title: Vitamins A1 (retinol), A2 (3,4-didehydroretinol) and E (alpha-tocopherol) in the liver and blubber of lacustrine and marine ringed seals (Phoca hispida sp.).
abstract: Concentrations of vitamins A1 (retinol), A2 (3,4-didehydroretinol) and E (alpha-tocopherol) in the liver and blubber of ringed seals from Lake Saimaa (Phoca hispida saimensis), Lake Ladoga (P. h. ladogensis), the Baltic Sea (P. h. botnica) and Spitsbergen (P. h. hispida) were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The freshwater seals had much lower levels of vitamin A1 but higher levels of vitamin A2 than the marine seals. The concentrations of vitamin E in the livers of the subspecies studied were high compared with earlier reports of seals, but the ranges were large. The livers of the marine seals contained more vitamin E than the livers of the freshwater seals, but the levels in the blubber were uniform in all populations, except in old specimens from the Baltic. The differences between the freshwater and marine seals are suggested to be due mainly to diet. The ratios of A1 to A2 in the liver and blubber and in the fish diet were similar for the marine seals and for the freshwater seals (but differed in the marine and freshwater populations), which suggests no great differences in the absorption, transport and metabolism of the two analogues. Blubber was an important storage site for the vitamins studied, and age-dependent increases were detected, especially for vitamin E. In the 2-month to 2-year-old ringed seals of Lake Saimaa, however, the vitamin E concentration in the blubber was not affected by age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Joensuu, Finland.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Käkelä
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hyvärinen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Käkelä
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005618:Fresh Water; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D046048:Seals, Earless / Q000378:metabolism*; D012623:Seawater; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis*; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: C024366:vitamin A2; D014801:Vitamin A; D014810:Vitamin E