title: Changes in the position of epidural catheters associated with patient movement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidural catheter movement has been noted with change of patient position and can result in inadequate anesthesia. This study was designed to measure movement and to develop a technique that minimizes catheter displacement.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 255 parturients requesting epidural anesthesia for labor or cesarean section, a multiorificed lumbar epidural catheter was inserted with the patient in the sitting flexed position. The distance to the epidural space, length of catheter inserted, and amount of catheter position change as the patient moved from the sitting flexed to sitting upright and then to the lateral decubitus position were measured before the catheter was secured to the skin. Adequacy of analgesia, the need for catheter manipulation, and whether the patient was considered obese were noted. Data were grouped according to body mass index (BMI): < 25, 25-30, and > 30 kg/m2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The groups did not differ with respect to the length of catheter initially inserted or changes in catheter position between initial taping and removal. The distance to the epidural space differed significantly among the groups, increasing with greater BMI. Catheters frequently appeared to be drawn inward with position change from the sitting flexed to lateral decubitus position, with the greatest change seen in patients with BMI > 30. Only nine catheters were associated with inadequate analgesia, four of which were replaced. No analgesic failures occurred in the BMI > 30 group. In patients judged by the anesthesiologist to be obese or to have an obese back, BMI was greater, and distance to the epidural space and the magnitude of catheter movement with position change were greater than in those who were not obese.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epidural catheters moved a clinically significant amount with reference to the skin in all BMI groups as patients changed position. If catheters had been secured to the skin before position change, many would have been pulled partially out of the epidural space. To minimize the risk of catheter displacement, particularly in obese patients, we recommend that multiorificed catheters be inserted at least 4 cm into the epidural space and that patients assume the sitting upright or lateral position before securing the catheter to the skin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009068:Movement; D011187:Posture; D011247:Pregnancy