title: Myocardial distribution of cardioplegia administered by antegrade and retrograde routes to ischemic myocardium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the distribution of a cardioplegic solution delivered by antegrade and retrograde routes to ischemic myocardium. Retrograde administration has been suggested to improve protection of the ischemic myocardium. However, there are insufficient data on perfusion of ischemic and necrotic zones by the retrograde route.
  
  
  METHODS
  A laboratory study in dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 12 dogs, 500 mL of hyperkalemic crystalloid cardioplegia containing 0.5 mCi of thallium-201 was injected antegradely or retrogradely through the coronary sinus after 3 hours of occlusion and 2 hours of reperfusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Myocardial distribution of the cardioplegic solution was measured by computer planimetry in the normally perfused zone, in the ischemic area and in the necrotic zone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (and standard deviation) area at risk of ischemia (% of the left ventricle) delimited by Evans blue perfusion was smaller in dogs receiving a retrograde injection than in those receiving an antegrade injection (34% [3%] v. 42% [4%], p = 0.15). The infarct size (% of the area at risk indicated by triphenyltetrazolium dye) averaged 25% (11%) and 20% (7%) respectively (p = 0.36). The ratio of thallium-201 activity in ischemic to normal myocardium averaged 76% (13%) in the retrograde and 89 (12%) in the antegrade groups (p = 0.75). The ratio of thallium activity of infarct to normal myocardium averaged 56% (8%) in the retrograde group and 93% (19%) in the antegrade group (p = 0.18). Large areas of hypoactivity in the left ventricular myocardium were noted on scintigraphic imaging in all dogs that received retrograde perfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The retrograde injection of cardioplegia through the coronary sinus does not improve the distribution of cardioplegic solution in the acutely ischemic myocardial area nor in the zone of acute infarction in the dog. Because some cells may remain viable in the border zone and into the necrotic area, retrograde cardioplegia may result in suboptimal protection and incomplete prevention of further damage to the myocardium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Montreal Heart Institute, Que.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carrier
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grégoire
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khalil
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thai
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Latour
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Solymoss
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Pelletier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003331:Coronary Vessels; D004285:Dogs; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D007269:Injections, Intra-Arterial / Q000379:methods; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009336:Necrosis; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D013794:Thallium Radioisotopes
chemical_list: D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D013794:Thallium Radioisotopes