title: Electrophysiologic characteristics and radiofrequency catheter ablation in patients with clockwise atrial flutter.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the mechanism and radiofrequency catheter ablation of counterclockwise (typical) atrial flutter have been studied extensively, information about the electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic characteristics and effects of radiofrequency ablation in patients with clockwise atrial flutter is limited.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty consecutive patients with clinically documented paroxysmal clockwise atrial flutter were studied. Endocardial recordings and entrainment study using a "halo" catheter with 10 electrode pairs in the right atrium were performed. Radiofrequency energy was applied to the inferior vena cava-tricuspid annulus (IVC-TA) and/or coronary sinus ostium-tricuspid annulus (CSO-TA) isthmus to evaluate the effects of linear catheter ablation. Eighteen patients had both counterclockwise and clockwise atrial flutters, and 12 patients had only clockwise atrial flutter. Both forms of atrial flutter had similar flutter cycle lengths (232 +/- 30 vs 226 +/- 25 msec, P = 0.526) but reverse activation sequences. Right atrial pacing at a cycle length 20 msec shorter than the flutter cycle length from the CSO-TA isthmus, IVC-TA isthmus, and the area between the two isthmuses revealed concealed entrainment with stimulus-to-P wave intervals of 32 +/- 19, 95 +/- 14, and 50 +/- 17 msec (P = 0.022) in the counterclockwise form, and 110 +/- 12, 40 +/- 20, and 60 +/- 15 msec (P = 0.018) in the clockwise form. In clockwise atrial flutter, 20 patients with biphasic P waves in the inferior leads had the presumed exit site of slow conduction area located at the low posterolateral right atrium; 10 patients with positive P waves in the inferior leads had the presumed exit site located at the mid-high posterolateral right atrium. Among the 18 patients with both forms of atrial flutter, linear ablation lesions directed at the IVC-TA isthmus eliminated both forms of atrial flutter in 14 patients; in the remaining 4 patients, CSO-TA linear lesions eliminated the counterclockwise form and IVC-TA lesions eliminated the clockwise form. Among the 12 patients with the clockwise form only, CSO-TA linear lesions eliminated flutter in 2 and IVC-TA linear lesions eliminated flutter in 10 patients. Successful ablation was confirmed by creation of bidirectional conduction block in the IVC-TA and/or CSO-TA isthmus during pacing from the proximal coronary sinus and right posterolateral atrium sandwiching the linear lesions. During the follow-up period of 17 +/- 8 months, 2 patients had recurrence of clockwise atrial flutter, 1 patient had new onset of atypical atrial flutter, and 2 patients had new onset of atrial fibrillation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Counterclockwise and clockwise atrial flutters may have overlapping slow conduction areas with different exit sites. Radiofrequency catheter ablation using the linear method directed at the IVC-TA and CSO-TA isthmuses was feasible and effective in treating both forms of atrial flutter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Ueng
authors.forename: Z C
authors.initials: ZC
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Y J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Chiou
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001282:Atrial Flutter / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged