title: Endoscopic brush cytology of the upper urinary tract. Evaluation of its efficacy and potential limitations in diagnosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic brush cytology in diagnosing transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-three endoscopic brush cytology specimens from 48 patients were compared with corresponding cytologic specimens obtained by irrigation and catheterization as well as histologic specimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty patients (25 brushes) had histologically documented transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) or carcinoma in situ (CIS) of either the ureter or renal pelvis. Among these, 8 (32%) of the brush samples were reported as positive for TCC, 10 (40%) atypical or suspicious, and 7 (28%) negative. The seven negative cases were ultimately shown to be low grade (I-II/IV) TCC. Combining atypical and positive diagnoses, the calculated sensitivity for diagnosis of TCC by this technique was 72%. The irrigations or catheterized urines from these same patients yielded lower sensitivity, 48%, and detected only higher grade lesions. Ten patients were proven histologically to have nonneoplastic disease (hydroureter, obstruction, inflammation). Sixteen of the 17 brush specimens from these patients were negative, resulting in a specificity of 94%. In the remaining 18 patients (21 brushes) there were 17 negatives and 4 atypicals. Concomitant cytology supported the brush diagnosis in all but one sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brush cytology is a specific and more sensitive sampling method than irrigation or catheterized urine in detecting TCC of the upper urinary tract. Brush cytology does not appear to be successful in diagnosing dysplasia or CIS. As with urinary cytology in general, the technique is less effective in diagnosing low grade (I and II) lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Dodd
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Layfield
mesh_terms: D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D003584:Cytological Techniques / Q000592:standards; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D007682:Kidney Pelvis / Q000473:pathology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014516:Ureteral Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards