title: Improved perfusion with rt-PA and hirulog in a rabbit model of embolic stroke.
abstract: We conducted a study using diffusion-weighted (DWI) and perfusion-weighted (PWI) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate the efficacy of thrombolysis in an embolic stroke model with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and hirulog, a novel direct-acting antithrombin. DWI can identify areas of ischemia minutes from stroke onset, while PWI identifies regions of impaired blood flow. Right internal carotid arteries of 36 rabbits were embolized using aged heterologous thrombi. Baseline DWI and PWI scans were obtained to confirm successful embolization. Four animals with no observable DWI lesion on the initial scan were excluded; therefore, a total of 32 animals were randomized to one of three treatment groups: rt-PA (n = 11), rt-PA plus hirulog (n = 11), or placebo (n = 10). Treatment was begun 1 h after stroke induction. Intravenous doses were as follows: rt-PA, 5 mg/kg over 0.5 h with 20% of the total dose given as a bolus; hirulog, 1 mg/kg bolus followed by 5 mg/kg over 1 h. MRI was performed at 2, 3, and 5 h following embolization. Six hours after embolization, brains were harvested, examined for hemorrhage, then prepared for histologic analysis. The rt-PA decreased fibrinogen levels by 73%, and hirulog prolonged the aPTT to four times the control value. Posttreatment areas of diffusion abnormality and perfusion delay were expressed as a ratio of baseline values. Significantly improved perfusion was seen in the rt-PA plus hirulog group compared with placebo (normalized ratios of the perfusion delay areas were as follows: placebo, 1.58, 0.47-3.59; rt-PA, 1.12, 0.04-3.95; rt-PA and hirulog, 0.40, 0.02-1.08; p < 0.05). Comparison of diffusion abnormality ratios measured at 5 h showed trends favoring reduced lesion size in both groups given rt-PA (normalized ratios of diffusion abnormality areas were as follows: placebo, 3.69, 0.39-15.71; rt-PA, 2.57, 0.74-5.00; rt-PA and hirulog, 1.95, 0.33-6.80; p = 0.32). Significant cerebral hemorrhage was observed in one placebo, two rt-PA, and three rt-PA plus hirulog treated animals. One fatal systemic hemorrhage was observed in each of the rt-PA groups. We conclude that rt-PA plus hirulog improves cerebral perfusion but does not necessarily reduce cerebral injury. DWI and PWI are useful methods for monitoring thrombolysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Stanford University Medical Center, California, 94305, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Yenari
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Crespigny
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Schrier
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Albers
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Moseley
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Steinberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006629:Hirudins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002542:Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010960:Plasminogen Activators / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011817:Rabbits; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006629:Hirudins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D010960:Plasminogen Activators; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; C074619:bivalirudin