title: Electrical stimulation of upper airway musculature.
abstract: Investigators have postulated that pharyngeal collapse during sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may be alleviated by stimulating the genioglossus. The effect of electrical stimulation (ES) of the genioglossus on pharyngeal patency was examined in an isolated feline upper airway preparation and in apneic humans during sleep. We found that stimulation of the genioglossus (n = 8) and of the hypoglossal nerve (n = 1) increased maximum airflow through the isolated feline upper airway in humans during sleep. Additional findings in the isolated feline upper airway suggest that such increases in airflow were due to decreases in pharyngeal collapsibility. The evidence suggests that improvements in airflow dynamics with electrical stimulation are due to selective recruitment of the genioglossus, rather than due to nonspecific activation of the pharyngeal musculature or arousal from sleep. The implications of these results for future therapy with ES are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University Sleep Disorders Center, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Eisele
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Podszus
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Penzel
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grote
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Peter
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography; D004585:Electrooculography; D007002:Hypoglossal Nerve; D007013:Hypopharynx / Q000294:innervation* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000503:physiopathology*