title: Assessment of testicular cytology by fine-needle aspiration and the imprint technique: are they reliable diagnostic modalities?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether testicular cytology may be considered diagnostic in the evaluation of infertile men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Specimens of testicular tissue obtained either surgically (imprint smear) or through fine-needle aspiration (FNA) were used as a source of cytological smears; 58 testes from 24 men with azoospermia or severe oligospermia and from five men with advanced prostate cancer were evaluated cytologically and compared with the histological diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FNA caused no apparent trauma. The results from FNA smears generally agreed with the histological findings but four patients with no spermatozoa in the FNA smears were diagnosed histologically as hypospermatogenic and two others judged histologically as having Sertoli-cell-only (SCO) syndrome and spermatogenic arrest had detectable spermatozoa in their FNA smears. There was complete agreement between the results of imprint smears and histological findings in those patients with SCO syndrome and spermatogenic arrest. There were no evident differences in sperm counts between hypospermatogenesis and normal spermatogenesis on the imprint slides, but FNA smears detected this difference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FNA of the testis is a relatively non-invasive and reproducible technique for evaluating qualitative and quantitative cytology. However, it is insufficient for diagnosing some testicular pathologies. Imprint smears supplement the histological diagnosis, especially if the histological slides are stained unsatisfactorily.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Medical School of Yüzüncü Yil University, Van, Turkey.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Odabas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ugras
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aydin
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Atilla
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001707:Biopsy, Needle / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009845:Oligospermia / Q000473:pathology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013076:Sperm Count; D013091:Spermatogenesis; D013733:Testicular Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D013737:Testis / Q000473:pathology*