title: Functional MR to localize sustained visual attention activation in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate brain control activation in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to provide an initial comparison between activated regions in ADHD subjects and those previously localized in an unaffected population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients with ADHD underwent imaging with a functional blood oxygen level-dependent MR technique during sustained visual vigilance. Pixel activation was inspected visually and statistical group analysis was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Activation was seen over the bilateral middle frontal gyri, the superior parietal lobules, and the inferior parietal lobules. The predominant activity occurred in the right middle frontal gyrus. Application of an additional statistical constraint revealed significant activity in the right inferior and left superior parietal lobules.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ADHD patients effectively tolerated the necessary MR imaging constraints despite their difficulty with confinement and immobility. Single-section functional MR imaging revealed activation in brain regions known to be involved in the maintenance of the attention in healthy subjects responding to auditory, tactile, or visual stimulation; additional areas of activity that were identified may represent true abnormal regions in the affected population or artifacts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sunshine
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lewin
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Findling
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Manos
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D016477:Artifacts; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000502:physiology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D014110:Touch / Q000502:physiology; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen