Rejuvenation of the upper face. A logical gamut of surgical options.
The prime objective of forehead rejuvenation is to correct the factors that accentuate the impression of aging, namely, eyebrow ptosis, glabella frown lines, forehead wrinkles, and asymmetry. Options for forehead rejuvenation are undergoing a renaissance. With the wide variety of choices currently available, accurate analysis of the presenting problem is mandatory so that the appropriate surgical technique can be chosen. The less invasive endoscopic procedures have a low morbidity rate and great patient satisfaction. Not all patients are candidates for these procedures, however. A thorough knowledge of alternative methods, including botulinum injection, fat injection, fat grafting, and subcutaneous approaches to the brow, are necessary if optimal aesthetic results are to be accomplished. Having an armamentarium of forehead rejuvenation techniques is, therefore, the key to individualizing treatment for each patient.
Michelow
B J
BJ
Department of Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Guyuron
B
B
D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000637:transplantation; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004724:Endoscopy; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000601:surgery; D005546:Forehead / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D015361:Rhytidoplasty / Q000379:methods*
D001905:Botulinum Toxins