title: Pinless external fixation of mandible fractures in cattle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This report describes our experience with a new technique for stabilization of mandibular fractures in cattle using a pinless external fixator.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mandibular fractures were stabilized with a pinless external fixator, which is a modification of a unilateral AO/ASIF (Association for the Study of Internal Fixation)-fixator in which pins are replaced with bone clamps.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven dairy cattle between 1 and 5 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fracture stabilization was achieved by using the pinless external fixator. Postoperative management included intravenous administration of sodium chloride-glucose and antibiotics. A suspension of ruminal contents from a normal cow together with linseed and grass pellets was administered with a gastric tube.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three to 10 days after surgery six of seven cows masticated comfortably. The only failure was a yearling with a 10-day-old open infected fracture. This animal was slaughtered 9 days after surgery because of additional problems. In six cases there was enough callus formation 33 to 54 days after surgery to stabilize the fracture. The fixation devices were removed under heavy sedation. The major complication was bone sequestration at the fracture site, which required additional treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pinless fixator has proven satisfactory for external stabilization of unilateral horizontal ramus fractures of the mandible in cattle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The technique provides good stability without penetration of the medullary cavity and damage to the tooth roots. Other advantages of the technique include ease of application, minimal surgical trauma, and the short surgical time for application.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Surgery Clinic, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lischer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fluri
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kaser-Hotz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bettschart-Wolfensberger
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Auer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D016267:External Fixators / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000662:veterinary*; D008334:Mandible / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008337:Mandibular Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000662:veterinary; D011859:Radiography