title: Upregulation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator by endogenous and exogenous HIV-1 Tat protein in tumour cell lines derived from BK virus/tat-transgenic mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate that Tat modulates the plasminogen-dependent proteolytic activity of tumour cell lines derived from BK virus (BKV)/tat-transgenic mice by affecting the production of plasminogen activators (PA) and the PA inhibitor (PAI)-1 and to demonstrate that this occurs through mechanism(s) that are distinct from those responsible for transactivating activity of extracellular Tat.
  
  
  METHODS
  To assess whether endogenous Tat is responsible for PA activity in T53 adenocarcinoma cells, cell cultures were transfected with antisense Tat cDNA and evaluated for cell-associated PA activity by a plasmin chromogenic assay. The assay was also used to evaluate PA activity in T53 cells and T111 leiomyosarcoma cells stimulated by extracellular Tat. The type(s) of PA produced were identified by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis zymography. The levels of PAI-1 were evaluated by Western blotting. Tat transactivating activity was measured by a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in HL3T1 cells containing integrated copies of an HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR)-CAT plasmid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transfection of T53 cells with antisense Tat cDNA results in the decrease of Tat production and PA activity. Exogenously added Tat increases PA levels in T53 and in T111 cells. PA activity was identified as urokinase-type PA (uPA). Tat also increases the production of PAI-1 in T111 but not in T53 cells. Chloroquine and heparin have different affects on the LTR-CAT-transactivating and the PA-inducing activities of Tat. The fusion protein glutathione-S-transferase-Tat and the mutant Tat-1e, lacking the second Tat exon, cause LTR-CAT transactivation without stimulating uPA upregulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tat affects the fibrinolytic activity of tumour cell lines derived from BKV/tat-transgenic mice by modulating the production of both uPA and PAI-1 via autocrine and paracrine mechanisms of action. The capacity of Tat to modulate the plasminogen-dependent proteolytic activity of these tumour cell lines may contribute to their metastatic potential. The uPA-inducing activity of Tat depends upon specific biological and structural features of the Tat protein that are distinct from those responsible for its LTR-CAT-transactivating activity, suggesting distinct mechanisms of induction for the two biological responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rusnati
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Coltrini
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Campioni
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tanghetti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Corallini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barbanti-Brodano
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Giuliani
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gibellini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Presta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001739:BK Virus / Q000235:genetics; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D015696:Gene Products, tat / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D016325:HIV Long Terminal Repeat; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000032:analysis; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000032:analysis*; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
chemical_list: D015696:Gene Products, tat; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator