title: Direct evidence for the expression of multiple endogenous retroviruses in the synovial compartment in rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Circumstantial evidence links retroviruses (RVs) with human autoimmune diseases. The aim of the present study was to obtain direct evidence of RV gene expression in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Synovial samples were obtained from patients with RA, patients with osteoarthritis (OA), and normal control subjects. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed using synovial RNA and primers to conserved sequences in the polymerase (pol) genes of known RVs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PCR products (n = 857) were cloned and sequenced. Multiple pol transcripts, many with open reading frames, were expressed in every sample. Sequences were aligned and classified into 6 families (F1-F6) that contained 33 groups of known and unknown endogenous RVs (ERVs), each distinguished by a specific, deduced peptide motif. The frequency of sequences in each family was similar between RA, OA, and normal synovial tissue, but differed significantly in RA synovial fluid cells. F1 sequences (undefined, but related to murine and primate type C RVs) were lower in frequency, F2 (ERV-9-related), F4 (HERV-K-related), and F6 (HERV-L-related) sequences were higher in frequency, and F3 (RTVL-H-related) sequences were not detected, in the RA synovial fluid cells compared with the RA synovial tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple ERVs are expressed in normal and diseased synovial compartments, but specific transcripts can be differentially expressed in RA.
authors.affiliation: The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Brusic
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McColl
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Harrison
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology*; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D015751:Genes, pol / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D012190:Retroviridae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D012367:RNA, Viral