title: Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of intravenously and orally administered allopurinol in healthy beagles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters for allopurinol and its active metabolite, oxypurinol.
  
  
  METHODS
  6 healthy, reproductively intact female Beagles, 4.9 to 5.2 years old, and weighing 9.5 to 11.5 kg.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the first part of the study, allopurinol was administered IV at a dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight to 3 dogs and 5 mg/kg to 3 dogs; the sequence was then reversed. In the second part of the study, allopurinol was administered orally at a dosage of 15 mg/kg to 3 dogs and 7.5 mg/kg to 3 dogs; the sequence was then reversed. In the third part of the study, allopurinol was administered IV (10 mg/kg), orally (15 mg/kg) with food, and orally (15 mg/kg) without food. Plasma samples were obtained at timed intervals, and concentrations of allopurinol and oxypurinol were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maximal plasma allopurinol concentration and area under plasma allopurinol and oxypurinol concentration-time curves were 2 times greater when dogs were given 10 mg of allopurinol/kg IV, compared with 5 mg/kg, and when dogs were given 15 mg of allopurinol/kg orally, compared with 7.5 mg/kg. Allopurinol elimination half-life, time to reach maximal plasma oxypurinol concentration, and oxypurinol elimination half-life were significantly greater when dogs received 10 mg of allopurinol/kg IV, compared with 5 mg/kg, and when dogs received 15 mg of allopurinol/kg orally, compared with 7.5 mg/kg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elimination of allopurinol is dependent on nonlinear enzyme kinetics. The bioavailability of allopurinol, and pharmacokinetic parameters of allopurinol and oxypurinol after oral administration of allopurinol, are not affected by administration with food.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A dose threshold exists beyond which additional allopurinol would not substantially further inhibit xanthine oxidase activity. Oral administration of > 15 mg of allopurinol/kg to dogs would not be expected to result in greater reduction of plasma and urine uric acid concentrations. Also, allopurinol may be administered to dogs for dissolution or prevention of urate uroliths without regard to time of feeding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul 55108, USA.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Bartges
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Osborne
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Felice
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Koehler
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Ulrich
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sawchuk
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000493:Allopurinol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004285:Dogs / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D010117:Oxypurinol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D000493:Allopurinol; D010117:Oxypurinol