title: Pyelonephritis and vesicoureteral reflux after renal transplantation in young children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed morbidity and risk factors of pyelonephritis in children after renal transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1986 and 1995, 41 children underwent transplantation and all who had documented pyelonephritis were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six children who underwent transplantation before age 7 years had 1 to 3 episodes of pyelonephritis with significant renal dysfunction and vesicoureteral reflux into the grafted system. An antireflux reimplantation procedure in 5 children was complicated by temporary functional obstruction in 3. No further infection occurred after correction of vesicoureteral reflux. After a median of 4.5 years post-transplantation all patients have a functioning graft.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After renal transplantation vesicoureteral reflux and young recipient age are major risk factors for pyelonephritis with subsequent graft dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Neuhaus
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwöbel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schlumpf
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Offner
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leumann
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Willi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D011704:Pyelonephritis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology