title: An analysis of Michigan and California CO remote sensing measurements.
abstract: Remote sensing measurements of CO emissions from onroad vehicles were made in California in 1991 and in Michigan in 1992. It was determined that both fleets had a small linear increase in the high emitter frequency (vehicles emitting more than 4% CO) as a function of vehicle age for 1986 and newer model vehicles. Although high emitting vehicles were only a small minority of the fleet, they had a dominant impact on the mean CO and total CO emitted by the fleet. In Michigan, the highest emitting 5% of passenger cars generated 45% of the CO from cars. In California, the highest emitting 5% of passenger cars generated 38% of the CO from cars. There was a high correlation between the mean CO emitted by each model year of vehicle and the frequency of high emitting vehicles within the model year for both the Michigan and California fleets. The frequency of high emitters within any model year had no obvious relation to that model year's certification standards. The high emitter frequencies for vehicles less than nine years old were very similar for the California and Michigan fleets. An increase in the high emitter frequency in the ten-year-old and older Michigan passenger car fleet (relative to the California passenger car fleet), suggests, but does not conclusively demonstrate, that the rate of high emitters in Michigan and California is reduced by the inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs.
authors.affiliation: General Motors NAO Research and Development Center, Warren, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giles
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McAlinden
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Gorse
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: James
mesh_terms: D001336:Automobiles; D002140:California; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D008824:Michigan; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
chemical_list: D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D002248:Carbon Monoxide