title: Percutaneous estradiol gel with an intrauterine levonorgestrel releasing device or natural progesterone in hormone replacement therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the bleeding patterns and clinical compliance associated with postmenopausal amenorrhea-inducing forms of hormone replacement therapy using either percutaneous estradiol-gel and a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device or an oral/vaginal natural progesterone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty postmenopausal women with an intact uterus were followed over 12 months in this open, non-randomised, parallel group study. All patients continuously received a gel containing 1.5 mg of estradiol daily. The women were divided into three groups on the basis of progestin administration. Twenty women (group I) had a levonorgestrel-releasing device (LNG-IUD) inserted at the beginning of the study. Twenty-one women (group II) received oral natural micronised progesterone (oral P) 100 mg daily during 25 calendar days each month, and 19 women (group III) used vaginal natural micronised progesterone (vaginal P) 100-200 mg daily during 25 calendar days each month (higher dose if spotting occurred). Clinic visits were at 0, 3, 6 and 12 months. Bleeding patterns were recorded by the patient in a diary and clinical compliance was evaluated at control visits during the treatment. Symptoms were recorded using a modified Kuppermann index. The serum estradiol concentration was determined at the 0, 6 and 12 month control visits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  80% (n = 16) of the patients in the LNG-IUD group, 67% (n = 14) in the oral P group II and 53% (n = 10) in the vaginal P group were without bleeding at 12 months. Spotting was common during the first 3 months. Symptom relief was good in each group. The LNG-IUD did not cause any serious side-effects. Compliance was good for LNG-IUD and oral progesterone but not for vaginal progesterone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous estradiol-gel associated with LNG-IUD is an appropriate method of hormone replacement therapy. The combination of oral natural progesterone with estradiol-gel is also useful, although bleeding episodes complicated the treatment in one third of the patients. The vaginal administration of natural progesterone was impractical due to bleeding disorders.
authors.affiliation: Kainuu Central Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Suvanto-Luukkonen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sundström
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Penttinen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Läärä
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pramila
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kauppila
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000282:Administration, Intravaginal; D002979:Climacteric / Q000187:drug effects*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005782:Gels; D006801:Humans; D007436:Intrauterine Devices, Medicated; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011374:Progesterone / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D016912:Levonorgestrel