title: Formation of reactive oxygen species by spermatozoa from asthenospermic patients: response to treatment with pentoxifylline.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined the incidence of reactive oxygen species formation by spermatozoa from asthenospermic patients, and the relationship between reactive oxygen species formation and sperm motion parameters. We also assessed the efficacy of in vitro and in vivo pentoxifylline treatment of asthenospermic patients whose spermatozoa generated high reactive oxygen species levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reactive oxygen species formation by spermatozoa from asthenospermic patients and fertile volunteers was measured by chemoluminescence. Reactive oxygen species formation by the sperm preparations was investigated without stimulation (steady state), or after stimulation with N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (f-MLP) or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate. Spermatozoa from 15 asthenospermic patients whose spermatozoa produced high levels of reactive oxygen species at steady state were treated in vitro with pentoxifylline to determine its effect on reactive oxygen species generation and sperm motion parameters. These same 15 patients and 18 with asthenospermia whose spermatozoa did not produce reactive oxygen species at steady state were treated with pentoxifylline at 2 different dosages (300 and 1,200 mg. daily) to determine its effect on reactive oxygen species generation, sperm motion parameters and sperm fertilizing ability in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When reactive oxygen species formation was detected in the steady state that was not stimulated by f-MLP, the source of reactive oxygen species could be attributed to the spermatozoa themselves. Spermatozoa from 15 of 71 asthenospermic patients generated reactive oxygen species at steady state. Pentoxifylline decreased reactive oxygen species generation by spermatozoa in these patients, and preserved the decrease of curvilinear velocity and beat cross frequency for 6 hours in vitro. For these patients orally administered pentoxifylline failed to decrease reactive oxygen species generation by spermatozoa, and had no effect on sperm motility, sperm motion parameters and sperm fertilizing ability at low dosage (300 mg. daily). However, it increased motility and beat cross frequency at high dosage (1,200 mg. daily) but it had no effect on sperm fertilizing ability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stimulation of sperm preparations with f-MLP can identify the source of reactive oxygen species generated at steady state. Among asthenospermic patients there were some whose spermatozoa produced detectable steady state levels of reactive oxygen species. In this group pentoxifylline appeared to be effective for decreasing reactive oxygen species formation and preserving sperm motion parameters in vitro. Orally administered pentoxifylline had no effect at low dosage but it increased sperm motility and some sperm motion parameters without altering sperm fertilizing ability at high dosage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tatsumi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanzaki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arakawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamidono
mesh_terms: D005306:Fertilization / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010431:Pentoxifylline / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000187:drug effects*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D010431:Pentoxifylline