Automated external defibrillators: design considerations.
Biphasic defibrillation waveforms are now the standard of care in clinical use for defibrillation with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), due to the superior performance demonstrated over that of comparable monophasic waveforms. To better understand these significantly different outcomes, ICD research has developed cardiac cell response models to defibrillation. Waveform design criteria have been derived from these first principles and have been applied to monophasic and biphasic waveforms to optimize their parameters. These principles-based design criteria have produced significant improvements over the current art of waveforms. Monophasic defibrillation waveforms remain the standard of care in clinical use for transthoracic defibrillation. Waveform design has not yet been influenced by the important gains made in ICD research. The limitations of present transthoracic waveforms may be due in part to a lack of application of these design principles to determine optimal waveform characteristics. To overcome these limitations, design principles based on cell response have recently been developed for external defibrillation waveforms. The transthoracic model incorporates elements into a cell response model that extends it to external defibrillation. External waveform design principles demonstrate reductions in capacitance, voltage, duration, and delivered energy. Therefore, design principles based on cardiac electrophysiology may provide a means to significantly reduce the energy required for safe and efficacious external defibrillation. Footnotes, formulae, and figures augment this presentation in order to clarify the defibrillation waveform theory.
Kroll
M W
MW
Pacesetter, Inc., St. Jude Medical Company, Sylmar, CA 91392-9221, USA.
Brewer
J E
JE
D000818:Animals; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012106:Research