title: Social class and cancer survival in Turin, Italy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate social differences in cancer survival in residents of Turin, Italy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incident cases from the Piedmont cancer registry were linked to municipality files and 1981 census data, and followed up from 1985-92. The census provided data on education and housing tenure, which were used as indicators of social class. The case fatality ratio (CFR) was estimated through a proportional hazard model, with socioeconomic indicators as risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Educated people of both sexes showed better survival for all malignant neoplasms together and, particularly among men, for tumours which show a better prognosis such as cancer of colon-rectum, larynx, prostate, and bladder. The relative risk of dying, compared with people who had only primary school education, decreased from 0.91 for those with middle school education to 0.67 for those who held a university degree.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were major differences in cancer survival showing a poorer outcome for those from the lower social stratum, particularly in sites for which effective treatments are available. Since is unlikely that the observed differences could be totally explained by extraneous factors, such as competing mortality, it is concluded that even in a country where the health system offers universal coverage, non-financial barriers act by creating differences in opportunities for better care.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica-Universitá di Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosso
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Faggiano
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zanetti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Costa
mesh_terms: D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012737:Sex Factors; D012923:Social Class; D016019:Survival Analysis