title: Post-marathon paradox in IDDM: unchanged insulin sensitivity in spite of glycogen depletion.
abstract: Acute physical exercise usually enhances insulin sensitivity. We examined the effect of a competitive 42 km marathon run on glucose uptake and lipid oxidation in 7 runners with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), aged 36 +/- 3 yr, BMI 23.9 +/- 0.5 kg m-2, VO2max 46 +/- 1 ml kg-1 min-1, HbA1c 7.7 +/- 0.3%, duration of diabetes 16 +/- 5 yr, runtime 3 h 47 +/- 8 min. On the marathon day, they reduced pre-race insulin doses by 26 +/- 8%, and ingested 130 +/- 33 g carbohydrate before, 91 +/- 26 g during, and 115 +/- 20 g after the race. During the run, blood glucose concentration fell from 14.4 +/- 2.0 to 7.4 +/- 3.0 mmol l-1 (p < 0.05) and serum insulin from 51 +/- 8 to 33 +/- 8 pmol l-1 (p < 0.05). Serum NEFA increased by 4-fold (p < 0.05), but fell to the normal level by next morning. Muscle glycogen content was 56% lower (p < 0.05) and glycogen synthase fractional activity 40% greater (p < 0.05) in the morning after the marathon as compared to the resting control day. In spite of glycogen depletion, whole body glucose disposal (euglycaemic insulin clamp) was unchanged, while glucose oxidation (indirect calorimetry) was decreased by 49% (p < 0.05) and lipid oxidation increased by 41% (p < 0.01). There was an inverse correlation between the rates of lipid oxidation and glucose uptake after the marathon (r = -0.75; p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  after successfully managed marathon running in patients with IDDM, insulin sensitivity was not increased in spite of low glycogen content and enhanced glycogen synthase activity after marathon, probably because of increased lipid oxidation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tuominen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ebeling
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vuorinen-Markkola
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Koivisto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001158:Arteries / Q000378:metabolism; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D006006:Glycogen Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000652:urine; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008297:Male; D009132:Muscles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology; D009211:Myoglobin / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; D009211:Myoglobin; D013006:Growth Hormone; D006003:Glycogen; D005934:Glucagon; D006006:Glycogen Synthase; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D006854:Hydrocortisone