title: Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: diagnosis and prognosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is a recently recognized, poorly differentiated variant of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which is located predominantly in the upper aerodigestive tract.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, clinical and pathologic parameters of 17 BSCCs and 133 typical SCCs of the esophagus that underwent potentially curative resection (no distant metastases, no residual tumor) were compared. In addition, light microscopic, electron microscopic, and immunohistochemical features of BSCC were investigated, to determine whether this type of carcinoma could be differentiated from other poorly differentiated carcinomas of the esophagus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Light microscopic study showed that BSCC was composed of relatively small tumor cells, arranged in solid lobules with abundant comedo-type necrosis. BSCC was almost invariably accompanied by areas of concomitant typical SCC, foci of squamous cell differentiation, and/or severe squamous cell dysplasia or carcinoma in situ of the adjacent mucosa. Ultrastructurally, BSCC inconsistently showed features of squamous cell differentiation. Immunohistochemically, BSCC displayed poor reactivity for antibodies against wide-range cytokeratins and cytokeratin subtypes that are typical of squamous cell epithelia (cytokeratin 13 and cytokeratin 14). Infrequently, expression of Leu7, smooth muscle actin, and S-100 protein was found. In comparison with typical SCC, the characteristic features of BSCC were older patient age, higher proliferative activity (MIB-1 labelling index), and higher apoptotic indices. No differences were found with regard to pT classification, pN classification, tumor size, blood vessel invasion, lymphatic vessel invasion, neural invasion, or patient gender. Moreover, no differences in overall survival rates were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BSCC is a distinct histopathologic variant of SCC, characterized by a poor degree of differentiation and high proliferative activity. However, after potentially curative resection, the prognosis of patients with BSCC of the esophagus does not differ from that of patients with typical SCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarbia
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Verreet
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bittinger
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dutkowski
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heep
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Willers
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Gabbert
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000032:analysis; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000032:analysis; D017209:Apoptosis; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000473:pathology; D002281:Carcinoma, Basosquamous / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002455:Cell Division; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004848:Epithelium / Q000473:pathology; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007633:Keratins / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008875:Middle Aged; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D009336:Necrosis; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D009418:S100 Proteins; D007633:Keratins