title: Patterns of feline coronavirus infection and fecal shedding from cats in multiple-cat environments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine, by use of a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test, patterns of fecal shedding of feline coronavirus among cats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  275 purebred cats from 6 private catteries and 40 specific-pathogen-free (SPF) laboratory-reared cats.
  
  
  METHODS
  40 SPF cats were experimentally inoculated with crude fecal extract containing feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). Fecal and plasma samples were collected every 4 days and evaluated by use of RT-PCR and indirect immunofluorescence assays, respectively, to correlate RT-PCR results with fecal infectivity and to determine patterns of FECV shedding and anti-FECV IgG production in acutely infected cats. The 275 cats in private catteries were monitored for 1 year. Fecal and blood samples were collected every 1 to 3 months and assayed by use of RT-PCR and serologic tests to determine patterns of coronavirus shedding and cofactors for high frequency shedding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results of the RT-PCR test in SPF cats were directly correlated with fecal extract infectivity. Overall, 370 of 894 (41%) fecal samples collected from cattery and shelter cats contained infectious levels of coronavirus. Of 121 cats from which multiple samples were collected, 11 never shed virus and 35, 65, and 10, respectively, shed virus with low, moderate, and high frequency. High frequency shedding was associated with age and cattery of origin, but not with sex or concurrent disease. Stress associated with parturition and lactation did not induce shedding in queens. Kittens did not shed coronavirus before they were 10 weeks old, even when nursed by shedding mothers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A large proportion of cats in multiple-cat environments shed coronavirus at any given time, but most undergo cycles of infection and shedding, recovery, and reinfection. Infection is acquired from chronically shedding cats and from infectious cats undergoing transient primary infection. Chronically shedding cats cannot be identified on the basis of antibody titer or signalment, but must be identified on the basis of the results of serial fecal RT-PCR tests.
authors.affiliation: Center for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poland
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Pedersen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D002415:Cats; D002908:Chronic Disease; D017934:Coronavirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D018352:Coronavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology*; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D011156:Population Density; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D017201:Virus Shedding
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D004279:DNA, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral