title: Prior cocaine exposure in different environments affects the behavioral responses of mouse dams.
abstract: The present study evaluated the behavioral repertoire of lactating CD-1 mouse dams when tested in an environment associated with cocaine in the premating period. Virgin females were randomly assigned for conditioning (8-day long schedule with four cocaine or saline injections administered every other day) to three experimental groups: i) Coc-Test females received one injection of cocaine (5 or 20 mg/kg IP) in the testing chamber and saline 24 h later in the home cage, ii) Coc-Home females received one injection of the same doses of cocaine in the home cage and saline 24 h later in the testing chamber, and iii) Sal-Sal control females received one saline injection in both environments. All females underwent a 25-day long wash out period during which they were mated. Their behavior was subsequently scored in the testing chamber on postpartum day 2 (drug-free state) in the presence of 3 pups from their own litter (single 15-min session). As a whole, Coc-Test dams appeared to be more involved in pup-directed activities such as pup-nosing and nest-building when compared with the Coc-Home group. In addition, non-pup directed behaviors, such as crossing, self-grooming, and rearing were higher in Coc-Test group than in other groups. The opposite was true for stereotyped gnawing activity. A measure of females' body weight gain revealed that Coc-Test 20 group was significantly higher than other groups particularly during the postpartum phase. On postpartum day 6, lactating dams were injected with the low cocaine dose (5mg/kg) and their response to a male intruder was assessed in the testing chamber (single 5-min session). A higher number of Coc-Test 5 dams showed the on nest and the upright offensive postures compared to the corresponding Coc-Home 5 group, whereas a significant higher number of Sal-Sal females showed the on top posture with respect to the Coc-Test 20 group. Oxytocin levels measured after the behavioral test showed a tendency, even if not significant, to be higher in the hypothalamus of Coc-Test dams. As a whole, the present results suggest that the alterations in maternal behavior here observed as well as the trend underlined by oxytocin values, cannot be ascribed to carry-over effects of cocaine administration in the pre-mating phase per se; rather, they seem to represent a conditioned response to the distinct environment previously associated with the drug experience.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio di Fisiopatologia di Organo e di Sistema, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Petruzzi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cirulli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Laviola
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression / Q000187:drug effects*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D003042:Cocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005260:Female; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D010121:Oxytocin / Q000378:metabolism*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D010121:Oxytocin; D003042:Cocaine