title: Effects of four analgesic treatments on the behavioural and cortisol responses of 3-week-old lambs to tail docking.
abstract: The behavioural and cortisol responses of groups of seven or eight lambs were used to determine which of three methods of tail docking (rubber ring, Burdizzo and rubber ring combined, or heated docking iron) produced the least signs of pain in the first 3 h after use and which of four analgesic treatments (1.0 ml bupivacaine subcutaneously, 0.5 ml bupivacaine epidurally, a topical cold analgesic spray or diclofenac 1.5 mg kg-1) was most effective in reducing these signs. Amputation with a heated docking iron produced levels of behaviour and cortisol responses which did not differ markedly from those of handled controls. The rubber ring method produced the greatest increase in all parameters (total active behaviour 110 +/- 91 counts; 51 +/- 23 min spent in abnormal postures; peak cortisol 93 +/- 51 nmol l-1). Subcutaneous bupivacaine, administered immediately prior to application of the ring, appeared to be the analgesic treatment most effective at reducing these responses (23 +/- 15 counts; 24 +/- 22 min.; 44 +/- 20 nmol l-1).
authors.affiliation: Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh University, UK.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kent
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Molony
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000375:Aging / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D007268:Injections, Epidural / Q000662:veterinary; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous / Q000662:veterinary; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary; D012756:Sheep / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D013623:Tail / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004008:Diclofenac; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D002045:Bupivacaine