title: Textural analysis and flow rheometry of novel, bioadhesive antimicrobial oral gels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the rheological and textural characteristics (hardness, compressibilty, adhesiveness and cohesiveness) of bioadhesive oral gels containing the antimicrobial agent chlorhexidine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Textural analysis was performed using a Stable Micro Systems texture analyser (model TA-XT 2) in texture profile analysis (TPA) mode. In this, an analytical probe was twice compressed into each formulation to a defined depth (15 mm) and at defined rates (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 mm s-1), allowing a delay period (15 s) between the end of the first and beginning of the second compressions. Flow rheograms were performed using a Carri-Med CSL2-100 rheometer with parallel plate geometry under controlled shearing stresses at 20.0 +/- 0.1 degrees C.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All formulations exhibited pseudoplastic flow with thixotropy. Increasing concentrations of each polymer significantly increased formulation hardness, compressibility, adhesiveness and zero-rate viscosity. Increased hardness and compressibility were due to the attendent increased viscosities of these formulations. Increased adhesiveness was related to the concentrations of the (bioadhesive) polymers employed in these formulations and, in addition, was dependent on the physical state of polycarbophil. Formulation viscosity contributed to product adhesiveness, reflecting the importance of product rheology on this parameter. Decreased formulation cohesiveness, observed as the concentrations of the PVP, PC and HEC (3-5% w/w) were increased, was due an increase in semi-solid character. Numerical values of hardness, compressibility and adhesiveness were affected by the choice of probe speed, a parameter related to rate of shear in flow rheometry. Statistical interactions were observed and were assigned to the effects of HEC on the physical state of PVP (dissolved or dispersed) and PC (swollen or unswollen).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has demonstrated both the applicability of textural analysis for the mechanical characterisation of bioadhesive semi-solid gel systems and, additionally, the direct influence of viscosity on the parameters defined by textural analysis, namely, hardness, compressibility and adhesiveness.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Queen's University of Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Northern Ireland, UK. d.jones@qub.ac.uk
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Woolfson
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000269:Adhesives / Q000737:chemistry*; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005782:Gels / Q000737:chemistry*; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D000269:Adhesives; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D005782:Gels; D002710:Chlorhexidine