title: Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) promotes growth of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis in human monocytes iron-mediated growth suppression is correlated with decreased release of TNFalpha from iron-treated infected monocytes.
abstract: The human immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis is not well characterized. To better understand the cellular immune response to tuberculosis, a human mononuclear phagocyte culture system using a low-infecting inoculum of M. tuberculosis to mimic in vivo conditions was developed. Using this system, monocytes treated with IFNgamma/TNFalpha/ calcitriol (CytD) were permissive for the growth of virulent M. tuberculosis. In the presence of iron, however, these monocytes suppressed the growth of M. tuberculosis. The enhanced permissiveness of CytD-preincubated monocytes was found to be due to TNFalpha, however, the ability of iron to suppress M. tuberculosis growth also required preincubation with TNFalpha. Iron-mediated growth suppression was correlated with selective suppression of TNFalpha release from infected monocytes. In addition, removal of TNFalpha from CytD-treated monocytes 2 d after infection mimicked the suppressive effect of iron, suggesting that iron may also be decreasing monocyte sensitivity to exogenously added TNFalpha. In the absence of iron, permissive, CytD-treated monocytes formed large infected cellular aggregates. With iron treatment, aggregation was suppressed, suggesting that the iron-suppressive effect on M. tuberculosis growth may be related to suppression of monocyte aggregation and diminished cell-to-cell spread of M. tuberculosis. The results of this study indicate that TNFalpha preincubation is required for human monocytes to exert an iron-mediated suppressive effect on M. tuberculosis growth. In the absence of iron, however, the continued presence of TNFalpha has a growth-promoting effect on M. tuberculosis in human monocytes. Iron may be an important early modulator of M. tuberculosis growth via its effects on TNFalpha.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, West Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA.
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Byrd
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007501:Iron / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D007501:Iron; D002117:Calcitriol