title: Changes in mood and hormone levels after rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the prefrontal cortex.
abstract: Rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was administered to 10 healthy volunteers on different days over the right or left prefrontal cortex, midfrontal cortex, occipital cortex, or cerebellum. Mood (self-rated), reaction time, and hormone levels were serially measured. Consistent with a previous study, comparison of hemispheres revealed significant associations with decreased happiness after left prefrontal rTMS and decreased sadness after right prefrontal rTMS. Stimulation of all three prefrontal regions, but not the occipital or cerebellar regions, was associated with increases in serum thyroid-stimulating hormone. There was no effect on serum prolactin. rTMS applied to prefrontal cortex is safe and well tolerated and produces regionally and laterally specific changes in mood and neuroendocrine measures in healthy adults. rTMS is a promising tool for investigating prefrontal cortex functions.
authors.affiliation: Radiology Department, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Wassermann
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steppel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pascual-Leone
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Basser
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hallett
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Post
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000097:blood*; D009778:Occipital Lobe / Q000502:physiology*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood*; D011930:Reaction Time; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D011388:Prolactin; D013972:Thyrotropin; D006854:Hydrocortisone