title: Shoulder rotator torque and wheelchair dependence differences of National Wheelchair Basketball Association players.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Shoulder rotator muscle imbalances can contribute to subacromial impingement. The forces and movement patterns of wheelchair locomotion may contribute to these imbalances. This study attempted to determine whether National Wheelchair Basketball Association players of differing classifications had significant differences (p < or = .05) in concentric isokinetic peak shoulder rotator torque and torque ratios, and wheelchair locomotion dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-seven (class 1 = 12, class 2 = 24, class 3 = 21) of 117 total tournament participants (class 1 = 25, class 2 = 49, class 3 = 43) served as the convenience sample of volunteers for the survey portion, and 33 of these subjects (class 1 = 11, class 2 = 12, class 3 = 10) also entered the isokinetic portion of this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  National wheelchair basketball tournament.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Class 1 and 2 players had greater wheelchair dependence than class 3 players (p < or = .05). Peak torque or torque ratios generally did not differ among player classifications or with other populations. Class 1 players had weaker nondominant shoulder external rotator torque production at 60 degrees/sec (p < or = .03) compared with other classes and at 180 degrees/sec compared with class 3 players (p = .02), suggesting an inability to develop the "attenuation of dominance" noted among other groups. Diminished torque-producing capacity at 60 degrees/sec related to greater wheelchair dependence among class 1 players (p = .034).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Class 1 players failed to demonstrate the acquired shoulder external rotator torque symmetry evident among class 2 and 3 players (with specific weakness of the nondominant shoulder external rotators). This torque symmetry difference was related to their greater dependence on wheelchair locomotion.
authors.affiliation: Kentucky Clinic, University of Kentucky Sports Medicine Center, Lexington 40536-0284, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nyland
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Caborn
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Knapp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brosky
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001490:Basketball / Q000502:physiology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D012399:Rotation; D012782:Shoulder / Q000502:physiology*; D014910:Wheelchairs