title: Accuracy of 3 brief screening questions for detecting partner violence in the emergency department.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To devise a brief screening instrument to detect partner violence and to partially validate this screen against established instruments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two urban, hospital-based emergency departments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 491 women presenting during 48 randomly selected 4-hour time blocks, 322 (76% of eligible patients) participated. Respondents had a median age of 36 years; 19% were black, 45% white, and 30% Hispanic, while 6% were of other racial or ethnic groups; 54% were insured.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a partner violence screen (PVS), consisting of 3 questions about past physical violence and perceived personal safety. We administered the PVS and 2 standardized measures of partner violence, the Index of Spouse Abuse (ISA) and the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of the PVS were compared with the ISA and the CTS as criterion standards.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence rate of partner violence using the PVS was 29.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 24.6%-34.8%). For the ISA and CTS, the prevalence rates were 24.3% (95% CI, 19.2%-30.1 %) and 27.4% (95% CI, 21.7%-33.6%), respectively. Compared with the ISA, the sensitivity of the PVS in detecting partner abuse was 64.5%; the specificity was 80.3%. When compared with the CTS, sensitivity of the PVS was 71.4%; the specificity was 84.4%. Positive predictive values ranged from 51.3% to 63.4%, and negative predictive values ranged from 87.6% to 88.7%. Overall, 13.7% of visits were the result of acute episodes of partner violence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three brief directed questions can detect a large number of women who have a history of partner violence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, CO 80204, USA.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Feldhaus
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koziol-McLain
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Amsbury
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lowenstein
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Abbott
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003120:Colorado; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014505:Urban Population