title: Apoptosis in the failing human heart.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Loss of myocytes is an important mechanism in the development of cardiac failure of either ischemic or nonischemic origin. However, whether programmed cell death (apoptosis) is implicated in the terminal stages of heart failure is not known. We therefore studied the magnitude of myocyte apoptosis in patients with intractable congestive heart failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Myocardial samples were obtained from the hearts of 36 patients who underwent cardiac transplantation and from the hearts of 3 patients who died soon after myocardial infarction. Samples from 11 normal hearts were used as controls. Apoptosis was evaluated histochemically, biochemically, and by a combination of histochemical analysis and confocal microscopy. The expression of two proto-oncogenes that influence apoptosis, BCL2 and BAX, was also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heart failure was characterized morphologically by a 232-fold increase in myocyte apoptosis and biochemically by DNA laddering (an indicator of apoptosis). The histochemical demonstration of DNA-strand breaks in myocyte nuclei was coupled with the documentation of chromatin condensation and fragmentation by confocal microscopy. All these findings reflect apoptosis of myocytes. The percentage of myocytes labeled with BCL2 (which protects cells against apoptosis) was 1.8 times as high in the hearts of patients with cardiac failure as in the normal hearts, whereas labeling with BAX (which promotes apoptosis) remained constant. The near doubling of the expression of BCL2 in the cardiac tissue of patients with heart failure was confirmed by Western blotting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Programmed death of myocytes occurs in the decompensated human heart in spite of the enhanced expression of BCL2; this phenomenon may contribute to the progression of cardiac dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla 10595, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Olivetti
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abbi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Quaini
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kajstura
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Nitahara
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Quaini
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di Loreto
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Beltrami
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krajewski
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Anversa
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D001710:Biotin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D003856:Deoxyuracil Nucleotides; D004586:Electrophoresis; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000032:analysis; D012016:Reference Values; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D014544:Uridine Triphosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives
chemical_list: D001710:Biotin; D003856:Deoxyuracil Nucleotides; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C494826:BAX protein, human; C087624:biotin-16-dUTP; D014544:Uridine Triphosphate