title: Simultaneous measurement of liposome extravasation and content release in tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The success of liposome-based drug delivery systems for tumor targeting relies on maximum extravasation of liposomes into tumor interstitium, as well as optimal release of contents from the liposomes once within the tumor Liposome extravasation and content release are two separate processes that can be individually or jointly manipulated so a method is needed to monitor these two processes independently and simultaneously. In this report, we describe a method to measure liposome extravasation and content release in tumor tissues growing in a rat skinfold window chamber preparation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mixtures of liposomes containing either doxorubicin or calcein, both of which are fluorescent, and liposomes surface-labeled with rhodamine were injected intravenously. Fluorescent, light intensities in a tumor region in two fluorescent channels were measured using an image-processing system. Light intensities of plasma from blood samples were also measured using this system. These measurements were used to calculate the amounts of liposomes and released contents in both plasma and tumor interstitium. The calculations were based on the fact that the liposome surface labels and contents emit fluorescent light at different wavelengths and when encapsulated, the contents fluorescence is self-quenched. The model included equations to account for fluorescent light "cross-contamination" by the two fluorochromes as well as equations relating the measured fluorescent light intensities to the amounts of liposomes and released contents. This method was applied to three situations in which liposome extravasation and content release were manipulated in different, predictable ways.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that this method can perform simultaneous independent and quantitative measurements of liposome extravasation and content release. This method can potentially be used to study drug delivery of other carrier systems in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
authors.forename: N Z
authors.initials: NZ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Gaber
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Papahadjopoulos
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Dewhirst
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002232:Carbocyanines; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D005119:Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; D005452:Fluoresceins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005453:Fluorescence; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006400:Hematocrit; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008081:Liposomes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D008833:Microcirculation; D051381:Rats; D012235:Rhodamines; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: C035005:3,3'-dihexadecylindocarbocyanine; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D002232:Carbocyanines; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005452:Fluoresceins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D008081:Liposomes; D012235:Rhodamines; D004317:Doxorubicin; D001920:Bradykinin; C007740:fluorexon