title: Peritoneal lymphatic stomata of the diaphragm in the mouse: process of their formation.
abstract: Lymphatic stomata are channels connecting the peritoneal cavity with the lymphatics in the diaphragm. The process of sequential formation of the stomata has not been studied. The objective of this study was to examine the morphogenesis of the lymphatic stomata in mice.
  
  
  
  Ultrathin sections of diaphragms from ddY mice obtained on embryonic day 18 and postnatal days 0, 4, and 10 were observed with a transmission electron microscope.
  
  
  
  By embryonic day 18 and postnatal day 0, lymphatics were already observed in the submesothelial connective tissue on the peritoneal side of the fetal diaphragm. The lymphatic endothelial cells, but not the mesothelial cells covering the diaphragm, protruded short cytoplasmic processes into the submesothelial connective tissue, and these almost reached the basal surfaces of individual mesothelial cells. By postnatal days 4 and 10, the lymphatic endothelial cells frequently protruded cytoplasmic processes into the submesothelial connective tissue, and the endothelial cell processes broke the continuity of both the basal lamina beneath the mesothelial cells and the submesothelial connective tissue. Neighboring endothelial processes formed a pair of U-shaped folds that were connected with each other via intercellular junctions at the apexes of the U-shaped folds. The disassembly of the intercellular junctions between the U-shaped folds was observed, and the basal surface of the mesothelial cell faced the lymphatic lumen. Dehiscence of the intercellular junctions between the mesothelial cells overlaying the lymphatics was observed, and lymphatic stomata were present. On the pleural side of the diaphragm, lymphatics were already present on embryonic day 18, but it was not observed that the endothelial process spanned the submesothelial connective tissue to the basal surface of the mesothelial cell.
  
  
  
  These results suggest the following process of the formation of the lymphatic stomata. (1) Neighboring lymphatic endothelial cells span the submesothelial connective tissue to the basal surfaces of mesothelial cells. (2) The lymphatic stomata are formed by the disassembly of the intercellular junctions between the neighboring endothelial cells and between the mesothelial cells overlying the endothelial cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy II, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakatani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mizukami
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shiraishi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamura
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000196:embryology* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004729:Endothelium, Lymphatic / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004848:Epithelium / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D007365:Intercellular Junctions / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008208:Lymphatic System / Q000196:embryology* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D024510:Muscle Development; D010529:Peritoneal Cavity / Q000196:embryology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D010994:Pleura / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011247:Pregnancy