title: The epidemiology of quantitative ultrasound: a review of the relationships with bone mass, osteoporosis and fracture risk.
abstract: Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) is a simple, inexpensive and non-invasive measure of bone which has been used in research settings for the prediction of osteoporosis. This review summarizes the current status of the epidemiology of QUS analysis, including its relationship with bone mineral density (BMD), risk of osteoporotic fracture and risk factors for osteoporosis. Although only moderately correlated with BMD, QUS appears to be as strong a predictor of osteoporotic fracture as BMD and may predict fracture independent of BMD. Risk factors for low QUS, including age, menopause, body composition and physical inactivity, seem to parallel those of low BMD. More longitudinal research is needed to confirm the clinical utility of QUS and more experimental and population-based studies are needed to determine whether the etiology of low QUS values is different from that of low bone mass.
authors.affiliation: Division of Primary Care Internal Medicine, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Burlington 05401, USA.
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Gregg
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kriska
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Salamone
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ferrell
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Kuller
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cauley
mesh_terms: D015519:Bone Density; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005260:Female; D005598:Fractures, Spontaneous / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography