title: Predictive value of skull radiography for intracranial injury in children with blunt head injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The value of routine skull radiography as a method of predicting intracranial injury is controversial. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of skull radiography by prospectively studying head-injured children admitted to a children's hospital that serves an urban population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a 2-year period, 9269 children attended our accident and emergency department with head injury, and 6011 were referred for skull radiography. All children who were admitted to hospital or had a skull fracture (n = 883) were included in the study. Computed tomography (CT) was done in children with skull fractures on radiography and in those without fractures if there were neurological indications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Radiographs showed 162 fractures (2.7% of all radiographs and 18% of study group radiographs). Staff in the accident and emergency department missed 37 (23%) fractures. CT scan was done on 156 children, of whom 107 had a skull fracture. 23 children were found to have intracranial injuries on CT. The presence of neurological abnormalities had a sensitivity for identification of intracranial injury of 91% (21 of 23) and a negative predictive value of 97%. The corresponding values for skull fracture on radiography were 65% (15 of 23) and 83%. Four children died, of whom only one had a skull fracture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In children, severe intracranial injury can occur in the absence of skull fracture. Skull radiography is not a reliable predictor of intracranial injury and is indicated only to confirm or exclude a suspected depressed fracture or penetrating injury, and when non-accidental injury is suspected, including in all infants younger than 2 years. Clinical neurological abnormalities are a reliable predictor of intracranial injury. If imaging is required, it should be with CT and not skull radiography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Carty
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Butcher
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Roe
mesh_terms: D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed