title: Infectious disease complications of simultaneous pancreas kidney transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although technical success rate of simultaneous pancreas kidney (SPK) transplantation in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients with diabetic nephropathy has improved, morbidity remains high due to infection and rejection. The purpose of this study was to analyse infections encountered in our series of SPK transplants, using a restrictive antibiotic prophylaxis policy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed all infectious diseases after 66 consecutive bladder-drained SPK transplantations in 64 IDDM patients with end-stage renal disease due to diabetic nephropathy. During follow-up, the perioperative antibiotic regimen was altered (from 5 days preemptive therapy with multiple drugs to 1 day prophylaxis with cefamandole), and long-term viral prophylaxis (high-dose aciclovir) was introduced. For post-operative urinary tract or opportunistic infection, no prophylaxis was given.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall mean infection rate was 2.9 infections/ patient/year after a mean follow-up of 2.3 years. Surgical site infections (SSI) were seen in 30% of the patients, with Enterococci present in 47%. Logistic regression showed one day cefamandole prophylaxis to be associated with SSI, but there was no significant influence of SSI on either graft or patient survival. Forty-eight percent of all infections were lower urinary tract infections (UTI). There were 59 first UTIs (89%), probably related to long-term Foley catheter use, and 47 second UTIs (71%). Subsequent UTIs were not microbiologically related to first UTIs. Cytomegalovirus (10 patients) and other opportunistic agents did not cause mortality or graft loss. Five grafts were lost due to infection (SSI three times, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease twice). Only one patient died because of infection (2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infectious diseases after SPK transplantation caused significant morbidity but did not influence either patient or graft survival. A change in prophylactic policy for both SSI as well as recurrent UTI, combined with earlier Foley removal, may lower incidences of these infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Hospital, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Y F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Smets
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: van der Pijl
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: van Dissel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ringers
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: de Fijter
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Lemkes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000601:surgery; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000601:surgery; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000601:surgery; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009181:Mycoses / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016035:Pancreas Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents