Analysis of medication off-odors using an electronic nose.
Packaging materials have been implicated as a source for off-odors in pharmaceutical products. A new instrumentation method employing an array of conducting polymer gas sensors was used to identify the offending packaging components in the canister of a pharmaceutical inhalant. A case study is described in which tainted inhalers as well as elastomeric components of the canisters were 'sniffed' by the electronic nose. The electronic nose was able to differentiate between tainted and untainted canisters. Signal processing algorithms performed on the raw data from the sensors suggested that specific elastomeric components were responsible for the off-odor. A further experiment suggested that the propellant (Freon) extracted the odor from the elastomeric components as the medication was expelled from the canister. These data indicate that the electronic nose is a potential tool to solve odor problems in which human odor assessment is not feasible due to excess exposure to the medically active ingredient.
Schiffman
S S
SS
Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
Kermani
B G
BG
Nagle
H T
HT
D000336:Aerosols / Q000592:standards; D000465:Algorithms; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D005617:Chlorofluorocarbons, Methane / Q000737:chemistry; D004349:Drug Packaging / Q000592:standards*; D004563:Electrochemistry; D006801:Humans; D008838:Microcomputers; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers / Q000592:standards; D009812:Odorants / Q000032:analysis*; D011108:Polymers; D012015:Reference Standards; D012408:Rubber / Q000737:chemistry*
D000336:Aerosols; D005617:Chlorofluorocarbons, Methane; D011108:Polymers; D012408:Rubber