title: Inverse radiotherapy planning for a concave-convex PTV in cervical and upper mediastinal regions. Simulation of radiotherapy using an Alderson-RANDO phantom. Planning target volume.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Three-dimensional inverse treatment planning with modulated beams was applied for dosimetric optimization of a lengthy (22 cm) and complex (concave-convex) shaped planning target volume (PTV) in the cervical and upper mediastinal regions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The planning was done for 9 coplanar beams spaced evenly at 40 intervals. Properties of 15 MV photons from a linear accelerator were simulated. The optimization of the fluence modulation profiles for each beam was based on a definition of the desired/permitted relative dose levels in the PTV and organs at risk, and a definition of the strengths of the constraints to achieve these objectives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An adequate dose delivery to the PTV and protection of the spinal cord are completely achievable. The dose delivered to the lungs is clinically acceptable with respect to the risk of radiation-induced pneumonitis. For reasons of physics, no further decrease in the radiation burden on the lungs can be attained with X-rays without compromising the PTV coverage. The radiation burden on some critical part of normal tissues was effectively reduced by application of a dummy organ at risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inverse planning is an effective method for conformal radiotherapy of large tumors as well. However, the power of the technique is insufficient when the tolerance dose of the neighbouring normal tissue is too low and its volume effect is high. Although requiring further operator interactions, introduction of dummy organs at risk may be of help in reducing the radiation burden on normal tissues.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Oncology, Department of Radiotherapy, Budapest, Hungary. esik@oncol.hu
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Esik
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bortfeld
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bendl
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Németh
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schlegel
mesh_terms: D001822:Body Burden; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D008479:Mediastinal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011835:Radiation Protection; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000528:radiation effects