title: Endoscopic facial skeletal surgery using a neuronavigator.
abstract: In the reconstruction of asymmetrical deformities of the facial skeleton, both an endoscope and a neuronavigator have been used. The endoscope allows the surgeon a wide view of the object on a television monitor, reduces the scarring, minimizes the undermined field, and reduces the need to work blind. The neuronavigator is a frameless computed tomographic stereotactic device that has been mainly used in neurosurgery. The device is easy to use and can offer the surgeon three-dimensional coordinates of the status during the operation. We have used this new technique in three clinical cases, two involving augmentation of the zygomatic bone on one side and one involving reduction of the frontal bone on one side. The surgical techniques we used and the versatility of both the endoscope and the neuronavigator are discussed herein based on our own experience.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Chiba University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sekiya
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohmori
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019723:Endoscopes; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods; D005146:Facial Asymmetry / Q000601:surgery*; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000601:surgery*; D005624:Frontal Bone / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000379:methods; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation; D015050:Zygoma / Q000601:surgery