title: Carbohydrate and the cytokine response to 2.5 h of running.
abstract: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was designed to determine the influence of 6% carbohydrate (C) vs. placebo (P) beverage ingestion on cytokine responses (5 total samples over 9 h) to 2.5 h of high-intensity running (76.7 +/- 0.4% maximal O2 uptake) by 30 experienced marathon runners. For interleukin-6 (IL-6), a difference in the pattern of change between groups was found, highlighted by a greater increase in P vs. C immediately postrun (753 vs. 421%) and 1.5 h postrun (193 vs. 86%) [F(4,112) = 3.77, P = 0.006]. For interleukin-1-receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), a difference in the pattern of change between groups was found, highlighted by a greater increase in P vs. C 1.5 h postrun (231 vs. 72%) [F(2,50) = 6.38, P = 0.003]. No significant interaction effects were seen for bioactive IL-6 or IL-1 beta. The immediate postrun plasma glucose concentrations correlated negatively with those of plasma cortisol (r = -0.67, P < 0.001); postrun plasma cortisol (r = 0.70, P < 0.001) and IL-6 levels (r = 0.54, P = 0.003) correlated positively with levels of IL-1ra. Taken together, the data indicate that carbohydrate ingestion attenuates cytokine levels in the inflammatory cascade in response to heavy exertion.
authors.affiliation: Immunology Center, Loma Linda University Medical Center, California 92350, USA.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Nehlsen-Cannarella
authors.forename: O R
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Fagoaga
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Nieman
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Henson
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Butterworth
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Utter
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010919:Placebos; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D016207:Cytokines; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; C507763:IL1RN protein, human; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D010919:Placebos; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D004837:Epinephrine