title: Alcohol effects on the facial expressions of anxiety patients undergoing a panic provocation.
abstract: Using subjects with panic disorder, we investigated the effect of alcohol on expressive-emotional facial reactions to a well-known laboratory panic provocation procedure (inhalation of 35% carbon dioxide). Subjects consuming alcohol (vs. a placebo) displayed lower levels of emotional masking and fear/distress facial responses; however, differences were significant only for emotional masking. A composite variable combining the masking and fear/distress scores was also significantly lower in the group consuming alcohol. To the extent that masking behavior is a valid proxy for fear/distress responding, then the latter finding supports the conclusion that alcohol reduced negative affectivity associated with the inhalation. However, we also note the possibility that alcohol reduced masking directly without affecting fear/distress. We make parallel recommendations for future research that treats masking behavior as a nuisance variable on the one hand, or a dependent variable of potential importance on the other. We conclude that expressive-behavioral measures appear to be both feasible and potentially informative in alcohol research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Kushner
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Massie
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gaskel
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mackenzie
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fiszdon
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D005149:Facial Expression; D005239:Fear / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010200:Panic / Q000187:drug effects*; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D010552:Personality Assessment
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide