title: Oxygen free radical scavenging abilities of vitamins C and E, and a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract in vitro.
abstract: Proanthocyanidins, a group of polyphenolic bioflavonoids, have been reported to exhibit a wide range of biological, pharmacological and chemoprotective properties against oxygen free radicals. We have assessed the concentration-dependent oxygen free radical scavenging abilities of a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE), vitamin C and vitamin E succinate (VES) as well as superoxide dismutase, catalase and mannitol against biochemically generated superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical using a chemiluminescence assay and cytochrome c reduction. A concentration-dependent inhibition was demonstrated by GSPE. At a 100 mg/l concentration, GSPE exhibited 78-81% inhibition of superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical. Under similar conditions, vitamin C inhibited these two oxygen free radicals by approximately 12-19%, while VES inhibited the two radicals by 36-44%. The combination of superoxide dismutase and catalase inhibited superoxide anion by approximately 83%, while mannitol resulted in an 87% inhibition of hydroxyl radical. The results demonstrate that GSPE is a more potent scavenger of oxygen free radicals as compared to vitamin C and VES.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bagchi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Krohn
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bagchi
authors.forename: M X
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Stohs
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002374:Catalase / Q000494:pharmacology; D003574:Cytochrome c Group / Q000378:metabolism; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005638:Fruit; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008353:Mannitol / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D012639:Seeds / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000494:pharmacology; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D024505:Tocopherols; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; D003574:Cytochrome c Group; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010936:Plant Extracts; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D013481:Superoxides; D014810:Vitamin E; C013221:proanthocyanidin; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D008353:Mannitol; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D024505:Tocopherols