title: Abnormal effect of cigarette smoking on pituitary hormone secretions in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We observed the effect of smoking two cigarettes on GH, AVP and cortisol secretion in patients with diabetes and normal subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested 10 male smokers with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and 10 normal smokers. On a different occasion, normal and diabetic smokers were tested with an insulin (0.15 U/kg body weight) tolerance test (ITT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Hypoglycaemia-induced hormonal responses in smokers were compared with those observed in 10 diabetic and 10 normal non smokers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All subjects showed similar basal GH, cortisol and AVP levels. In the normal subjects, cigarette smoking induced a significant increase in circulating GH, AVP and cortisol levels, with mean peaks 3.3, 3 and 1.58 times higher than baseline, respectively. Smoking-induced hormonal responses were significantly higher in diabetics (mean peak was 5.2 times higher than baseline for GH, 4.0 for AVP and 1.83 for cortisol). Insulin induced a similar hypoglycaemic nadir in all subjects at 30 minutes, even though the diabetic subjects had a delayed recovery in blood glucose levels. GH and AVP responses to hypoglycaemia were significantly higher in diabetic (mean peaks 11.5 and 3.2 times higher than baseline, respectively) than in normal (mean peaks 7.3 and 1.9) non-smokers, whereas these groups showed similar cortisol responses (mean peak 2.3 times higher than baseline). Smoking did not change any hypoglycaemia-induced hormonal rise in the normal controls, whereas it significantly enhanced GH, AVP and cortisol levels (mean peaks 14.5, 4 and 3.8 times higher than baseline, respectively) in diabetics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with IDDM, cigarette smoking not only elicits higher GH, AVP and cortisol responses than in normal subjects, but also enhances the counter-regulatory hormone responses to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. These findings suggest interactions between nicotine inhaled with cigarette smoking and diabetes-induced neuroendocrine alterations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chiodera
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Volpi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Capretti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Speroni
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Necchi-Ghiri
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Caffarri
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Colla
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Coiro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin / Q000378:metabolism; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism; D007328:Insulin; D008297:Male; D010907:Pituitary Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D010907:Pituitary Hormones; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin; D013006:Growth Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone