title: All-trans retinoic acid and interferon-alpha-2a in patients with metastatic or recurrent carcinoma of the uterine cervix: clinical and pharmacokinetic studies. New York Gynecologic Oncology Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent clinical trials with a combination of interferon (IFN alpha) and 13 cis-retinoic acid resulted in high response rates among women with locally advanced and metastatic carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The authors sought to amplify these observations by employing the isomer of 13 cis-retinoic acid, all-trans retinoic acid (tRA), in combination with IFN alpha.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sequential clinical trials were initiated by the New York Gynecologic Oncology Group to test the combination of tRA and IFN alpha in women with metastatic or recurrent carcinoma of the cervix who had failed primary therapy. IFN alpha was administered at 6 MU subcutaneously 3 times per week. In the first trial, tRA was administered at 50 mg/m2 orally 3 times per day on a daily schedule (daily regimen), whereas in the second trial, tRA was administered at the same dose 3 times per day, but only on Days 1-3 each week (intermittent schedule). Clinical outcomes included response to therapy and survival. Plasma pharmacokinetic studies of tRA were performed in both trials to assess the effects of different schedules on plasma levels of the drug.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen women with metastatic or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix were enrolled in the daily trial and 12 women in the intermittent trial. There was no clinical activity for either regimen, and both studies were terminated according to an early stopping rule. Because tRA has been reported to induce its own metabolism, plasma levels of tRA were measured on Days 1, 8, and 28. The change in the area under the time versus tRA concentration curve (AUC) was significantly different between the two groups. The average AUC on Day 8 was 14% of that observed on Day 1 for the daily treatment group; in contrast, it was 107% on Day 1 in the intermittent treatment group. In 6 of 8 patients studied in the daily trial, the AUC decreased at least 60% by either Week 2 or Week 4. In contrast, in the intermittent trial, only 3 of 9 patients experienced >60% decrease in plasma levels of the drug at either Day 8 or Day 28.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of tRA + IFN alpha was inactive in patients with advanced carcinoma of the cervix when employed at these doses on either the daily or intermittent schedule. The failure of activity of this regimen did not result from induction of metabolism of tRA, suggesting that intrinsic mechanisms of resistance to tRA at the cellular level may be of greater importance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wadler
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haynes
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rameau
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Quish
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mandeli
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hallam
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fields
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: McGill
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Wallach
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Runowicz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014212:Tretinoin