title: Elevated expression of transforming growth factor-beta in adipose tissue from obese mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is chronically elevated in the adipose tissue from obese humans and mice. This increase in TNF-alpha contributes to the insulin resistance, elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels, and cardiovascular complications associated with obesity and noninsulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM). PAI-1 gene expression in adipose tissue is also stimulated by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). Experiments were performed to determine whether TGF-beta is regulated by TNF-alpha and elevated in obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The concentration of TGF-beta and PAI-1 mRNA in murine adipose tissue and cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes was determined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the cellular localization of these molecules was evaluated using in situ hybridization and cell fractionation. Total TGF-beta protein was determined by employing an ELISA assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TGF-beta mRNA and protein were increased in the adipose tissue from two different strains of genetically obese mice (i.e., ob/ob and db/db), compared with their lean counterparts. This increase in TGF-beta may result from TNF-alpha since TNF-alpha increased TGF-beta mRNA expression in the adipose tissue of lean mice and stimulated TGF-beta production by cultured adipocytes. Administration of TGF-beta increased PAI-1 antigen in the plasma and PAI-1 mRNA in the adipocytes of lean mice, and enhanced the rate of PAI-1 synthesis by adipocytes in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TNF-alpha contributes to the elevated TGF-beta expression demonstrated in the adipose tissue of obese mice. A potential role for TGF-beta in the increased PAI-1 and vascular pathologies associated with obesity/NIDDM is suggested.
authors.affiliation: Scripps Research Institute, Department of Vascular Biology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Samad
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Loskutoff
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D002458:Cell Fractionation; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008820:Mice, Obese; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta