title: Selective laryngeal reinnervation with separate phrenic and ansa cervicalis nerve transfers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To perform selective reinnervation of the laryngeal abductor and adductor muscle groups after injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve, recovering laryngeal function without impairment by synkinesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten cats underwent the surgical procedure. To reinnervate the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (abductor), a phrenic nerve graft was anastomosed to the main trunk of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The adductor branch was severed, and the proximal stump was buried in the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle. The sternohyoid branch of the ansa cervicalis was anastomosed to the distal stump to reinnervate the adductor muscle group. After a period of 10 weeks, the laryngeal function was evaluated with videolaryngoscopy and electromyography of the posterior circoarytenoid and vocalis muscles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 10 cats, 9 could be evaluated. Laryngeal abductor function was comparable with the unaffected side in the 9 cats. During respiratory distress conditions, a minor compromise of the maximal abduction was observed in 5 cats. Phonation was not tested, but spontaneous adduction during expiration was seen in all cats. Reflex closure on ipsilateral, supraglottic, tactile mucosal stimulation was seen in only 2 cats. In each cat, evidence of nerve regeneration and reinnervation of both muscle groups was established with electromyography, electrical stimulation, and histological examination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using this selective reinnervation procedure, good laryngeal function can be achieved in the cat model, which may be applicable in humans. By reinnervation of the vocalis muscle, muscle tonus is achieved, which is expected to improve voice quality. Using this procedure, however, no active reflex closure may be expected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: van Lith-Bijl
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Stolk
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tonnaer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Groenhout
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Konings
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Mahieu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D002572:Cervical Plexus / Q000601:surgery*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D007823:Laryngeal Nerves / Q000601:surgery*; D007828:Laryngoscopy; D007830:Larynx / Q000503:physiopathology; D016067:Nerve Transfer; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000601:surgery*; D012119:Respiration / Q000502:physiology; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology; D014741:Video Recording