title: Iontophoretic administration of 2% lidocaine HCl and 1:100,000 epinephrine in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary objective was to evaluate the clinical safety and effectiveness of the iontophoretic administration of lidocaine HCl 2% and epinephrine 1:100,000 to induce local dermal anesthesia before intravenous (i.v.) cannulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Section I: Open, nonblinded. Section II: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
  
  
  METHODS
  Section I: Healthy adult volunteers. Section II: Patients presenting for scheduled outpatient eye surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Section I: Seven healthy adult volunteers. Section II: Forty-four patients requiring i.v. cannulation before scheduled eye surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Section I: Volunteers received iontophoresis of lidocaine HCl 2% with epinephrine 1:100,000 for a total delivery current of 40 mA min. Section II: Patients received iontophoresis for a total delivery current of 40 mA min of lidocaine HCl 2% with epinephrine 1:100,000 (active) or saline (control) immediately before intravenous cannulation with a 20-gauge i.v. catheter.
  
  
  METHODS
  Section I: Venous blood plasma lidocaine levels, adverse events associated with iontophoresis. Section II: Patient and investigator assessment of analgesia, patient acceptance of iontophoresis, adverse events associated with iontophoresis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Section I: No detectable levels of lidocaine were identified in any blood plasma sample. Adverse effects were minimal and transitory. Section II: Pain was decreased following lidocaine iontophoresis in comparison with controls, as determined by the patients and investigators. Iontophoresis was well accepted by the patients. Adverse effects were minimal and transitory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Iontophoresis of lidocaine 2% with 1:100,000 epinephrine for short delivery times does not lead to delivery of clinically important systemic levels of lidocaine in healthy adults. Iontophoresis of lidocaine 2% with 1:100,000 epinephrine provides adequate skin anesthesia for placement of peripheral small-gauge i.v. catheters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ashburn
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gauthier
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Love
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Basta
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gaylord
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kessler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007478:Iontophoresis; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; D010147:Pain Measurement; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D004338:Drug Combinations; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D008012:Lidocaine; D004837:Epinephrine