title: Transcutaneous pacing in a hypothermic-dog model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the hemodynamic response to transcutaneous pacing (TCP) during rewarming from hypothermia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective, controlled laboratory investigation using 20 mongrel dogs. The animals were anesthetized, intubated, and mechanically ventilated. Arterial pressure, core temperature, and cardiac rhythm were continuously monitored. All dogs were cooled to a core temperature of 27 degrees C; experimental animals were then subjected to TCP with active rewarming, and control animals underwent sham transcutaneous pacing and rewarmed in the same manner. Serial hemodynamic measurements, time to rewarming, and cardiac isoenzyme concentrations were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rewarming was accomplished significantly faster in the paced group (171.5 +/- 31.5 minutes) than in the control group (254 +/- 55.9 minutes, P < .05). After rewarming, the mean cardiac index in the paced dogs returned to 84% of baseline, compared with 63% of baseline in the nonpaced group (P < .05). None of the paced animals demonstrated significant hemodynamic deterioration, potentially lethal arrhythmias, or other evidence of myocardial injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TCP is safe, effective and easily implemented in dogs. In this small series of dogs, TCP restored and maintained hemodynamic stability and allowed the hypothermic animals to rewarm in half the time required by their nonpaced counterparts.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Medicine Residency Program, Akron General Medical Center, OH, USA.
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dougherty
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lombino
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Rusnak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000592:standards*; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D006439:Hemodynamics; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D007527:Isoenzymes; D017694:Rewarming; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D003402:Creatine Kinase