title: Calcium concentration-dependent mechanisms through which ketamine relaxes canine airway smooth muscle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ketamine is a potent bronchodilator that, in clinically used concentrations, relaxes airway smooth muscle in part by a direct effect. This study explored the role of calcium concentration (Ca2+) in this relaxation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Canine trachea smooth muscle strips were loaded with the fluorescent probe fura-2 and mounted in a spectro-photometric system to measure force and intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) simultaneously. Calcium influx was estimated using a manganese quenching technique. Cyclic nucleotides in the airway smooth muscle strips were measured by radioimmunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In smooth muscle strips stimulated with submaximal (0.1 microM) and maximal (10 microM) concentrations of acetylcholine, ketamine caused a concentration-dependent decrease in force and [Ca2+]i. The sensitivity of the force response to ketamine significantly decreased as the intensity of muscarinic receptor stimulation increased; the median effective concentration for relaxation induced by ketamine was 59 microM and 850 microM for tissue contracted by 0.1 microM or 10 microM acetylcholine, respectively (P < 0.05). In contrast, the sensitivity of the [Ca2+]i response did not depend on the intensity of muscarinic receptor stimulation. Ketamine at 1 mM significantly inhibited calcium influx. Ketamine did not significantly increase cyclic nucleotide concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ketamine-induced relaxation of canine airway smooth muscle is associated with a decrease in [Ca2+]i and calcium influx, effects that are not mediated by an increase in cyclic nucleotides; and the sensitivity of the force response to ketamine decreases as the level of preexisting muscle tone increases, an effect that is not explained by differential effects on [Ca2+]i.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Pabelick
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Street
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Lorenz
authors.forename: D O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Warner
mesh_terms: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D016257:Fura-2; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008345:Manganese / Q000378:metabolism; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000187:drug effects; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D008345:Manganese; D007649:Ketamine; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D002118:Calcium; D016257:Fura-2