title: Single-dose versus multiple instillations of epirubicin as prophylaxis for recurrence after transurethral resection of pTa and pT1 transitional-cell bladder tumours: a prospective, randomized controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare single-dose and multiple instillations of epirubicin in the chemoprophylaxis of superficial bladder tumours.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective randomized and controlled study, 168 evaluable patients were assigned to three groups after transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) and histological confirmation of its superficial nature (pTa and pT1). The groups were comparable for tumour stage, grade and other tumour characteristics. In group 1, patients received a single dose of 50 mg epirubicin in 50 mL normal saline immediately after TURBT; group 2 received 50 mg epirubicin in 50 mL normal saline 1-2 weeks after TURBT and the instillations were repeated for 8 weeks and thereafter monthly to complete one year of treatment: group 3 (control group) received no adjuvant therapy after TURBT. The patients were assessed by cysto-urethroscopy, urine cytology and DNA flow cytometry 8 weeks after resection and then every 3 months during the first 2 years and 6 monthly thereafter during the next 2 years. Intravenous urography was performed annually and when otherwise indicated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The recurrence rate was significantly lower in the patients treated with epirubicin than in the control group (24, 25 and 52%, respectively; P < 0.001). In those receiving epirubicin, the rates of recurrence were statistically comparable (P = 0.9). Patients who had a large tumour burden showed slightly lower recurrence rates with single-dose epirubicin than with delayed maintenance therapy but the difference was statistically insignificant. Patients with a history of bladder tumours before treatment had lower recurrence rates with maintenance treatment than with a single dose (34.6 and 22.6% in groups 1 and 2, respectively); again this difference was statistically insignificant. Patients with grade 3 tumours showed a marginal difference in favour of maintenance therapy. The rates of progression amongst the three groups were 5.5, 3.4 and 9.3%, respectively, with no significant differences. The overall toxicity rates were comparable in the two treated groups (22 and 25%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the possible exception of grade 3 tumours, single-dose immediate epirubicin is as effective as delayed maintenance therapy, with the advantage of being more cost-effective.
authors.affiliation: Urology and Nephrology Centre, Mansoura University, Egypt.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ali-el-Dein
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nabeeh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: el-Baz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shamaa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ashamallah
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000601:surgery; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015251:Epirubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D015251:Epirubicin