title: Phototoxic reactions caused by sodium fluorescein.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report three cases of phototoxic reactions to intravenous fluorescein for retinal angiography and to describe provocative testing in a volunteer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three patients with phototoxic reactions were interviewed, and one volunteer underwent a controlled challenge test by applying a potent sunscreen and exposing skin areas to direct sunlight before and after fluorescein administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients experienced marked cutaneous erythema, edema, and pain to sun-exposed areas within 1 hour of exposure. The reaction faded during a variable period of time, and one case resulted in mild epidermal desquamation and prolonged discomfort. We noted minimal skin changes in the volunteer who was exposed to the sun before fluorescein administration; however, marked blanching erythema and pain were noted after fluorescein administration and sunlight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consistent with its in vitro properties as a photodynamic dye, fluorescein may rarely act as a phototoxic agent in humans at doses employed for fluorescein angiography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA. rdanis@wpo.iupui.edu
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Danis
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stephens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017484:Dermatitis, Phototoxic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D019793:Fluorescein; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005452:Fluoresceins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply; D013472:Sunlight
chemical_list: D005452:Fluoresceins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D019793:Fluorescein