title: Orthotopic implantation of human prostate cancer cell lines: a clinically relevant animal model for metastatic prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To study the metastatic behavior of human prostate cancer cell lines, orthotopic injection in nude mice was performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Local tumor growth, metastasis formation, prostate-specific antigen, and androgen receptor expression were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hormone-independent cell lines (PC-3, PC-3-125-IL, and TSU-Pr1) were highly tumorigenic and had a higher rate of lymph node metastasis after orthotopic than after subcutaneous implantation. PC-3 cell lines also consistently metastasized to the lungs. The androgen-sensitive LNCaP cell line showed local growth in 7 of 10, and lymph node metastasis in 4 animals. Significant serum PSA levels and strong receptor expression in primary and metastatic tumor tissues were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrates that orthotopic implantation of human prostate cancer cell lines, including LNCaP, reproducibly leads to metastasis formation in nude mice.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Urology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rembrink
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Romijn
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: van der Kwast
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rübben
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Schröder
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017690:Cell Transplantation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000378:metabolism; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen