title: The independent association of smoking and drinking with serum beta-carotene levels among males in Miyagi, Japan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies indicated that serum beta-carotene levels were low among smokers and drinkers. However these findings may result from the strong relationship between smoking and drinking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from 1902 males randomly selected from participants of a cohort study. The effects of smoking on serum beta-carotene levels were assessed according to drinking status (non-drinker, ex-drinker and current drinker), and those of drinking were assessed according to smoking status (ex-smoker and current smoker) using general linear model including other factors (age, intake of green-yellow vegetables, intake of carrot or pumpkin, body mass index serum cholesterol levels.)
  
  
  RESULTS
  An inverse dose-response relationship between daily consumption of alcohol and beta-carotene levels was observed regardless of smoking status, and also between number of cigarettes smoked per day and beta-carotene levels regardless of drinking status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking reduce beta-carotene levels independently.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fukao
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsubono
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawamura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ido
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Akazawa
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Komatsu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Minami
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hisamichi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000097:blood*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004034:Diet Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000097:blood* / Q000172:deficiency*
chemical_list: D019207:beta Carotene