title: Vestibular areflexia as a cause of delayed motor skill development in children with the CHARGE association.
abstract: Six cases of the CHARGE association are described that were encountered consecutively at an institute for the deaf. Five of them showed external ear anomalies and according to expectations all of them showed some degree of hearing impairment: two had moderate mixed hearing loss; three had severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss; and one was completely deaf. In addition, they all had vestibular areflexia and the five cases examined with computer tomography of the petrosal bones showed aplasia of the semicircular canals. One case with poor visual acuity also showed subnormal optokinetic responses and horizontal pendular nystagmus during visual fixation. All these children were initially diagnosed as having severe psychomotor retardation, because of their failure to acquire speech and their delayed motor skill development. Given the fact that (mild) mental retardation was found in only one case, the delayed development could at least in part have been caused by vestibular areflexia. The vestibular findings support previously reported temporal bone findings that indicate dysplasia or aplasia of the superior part of the labyrinth. Early detection of the full extent of (multiple) sensory deficits is necessary in children with the CHARGE association who have similar abnormalities, because aggressive intervention and special educational support are likely to be of great benefit to sensorimotor development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Admiraal
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Huygen
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple; D000293:Adolescent; D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004519:Education, Special; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular; D006311:Hearing Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009759:Nystagmus, Pathologic; D010579:Petrous Bone / Q000002:abnormalities; D011596:Psychomotor Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D012027:Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular; D012665:Semicircular Canals / Q000002:abnormalities