title: A key for freshwater invertebrates using fuzzy logic.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This paper summarizes a biological key using a fuzzy logic expert system. This approach allows the user to make some errors, be uncertain about some answers and not answer questions if unsure, but have an opportunity to identify unknown specimens correctly. This approach was adopted in order to develop a 'forgiving' key for users with little or no prior knowledge of identification. The system was implemented using a multi-media expert system builder, 'Matcher', operating in a Microsoft Windows environment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The paper reports the design issues for a key to identify freshwater invertebrates to family level and describes the types of questions used within the key, the fuzzy inference engine, the structure of the system and the methodology adopted for testing it. Following this, an empirical test is reported of the hypothesis that a fuzzy logic expert system can improve identification accuracy for a sample of intended users. Finally, the discussion considers the practicalities of using such a system as an aid to organism identification.
authors.affiliation: School of Conservation Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole, Dorset, UK. lwinder@bournemouth.ac.uk
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Winder
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lefley
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005103:Expert Systems; D005618:Fresh Water; D017143:Fuzzy Logic; D007448:Invertebrates / Q000145:classification*; D008386:Marine Biology