title: Combination of osteoinductive bone proteins differentiates mesenchymal C3H/10T1/2 cells specifically to the cartilage lineage.
abstract: During embryonic development, cartilage formation involves the condensation of mesenchymal stem cells and a series of maturation steps that ultimately results in the mineralized hypertrophic chondrocyte. The embryonic, murine, mesenchymal stem cell line, C3H/10T1/2, is pluripotent; exposure to azacytidine or to bone morphogenetic protein-2 or -4 results in low rates of differentiation to three mesengenic lineages. In contrast to previous studies, we report conditions for 10T1/2 differentiation specifically to the cartilage lineage and at high yields. These conditions include high cell density micromass cultures, a purified mixture of osteoinductive-proteins (BP; Intermedics Orthopedics, Denver, CO), a serum substitute, 50 micrograms/ml ascorbic acid, and 10 mM beta-glycerophosphate. The cartilagenous fate was confirmed by 1) histological detection of sulfated proteoglycans, 2) electron microscopic detection of proteoglycan and rounded cells separated by extracellular matrix containing short, disorganized collagen fibrils, 3) morphological detection of chondrocytes surrounded by a territorial matrix and encompassed within a distinct perichondrium, and 4) immunocytochemical detection of type II collagen and link protein. After 4 weeks in culture, mature although unmineralized cartilage was observed, as indicated by hypertrophic morphology, immunocytochemical detection of osteocalcin, and histological detection of lacunae. These conditions promote overt chondrogenesis for most of the treated cells and preclude lineage determination to the fat, muscle, and bone lineage, as assayed by electron microscopy and histomorphology. The faithful recapitulation of cartilage differentiation that we have established in vitro provides a versatile alternative to the use of chondrocyte and limb bud explant cultures. We propose this as a model system to study the factors that regulate commitment to the chondrogenic lineage, exclusion to related mesengenic pathways, and maturation during chondrogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA.
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Fantle
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Benedict
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Huffer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gutierrez-Hartmann
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology; D001769:Blood; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002356:Cartilage / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D019070:Cell Lineage; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology*; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008903:Minerals / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta
chemical_list: C525718:BMP2 protein, human; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D008903:Minerals; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C499469:recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2