title: Activated protein C prevents LPS-induced pulmonary vascular injury by inhibiting cytokine production.
abstract: We investigated the effect of activated protein C (APC) on pulmonary vascular injury and the increase in tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated rats to determine whether APC reduces LPS-induced endothelial damage by inhibiting cytokine production. Intravenously administered LPS (5 mg/kg) induced pulmonary vascular injury, as indicated by an increase in the lung wet-to-dry weight ratio. LPS-induced pulmonary vascular injury was prevented by APC but not by active site-blocked factor Xa [dansyl glutamyl-glycyl-arginyl chloromethyl detone-treated activated factor X (DEGR-Xa)], a selective inhibitor of thrombin generation, or inactivated APC [diisopropyl fluorophosphate-treated APC (DIP-APC)]. APC, but not DEGR-Xa or DIP-APC, significantly inhibited the LPS-induced increase in the plasma level of TNF. APC significantly inhibited the production of TNF by LPS-stimulated monocytes in a dose-dependent fashion in vitro, but DIP-APC did not. APC did not inhibit the functions of activated neutrophils in vitro. These findings suggest that APC prevented LPS-induced pulmonary vascular injury by inhibiting TNF production by monocytes and not via its anticoagulant activity. The serine protease activity of APC appears to be essential for inhibition of TNF production.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Kumamoto University Medical School, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okajima
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uchiba
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johno
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakagaki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okabe
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takatsuki
mesh_terms: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000991:Antithrombins / Q000494:pharmacology; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015951:Factor Xa / Q000494:pharmacology; D007970:Leukopenia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008466:Mechlorethamine; D011486:Protein C / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones; D000925:Anticoagulants; D000991:Antithrombins; D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D011486:Protein C; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C097736:dansyl-glutamyl-glycyl-arginyl chloromethyl ketone-treated factor Xa; D008466:Mechlorethamine; D015951:Factor Xa