title: Posttraumatic stress disorder among female Vietnam veterans: a causal model of etiology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Vietnam and Persian Gulf wars have awakened people to the realization that military service can be traumatizing for women as well as men. This study investigated the etiological roles of both war and sexual trauma in the development of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder among female Vietnam veterans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study for 396 Vietnam theater women and 250 Vietnam era women were analyzed with structural equation modeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An etiological model with highly satisfactory fit and parsimony was developed. Exposure to war trauma contributed to the probability of posttraumatic stress disorder in theater women, as did sexual trauma in both theater and era women. Lack of social support at the time of homecoming acted as a powerful mediator of trauma for both groups of women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the constraints and assumptions of causal modeling, there is evidence that both war trauma and sexual trauma are powerful contributors to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder among female Vietnam veterans.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Northeast Program Evaluation Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Conn 06516, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fontana
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosenheck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011336:Probability; D012742:Sex Offenses; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000209:etiology*; D014481:United States; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology*; D014744:Vietnam; D014857:Warfare