title: Impact on clinical outcome of secondary brain insults during the neurointensive care of patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the occurrence and influence on outcome of secondary brain insults during neurointensive care of patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty one seriously ill patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage with a poor neurological grade, acute hydrocephalus, or intraventricular and/or intracerebral haemorrhages, who were referred as emergency cases to the neurosurgical intensive care unit during 1990 and 1991, comprised the study patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The follow up performed according to the Glasgow outcome scale 14 months (median) later showed 23 patients with good recovery (38%), 11 with moderate disability (18%), seven with severe disability (11%), and two in a vegetative state (3%); 18 patients had died (30%). Clinical outcome was significantly related to the CT modified Hunt and Hess grade (P = 0.006). In total, 164 secondary brain insults (potentially avoidable factors) of various types were seen at the unit during the first seven days after the haemorrhage. Patients with a favourable outcome had significantly fewer secondary insults than patients with an unfavourable outcome (P = 0.0008). The occurrence of insults in each patient was related to the neurological grade (CT modified Hunt and Hess grade, P = 0.05). Multivariate analysis with the CT modified Hunt and Hess grade and the number of secondary brain insults during the first week as explanatory variables and favourable outcome as the dependent variable, showed that the number of complications was a significant independent predictor of favourable outcome (beta = -0.38, SE(beta) = 0.17, P = 0.03), whereas the CT modified Hunt and Hess grade did not reach significance (beta = -1.2, SE(beta) = 0.81, P = 0.14).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical outcome after subarachnoid haemorrhage is at least partly determined by the number of secondary insults. Therefore, vigorous attempts should be made to avoid all events that may potentially increase the risk of secondary cerebral ischaemia. Prospective studies must be initiated to define the role of "priming" of the brain and the impact of specific individual secondary insults in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Enblad
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Persson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D007427:Intracranial Pressure; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*