Mixture risk assessment: a case study of Monsanto experiences.
Monsanto employs several pragmatic approaches for evaluating the toxicity of mixtures. These approaches are similar to those recommended by many national and international agencies. When conducting hazard and risk assessments, priority is always given to using data collected directly on the mixture of concern. To provide an example of the first tier of evaluation, actual data on acute respiratory irritation studies on mixtures were evaluated to determine whether the principle of additivity was applicable to the mixture evaluated. If actual data on the mixture are unavailable, extrapolation across similar mixtures is considered. Because many formulations are quite similar in composition, the toxicity data from one mixture can be extended to a closely related mixture in a scientifically justifiable manner. An example of a family of products where such extrapolations have been made is presented to exemplify this second approach. Lastly, if data on similar mixtures are unavailable, data on component fractions are used to predict the toxicity of the mixture. In this third approach, process knowledge and scientific judgement are used to determine how the known toxicological properties of the individual fractions affect toxicity of the mixture. Three examples of plant effluents where toxicological data on fractions were used to predict the toxicity of the mixture are discussed. The results of the analysis are used to discuss the predictive value of each of the above mentioned toxicological approaches for evaluating chemical mixtures.
Nair
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Monsanto Company, St Louis, MO 63167, USA.
Dudek
B R
BR
Grothe
D R
DR
Johannsen
F R
FR
Lamb
I C
IC
Martens
M A
MA
Sherman
J H
JH
Stevens
M W
MW
D000272:Adipates / Q000633:toxicity; D000641:Ammonia / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000633:toxicity; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000633:toxicity; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D002857:Chromium / Q000633:toxicity; D003621:Daphnia; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000633:toxicity; D005977:Glutarates / Q000633:toxicity; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D007475:Ion Exchange Resins / Q000009:adverse effects; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D051379:Mice; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000633:toxicity; D012997:Solvents / Q000633:toxicity; D013386:Succinates / Q000633:toxicity
D000272:Adipates; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D005977:Glutarates; D015386:Hazardous Substances; D007475:Ion Exchange Resins; D012997:Solvents; D013386:Succinates; D002857:Chromium; C074702:chromium hexavalent ion; D005557:Formaldehyde; C067353:dimethyl glutarate; D012965:Sodium Chloride; C067354:dimethyladipate; D000641:Ammonia; C056451:dimethyl succinate; D002122:Calcium Chloride