title: A new approach using tissue alkaline phosphatase activity to identify early testicular cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish the specificity and sensitivity of alkaline phosphatase activity in testicular tumours for the early detection of testicular germ cell tumours (GCTs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples from patients with GCTs of the testis were sectioned and stained using the nitroblue tetrazolium salt (NBT)/5 bromo-4-chloro-3-indolylphosphate (BCIP) Sigma Fast substrate technique (referred to as MEDC) and peroxidase antiperoxidase (PAP) assay. Additionally, several cell lines from GCTs and other tumours were cultured using standard techniques and stained using both methods, and lysates from all samples were stained after gel electrophoresis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MEDC showed strong and specific staining of testicular tumours only. The activity on gel electrophoresis appeared as two bands, one at 75 and one at 95 kDa, which was a unique combination for testicular tumours and testis cell lines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MEDC method has extreme sensitivity and intensity for testicular tumour tissue and has potential use as a powerful tool for the early detection of testicular GCTs by analysing semen samples, particularly in patients with equivocal findings on testicular ultrasonography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Royal London Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Dabare
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nouri
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Reynard
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Killala
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Oliver
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004796:Clinical Enzyme Tests; D018237:Germinoma / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014415:Tunicamycin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D014415:Tunicamycin; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase