title: [Diaphragmatic paralysis in the postoperative period after heart surgery in children].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of our study was to determine the incidence, pathological features, clinical relevance and treatment of diaphragmatic paralysis (DP) after pediatric cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred fifty-six children who had undergone cardiac surgery between 1990 and 1994 were retrospectively analyzed. Persistent raising of one or both hemidiaphragms on chest x-ray films lead to the diagnosis in all cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diaphragmatic paralysis was diagnosed in 13 patients (2.3%) ranging from 3 days to 13 years of age. Atrial septal defect closure (3 cases) and systemic-pulmonary shunt derivations (3 cases) were the type of operations most frequently involved. The other cases included, 2 arterial switch in transposition of the great vessels, 1 repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, 1 tetralogy of Fallot repair, 1 coarctation and aortic stenosis repair, 1 resection of subpulmonary stenosis of transposition of the great vessels and 1 pacemaker implantation. There was no significant association with the use of extracorporeal circulation. There were seven cases of right hemidiaphragmatic paralysis, but no bilateral paralysis was found. Ipsilateral thoracotomy section concordance was found in all patients and no relation with central venous line placement was found. Diagnosis was made by chest x-ray in all cases, and further confirmation was done using fluoroscopy in 6 patients and ultrasound studies in 2. Prolonged mechanical ventilation was needed in 3 patients, and one patient required diaphragmatic plication. No long term complications were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diaphragmatic paralysis is a rare complication of pediatric cardiac surgery which must be suspected when failed attempts of respiratory weaning, not attributable to cardiac or pulmonary problems, are present.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Pediatría y Cirugía Pediátrica, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vázquez López
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Medrano López
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Serrano Madrid
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: López-Herce Cid
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alcaraz Romero
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zabala Argüelles
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arcas Meca
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012133:Respiratory Paralysis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies