title: The triangular test to assess the efficacy of metoclopramide in gastroesophageal reflux.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sequential methods are particularly interesting when recruitment is difficult because they may allow a study to be stopped early while maintaining type I and II error rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  This placebo-controlled, randomized double-blind study was aimed at assessing the efficacy of metoclopramide (0.2 mg/kg three times daily during 14 days) on gastroesophageal reflux in infancy. The main end point was the relative variation of the percentage of time at pH < 4 between inclusion (day 0) and evaluation (day 14) assessed on two 24-hour esophageal pH recordings. Statistical analysis was performed with use of a sequential method, the triangular test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study was stopped after the seventh analysis (39 infants evaluated: 20 placebo and 19 metoclopramide) without showing the expected benefit. Improvement on the main end point was 30% +/- 48% (mean +/- SD). Corresponding unbiased median estimates were 22% for placebo and 39% for metoclopramide (p = 0.28, sequential analysis). On day 14, the percentage of time at pH < 4 was 8.1% +/- 11.7% for placebo and 6.7% +/- 9.2% for metoclopramide (p = 0.68, t test), and the number of reflux episodes > 5 minutes was 3.0 +/- 3.5 for placebo and 1.9 +/- 3.0 for metoclopramide (p = 0.33, t test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If a tendency for a superior improvement with metoclopramide than with placebo was observed on the main end point, it was lower than expected and the difference was not significant. Compared with the corresponding single-stage design, the triangular test allowed to stop the study with a 15% reduction in sample size.
authors.affiliation: Université René Descartes, Paris V, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bellissant
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Duhamel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guillot
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pariente-Khayat
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Olive
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pons
mesh_terms: D000932:Antiemetics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004947:Esophagus / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008787:Metoclopramide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000932:Antiemetics; D008787:Metoclopramide