title: Nonpharmacological interventions to use with children in pain.
abstract: Children's pain is often poorly managed, and interventions other than medications are rarely used. Yet many nonpharmacological interventions are helpful in managing children's pain. These techniques are reviewed, and the physiological mechanisms underlying them are briefly addressed. A discussion of the three major classifications (sensory, cognitive, and cognitive-behavioral) of interventions follows. Factors that influence the use of nonpharmacological techniques, including type of pain and developmental level, are discussed.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Vessey
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Carlson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D010146:Pain / Q000451:nursing*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010371:Pediatric Nursing / Q000379:methods*; D012064:Relaxation Therapy