title: Differentiation between portal-systemic encephalopathy and neurodegenerative disorders in patients with Wilson disease: H-1 MR spectroscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the extent to which neurodegeneration and metabolic changes caused by portosystemic shunting occur in Wilson disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two adult patients with biochemically proved Wilson disease underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, hydrogen-1 MR spectroscopy, neurologic and psychometric testing, and ultrasound evaluation of the liver. In addition, 13 age-matched adult control subjects underwent MR imaging and H-1 MR spectroscopy. For MR spectroscopy, the authors used a single-voxel technique with a repetition time of 2,000 msec and an echo time of 31 msec. The volume of interest included the right and left globi pallidus, which are the most common sites of lesions in Wilson disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  N-acetylaspartate-creatine and choline-creatine ratios were decreased in patients with Wilson disease versus control subjects (P < .001 for N-acetylaspartate-creatine ratio, P < .05 for choline-creatine ratio). Also, patients with Wilson disease and portosystemic shunting had lower myo-inositol-creatine ratios than did patients with Wilson disease and no portosystemic shunting (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reductions in N-acetylaspartate indicate neuronal loss consistent with the neurodegenerative pattern associated with Wilson disease. In addition, H-1 MR spectroscopy shows metabolic abnormality in the brain, as decreased myoinositol, caused by portosystemic shunting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Van Den Heuvel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van der Grond
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Van Rooij
authors.forename: H N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Van Wassenaer-van Hall
authors.forename: T U
authors.initials: TU
authors.lastname: Hoogenraad
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Mali
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D002794:Choline / Q000032:analysis; D003404:Creatinine / Q000032:analysis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005917:Globus Pallidus; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D006527:Hepatolenticular Degeneration / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007294:Inositol / Q000032:analysis; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests
chemical_list: D001224:Aspartic Acid; D007294:Inositol; C000179:N-acetylaspartate; D003404:Creatinine; D002794:Choline