title: Determinants of mental health providers' expectations of patients' improvement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Characteristics of individual mental health providers and of treatment settings were examined to determine their effects on providers' expectations about the improvement of patients with serious mental illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 1,567 treatment providers working in 107 inpatient and outpatient units or programs in 29 Veterans Affairs mental health facilities. They completed a questionnaire about their prognostic expectations and a broad range of attitudes toward job satisfaction, professional relations, and team functioning. Unit or program directors of all 107 units completed another questionnaire about the average functional ability of patients, unit workload, and unit size. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to assess the effects of both individual and unit-level attributes on providers' expectations of improvement in clinical symptomatology and social-functional skills of patients in their care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The providers had generally low expectations about the improvement of patients with serious mental illness. Expectations were higher among staff in units or programs that were smaller and that had an outpatient focus, a greater proportion of staff involved in the treatment team, and higher-functioning patients. Individual characteristics significantly associated with prognostic expectations were occupation, age, and membership on the treatment team.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prognostic expectations among providers of care to persons with serious mental illness vary with identifiable individual and unit or program characteristics. The latter may be amenable to manipulation and intervention to improve mental health providers' prognostic expectations.
authors.affiliation: Serious Mental Illness Treatment Research and Evaluation Center, Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Health Services Research and Development Field Program, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lichtenstein
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: D'Aunno
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Muramatsu
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ullman
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006276:Health Facility Size; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric; D006787:Hospitals, Veterans; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D008960:Models, Psychological; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009790:Occupations; D010348:Patient Care Team; D011379:Prognosis; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012938:Social Perception; D014481:United States; D014493:United States Department of Veterans Affairs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data