title: Effect of delayed administration of activated charcoal on the absorption of conventional and slow-release verapamil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of simultaneous and delayed administration of activated charcoal on the absorption of two verapamil formulations.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the first study, 9 healthy volunteers received the following treatments: 1) verapamil 80 mg (conventional formulation) with 50 mL water only, 2) verapamil 80 mg and 25 g activated charcoal immediately afterwards, and 3) verapamil 80 mg with 50 mL water, followed by 25 g charcoal 2 h after verapamil ingestion. In the second study, 8 healthy volunteers received the following treatments: 1) verapamil 240 mg (slow-release formulation) with 50 mL water only, 2) verapamil slow-release 240 mg and 25 g activated charcoal immediately afterwards, 3) verapamil slow-release 240 mg with 50 mL water, followed by 25 g charcoal 2 h after verapamil ingestion, and 4) verapamil slow-release 240 mg with 50 mL water, followed by 25 g charcoal 4 h later. Plasma verapamil concentrations over 24 h were measured by high performance liquid chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Activated charcoal given immediately after the conventional formulation of verapamil reduced the AUC0-24 h by 99% (p < 0.0005) and the Cmax by 98% (p < 0.0005). When the administration of charcoal was delayed 2 h, no significant change in verapamil absorption was observed. With the slow-release formulation of verapamil, charcoal given immediately after verapamil ingestion reduced the verapamil AUC0-24 h by 86% (p = 0.001) and the Cmax by 82% (p = 0.002). When the administration of charcoal was delayed 2 or 4 h, the AUC0-24 h was reduced by 35% (p = 0.04) and 32% (p = 0.001), respectively, but the Cmax was decreased by 13% (p = NS) and 9% (p = NS) only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Activated charcoal was effective in preventing absorption of verapamil when it was administered immediately after verapamil ingestion. In the case of slow-release formulation, charcoal reduced verapamil absorption by over 30% even when given 4 h after verapamil.
authors.affiliation: University of Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Laine
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Kivistö
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Neuvonen
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000327:Adsorption; D000328:Adult; D000931:Antidotes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002606:Charcoal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D012015:Reference Standards; D014700:Verapamil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000931:Antidotes; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D002606:Charcoal; D014700:Verapamil