Depression in adults with intellectual disability. Part 1: A review.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the available literature regarding prevalence, clinical features and treatment of depression in adults with intellectual disability (ID).


METHODS
A review of standard texts of ID and available literature examining psychiatric problems of individuals with ID.


RESULTS
Few methodologically sound studies of prevalence have been reported. The clinical features of depression in adults with ID appear to vary with level of disability; in those with higher levels of disability in particular, irritability and anger, self-injurious and aggressive behaviour, psychomotor change and loss of activities of daily living skills may be observed rather than "classic' depressive symptoms. No systematic treatment studies have been reported; case reports support the efficacy of cognitive and behavioural strategies, antidepressants and electroconvulsive therapy.


CONCLUSIONS
Well designed studies to assess the prevalence and evaluate the treatment of depression in individuals with ID are urgently needed. Design of these studies will need to address the questions of reliability and validity of diagnosis in individuals with ID and examine the appropriateness of available diagnostic criteria.
Davis
J P
JP
Department of Psychiatry, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
Judd
F K
FK
Herrman
H
H
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D004358:Drug Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000523:psychology