title: "Sandwich" preoperative and postoperative combined chemotherapy and radiation in tethered and fixed rectal cancer: impact of treatment intensity on local control and survival.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present "sandwich" preoperative and postoperative chemotherapy and radiation study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of treatment intensity on the local control and survival in tethered or fixed rectal adenocarcinoma (T3, 4 NX M0).
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1990 and 1992, 27 patients were treated with this sandwich protocol. Preoperative therapy consisted of 4 weeks of concurrent radiation (40 Gy) and chemotherapy (mitomycin C on day 1, 5-fluorouracil infusion and leucovorin on days 1-4 and days 15-18, respectively), and one cycle of bolus 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin chemotherapy. After surgery, they received 2 additional weeks of radiation (18 Gy) and 4 days of similar chemotherapy. The outcome was compared to another 54 patients who were treated with our previous preoperative chemoradiation protocol (mitomycin C, 5-fluorouracil infusion and 40 Gy of pelvic RT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The complete resectability rate was improved from 91% in the preoperative protocol to 100% in the sandwich protocol, and the pathologic complete response rate (T0 N0 M0) was increased from 4 to 15%. There was no local recurrence in the sandwich protocol. The 4-year local failure rate was 23 vs. 0% (p = 0.005). The 4-year distant failure rate was 47 vs. 28% (p = 0.079). The 2-year and 4-year survival were 63 and 41% for the preoperative protocol, vs. 92 and 72% for the sandwich protocol, respectively (p = 0.014). There were more treatment-related Grade 2 diarrhea, but not Grade 3/4 diarrhea in the sandwich protocol. Two patients (7%) in the sandwich protocol developed late gastrointestinal complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More intensive radiation and chemotherapy appeared to improve the resectability, local control, and survival in tethered and fixed rectal cancers. There was a moderate but acceptable increase in the bowel morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Southern Alberta Cancer Program and University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Langevin
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Jenken
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Khoo
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Heine
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Buie
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000931:Antidotes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D002955:Leucovorin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016685:Mitomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D000931:Antidotes; D016685:Mitomycin; D002955:Leucovorin; D005472:Fluorouracil