title: Respiration-induced motion of the kidneys in whole abdominal radiotherapy: implications for treatment planning and late toxicity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Whole abdominal radiotherapy (WAR) has potential utility in the management of several malignancies. The limited radiation tolerance of the kidneys is an important consideration in the design of WAR fields. Although renal blocking is standard for WAR, few guidelines exist in the literature to factor respiration-induced kidney motion into the design of these blocks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radiographs were obtained to measure kidney excursion under forced respiratory conditions in eight patients (14 visualized kidneys). Intravenous contrast was administered and AP films were obtained at maximum inspiration and expiration. Renal excursion was measured relative to a horizontal reference line at the bottom of the L3 vertebral body. The kidney position on the actual treatment simulation film was also determined using this technique. Treatment isodose distributions through the kidneys were obtained for a sample patient using phantom measurements and two blocking schemes: AP/PA and PA only. These provided quantification of the actual dose received by the kidney in a typical WAR treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the worst case scenario, the left kidney block required an additional 10 mm above and 15 mm below the renal silhouette on the simulation film in order to account for all phases of respiration. The corresponding values for the right kidney were 2 mm and 19 mm, respectively. The dose received by the kidney under the center of the block was 20% of prescribed using AP/PA blocks and 50% of prescribed using PA blocks only. However, portions of 'blocked' kidney received up to 90% of the prescribed dose with either technique.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although kidney motion under forced respiratory conditions is not representative of typical treatment conditions, the data highlight the possibility of renal movement during treatment. This is particularly important in light of the significant dose (20 to 50%) delivered to the kidney under the center of the kidney block of typical treatments. Given the potential for overdosage of this critical organ, careful prospective documentation of renal function is warranted in patients receiving WAR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Huq
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Corn
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000528:radiation effects*; D000008:Abdominal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D009038:Motion; D010386:Pelvic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011187:Posture; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods*; D011859:Radiography; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D012119:Respiration