title: Internal and external carotid contributions to near-infrared spectroscopy during carotid endarterectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The internal carotid (ICA) and external carotid (ECA) contributions to changing concentrations of oxyhemoglobin (Hbo2) and deoxyhemoglobin (Hb) during carotid endarterectomy were assessed with the use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).
  
  
  METHODS
  NIRS optodes were placed on the forehead with an interoptode distance of 6 cm, and laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF) was used to monitor the change in skin blood flow between the optodes. Hb, Hbo2, LDF, arterial blood pressure, and middle cerebral artery flow velocity were recorded continuously. The ECA was clamped 2 minutes before the ICA was clamped. Suitable multimodal recordings were achieved in 44 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When the ECA was clamped, 76% of patients showed a fall in Hbo2 and 65% an increase in Hb. When corrected for changes in arterial blood pressure, an accompanying fall in cutaneous LDF predicted the fall in Hbo2 with high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%). Among those with no NIRS changes during ECA clamping, 56% had severe ECA stenosis or occlusion; none of these showed an accompanying fall in LDF. In contrast, when the ICA was clamped, substantial additional changes in NIRS occurred in 55% of cases, all of which were associated with a fall in flow velocity, but none with a change in LDF. Patients with a constant flow velocity after ICA clamping also showed no change in NIRS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the ECA and ICA vascular territories contribute to NIRS changes during carotid endarterectomy. The external carotid contribution to NIRS can be monitored with cutaneous LDF.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Cambridge Center for Brain Repair, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Smielewski
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: al-Rawi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Pickard
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kirkpatrick
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002342:Carotid Artery, External / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D003250:Constriction; D004691:Endarterectomy; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D008875:Middle Aged; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D014463:Ultrasonography