title: Spermine inhibits proinflammatory cytokine synthesis in human mononuclear cells: a counterregulatory mechanism that restrains the immune response.
abstract: The local production of proinflammatory cytokines mediates the host response to inflammation, infection, and injury, whereas an overexpression of these mediators can injure or kill the host. Recently, we identified a class of multivalent guanylhydrazone compounds that are effective inhibitors of proinflammatory cytokine synthesis in monocytes/macrophages. The structure of one such cationic molecule suggested a molecular mimicry with spermine, a ubiquitous endogenous biogenic amine that increases significantly at sites of inflammation and infection. Here, we addressed the hypothesis that spermine might counterregulate the innate immune response by downregulating the synthesis of potentially injurious cytokines. When spermine was added to cultures of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), it effectively inhibited the synthesis of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, MIP-1alpha, and MIP-1beta. The inhibition of cytokine synthesis was specific and reversible, with significant inhibition of TNF synthesis occurring even when spermine was added after LPS. The mechanism of spermine-mediated cytokine suppression was posttranscriptional and independent of polyamine oxidase activity. Local administration of spermine in vivo protected mice against the development of acute footpad inflammation induced by carrageenan. These results identify a distinct molecular counterregulatory role for spermine in downregulating the monocyte proinflammatory cytokine response.
authors.affiliation: The Picower Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Caragine
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Botchkina
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Soda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ulrich
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cerami
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sherry
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Tracey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002351:Carrageenan; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D016207:Cytokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007700:Kinetics; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D013096:Spermine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D013096:Spermine; D002351:Carrageenan