title: Transcription factor AP-2 controls transcription of the human transforming growth factor-alpha gene.
abstract: The epidermal growth factor receptor is vital for normal development and plays a role in oncogenesis. The level of activation of this receptor by transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) is controlled, in part, by the rate of transcription of the TGF-alpha gene. In the characterization of the proximal TGF-alpha promoter by DNase I footprinting, a 43-base pair element (-88 to -130 relative to the transcription start site), designated TalphaRE I, was found that was specifically protected by nuclear proteins from human mammary carcinoma MDA468 cells. TalphaRE I was essential for the maximal expression of the TGF-alpha gene as indicated by deletion and mutagenesis analyses. TalphaRE I consists of two cis-acting elements, a proximal regulatory element (PRE, -89 to -103) and a distal regulatory element (DRE, -121 to -128). Both elements were able to form specific complexes with protein from MDA468 cell nuclear extracts and are necessary for the full activity of the entire 1.1-kilobase pair TGF-alpha promoter. Competition and antibody studies determined that the DRE contains a binding site for the transcription factor AP-2, while the protein that binds to the PRE has yet to be identified. When linked upstream to the heterologous herpes simplex thymidine kinase promoter, the TalphaRE I enhanced transcription up to 11-fold in MDA468 cells. Cotransfection of an AP-2 expression vector was able to activate transcription from the TalphaREI-TK construct in a DRE-dependent manner. These results further our understanding of how TGF-alpha transcription is regulated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kudlow
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D050656:Transcription Factor AP-2; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha / Q000235:genetics*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050656:Transcription Factor AP-2; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha