title: Functional knee braces and dynamic performance: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present review was to examine current experimental research on the effectiveness of functional knee braces (FKBs) used by patients with anterior cruciate ligament injury during dynamic performance tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve studies published in peer-reviewed journals and listed in the Excerpta Medica system were reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  All studies compared braced and unbraced tests performed by the same subjects, using tests characterized by weight bearing/axial loading.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were reviewed independently by three investigators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tests included one-leg hop, figure-of-eight run, stair climbing, walking, cutting, agility runs, straight running, and bicycle ergometry. Experimental situations were classified as follows: (a) maximal effort tests, which compared overall measures of performance such as the distance hopped and the time to run a specific distance; and (b) matched submaximal effort tests, which compared specific variables such as electromyography, range of motion, ground reaction forces, and energy costs. Bracing was found to be advantageous in three of the 16 maximal effort situations, disadvantageous in two, and of no measurable effect in 11. Six of the 10 matched effort situations reported differences in the criterion measurements when braced, while four reported no differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If FKB prescription is to be based solely on empirical evidence of efficacy from performance tests, then further investigation is required to provide this evidence. Future research needs to examine the subjective and psychological aspects of FKB usage along with the results of objective performance tests.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dubowitz
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schachter
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Birmingham
mesh_terms: D001915:Braces; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005080:Exercise Test; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000293:injuries*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology