title: Physical activity and mortality in postmenopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association between physical activity and all case mortality in postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study with 7 years of follow-up through December 31, 1992.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 40417 postmenopausal Iowa women, aged 55 to 69 years at baseline in 1986. Physical activity was assessed by mailed questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  All-cause mortality (n=2260).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for potential confounders and excluding women who reported having cancer or heart disease and those who died in the first 3 years of follow-up, women who reported regular physical activity were at significantly reduced risk of death during follow-up compared with women who did not (relative risk [RR], 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66-0.90). Increasing frequency of moderate physical activity was associated with reduced risk of death during follow-up (from rarely or never engaging in activity to activity at least 4 times per week, RRs, 1.0 [referent], 0.76, 0.70, and 0.62; P value for trend<.001). A similar pattern was seen for vigorous physical activity (corresponding RRs, 1.0, 0.89, 0.74, and 0.57; Pvalue for trend=.06). Reduced risks of death with increased physical activity were evident for cardiovascular diseases (n=729) and respiratory illnesses (n=147). Women who engaged only in moderate but not vigorous physical activity also benefited, with moderate activity as infrequently as once per week demonstrating a reduced mortality risk of 0.78 (95% CI, 0.64-0.96).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate a graded, inverse association between physical activity and all-cause mortality in postmenopausal women. These findings strengthen the confidence that population recommendations to engage in regular physical activity are applicable to postmenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis 55454-1015, USA.
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Kushi
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Fee
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Folsom
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Mink
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Sellers
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017698:Postmenopause; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies