title: Essential role of active nuclear transport in apoptosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Apoptosis is defined by chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation and the formation of apoptotic bodies. Because apoptotic signals are transmitted through a common pathway that includes the target steps of death-driving ICE-family proteases and anti-cell death protein Bcl-2 in the cytoplasm, the signals must be transferred from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, at least to induce the apoptotic manifestation of the nucleus. Small signal molecules might diffuse across nuclear pores, but larger molecules are transported by active mechanisms requiring ATP and GTP hydrolysis. It is not known whether apoptotic signals are transmitted into the nucleus by the mechanisms of active nuclear transport.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To test the possibility that active nuclear transport is involved in apoptotic signal transmission, we have analysed the effects of molecules that inhibit active nuclear transport on apoptosis. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), excess amounts of p10 protein, Ran-GTPgammaS complex, and anti-PTAC58 antibody, which all inhibit active nuclear transport when exogenously microinjected, prevent Fas-induced apoptotic nuclear manifestation. WGA also prevents apoptotic nuclear change promoted by microinjected active CPP32beta/Yama protease (an ICE family member), which plays an essential role in most apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results presented here strongly suggest that active nuclear transport is essential for apoptotic signal transduction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedical Research Centre, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yasuhara
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Eguchi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tachibana
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Imamoto
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoneda
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsujimoto
mesh_terms: D000906:Antibodies / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016244:Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate) / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D006367:HeLa Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008845:Microinjections; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D029543:Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D014909:Wheat Germ Agglutinins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D028901:alpha Karyopherins; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D020931:ran GTP-Binding Protein
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D029543:Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014909:Wheat Germ Agglutinins; D028901:alpha Karyopherins; D019014:fas Receptor; D016244:Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate); C505407:CASP3 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D020931:ran GTP-Binding Protein