title: Sensitivity to exogenous gonadotropins for ovulation induction and laparoscopic artificial insemination in the cheetah and clouded leopard.
abstract: Ovarian sensitivity to exogenous gonadotropins was assessed in the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) and clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) to help optimize artificial insemination (AI). Eighteen female cheetahs were used on 29 occasions and were given i.m. injections of 100, 200, or 400 IU eCG and 100 or 250 IU hCG 80 h later. Twenty-three female clouded leopards were treated i.m. on 27 occasions with 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, or 400 IU eCG followed 80 h later with 75, 140, or 280 IU hCG. Ovaries were examined laparoscopically at 43-48 h after hCG in cheetahs and 39-50 h in clouded leopards. All gonadotropin dosages stimulated ovarian activity in both species, but ovulation success and corpus luteum (CL) morphology varied (p < 0.05) with treatment. For both species, the highest and intermediate eCG dosages resulted in ovulation in a high proportion (72-100%) of females. The lowest eCG dosage, although capable of stimulating follicular development, compromised ovulation and resulted in few (< 26%) postovulatory females. For each species, small CL (2-4-mm diameter) were observed with the highest and lowest eCG dosage, and large CL (5-8-mm diameter) were associated with intermediate eCG dosages. Aged CL (10-12 mm diameter) were observed in 4 of 23 (17.4%) clouded leopards with no prior male exposure, indicating occasional spontaneous ovulation. Nineteen laparoscopic intrauterine AI procedures were performed in eCG/hCG-treated postovulatory cheetahs. Eighteen AI procedures were conducted in eCG/hCG-treated postovulatory clouded leopards. Six of the 13 cheetahs (46%), all in the 200-IU eCG/100-IU hCG group, became pregnant, in contrast to none of the clouded leopards. This study has revealed differences in ovarian activity in two wild felid species as a result of changes in exogenous gonadotropin dosage. Because of this dose-effect response, this comparative approach is necessary to identify a gonadotropin regimen that can mimic "normalcy." Even then, the relatively high AI success in the cheetah compared to the clouded leopard suggests that factors other than ovarian response can dictate the efficiency of assisted reproduction in this taxon.
authors.affiliation: National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia 20008, USA. nzpah011@sium.si.edu
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Byers
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Wildt
mesh_terms: D002612:Acinonyx; D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo; D002335:Carnivora; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007315:Insemination, Artificial / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D006080:Ovarian Follicle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010053:Ovary / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010060:Ovulation / Q000187:drug effects; D010062:Ovulation Induction / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D012661:Semen; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol