title: Androgen receptor gene amplification in a recurrent prostate cancer after monotherapy with the nonsteroidal potent antiandrogen Casodex (bicalutamide) with a subsequent favorable response to maximal androgen blockade.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We recently found amplification of the androgen receptor (AR) gene in approximately 30% of locally recurrent prostate carcinomas from patients treated by conventional androgen deprivation (castration) therapy, whereas none of the untreated primary prostate tumors showed this amplification. This suggests that AR gene amplification was selected during androgen deprivation therapy. The present case study represents our initial approach to evaluate the role that AR amplification may play in therapy resistance after other forms of endocrine therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Specimens from both a primary and a subsequent locally recurrent tumor were studied for amplification of the AR gene by fluorescence in situ hybridization from a prostate cancer patient who experienced tumor progression after monotherapy with the potent antiandrogen bicalutamide (Casodex, a trade mark, the property of Zeneca Ltd).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-level amplification of the AR gene was found in the recurrent tumor, whereas no evidence of amplification was found in the primary tumor. After recurrence, the patient first received chemotherapy (ifosfamide) for 15 weeks with no response, followed by maximal androgen blockade (MAB). The latter therapy resulted in a favorable short-term response. This case study has the following implications which warrant further research: (1) AR amplification may be selected not only by castration but also by therapy with a competitive peripheral androgen-receptor-blocking agent, and (2) recurrent tumors with AR amplification may be particularly likely to benefit from MAB as a second-line therapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Tampere University Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Palmberg
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koivisto
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hyytinen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Isola
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Visakorpi
authors.forename: O P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Kallioniemi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tammela
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*; D000368:Aged; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D059002:Androgen Receptor Antagonists; D000813:Anilides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D019160:Endosonography; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005784:Gene Amplification; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008297:Male; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009570:Nitriles; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics*; D014105:Tosyl Compounds
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D059002:Androgen Receptor Antagonists; D000813:Anilides; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D009570:Nitriles; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D014105:Tosyl Compounds; C053541:bicalutamide; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen