title: Blood volume determination using hydroxyethyl starch: a rapid and simple intravenous injection method.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and evaluate a new method for blood volume measurements using hydroxyethyl starch as a dilution marker.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory and clinical investigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neurosurgical operating rooms and anesthesiological laboratories of a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve patients who underwent a neurosurgical operation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anesthesia and operations were carried out by physicians who were not involved in the study. In addition, blood samples were drawn from 50 volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood volume measurements by the hydroxyethyl starch method were validated in vivo by comparison with a conventional carbon monoxide technique. Patients were intravenously injected with hydroxyethyl starch (100 mL) and received simultaneously an injection of carbon monoxide (50 mL) into a closed-circuit ventilation system. Blood samples obtained before and 5 mins after injection were analyzed for carboxyhemoglobin and glucose plasma concentrations after acidic hydrolysis of hydroxyethyl starch. Blood volume was calculated from the difference between glucose concentrations measured after hydrolysis in the plasma, before and after the addition of hydroxyethyl starch. In vitro, the hydroxyethyl starch method had an error and a precision of approximately 2%. In vivo, simultaneous measurements of blood volume using hydroxyethyl starch and carbon monoxide demonstrated a high correlation (r2 = .96, p < .001) between these methods. The mean difference between the two methods relative to their average value was 1.0 +/- 3.5%; the bias was 52.3 mL, and the 95% confidence interval was -64.0 to +168.7 mL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Blood volume determination by the hydroxyethyl starch method is accurate and rapid and may enhance perioperative monitoring of fluid and blood therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tschaikowsky
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meisner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Durst
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rügheimer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001811:Blood Volume Determination / Q000379:methods*; D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000378:metabolism; D002263:Carboxyhemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006895:Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D007201:Indicator Dilution Techniques; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D008875:Middle Aged; D010952:Plasma Substitutes / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006454:Hemoglobins; D006895:Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives; D010952:Plasma Substitutes; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D002263:Carboxyhemoglobin