title: Cytomegalovirus immediate early genes upregulate interleukin-6 gene expression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The immediate early genes (IE) of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) can be expressed in monocytic cells and are known to regulate viral and cellular genes. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a central role in numerous inflammatory and immune processes. Interleukin-6 levels are increased in lung transplant patients clinically diagnosed with CMV pneumonitis. The regulation of IL-6 is dependent on various stimuli that include lipopolysaccharide (LPS), viruses, and other cytokines. These studies examined the ability of CMV IE gene products to modulate IL-6 production.
  
  
  METHODS
  THP-1 cells, a monocytic cell line, were transfected with the CMV IE genes. Interleukin-6 protein and IL-6 mRNA were measured in control and CMV immediate early transfected cells. Cotransfection of CMV IE genes and IL-6 chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) or IL-6 luciferase constructs were used to study IL-6 promoter activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interleukin-6 protein and mRNA production were significantly increased in cells transfected with the CMV IE genes and stimulated with LPS compared to LPS-stimulated control cells. Cytomegalovirus IE gene products significantly enhanced LPS stimulation of IL-6 promoter activity in both IL-6 CAT and IL-6 luciferase assays. A deletion construct that contains a NF-kappa B site but is missing the multiple response region demonstrated a continued increase in IL-6 luciferase activity in LPS-stimulated CMV transfected cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cytomegalovirus immediate early gene products significantly enhanced expression of IL-6 in LPS-stimulated cells. The increase in IL-6 luciferase activity occurs in the absence of the multiple response region, the area of the IL-6 promoter responsive to IL-1, TNF alpha, cyclic amp, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. The ability of CMV IE gene products to enhance IL-6 production may play an important role in immune inflammatory states associated with CMV infection.
authors.affiliation: Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA.
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Iwamoto
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Konicek
mesh_terms: D015152:Blotting, Northern; D002460:Cell Line; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014162:Transfection; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014764:Viral Proteins