An anatomic approach to local anesthesia for surgery of the nose and paranasal sinuses.
This is a review of the innervation of the midface and nose as a guide to anesthesia in this region. Through an understanding of the embryologic development, better predictions of nerve coverage are possible. The variables encountered during surgery can be appreciated, and in a practical sense this leads to anesthetic approaches that allow comfortable and controlled surgery in this area.
Rontal
M
M
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Farmington Hills, Michigan 48334, USA.
Rontal
E
E
Anon
J B
JB
D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D006801:Humans; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000601:surgery*; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000601:surgery*