title: Pain control in recovering alcoholics: effects of local anesthesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The medical literature suggests that alcoholics may present greater challenges to achieving clinical pain control than nonalcoholics. This study was undertaken to test the hypotheses that: (1) significant differences exist between alcoholics and nonalcoholics on detection and pain thresholds during electric tooth stimulation; (2) group differences exist in the depth and time course of pulpal anesthesia; and (3) responses to tooth stimulation are associated with severity of alcoholism and/or other psychological factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male alcoholics (n = 22) in aftercare treatment (mean length of sobriety = 113 days) and age-matched nonalcoholics (n = 22) received 1.0 ml of 3% mepivicaine at the apex of a maxillary lateral incisor and saline placebo at the apex of the contralateral incisor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline no group differences were found on sensory thresholds. During drug intervention significant drug and time effects for both detection threshold (p < .0001) and pain threshold (p < .0001) were found, but group differences and interactive effects were not significant. By exploratory regression analysis of alcoholic subjects, history of depression/unhappiness was significantly associated with shallower pulpal anesthesia, whereas high need for control/low actual control and frequency of treatment for detoxification were associated with deeper anesthesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest alcoholics in recovery are not at increased risk for inadequate pain control with local anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Public Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-7475, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fiset
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Leroux
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rothen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Prall
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Ramsay
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000294:innervation; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000294:innervation; D008297:Male; D008619:Mepivacaine; D008875:Middle Aged; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000187:drug effects; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects*; D014098:Toothache / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D008619:Mepivacaine