title: HACEK group endocarditis at the Riyadh Armed Forces Hospital.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fastidious Gram-negative organisms classified as the HACEK group (Haemophilus spp., Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens and Kingella spp.) are rare causes of infective endocarditis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this series, we report six cases of endocarditis in Saudi patients occurring between 1990 and 1994 in our hospital, caused by two of the organisms in the HACEK group, i.e. Cardiobacterium hominis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. The clinical features, predisposing factors and treatment of the patients are briefly described. The microscopic and cultural characteristics of the organisms are described together with the laboratory methods of diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HACEK endocarditis was frequently associated with prosthetic heart valves or structural heart abnormalities. Dental caries or periodontal disease seems to be a predisposing factor. The prognosis of HACEK endocarditis is very good as clinical and bacteriological cure were achieved with antibiotic therapy in all our cases except one who required mitral valve replacement. Contrary to previous reports we did not find all the organisms sensitive to penicillin and aminoglycosides. However, all our isolates were sensitive to amoxycillin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laboratory diagnosis of HACEK group of organisms requires a high index of suspicion and should be suspected in cases of endocarditis in which fastidious Gram-negative coccobacilli are isolated which fail to grow on MacConkey agar. Empiric therapy should be started in suspected cases with second generation cephalosporins or with ciprofloxacin, until antibiotic sensitivity results become available. Antibiotic therapy should be continued for 4-6 weeks. Progress and outcome was very good in the series.
authors.affiliation: Division of Microbiology, Armed Forces Hospital, Riyadh, KSA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: el Khizzi
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kasab
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Osoba
mesh_terms: D000189:Actinobacillus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D000328:Adult; D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004697:Endocarditis, Bacterial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D006092:Gram-Negative Facultatively Anaerobic Rods / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged