title: Abraham Lincoln, psychotherapist to the nation: the use of metaphors.
abstract: Metaphors are widely utilized in psychotherapy to effect change in patients. Psychotherapeutic metaphors, in their various versions, may offer new choices and ways of viewing oneself to the patient which are more palatable than straight discussions or sterile insights. By addressing resistances indirectly, metaphors can be an effective tool for the therapist to use, regardless of theoretical orientation. Abraham Lincoln, a master of metaphor, utilized this tool effectively in dealing with crises and the ultimate fragmentation, disunion of the national identity. The author argues that Lincoln was able to address complex issues (such as slavery, liberty, nationhood, union, and conduct of the war) with metaphors, much as a skilled psychotherapist addresses complex issues within his or her purview. Abraham Lincoln effectively disarmed his critics, established a means of communication with the people, and sought to make his points in an understandable nonconfrontational fashion. These are skills highly valued by psychotherapists. One might say that Abraham Lincoln conducted psychotherapy on a national scale. Without formal training, he was ultimately able to create a new and more stable sense of national self using a metaphorical approach.
authors.affiliation: Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Leetz
mesh_terms: D005197:Famous Persons; D006076:Government; D049672:History, 19th Century; D019365:Metaphor; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000266:history*; D014481:United States