title: Association between cigarette smoking and prostatism in a Japanese community.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to examine the association between cigarette smoking and prostatism among Japanese men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male residents of Shimamaki-mura, Japan, aged 40-79 years old (n = 286), completed a self-administered questionnaire that included the international prostate symptom score (IPSS). A detailed cigarette smoking history was also obtained. All men had a transrectal ultrasonographic estimate of prostatic volume and a peak urinary flow rate measurement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Current cigarette smoking was inversely associated with an impaired peak urinary flow rate (< 15 mL/sec) (odd ratio [OR] = 0.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.18, 0.84), and with moderate to severe symptoms (IPSS > 7) (OR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.48, 1.49), but was not significantly associated with prostatic volume. Smokers of 1 to 1.4 packs a day were less likely and smokers of less than a pack a day or 1.5 or more packs a day were more likely to have moderate to severe symptoms and a greater prostatic volume.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that cigarette smoking may have a protective effect on prostatism at certain smoking intensities, but no effect or a deleterious effect at other intensities.
authors.affiliation: Section of Clinical Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: R O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsukamoto
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kumamoto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Masumori
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miyake
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Girman
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lieber
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control