title: Model of complications of NIDDM. II. Analysis of the health benefits and cost-effectiveness of treating NIDDM with the goal of normoglycemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the health benefits and economics of treating NIDDM with the goal of normoglycemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence-based simulation model of NIDDM was used. Hazard rates for complications were adjusted for glycemia using risk gradients from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Treatment costs were estimated from national survey data and clinical trials. Incremental costs and benefits were expressed in present value dollars (3% discount rate). Life-years were adjusted for quality of life, yielding quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comprehensive treatment of NIDDM that maintains an HbA1c value of 7.2% is predicted to reduce the cumulative incidence of blindness, end-stage renal disease, and lower-extremity amputation by 72, 87, and 67%, respectively. Cardiovascular disease risk increased by 3% (no effect of treating glycemia is assumed). Life expectancy increased 1.39 years. The cost of treating hyperglycemia increased by almost twofold, which is partially offset by reductions in the cost of complications. The estimated incremental cost/QALY gained is $16,002. Treatment is more cost-effective for those with longer glycemic exposure (earlier onset of diabetes), minorities, and those with higher HbA1c under standard care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incremental effectiveness of treating NIDDM with the goal of normoglycemia is estimated to be approximately $16,000/QALY gained, which is in the range of interventions that are generally considered cost-effective.
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2560, USA.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Eastman
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Javitt
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Dasbach
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Copley-Merriman
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Manninen
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Zbrozek
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kotsanos
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Garfield
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001766:Blindness / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007342:Insurance Benefits; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose