title: Comparison of milk and maize based diets in kwashiorkor.
abstract: The dual sugar test of intestinal permeability is a reliable non-invasive way of assessing the response of the small intestinal mucosa to nutritional rehabilitation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare a local mix of maize-soya-egg to the standard milk diet in the treatment of kwashiorkor.
  
  
  METHODS
  The diets were alternated three monthly in the sequence milk-maize-milk. There were a total of 533 kwashiorkor admissions of at least five days during the study who received either milk or maize. Intestinal permeability was assessed at weekly intervals by the lactulose-rhamnose test in 100 kwashiorkor cases, including 55 on milk and 45 on the maize diet.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Permeability ratios (95% confidence interval) on the milk diet improved by a mean of 6.4 (1.7 to 11.1) compared with -6.8 (-16.8 to 5.0) in the maize group. The improved permeability on milk occurred despite more diarrhoea, which constituted 34.8% of hospital days (29.8 to 39.8) compared with 24.3% (17.8 to 30.8) in the maize group. Case fatality rates for all 533 kwashiorkor admissions were 13.6% v 20.9%, respectively, giving a relative risk of death in the maize group of 1.54 (1.04 to 2.28). The maize group also had more clinical sepsis (60% v 31%) and less weight gain (2.9 v 4.4 g/kg/day) than the milk group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Milk is superior to a local maize based diet in the treatment of kwashiorkor in terms of mortality, weight gain, clinical sepsis, and improvement in intestinal permeability.
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Brewster
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Manary
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Menzies
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: O'Loughlin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007732:Kwashiorkor / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007792:Lactulose / Q000378:metabolism; D008892:Milk; D016269:Milk Hypersensitivity; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012210:Rhamnose / Q000378:metabolism; D015430:Weight Gain; D003313:Zea mays
chemical_list: D007792:Lactulose; D012210:Rhamnose