title: Psychophysiological protective factors for male subjects at high risk for criminal behavior.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examines the role of elevated autonomic nervous system reactivity in protecting individuals at high risk for criminal behavior from antisocial outcomes. The authors hypothesized that subjects with criminal fathers who did not become criminals themselves were biologically protected from such an outcome because of, in part, heightened responsiveness of the autonomic nervous system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-four male subjects were placed into one of four study groups: criminal with criminal father (N = 26), noncriminal with criminal father (N = 24), criminal with noncriminal father (N = 20), and noncriminal with noncriminal father (N = 24). Skin conductance and heart rate data were gathered in an orienting paradigm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Skin conductance and heart rate orienting reactivity were found to be significantly higher in the group of noncriminal subjects with criminal fathers than in the other three groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For subjects at high risk for criminal behavior, heightened autonomic nervous system responsiveness appears to be associated with lower likelihood of criminal outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raine
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schulsinger
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kirkegaard-Sorensen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Knop
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hutchings
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mednick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D003415:Crime / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003417:Criminal Psychology; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009679:Nuclear Family / Q000523:psychology*; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors