title: Sperm antigens and their use in the development of an immunocontraceptive.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Overpopulation is a global problem of significant magnitude, with grave implications for the future. World population is predicted to reach 10 billion people by the year 2050, an increase of more than 75% over the current population. Development of new contraceptives is necessary, since current forms of birth control are unavailable to many individuals due to sociological, financial, or educational limitations.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an effort to identify new contraceptive alternatives, sperm-specific antigens are under the investigation as the basis for immunological regulation of fertility through contraceptive immunization. Anti-sperm antibodies (ASA) inhibit sperm function in vitro, induce infertility in experimental models, and have been implicated in some cases of clinical infertility. Furthermore, the development of ASA in vasectomized men does not lead to physiological complications despite the persistence of these antibodies for years; thus, ASA induced by immunization of men and women may be similarly harmless. Immunization has several conceptual advantages as a method of fertility regulation. Employment of non-pharmacologically active agents, convenience of administration, low cost, and the potential for relatively long-lasting yet reversible effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Various approaches have been taken to identify candidate sperm antigens for immunocontraceptive development. Studies that utilized monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antisera generated against sperm preparations have identified such promising candidates as PH-20, fertilin, SP-17, and SP-10. In animal model, 100% contraceptive effects were induced following PH-20 immunization and the effects were reversible. More recently, ASA from the sera of infertile patients were employed to identify several candidates as expressed by testis cDNA libraries. Perhaps the most extensively characterized and effective immunogen candidate identified thus far is lactate dehydrogenase-C4 (LDH-C4). Active immunization with LDH-C4 suppressed fertility in a variety of mammalian species, including primates, and the reversibility of these effects was demonstrated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The successful results obtained thus far support the feasibility of an effective immunocontraceptive and indicate the importance for continued investigation of additional sperm antigens as contraceptive immunogen candidates.
authors.affiliation: Center for Recombinant Gamete Contraceptive Vaccinogens, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908, USA.
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Diekman
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Herr
mesh_terms: D003269:Contraception, Immunologic / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007519:Isoantigens / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D007519:Isoantigens