title: Intestinal permeability in kwashiorkor.
abstract: Intestinal permeability can be assessed non-invasively using the lactulose-rhamnose (L-R) test, which is a reliable measure of small intestinal integrity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine risk factors for abnormal intestinal permeability in kwashiorkor, and to measure changes in L-R ratios with inpatient rehabilitation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study of 149 kwashiorkor cases and 45 hospital controls. The L-R test was adapted to study kwashiorkor in Malawi, with testing at weekly intervals during nutritional rehabilitation. Urine sugars were measured by thin layer chromatography in London.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The initial geometric mean L-R ratios (x100) (with 95% confidence interval) in kwashiorkor were 17.3 (15.0 to 19.8) compared with 7.0 (5.6 to 8.7) for controls. Normal ratios are < 5, so the high ratios in controls indicate tropical enteropathy syndrome. Abnormal permeability in kwashiorkor was associated with death, oliguria, sepsis, diarrhoea, wasting and young age. Diarrhoea and death were associated with both decreased L-rhamnose absorption (diminished absorptive surface area) and increased lactulose permeation (impaired barrier function) whereas nutritional wasting affected only L-rhamnose absorption. Despite, clinical recovery, mean L-R ratios improved little on treatment, with mean weekly ratios of 16.3 (14.0 to 19.0), 13.3 (11.1 to 15.9) and 14.4 (11.0 to 18.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abnormal intestinal permeability in kwashiorkor correlates with disease severity, and improves only slowly with nutritional rehabilitation.
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Brewster
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Manary
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Menzies
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: O'Loughlin
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Henry
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007732:Kwashiorkor / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality; D007792:Lactulose / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012210:Rhamnose / Q000378:metabolism*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D007792:Lactulose; D012210:Rhamnose