Limb morphogenesis: connections between patterning and growth.
Limb development is a complex process involving precise control of both patterning and growth. Great strides have been made in understanding limb morphogenesis and identifying essential patterning genes in Drosophila. Differential expression of these genes divides the future limb into territories, which will give rise to different regions of the adult appendage. Recent analyses have defined the role of territorial boundaries as organizers of both patterning and growth, highlighting the connection between these two processes. The organizing activity of territorial boundaries seems to be mediated through the activity of two locally produced morphogens: Wingless and Decapentaplegic. We propose a model in which these two molecules, distributed in a graded fashion, act in synergy to promote growth of the entire appendage. We also suggest that existence of growth inhibitors that counteract the action of Wingless and Decapentaplegic; by opposing the gradient of these growth factors, the inhibitors guide the near-uniform proliferation that shapes the imaginal discs from which the adult appendages are formed in Drosophila.
Serrano
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Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0448, USA.
O'Farrell
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D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D019070:Cell Lineage; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004627:Embryonic Induction; D005121:Extremities / Q000196:embryology* / Q000254:growth & development; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D017344:Genes, Insect; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D007814:Larva / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008954:Models, Biological; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000235:genetics; D009928:Organ Specificity; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D019076:Transgenes; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development; D051155:Wnt1 Protein
D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D019476:Insect Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051155:Wnt1 Protein; C064196:dpp protein, Drosophila; C074622:wg protein, Drosophila