title: Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in the red pacu (Colossoma brachypomum) after intramuscular, oral and bath administration.
abstract: The intramuscular (i.m.), oral (p.o.), and bath immersion disposition of enrofloxacin were evaluated following administration to a cultured population of red pacu. The half-life for enrofloxacin following i.m. administration was 28.9 h, considerably longer than values calculated for other animals such as dogs, birds, rabbits, and tortoises. The 4 h maximum concentration (Cmax) of 1.64 micrograms/ml, following a single 5.0 mg/kg dosing easily exceeds the in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for 20 bacterial organisms known to infect fish. At 48 h post i.m. administration, the mean plasma enrofloxacin concentration was well above the MIC for most gram-negative fish pathogens. The gavage method of oral enrofloxacin administration produced a Cmax of 0.94 microgram/mL at 6-8 h. This Cmax was well above the reported in vitro MIC. A bath immersion concentration of 2.5 mg/L for 5 h was used in this study. The Cmax of 0.17 microgram/mL was noted on the 2 hour post-treatment plasma sample. Plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin exceeded published in vitro MIC's for most fish bacterial pathogens 72 h after treatment was concluded. Ciprofloxacin, an active metabolite of enrofloxacin, was detected and measured after all methods of drug administration. It is possible and practical to obtain therapeutic blood concentrations of enrofloxacin in the red pacu using p.o., i.m., and bath immersion administration. The i.m. route is the most predictable and results in the highest plasma concentrations of the drug.
authors.affiliation: Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27606, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lewbart
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vaden
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Manaugh
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Whitt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Doi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Flammer
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D000077422:Enrofloxacin; D005399:Fishes / Q000097:blood*; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D006207:Half-Life; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008954:Models, Biological; D015363:Quinolones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D015363:Quinolones; D000077422:Enrofloxacin