Nutrition and other risk factors for renal cell carcinoma in postmenopausal women.
Among 35,192 postmenopausal, predominantly white women in Iowa age 55-69 years and free of cancer, we collected baseline history, dietary information, and anthropometric data by mail in 1986. We ascertained the 8-year incidence (62 new cases) of renal cell carcinoma using the Iowa Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) register, the National Death Index, and mail follow-up. Risk factors for renal cell carcinoma included increasing age, increasing weight (either current, maximum adult weight, or weight at ages 18, 30, or 50 years), greater waist-to-hip ratio, and a history of blood transfusion. Total dietary calcium was associated independently with a reduced risk of renal cell carcinoma. No other dietary micro- or macronutrients or food groups were predictive of the development of renal cell carcinoma. Other previously identified risk factors were not confirmed: most notably, there was no increased risk from a history of hypertension, after adjustment for diuretic use. History of ever-use of diuretics was associated with a twofold increased risk of renal cancer, although the strength of association was markedly reduced after adjustment for age, weight, waist-to-hip ratio, and calcium intake.
Prineas
R J
RJ
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL 33101, USA.
Folsom
A R
AR
Zhang
Z M
ZM
Sellers
T A
TA
Potter
J
J
D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007484:Iowa / Q000453:epidemiology; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009752:Nutritional Status; D017698:Postmenopause; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015996:Survival Rate