title: Screening cystoscopy and survival of spinal cord injured patients with squamous cell cancer of the bladder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Yearly cystoscopy has been advocated in spinal cord injured patients with chronic or recurrent urinary tract infections secondary to the increased risk of squamous cell cancer of the bladder. We examined the effectiveness of this protocol in our patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of all spinal cord injured patients with squamous cell cancer of the bladder between 1980 and 1996 were reviewed for the method of detection of the lesion. Screened patients (those presenting with chronic or recurrent urinary infections) were considered asymptomatic and were compared to symptomatic patients (those presenting with overt signs or symptoms of the bladder lesion) with respect to age, latency since spinal cord injury, treatment of neurogenic bladder, therapy, pathological stage and survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 14 patients (9 symptomatic at presentation) 13 underwent cystoprostatectomy, while 1 presented with metastatic disease and was treated with supportive care only. Three symptomatic patients received adjuvant radiation therapy for positive lymph nodes or margins. Pathological stage was more advanced in the symptomatic group, including 7 patients (78%) with stage pT3a or pT3b (4 had positive lymph nodes), 1 with stage pT1N0M0 and 1 with stage pT2N0M0 cancer. In the asymptomatic group 3 patients had stage pT2N0M0, 1 had stage pT3aN0M0 and 1 had pT3bN0M0 disease. Overall and cancer specific survival rates for symptomatic patients were 44 and 50%, respectively, with a median of 40 months to death. In the asymptomatic group there was 1 noncancer related death, while the remaining patients were alive at a mean followup of 8.2 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cystoscopy to screen for squamous cell cancer of the bladder in spinal cord injured patients with chronic or recurrent urinary tract infection results in an earlier stage at diagnosis and appears to convey a survival advantage. Such a protocol should be strictly followed and careful prospective studies must be performed to ascertain if this will become significant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, USA.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Navon
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Soliman
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Khonsari
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ahlering
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D003558:Cystoscopy; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D015996:Survival Rate; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology