Socioeconomic determinants of health: community marginalisation and the diffusion of disease and disorder in the United States.
This article describes the cascading diffusion of "inner city problems" of disease and disorder in the United States--from the huge marginalised inner city communities of the largest municipalities, first along national travel routes to smaller cities, and then from central cities into surrounding more affluent suburbs-following the pattern of the daily journey to work. Public policies and economic practices which increase marginalisation act to damage the "weak ties" of the community social networks which bind central city neighbourhoods into functioning units. Spreading disease and disorder can be interpreted as indices of the resulting social disintegration, which is driven by policy. This "failure of containment" in the United States should serve as a warning for cities in Europe against reducing the municipal and other services that they provide to "unpopular" subpopulations.
Wallace
R
R
New York Psychiatric Institute, New York 10032, USA. rdwall@ix.netcom.com
Wallace
D
D
D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology; D002391:Catchment Area, Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002958:City Planning; D003415:Crime / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D011204:Poverty Areas; D011634:Public Health / Q000639:trends*; D011640:Public Policy; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012924:Social Conditions; D012946:Social Welfare / Q000639:trends*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D014506:Urban Renewal