title: Qualitative magnetic resonance imaging findings in geriatric depression. Possible link between later-onset depression and Alzheimer's disease?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several clinical and neuroimaging investigations support the notion that underlying brain changes may relate to depression in older patients, especially those with a later-age initial episode. However uncertainty still exists about diagnostic and pathogenic significance of structural brain abnormalities in aged depressives, in part because many studies lack all-elderly and age-similar normal comparison populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Brain morphology of elderly depressives (N = 30) and normal controls (N = 36) was compared by assessing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scans with qualitative criteria-based scales. Ratings included lateral and third ventricle enlargement, and cortical, medial temporal, and caudate atrophy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences between depressed and control groups were not demonstrated. Later-onset depressives had significantly more left medial temporal and left caudate atrophy than early-onset counterparts of similar age. Medial temporal atrophy significantly correlated with cognitive impairment and was not related to physical illness. Depressives with medial temporal atrophy (N = 7) were older and had later age at onset of depression than those without such changes. Cerebrovascular disease risk factors did not predict MRI abnormalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicate non-specificity and lack of homogeneity of qualitatively measured structural brain changes in geriatric depression, but suggest that pathology of specific, lateralized brain regions may be implicated in some later-onset patients. The relationship between medial temporal atrophy and late-onset depression raises the possibility that such patients may suffer from as-yet undeclared Alzheimer's disease. Lack of association between cerebrovascular disease risk factors and brain changes suggests other pathophysiological contributions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York 11004, USA.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Greenwald
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kramer-Ginsberg
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bogerts
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ashtari
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aupperle
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zeman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D001284:Atrophy; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000473:pathology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000473:pathology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity