title: Adverse events associated with exchange transfusion in healthy and ill newborns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of adverse events attributable to exchange transfusion during the past 15 years and compare the incidence of severe complications between healthy and ill infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records for the past 15 years from two teaching hospitals with neonatal intensive care units were reviewed. Those newborns who underwent exchange transfusions were classified as healthy or ill. Adverse events were analyzed to determine whether they were attributable to the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 106 patients who underwent exchange transfusion, 81 were healthy and had no medical problems other than jaundice. The remaining 25 patients were classified as ill and had medical problems ranging from mild to severe. At least 2 (2%) of the 106 patients died of complications probably attributable to exchange transfusion. None of the 81 healthy infants died, but 1 had severe necrotizing enterocolitis requiring surgery. Of the 25 ill infants, at least 3 (12%) experienced severe complications (including 2 deaths) probably attributable to exchange transfusion. Serious complications from the most common adverse events, hypocalcemia and thrombocytopenia, were limited to the group of infants already ill with other medical problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of the significantly greater rate of severe complications in ill infants, exchange transfusion should be delayed until the risk of bilirubin encephalopathy is as high as the risks of severe complications from the procedure itself (12%). These results do not support recommendations to use lower exchange levels in ill infants compared with healthy infants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98105-0371, USA.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D016470:Bacteremia / Q000209:etiology; D001835:Body Weight; D002423:Cause of Death; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005078:Exchange Transfusion, Whole Blood / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D006819:Hyaline Membrane Disease / Q000628:therapy; D006978:Hypertension, Renovascular / Q000209:etiology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007567:Jaundice, Neonatal / Q000209:etiology; D008499:Medical Records / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015143:Philadelphia; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000209:etiology