title: Physical examination during space flight.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop techniques for conducting a physical examination in microgravity and to describe and document the physiologic changes noted with use of a modified basic physical examination.
  
  
  METHODS
  On the basis of data gathered from physical examinations on KC-135 flights, three physical variables were assessed serially in astronauts during two shuttle missions (of 8- and 10-day duration, respectively). Preflight, in-flight, and postflight examinations were conducted by trained physician-astronauts or flight surgeons, who used this modified examination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five male and two female crewmembers participated in the "hands-on" physical examination of all physiologic systems except the genitourinary system. Level of edema, intensity of bowel sounds, and peripheral reflexes were assessed and graded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This investigation identified unique elements of a physical examination performed during space flight that will assist in the development of standard methods for conducting examinations of astronauts in weightlessness. In addition, demonstrable changes induced by microgravity were noted in most physiologic systems examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data support the hypothesis that the microgravity examination differs from that conducted on earth or in a 1g environment. In addition, alterations in the physiologic response can be detected with use of hands-on technique. These data are invaluable in the development of optimal medical care for humans in space.
authors.affiliation: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lyndon B Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Billica
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Blackwell
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Layne
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Harm
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Sandoz
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Rosenow
mesh_terms: D001314:Auscultation; D004487:Edema; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010173:Palpation; D010474:Percussion; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods; D012018:Reflex; D013026:Space Flight; D013997:Time Factors; D014893:Weightlessness