title: Malonyl-CoA regulation in skeletal muscle: its link to cell citrate and the glucose-fatty acid cycle.
abstract: Malonyl-CoA is an inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, the enzyme that controls the oxidation of fatty acids by regulating their transfer into the mitochondria. Despite this, knowledge of how malonyl-CoA levels are regulated in skeletal muscle, the major site of fatty acid oxidation, is limited. Two- to fivefold increases in malonyl-CoA occur in rat soleus muscles incubated with glucose or glucose plus insulin for 20 min [Saha, A. K., T. G. Kurowski, and N. B. Ruderman. Am. J. Physiol. 269 (Endocrinol. Metab. 32): E283-E289, 1995]. In addition, as reported here, acetoacetate in the presence of glucose increases malonyl-CoA levels in the incubated soleus. The increases in malonyl-CoA in all of these situations correlated closely with increases in the concentration of citrate (r2 = 0.64) and to an even greater extent the sum of citrate plus malate (r2 = 0.90), an antiporter for citrate efflux from the mitochondria. Where measured, no increase in the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) was found. Inhibition of ATP citrate lyase with hydroxycitrate markedly diminished the increases in malonyl-CoA in these muscles, indicating that citrate was the major substrate for the malonyl-CoA precursor, cytosolic acetyl-CoA. Studies with enzyme purified by immunoprecipitation indicated that the observed increases in citrate could have also allosterically activated ACC. The results suggest that in the presence of glucose, insulin and acetoacetate acutely increase malonyl-CoA levels in the incubated soleus by increasing the cytosolic concentration of citrate. This novel mechanism could complement the glucose-fatty acid cycle in determining how muscle chooses its fuels. It could also provide a means by which glucose acutely modulates signal transduction in muscle and other cells (e.g., the pancreatic beta-cell) in which its metabolism is determined by substrate availability.
authors.affiliation: Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Saha
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vavvas
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Kurowski
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Apazidis
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Witters
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shafrir
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Ruderman
mesh_terms: D000090:Acetoacetates / Q000494:pharmacology; D000103:Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002951:Citrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008293:Malates / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008316:Malonyl Coenzyme A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000090:Acetoacetates; D002951:Citrates; D005227:Fatty Acids; D007328:Insulin; D008293:Malates; D019343:Citric Acid; C016635:acetoacetic acid; D008316:Malonyl Coenzyme A; C030298:malic acid; C007999:hydroxycitric acid; D000103:Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase; D005947:Glucose