title: In vitro effects of an acidic by-product feed on bovine teeth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate in vitro erosive effects of sweet potato cannery waste (SPCW) on bovine incisor enamel.
  
  
  METHODS
  20 bovine mandibles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mandibles were collected and incisors were classified into 3 categories: lacking observable wear, advanced normal wear, or abnormal wear associated with feeding SPCW. Intact mandibles were radiographed. Contralateral normal teeth from the same jaw were used to compare Ca2+ loss (etching) with SPCW, lactic acid (pH 3.2), or SPCW neutralized with NaOH to pH 5.0 or 5.5. Scanning electron microscopy was performed to compare etched and unetched specimens. Two abnormally worn teeth were evaluated histologically. Knoop hardness testing was conducted on unexposed areas of surface enamel and enamel exposed to SPCW.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Radiography revealed large periapical abscesses in the mandibles exposed to SPCW. Nearly identical amounts of Ca2+ were removed by SPCW and lactic acid solution at the same pH. Scanning electron microscopy did not indicate consistent differences between etch patterns resulting from exposure to SPCW or lactic acid. Mean rate of calcium removal was 56% higher in deciduous than permanent teeth. Knoop hardness data suggested that softening occurred in enamel exposed to SPCW. Neutralizing SPCW to pH 5.5 eliminated calcium removal. Histologic examination of sections indicated that SPCW degraded and removed some dentin matrix proteins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to SPCW results in enamel erosion in vitro; low pH is the most likely cause of erosion. Neutralizing SPCW to pH 5.5 eliminated erosive effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Confirmation of SPCW's erosive effects on enamel in vitro supported the field diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Animal and Equine Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27606, USA.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Poore
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Ferko
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Kusy
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Deaton
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Bawden
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D007180:Incisor / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D011859:Radiography; D012307:Risk Factors; D014077:Tooth Erosion / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D014675:Vegetables; D014866:Waste Products / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014866:Waste Products; D002118:Calcium