title: The importance of long-term records in public health surveillance: the US weekly sanitary reports, 1888-1912, revisited.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This paper outlines the ways in which a little-used archive of early public health records may throw light on longer-term trends in international epidemic behaviour and serve as a major source of epidemiological information for historians of urbanization and public health. The Weekly Abstract of Sanitary Reports was the official disease surveillance report of the US Public Health Service and its predecessors, and began to publish urban mortality statistics on a regular basis in 1888. Here, the authors describe the first 25 years of continuous reporting (1888-1912), when the Reports contained not only disease data for US cities, but also records sent back by US consuls based in some 250 cities in many parts of the world.
  
  
  METHODS
  The content of the weekly editions of the Reports was systematically sampled and analysed using graphical techniques and the simple statistical method of running means.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relatively complete weekly series of mortality from all causes, and six infectious diseases (diphtheria, enteric or typhoid fever, measles, scarlet fever, tuberculosis and whooping cough) were identified for a total of 100 cities world-wide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reporting coverage for these cities is sufficiently complete that multivariate analysis should be possible to obtain a comparative picture of mortality for many parts of the world. Despite limitations of the data, sources of the type described in this paper form an important comparative database for studying international patterns of mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Cliff
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Haggett
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smallman-Raynor
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Stroup
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Williamson
mesh_terms: D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D018563:Disease Notification / Q000379:methods*; D014943:Global Health; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011635:Public Health Administration / Q000266:history*; D011996:Records; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology