title: Botulinum toxin in fourth nerve palsies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Botulinum toxin A (BTXA) has not been used routinely in the management of fourth nerve (IV N) palsy. However, it is known that the results of surgery can be unpredictable with a risk of over- or under-correction.
  
  
  METHODS
  The results were reviewed of 20 patients, aged 19-70 years, with unilateral and bilateral IV N palsies who received BTXA injections to the inferior oblique or inferior rectus muscles. The aetiology was congenital in 12 (60%), traumatic in six (30%), due to myasthenia in one (5%), and unclear in one (5%). Fifty per cent of patients had had previous strabismus surgery to a maximum of four procedures. The mean pre-injection vertical deviation was 11 prism dioptres. All but two patients had a single injection. Average follow-up was 19 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten patients (group I) received BTXA as a primary therapy. Following inferior oblique injection, six patients received little benefit and went on to surgery (83%) or continued with prisms (17%). Five patients from group I who had inferior rectus toxin were discharged symptom-free. Group 2 (10 patients) received BTXA for residual deviations postoperatively; in this group all except one patient with no fusion achieved long-term benefit following inferior rectus BTXA. In those who had inferior oblique injections, BTXA was useful in one patient (25%). Inferior rectus injection produced a greater chance of temporary reversal of the deviation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BTXA is of greatest benefit in patients with residual deviations particularly when the inferior rectus is injected, but is of limited value as a primary therapy in chronic IV N palsy.
authors.affiliation: Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Garnham
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lawson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003389:Cranial Nerve Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D010243:Paralysis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014321:Trochlear Nerve
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A