title: Tendonitis of the branches of insertion of the superficial digital flexor tendon in horses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe clinical findings, ultrasonographic features and outcome of injury to the branches of insertion of the superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendon in horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study of 14 cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen Thoroughbred horses with tendonitis affecting the branches of insertion of the SDF tendon were examined for lameness, location and amount of swelling, and the presence of other musculoskeletal abnormalities. The flexor tendons were assessed by ultrasonographic examination, and recommendations were made for management of the cases. Outcome was assessed by re-examination of some horses, direct communication with the owner or trainer, and examination of race records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lateral SDF branch was affected in 10 horses; the medial branch in three, and both branches in one horse. Two horses had concurrent injuries to the SDF tendon in the metacarpal region of the contralateral limb. Ultrasonographic findings included swelling of the affected SDF branch, peritendinous fluid accumulation, disruption of normal fibre alignment on sagittal scan, and variable loss of echogenicity. As healing occurred, there was return of normal echogenicity, but normal fibre alignment did not return completely and apparent adhesions formed between the affected SDF branch and adjacent structures. Seven of 10 horses which returned to their previous use were able to compete without further tendon injury. Recurrence of injury occurred in one case, and another two horses developed tendonitis in the metacarpal region. One horse was retired from racing but was able to compete at dressage without recurrence of injury. Two horses were retired for breeding without returning to training, and one horse was sold and lost to follow up but did not race.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prognosis is fair for return to previous use following injury to the branches of insertion of the SDF tendon in athletic horses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Burbidge
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002350:Carpus, Animal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D006736:Horses; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D052256:Tendinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary; D013710:Tendons / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary