title: Concentration-effect relations of glibenclamide and its active metabolites in man: modelling of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main purpose of this paper is to describe the relationship between serum concentrations of glibenclamide and its main metabolites and the effects on blood glucose levels, the clinically most relevant parameter to assess in diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum concentrations and blood glucose lowering effects (expressed as percent blood glucose reduction vs placebo) of glibenclamide (Gb) and its active metabolites, 4-trans-hydroxy-(M1) and 3-cis-hydroxy-glibenclamide (M2), were analysed in eight healthy subjects participating in a placebo-controlled, randomized, single-blind crossover study, using intravenous administration of each compound as well as oral administration of Gb.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plots of % blood glucose reduction vs log serum concentration demonstrated counter-clockwise hysteresis for parent drug and its metabolites. An effect compartment was linked to appropriate pharmacokinetic models and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling was used to fit the pharmacokinetics of Gb by both routes and the metabolites for each individual. Based on the individual concentration-time profiles a PK/PD-model was applied to all effect data simultaneously. An increase in the steady-state serum concentration when the effect is 50% of maximal, CEss50, was found in the sequence M1 (23 ng ml-1), M2 (37 ng ml-1) and Gb (108 ng ml-1). Corresponding interindividual variabilities expressed as CV% were 25%, 47% and 26%. The elimination rate constants from the effect site (kEO) were estimated and increased in the order M1 (0.178 h-1, CV 13%), M2 (0.479 h-1, CV 8.5%) and Gb (1.59 h-1, CV 36%). Corresponding equilibration half-lives for the effect site (kEO-HL) were 3.9 h, 1.4 h and 0.44 h. Estimated Emax-values obtained for M1, M2 and Gb were 40% (CV 30%), 27% (CV 56%) and 56% (CV 14%), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that the two major metabolites of Gb are hypoglycaemic in man, that they may have higher activity at low concentrations and that they may have a longer effect duration than the parent drug.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Pharmacy, Central Hospital, Kristianstad, Sweden.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rydberg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jönsson
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Melander
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D003198:Computer Simulation; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005905:Glyburide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008956:Models, Chemical; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; C070072:3-hydroxyglibenclamide; C070073:4-hydroxyglibenclamide; D005905:Glyburide