title: Allosteric activation and tuning of ligand efficacy in cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels.
abstract: Despite recent advances in the identification of ligand-binding and voltage-sensing regions of ion channels, the domains that couple such regions to channel opening have not been identified. Moreover, it is uncertain whether ligand binding or depolarization are obligatory steps that must precede channel opening (according to linear reaction schemes) or whether they act to stabilize the channel in an open state that can exist independently of ligand binding or depolarization (according to cyclic allosteric models). By comparing ligand-independent and ligand-dependent channel openings, we now show that retinal and olfactory cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels are activated by a cyclic allosteric mechanism. We further show that an amino-terminal domain, distinct from the pore and ligand-binding motifs, participates in the allosteric gating transition, accounting for differences in the free energy of gating of the two channels. The allosteric transition provides an important mechanism for tuning the physiological response of ligand-binding proteins, such as cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels, to different biological signals.
authors.affiliation: Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA. grt1@columbia.edu
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Tibbs
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Goulding
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Siegelbaum
mesh_terms: D000494:Allosteric Regulation; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002397:Catfishes; D002417:Cattle; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism; D054815:Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels; D004594:Electrophysiology; D015640:Ion Channel Gating; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008024:Ligands; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009712:Nucleotides, Cyclic / Q000378:metabolism*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism; D012903:Smell; D014981:Xenopus
chemical_list: D054815:Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels; D007473:Ion Channels; D008024:Ligands; D009712:Nucleotides, Cyclic; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D006152:Cyclic GMP