title: Pharmacokinetics of nicotine carbomer enemas: a new treatment modality for ulcerative colitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ulcerative colitis is largely a disease of nonsmokers, and transdermal nicotine is of therapeutic value in the active disease. Because side effects are common, we developed a topical enema formulation of nicotine.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the pharmacokinetics of nicotine complexed with a polyacrylic carbomer and administered by enema to eight healthy volunteers and to eight patients with active ulcerative colitis, verified sigmoidoscopically.
  
  
  METHODS
  All 16 subjects were nonsmokers. The mean age for normal subjects was 33 years; the mean for patients with ulcerative colitis was 60 years. Median stool frequency for patients with ulcerative colitis was four daily. Patients were taking 5-amino salicylic acid compounds and five were taking oral prednisolone (median dose, 12 mg daily). Nicotine, 6 mg, complexed with carbomer 974P, 400 mg, was administered in a 100 ml enema after an overnight fast, with serial blood measurements taken over 8 hours. Serum nicotine and cotinine were measured by gas liquid chromatography. Area under the concentration-time curves were calculated by the trapezoidal method, and the terminal elimination half-life was derived by extrapolation of the log-linear terminal phase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the exception of nicotine time to reach peak concentration, which was longer in patients (median of 60 minutes compared with 45 minutes; p < 0.005), other comparisons between normal subjects and patients showed no statistically significant difference, although there was considerable inter-subject variation. Maximum concentration of nicotine, 8.1 +/- 3.5 ng/ml, in the 16 subjects occurred after a median of 60 minutes (range, 30 to 180 minutes); maximum cotinine concentrations of 60.4 +/- 11.5 ng/ml occurred after 4 hours. Side effects in five subjects were mild (four subjects) or moderate (one subject) and included lightheadedness, nausea, and headache; these five subjects were female lifelong nonsmokers of low body weight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because most of the active ingredient of nicotine is converted to continine on the first pass through the liver, substantial concentrations can be achieved at the site of disease with only modest rises in serum nicotine, which are responsible for side effects; cotinine has low pharmacologic activity. Topical administration of nicotine may be useful treatment for distal ulcerative colitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, England.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Feyerabend
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Fuller
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Newcombe
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Sandborn
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019540:Area Under Curve; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004733:Enema; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011145:Polyvinyls; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D004337:Drug Carriers; D011145:Polyvinyls; C006912:carboxypolymethylene; D009538:Nicotine; D003367:Cotinine