title: Solvent effects on the solubility and physical stability of human insulin-like growth factor I.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The solubility and physical stability of human Insulin-like Growth Factor I (hIGF-I) were studied in aqueous solutions with different excipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The solubility of hIGF-I was determined by UV-absorption and quantification of light blocking particles. The physical stability of hIGF-I was studied with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human IGF-I precipitated at low temperature in the presence of 140 mM benzyl alcohol and 145 mM sodium chloride. CD data showed that the tertiary structure of hIGF-I during these conditions was perturbed compared to that in 5 mM phosphate buffer. In the presence of benzyl alcohol 290 mM mannitol stabilized hIGF-I. Sodium chloride or mannitol by themselves had no effect on either the solubility or the tertiary structure. Benzyl alcohol was attracted to hIGF-I, whereas sodium chloride was preferentially excluded. The attraction of benzyl alcohol was reinforced by sodium chloride leading to salting-out of hIGF-I. The CD-data indicated interactions of benzyl alcohol with phenylalanine in hIGF-I. Thermal denaturation of hIGF-I occurred in all solutions with sodium chloride, whereas mannitol or benzyl alcohol had no effect on the thermal stability. The thermal stability of hIGF-I was thus decreased in 145 mM sodium chloride although it was excluded from hIGF-I.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The self-association and thermal aggregation of hIGF-I is driven by hydrophobic interactions. Benzyl alcohol is attracted to hIGF-I and induces changes in the tertiary structure causing hydrophobic attraction of the protein at low temperatures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Stockholm, Sweden. jonas.fransson@eu.pnu.com
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fransson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hallén
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Florin-Robertsson
mesh_terms: D001592:Benzyl Alcohols / Q000737:chemistry; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D002942:Circular Dichroism; D003720:Densitometry; D004355:Drug Stability; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000737:chemistry*; D012995:Solubility; D012997:Solvents; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: D001592:Benzyl Alcohols; D012997:Solvents; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I