title: Comparison of metabolic control in a cross-sectional study of 2,873 children and adolescents with IDDM from 18 countries. The Hvidøre Study Group on Childhood Diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To obtain an estimate of the current level of metabolic control in children and adolescents with IDDM, the Hvidøre Study Group on Childhood Diabetes decided to establish a formal collaboration among countries to gather and exchange data for comparative purposes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional non-population-based survey involved 22 pediatric departments from 18 countries in Europe, Japan, and North America. Blood samples and information were collected from March through August 1995 on 2,873 children who were born in 1977 or later and seen in the outpatient clinics. HbA1c levels were determined once and analyzed centrally (normal range, 4.4-6.3%; mean, 5.4%). Year of birth, sex, duration of diabetes, height, body weight, insulin regimen, and number of episodes of severe hypoglycemia during the past 3 months were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average HbA1c was 8.6 +/- 1.7%, but varied significantly (P < 0.0001) between centers. Hypoglycemia resulting in unconsciousness and/or seizures was related to younger age (0-8 years) and lower HbA1c level. The incidence, based on the 3-month period, was 22 per 100 patient-years. Sixty percent of the children (n = 1,707) had two injections daily, while 37% (n = 1,071) were on three or more. HbA1c increased during maturation for both sexes. No difference in glycemic control was found among adolescents treated with two, three, and four or more daily injections. Adolescents on four or more injections received significantly (P < 0.001) more insulin. Girls on four or more injections had significantly (P < 0.01) higher BMI than girls on twice-daily insulin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the participating centers with a multidisciplinary team, only one third of the patients had an HbA1c level of < 8%.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Glostrup University Hospital, Denmark.
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Mortensen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hougaard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D009656:North America; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin