title: One-stage complete unifocalization in infants: when should the ventricular septal defect be closed?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The decision whether to close the ventricular septal defect at the time of unifocalization in patients with pulmonary atresia, ventricular septal defect, and major aortopulmonary collaterals may be difficult. The purpose of this study was to develop morphologic and physiologic methods to aid in deciding whether to close the ventricular septal defect in patients undergoing one-stage unifocalization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between July 1992 and April 1996, 27 infants with pulmonary atresia, ventricular septal defect, and aortopulmonary collaterals were treated at our institution. Midline complete unifocalization was performed in 25 patients-the ventricular septal defect was closed in 17 and left open in eight. Two patients with severe distal collateral stenoses underwent staged unifocalization. Pulmonary artery and collateral sizes were measured from preoperative angiograms and used to calculate the indexed cross-sectional area of the total neopulmonary artery bed. An intraoperative pulmonary flow study previously validated with experiments in neonatal lambs was performed in six patients: the unifocalized neopulmonary arteries were perfused with a known flow and pulmonary artery pressures were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The neopulmonary artery index was greater in patients who underwent ventricular septal defect closure than in those who did not (p = 0.001), although the values did overlap. This index correlated with the postoperative right ventricular/left ventricular pressure ratio (p = 0.037). Mean pulmonary artery pressures obtained during the intraoperative flow study and after bypass were comparable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The total neopulmonary artery index correlates with postrepair right ventricular/left ventricular pressure ratio and is useful in deciding when to close the ventricular septal defect if it is larger than 200 mm2/m2. The pulmonary flow study is helpful in deciding whether to close the ventricular septal defect in all patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Petrossian
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: McElhinney
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Teitel
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Hanley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008168:Lung / Q000098:blood supply*; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D018633:Pulmonary Atresia / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome