title: Total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter in NIDDM patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The existence of an oxidative stress in diabetes is still debated. This is largely due to the lack of good tools to assay the level of oxidative stress. The use of total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP) has recently been proposed to explore the antioxidant property of a plasma sample. TRAP may be either directly measured by a fluorescence-based method (TRAPm) or calculated (TRAPc) by a mathematical formula, taking into account the serum levels of four natural antioxidants: protein-bound SH (thiol) groups, uric acid, vitamin E, and vitamin C. The difference between TRAPm and TRAPc is due to antioxidants, which are still unidentified, and to the possible synergism among the antioxidants.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we evaluated malondialdehyde (MDA), TRAPm, TRAPc, protein-bound SH groups, uric acid, vitamin E, and vitamin C in 40 NIDDM patients and 40 matched normal control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TRAPm and TRAPc were significantly lower in diabetic patients. A good correlation between TRAPm and TRAPc was found in both NIDDM patients (r = 0.68, P < 0.0001) and control subjects (r = 0.74, P < 0.0001). Protein-bound SH groups and uric acid were significantly lower in diabetic subjects, while MDA and vitamin E level were significantly higher. After correction for serum triglycerides (MDA) and cholesterol (vitamin E), MDA lost significance, while vitamin E did not. Vitamin C was not different in the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show decreased TRAP levels in NIDDM patients, suggesting the existence of lower antioxidant defenses in diabetes. The decrease appears to be due to various antioxidants, some of them not yet clearly defined. TRAP may represent a more reliable estimation of serum antioxidant capacity than the measurement of each known antioxidants. The correlation found between TRAPm and TRAPc values suggests that TRAPc, easier to measure than TRAPm, might be adequately reliable for routine assessment of oxidative stress in diabetic patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Pathology, Clinical and Experimental, University of Udine, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ceriello
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bortolotti
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Falleti
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Taboga
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tonutti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crescentini
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Motz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lizzio
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bartoli
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000097:blood; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005609:Free Radicals; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D014810:Vitamin E; D014527:Uric Acid; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D001205:Ascorbic Acid