title: Social and psychosocial factors predicting depression in old age: a longitudinal study.
abstract: The predictive value of social and psychosocial factors for the occurrence of depression in elderly Finns is described using a longitudinal design. A population determined as not being depressed in an epidemiological study in 1984-1985 was clinically interviewed and examined in a follow-up study in 1989-1990 (N = 679). The potential predictive factors for depression were analyzed by contrasting the persons depressed in 1989-1990 with the ones not depressed. In men, depression was predicted by a poor relationship with one's wife and feelings about low appreciation of old persons or of the participant himself during the initial study and the loss of a mother while under 20 years of age. Certain changes and life events during the follow-up were related to the occurrence of depression in men, such as a change in the relationship with one's wife into a poorer direction, a decrease in the amount of hobbies, getting married, a grandchild's divorce, separation from someone important, moving into long-term institutional care, giving up hobbies or a position in a voluntary organization, and alcohol problems of a close person. In women, depression was predicted by living together with one's husband, living with other people, and a low activity in participating in religious events during the initial study and a loss of father while under 20 years of age. The risk of women living alone was lower compared to women not living alone. Also, certain changes and life events during the follow-up were associated with a high risk of depression in women, including a change in the relationship with one's neighbors into a poorer direction, an increase in the amount of time spent alone, a decline of the social activity level, getting married, occurrence of serious marital problems, separation from someone important, giving up hobbies or a position in a voluntary organization, alcohol problems of a close person, and a small number of social growth events. The results support the hypothesis about psychosocial factors playing a role in the etiology of depression in old age.
authors.affiliation: University of Oulu, Department of Public Health Science and General Practice, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kivelä
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Köngäs-Saviaro
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Laippala
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pahkala
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kesti
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008016:Life Change Events; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008393:Marriage / Q000523:psychology; D010553:Personality Development; D012307:Risk Factors; D012931:Social Environment