title: Rapid methods for the analysis of immunoglobulin gene hypermutation: application to transgenic and gene targeted mice.
abstract: Hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes is a key process in antibody diversification. Little is known about the mechanism, but the availability of rapid facile assays for monitoring immunoglobulin hypermutation would greatly aid the development of culture systems for hypermutating B cells as well as the screening for individuals deficient in the process. Here we describe two such assays. The first exploits the non-randomness of hypermutation. The existence of a mutational hotspot in the Ser31 codon of a transgenic immunoglobulin V gene allowed us to use PCR to detect transgene hypermutation and identify cell populations in which this mutation had occurred. For animals that do not carry immunoglobulin transgenes, we exploited the fact that hypermutation extends into the region flanking the 3'-side of the rearranged J segments. We show that PCR amplification of the 3'-flank of VDJH rearrangements that involve members of the abundantly-used VHJ558 family provides a large database of mutations where the germline counterpart is unequivocally known. This assay was particularly useful for analysing endogenous immunoglobulin gene hypermutation in several mouse strains. As a rapid assay for monitoring mutation in the JH flanking region, we show that one can exploit the fact that, following denaturation/renaturation, the PCR amplified JH flanking region DNA from germinal centre B cells yields mismatched heteroduplexes which can be quantified in a filter binding assay using the bacterial mismatch repair protein MutS -Wagner et al. (1995) Nucleic Acids Res. 23, 3944-3948-. Such assays enabled us, by example, to show that antibody hypermutation proceeds in the absence of the p53 tumour suppressor gene product.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK. ccj@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.ui
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Jolly
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Klix
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Neuberger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000235:genetics; D000944:Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte / Q000235:genetics; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D003062:Codon; D015321:Gene Rearrangement; D005803:Genes, Immunoglobulin; D014644:Genetic Variation; D007144:Immunoglobulin J-Chains / Q000235:genetics*; D007135:Immunoglobulin Variable Region / Q000235:genetics*; D037102:Lectins; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D010581:Peyer's Patches / Q000276:immunology; D017354:Point Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051381:Rats; D012694:Serine; D051918:Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 2; D013154:Spleen / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D013950:Thymus Gland / Q000276:immunology; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000172:deficiency
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D000944:Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte; C497868:Cd22 protein, mouse; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D003062:Codon; D007144:Immunoglobulin J-Chains; D007135:Immunoglobulin Variable Region; D037102:Lectins; D051918:Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 2; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D012694:Serine