title: Solution structure of the sodium channel antagonist conotoxin GS: a new molecular caliper for probing sodium channel geometry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The venoms of Conus snails contain small, disulfide-rich inhibitors of voltage-dependent sodium channels. Conotoxin GS is a 34-residue polypeptide isolated from Conus geographus that interacts with the extracellular entrance of skeletal muscle sodium channels to prevent sodium ion conduction. Although conotoxin GS binds competitively with mu conotoxin GIIIA to the sodium channel surface, the two toxin types have little sequence identity with one another, and conotoxin GS has a four-loop structural framework rather than the characteristic three-loop mu-conotoxin framework. The structural study of conotoxin GS will form the basis for establishing a structure-activity relationship and understanding its interaction with the pore region of sodium channels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three-dimensional structure of conotoxin GS was determined using two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. The protein exhibits a compact fold incorporating a beta hairpin and several turns. An unusual feature of conotoxin GS is the exceptionally high proportion (100%) of cis-imide bond geometry for the three proline or hydroxyproline residues. The structure of conotoxin GS bears little resemblance to the three-loop mu conotoxins, consistent with the low sequence identity between the two toxin types and their different structural framework. However, the tertiary structure and cystine-knot motif formed by the three disulfide bonds is similar to that present in several other polypeptide ion channel inhibitors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first three-dimensional structure of a 'four-loop' sodium channel inhibitor, and it represents a valuable new structural probe for the pore region of voltage-dependent sodium channels. The distribution of amino acid sidechains in the structure creates several polar and charged patches, and comparison with the mu conotoxins provides a basis for determining the binding surface of the conotoxin GS polypeptide.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Drug Design and Development The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Alewood
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Craik
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002151:Calorimetry; D003198:Computer Simulation; D020916:Conotoxins; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008961:Models, Structural; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D008974:Mollusca; D008978:Mollusk Venoms; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D011487:Protein Conformation; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000737:chemistry*; D012984:Software; D012996:Solutions
chemical_list: D020916:Conotoxins; D008978:Mollusk Venoms; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers; D015222:Sodium Channels; D012996:Solutions; C058597:conotoxin GS