title: Role of PACAP in the relationship between cAMP and opioids in hypoxia-induced pial artery vasodilation.
abstract: The opioids methionine enkephalin and leucine enkephalin contribute to hypoxic pial artery dilation in the newborn pig, and adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) analogs have been shown to elevate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) opioid concentration. The present study was designed to investigate the contribution of cAMP to hypoxic dilation and to determine whether an endogenous activator of adenylate cyclase, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), could modulate the cAMP-induced release of opioids to contribute to hypoxic pial dilation in piglets equipped with closed cranial windows. An alpha level of P < 0.05 was considered significant in all statistical tests. Moderate and severe hypoxia (PO2 approximately 35 and 25 mmHg, respectively) induced pial artery dilation that was attenuated by the Rp diastereomer of 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphothioate (Rp-8-BrcAMPS), a cAMP antagonist (24 +/- 1 and 36 +/- 2% vs. 21 +/- 1 and 30 +/- 1% for moderate hypoxia and 34 +/- 1 and 46 +/- 2% vs. 24 +/- 1 and 32 +/- 1% for severe hypoxia before and after Rp-8-BrcAMPS, respectively). These responses were associated with an increased CSF cAMP (1,046 +/- 25, 1,366 +/- 28, and 1,735 +/- 47 fmol/ml for control, moderate, and severe hypoxia, respectively). Hypoxic pial dilation was also accompanied by an increase in CSF methionine enkephalin (1,101 +/- 62, 3,283 +/- 119, and 3,835 +/- 129 pg/ml for control, moderate, and severe hypoxia, respectively). Hypoxic dilation additionally increased CSF PACAP (1,727 +/- 86, 2,268 +/- 157, and 7,980 +/- 238 pg/ml for control, moderate, and severe hypoxia, respectively). PACAP (10(-8) and 10(-6) M) elicited pial dilation that was associated with increased CSF cAMP and blunted by Rp-8-BrcAMPS. PACAP-induced dilation was also accompanied by increases in the opioid methionine enkephalin (1,059 +/- 23, 1,483 +/- 34, and 2,108 +/- 77 pg/ml for control and 10(-8) and 10(-6) M PACAP, respectively). These data show that cAMP contributes to hypoxic pial artery dilation. Hypoxia increases CSF PACAP, whereas PACAP elevates CSF opioid concentration. These data, therefore, suggest that PACAP modulates cAMP-induced opioid release, thereby contributing to hypoxic pial dilation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-4399, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wilderman
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Armstead
mesh_terms: D015124:8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000502:physiology; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D004743:Enkephalin, Leucine / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D004744:Enkephalin, Methionine / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D004745:Enkephalins / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D005260:Female; D002534:Hypoxia, Brain / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010841:Pia Mater / Q000098:blood supply*; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D013552:Swine; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004745:Enkephalins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D009599:Nitroprusside; D015124:8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate; C016276:8-bromocyclic GMP; D004744:Enkephalin, Methionine; D004743:Enkephalin, Leucine; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D010100:Oxygen