title: Low-dose sodium nitroprusside reduces pulmonary reperfusion injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reperfusion injury is a significant cause of early allograft dysfunction after lung transplantation. We hypothesized that direct pulmonary arterial infusion of an intravascular nitric oxide donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), would ameliorate pulmonary reperfusion injury more effectively than inhaled nitric oxide without causing profound systemic hypotension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using an isolated, ventilated, whole-blood-perfused rabbit lung model, we studied the effects of both inhaled and intravascular nitric oxide during lung reperfusion. Group I (control) lungs (New Zealand White rabbits, 3 to 3.5 kg) were harvested en bloc, flushed with Euro-Collins solution, and then stored inflated for 18 hours at 4 degrees C. Lungs were then reperfused with whole blood and ventilated with 60% oxygen for 30 minutes. Groups II, III, and IV received pulmonary arterial infusions of SNP at 0.2, 1.0, and 5.0 micrograms.kg-1.min-1, respectively, whereas group V was ventilated with 60% oxygen and nitric oxide at 80 ppm during reperfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pulmonary arterial infusions of SNP even at 0.2 microgram.kg-1.min-1 (group II) showed significant improvements in pulmonary artery pressure (31.35 +/- 0.8 versus 40.37 +/- 3.3 mm Hg; p < 0.05) and pulmonary vascular resistance (38,946 +/- 1,269 versus 52,727 +/- 3,421 dynes.s/cm-5; p < 0.05) when compared with control (group I) lungs after 30 minutes of reperfusion. Infusions of SNP at 1.0 microgram.kg-1.min-1 (group III) showed additional significant improvements in dynamic airway compliance (1.98 +/- 0.10 versus 1.46 +/- 0.02 mL/mm Hg; p < 0.05), venous-arterial oxygenation gradient (116.00 +/- 24.4 versus 34.43 +/- 2.5 mm Hg; p < 0.05), and wet-to-dry ratio (6.9 +/- 0.9 versus 9.1 +/- 2.2; p < 0.05) when compared with control (group I) lungs. Lungs that received inhaled nitric oxide at 80 ppm (group V) were significantly more compliant (1.82 +/- 0.13 versus 1.46 +/- 0.02 mL/mm Hg; p < 0.05) than control (group I) lungs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pulmonary arterial infusion of low-dose SNP during lung reperfusion significantly improves pulmonary hemodynamics, oxygenation, compliance, and edema formation. These effects were achieved at doses of SNP that did not cause profound systemic hypotension. Direct intravascular infusion of SNP via pulmonary arterial catheters could potentially abate reperfusion injury immediately after allograft implantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908, USA.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Binns
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Kanithanon
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Cope
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Chun
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Shockey
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Tribble
authors.forename: I L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Kron
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008168:Lung / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008170:Lung Compliance / Q000187:drug effects; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011817:Rabbits; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D009599:Nitroprusside