title: Clinicopathological characteristics of stage 1 gastric cancer: comparison of macroscopic and microscopic findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laparoscopic surgery or endoscopic mucosal resection for early stages of gastric cancer have been introduced recently in many regions. In such cases, a precise diagnosis is needed prior to treatment, since understaging of gastric cancer may lead to treatment failure and impairment of curability and prognosis. The clinicopathological features of understaged cases in macroscopic Stage 1 gastric cancer have not been clarified yet.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 435 patients with intra-operative findings of macroscopic Stage 1 gastric cancer and compared clinicopathological features of 354 patients (Group A) with both macroscopic and histological stage 1 cancer and 81 patients (Group B) with macroscopic Stage 1 but histologically proven to be more advanced cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 435 patients with macroscopic Stage 1, there were 81 (18.6%) with histologically more advanced stages (44 of stage 2, 34 of stage 3, and 3 of stage 4). There were no statistical differences in age, sex, operative procedure, and extend of lymph node dissection between the groups. Carcinomas in the 81 Group B patients tended to have larger tumors (> 4 cm), located in the middle third and along the lesser curvature of the stomach, appeared to be Borrmann V type (unclassified type) and were histologically more often associated with undifferentiated type, INF-gamma, lymphovascular invasion, lymph node metastasis, and invasion into a layer deeper than submucosa, all of which resulted in significantly poorer prognosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pre-operative and intra-operative assessment of the stage for gastric cancer was not always accurate enough and about one fifth cases with macroscopic Stage 1 gastric cancer were understaged. Thus, we recommend gastrectomy plus radical lymphadenectomy (at least D2) for the treatment of choice, from the points of view of curability and prognosis when gastric carcinoma is associated with the above mentioned characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery II, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Baba
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohshiro
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kakeji
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kohnoe
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Maehara
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugimachi
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005743:Gastrectomy; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000032:analysis; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D011379:Prognosis; D012737:Sex Factors; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D015996:Survival Rate; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D007371:Interferon-gamma