title: Does light-to-moderate alcohol consumption during pregnancy increase the risk for renal anomalies among offspring?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association between light-to-moderate prenatal alcohol exposure and congenital renal anomalies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the population-based Atlanta Birth Defects Case-Control Study were used to examine the association between selected renal anomalies and self-reported maternal alcohol consumption during the period from 1 month before through 3 months after conception. Case infants were ascertained by a population-based birth defects registry with active case ascertainment; the case group consisted of 158 infants, born during 1968 through 1980 to metropolitan Atlanta residents, in whom these renal anomalies had been diagnosed. Two control groups were used. One had 3029 infants without birth defects, and the other had 4633 infants with birth defects exclusive of the urinary tract who were born during the same period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, there was a moderate association between renal anomalies and moderate prenatal alcohol exposure (odds ratio, 1.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.0 to 2.3). When the renal anomalies were subclassified, moderate prenatal alcohol exposure was significantly associated only with renal agenesis or hypoplasia (odds ratio, 2.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 5.1), and within this group only infants with bilateral defects and other major anomalies in addition to renal agenesis or hypoplasia had significantly elevated risks. There were no significant associations between reported light consumption and any category of the selected renal anomalies. No conclusions could be reached for reported heavy consumption because of sparse data. Adjustments for potential confounding factors did not alter these results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that moderate alcohol consumption during pregnancy may increase a woman's risk of giving birth to a child with renal agenesis or hypoplasia.
authors.affiliation: Birth Defects and Genetic Diseases Branch, Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Khoury
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000209:etiology; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000506:poisoning; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities*; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000145:classification; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol