title: Effect of hemoglobin and immunization status on energy metabolism of weanling pigs.
abstract: We investigated the effect of (Hb) and immunization status on energy metabolism of newly weaned pigs. An additional focus of the study was to determine the development of circadian rhythms as evidenced by heat production patterns. Twenty-four 4-wk-old crossbred weanling barrows were placed into groups of three based on weight and litter origin, and the groups were allotted to one of four treatments. Treatments were arranged as a 2 x 2 factorial. The factors included 1) Hb status (low vs high) and 2) immunization status (antigen vs placebo). Hemoglobin status was obtained by injecting 3-d-old barrows with 100 (low) or 200 mg (high) of Fe. At 4 wk, initial blood Hb concentrations were 6.0 mM for the low group and 7.8 mM for the high group. Energy metabolism was measured using two weekly total energy and nitrogen balance collections. Energy intake and retention were higher (P < .05) in pigs with a high Hb level. Energy metabolism was not affected (P > .10) by immunization status, and heat production was not affected (P > .10) by either Hb or immunization status. Total heat production (HTOT) increased (P < .001) daily and reflected a daily increase (P < .001) in activity (HACT) and activity-free (HCOR) heat production. An increase (P < .001) in HTOT and HACT was detected for the light period compared with the dark period over the total experimental period but a decrease (P < .001) in HCOR was detected; however, HACT for the dark period was approximately half of that measured during the light period. In conclusion, Hb status affected energy metabolism; pigs having a high Hb status had a higher energy retention. Immunization status had minimal effects on energy metabolism and heat production. Additionally, the diurnal circadian rhythm seen in older pigs had not been established by 2 wk after weaning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546-0215, USA.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gentry
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Swinkels
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Lindemann
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Schrama
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000941:Antigens / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006433:Hemocyanins / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D010047:Ovalbumin / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D013552:Swine / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013744:Tetanus Toxin / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000941:Antigens; D006454:Hemoglobins; D013744:Tetanus Toxin; D010047:Ovalbumin; D006433:Hemocyanins; D009584:Nitrogen