title: Soft-tissue effects of the holmium:YAG laser: an ultrastructural study on oral mucosa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The specifics of the ablation mechanism of the holmium:YAG laser remain largely unexplored. Following laser exposure to the oral mucosa of rats, the ultrastructural damage profile obtaining to varying degrees in blood vessels, erythrocytes, nerves, and muscle cells was examined. An attempt was made to relate the cytoplasmatic alterations to the tissue ablation modes of midinfrared lasers described in the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  The biological effects of a new pulsed holmium:YAG laser (lambda = 2,120 nm) on the oral mucosa of rats were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. Laser incisions reaching into the muscle layer were made on different sites of the tongue of white rats. Laser energy (400 mJ, 2.5 microseconds pulse, 2 Hz) was delivered to the target via 400 microns nylon fibers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The fine-structural morphology of the sublingual mucosa after laser surgery of the epithelial surface revealed no carbonization layer but a 150-micron-wide zone of lacunar structures extending to the lamina propria. In the muscle cells there is partial decomposition of the cell contents resulting in the development of electron optically empty spaces within the cortical cytoplasm underneath the intact plasma membrane of the muscle cell. The organelles within the cell remain ultrastructurally intact.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These features support the assumption of an additional nonthermal holmium:YAG laser-tissue interaction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Vienna Medical School, Austria.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kautzky
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Susani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Steurer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schenk
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D053685:Laser Therapy; D008297:Male; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000601:surgery / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D051381:Rats