title: Linkage and association of insulin gene VNTR regulatory polymorphism with polycystic ovary syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting up to 10% of women of reproductive age. Women with anovulatory PCOS have hyperinsulinaemia, insulin resistance, and dyslipidaemia, and the syndrome is associated with greatly increased risks of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease and it often clusters in families. The VNTR (variable number of tandem repeats) locus upstream of the insulin gene (INS) regulates insulin expression. We have studied INS VNTR as a candidate genetic locus for susceptibility to PCOS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated linkage of PCOS to the INS VNTR locus on chromosome 11p15.5 in 17 families with several cases, and looked for an association between VNTR and PCOS in two additional clinic populations. VNTR genotypes were designated I/I, I/III, and III/III and linkage disequilibrium mapping was used to test the primary role of the VNTR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a group of PCOS/male pattern baldness families, we obtained positive evidence for linkage to 11p15.5 (p = 0.002). The INS VNTR III/III genotype was associated with an increased risk of PCOS in two independent case-control studies (odds ratios 8.20 [p = 0.005] and 5.70 [p = 0.043]). Multilocus linkage disequilibrium mapping suggests that VNTR itself is the predisposing locus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mapping of susceptibility to PCOS to the INS VNTR implies that PCOS is due, in part, to an inherited alteration in insulin production. The data suggest a mechanistic link between type 2 diabetes and PCOS, which is a risk factor for diabetes later in life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Imperial College School of Medicine, St Mary's, London, UK.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Waterworth
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gharani
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hague
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Batty
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Conway
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Todd
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franks
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Williamson
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002880:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11; D005260:Female; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D005819:Genetic Markers; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats; D011085:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D007328:Insulin