title: Sequential changes in biliary lipids and gallbladder ion transport during gallstone formation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to correlate gallbladder (GB) Na+ and Cl-) fluxes with biliary lipid composition during the various stages of gallstone (GS) formation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  GS formation is associated with altered GB ion transport and increased biliary lipid and Ca2+ concentrations. Nonetheless, the longitudinal relationship between ion transport and biliary lipid changes during GS formation has not been defined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prairie dogs were fed standard (n = 18) or 1.2% cholesterol-enriched (n = 30) diets for 4 to 21 days. Hepatic and GB bile were analyzed for lipids and Ca2+. Animals were designated either Pre-Crystal, Crystal, or GS based on absence or presence of crystals or GS, respectively. GBs were mounted in Ussing chambers, electrophysiologic parameters were recorded, and unidirectional Na+ and Cl- fluxes measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Short-circuit current and potential difference were similar during Pre-Crystal and Crystal stages but significantly reduced during GS stage compared to controls and Pre-Crystals. Transepithelial resistance was similar in all groups. Net Na+ absorption was increased during Pre-Crystal but decreased during GS stage due to increased mucosa-to-serosa and serosa-to-mucosa flux, respectively. Increased serosa-to-mucosa flux of both Na+ and Cl- characterized the Crystal stage. Biliary lipids and Ca2+ increased progressively during various stages of GS formation and correlated positively with unidirectional fluxes of Na+ and Cl-.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GB epithelial ion transport changes sequentially during GS formation, with the early Pre-Crystal stage characterized by increased Na+ absorption, and the later Crystal stage accompanied by prosecretory stimuli on Na+ and Cl- fluxes, which may be due to elevated GB bile Ca2+ and total bile acids.
authors.affiliation: Philadelphia VAMC, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Giurgiu
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Saunders-Kirkwood
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Roslyn
authors.forename: M Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Abedin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001646:Bile / Q000737:chemistry*; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002713:Chlorine / Q000378:metabolism*; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004594:Electrophysiology; D017136:Ion Transport; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D012589:Sciuridae; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D002713:Chlorine; D002784:Cholesterol; D012964:Sodium; D002118:Calcium