title: Long-term effects of dual chamber pacing in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy without outflow tract obstruction at rest.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atrioventricular-synchronous pacing is beneficial in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. The effects of pacing in patients without significant left ventricular outflow tract obstruction at rest are, however, less well explored. This study compares the long-term outcome of pacing patients with and without significant left ventricular outflow tract obstruction at rest.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy were studied, 19 with a left ventricular outflow tract gradient < 40 mmHg at rest, but exceeding 50 mmHg during provocation with isoproterenol (group A), and 22 with a left ventricular outflow tract obstruction > 40 mmHg at rest (group B). Before the implantation of a permanent pacemaker, the patients were studied according to a temporary pacing protocol. This included graded isoproterenol provocation of the left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, which was assessed by echo Doppler. Following permanent pacemaker implantation, the patients were regularly followed up with echo Doppler, exercise testing and monitoring of the clinical condition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isoproterenol provocation was reproducible and the technique did not cause any clinically important side effects. Left ventricular outflow tract gradient reduction after chronic pacing did not differ between the two groups. In group A, it decreased from 98 +/- 30 mmHg in sinus rhythm to 42 +/- 26 mmHg during pacing. The corresponding values in group B were 87 +/- 40 mmHg to 36 +/- 24 mmHg. The clinical condition improved similarly in the two groups. Exercise capacity increased significantly and perceived dyspnoea and angina pectoris were significantly lower at submaximal levels of exercise after 6 months of pacing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy patients who only exhibit significant left ventricular outflow tract obstruction during provocation benefit as much from pacemaker treatment as do patients who already have significant obstruction at rest. Isoproterenol is a safe and reproducible method for pre-pacing evaluation of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gadler
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Linde
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Juhlin-Dannfelt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rydén
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler / Q000187:drug effects; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007545:Isoproterenol; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D014694:Ventricular Outflow Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D007545:Isoproterenol