title: Do advance directives provide instructions that direct care? SUPPORT Investigators. Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether the lack of effect of advance directives (ADs) on decision-making in SUPPORT might arise, in part, from the content of the actual documents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Advance directives placed in the medical records were abstracted for date of completion and content of additional written instructions. We examined directives with instructions to forgo life-sustaining treatment in the current state of health to determine whether care given was consistent with preferences noted in those directives.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five teaching hospitals in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 4804 patients with at least one of nine serious illnesses were admitted to five teaching hospitals in the 2 years following implementation of the Patient Self-Determination Act. Patients were part of a randomized controlled trial to improve decision-making and outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the medical records of 4804 patients, a total of 688 directives were collected from 569 patients. The majority of these directives (66%) were durable powers of attorney; in addition, 31% were standard living wills or other forms of written instructions (3%). Only 90 documents (13%) provided additional instructions for medical care beyond naming a proxy or stating the preferences of a standard living will. Only 36 contained specific instructions about the use of life-sustaining medical treatment, and only 22 of these directed forgoing life-sustaining treatment in the patient's current situation. For these, the treatment course was consistent with the instruction for nine patients. In two cases, patients may have changed an inconsistent directive after discussion with hospital staff.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Advance directives placed in the medical records of seriously ill patients often did not guide medical decision-making beyond naming a healthcare proxy or documenting general preferences in a standard living will format. Even when specific instructions were present, care was potentially inconsistent in half of the cases.
authors.affiliation: Center to Improve Care of the Dying, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Teno
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Licks
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lynn
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wenger
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Connors
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Fulkerson
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Desbiens
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Knaus
mesh_terms: D016223:Advance Directives; D003657:Decision Making; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D008020:Life Support Care; D016224:Living Wills