title: Response to influenza virus vaccination in vertical HIV infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the antibody response to influenza vaccine of children vertically infected with HIV.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study in HIV infected children vaccinated during the winter of 1994-5.
  
  
  METHODS
  Family HIV clinic at St Mary's Hospital, Paddington.
  
  
  METHODS
  25 children, aged 1-11 years, vertically infected with HIV.
  
  
  METHODS
  Responses to influenza antigens (H1N1-A/Taiwan/1/86, H3N2-A/Shandong/9/93, B/Panama/45/ 90) were tested by haemagglutination inhibition. Antibody responses were assessed according to clinical symptoms and immune function, stratified according to the 1994 revised classification for HIV infection in children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  23 children (92%) had either very low or no detectable antibody before vaccination. New protective antibody responses were made by 10 children (40%): in seven to a single antigen, in two to two antigens, and in one to all three antigens. For each antigen there was an overall small increase in the mean geometric titre of antibody produced, but this only reached a protective level for antigen H1N1 and for children with minimal symptoms. Less symptomatic children were significantly more likely to produce a protective antibody response to influenza vaccination. No association was found between immune function, as measured by CD4 count, and vaccine response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only vaccination of the least symptomatic HIV infected children against influenza is likely to be effective. This will not only protect them against influenza, but will also protect other more immunosuppressed and vulnerable members of their families.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College School of Medicine at St Mary's, London.
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Lyall
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Charlett
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zambon
mesh_terms: D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000276:immunology*; D009981:Influenza B virus / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007252:Influenza Vaccines