Characterization of the pathogenic KU-SHIV model of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in macaques.
By animal-to-animal passage in macaques we derived a pathogenic chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) that caused CD4+ T cell loss and AIDS in pigtail macaques and used it to inoculate 20 rhesus and pigtail macaques by the intravaginal and intravenous routes. On the basis of the outcome of infection and patterns of CD4+ T cell loss and viral load, disease was classified into four patterns: acute, subacute, chronic, and nonprogressive infection. During the study period, 15 of the 20 animals developed fatal disease, including AIDS, encephalitis, pneumonia, and severe anemia. Opportunistic pathogens identified in these animals included Pneumocystis, cytomegalovirus, Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, and Candida. No single parameter by itself predicted outcome, although a combination of low CD4+ T cell counts in blood, high plasma virus levels, and presence of autoantibodies to red blood cells reliably predicted a fatal outcome. Five animals (25%) died within 3 months of inoculation and constituted the group with acute disease, whereas the nine animals (45%) with subacute disease died between 3 and 8 months postinoculation. This 70% mortality within 8 months is significantly shorter than in HIV-1-infected human beings, of whom 70% develop fatal disease a decade after infection. SHIV infection in macaques provides a useful model with which to evaluate antiviral strategies, combining all the advantages of the SIVmac system, yet using a virus bearing the envelope gene of HIV-1.
Joag
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SV
Marion Merrell Dow Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis and Department of Microbiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City 66160, USA.
Li
Z
Z
Foresman
L
L
Pinson
D M
DM
Raghavan
R
R
Zhuge
W
W
Adany
I
I
Wang
C
C
Jia
F
F
Sheffer
D
D
Ranchalis
J
J
Watson
A
A
Narayan
O
O
D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*; D000744:Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; D003298:Coombs Test; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D008254:Macaca nemestrina / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D016865:Reassortant Viruses / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D018449:SAIDS Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000145:classification / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D014766:Viremia / Q000097:blood
D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D015483:HIV Antibodies; D018449:SAIDS Vaccines