title: Instantaneous subaortic outflow obstruction after volume reduction in hearts with univentricular atrioventricular connection and discordant ventriculoarterial connection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the phenomenon of potential subaortic outflow obstruction after surgical volume unloading of the heart in patients with univentricular atrioventricular connection, discordant ventriculoarterial connection, and bulboventricular foramen (BVF)-dependent systemic flow.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography was used in five patients with tricuspid atresia (N = 3) or double-inlet left ventricle (N = 2) with rudimentary right ventricle and BVF who were scheduled to undergo a bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis (N = 3) or completion of the Fontan procedure after previous banding of the pulmonary artery (N = 2). The BVF diameter was measured in two orthogonal views, and the area was calculated by using the formula for an ellipse. Left ventricular posterior wall thickness and left ventricular internal diameter were also measured. Intraoperative prerepair and postrepair gradients across the BVF were measured by echocardiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Volume unloading of the left ventricle resulted in instantaneous contraction of left ventricular size (decrease of median left ventricular internal diameter from 38 to 34 mm and increase of median left ventricular posterior wall thickness from 5 to 7 mm), decrease of median BVF area index (from 1.82 to 1.55 cm2/m2), and development of a median gradient of 60 mm Hg across the BVF. At a mean follow-up of 19.6 months, all patients were clinically well and had no echocardiographic evidence of BVF obstruction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In hearts with univentricular atrioventricular connection, discordant ventriculoarterial connection, and BVF-dependent systemic flow, a decrease in ventricular volume is associated with an instantaneous alteration in ventricular geometry, diminution in BVF size, and potential for subaortic outflow obstruction. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography is of paramount importance in excluding development of subaortic outflow obstruction in this setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: van Son
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Falk
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Walther
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diegeler
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Mohr
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D000792:Angiography; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D018729:Fontan Procedure; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000601:surgery; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior / Q000601:surgery; D014694:Ventricular Outflow Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*