title: Vesicoureteral reflux in children: incidence and severity in siblings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We attempted to determine the incidence of vesicoureteral reflux in asymptomatic siblings of children with reflux at different ages and assess the incidence of renal damage in asymptomatic siblings with reflux.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed radionuclide cystograms of 482 consecutively referred siblings of children with vesicoureteral reflux, including 295 girls and 187 boys 2 weeks to 12.8 years old (mean age 2.8 years). Ultrasonograms and renal cortical scintigrams of children with reflux were evaluated. All siblings were considered asymptomatic by the referring physicians.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall incidence of vesicoureteral reflux was 36.5%, and the incidence in girls and boys was 39.3 and 32.1%, respectively. Children 24 months old or younger had the highest incidence (45.7%) and the highest risk of bilateral reflux. From ages 25 to 72 months the incidence of reflux was 33.1% and in siblings older than 72 months it was 7%. Reflux of urine to the level of the renal pelvis was detected in 28.6% of all referred siblings. Renal damage was observed on sonography or scintigraphy in 4.7% of the siblings with reflux.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high incidence of vesicoureteral reflux through age 72 months indicates that it is important to screen siblings of children with reflux at an early age to prevent renal damage, which can occur in the absence of symptomatic urinary tract infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology (Division of Nuclear Medicine), Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Treves
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zurakowski
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Share
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bar-Sever
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Bauer
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics