title: A classification system to evaluate weight maintainers, gainers, and losers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study natural weight changes and to develop a weight classification system that can identify weight maintainers, gainers, and losers. DESIGN/OUTCOME: A prospective, observational study in which weight changes over five annual measurements were evaluated. In the weight classification system used, changes greater than 5 lb defined weight maintenance, gain, or loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were healthy, normal-weight and over weight, men and women (mean age = 44.1 +/- 14.1 years) in the Relationships of Energy, Nutrition, and Obesity to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Study. Prospective data for 385 of the original 508 subjects for whom actual weights were available for each of the 5 years (1985 to 1990) were used to classify and characterize subjects by weight-change categories.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-tabulations (with chi 2 tests) and hterarchical log-linear analyses (with partial chi 2 tests) to examine the relationships of categorical variables; analyses of variance (with F tests) for continuous measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the 4-year interval, 46% of subjects were classified as maintainers, 34% as gainers, and 20% as losers. Over shorter 1-year epochs, more subjects were maintainers (62%) and fewer subjects were gainers (22%) or losers (16%). Maintainers had fewer and smaller magnitudes of weight fluctuations and showed fewer deleterious changes in health risk factors than gainers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Weight changes of greater than +/-5 lb can classify a person as a weight maintainer, or loser. Although annual weight changes were used in this study, a weight change of more than 5 lb between any two points in time may suggest nonmaintenance of weight or weight instability that needs further evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Education and Research Program, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno 89557, USA.
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: St Jeor
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Harrington
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Daugherty
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Cutter
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Brownell
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Dyer
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Foreyt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001823:Body Composition; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000145:classification* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011674:Pulse; D012307:Risk Factors; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004041:Dietary Fats; D002784:Cholesterol