title: Co-development of naive CD4+ cells towards T helper type 1 or T helper type 2 cells induced by a combination of IL-12 and IL-4.
abstract: Cytokines were found to play a key role in Th cell differentiation. Among them IL-12 was shown to be a potent differentiation factor for Th1 cells, whereas IL-4 is the only known cytokine that promotes the development of Th2 cells. Upon addition of comparable amounts of IL-4 and IL-12 to a primary culture of naive CD4+ T cells activated by immobilized anti-CD3 mAb, it was found that the Th1-inducing capacity of IL-12 is dominated by the Th2-promoting effect of IL-4. However, high amounts of IL-12 (10,000 U/ml) in combination with low amounts of IL-4 (100 U/ml) led to the development of a Th cell population that, upon rechallenge, showed a substantial secondary IFN-gamma (Th1 cytokine) production concomitantly with the production of high amounts of IL-4 (Th2 cytokine). This can be due to the coexistence of Th1 and Th2 cells or to the development of Th0 cells producing a mixed pattern of cytokines. Immunofluorescence double staining of intracellular IL-4 and IFN-gamma in combination with flow cytometry (FACS) revealed that most of the emerging Th cells produced either IL-4 or IFN-gamma. Only a few double producers could be detected. This finding indicates that individual naive CD4+ T cells can differentiate under the same conditions towards Th1 or Th2 cells and implicates that the development of Th1 and Th2 cells is not necessarily mutually exclusive.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Immunology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Palm
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Germann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goedert
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hoehn
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koelsch
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rüde
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schmitt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D018664:Interleukin-12; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma