title: Interplay of causation between suppliers and consumers in evolutionary trophic dynamics.
abstract: Natural selection, conceived as the process of small causes making small effects on the level of molecular evolutionary dynamics of a population, can yield global effects on the level of evolutionary trophic dynamics of populations, including those of mass extinctions. Occurrence of mass extinctions is due to the interplay of causation between suppliers and consumers in trophic dynamics. If the case of supplier causation is available such that resource exploitation by consumers on the upper trophic level follows in time resource presentation by suppliers on the lower, instead of resource exploitation followed by resource presentation, mass extinctions could be a norm of the evolutionary trophic dynamics.
authors.affiliation: Department of BioEngineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takahara
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ono
mesh_terms: D005075:Biological Evolution; D017753:Ecosystem; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D008954:Models, Biological; D008957:Models, Genetic; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012641:Selection, Genetic