title: Some considerations in evaluating spoken word recognition by normal-hearing, noise-masked normal-hearing, and cochlear implant listeners. I: The effects of response format.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present studies was to assess the validity of using closed-set response formats to measure two cognitive processes essential for recognizing spoken words---perceptual normalization (the ability to accommodate acoustic-phonetic variability) and lexical discrimination (the ability to isolate words in the mental lexicon). In addition, the experiments were designed to examine the effects of response format on evaluation of these two abilities in normal-hearing (NH), noise-masked normal-hearing (NMNH), and cochlear implant (CI) subject populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The speech recognition performance of NH, NMNH, and CI listeners was measured using both open- and closed-set response formats under a number of experimental conditions. To assess talker normalization abilities, identification scores for words produced by a single talker were compared with recognition performance for items produced by multiple talkers. To examine lexical discrimination, performance for words that are phonetically similar to many other words (hard words) was compared with scores for items with few phonetically similar competitors (easy words).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Open-set word identification for all subjects was significantly poorer when stimuli were produced in lists with multiple talkers compared with conditions in which all of the words were spoken by a single talker. Open-set word recognition also was better for lexically easy compared with lexically hard words. Closed-set tests, in contrast, failed to reveal the effects of either talker variability or lexical difficulty even when the response alternatives provided were systematically selected to maximize confusability with target items.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that, although closed-set tests may provide important information for clinical assessment of speech perception, they may not adequately evaluate a number of cognitive processes that are necessary for recognizing spoken words. The parallel results obtained across all subject groups indicate that NH, NMNH, and CI listeners engage similar perceptual operations to identify spoken words. Implications of these findings for the design of new test batteries that can provide comprehensive evaluations of the individual capacities needed for processing spoken language are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sommers
authors.forename: K I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Pisoni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D012048:Correction of Hearing Impairment; D004867:Equipment Design; D006309:Hearing; D006801:Humans; D010470:Perceptual Masking; D010700:Phonetics; D013067:Speech Perception