title: Combined thoracoscopy and mediastinoscopy for mediastinal lymph node staging of lung cancer.
abstract: It is very difficult to obtain accurate staging of mediastinal lymph node metastases (N-staging) in patients with lung cancer. We recommend combined thoracoscopy and mediastinoscopy for the assessment of N-staging. The indications and techniques of these combined procedures are described in this paper. Combined thoracoscopy and mediastinoscopy may provide more accurate N-staging of lung cancer than either procedure alone or a non-invasive staging procedure.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasumoto
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008481:Mediastinoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008482:Mediastinum; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods*; D013906:Thoracoscopy / Q000379:methods*