title: Underprediction of pain in children undergoing ear piercing.
abstract: Ear piercing is a brief, standard, painful stimulus which is submitted to voluntarily, offering a unique opportunity for research on children's anticipation of pain in a naturalistic context. Self-ratings on visual analogue scales of fear, predicted pain, and experienced pain were collected, as each ear was pierced in turn, from 32 girls aged 5-11 yr. Of these, 69% underpredicted their pain on the first ear. These underpredictors of pain on the first ear expected and reported significantly greater pain when the second ear was pierced than did overpredictors or children who accurately predicted the pain for the first ear. Fear scores taken before the first ear was pierced did not significantly predict pain for the second ear. Younger children made less accurate predictions and were more likely to use the extremes of the scale. The results, which are consistent with those of previous studies of prediction of pain and anxiety, have implications for preparation of children for brief procedural pain: they support recommendations to encourage children to expect realistic rather than minimal amounts of pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: von Baeyer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Webb
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004431:Ear, External; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D007721:Knowledge of Results, Psychological; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D011336:Probability; D011677:Punctures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology*