title: Vasculogenic female sexual dysfunction: the hemodynamic basis for vaginal engorgement insufficiency and clitoral erectile insufficiency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Organic female sexual dysfunction may be related in part to vasculogenic impairment of the hypogastric-vaginal/clitoral arterial bed. The aim was to develop an animal model of vaginal engorgement insufficiency and clitoral erectile insufficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pelvic nerve stimulated vaginal engorgement and clitoral erection were achieved in control (normal diet, n = 8) and atherosclerotic (balloon injury of aorto-iliac arteries and 0.5% cholesterol diet, n = 7) New Zealand White female rabbits. After 16 weeks, novel hemodynamic variables including vaginal wall and clitoral blood flow, vaginal wall and clitoral intracavernosal pressure, vaginal length, vaginal luminal pressure, blood levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, aorto-iliac angiography and vaginal wall and clitoral erectile tissue histology were recorded in the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concerning pelvic nerve stimulated vaginal hemodynamic changes, there was significantly less increase in blood flow (ml/min/100 gm tissue), wall pressure (mmHg) and length changes (mm) in atherosclerotic (9.3 +/- 3.7, 4.8 +/- 3.8, 67.3 +/- 8.3) compared to control (13.9 +/- 4.5, 5.5 +/- 2.6, 74.1 +/- 10.0) animals respectively. Histologic examination of clitoral erectile tissue demonstrated cavernosal artery atherosclerotic changes and diffuse vaginal and clitoral fibrosis. Aorto-iliac angiography in atherosclerotic animals revealed diffuse moderate to severe atherosclerotic occlusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vaginal engorgement and clitoral erection depend on increased blood inflow. Atherosclerosis is associated with vaginal engorgement insufficiency and clitoral erectile insufficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Andry
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Siroky
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Krane
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Azadzoi
mesh_terms: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000473:pathology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D002987:Clitoris / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010208:Papaverine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010388:Pelvis / Q000502:physiology; D010646:Phentolamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011817:Rabbits; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012735:Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014621:Vagina / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D014280:Triglycerides; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D002784:Cholesterol; D010208:Papaverine; D010646:Phentolamine