title: Improved results in the management of surgical candidates with lung cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Perioperative mortality and morbidity after lung resection for carcinoma are generally reported to be 3% to 6% and 15% to 30%, respectively, and higher in the elderly and those with limited cardiopulmonary reserve.
  
  
  METHODS
  To minimize this risk and extend the surgical option to more high-risk patients, we adopted a protocol in 1991 that included preoperative digitalis, subcutaneous heparin and venoocclusive stockings, aggressive perioperative pulmonary toilet, and video-directed limited resections for many patients with limited pulmonary reserve. In October 1996, we reviewed our results with 173 consecutive patients (median age, 60 years; range, 17 to 89 years) undergoing operation for suspected lung carcinoma. Forty-one patients were 70 years old or older, and 70 patients were considered high risk on the basis of advanced age (> or = 70 years), poor cardiac or pulmonary reserve, or serious medical comorbidity. Procedures included pneumonectomy (n = 31), lobectomy (n = 83), bilobectomy (n = 12), and limited resection (n = 45). Two patients had unresectable disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hospital mortality was 1.6% (3/173) and morbidity was experienced by 15% (26/173). Among the high-risk subgroup mortality was 4.2% (3/70) and morbidity was 20% (14/70; p < 0.03). For the older patients these values were 4.8% (2/41) and 17.9% (7/41), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Morbidity and mortality from lung resections may be minimized with the perioperative management strategy outlined above. This would allow more high-risk patients to benefit from surgical resection, and do so with an acceptably low risk.
authors.affiliation: Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73190, USA.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Knott-Craig
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Paulsen
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Elkins
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011013:Pneumonectomy; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome