title: Transport, uptake, and metabolism of the bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-ester prodrug of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine in an in vitro cell culture system of the intestinal mucosa (Caco-2).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate intestinal transport, uptake and metabolism characteristics of the bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-ester [bis(POM)-ester] of the antiviral agent 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine [PMEA].
  
  
  METHODS
  Intestinal transport, uptake and metabolism of bis(POM)-PMEA were studied using an in vitro cell culture system of the intestinal mucosa (Caco-2 monolayers). Concentrations of bis(POM)-PMEA and its metabolites mono(POM)-PMEA and PMEA were determined using a reversed-phase HPLC method. Enzymatic stability of bis(POM)-PMEA was evaluated by incubation with purified liver carboxylesterase, homogenates of Caco-2 cells and scraped pig small intestinal mucosa.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of bis(POM)-PMEA as a prodrug of PMEA resulted in a significant increase in transport of total PMEA [bis(POM)-PMEA, mono(POM)-PMEA and PMEA] across Caco-2 monolayers. While transepithelial transport of PMEA (500 microM) was lower than 0.1% during a 3 hr incubation period, transport of total PMEA after addition of bis(POM)-PMEA (100 microM) amounted to 8.8% over the same incubation period. Only 23% of the amount transported appeared as intact bis-ester at the basolateral side, while 33% of this amount was free PMEA and 44% was mono(POM)-PMEA, suggesting susceptibility of the prodrug to chemical and enzymatic degradation. Uptake studies revealed that only negligible amounts of bis(POM)-PMEA (< 0.2%) were present inside the cells. Very high intracellular concentrations of PMEA were found (approximately 1.2 mM, after a 3 hr incubation with 50 microM bis(POM)-PMEA), which suggests that PMEA was trapped inside the cells probably due to its negative charge. This explains that efflux of PMEA was relatively slow (25% of the intracellular amount in 3 hr). Enzymatic degradation of the prodrug by carboxylesterase was confirmed by incubation of bis(POM)-PMEA with purified enzyme (Km = 87 microM and Vmax = 9.5 microM/min). Incubation of bis(POM)-PMEA (10 microM) with cell homogenate of Caco-2 monolayers and pig small intestinal mucosa produced similar degradation profiles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of the bis(POM)-prodrug significantly enhances the intestinal permeability of PMEA. Intracellular trapping of PMEA in the intestinal mucosa may result in slow release of PMEA to the circulation after oral administration of bis(POM)-PMEA.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Galenical and Clinical Pharmacy, KULeuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Annaert
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kinget
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Naesens
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Clercq
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Augustijns
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D063065:Organophosphonates; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D063065:Organophosphonates; D011355:Prodrugs; C089823:bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine; C053001:adefovir; D000225:Adenine