title: Establishment of polarities in the oocyte of Xenopus laevis: the provisional axial symmetry of the full-grown oocyte of Xenopus laevis.
abstract: We aimed at understanding of formation and function of the "Nieuwkoop Centre" in embryonic pattern formation. Discussed are data on genesis of cytoplasmic localizations in ovarian oocytes, transient modifications of cytoskeletal structures creating cytoplasmic asymmetries in fertilized eggs, the axis determining "vegetal cortical rotation" and fate of distinct cells, as shown by injection of specific molecular markers into particular blastomeres at specific times. Egg rotation and centrifugation suggested that sperm that gravity cooperate in symmetrization of the axially symmetrical anuran egg. After fertilization in space or in a fast rotating clinostate, axis formation and embryonic development were normal although the blastocoel was transiently abnormal. Normal tadpoles came back on Earth after ovulation, fertilization and culture in space. They metamorphosed normally and got healthy Earth-born F1 offspring. We conclude that neither sperm nor gravity are required for determination of the bilateral symmetry in the embryo of Xenopus laevis. In normal development sperm and gravity, either alone or in collaboration, may overrule an initial bilaterality inherent to, the full-grown oocyte, residing in some still unidentified component(s)/or mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Hubrecht Laboratory, Netherlands Institute for Developmental Biology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Ubbels
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016764:Cell Polarity; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000002:abnormalities; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D004627:Embryonic Induction; D005260:Female; D006112:Gravitation; D008297:Male; D008870:Microtubules / Q000502:physiology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000502:physiology; D009865:Oocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D010053:Ovary; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D013026:Space Flight; D013084:Sperm-Ovum Interactions; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger