title: Variation of free and total prostate-specific antigen levels: the effect on the percent free/total prostate-specific antigen.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies have shown that calculations of the percent free/total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) improves the specificity of PSA testing. Characterizing the variability of free PSA and total PSA is necessary to evaluate the utility of an isolated free/total PSA measurement. We investigated the total variation of free and total PSA levels to determine how the percent free/total PSA was affected.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum was obtained from nine urological patients on 5 different days over a 2-week period. Free and total PSA levels were measured on the day of collection. The total variation expressed in terms of percent coefficient of variation (%CV) was calculated, and the biological variation was derived taking analytical variation into consideration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were from Seattle (Wash) Urological Associates, and samples were processed at the Dynacare Laboratory of Pathology, Seattle, Wash.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine men (aged 48 to 69 years) were evaluated; three had been diagnosed with prostate cancer, three with benign prostatic hyperplasia, one with chronic prostatitis, one with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and one was clinically normal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total variation for free, total, and percent free/total PSA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average total variation was 13.9% CV, 7.5% CV, and 10.6% CV for free, total, and percent free/ total PSA, respectively. Biological variation was derived to be 13.0% CV, 5.6% CV, and 8.0% CV for free, total, and percent free/total PSA, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When applied, these results suggest that there are significant random changes in the numerator and denominator of the free PSA-total PSA ratio that could result in clinical misinterpretation. Clinicians must be aware that free PSA and total PSA levels will fluctuate owing to nonpathologic variation.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA.
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Nixon
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lilly
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Liedtke
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Batjer
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen