title: Effects of three sedative protocols on glomerular filtration rate in clinically normal dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of 3 sedative protocols (butorphanol and diazepam [BD] IV; acepromazine and butorphanol [AB] IV; diazepam and ketamine [DK] IV) on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as measured by 99mTc DTPA nuclear scintigraphy and to compare them with GFR measured without sedation. Cardiovascular, respiratory, and sedative effects of each protocol also were measured.
  
  
  METHODS
  12 adult male Walker Hounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures and heart and respiratory rates were measured before, during, and after scintigraphic measurement of GFR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Difference in GFR was not significant between any of the sedative regimens and the control. The DK protocol caused significant increases in systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure; compared with the AB and BD protocols, it caused significant increases in heart rate versus all protocols, and was associated with the lowest mean GFR (2.80 ml/min/kg of body weight). The AB protocol caused significant decreases in systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures, compared with DK and the nonsedation protocols. Mean GFR for the BD protocol was 2.94 ml/min/kg, and was 3.13 ml/min/kg for the AB and the nonsedation protocols. The AB protocol provided the best sedation with minimal additional restraint required. The BD and nonsedation protocols often were associated with substantial dog movement. The DK protocol induced inadequate duration of immobilization (< 10 minutes) in some dogs and excitement in others.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GFR measurements obtained with any of the sedative protocols were not significantly different, compared with measurements in awake dogs. The AB protocol provides the best sedative effects and was associated with GFR values identical to those in awake dogs. Systemic hypotension caused by acepromazine did not decrease GFR in clinically normal dogs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Newell
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Ginn
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Heaton-Jones
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hyatt
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Cardwell
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Mauragis
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Harrison
mesh_terms: D000075:Acepromazine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000187:drug effects; D003975:Diazepam / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D000075:Acepromazine; D007649:Ketamine; D003975:Diazepam; D002077:Butorphanol