title: Effects of gramicidin and tryptophan-N-formylated gramicidin on the sodium and potassium content of human erythrocytes.
abstract: In order to get a better understanding in the mechanism by which tryptophan-N-formylated gramicidin (NFG) and gramicidin kill the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in vitro, we studied the capacity of these peptides to change the potassium, as well as the sodium, composition of normal human erythrocytes, and their ability to cause cell lysis. It is shown that both peptides are able to induce potassium leakage from, and sodium flux into, erythrocytes in such a manner that it is most likely that they are able to form cation channels in the membrane of these cells. For both peptides, potassium efflux proceeds at a faster rate than sodium influx, but this difference is greater for NFG than for gramicidin. This explains the observation that gramicidin is more lytic than NFG is, even when comparing concentrations that show the same antimalarial activity. The finding that gramicidin is approximately 10 times more active than NFG in causing potassium efflux from normal erythrocytes, as well as in killing the malaria parasite, supports the hypothesis that peptide-induced parasite death is related to their capacity to induce potassium leakage from infected erythrocytes. Finally, the observation that erythrocytes are able to restore their normal ion contents after losing more than 50% of their potassium content by incubation with NFG or gramicidin, suggests that, in vivo, and upon treatment with drug concentrations that cause full inhibition of parasite growth, these cells would not be irreversibly damaged by action of the drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Lipid Biochemistry, Centre for Biomembranes and Lipid Enzymology, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Otten-Kuipers
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Beumer
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Kronenburg
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roelofsen
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Op den Kamp
mesh_terms: D000962:Antimalarials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000469:parasitology; D006096:Gramicidin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood*; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D015221:Potassium Channels; C067987:tryptophan-N-formylgramicidin; D006096:Gramicidin; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium