title: Baseline characteristics, natural history, and risk factors to progression in eyes with stage 2 macular holes. Results from a prospective randomized clinical trial. Vitrectomy for Macular Hole Study Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is (1) to determine baseline characteristics and natural history of immature full-thickness macular holes, (2) to describe progression and resolution, and (3) to present new aspects of pathogenesis of idiopathic macular hole.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors analyzed 41 eyes with stage 2 macular holes (37 patients) in a multicentered prospective randomized trial; 19 eyes were randomized to observation (versus surgery) and had more than 12 months of follow-up, allowing determination of the natural course. Baseline and subsequent examinations included best-refracted visual acuity (Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study, potential acuity meter, Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity, and Bailey-Lovie reading vision), of clinical examinations, photography, and fluorescein angiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean Snellen visual acuity was 20/66 at baseline. Centric holes usually had a small break (201 microns average mean diameter) with a dark yellow ring and without significant retinal elevation. Eccentric holes had a high maximum/minimum diameter ratio (mean, 1.88 +/- 0.7) and an incomplete cuff of subretinal fluid or yellow ring. Posterior vitreous detachment prevalence was 32% (8/25) in the centric hole group and 0% (0/ 16) in the eccentric hole group (P < 0.05). For the 19 eyes with 12 months of followup, progression rate to stage 3 (or 4) was 74% (n = 14). The diameter of the stage 2 holes increased significantly between baseline and 12 months (P < 0.001). Progression rate to stage 3 was 100% (8/8) in the eyes with pericentral hyperfluorescence (PCH) and 55% (6/11) in eyes without PCH (P < 0.05). Enlargement occurred in 100% of eccentric holes and 60% of centric holes (P = 0.09). Different progression patterns in eccentric and centric holes suggest different mechanisms of pathogenesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Eccentric and centric stage 2 macular holes may have a different pathogenesis. Most stage 2 macular holes, especially with PCH (P < 0.05) or eccentric holes, progressed to stage 3 or 4. In addition to purely tangential traction, some component of obliquely oriented anteroposterior vitreous traction component may be important for pathogenesis of senile macular holes, particularly eccentric stage 2 macular holes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Center University of California, San Diego, USA.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: el-Haig
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Maguire
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Arevalo
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Azen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012167:Retinal Perforations / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology