title: Continent urinary diversion: the Children's Hospital experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Continent urinary diversion has become increasingly important for treating childhood urinary tract pathology that cannot be managed by direct reconstructive techniques. We review our 9-year experience with continent diversion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since 1986 continent diversions were created in 74 patients 3 to 38 years old (mean age 13.7). The underlying pathological condition was the exstrophy/epispadias complex in 34 patients, neurological disorders in 23, malignancy in 13 and other congenital anomalies in 4. Followup averaged 5.2 years after the last procedure. Nonbladder reservoirs in 39 patients (53%) were fashioned from ileocolic (17), colic (7), gastrocolic (6), sigmoid (3), gastrosigmoid (2), ileosigmoid (2), ileal (1) and gastroileac (1) segments. When possible, the native bladder was incorporated into the reconstructive strategy. A total of 26 patients underwent bladder augmentation with intestine or stomach, including ileal (11), gastric (8), sigmoid (3), gastroileac (2) and ileocolic (2) segments. Nine other patients did not require bladder augmentation. Continence mechanisms were a flap valve (Mitrofanoff principle) in 50 patients, nipple valve in 15 and ileal plication (Indiana pouch) in 9. When the Mitrofanoff principle was used with a native bladder reservoir in 30 cases, outlet resistance was altered by bladder neck division (15), fascial sling placement (6) or Young-Dees-Leadbetter bladder neck reconstruction (2). In the remaining 7 patients the bladder neck remained intact.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Excellent continence was obtained. The Mitrofanoff principle initially provided continence in 41 patients (82%). Six of the 9 incontinent patients were dry after a single revision. A total of 13 patients (87%) with nipple valves and 7 (78%) with Indiana pouches were dry, and the remaining 5 were cured after a single revision. Ultimately continence was achieved in 71 of the 74 patients (96%) after a maximum of 2 operations. Of the 48 complications in 29 patients the most common were difficulty in catheterizing (11), stones (11), infection (8) and upper tract deterioration (4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many options exist for reconstructing complex anomalies. Choices must be individualized based on patient anatomy. The dry state may be achieved in most cases without resorting to a bag on the abdomen.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaefer
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Tobin
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Hendren
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Atala
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Colodny
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mandell
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Retik
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D016476:Urinary Reservoirs, Continent / Q000379:methods