Detection of DNA damage in transcriptionally active genes by RT-PCR and assessment of repair of cisplatin-induced damage in the glutathione S-transferase-pi gene in human glioblastoma cells.
Cisplatin is an anticancer agent frequently used as an alternative to the nitrosoureas in brain tumor chemotherapy. We describe the use of a technique of quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to examine the damage induced in the glutathione S-transferase (GST)-pi gene by cisplatin and the subsequent repair of this damage in cells of the MGR3 human glioblastoma multiforme cell line. The relationship between cisplatin dose and the extent of damage in the GST-pi gene was determined over cisplatin concentrations (0-10 microM) within the clinically achievable range. Total RNA was purified from control and cisplatin-treated cells, and both the full-length GST-pi cDNA and control 200-bp beta-actin cDNA were amplified by RT-PCR. The cDNA reaction products were electrophoresed, Southern hybridized, and quantitated densitometrically. A decrease in GST-pi mRNA representing damage to the GST-pi gene was observed with increasing cisplatin concentrations, up to a maximum of 75% at 10 microM cisplatin. Repair of the GST-pi gene in cells treated with cisplatin, assessed as recovery of transcriptional activity of the gene, was shown to occur even after 48 hr following drug removal. A potent RNA polymerase II inhibitor, alpha-amanitin, was used to show that the GST-pi mRNA quantitated in this RT-PCR assay resulted from de novo RNA transcription of the GST-pi gene with little contribution from preexisting GST-pi transcripts. The results demonstrate that the GST pi gene, which is actively transcribed and often overexpressed in human glioma cells, is a target for cisplatin, but that the damage to the gene is efficiently repaired in these cells. The RT-PCR assay has the potential for use in the detection of DNA damage induced by genotoxic agents in other actively transcribed genes and for assessing the repair of gene-specific DNA lesions in cells.
Brandt
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Department of Experimental Pediarics, University of Texas-MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
Ali-Osman
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D000546:Amanitins / Q000494:pharmacology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004249:DNA Damage; D004260:DNA Repair; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects*; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
D000546:Amanitins; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases; D002945:Cisplatin