title: Time off work and the postpartum health of employed women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Parental and maternity leave policies are a popular fringe benefit among childbearing employed women and a benefit employers frequently are required to offer. However, few rigorous evaluations of the effect of maternal leave on maternal health exist.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a hybrid of the household and health production theories of Becker and Grossman and a sample of women identified from state vital statistics records, a nonlinear relationship between maternal postpartum health and time off work after childbirth was estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For women taking more than 12 weeks leave, time off work had a positive effect on vitality. With more than 15 weeks leave, time off work had a positive effect on maternal, mental health, and with more than 20 weeks leave, time off work had a positive effect on role function. Subjects' mental health scores were comparable and vitality scores slightly lower than age- and gender-specific norms; 70% of women studied reported role function limitations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest employed women experience problems in well-being at approximately seven months postpartum. Variables associated with improved health include: longer maternity leaves, fewer prenatal mental health symptoms, fewer concurrent physical symptoms, more sleep, increased social support, increased job satisfaction, less physical exertion on the job, fewer infant symptoms, and less difficulty arranging child care.
authors.affiliation: Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minnepolis 55455, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McGovern
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dowd
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gjerdingen
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Moscovice
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kochevar
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lohman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002755:Choice Behavior; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008429:Maternal Welfare; D008603:Mental Health; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D016524:Parental Leave; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011788:Quality of Life; D012380:Role; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014931:Women, Working