title: Patterns of orthostatic blood pressure change and their clinical correlates in a frail, elderly population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine patterns of within-day orthostatic blood pressure (BP) changes and clinical factors correlated with them in frail, elderly nursing home residents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence study of orthostatic BP change.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sample of 45 nursing homes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 911 long-stay residents, aged 60 years or older, able to stand for at least 1 minute.
  
  
  METHODS
  Supine and 1-minute and 3-minute standing BP measurements and heart rates, taken by a random-zero sphygmomanometer before and after breakfast and before and after lunch, symptoms upon standing, medication use, and clinical and functional assessments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four orthostatic hypotension (OH) groups were defined based on the frequency of a 20 mm Hg or greater orthostatic BP decline during any of 8 postural change measures: no OH group (48.5%); isolated OH group (only once, 18.3%); variable OH group (2-3 times, 19.9%); and persistent OH group (> or =4 times, 13.3%). Orthostatic hypotension was most prevalent before breakfast, especially 1 minute after standing (21.3%), and least prevalent after lunch after 3 minutes of standing (4.9%) (P=.001). A regression approach to repeated measures analysis (method of general estimating equations) showed the following to be significantly associated with OH (P< or =.05): elevated supine systolic BP before breakfast, dizziness/light-headedness on standing, male sex, medication for Parkinson disease, time of day (particularly before breakfast), greater independence in activities of daily living, and low body mass index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Orthostatic hypotension occurs in more than half of frail, elderly nursing home residents, but is highly variable over time. It is most prevalent in the morning when subjects first arise and when supine BP is highest. The relationship of OH with elevated BP, but not antihypertensive medication use, suggests that the treatment of hypertension may improve postural BP regulation.
authors.affiliation: Research and Training Institute, Hebrew Rehabilitation Center for Aged, Boston, Mass 02131, USA. weelock@mail.hrca.harvard.edu
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Ooi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kelley-Gagnon
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Lipsitz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly; D006707:Homes for the Aged; D006801:Humans; D007024:Hypotension, Orthostatic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009735:Nursing Homes; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors