title: Cytotoxicity resulting from addition of HIV-1 Nef N-terminal peptides to yeast and bacterial cells.
abstract: The Nef protein of human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) has been implicated in diverse intracellular functions; however, extracellular functions have been less studied. Nef and the N-terminus of Nef possess membrane-perturbing and fusogenic activities in artificial membranes that also cause cytotoxicity to human cells, including lymphocytes. The present study investigates the toxicity of HIV-1 Nef peptides employing yeast and bacterial cells. The N-terminal portion of Nef was found to cause cell killing in Escherichia coli and in a variety of yeast cells. This activity was enhanced by myristylation of the Nef N-terminus, a modification that did not lead to toxicity in a control peptide. Cell death in yeast was due to permeabilization of the cell membrane as determined by the propidium iodide uptake of peptide-treated cells. Extracellular Nef, or its breakdown products, may have effects similar to the Nef peptides described here and could be responsible, at least in part, for the death of cells in lymphoid tissues during AIDS. Assays using yeast or bacteria are convenient, inexpensive, and robust and should be useful in further analysis and screening of inhibitors of this activity associated with HIV-1 Nef.
authors.affiliation: Biomolecular Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. ianm@mel.dbe.csiro.au
authors.forename: I G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Macreadie
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Curtain
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hewish
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Azad
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D015693:Gene Products, nef / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006801:Humans; D007716:Kluyveromyces / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects; D054311:nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
chemical_list: D015693:Gene Products, nef; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D054311:nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus