title: Dopamine D2 receptor plays a critical role in cell proliferation and proopiomelanocortin expression in the pituitary.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been suggested that the dopaminergic system is involved in the inhibitory control of secretion of pituitary hormones and in the regulation of motor function in the striatum. To elucidate the specific role of the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) in the pituitary and brain, we generated D2R deficient (D2R mutant) mice using the gene targeting method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Electrophysiological studies as well as ligand binding assays show no functional D2R in mutant mice. The D2R mutant mice display a hypoactivity and a slow, creeping movement. The expression of enkephalin mRNA in the striatum is increased in the mutant mice, but not that of dynorphin and substance P. D2R mutant mice have significantly darker coat colour than their wild-type littermates and show an elevation of plasma alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) levels. We found corresponding hyperplastic changes of intermediate lobe of the pituitary and the increased expression of pro opiomelanocortin (POMC) in the pituitary in D2R mutant mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  D2R plays a critical role in the inhibitory regulation of endocrine cell proliferation and the transcription of POMC mRNA, and consequently in the regulation of alpha-MSH in plasma. D2R might be involved in the regulation of enkephalin expression in the striatum, and hence might affect the movement and the behaviour.
authors.affiliation: Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aiba
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakao
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakagami
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Katsuki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000502:physiology; D004298:Dopamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004594:Electrophysiology; D004745:Enkephalins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006200:Hair Color; D006613:Higher Nervous Activity; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008032:Limbic System / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D009434:Neural Pathways; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000378:metabolism*; D011333:Pro-Opiomelanocortin / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000502:physiology; D000521:alpha-MSH / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D004745:Enkephalins; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D000521:alpha-MSH; D011333:Pro-Opiomelanocortin; D004298:Dopamine