title: Severe hypoglycemia in children with IDDM. A prospective population study, 1992-1994.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Is an increased incidence of severe hypoglycemia an unavoidable effect of improved metabolic control? And, if so, to what extent?
  
  
  METHODS
  In 1992-1994, severe hypoglycemia was prospectively registered in our intensively treated IDDM population, 146 children 1-18 years of age with > 90% of the patients on > or = 4 insulin injections per day. The two categories, "severe hypoglycemia with unconsciousness" (U hypoglycemia) and "severe hypoglycemia without unconsciousness but needing the assistance of another person" (NU hypoglycemia), were analyzed in relation to yearly mean HbAlc levels, insulin doses and proportion of short-acting insulin, age at onset, duration of diabetes, age, sex, and weight-to-height ratio.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Yearly mean HbAlc levels improved from 8.1 +/- 1.6% in 1992 to 6.9 +/- 1.3% in 1994. The yearly incidence of U hypoglycemia was 0.15-0.19 events per patient-year, seen in 10-16% of patients, showing no significant increase from 1992-1994. For NU hypoglycemia, slightly increasing figures from 1.01 to 1.26 events per patient-year, seen in 27-38% of patients yearly, were reported. There was no significant correlation between severe (U or NU) hypoglycemia and HbAlc, but still an association was seen in certain calculations. In multiple regression analysis, U hypoglycemia was not related to any factor, but the square root of the rate of NU hypoglycemia was related to lower HbAlc levels (P = 0.0003), higher insulin doses (IU.kg-1.24 h-1) (P = 0.0024), and a lower proportion of short-acting insulin out of the total daily insulin dose (P = 0.031).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple-dose insulin therapy with rather low yearly mean HbAlc values causes a slight increase of NU hypoglycemia but no increase of U hypoglycemia in our population of children with IDDM. Near physiological HbAlc levels may be achieved without any pronounced risk of increasing the incidence of severe hypoglycemia when multiple-injection insulin therapy is combined with adequate self-control based on psychosocial support and active education.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nordfeldt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ludvigsson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014474:Unconsciousness / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin