title: Thought disorder in schizophrenic and control adoptees and their relatives.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous research showed significantly elevated levels of thought disorder in the relatives of persons with schizophrenia, as well as in the persons with schizophrenia themselves. Comparisons of schizophrenic and control adoptees and their respective relatives provide a method for minimizing the confounding of genetic and environmental sources of familial resemblance and for elucidating whether the elevated levels of thought disorder in persons with schizophrenia and their relatives reflect the influence of shared genetic factors, shared environmental factors, or both. The present study provides the first such adoption-sample data on an operationally defined measure of thought disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Speech samples elicited by standard interview questions from schizophrenic and control adoptees and their respective biological and adoptive relatives were tape-recorded. Verbatim transcripts of these speech samples were scored, while unaware of the personal or family diagnoses of the subjects, using the Thought Disorder Index (TDI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean TDI scores were significantly higher in schizophrenic than in control adoptees and in biological relatives of the schizophrenic adoptees than in the biological relatives of the control adoptees, whereas the respective groups of adoptive relatives did not differ significantly. The differences were most marked for the samples of biological sibs and half sibs, which were larger and more representative than the samples of parents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that the elevated TDI scores in the relatives of persons with schizophrenia that have been found in other studies reflect the operation of genes increasing the liability for schizophrenia, rather than the rearing experiences that were shared in common with schizophrenic probands.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass, USA.
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Kinney
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Holzman
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jansson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Faber
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hildebrand
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kasell
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Zimbalist
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000300:Adoption; D000328:Adult; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology