title: Interactions of aldosterone antagonist diuretics with human serum proteins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the binding mechanism of aldosterone antagonist diuretics with human serum proteins, human serum albumin (HSA) and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), as well as to identify the binding sites of the drugs on these proteins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Binding activities of spironolactone (SP) and its pharmacologically active metabolite canrenone (CR) to serum and serum protein were examined by ultrafiltration and spectroscopic techniques. The data for the binding of these drugs to HSA were analyzed on the basis of a theoretical model of simultaneous binding of the ligands.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The binding percentages of antagonist diuretics SP and CR to human serum proteins were 88.0% and 99.2%, respectively, at therapeutic concentrations. SP bound strongly only to HSA. In addition, the displacement results found using fluorescent probes and ultrafiltration methods demonstrated that SP bound to site I, particularly to the warfarin region on HSA, and to the basic binding site on AGP, while CR bound to the warfarin region on HSA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The limited results presented here stress the need for caution on coadministration of acidic drugs which bind to the warfarin region on HSA and basic drugs which bind to AGP with SP and its metabolite CR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takamura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maruyama
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suenaga
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Otagiri
mesh_terms: D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004232:Diuretics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011485:Protein Binding; D013148:Spironolactone / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D004232:Diuretics; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; D013148:Spironolactone