title: Identification of the location, extent, and pathway of sensory neurologic feedback after mechanical stimulation of a lateral spinal ligament in chickens.
abstract: METHODS
  This study traced the location, extent, and pathway of sensory feedback after the mechanical stretching of a lateral spinal ligament in young chickens. The pathway was traced by locating the sites of Fos protein production in neuronal cell bodies at various sites in the nervous system.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To trace the location, extent, and pathway of sensory feedback after the mechanical stretching of a lateral spinal ligament in young chickens.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The innervation of ligaments is thought to form part of a protective feedback mechanism to provide stability for joints. The precise pathway and extent of the feedback for spinal ligaments is currently unknown. Such information would provide a clear focus for future studies, especially for diseases such as scoliosis where it has been suggested that there is abnormality in perception of sensory feedback.
  
  
  METHODS
  The intertransverse ligament on the right side at T3-T4 in 4-week-old chickens was exposed by blunt dissection. After Fos production resulting from the surgery had been stopped, the ligament was stretched mechanically and repeatedly for 60 minutes using a 300-g weight. Various areas of the nervous system then were sectioned and processed immunohistochemically to identify areas of Fos production in nerve cell bodies. The presence of Fos indicated neurons that had been stimulated by the stretching the ligament, including interneurons along the feedback pathway.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fos protein was identified in nerve cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia and intermediate gray matter of the spinal cord at the level of stimulation as well as at several spinal cord levels above and below the site of stimulation. Identification was made on the ipsilateral and the contralateral sides, although the extent of Fos production was less on the contralateral side. Fos presence also was identified in sympathetic ganglia at these sites. Nerve cell bodies in the combined nucleus cuneatus and gracilis in the medulla oblongata, the vestibular nuclei, and the thalamus also contained Fos-positive particles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stretching a single lateral ligament of the spine produces a barrage of sensory feedback from several spinal cord levels on both sides of the spinal cord. This sensory information also is transferred to higher levels in the brain, including the nucleus gracilis and cuneatus, the vestibular nuclei, and the thalamus. These sites of Fos production suggest the locations of pathways for this sensory information, which include the dorsal columns and the spinocerebellar tracts. The information obtained from this study provides a clear focus for future studies in this area, particularly for diseases such as scoliosis where it is thought that incorrect perception of sensory information from the ligaments might be a major contributing factor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moreau
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raso
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bagnall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002645:Chickens; D005246:Feedback; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D009420:Nervous System / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D009424:Nervous System Physiological Phenomena; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000378:metabolism; D012677:Sensation / Q000502:physiology*; D013131:Spine; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos