title: The effect of hypotonicity, glutamine, and glycine on red cell preservation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Red cells (RBCs) stored in hypo-osmolar additive solutions with the same concentrations of adenine, dextrose, mannitol, and sodium chloride and varied amounts of ammonium, phosphate, glycerol, and glutamine were better preserved than RBCs in the standard additive solution (Adsol). Cell swelling occurred in all the experimental additives. This observation prompted the evaluation of glutamine and glycine alone, as well as a combination of glutamine and glycine, all of which have been described as producing swelling of rat liver cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aliquots of RBCs were stored at 4 degrees C in Adsol or experimental additive solutions (EASs) all containing adenine, 2 mM; dextrose, 110 mM; mannitol, 55 mM; and sodium chloride, 50 mM. EAS 42 had, in addition, glutamine, 10 mM; glycine 5 mM, and phosphate, 20 mM. EAS 43 had glutamine, 10 mM; glycine, 10 mM; and phosphate 20 mM. EAS 44 had glutamine, 10 mM; EAS 45 had glutamine, 10 mM, and phosphate, 20 mM, and EAS 46 had only glycine, 10 mM. At intervals, measurements were made of mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, morphology, ATP, hemolysis, supernatant potassium, ammonia, pH, and microvesicles shed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The initial mean corpuscular volumes were larger in all EASs than in Adsol, but the greatest difference was between EASs 44 and 46 (108 fL) and Adsol (86 fL) (p < 0.001). The morphology scores were significantly better in all the EASs (p < 0.04). The ATPs were significantly greater in all the EASs (p < 0.001), and highest in those with phosphate. potassium leakage and hemolysis were less in the EASs (p < 0.001). The ammonia levels higher in all the EASs than in Adsol, with the exception of EAS 46. During storage, the extracorpuscular and intracorpuscular pH levels were essentially identical. The shedding of microvesicles was greatly reduced in all the EASs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cell swelling induced in RBCs after collection appears to improve preservation. Ammonia and phosphate enhance RBC ATP maintenance. Glycine decrease the formation of ammonia by RBCs stored in a hypotonic medium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Research, Hoxworth Blood Center, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Greenwalt
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rugg
authors.forename: U J
authors.initials: UJ
authors.lastname: Dumaswala
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000737:chemistry; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000097:blood; D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism; D001793:Blood Preservation; D001810:Blood Volume; D018699:Coated Vesicles / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004163:Diphosphoglyceric Acids / Q000097:blood; D011992:Endosomes / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005947:Glucose / Q000737:chemistry; D005973:Glutamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005998:Glycine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006461:Hemolysis; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007038:Hypotonic Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008353:Mannitol / Q000737:chemistry; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: C037839:ADSOL; D004163:Diphosphoglyceric Acids; D006454:Hemoglobins; D007038:Hypotonic Solutions; D005973:Glutamine; D008353:Mannitol; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D000641:Ammonia; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D005947:Glucose; D000225:Adenine; D011188:Potassium; D005998:Glycine