title: Social class and coronary disease in rural population of north India. The Indian Social Class and Heart Survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the association of socio-economic status with prevalence of coronary artery disease and coronary risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey in two randomly selected villages in the Moradabad district in North India.
  
  
  METHODS
  One thousand seven hundred and sixty-seven subjects (894 males and 875 females; 25-64 years of age) were randomly selected from two villages. They were divided into social classes 1 to 4, according to education, occupation, housing conditions, ownership of land, ownership of consumer durables and per capita income. The survey was based on questionnaires administered by dietitians and physicians, physical examination and electrocardiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Social classes 1 and 2 were mainly high and middle socio-economic groups and 3 and 4 low income groups. The prevalence of coronary artery disease was significantly higher among classes 1 and 2 in both sexes, and there was a higher prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension, and sedentary lifestyle. This population also showed a significant association with higher serum cholesterol, body mass index, triglycerides and blood pressures. Logistic regression analysis with adjustment for age showed that social class positively related to coronary disease (odds ratio: men 0.83, women 0.61), hypercholesterolaemia (men 0.85, women 0.87), hypertension (men 0.89, women 0.87), body mass index (men 0.91, women 0.93) and smoking in men (0.68). Smoking and sedentary lifestyle were not associated with social class in women. The association between coronary artery disease and social class abated after adjustment for smoking, sedentary lifestyle, body mass index and blood pressure (odds ratio: men 0.96, women 0.81).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects in social classes 1 and 2 in rural North India have a higher prevalence of coronary artery disease and of the coronary risk factors hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension, higher body mass index and sedentary lifestyle. The overall prevalence of coronary artery disease was 3.3%.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Nutrition and Heart Research Laboratory, Medical Hospital and Research Centre, Moradabad, India.
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rastogi
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Niaz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beegom
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Janus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol