title: Detection of subtle changes in the brains of infants and children via subvoxel registration and subtraction of serial MR images.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare conventional two-dimensional multisection images with registered three-dimensional volume and subtraction images for detecting subtle changes in the brains of infants and children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six patients (24 with hemorrhagic/ischemic lesions) and one each with perinatal infection and Sturge-Weber disease were examined on two or more occasions with conventional multisection T1- and T2-weighted sequences as well as with 3-D T1-weighted volume sequences. A registration program was used to match the volume images to subvoxel dimensions, and subtracted images (second volume set minus the first) were obtained. The multisection images were compared with the 3-D and subtracted images and graded for detection of changes in a variety of brain structures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 16% to 33% of comparisons of different structures, the multisection images and the 3-D registered and subtracted images showed changes equally well. The 3-D registered and subtracted images were better than the multisection images in 67% to 84% of comparisons for detection of changes in the cerebral hemispheres, ventricles, brain stem, cerebellum, and in lesions. Statistically significant differences were found between the graded performance of the registered 3-D images and the conventional 2-D images in detecting cerebral infarction and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. In the late phase following neonatal cerebral infarction (1 to 11 months), the 3-D registered and subtracted images revealed growth of the brain at the margins of the lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subvoxel registration of serial MR images may be of value in detecting subtle changes in the brains of infants and children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Neonatal Medicine, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rutherford
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pennock
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Cowan
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saeed
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Hajnal
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Bydder
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology*; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity