title: Typical and atypical clinical signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction and delayed seeking of professional care among blacks.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the fact that the effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction is inversely related to the time between the onset of signs and symptoms and definitive therapy, long delays in seeking treatment have been reported consistently. A variety of reasons for the delays have been suggested. Because such delays are associated with longer hospital stays and higher mortality and morbidity, interventions that reduce delays are especially important.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine research on patients with myocardial infarction who delay seeking professional treatment and the factors related to the delay, and to review studies indicating that black patients have premonitory clinical signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction and changes in the structure and function of the cardiovascular system that are different from those in whites.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were reviewed by using MEDLINE and by doing a manual search of relevant research journals in cardiovascular, nursing, and behavioral medicine published since 1970. Data published by the United States Department of Health and Human Services and the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research were also reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although the lengths of the delays have varied considerably, blacks have generally experienced longer delays than whites between acute onset of signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction and arrival at the emergency department. Studies show that black patients have a lower incidence of classic chest pain or discomfort but an increased incidence of dyspnea, whereas white patients are much more likely to complain of chest pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Culturally sensitive public education about typical and atypical premonitory clinical signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction and the significance of early treatment of myocardial infarction in blacks is needed.
authors.affiliation: Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: H O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States