title: Simultaneous determination of aortic valve area by the Gorlin formula and by transesophageal echocardiography under different transvalvular flow conditions. Evidence that anatomic aortic valve area does not change with variations in flow in aortic stenosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of changes in flow on aortic valve area (AVA) as measured by the Gorlin formula and transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) planimetry.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The meaning of flow-related changes in AVA calculations using the Gorlin formula in patients with aortic stenosis remains controversial. It has been suggested that flow dependence of the calculated area could be due to a true widening of the orifice as flow increases or to a disproportionate flow dependence of the formula itself. Alternatively, anatomic AVA can be measured by direct planimetry of the valve orifice with TEE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Simultaneous measurement of the planimetered and Gorlin valve area was performed intraoperatively under different hemodynamic conditions in 11 patients. Left ventricular and ascending aortic pressures were measured simultaneously after transventricular and aortic punctures. Changes in flow were induced by dobutamine infusion. Using multiplane TEE, AVA was planimetered at the level of the leaflet tips in the short-axis view.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, cardiac output, stroke volume and transvalvular volume flow rate ranged from 2.5 to 7.3 liters/min, from 43 to 86 ml and from 102 to 306 ml/min, respectively. During dobutamine infusion, cardiac-output increased by 42% and mean aortic valve gradient by 54%. When minimal flow was compared with maximal flow, the Gorlin area varied from (mean +/- SD) 0.44 +/- 0.12 to 0.60 +/- 0.14 cm2 (p < 0.005). The mean change in Gorlin area under different flow rates was 36 +/- 32%. Despite these changes, there was no significant change in the planimetered area when minimal flow was compared with maximal flow. The mean difference in planimetered area under different flow rates was 0.002 +/- 0.01 cm2 (p = 0.86).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By simultaneous determination of Gorlin formula and TEE planimetry valve areas, we showed that acute changes in transvalvular volume flow substantially altered valve area calculated by the Gorlin formula but did not result in significant alterations of the anatomic valve area in aortic stenosis. These results suggest that the flow-related variation in the Gorlin AVA is due to a disproportionate flow dependence of the formula itself and not a true change in valve area.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Tardif
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Leclerc
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Petitclerc
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mongrain
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Mercier
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D004280:Dobutamine; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D004280:Dobutamine