title: The effects of cardioplegic arrest and reperfusion on the microvasculature of the heart.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite laboratory evidence of leucocyte involvement in reperfusion injury, cardiac surgical clinical trials do not support the therapeutic effectiveness of leucocyte filtration. Furthermore, the direct effects of crystalloid cardioplegia and reperfusion on the capillaries of the heart have yet to be elucidated. We tested the effects of cardioplegic arrest and reperfusion both with and without leucocyte depletion, in a model of cardiopulmonary bypass that mimics clinical cardiac surgical conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four groups of Landrace pigs were studied. Group A (n = 6) underwent 30 min of hypothermic (28 degrees C) cardiopulmonary bypass. Groups B (n = 6), C (n = 6) and D (n = 6) also had 90 min of cardioplegic arrest. Group C was then reperfused with whole blood, while Group D was reperfused with leucocyte-depleted blood. Microvascular methylmethacrylate corrosion casts were made at the end of the experimental period. Myocardial vascular anatomy was defined by electron microscopy and capillary abundance derived from this and from the weight of casts from representative areas. Leucocyte deposition was assessed using radioisotope-labelled leucocytes. Ischaemic damage to tissues was graded according to light and electron microscopic findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Group A the mean (+/- S.D.) vascular cast weight/volume of myocardium (density) was 125 +/- 9 mg/mm3. After cardioplegic arrest (Group B), it fell to 74 +/- 7 mg/mm3 (P < 0.0001) due to absence of capillaries, although arterioles, venules and non-nutritive bypass vessels remained patent. Following reperfusion with whole blood (Group C), capillary numbers partially recovered but luminal diameters were reduced with a cast density of 94 +/- 5 mg/mm3 (P < 0.0001 versus Group A and B). Leucocyte-depleted (87-92%) reperfusion in Group D did not affect cast density (90 +/- 3 mg/mm3; P = 0.17). Coronary vascular resistances in Groups C and D rose slightly, but not significantly, during reperfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Following cardioplegic arrest, microvascular changes are marked. These changes are partially reversed by 30 min reperfusion. Leucocyte depletion does not ameliorate these effects in this model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Pathi
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: McPhaden
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Belcher
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Fenner
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: McQuiston
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wheatley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000473:pathology*; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D008212:Lymphocyte Depletion; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000473:pathology; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000473:pathology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D013552:Swine