title: Nutritional survey in Greek children: nutrient intake.
abstract: The aim of the survey was to record the food habits and nutrient intake of Greek children. Data was obtained by a 3 d household measured diet record from a random stratified sample (1936 children aged 2-14 y). Mean daily protein intake was much higher than PRI and none of the children had lower intake than AR. Mean energy intake from protein was 15%, carbohydrate 44% and fat 41%. Eighty-four percent of children had energy intake from fat higher than the AR. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) provided approximately 15%, monounsaturated (MUFA) 17% and polyunsaturated (PUFA) 6% of energy. Eighty-seven percent of children had higher intake of SFA than the AR. Six percent of children had SFA intake lower than the AR and 50% higher than the AR. None of the children had PUFA intake lower than PRI and 0.3% higher than the maximum limit. 4.2% of children had calcium intake lower than LTI and 88% higher or equal to PRI. All children had phosphorus intake higher than PRI and less than the lower safe ratio of Ca/P; 50% of them had P intake higher than 1.5 g/d. The majority of children had sufficient iron intake with the exception of menstruated girls. Mean vitamin A intake was higher than PRI and lower than the toxic levels. All children had vitamin C intake higher than LTI. Median vitamin D intake varied from 1.7-2.1 micrograms. Median energy intake was higher than the AR in preschool children, but lower in the older children. We conclude that Greek children do not underintake energy and protein, overintake SFA, have safe intake of PUFA, vitamin A and C and high intake of MUFA, underintake carbohydrates, have adequate Ca, but a considerably high P intake. Vitamin D is low in small children, but the biological available vitamin D is obviously higher due to sunlight.
authors.affiliation: 1st Department of Paediatrics of Athens University, Greece.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roma-Giannikou
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Adamidis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gianniou
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nikolara
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsaniotis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005227:Fatty Acids; D014801:Vitamin A; D010758:Phosphorus; D007501:Iron; D001205:Ascorbic Acid