title: Soluble oligonucleosomal complexes in synovial fluid from inflamed joints.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether soluble oligonucleosomal DNA, typical of that released during apoptotic cell death, is present in synovial fluids from inflamed joints and, if so, whether it is present in sufficient concentrations to have pathophysiologic significance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty synovial fluid specimens from 46 patients were studied, 41 from joints with a variety of inflammatory disorders and 9 from osteoarthritic joints. DNA from freshly collected synovial fluid was isolated and quantitated by microfluorometry, and the oligonucleosomal fraction was measured by radiolabeling, gel electrophoresis, and autoradiography. Specific immunoprecipitation with monoclonal antihistone antibody, after DNA radiolabeling in whole synovial fluid, was used to detect histone binding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DNA with a typical oligonucleosomal ladder was observed in most specimens. The mean +/- SD oligonucleosomal DNA concentration was 14.1 +/- 18.5 microg/ml in synovial fluids from inflamed joints, considerably higher than that in osteoarthritic synovial fluids. Additionally, the DNA was shown to be complexed with histone, as would be expected. Control experiments were performed to show that the oligonucleosomal DNA was present in soluble form and did not arise due to in vitro artifact. The DNA concentrations were found to correlate significantly with the concentrations of synovial fluid leukocytes, most of which were neutrophils.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Synovial fluids from inflamed joints contain oligonucleosomal DNA typical of that released during apoptotic cell death. The probable source is fluid-phase neutrophils undergoing apoptotic cell death, although this was not directly demonstrated. The concentrations are sufficient to have biologic activity similar to that shown in vitro, including lymphoproliferation and stimulation of interleukin-6 secretion. A mechanism by which oligonucleosomal DNA may contribute to perpetuation of rheumatoid synovitis is proposed. If it is generalizable to other sites of inflammation, as seems probable, similar oligonucleosomal DNA release accompanying inflammation may play a pathogenetic role in other disorders, including systemic lupus erythematosus.
authors.affiliation: State University of New York at Stony Brook, 11794-8161, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Rumore
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Steinman
mesh_terms: D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D009707:Nucleosomes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011233:Precipitin Tests; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D013585:Synovitis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D009707:Nucleosomes; D004247:DNA