title: Measurement of the peripheral dose for the tangential breast treatment technique with Co-60 gamma radiation and high energy X-rays.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Published data to estimate the dose outside the primary beam, i.e. the peripheral dose (PD), are only valid for perpendicularly incident beams. In radiotherapy of breast cancer patients often a tangential beam technique is used, for which the published PD data cannot be applied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measurements were made in a water phantom for three sizes of a breast phantom, representing a small, medium, and large breast. Open and wedged beams were used. Photon energies were 60Co gamma radiation and 6- to 25-MV X-rays. The PD was also determined in a humanoid phantom. To check the validity of the phantom measurements, the PD was measured in 50 patients referred to this institute for radiotherapy of the breast.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean of the ratios of the measured to the estimated PD was 1.12, with a standard deviation of 26%. The data set was used to estimate the fetal dose for a 'standard' patient, as a function of stage of pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The measurements have resulted in a data set, which enables calculation of the peripheral dose for the tangential beam technique. The accuracy is considered to be adequate for risk assessment.
authors.affiliation: Dr. Bernard Verbeeten Institute for Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Department of Clinical Physics, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Van der Giessen
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000528:radiation effects; D005720:Gamma Rays; D006801:Humans; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011247:Pregnancy; D011252:Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011835:Radiation Protection; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy / Q000379:methods*; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes