title: Lifelikeness in multilayered digital prostheses.
abstract: The appearance of the skin is dependent on the optical properties of the various layers of tissue and the presence of pigments. In order to reproduce the lifelikeness of the skin in developing digital prostheses, a multiple layered moulding technique was utilised. The prosthesis was moulded in two coloured layers, an outer layer and an inner layer. Four combinations of multiple coloured layers and two single coloured layers varying in their optical properties and base colours were assessed. In two groups an additional intermediate layer of detailed colours was added between the two layers, to enhance the creaselines, nails, blood vessels, and other features. All prosthesis were moulded to a total thickness of 0.6 mm. This method of moulding was based on the anatomical characteristics of the epidermal and dermal layers of the skin and their optical characteristics. The aim was to determine which combination of multiple layers gave the best outcome and made the prosthesis look lifelike in appearance. The appearance and lifelikeness of the prostheses were qualitatively assessed by a panel of assessers divided according to their vocation. The study showed that the best combination for moulding the prosthesis in multiple layers was to have the outer layer translucent and the inner layer opaque. An intermediate layer should be incorporated to enhance the more prominent surface features and the nails. The base colour of the inner layer should be darker than the outer layer to allow the intermediate layer to have a reflective background.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Leow
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Kour
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Pho
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D004954:Esthetics; D005385:Fingers; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D011474:Prosthesis Design
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials