title: Vaginal douching and the risk of ectopic pregnancy among black women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to determine whether vaginal douching was associated with ectopic pregnancy among black women and whether specific douching behaviors were associated with differences in risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from a case-control study of ectopic pregnancy conducted between October 1988 and August 1990 at a major public hospital in Atlanta, Georgia. Case subjects were 197 black women with surgically confirmed ectopic pregnancies; the control group included 882 black women who were delivered of live or stillborn infants and 237 black women who were seeking to terminate a pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The adjusted odds ratio for ectopic pregnancy associated with ever having douched was 3.8 (95% confidence interval 1.6 to 8.9). The risk increased with increasing number of years of douching at least once per month. No douching behavior was found to be without risk; even women who douched for routine cleanliness were at increased risk of ectopic pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vaginal douching is a modifiable behavior that may greatly increase a woman's risk of ectopic pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341-3724, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kendrick
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Atrash
authors.forename: L T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Strauss
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Gargiullo
authors.forename: Y W
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Ahn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011271:Pregnancy, Ectopic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014621:Vagina