title: Fluorescent indicators give biased estimates of intracellular free calcium change in aggregating platelets: implication for studies with human von Willebrand factor.
abstract: The ratiometric fluorescent indicators Fura-2 and Indo-1 are considered optimal probes for monitoring intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i). Unique problems arise, however, in studying [Ca2+]i changes induced in platelets by von Willebrand factor (vWF). Binding of native multimeric vWF causes extensive platelet aggregation, and is reported to evoke a gradual [Ca2+]i increase. the present investigation examined the reliability of platelet [Ca2+]i measurements in these circumstances. Ristocetin-mediated binding of vWF to human platelets promoted a slow rise in Fura-2 fluorescence ratio. Fura-2 extrusion contributed substantially to this rise, unless blocked by probenecid. Despite this precaution, the platelets were invariably contaminated slightly with extracellular indicator. As aggregation progressively reduced the number of platelets in the spectrofluorometer beam, through settling of the larger aggregates, such extracellular Fura-2 contributed proportionately more to the observed fluorescence. This extraneous signal accounted completely for the fluorescence ratio increase, and apparent [Ca2+]i rise, in response to native multimeric vWF. The same problem arose with Indo-1, whereas the single wavelength indicator Fluo-3 showed the opposite pattern of apparent [Ca2+]i changes. Thus, none of these indicators provides reliable data on [Ca2+]i signals in aggregating platelets. Use of a dimeric form of vWF eliminated the problem of platelet aggregates settling out of suspension, but also virtually abolished the [Ca2+]i increase. These observations may explain some of the inconsistencies among previous investigations of vWF-induced calcium signaling. Moreover, similar problems may arise in studies with other adhesive proteins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson 39216, USA. kermode@fiona.umsmed.edu
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kermode
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Cook
mesh_terms: D000478:Alkylation; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism*; D016257:Fura-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000378:metabolism; D010974:Platelet Aggregation; D011339:Probenecid / Q000494:pharmacology; D012076:Renal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D012310:Ristocetin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007211:Indoles; D012076:Renal Agents; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; D012310:Ristocetin; C048960:indo-1; D011339:Probenecid; D002118:Calcium; D016257:Fura-2