title: Cross sectional retrospective study of prevalence of atopy among Italian military students with antibodies against hepatitis A virus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the working hypothesis that common infections occurring early in life prevent atopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional, retrospective study of young Italian men with results for hepatitis A serology and atopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Air force school of military students in Caserta, Italy.
  
  
  METHODS
  1659 male students aged 17-24, most of whom (90%) were from central and southern Italy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Skin sensitisation and specific IgE antibodies to locally relevant airborne allergens; diagnosis of respiratory allergy (asthma or rhinitis, or both); hepatitis A seropositivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  443 of the 1659 subjects (26.7%) were positive for hepatitis A virus antibody. Atopy was less common among seropositive than seronegative subjects according to skin sensitization (weal reaction > or = 3 mm) to one or more allergens (21.9% (97/443) v 30.2% (367/1216), P < 0.001); polysensitisation (sensitive to three or more allergens) (2.7% (12/443) v 6.4% (78/1216), P < 0.01); high specific IgF concentration (9.7% (43/443) v 18.4% (224/1216), P < 0.00005); and lifetime prevalence of allergic rhinitis or asthma, or both (8.4% (37/443) v 16.7% (203/1216), P < 0.001). Hepatitis A seropositivity remained inversely associated with atopy after adjusting for father's education, the number of older siblings, and the area of residence (based on the number of inhabitants). The prevalence of atopy was constantly low among seropositive subjects, whatever the number of older siblings; by contrast, it increased with a decreasing number of older siblings among seronegative subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indirect but important evidence is added to the working hypothesis as common infections acquired early in life because of the presence of many older siblings (among seronegative subjects) or because of unhygienic living conditions (among seropositive subjects) may have reduced the risk of developing atopy.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio di Immunologia cd Allergologia, Divisione Aerea, Studi Ricerche e Sperimentaziom, Pomezia (Roma), Italy. matricardi.pm@mclink.it
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Matricardi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rosmini
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferrigno
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nisini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rapicetta
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chionne
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stroffolini
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pasquini
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: D'Amelio
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006506:Hepatitis A / Q000276:immunology*; D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000032:analysis; D007239:Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies; D007073:Immunoglobulin E