title: Innervation of the spinal dura. Myth or reality?
abstract: METHODS
  Cranial and spinal dura from nine Sprague Dawley male rats were examined immunocytochemically for the presence of nerve fibers and mast cells and for innervation. The posterior longitudinal ligament and peridural membrane were also examined for these elements.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the pattern of sensory innervation and the presence of mast cells in rat spinal dura.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The cranial dura is richly innervated and has a robust population of mast cells, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular headache. Moskowitz's explanation for vascular headache focused on the dura mater and neurogenic inflammation. Essential to his model are dural trigeminovascular fibers and mast cells. Previous studies provide contradictory and inconclusive results regarding spinal dural innervation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunocytochemical techniques using antibodies to calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P were used to identify sensory nerve fibers and antibodies to serotonin were used to identify mast cells. Specimens dissected included dura of the cranial vault in continuity with the dorsal cervical dura, dura of the skull base in continuity with the ventral cervical dura, lumbar dura, and posterior longitudinal ligament from the cervical and lumbar regions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A rich neural network and an abundant mast cell population were identified in the supratentorial and infratentorial cranial dura, both dorsally and ventrally. A paucity of nerve fibers and mast cells was observed in the cervical and lumbar dura; in contrast, these elements were prominent in the posterior longitudinal ligament and peridural membrane.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spinal dura does not have a rich innervation of calcitonin gene-related peptide- and substance P-positive nerve fibers or a robust population of mast cells. The spinal dura may serve as a protective covering. Unlike the cranial dura, it may not be implicated in the pathogenesis of pain. Additional studies on primate and human spinal dura are warranted to corroborate findings that the spinal dura may be relatively insensitive.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Dunsker
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Keller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology; D004388:Dura Mater / Q000166:cytology*; D017846:Longitudinal Ligaments / Q000166:cytology / Q000294:innervation*; D008297:Male; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000166:cytology; D008566:Membranes / Q000166:cytology / Q000294:innervation; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000166:cytology*