title: Clarifying the direct relation between total cholesterol levels and death from coronary heart disease in older persons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The importance of total cholesterol level as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in older adults is controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether findings showing that total cholesterol level is not an important risk factor for coronary heart disease in older adults are the result of inadequate adjustment for co-occurring diseases and frailty.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicenter, longitudinal study with 5-year follow-up for death.
  
  
  METHODS
  4066 men and women from East Boston, Massachusetts; Iowa and Washington counties, Iowa; and New Haven, Connecticut.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 1988, participants were interviewed about their health status and had blood samples taken. Mortality follow-up was through 1992.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In analyses that included all fatal coronary heart disease events (252 deaths) and did not adjust for risk factors for coronary heart disease and measures of frailty, persons with the lowest total cholesterol levels (< or = 4.15 mmol/L [< or = 160 mg/dL]) had the highest rate of death from coronary heart disease, whereas those with elevated total cholesterol levels (> or = 6.20 mmol/L [> or = 240 mg/dL]) seemed to have a lower risk for death from coronary heart disease (P for trend = 0.04). After adjustment for established risk factors for coronary heart disease and markers of poor health (including chronic conditions, low serum iron and albumin levels) and exclusion of 44 deaths from coronary heart disease that occurred within the first year, elevated total cholesterol levels predicted increased risk for death from coronary heart disease, and the risk for death from coronary heart disease decreased as cholesterol levels decreased (P for trend = 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated total cholesterol level is a risk factor for death from coronary heart disease in older adults, and the apparent adverse effects associated with low cholesterol levels are secondary to comorbidity and frailty. This suggests that excluding older persons from cholesterol screening is inappropriate, but interpretation of screening results in older persons requires clinical judgment. Results from controlled clinical trials are needed to clarify this issue.
authors.affiliation: National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9205, USA.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Corti
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Guralnik
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Salive
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferrucci
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Glynn
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Havlik
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D016330:Frail Elderly; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D002784:Cholesterol