title: Phosphorylation of Ser-3 of cofilin regulates its essential function on actin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cofilin is a low-molecular weight actin-modulating protein, and is structurally and functionally conserved in eucaryotes from yeast to mammals. The functions of cofilin appear to be regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A proteolytic study of phosphorylated porcine cofilin and expression of a mutated cofilin in cultured cells revealed that Ser-3 is the unique phosphorylation site. Phosphorylated cofilin was found not to bind to either F- or G-actin while unphosphorylated cofilin binds to both. S3D-cofilin, in which Ser-3 was replaced with Asp, did not bind in vitro to actin while S3A-cofilin did. The transient over-expression of wild-type or S3A-cofilin in cultured cells caused disruption of preexisting actin structures and induced cytoplasmic actin bundles. Heat shock-induced nuclear or NaCl buffer-induced cytoplasmic actin/cofilin rods contained the expressed cofilin. In contrast, the over-expression of S3D-cofilin did not alter the actin structures. Induced actin rods did not contain S3D-cofilin. S3D-porcine cofilin did not complement the lethality associated with delta cof1 mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae while wild-type and S3A-cofilin did. Furthermore, we found that S2A/S4D- and S2D/S4D-yeast cofilin mutants were not viable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the function of cofilin is negatively regulated in vivo by phosphorylation of Ser-3 and that cells require the function of unphosphorylated cofilin for viability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moriyama
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iida
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yahara
mesh_terms: D051339:Actin Depolymerizing Factors; D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008840:Microfilament Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019269:Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012694:Serine / Q000737:chemistry; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D051339:Actin Depolymerizing Factors; D000199:Actins; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D019269:Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate; D012694:Serine