title: Role of nitric oxide in Sjögren's syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure levels of salivary nitrite (NO2-) and to localize nitric oxide synthases (NOS) in the labial salivary glands (LSGs) of patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS).
  
  
  METHODS
  NO2- was measured by the Griess reaction. LSGs were analyzed using NADPH-diaphorase histochemical and immunohistochemical studies to determine the constitutive NOS (neuronal [ncNOS] and endothelial [ecNOS]) and inducible NOS (iNOS) isoforms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The NO2- concentration (mean +/- SEM 307 +/- 51 microM versus 97 +/- 16 microM; P < 0.05) and output (166 +/- 46 nmoles/minute versus 37 +/- 7 nmoles/minute) were increased in SS patients compared with healthy control subjects. NADPH-diaphorase was found in some nerve fibers and endothelial cells, and, in SS, was found in myoepithelial, acinar, and ductal epithelial cells, but in only a few inflammatory cells. In SS, ncNOS-immunoreactive nerve fibers were sparse and ecNOS was found in a minority of the CD31-positive vascular endothelial cells and acinar cells, whereas iNOS was localized in myoepithelial, acinar, and ductal epithelial cells, often together with tumor necrosis factor alpha.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nitrite was found in normal human saliva. NO produced by ncNOS probably acts as a nonadrenergic, noncholinergic neurotransmitter, whereas that produced by ecNOS exerts a vasodilatory effect. SS patients had increased NO2- concentrations, with most of the superfluous salivary NO being produced not by the immigrant inflammatory cells, but rather, by the resident salivary gland cells. NO may contribute to inflammatory damage and acinar cell atrophy in SS.
authors.affiliation: Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: Y T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Konttinen
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Platts
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tuominen
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Eklund
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Santavirta
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Törnwall
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sorsa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hukkanen
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Polak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009252:NADPH Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D009573:Nitrites / Q000032:analysis; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D009573:Nitrites; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D009252:NADPH Dehydrogenase