title: Female United States Air Force (USAF) pilots: themes, challenges, and possible solutions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Identification of stresses of mixed-gender squadrons, attention to the psychological concerns of pilots in combat, and recognition of the difficulties of balancing a career and family are important in today's United States Air Force (USAF). What qualities are desirable in male and female pilots in combat situations, how do men and women view their career and family goals, and how do men and women work together in day-to-day squadron activities versus deployment and combat situations?
  
  
  METHODS
  A semi-structured clinical interview sought in formation about personal/family health, squadron relationships, and career/deployment stresses. The interview covered the effect of grounding for more than 30 d, motivation to fly, health decrements due to aircraft design, teamwork difficulties and blocks to success, career demands, combat and prisoner of war (POW) concerns, stress and coping styles, flying goals, and family/health concerns. There were 114 (64 male and 50 female) pilots who participated in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of male pilots interviewed asserted that they would be more protective of a woman in combat than a man and were concerned about their reaction to a female POW. Many women were concerned about being used to exploit men in a POW camp. The majority of pilots believed women were well integrated into their squadrons. Those interviewed reported that the squadron members with the most difficulty dealing with women were older males, including enlisted crew and some commanders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The information gained from this study will assist the USAF in understanding and coping with the psychological stresses associated with combat, deployment, and mixed-gender squadrons.
authors.affiliation: Armstrong Laboratory, Brooks AFB, TX, USA.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: McGlohn
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Retzlaff
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D002321:Career Choice; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D014857:Warfare; D014931:Women, Working / Q000523:psychology*