title: Ethnicity and access to care in systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define access to care and to examine the relationship between ethnicity and access to care in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of published literature was supplemented with preliminary data from a pilot study. Data from patient interviews, chart reviews, and insurer surveys were collected at 2 sites and used to develop several measures of access. The relationship between ethnicity and access was examined through chi-square analyses, difference of means testing, and multivariate regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although African-American SLE patients appear less likely to be privately insured and more likely to be uninsured, no significant differences in utilization rates were detected between ethnic groups. Uninsured patients, however, had significantly fewer physician visits than both the Medicaid and the privately insured patients. Multivariate regression confirm a strong and negative relationship between physician visits and patient coinsurance rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Careful examination of multiple dimensions of access may highlight differences between ethnic groups. Further research is necessary to document these differences and explore their relationships to outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Services Research and Policy Studies, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Worsdall
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramsey-Goldman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000208:ethnology*; D008297:Male; D017057:Medically Uninsured; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D044465:White People