title: Intratumoral nuclear morphologic heterogeneity in prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tumor heterogeneity can be measured by quantifying variance of nuclear characteristics by image analysis. Heterogeneity of cell nuclear features correlated with increased local progression in prostate cancer. In the present study, the influence of tumor heterogeneity on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence after radical retropubic prostatectomy was analyzed and tumor heterogeneity was compared in patients with and without neoadjuvant hormonal therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospectively, radical prostatectomy material of 44 patients without and 12 patients with neoadjuvant hormonal treatment with a postoperative follow-up of at least 4 years was studied. Each prostatectomy specimen was systematically embedded in paraffin, and each tumor area within the prostate was marked and analyzed by an image analysis system for 32 nuclear features comprising nuclear shape, size, DNA content, and chromatin pattern. Several clinical features were available: preoperative serum PSA, hemoglobin concentration, Karnofsky score, tumor stage, and Gleason score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased tumor heterogeneity, as expressed by differences in karyometric values between tumor areas in nuclear shape and chromatin pattern within the tumor, was significantly correlated with earlier PSA recurrence rate. As compared with nonpretreated patients, hormonally pretreated specimens showed smaller and less heterogeneous tumors. In particular, chromatin pattern heterogeneity was decreased in patients who underwent preoperative hormonal treatment compared with patients who were not pretreated. However, decreased heterogeneity was accompanied by a higher percentage of aneuploid areas per tumor in the pretreated patients. Cox regression analysis showed that karyometric determination of nuclear shape heterogeneity in combination with preoperative PSA level could predict time to PSA recurrence after radical prostatectomy in patients without hormonal pretreatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increase in karyometric tumor heterogeneity in nuclear shape and chromatin pattern was correlated with a shorter PSA recurrence-free interval after radical prostatectomy. Preoperative PSA and karyometric tumor heterogeneity were the best predictors of PSA recurrence in a multivariate analysis. Intratumoral heterogeneity was decreased in patients with prostate cancer who underwent neoadjuvant hormonal therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: van der Poel
authors.forename: G O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Oosterhof
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Schaafsma
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Debruyne
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Schalken
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000473:pathology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies