title: Improvement of cognitive function in schizophrenic patients receiving clozapine or zotepine: results from a double-blind study.
abstract: Clinical interest in the so-called atypical antipsychotics currently focuses on the possibility of improving the negative symptoms of schizophrenia and the cognitive dysfunction associated with the disease. While clozapine has been shown to be effective in this respect, no data are available on zotepine. We report on a double-blind randomized study designed to evaluate the impact of zotepine and clozapine on cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. Cognitive function was operationalized by a maze test in which patients traversed computer-displayed mazes of increasing complexity. Passage time, route, and motor errors were evaluated. 25 schizophrenic (DSM-IIIR) patients were included in each group. After washout, they were randomized on zotepine or clozapine and given up to 450 mg of substance each. Patients were followed for six weeks and evaluated weekly. We report on a subsample of 26 patients matched for baseline BPRS, SANS, and age. 13 matched healthy persons were recruited as controls. ANOVA with group and course over time as factors was used for analysis. Both clozapine and zotepine achieved a highly significant decrease in overall symptoms (BPRS) and negative symptoms (SANS). Zotepine and clozapine were equally effective. In the maze tests, motor errors in simple mazes were stable over time and differentiated schizophrenics from controls as a "trait" marker. In passage time and maze route, schizophrenics performed worse than controls. An improvement by medication was evident in both medication groups, but was more pronounced in the zotepine-treated group. The study confirms previous results on the efficacy of clozapine and zotepine in treating negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The data presented show for the first time that zotepine is efficacious in improving cognitive dysfunction, confirming this substance's value as an atypical antipsychotic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meyer-Lindenberg
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gruppe
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krieger
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gallhofer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003024:Clozapine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D003988:Dibenzothiepins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003988:Dibenzothiepins; D003024:Clozapine; C022172:zotepine