title: Sequential analysis of zona thickness during in vitro culture of human zygotes: correlation with embryo quality, age, and implantation.
abstract: Zona pellucida thickness was measured daily in zygotes and cleavage stage embryos. Measurements were performed on a Nikon inverted microscope equipped with Hoffman modulation optics, using an ocular micrometer. Zona thickness of each zygote/embryo was measured four times, the zygote/embryo was then "rolled over," and four more measurements were repeated for a total of eight. The zygotes/embryos were photographed daily and the measurements repeated on the prints. Subsequently, the mean zona thickness for each stage was calculated. A total of 81 patients (mean age 33.8 +/- 4.2) participated in the study. A total of 427 embryos were evaluated. Categorical data differences between groups were evaluated by ANOVA and multiple linear regression. For nominal data, the Kruskal-Wallis test was applied; when P < 0.05 the differences were considered to be significant. We found that the average zona thickness on day 1 of in vitro culture was 17.7 +/- 0.14 microns; 16.3 +/- 0.14 microns on day 2 and 14.9 +/- 0.14 microns on day 3 (P < .0001). When the zona thickness was analyzed in relation to the number of blastomeres on day 3 of culture, there was a highly significant correlation with blastomere number (P < .0001). Similarly, there was a highly significant correlation with embryo grade (P < .005) and fragmentation (P < .001). The data were also analyzed for embryos transferred that resulted in a successful pregnancy, revealing that embryos in a pregnancy cycle had significantly thinner zonae pellucidae (P < .0001), when compared to embryos that were not transferred or from nonconceptual cycles. The average zona thickness also decreased with age, and was most apparent after 35 years. Changes in zona thickness correlated with the number of blastomeres, grade, fragmentation, age and were more evident in embryos transferred from cycles resulting in successful pregnancies. Therefore, zona pellucida measurements should be included in the overall assessment of embryo quality, since this information may be useful in the selection of optimal embryos for transfer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Garside
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Loret de Mola
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bucci
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Tureck
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heyner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging; D001757:Blastomeres / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002970:Cleavage Stage, Ovum / Q000502:physiology*; D010064:Embryo Implantation; D004624:Embryo Transfer; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015044:Zona Pellucida / Q000502:physiology*; D015053:Zygote / Q000502:physiology*