title: Comparison of direct monocular endoscopic, two- and three-dimensional display systems on surgical task performance in functional endoscopic sinus surgery.
abstract: Surgeons performing functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) traditionally rely on direct endoscopic viewing through a single monocular Hopkins rod lens telescope. While the majority of surgeons have found this satisfactory, most other endoscopic surgical specialties have moved to 2-D video endoscopy, where a monoscopic image is presented on a television monitor. This study set out to determine whether 2-D or 3-D display systems had any advantage over direct endoscopy in FESS. Ten otolaryngology trainees performed a series of standardized procedures on a FESS model using direct endoscopic vision, 2-D and 3-D. A performance score was obtained by dividing the execution time by the number of tasks achieved. There was a significant difference in both surgical and diagnostic task performance with 2-D (mean scores 56.8 and 41.1) performing better than direct endoscopy (mean scores 94.1 and 74.1) (P < 0.05). Tasks were also performed significantly better with 3-D compared with 2-D (P < 0.05).
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Frizelle
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Gardiner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cuschieri
mesh_terms: D004724:Endoscopy; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D010036:Otolaryngology; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000601:surgery*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D000078329:Workforce