title: Intranasal diamorphine for paediatric analgesia: assessment of safety and efficacy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the safety and efficacy of intranasal diamorphine as an analgesic for use in children in accident and emergency (A&E).
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, randomised clinical trial with consecutive recruitment of patients aged between 3 and 16 years with clinically suspected limb fractures. One group received 0.1 mg/kg intranasal diamorphine, and the other group received 0.2 mg/kg intramuscular morphine. At 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes pain scores, Glasgow coma score, and peripheral oxygen saturations were recorded; parental acceptability was assessed at 30 minutes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  58 children were recruited, with complete data collection in 51 (88%); the median summed decrease in pain score was better for intranasal diamorphine than intramuscular morphine (9 v 8), though this was not significant (P = 0.4, Mann-Whitney U test). The episode was recorded as "acceptable" in all parents whose child received intranasal diamorphine, compared with only 55% of parents in the intramuscular morphine group (P < 0.0001, Fisher's exact test). There was no incidence of decreased peripheral oxygen saturation or depression in the level of consciousness in any patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intranasal diamorphine is an effective, safe, and acceptable method of analgesia for children requiring opiates in the A & E department.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthetics, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kendall
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cornelius
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000293:Adolescent; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000628:therapy; D003932:Heroin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D003932:Heroin; D009020:Morphine