Cell death of AKR-2B fibroblasts after serum removal: a process between apoptosis and necrosis.
AKR-2B cells disintegrate after serum removal. After a delay of approximately 90 minutes, cell death began and reached after six hours a plateau of 40-50% remaining living cells. We used time-lapse video microscopy to monitor dynamic structural changes and to measure the time span of individual cells to die. The first change was the rapid appearance of membrane blebs. Membrane vesicles were rapidly extruded and reintegrated by the cell. This highly dynamic process of an affected cell stopped after 80+/-20 minutes with its death. Conductivity measurements showed that at that time the membrane was electrically permeable. By using fluorescence double staining with propidium iodide and Hoechst 33258, we show that membrane leakage leading to disintegration is accompanied, and for some cells preceded, by nuclear condensation. The energy state of the intact cells was monitored by measuring the intracellular ATP content which remained high (6 mM) throughout the entire time of investigation. Mitochondrial potential was determined by rhodamine 123 fluorescence in parallel to the measurement of membrane permeability via uptake of propidium iodide and lead to the detection of a cell population that exhibits a high mitochondrial potential and an uptake of propidium iodide indicating a membrane disruption of cells which still have a high energy charge. It is shown by electron microscopy that mitochondria were swollen and damaged in parallel to nuclear condensation. There was no DNA fragmentation as shown by two independent methods. Addition of the ICE-like protease inhibitor tyr-val-ala-asp-chloromethylketone immediately after serum starvation lead to an almost complete survival of the cells up to 6 hours. A pronounced protection was still observed after 24 hours, suggesting an involvement of this type of protease in the onset of cell death after serum removal. Apparently, serum withdrawal activates a succession of initial events that are similar to those defined as 'apoptosis', i.e. nuclear condensation and membrane blebbing. These steps are, however, accompanied or rapidly followed by cell lysis and disruption of mitochondria, both of which are characteristic of necrosis.
Simm
A
A
Department of Physiological Chemistry II, University of Würzburg, Germany.
Bertsch
G
G
Frank
H
H
Zimmermann
U
U
Hoppe
J
J
D000227:Adenine Nucleotides / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D020170:Caspase 1; D002452:Cell Count; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free / Q000009:adverse effects; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000502:physiology; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051379:Mice; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D018715:Microscopy, Video; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009336:Necrosis; D009955:Ornithine Decarboxylase / Q000378:metabolism; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000378:metabolism; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
D000227:Adenine Nucleotides; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D020170:Caspase 1; D009955:Ornithine Decarboxylase