title: Both K-ras and H-ras protooncogene mutations are associated with Harderian gland tumorigenesis in B6C3F1 mice exposed to isoprene for 26 weeks.
abstract: Isoprene is the 2-methyl analog of 1,3-butadiene, a genotoxic and carcinogenic compound in rats and mice. Male B6C3F1 mice were exposed to 0, 2200 or 7000 ppm isoprene by inhalation (6 h/day; 5 days/week) for 26 weeks. Following a 26-week recovery period, an increased incidence of Harderian gland (HG) neoplasms was observed at both concentrations. The present study was designed to characterize genetic alterations in the K-ras and H-ras protooncogenes in HG neoplasms. Mutations in K-ras and H-ras were identified by single-strand conformational analysis and direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified DNA, isolated from paraffin-embedded sections of HG neoplasms. A higher frequency of ras mutations, in particular K-ras mutations, was detected in isoprene-induced neoplasms than in 1,3-butadiene-induced or control HG neoplasms. All of the isoprene-induced HG neoplasms exhibited activated K-ras (60%) or H-ras (40%) mutations. In contrast, ras mutations were detected in 69% of HG neoplasms from 1,3-butadiene exposed mice (14% K-ras and 55% H-ras) and in 56% of HG neoplasms obtained from control B6C3F1 mice (8% K-ras and 48% H-ras). The predominant mutations in isoprene-induced HG neoplasms, but not in previously or newly analysed 1,3-butadiene-induced HG neoplasms, consisted of A-->T transversions (CAA-->CTA) at K-ras codon 61 (15/30) and C-->A transversions (CAA-->AAA) at H-ras codon 61 (8/30). Two-thirds of the K-ras CTA mutations were detected in HG neoplasms from the 2200 ppm exposure group while one-third was present in the 7000 ppm group. Isoprene-induced HG neoplasms with K-ras or H-ras mutations had an elevated proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) index, compared to spontaneous HG neoplasms without ras mutations. The high frequency and specificity of the ras mutation profile suggest that ras protooncogene activation contributes to isoprene-induced HG tumorigenesis.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Devereux
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Melnick
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Eldridge
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Greenwell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haseman
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Boorman
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Sills
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D002070:Butadienes / Q000633:toxicity*; D011905:Genes, ras; D006243:Harderian Gland / Q000473:pathology*; D045782:Hemiterpenes; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D009154:Mutation; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D010420:Pentanes; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
chemical_list: D002070:Butadienes; D045782:Hemiterpenes; D010420:Pentanes; C005059:isoprene