title: The multiple inhibitory mechanisms of GEM 91, a gag antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide, for human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
abstract: GEM 91 (gene expression modulator) is a 25-mer oligonucleotide phosphorothioate complementary to the gag initiation site of HIV-1. GEM 91 has been studied in various in vitro cell culture models to examine inhibitory effects on different stages of HIV-1 replication. Experiments were focused on the binding of virions to the cell surface, inhibition of virus entry, reverse transcription (HIV DNA production), inhibition of steady state viral mRNA levels, inhibition of virus production from chronically infected cells, and inhibition of HIV genome packaging within virions. Experiments were also performed in vitro in an attempt to generate strains of HIV with reduced sensitivity to GEM 91. We observed sequence-dependent inhibition of virus entry/reverse transcription and a reduction in steady state viral RNA levels. We also observed sequence-independent inhibition of virion binding to cells and inhibition of virus production by chronically infected cells. Using in vitro methods that were successful in generating HIV strains with reduced sensitivity to AZT, we were unable to generate strains with reduced sensitivity to GEM 91.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Papp
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Byrn
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000187:drug effects; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D020319:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000378:metabolism; D013873:Thionucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D019065:Virus Assembly / Q000187:drug effects; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D020319:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012367:RNA, Viral; D013873:Thionucleotides; D015215:Zidovudine; C079996:GEM91