title: The effects of prostatic manipulation on prostate-specific antigen levels.
abstract: Serum PSA determinations are an important part of the urologic evaluation for prostate cancer. DRE, TRUS, cystoscopy, and ejaculation have minimal effects on serum PSA levels. Prostatic massage, needle biopsy, TURP, and prostatitis can cause significant elevations of serum PSA (Table 1). These factors should be kept in mind for interpretation of PSA values.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: L T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Lowe
mesh_terms: D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D003558:Cystoscopy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010808:Physical Examination; D005082:Physical Exertion; D011467:Prostate / Q000502:physiology*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011472:Prostatitis / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen