title: Structural, material, and anatomic characteristics of the collateral ligaments of the canine cubital joint.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To document gross and microscopic anatomic features of the collateral ligaments of the canine cubital joint and to determine their structural and material properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  37 canine cadavers.
  
  
  METHODS
  After measurement of ligament dimensions, the bone-collateral ligament-bone specimens were loaded in tension until failure, using a materials testing machine. Data from the load-displacement curves were used to determine the structural and material properties of the ligaments. Gross anatomic features were studied during dissection of the specimens from the medial collateral ligament (MCL) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL), which then were saved for microscopic examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Failure load and stiffness values for the LCL were significantly (P < 0.05) greater than those for the MCL. The LCL had obvious cranial and caudal components that attached to the radius and ulna, respectively. The MCL also had cranial and caudal components; however, the cranial component was indistinct, appearing only as a slight thickening of the joint capsule. The caudal component was more prominent; as it extended distad, it had minor attachments to the interosseous and annular ligaments and attached principally on the caudolateral surface of the proximal portion of the radius. The caudal component did not have substantial attachment to the ulna in any of the specimens studied. Both ligaments were composed of closely packed, parallel fascicles of dense collagen, with scant amounts of fibrocartilage and no detectable elastin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gross anatomic features of the collateral ligaments of the canine cubital joint indicate that they provide principal structural support to the joint; microscopic anatomic features are typical of other ligaments. The LCL is stronger and stiffer than the MCL; however, their material properties are similar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Knowledge of the sites of attachment of collateral ligament components is essential for surgeons undertaking repair or reconstruction of these structures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Vogelsang
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Vasseur
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Peauroi
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Kass
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sharkey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001344:Autopsy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D017885:Collateral Ligaments / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology; D004285:Dogs / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005552:Forelimb; D007596:Joints / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology; D008297:Male; D011884:Radius / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014457:Ulna / Q000033:anatomy & histology