title: Hypothalamic expression of ART, a novel gene related to agouti, is up-regulated in obese and diabetic mutant mice.
abstract: We have isolated cDNA clones that encode a novel human gene related to agouti. Sequence analysis of this gene, named ART, for agouti-related transcript, predicts a 132-amino-acid protein that is 25% identical to human agouti. The highest degree of identity is within the carboxyl terminus of both proteins. Like agouti, ART contains a putative signal sequence and a cysteine rich carboxyl terminus, but lacks the region of basic residues and polyproline residues found in the middle of the agouti protein. Both agouti and ART contain 11 cysteines, and 9 of these are conserved spatially. ART is expressed primarily in the adrenal gland, subthalamic nucleus, and hypothalamus, with a lower level of expression occurring in testis, lung, and kidney. The murine homolog of ART was also isolated and is predicted to encode a 131-amino-acid protein that shares 81% amino acid identity to humans. The mouse was found to have the same expression pattern as human when assessed by RT-PCR. Examination by in situ hybridization using mouse tissues showed localized expression in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, the median eminence, and the adrenal medulla. In addition, the hypothalamic expression of ART was elevated approximately 10-fold in ob/ob and db/db mice. ART was mapped to human chromosome 16q22 and to mouse chromosome 8D1-D2. The expression pattern and transcriptional regulation of ART, coupled with the known actions of agouti, suggests a role for ART in the regulation of melanocortin receptors within the hypothalamus and adrenal gland, and implicates this novel gene in the central control of feeding.
authors.affiliation: Amgen Inc., Amgen Center, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, USA.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Shutter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Kinsey
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scully
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lüthy
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Stark
mesh_terms: D054366:Agouti Signaling Protein; D054369:Agouti-Related Protein; D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002885:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000235:genetics; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000378:metabolism*; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D008820:Mice, Obese / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D009154:Mutation; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018043:Receptors, Corticotropin / Q000378:metabolism; D044101:Receptors, Melanocortin; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C515182:ASIP protein, human; D054366:Agouti Signaling Protein; D054369:Agouti-Related Protein; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D018043:Receptors, Corticotropin; D044101:Receptors, Melanocortin; C515183:a protein, mouse; D002118:Calcium