title: Morphometric evaluation of lower cervical pedicle and its projection.
abstract: METHODS
  This study evaluated the lower cervical pedicle from C3 to C6 to provide information for accurate transpedicular screw fixation in this region.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To measure the dimensions of the lower cervical pedicle and to determine the correct location of the pedicle axis on the posterior aspect of the lateral mass.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Several anatomic studies and clinical applications of transpedicular screw fixation in the cervical spine have been documented, but little quantitative data concerning the lower cervical pedicle and its projection are available.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty dry cervical specimens from C3 to C6 (160 cervical vertebrae) were used for this study. Anatomic evaluation included pedicle height, width, effective length, and anguli. The distances from the projection point of the pedicle axis to reference lines related to the lateral edge of the lateral mass (vertical) and the inferior edge of the superior facet (horizontal) also were measured. The means, ranges, and standard deviations were calculated for all of the specimens and separately for male and female spines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistically significant differences in dimensions of males and females were found in one linear and one angular measurement, which included the pedicle height of C6 and the pedicle sagittal angle of C4. The greatest variation for males and females was found in the pedicle sagittal angle, with a range of 4.3-9.8 degrees. The distances from the projection point to the horizontal line did not show any real pattern of change from C3 to C6, whereas the distances from the projection point to the vertical line consistently increased from cephalad to caudad.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taking into consideration some variations between individuals, this information, combined with evaluation of results of preoperative axial computed tomography and conventional radiography, may enhance the safety of transpedicular screw fixation in the lower cervical spine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, USA.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Ebraheim
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Yeasting
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000716:Anatomy, Artistic; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008488:Medical Illustration; D008875:Middle Aged; D012727:Sex Characteristics