title: Hepatitis B among the Khmer. Issues of translation and concepts of illness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the comprehensibility of hepatitis B translations for Cambodian refugees, to identify Cambodian illnesses that include the symptoms of hepatitis, and to combine these observations with critical theoretical perspectives of language to reflect on the challenges of medical translations generally.
  
  
  METHODS
  Open-ended, semistructured interviews, and participant-observation of a refugee community in Seattle, Washington.
  
  
  METHODS
  Homes of Cambodian residents of inner-city neighborhoods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four adult Cambodian refugees who had each been educated about hepatitis B through public health outreach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Medical interpreters translated hepatitis B as rauk tlaam, literally "liver disease." Unfortunately, while everyone knew of the liver (tlaam), rauk tlaam was a meaningless term to 28 (82%) of 34 respondents and conveyed none of the chronicity and communicability intended by refugee health workers for 34 (100%) of the respondents. In contrast, all respondents knew illnesses named after symptom complexes that include the symptoms of acute and chronic hepatitis, but do not refer to diseased organs. The Cambodian words chosen to translate hepatitis B reflect the medical thinking and medical authority that can unintentionally overwhelm attempts at meaningful communication with non-English-speaking patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To improve comprehension of hepatitis B translations for the Khmer, translators must choose between medical terminology focused on the liver and Khmer terminology which identifies recognizable experiences, but represents important Khmer health concepts. A critical linguistic view of this situation suggests that for these translations to be meaningful clinicians and health educators must first analyze and then monitor the contextual significance of medical language. In cross-cultural settings, this means a partnership with medical interpreters to pay close attention to the experience of illness and social context of the translation.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Inui
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Buchwald
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002160:Cambodia / Q000208:ethnology; D003142:Communication; D005260:Female; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D012036:Refugees; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology