title: A solvent-based fixative for electron microscopy to improve retention and visualization of the intestinal mucus blanket for probiotics studies.
abstract: Samples of pig small intestine, cecum, and large intestine were prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM), concentrating on mucus blanket retention and visualization. Samples were fixed using three aqueous-based fixatives which included a standard glutaraldehyde fixative alone as the control and the standard fixative formulation with either ruthenium red or alcian blue added and using one solvent-based fixative, osmium tetroxide dissolved in FC-72 (a degreasing fluorocarbon solvent produced by 3M Canada, Inc.), which had been successfully used by Sims et al. [(1991) Biotech. Histochem., 66:173-180] to preserve tracheal mucus of nonhuman mammals. Pig intestine samples prepared using the solvent-based fixative retained a contiguous mucus blanket, while the aqueous-based treatments retained only patchy or fibrous remnants to a degree depending on fixative composition and intestinal site. We conclude that preparation of the pig intestinal mucus layer using the solvent-based fixative suggested by Sims et al. (1991) preserves the mucus blanket in its entirety and gives superior results to aqueous-based fixatives containing the standard additives ruthenium red and alcian blue. We recommend that this anhydrous fixation, which requires only a slight modification from standard conditions, be adopted when mucus layer retention and visualization is important, as in the field of probiotics. Overcoming this major technical obstacle will now allow electron microscopy (EM) to once again provide new in situ information in this reemerging field.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Food and Animal Research, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Allan-Wojtas
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Farnworth
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Modler
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carbyn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005404:Fixatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D005404:Fixatives