title: Chronic tumor necrosis factor alters T cell responses by attenuating T cell receptor signaling.
abstract: Repeated injections of adult mice with recombinant murine TNF prolong the survival of NZB/W F1 mice, and suppress type I insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. To determine whether repeated TNF injections suppress T cell function in adult mice, we studied the responses of influenza hemagglutinin-specific T cells derived from T cell receptor (HNT-TCR) transgenic mice. Treatment of adult mice with murine TNF for 3 wk suppressed a broad range of T cell responses, including proliferation and cytokine production. Furthermore, T cell responses of HNT-TCR transgenic mice also expressing the human TNF-globin transgene were markedly reduced compared to HNT-TCR single transgenic littermates, indicating that sustained p55 TNF-R signaling is sufficient to suppress T cell function in vivo. Using a model of chronic TNF exposure in vitro, we demonstrate that (a) chronic TNF effects are dose and time dependent, (b) TNF suppresses the responses of both Th1 and Th2 T helper subsets, (c) the suppressive effects of endogenous TNF produced in T cell cultures could be reversed with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to TNF, and (d) prolonged TNF exposure attenuates T cell receptor signaling. The finding that anti-TNF treatment in vivo enhances T cell proliferative responses and cytokine production provides evidence for a novel regulatory effect of TNF on T cells in healthy laboratory mice. These effects are more pronounced in chronic inflammatory disease. In addition, our data provide a mechanism through which prolonged TNF exposure suppresses disease in animal models of autoimmunity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA.
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Cope
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Liblau
authors.forename: X D
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Congia
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Laudanna
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Schreiber
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Probert
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kollias
authors.forename: H O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: McDevitt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D002118:Calcium / Q000502:physiology; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000378:metabolism; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000166:cytology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000502:physiology*; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000502:physiology; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007376:Interleukin-2; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D002118:Calcium