title: Macromolecular interstitial clearance, tumour vascularity, other prognostic factors and breast cancer survival.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clearance of large molecules from the interstitial space is an important function of lymphatics and is affected by local pathologic changes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if the clearance rate of interstitially injected albumin is correlated to tumour characteristics and outcome in women with invasive breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a consecutive series of women coming to biopsy for suspected breast cancer, technetium-tagged albumin was injected into the tissue adjacent to the palpable mass. The isotope disappearance rate was measured over two hours. Also assessed were the maximum vessel density (MVD-using Factor VIII polyclonal antisera), the proliferation rate (using Ki-67 antisera), node status, tumour size, histologic and nuclear grade, mitotic rate, and p53 and c-erbB-2 oncoproteins. All patients were followed until relapse and for a minimum of 10 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In multivariate analysis, an association between relapse-free survival and isotope clearance rate was suggested (p = 0.024). The best outcome was seen in patients with the least isotope clearance. Node status, size, histologic and nuclear grade, and mitotic rate correlated with survival. MVD did not correlate with survival and was inversely related to the isotope clearance rate. Tumour proliferation rate, and the c-erbB-2 and p53 oncoproteins did not relate to outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The role of lymphatics in breast cancer is difficult to study. Measurement of interstitial clearance may be a useful technique and could be a prognostic factor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Sterns
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: SenGupta
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zee
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000378:metabolism; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008875:Middle Aged; D008938:Mitosis / Q000502:physiology; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53