title: Reconstruction and prediction of the HIV/AIDS epidemic among adults in the European Union and in the low prevalence countries of central and eastern Europe.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To reconstruct the HIV epidemic and to provide forecasts of AIDS incidence among adults in the European Union (EU) and in a group of low prevalence (LP) countries of central and eastern Europe (including the Asian republics of the former Soviet Union).
  
  
  METHODS
  An empirical Bayesian back-calculation method was applied to AIDS incidence data reported by 31 March 1994. The HIV-infection curve was modelled as a yearly step function and a seven-stage Markov model of disease progression, incorporating effects of pre-AIDS treatment, was used. Estimation was by penalized maximum likelihood with empirical Bayesian smoothing. Data were analysed by transmission group and, within the EU, by country. Predictions of AIDS cases to 1998 were made assuming constant annual HIV incidence from 1993 onwards.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Estimated HIV prevalences per 100,000 population aged 15-59 years were, at 31 December 1993, 198 (n = 447,800) in the EU and 2.7 (n = 6840) in the 22 LP countries, with increases of 41% (EU) and 71% (LP) between 1989 and 1993. Among homo/bisexual men in the EU, prevalence appears to have stabilized since 1989 and AIDS incidence appears to be reaching a peak. Among all prevalent HIV infections in the EU, 42% were estimated to be among injecting drug users, 25% among homo-/bisexual men and 18% among persons infected heterosexually, compared with 29%, 35% and 19%, respectively, in the LP countries. Without allowing for the 1993 revision of the case definition, annual AIDS incidence is predicted to increase, between 1994 and 1998, by 24% in the EU and by 48% in the LP countries, with the largest percentage increases among heterosexually-infected persons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall HIV prevalence rate is estimated to have been about 70-fold lower in the LP countries than in the EU in the early 1990s, but to be increasing much more rapidly in the former. Moreover, recent reports of rapidly increasing HIV infection rates suggest that back-calculation may seriously underestimate the size of the epidemic in the LP countries. Implementation of effective preventive measures is urgent if large-scale epidemics are to be avoided in the presently LP countries of the European region.
authors.affiliation: European Centre for the Epidemiological Monitoring of AIDS, Saint-Maurice, France.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Downs
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Heisterkamp
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Brunet
authors.forename: F F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Hamers
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D015995:Prevalence