title: Alcohol estimation at necropsy: epidemiology, economics, and the elderly.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To gather data on blood alcohol concentrations in a forensic necropsy population and to analyse the information on trends that may predict where alcohol testing is going to prove cost-effective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Alcohol assays were performed on blood, urine, and vitreous samples in 1620 consecutive medicolegal necropsy examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alcohol was detected in only 7% of natural deaths from all causes and in four of 40 deaths categorised as unknown/obscure. Alcohol concentrations > or = 350 mg/100 ml were found in nine drug/alcohol abuse deaths (range 362-506 mg/100 ml), five accidental deaths (356-504 mg/100 ml), and one homicide victim (400 mg/100 ml). Those categorised as alcohol abusers were represented in all but one category of death (unknown/obscure deaths in males), showing that many true alcoholics die with their alcoholism rather than of it; 39% of males and 34% of females with histories of alcohol abuse had alcohol present in their blood at necropsy at concentrations > or = 50 mg/100 ml, v only 9% (male) and 6% (female) without such history.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study highlights the problems of elderly and "hidden" alcoholics and illustrates cases where routine assays would provide additional significant information. Routine alcohol testing is useful in all cases of suspected unnatural death but universal testing of forensic necropsies is not cost-effective.
authors.affiliation: London Medicolegal Centre.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Sadler
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Pounder
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis; D002423:Cause of Death; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D000431:Ethanol / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005554:Forensic Medicine / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017678:Sex Distribution; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol