title: Antimalarial activity of tropical Meliaceae extracts and gedunin derivatives.
abstract: Extracts of 22 species of Meliaceae were examined for antimalarial activity using in vitro tests with two clones of Plasmodium falciparum, one sensitive to chloroquine (W2) and one chloroquine-resistant (D6). Twelve extracts were found to have activity, including extracts of Cedrela odorata wood and Azadirachta indica leaves, which contained the limonoid gedunin. These extracts were more effective against the W2 clone than the D6 clone, suggesting there is no cross-resistance to chloroquine. Gedunin was extracted in quantity, and nine derivatives prepared for a structure-activity study, which revealed essential functionalities for activity. The study also included four other limonoids derived from related Meliaceae. Only gedunin had better activity than chloroquine against the W2 clone. This active principle could be used to standardize a popular crude drug based on traditional use of A. indica in West Africa.
authors.affiliation: Ottawa-Carleton Institutes of Chemistry and Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: MacKinnon
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Durst
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Arnason
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Angerhofer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pezzuto
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Vindas
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Poveda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gbeassor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004351:Drug Resistance; D006801:Humans; D007624:KB Cells; D036701:Limonins; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology; D051379:Mice; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry*; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D012632:Secosteroids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D036701:Limonins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012632:Secosteroids; C106014:gedunin; D002738:Chloroquine