title: Neurostimulation for bladder evacuation: is sacral root stimulation a substitute for microstimulation?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine by anatomical and functional studies whether stimulation of sacral rootlets might permit selective stimulation of autonomic fibres, thus avoiding the detrusor/sphincter dyssynergia characteristic of current techniques of neurostimulation for bladder evacuation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 10 male mongrel dogs, the S2 root was isolated and its constituent rootlets followed from their origin in the spinal cord to the point of exit from the dura. The entire root and the individual rootlets were then stimulated, including intra- and extra-dural stimulation and at proximal, mid and distal levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neuroanatomical and histological findings showed that rootlets of ventral S2 maintain their identity throughout their intradural course; some carry predominantly autonomic fibres, some predominantly somatic and some a mixture of the two.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It appears surgically feasible to identify, isolate and sever the predominantly somatic rootlets intradurally, sparing the predominantly autonomic rootlets for inclusion in extradural electrode placement around the entire sacral root, thus eliminating sphincteric interference with detrusor contraction for voiding at low pressure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Probst
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Piechota
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hohenfellner
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Gleason
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Tanagho
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017776:Autonomic Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D004285:Dogs; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D008297:Male; D010275:Parasympathetic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000502:physiology*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000628:therapy*