title: Levels and risks of depression and anxiety symptomatology among diabetic adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine levels of depression and anxiety symptoms among adults with diabetes and identify factors associated with increased risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study administered self-report symptom inventories to patients at the beginning (n = 634) and end (n = 578) of an outpatient diabetes education program. Subjects (n = 246) contacted by mail 6 months later completed the same instruments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rates of disturbance for depression (41.3%; 95% CI: 37.4-45.2%) and anxiety (49.2%; 95% CI: 45.3-53.1%) were higher than those typical in the general population (10-20%). Probability of disturbance ranged from 5-7% for those with the lowest risk profile to 82-92% for those with the highest risk profile. Diabetes-related complications were the only disease factor associated with significantly increased risk of disturbance. Women and those with less education were at much higher risk. Only 13% of those followed for 6 months were disturbed at all three time-points.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetes is associated with increased risk of psychological disturbance, especially for those with more diabetes-related complications. Sociodemographic factors account for much of the risk differential among people with diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Loyola College Center for Social and Community Research, Baltimore, MD 21210-2699, USA. mfp@loyola.edu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peyrot
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Rubin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000523:psychology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000523:psychology; D004493:Education; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011336:Probability; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin