title: Treatment of cyclophosphamide induced hemorrhagic cystitis with neodymium:YAG laser in pediatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hemorrhagic cystitis is a significant and sometimes fatal complication of cyclophosphamide therapy. We report our recent experience using a neodymium (Nd):YAG laser to treat 3 pediatric patients with cyclophosphamide induced cystitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between May 1994 and March 1995 we treated 3 pediatric patients 6 to 8 years old with an Nd:YAG laser for severe hemorrhagic cyclophosphamide induced cystitis. All patients presented with gross hematuria and conservative measures failed. The Nd:YAG laser (20 watts and 2-second pulse mode) was used to fulgurate bleeding endoscopically. All patients required 2 laser treatment sessions with a total energy range of 8,011 to 16,595 J. and strict parameters to avoid small bowel injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 3 patients had resolution of gross hematuria with Nd:YAG therapy. They were discharged home within 3 days after repeat laser treatment with grossly clear urine and stable hematocrit. At followup of 11 to 18 months the patients have grossly clear urine and they are free of symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our experience suggests that the Nd:YAG laser can be effective and safe for treating refractory cyclophosphamide induced hemorrhagic cystitis in pediatric patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, University of California at Irvine, Orange, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gweon
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shanberg
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003556:Cystitis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000601:surgery*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D017075:Laser Coagulation; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D003520:Cyclophosphamide