title: Effect of cigarette smoking on HIV-related oral lesions.
abstract: To determine whether the presence of specific oral lesions is associated with cigarette smoking among HIV-infected patients, we analyzed cross-sectional data (CD4 cell count, smoking history, and oral examination findings) from 1,058 HIV-infected male patients who received clinical care at the University of California, San Francisco. Oral AIDS Center Clinic. To control for potential confounding by the level of immune suppression, final analyses were limited to participants (n = 693) on whom CD4 cell count data (within 180 days of study visit) were available. Six percent of subjects had normal examination findings, 16% had nonnormal findings (but none of the six lesions of interest), 47% had lesions of a single type, and 31% had a combination of two or more types of lesions. After adjusting for CD4 cell count, current smokers were significantly more likely to have candidiasis (odds ratio [OR] = 1.84; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.34-2.54) and warts (OR = 2.09; 95% CI 1.15-3.81) and less likely to have aphthous ulcers (OR = 0.24; 95% CI 0.14-0.42) than were current nonsmokers. These results suggest a strong association between cigarette smoking and the presence of specific HIV-related oral lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0422, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Palacio
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hilton
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Canchola
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Greenspan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*