title: Combined modality treatment with selective bladder conservation for invasive bladder cancer: long-term tolerance in the female patient.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the physical, psychological, social, and organ-specific long-term treatment sequelae occurring in women with muscle-invading bladder carcinoma treated with combined modality therapy that allowed for bladder conservation in 67% of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with muscle-invading (T2-4a,Nx,M0) bladder cancer were treated with maximal transurethral resection followed by induction chemoradiotherapy (cisplatin x 2 plus 40 Gy pelvic irradiation or the same preceded by 2 cycles of methotrexate, cisplatin, and vinblastine) between the years 1986 and 1994. Women who had a complete response and all those who were not candidates for cystectomy received consolidation therapy of additional cisplatin and tumor boost to 64.8 Gy. Women who were incomplete responders and those who developed recurrent invasive tumor underwent immediate radical cystectomy. Forty-two women were treated with this approach, 21 of whom (median age, 69 years; median follow-up time, 56 months) were available for and underwent a structured interview of treatment and health-related issues using a quantitative symptom score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 21 patients have full urinary continence and no dysuria. Nineteen report unchanged or improved bladder capacity and function. No patient reported loss of bowel continence. Of the five women who were sexually active, two report an increase in intercourse frequency and one noted a decrease. There is no decrease in intercourse satisfaction or orgasm, and no dyspareunia or vaginal bleeding was noted. Eleven patients reported high levels of anxiety related to their bladder cancer before treatment. This was significantly reduced or absent in 9 of 11 after treatment. Actuarial overall survival for all 42 women was 58% at 5 years. Actuarial overall survival with an intact bladder was 47% at 5 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that overall survival is high when chemoradiation and transurethral resection are used in potential bladder-sparing protocols for muscle-invading transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in women. Furthermore, 67% of the women, including most long-term survivors, retain their bladders. The functional quality of the conserved organ, the rectum, and the vagina, as reported by the patients, was excellent.
authors.affiliation: Genitourinary Oncology Unit, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kachnic
authors.forename: W U
authors.initials: WU
authors.lastname: Shipley
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Zietman
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Althausen
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Heney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D011878:Radiotherapy; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures