title: A critical analysis of total sialic acid and sialoglycoconjugate contents of bovine milk-based infant formulas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several infant formulas were bovine milk-based products. Mature bovine milk has a very low sialoglycoconjugate content compared with human milk from the first phases of lactation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study was undertaken to determine total sialic acid and oligosaccharide, glycoprotein, and ganglioside sialic acid contents of bovine milk-based formulas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Starter formulas, designed for the first days/weeks after birth, have very similar sialic acid contents (233-266 mg/L fresh milk). We found more oligosaccharide-bound sialic acids (167-174 mg/L fresh milk) than those bound to proteins (53-84 mg/L fresh milk) in these formulas. The ganglioside sialic acid contents of starter formulas (952-1135 micrograms/L fresh milk) vary slightly from formula to formula. However, all the above-mentioned contents are lower than in human colostrum or transitional milk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infants fed starter formulas have total sialic acid and oligosaccharide, glycoprotein, and ganglioside sialic acid intakes of 36, 28, 50, and 20%, respectively, of those fed human colostrum or transitional milk. By contrast, follow-on formulas, used from 4 to 5 months of age, provide total sialic acid and oligosaccharide, glycoprotein, and ganglioside sialic acid contents similar to those furnished by mature human milk. Since the reference standard for optimal nutrition in the early months of infancy is human milk, a supplementation with sialic acid-containing glycoconjugates of infant formulas recommended for the first days after delivery could be advisable when breast-feeding is not possible.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Díaz
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ruano
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lorente
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hueso
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003126:Colostrum / Q000737:chemistry; D005732:Gangliosides / Q000032:analysis*; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007225:Infant Food / Q000032:analysis*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D019158:N-Acetylneuraminic Acid / Q000032:analysis*; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000032:analysis*; D013030:Spain
chemical_list: D005732:Gangliosides; D006023:Glycoproteins; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D019158:N-Acetylneuraminic Acid