title: Useful applications and limits of battery powered implants in functional electrical stimulations.
abstract: Battery powered stimulation implants have been well-known for a long time as heart pacemakers. In the last few years, fully implantable stimulators have been used in the field of functional electrical stimulation (FES) for applications like dynamic cardiomyoplasty and electro-stimulated graciloplasty for fecal incontinence. The error rate of battery powered implants is significantly smaller than that for conventional stimulator systems, and the quality of life for the patients is increased because the need for an external power and control unit is eliminated. The use of battery powered implants is limited by the complexity of the stimulation control strategies and the battery capacity. Therefore, applications like the stimulation of lower extremities for walking, cochlea stimulation, or direct muscle stimulation cannot be supported. The improvement of implantable batteries, microcontrollers, and ultralow power products is ongoing. In the future, battery powered implants will also meet the requirements of complex applications. Systems for restoration of hand and breathing functions after spinal cord injury can be the next field of use for battery powered implants. For these purposes, we developed a battery powered multichannel implant with a sufficient life span for phrenic pacing. The problems during development and the limits of this system are described in this paper.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, University of Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lanmüller
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bijak
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mayr
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rafolt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sauermann
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thoma
mesh_terms: D018421:Cardiomyoplasty; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000592:standards; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted / Q000592:standards*; D004576:Electromyography / Q000592:standards; D006225:Hand / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D012119:Respiration / Q000502:physiology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*