title: Pain threshold for low energy intracardiac cardioversion of atrial fibrillation with low or no sedation.
abstract: Recent studies have shown that internal cardioversion of atrial fibrillation is safe and effective. In this randomized prospective study, we have tried to evaluate the influence of different waveforms on the perception of pain during internal cardioversion in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Internal cardioversion was performed with minimal or no sedation in 31 consecutive patients. R wave triggered, biphasic shocks of 6 ms/6 ms or 3 ms/3 ms duration (randomly selected) and approximately 65% tilt were used starting with a 50-V test shock. The shock intensity was increased in 40-V steps up to a maximum voltage of 520 V Shocks were applied via two custom-made catheters (Elecath, Rahway, NJ). In 16 patients (3 females, age 61 +/- 11 years, left atrium diameter 58 +/- 5 mm, duration of atrial fibrillation 4 +/- 4 months), 6/6 waveforms were used, and in 15 patients (1 female, age 62 +/- 5 years, left atrium diameter 59 +/- 4 mm, duration of atrial fibrillation 5 +/- 2 months), 3/3 waveforms were used. After cardioversion, each patient was asked to quantify their pain on a scale from 0-10 (0 = no pain, 10 = intolerable). Fourteen of the 15 patients in the 3/3 ms and 15 of the 16 patients in the 6/6 ms group were successfully cardioverted. Patients from the 6/6 waveform group were cardioverted with a lower mean voltage of 254/92 versus 355/127 V (P < 0.02), at lower pain score 1.8 +/- 1.3 versus 4.2 +/- 2.2 (P < 0.05) with equivalent energy (6.8 +/- 2.8 versus 6.2 +/- 1.5 J, n.s.) and required lower doses of midazolam of 2.2 +/- 1.9 versus 4.0 +/- 1.8 mg IV (P < 0.02). The waveform used in internal cardioversion seems to have a major impact on the patients' perception of pain. These results imply that energy determines the success of a shock, but voltage determines the pain perceived by the patient. The use of waveforms that deliver greater energy at lower peak voltages offers the possibility of internal cardioversion with less sedation and greater patient tolerance.
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik, Technischen Universität München, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ammer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alt
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ayers
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pasquantonio
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pütter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schömig
mesh_terms: D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000628:therapy*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000379:methods*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008874:Midazolam