title: The student with a visual disability and a learning disability.
abstract: Existing studies indicate that between 14% and 65% of students with visual disabilities also have learning disabilities. The similar symptoms of the two conditions and the earlier identification of a visual disability often mask the presence of a learning disability. This article addresses definition, assessment, intervention, and future implications related to educational practices with students who have both learning and visual disabilities. The definitions of the two conditions are compared, emphasizing features that make identification difficult. The article examines common assessment procedures, describing approaches that are inappropriate for students who have low vision or blindness. Intervention approaches are described, including adaptations of the environment, enhancement of vision, instruction in compensatory skills, the use of learning strategies, and the availability of learning opportunities. Future directions include refinement of diagnostic approaches, and research related to the characteristics and instructional needs of students who have both visual and learning disabilities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Special Education and Rehabilitation, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721-0069, USA.
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Erin
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Koenig
mesh_terms: D001766:Blindness / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D003071:Cognition; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis