title: Spray dried powders and powder blends of recombinant human deoxyribonuclease (rhDNase) for aerosol delivery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have used rhDNase to investigate the feasibility of developing a dry protein powder aerosol for inhalation delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Powders of rhDNase alone and with sodium chloride were prepared by spray drying. Powder blends were obtained by mixing (tumbling and sieving) pure rhDNase powder with 'carrier' materials (lactose, mannitol or sodium chloride). The weight percent of drug in the blends was between 5 and 70%. The particle size distributions and crystallinity of the spray dried powders were obtained by laser diffraction and X-ray powder diffraction, respectively. Particle morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The ability of the powders and powder blends to be dispersed into respirable aerosols was measured using a Rotahaler connected to a multistage liquid impinger operating at 60 L/min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pure rhDNase powder was quite cohesive with a fine particle fraction (FPF or "respirable fraction': % wt. of particles < 7 microns in the aerosol cloud) of about 20%. When particles also contained NaCl, the powders were dispersed better to form aerosols. A linear relationship was observed between the NaCl content and FPF for a similar primary size (approximately 3 microns volume median diameter) of particles. The particle morphology of these powders varied systematically with the salt content. For the blends, SEM revealed a monolayer-like adhesion of the fine drug particles to the carriers at drug contents > or = 50% wt. An overall 2-fold increase in FPF of rhDNase in the aerosol cloud was obtained for all the blends compared to the pure drug aerosols.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The aerosol properties of spray dried rhDNase powders can be controlled by incorporation of a suitable excipient, such as NaCl, and its relative proportion. Coarse carriers can also enhance the performance of rhDNase dry powder aerosols.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia. kimc@pharmacy.pharm.su.oz.au
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gonda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mumenthaler
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hsu
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D003851:Deoxyribonucleases / Q000737:chemistry; D004337:Drug Carriers; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010316:Particle Size; D011208:Powders; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D004337:Drug Carriers; D011208:Powders; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D003851:Deoxyribonucleases