, but low levels of norepinephrine release result in an increase in metabolism in these areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used positron emission tomography and fludeoxyglucose F 18 to measure brain metabolism in Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD (n = 10) and healthy age-matched control subjects (n = 10), following administration of yohimbine (0.4 mg/kg) or placebo in a randomized, double-blind fashion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Yohimbine resulted in a significant increase in anxiety in the patients with PTSD, but not in healthy subjects. There was a significant difference in brain metabolic response to yohimbine in patients with PTSD compared with healthy subjects in prefrontal, temporal, parietal, and orbitofrontal cortexes. Metabolism tended to decrease in patients with PTSD and increase in healthy subjects following administration of yohimbine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are consistent with our previous hypothesis of enhanced norepinephrine release in the brain with yohimbine in patients with PTSD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn, USA.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bremner
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Innis
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Staib
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Salomon
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bronen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Southwick
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Krystal
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zubal
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dey
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Soufer
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Charney
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D015016:Yohimbine; D003847:Deoxyglucose; D005947:Glucose; D009638:Norepinephrine