title: Anatomic considerations of the lumbar isthmus.
abstract: METHODS
  A morphometric study of lumbar isthmus from L1 to L5 on 30 dried lumbar spines was conducted.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide anatomic data about the lumbar isthmus and to quantitatively evaluate structural features of the lumbar isthmus and its relationship to adjacent anatomic structures.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  There are very few anatomic studies about the lumbar isthmus, and no study describes the relationship of the lumbar isthmus to its adjacent structures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Direct measurements using digital calipers and a goniometer were taken from 30 dried lumbar spines. Anatomic evaluation focused on the lumbar isthmus and its related structures, the isthmus pedicle, and superior and inferior facets. Seven linear and four angular parameters of the lumbar isthmus were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The length of the superior edge of the isthmus gradually increased from L2 to L5 (from 8.22 +/- 1.43 mm at L2 to 10.44 +/- 1.90 mm at L5), and that of its inferior edge progressively decreased from L2 to L5 (from 8.67 +/- 1.76 mm at L2 to 6.34 +/- 1.74 mm at L5). The superoinferior diameter of the isthmus decreased from L3 to L5 (from 13.87 +/- 1.77 mm at L3 to 13.26 +/- 2.49 mm at L5). The superior edge of the isthmus was the thinnest at L4 (1.62 +/- 0.58 mm), and its thickness inferiorly increased from L1 to L5 (from 6.71 +/- 1.47 mm at L1 to 7.76 +/- 1.08 mm at L5). The medial and caudal inclination of the isthmus with respect to the pedicle gradually increased from L1 to L5 (from 112.3 degrees +/- 13.8 degrees at L1 to 119.2 degrees +/- 11.2 degrees at L5 medial inclination and from 132.5 degrees +/- 8.8 degrees at L2 to 139.0 degrees +/- 12.1 degrees at L5 caudal inclination, respectively). The dimensions of the lumbar isthmus were positively correlated to dimensions of the pedicle and orientations of the facets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides detailed anatomic data of the lumbar isthmus. Anatomic parameters of the lumbar isthmus are related to the vertebral levels and have a significant correlation with the angles of the facets and the dimensions of the pedicles. The vulnerability of the pars interarticularis of the fifth lumbar vertebra has been anatomically confirmed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, USA.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Ebraheim
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Biyani
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Yeasting
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D012727:Sex Characteristics