title: Determinants of happiness and life satisfaction in elderly Zimbabweans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess determinants of happiness and life satisfaction in elderly Zimbabweans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community based cross sectional survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomly selected villages and two urban areas in north eastern Zimbabwe.
  
  
  METHODS
  278 subjects aged 60 to 92 years (124 male, 154 female).
  
  
  METHODS
  One subject per randomly selected household was interviewed, at home, by a trained interviewer to complete a questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Independent determinants of happiness were: rural residence, whether children gave material support and satisfaction with financial circumstances. [Adjusted odds ratios and confidence intervals 0.25 (0.13 to 0.49), 0.45 (0.22 to 0.94) and 0.11 (0.01 to 0.87) respectively]. Independent determinants of life satisfaction were: feeling better off than their neighbours, receiving adequate respect from their children and satisfaction with financial circumstances. [Adjusted odds ratios and confidence intervals 0.73 (0.59 to 0.91), 0.13 (0.03 to 0.59) and 0.24 (0.1 to 0.61) respectively].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have demonstrated that, despite physical hardship, the majority of Zimbabwean elders are happy and 50% are satisfied with their lives and we have identified independent determinants of happiness and life satisfaction in this group. Characterization of these determinants allows us to predict that social changes such as rural/urban migration, declining family support and diminishing respect from children will have a negative effect on happiness and life satisfaction in our elders. It is important that, when planning intervention programmes for the elderly, these facets of wellbeing are not neglected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology Waters Hall Kansas State University, Manhattan 66502-1700, USA.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Allain
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Matenga
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gomo
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Adamchak
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged / Q000523:psychology*; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D012423:Rural Health; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014504:Urban Health; D015030:Zimbabwe