title: Virtual reality for orthognathic surgery: the augmented reality environment concept.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to apply virtual reality technology to osteotomies of the facial skeleton.
  
  
  METHODS
  Augmented reality can be considered a hybrid of virtual and real environment spaces, which are coregistered and simultaneously visualized. Using a see-through HMD (head-mounted display) and Interventional Video Tomography intraoperatively, partial visual immersion into a patient-related virtual data space augments the surgeon's perception as shown in an experimental study and clinical applications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Without limiting the surgical judgment, offering continuous observation of the operating field, the presented technology additionally provides visual access to invisible data of anatomy, physiology, and function and thus guarantees unencumbered and fluent surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite current shortcomings, augmented reality technology proved to be particularly well suited for use in osteotomies of the facial skeleton.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rasse
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Millesi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ewers
mesh_terms: D019412:Anatomy, Cross-Sectional; D003196:Computer Graphics; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D019340:Osteotomy, Le Fort / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010780:Photogrammetry; D014741:Video Recording