title: Unenhanced helical CT of ureterolithiasis: value of the tissue rim sign.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The tissue rim sign-a rim or halo of soft-tissue attenuation seen around the circumference of an intraureteral calculus on unenhanced axial CT-has been described as useful in differentiating ureteral calculi from extraurinary abdominal or pelvic calcifications. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of the tissue rim sign in patients with ureterolithiasis and extraurinary calcifications and to determine the relationship between the tissue rim sign, the size of a calculus, and the degree of urinary obstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unenhanced helical CT studies followed by excretory urography were obtained in 59 patients with suspected acute ureterolithiasis. Each calcification along the expected course of the ureter seen on axial CT scans was categorized as a ureteral calculus or as an extraurinary calcification. Each categorization was based on CT, urographic, and clinical findings and the presence or absence of a tissue rim sign. When the outer wall of the ureter could not be seen because there was no clear fat plane at the level of the calcification on CT, the sign was categorized as "indeterminate." The size of the calculus was measured on CT, and the degree of urinary obstruction was estimated on the basis of the urograms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two patients each had a single ureteral calculus. Of these patients, CT revealed a positive tissue rim sign in 16 patients (50%), was negative in five patients (16%), and was indeterminate in 11 patients (34%). In addition, we saw 57 extraurinary calcifications in 18 patients (11 patients with ureteral calculi and seven patients without ureteral calculi). None of the 57 extraurinary calcifications was associated with a positive tissue rim sign. The tissue rim sign was negative in 39 (68%) of the 57 extraurinary calcifications and indeterminate in the remaining 18 (32%). Ureteral calculi with a negative tissue rim sign were larger than ureteral calculi with a positive tissue rim sign (p < .01). A high degree of obstruction was present in four of five patients with ureteral calculi for which CT showed a negative tissue rim sign. Conversely, six of 16 patients in whom CT revealed a positive tissue rim sign also had a high degree of obstruction. Therefore, no clear relationship was found between the degree of obstruction and the presence of a positive tissue rim sign.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A positive tissue rim sign is specific for the diagnosis of ureterolithiasis. However, a negative tissue rim sign does not preclude such a diagnosis. The presence or absence of this tissue rim sign correlates with the size of a calculus but not with the degree of urinary obstruction. When CT reveals an indeterminate tissue rim sign, careful inspection for other CT findings, such as ipsilateral ureteral dilatation, perinephric edema, dilatation of the intrarenal collecting system, and renal swelling, is necessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Lyndon B. Johnson General Hospital, University of Texas Medical School, Houston 77026, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kawashima
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Sandler
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Boridy
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Goldman
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010388:Pelvis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011860:Radiography, Abdominal; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014513:Ureter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014567:Urography