title: High and low risk prostate carcinoma determined by histologic grade and proliferative activity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Histologic grade of differentiation is a strong prognostic factor for prostate carcinoma. However, most tumors fall in the intermediate group. Nuclear and nucleolar morphometry and analysis of the argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) were performed to improve prognosis, especially for patients with intermediate histologic grade tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Core needle biopsies from 65 patients with primary prostate carcinoma at diagnosis were studied. Patients received only hormone therapy. Formalin fixed and paraffin embedded sections were stained with the method of Ploton. The mean AgNOR count was calculated in 100 tumor cells for each case. Nuclear and nucleolar areas from 100 cells were measured with an automated image analyzer. One-way analysis of variance and uni- and multivariate survival analyses were used for statistical evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the whole series, World Health Organization (WHO) tumor grade, nuclear and nucleolar areas, and AgNOR counts were correlated with survival time. By multivariate analysis, only AgNOR counts retained independent prognostic significance. In WHO Grade 2 carcinoma, the 5-year survival rate for patients with AgNOR/cell < or = 7.84 was 77%, but was only 12% for those with higher counts (P < 0.0001). These survival rates were similar to those obtained when patients with WHO Grade 1 carcinoma and Grade 2 carcinoma plus low AgNOR counts were compared with patients with Grade 3 carcinoma and Grade 2 carcinoma plus high AgNOR counts. In Gleason intermediate Grade 6 and 7 carcinomas, the 5-year survival rate for patients with AgNOR/cell < or = 7.84 was 71%, but was only 7% for those having higher counts (P = 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nuclear and nucleolar areas, as well as AgNOR counts, supplement histologic grading in the prognostic assessment of prostate carcinoma in patients receiving only hormone therapy. AgNOR count also is a prognostic factor for patients with intermediate grade tumors. The combination of histologic grade and proliferative activity allows the stratification of patients into low and high risk groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Pathology, University of Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chiusa
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Galliano
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Formiconi
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Di Primio
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pich
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D002455:Cell Division; D002466:Cell Nucleolus / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005404:Fixatives; D005557:Formaldehyde; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009697:Nucleolus Organizer Region / Q000648:ultrastructure; D016612:Paraffin Embedding; D011379:Prognosis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012834:Silver; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D016707:Tissue Fixation
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005404:Fixatives; D005557:Formaldehyde; D012834:Silver