title: Recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) of prognostic factors in three Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) brain metastases trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Promising results from new approaches such as radiosurgery or stereotactic surgery of brain metastases have recently been reported. Are these results due to the therapy alone or can the results be attributed in part to patient selection? An analysis of tumor/patient characteristics and treatment variables in previous Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) brain metastases studies was considered necessary to fully evaluate the benefit of these new interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The database included 1200 patients from three consecutive RTOG trials conducted between 1979 and 1993, which tested several different dose fractionation schemes and radiation sensitizers. Using recursive partitioning analysis (RPA), a statistical methodology which creates a regression tree according to prognostic significance, eighteen pretreatment characteristics and three treatment-related variables were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to the RPA tree the best survival (median: 7.1 months) was observed in patients < 65 years of age with a Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) of at least 70, and a controlled primary tumor with the brain the only site of metastases. The worst survival (median: 2.3 months) was seen in patients with a KPS less than 70. All other patients had relatively minor differences in observed survival, with a median of 4.2 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on this analysis, we suggest the following three classes: Class 1: patients with KPS > or = 70, < 65 years of age with controlled primary and no extracranial metastases; Class 3: KPS < 70; Class 2- all others. Using these classes or stages, new treatment techniques can be tested on homogeneous patient groups.
authors.affiliation: Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. gasparl@kci.wayne.edu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gaspar
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rotman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asbell
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wasserman
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: McKenna
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Byhardt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary*; D017321:Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic; D017322:Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; D003663:Decision Trees; D006801:Humans; D017567:Karnofsky Performance Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D009422:Nervous System Diseases; D018579:Patient Selection; D011379:Prognosis; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis