title: The role of nitric oxide in experimental murine sepsis due to pyrogenic exotoxin A-producing Streptococcus pyogenes.
abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) produced by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) mediates hypotension in endotoxemia. In this study, NO induction by a toxin-producing Streptococcus pyogenes isolate, H250, and by recombinant streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (rSPEA) has been examined, both in vitro and in vivo. Streptococcal supernatants, but not rSPEA, induce production of nitrite by murine macrophages when both are coincubated with gamma interferon. Intraperitoneal injection of rSPEA did not cause significant production of NO. However, an elevated level of nitrate in serum was detected in a model of streptococcal fasciitis due to live H250. iNOS was localized to Kupffer cells, hepatocytes, and renal tubular cells by immunostaining. Administration of a NOS inhibitor, N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), reduced peak concentrations of nitrate in serum but did not affect survival. NO is induced by H250, both in vitro and in vivo, mainly via SPEA-independent mechanisms. In this model, iNOS is expressed predominantly in the liver. Furthermore, in this model L-NMMA is not protective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sriskandan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moyes
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Buttery
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Polak
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005098:Exotoxins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D007728:Kupffer Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018805:Sepsis / Q000378:metabolism*; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000378:metabolism*; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005098:Exotoxins; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase