title: Normothermic retrograde blood cardioplegia with or without preceding ischemic preconditioning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preconditioning has been suggested as the most powerful mechanism of myocardial protection against prolonged ischemia. However, whether preconditioning offers additional benefits over cardioplegia during coronary artery bypass grafting is not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting were randomized into two groups. After aortic cross-clamping, group 1 received antegrade blood and blood cardioplegia followed by normothermic retrograde blood cardioplegia (controls), whereas group 2 patients were subjected to 5 minutes of global ischemia followed by reperfusion with antegrade and retrograde blood cardioplegia (preconditioned). The transcardiac differences in oxygen saturation, pH, and lactate were measured during cardiopulmonary bypass. Myocardial biopsy specimens were taken from half of the patients for adenosine triphosphate determination. The extent of myocardial injury was estimated by monitoring the postoperative leakage of creatine kinase-MB and troponin T. Immediate hemodynamic recovery and postoperative complications were also observed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 5-minute preconditioning induced marked lactate and acid production, and myocardial adenosine triphosphate levels tended to decrease. The heart continued to produce lactate and acid during retrograde cardioplegia, but the transcardiac pH and lactate differences were similar in both groups. Adenosine triphosphate level measured at the end of the cross-clamp period was decreased to a half and one third of the preclamp values in the control and preconditioned groups, respectively. The postoperative creatine kinase-MB and troponin T effluxes tended to be more elevated in the preconditioned group, yet hemodynamic recovery and the number of postoperative complications were similar in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that a 5-minute preconditioning ischemia does not offer any additional benefits over normothermic retrograde blood cardioplegia during coronary artery bypass grafting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Oulu University Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Kaukoranta
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Lepojärvi
authors.forename: K V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Ylitalo
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Kiviluoma
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Peuhkurinen
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000032:analysis; D000368:Aged; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D007527:Isoenzymes; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D013696:Temperature; D014336:Troponin / Q000097:blood; D020107:Troponin T
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D014336:Troponin; D020107:Troponin T; D019344:Lactic Acid; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D003402:Creatine Kinase