title: Microsurgery without a microscope: laboratory evaluation of a three-dimensional on-screen microsurgery system.
abstract: In microvascular surgery, procedures may be both technically and physically demanding. Precise movements sustained over long hours in addition to typically compromised surgeon and assistant positioning lead quickly to physical and mental fatigue. Many of the positioning problems encountered are related to the fact that the eyes of the surgeon must be continually fixed to the microscope eyepieces. This study explores a possible solution: a microscope system that eliminates the need to view the operative field through the microscope eyepieces. A Three-dimensional On-screen Microsurgical System (TOMS) was used and contrasted with conventional operative microvascular surgery in the laboratory setting. The surgeon's comfort, his ability to instruct microsurgical technique, pertinent technological performance, and the procedure itself were evaluated using a standardized questionnaire. Based on data collected in this study, we conclude that divorcing the surgeon's eyes from the microscope eyepieces using the TOMS may make prolonged microvascular procedures less physically demanding and may increase the comfort level of both the surgeon and his assistant, although refinements to the technology are required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, KY, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Franken
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Banis
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Derr
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kon
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Barker
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D000818:Animals; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008853:Microscopy; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures