title: Individual nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and other risk factors for upper gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation.
abstract: We conducted a nested case-control study of 1,377 cases of upper gastrointestinal bleeding or perforation (UGIB) and 10,000 controls to evaluate the association of individual nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), utilization characteristics, and other risk factors for these conditions. Age was the strongest risk factor for UGIB. Male gender, history of complicated peptide ulcer disease, and current use of steroids were also risk factors for UGIB. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for current NSAID use was 4.3 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.7-5.0]. The ORs for current NSAID use were similar for fatal cases and for the gastric, duodenal, prepyloric, and multiple sites of lesion, but the OR was substantially increased for perforations (OR = 16.9;95% CI = 9.1-31.5). Women age 80 years and older experienced the greater effect of NSAID use. Current users of multiple NSAIDs and recent switchers showed ORs of 9.0 and 6.2, respectively. Ibuprofen showed the lowest OR and diflunisal, the highest. ORs for low, medium, and high NSAID daily dose were 2.9, 4.2, and 5.8, respectively. This trend was present among new, short-term, and long-term users. Simultaneous use of multiple NSAIDs as well as use of a single individual NSAID at high doses greatly increases the risk of complicated peptic ulcer disease.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacoepidemiology Research, CIBA-GEIGY S.A., Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Gutthann
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: García Rodríguez
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Raiford
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010438:Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010439:Peptic Ulcer Perforation / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D012525:Saskatchewan / Q000453:epidemiology; D017678:Sex Distribution; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal