title: Synthesis, characterization, and mutagenicity of nitrated 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole and its phenolic derivatives.
abstract: The nitrated N-heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NAHs) are found in a variety of environmental sources; many of them have been determined to be mutagenic in short-term assays and/or carcinogenic in animal tests. In this laboratory, we synthesized and characterized nitrated 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole (DBC) and the nitrophenolic metabolites of DBC as potential mutagenic and carcinogenic xenobiotics. The nitro group was formed exclusively at the 5 and/or the symmetric 9 position of DBC, 2-hydroxy-DBC, 3-hydroxy-DBC, and 4-hydroxy-DBC. Ames plate incorporation mutagenicity assays were conducted using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100, with or without rat liver homogenates (S9). Mutagenicities of the nitrated DBCs were higher than the parent DBC in strain TA98, 5,9-Dinitro-DBC had stronger mutagenic responses than 5-nitro-DBC in all assays, particularly in strain TA98 with S9. 5,9-Dinitro-DBC had a higher reduction potential relative to 5-nitro-DBC (-1.09 V and -1.37 V, respectively). Hydroxyl derivatives of 5-nitro-DBC at the 2, 3, 4, 10, or 12 position, synthesized through nitration of the corresponding hydroxy-DBC, possessed greater mutagenicity than the parent 5-nitro-DBC, especially in strain TA100 with or without S9. Our data suggest that nitrated DBC undergoes both nitroreduction and ring oxidation as the primary pathways for the metabolic activation leading to mutagenesis. The relative mutagenicities of the nitrohydroxy-DBC isomers are generally consistent with the resonance stabilization of the positive charge at the arylnitrenium ion, formed from the nitro functional group, as the proposed active electrophile responsible for genotoxic effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0056, USA.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: LaDow
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Warshawsky
mesh_terms: D001711:Biotransformation; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D009566:Nitrates / Q000737:chemistry*; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D002227:Carbazoles; D009153:Mutagens; D009566:Nitrates; D010636:Phenols; C013478:7H-dibenzo(c,g)carbazole