title: Positron emission tomography measurement of cerebral metabolic correlates of tryptophan depletion-induced depressive relapse.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Short-term depletion of plasma tryptophan has been shown to result in depressive relapse in patients with remission of major depression. Positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography studies implicated the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, thalamus, and caudate nucleus in the pathogenesis of depression. The purpose of this study was to measure cerebral metabolic correlates of tryptophan depletion-induced depressive relapse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients diagnosed as having major depression (N = 21) who clinically improved with serotonin reuptake inhibitors underwent 2 test days involving tryptophan depletion or placebo, followed 6 hours later by positron emission tomography scanning with fludeoxy-glucose F18. Brain metabolism was compared in patients with (n = 7) and without (n = 14) a tryptophan depletion-induced depressive relapse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tryptophan depletion resulted in a decrease in brain metabolism in the middle frontal gyrus (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), thalamus, and orbitofrontal cortex in patients with a depletion-induced depressive relapse (but not in patients without depletion-induced relapse). Decreased brain metabolism in these regions correlated with increased depressive symptoms. Baseline metabolism was increased in prefrontal and limbic regions in relapse-prone patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Specific brain regions, including the middle frontal gyrus, thalamus, and orbitofrontal cortex, may mediate the symptoms of patients with major depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn, USA.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bremner
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Innis
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Salomon
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Staib
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bronen
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Krystal
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malison
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dey
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Soufer
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Charney
mesh_terms: D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008032:Limbic System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D010919:Placebos; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012008:Recurrence; D012701:Serotonin / Q000502:physiology*; D013788:Thalamus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D010919:Placebos; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D012701:Serotonin; D014364:Tryptophan; D003847:Deoxyglucose; D005947:Glucose