title: Pediatric medulloblastoma: radiation treatment technique and patterns of failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study factors are analyzed that may potentially influence the site of failure in pediatric medulloblastoma. Patient-related, disease-related, and treatment-related variables are analyzed with a special focus on radiotherapy time-dose and technical factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-six children and adolescents with a diagnosis of medulloblastoma were treated in Switzerland during the period 1972-1991. Postoperative megavoltage radiotherapy was delivered to all patients. Simulation and portal films of the whole-brain irradiation (WBI) fields were retrospectively reviewed in 77 patients. The distance from the field margin to the cribiform plate and to the floor of the temporal fossa was carefully assessed and correlated with supratentorial failure-free survival. In 19 children the spine was treated with high-energy electron beams, the remainder with megavoltage photons. Simulation and port films of the posterior fossa fields were also reviewed in 72 patients. The field size and the field limits were evaluated and correlated with posterior fossa failure-free survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 36 patients (47%) the WBI margins were judged to miss the inferior portion of the frontal and temporal lobes. Twelve patients failed in the supratentorial region and 9 of these patients belonged to the group of 36 children in whom the inferior portion of the brain had been underdosed. On multivariate analysis only field correctness was retained as being significantly correlated with supratentorial failure-free survival (p = 0.049). Neither the total dose to the spinal theca nor the treatment technique (electron vs. photon beams) were significantly correlated with outcome. Posterior fossa failure-free survival was not influenced by total dose, overall treatment time, field size, or field margin correctness. Overall survival was not influenced by any of the radiotherapy-related technical factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A correlation between WBI field correctness and supratentorial failure-free survival was observed. Treatment protocols should be considered that limit supratentorial irradiation mainly to subsites at highest risk of relapse. Optimized conformal therapy or proton beam therapy may help to reach this goal. Treating the spine with electron beams was not deletereous. A significant correlation between local control and other technical factors was not observed, including those relating to posterior fossa treatment. The use of small conformal tumor bed boost fields may be prefered to the larger posterior fossa fields usually considered as the standard treatment approach.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology Department of the University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miralbell
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bleher
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Huguenin
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ries
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kann
authors.forename: R O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Mirimanoff
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Notter
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nouet
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bieri
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thum
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Toussi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002528:Cerebellar Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016371:Cranial Irradiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008527:Medulloblastoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D015173:Supratentorial Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D017211:Treatment Failure