title: The impact of the human immunodeficiency virus on the human papillomavirus epidemic.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine how human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections affect human papillomavirus (HPV) infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE was searched for relevant publications.
  
  
  METHODS
  All studies dealing with both HIV and HPV infections were reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Publications with clinically relevant data were included in the present analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A critical analysis of the data described in these articles was performed without formal statistical calculations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results revealed that immunocompromised individuals have an increase prevalence of HPV-associated lesions and neoplasia. Immunosuppressed patients (eg, those who have undergone transplantation or those who have been treated with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy) have a higher rate of HPV infections. Human papillomavirus and HIV appear to be important cofactors for developing cervical and anal dysplasia and carcinoma. Individuals who are seropositive for HIV have an increased prevalence of HPV infections, a more rapid progression of the disease, and a higher number of invasive carcinomas. The presence of HPV DNA, extent of disease, and potential for malignant transformation also appear to correlate with the degree of immunosuppression. Individuals with a CD4 cell count under 0.20 x 10(9)/L (< 200/microliters) are at greatest risk. Treatment options for immunocompromised individuals remain similar to those for normal hosts; however, immunocompromised individuals have a much higher rate of recurrence. Improved immunostimulant and/or antiviral therapy is needed for HIV-seropositive individuals with widespread genital involvement. Control of both the HPV and the HIV epidemics involves at least 3 levels of intervention: better antiviral drugs, frequent monitoring for disease progression in infected persons, and better education to reduce spread of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA.
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Chopra
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Tyring
mesh_terms: D005544:Forecasting; D006678:HIV / Q000235:genetics; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D015995:Prevalence; D012867:Skin / Q000276:immunology; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy