title: An in vitro study of the biomechanical effects of flexible stabilization on the lumbar spine.
abstract: METHODS
  Lumbar motion segments were tested in vitro to examine biomechanical changes after posterior fixation by a flexible device.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess changes in load distribution and conformation of vertebral structures after a flexible stabilization. This should provide the foundations for a scientific understanding of the immediate effects of this surgical procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hooks were placed over the proximal spinous process and the distal laminas of a motion segment and connected by a polyester braid. Tension applied to the braid then generated a compression of the posterior elements. The force between the articular facets, the displacement of the posterior anulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc, and the change in the relative position of the adjacent vertebrae were measured as the applied tension was increased.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Facet joint force, disc bulge, and vertebral angulation increased with applied tension until a position of "locking" was achieved, apparently when the bony margin of the superior half of the facet joint contacted the inferior pars interarticularis. A tension of between 50 to 100 N in the braid was required for this. Facet joint force was less than 40% of this, and disc bulge was only 0.15 mm. The extension of the motion segment was between 2 degrees and 8 degrees.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that if such a system is applied surgically, stabilization is produced by compaction of the bony margins of the facet joints. Only a relatively small proportion of the posteriorly applied load is carried by the facet joints themselves, and little angulatory change is expected with minimal disc bulge.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Papp
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Aspden
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Shepperd
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009038:Motion; D009984:Orthopedic Fixation Devices; D018583:Pliability; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D013314:Stress, Mechanical