title: Diagnostic testing for acute head injury in children: when are head computed tomography and skull radiographs indicated?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite the frequent occurrence of head injury in children, there is no agreement about clinical screening criteria that indicate the need for imaging studies. This study was undertaken to provide information relevant to the choice of imaging modalities in children with acute head trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort of 322 children seeking care consecutively in an urban pediatric emergency department for nontrivial head injury was assembled. Skull radiographs, head computed tomography, and data forms including mechanism of injury, symptoms, and physical findings were completed for each child.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intracranial injury occurred in 27 children (8%), whereas 50 (16%) had skull fractures. Of those with intracranial injury, 16 (59%) had normal mental status and no focal abnormalities, and 1 of those 16 required surgery for evacuation of an epidural hematoma. Six (38%) of the 16 were younger than 1 year, 5 of whom had scalp contusion or hematoma without other symptoms. Findings not significantly associated with intracranial injury were scalp contusion, laceration, hematoma, abrasion, headache, vomiting, seizure, drowsiness, amnesia, and loss of consciousness for less than 5 minutes. Findings associated with intracranial injury were skull fracture, signs of a basilar skull fracture, loss of consciousness for more than 5 minutes, altered mental status, and focal neurologic abnormality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intracranial injury may occur with few or subtle signs and symptoms, especially in infants younger than 1 year. The relative risk for intracranial injury is increased almost fourfold in the presence of a skull fracture, although the absence of a skull fracture does not rule out intracranial injury. The significance of nonsurgical intracranial injury in neurologically normal children needs further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, St Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110-1077, USA.
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Quayle
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Jaffe
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kuppermann
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: McAlister
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006407:Hematoma, Epidural, Cranial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000592:standards; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed