title: Enhancement of the leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction in collecting venules of skeletal muscle by protamine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A transient but severe systemic leukopenia regularly occurs after the antagonization of heparin by protamine in patients and in animals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the site and mechanisms of white blood cell retention during this transient leukopenia by studying the leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction in skeletal muscle venules.
  
  
  METHODS
  Syrian golden hamsters were equipped with a dorsal skinfold chamber for intravital fluorescence microscopy and arterial and venous catheters for drug infusion, blood pressure measurement, and blood sampling. Microhemodynamic parameters and leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions were observed in one single collecting venule per animal after intravenous infusion of saline solution (control, n = 10), of protamine (n = 9), and after infusion of heparin followed by either intravenous protamine (n = 9) or intraarterial protamine (n = 9).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All parameters remained unchanged in the control group. Whereas venular diameters remained unchanged, protamine transiently increased arterial blood pressure and venular erythrocyte velocity in all groups. Systemic leukocyte counts and the venular leukocyte discharge concentration decreased concurrently after protamine administration by about 60% to 70% at 2 minutes while the fraction of rolling leukocytes and the number of adherent leukocytes remained unchanged. Two and one-half minutes later, systemic leukocyte counts and venular discharge concentrations normalized while the fraction of leukocytes rolling slowly along or adhering firmly to the venular endothelial wall increased considerably and similarly in all groups receiving protamine. Myeloperoxidase (an indicator of polymorphonuclear leukocytes) determination in 20 separate hamsters 2 minutes after protamine infusion revealed increased myeloperoxidase activity exclusively in the lungs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The response of leukocytes to protamine infusion with or without prior heparinization is biphasic: initial retention of leukocytes in the lungs is followed by enhanced leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction in the systemic circulation.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Surgical Research, Klinikum Grosshadern, University of Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Habazettl
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Martinek
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vollmar
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Conzen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002450:Cell Communication; D006224:Cricetinae; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects; D006493:Heparin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006494:Heparin Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D007970:Leukopenia / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008647:Mesocricetus; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000032:analysis; D011479:Protamines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014699:Venules
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006494:Heparin Antagonists; D011479:Protamines; D006493:Heparin; D009195:Peroxidase