title: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vaccines induce mucosal IgA responses and protection from airborne infection in BALB/c, but not C3H/HeN mice.
abstract: Immunization with either a live-attenuated (TC-83) or formalin-inactivated (C-84) vaccine for Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus protected BALB/c mice from lethal VEE infection acquired subcutaneously or by aerosol. While vaccinated C3H/HeN mice were also protected from parenteral infection, neither vaccine protected these mice from an aerosol infection. The apparent vaccine failures in C3H/HeN mice could not be attributed to deficiencies in virus-neutralizing antibodies in serum, as these responses were typically of equal or higher titer than those observed in protected BALB/c mice before challenge. IgG subclass analysis offered no facile explanation: profiles of IgG2 alpha dominance were observed in C3H/HeN mice given either vaccine and in BALB/c mice given the live-attenuated vaccine, whereas BALB/c antibody responses shifted toward IgGl dominance after immunization with the killed C-84 vaccine. Data from immunized congenic mice showed that the H-2 genes from the C3H/He mice were not singularly responsible for the inability of these mice to resist aerosol infection with VEE virus. VEE virus-specific IgA responses were detected more frequently in respiratory and vaginal secretions obtained from the protected BALB/c mice.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Virology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pratt
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Panelo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tammariello
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dertzbaugh
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000336:Aerosols; D000391:Air Microbiology; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D004666:Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine / Q000276:immunology*; D004685:Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal / Q000276:immunology; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D014765:Viral Vaccines