title: Use of human milk in the intensive care nursery decreases the incidence of nosocomial sepsis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compares stool colonization and incidence of sepsis in human milk-fed (HM) and formula-fed (FF) intensive care nursery (ICN) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infants recruited prospectively were fed HM based on the decision of their mothers (59 HM and 114 FF). The incidence of sepsis was determined during the following three intervals: period 1, first 10 days of life; period 2, 11 to 24 days; and period 3, 25 to 38 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Frequency of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus sp. colonization was increased in HM infants. The incidence of sepsis was 9.5% in period 1 (5% in HM vs 10% in FF), 17.2% in period 2 (9% in HM vs 20% in FF), and 12.5% in period 3 (0% in HM vs 15% in FF). The odds ratio for sepsis in HM infants was 0.4, the 95% limits 0.15 to 0.95, p = 0.04.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HM feeding in the ICN has a protective effect against nosocomial sepsis, which is unrelated to its influence on gastrointestinal (GI) flora.
authors.affiliation: Newborn Service, George Washington University Hospital, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: el-Mohandes
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Picard
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Simmens
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Keiser
mesh_terms: D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004219:District of Columbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007225:Infant Food; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018805:Sepsis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015996:Survival Rate