title: High dose rate (HDR) and low dose rate (LDR) interstitial irradiation (IRT) of the rat spinal cord.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a newly developed technique to study radiation tolerance of rat spinal cord to continuous interstitial irradiation (IRT) at different dose rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two parallel catheters are inserted just laterally on each side of the vertebral bodies from the level of Th10 to L4. These catheters are afterloaded with two 192Ir wires of 4 cm length each (activity 1-2.3 mCi/cm) for the low dose rate (LDR) IRT or connected to the HDR micro-Selectron for the high dose rate (HDR) IRT. Spinal cord target volume is located at the level of Th12-L2. Due to the rapid dose fall-off around the implanted sources, a dose inhomogeneity across the spinal cord thickness is obtained in the dorso-ventral direction. Using the 100% reference dose (rate) at the ventral side of the spinal cord to prescribe the dose, experiments have been carried out to obtain complete dose response curves at average dose rates of 0.49, 0.96 and 120 Gy/h. Paralysis of the hind-legs after 5-6 months and histopathological examination of the spinal cord of each irradiated rat are used as experimental endpoints.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The histopathological damage seen after irradiation is clearly reflected the inhomogeneous dose distribution around the implanted catheters, with the damage predominantly located in the dorsal tract of the cord or dorsal roots. With each reduction in average dose rate, spinal cord radiation tolerance is significantly increased. When the dose is prescribed at the 100% reference dose rate, the ED50 (induction of paresis in 50% of the animals) for the HDR-IRT is 17.3 Gy. If the average dose rate is reduced from 120 Gy/h to 0.96 or 0.49 Gy/h, a 2.9- or 4.7-fold increase in the ED50 values to 50.3 Gy and 80.9 Gy is observed; for the dose prescribed at the 150% reference dose rate (dorsal side of cord) ED50 values are 26.0, 75.5 and 121.4 Gy, respectively. Using different types of analysis and in dependence of the dose prescription and reference dose rate, the alpha/beta ratio varies between 1.46 (0.06-3.08 CL) and 2.17 Gy (0.08-4.61). The half time of repair during continuous irradiation is 1.76 h (1.33-2.64), while no indication is found for a biphasic pattern of the kinetics of repair.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The implantation technique in our study has shown to be a reliable model to compare the effectiveness of HDR- and LDR-interstitial continuous irradiation at different dose rates.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Radiotherapy, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Pop
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van der Plas
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Skwarchuk
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Hanssen
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van der Kogel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D008297:Male; D010243:Paralysis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D010291:Paresis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011833:Radiation Injuries, Experimental / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*