title: Retrograde cholangiography of malignant biliary strictures: spectrum of appearances and pitfalls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate retrograde cholangiograms, explore the morphology of malignant biliary strictures, and determine if there are any features that may indicate a specific diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The retrograde cholangiograms of 514 patients were reviewed. Cases with clinical follow-up and subsequent studies indicating malignant involvement of the biliary tree were identified. Fifty patients were found.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carcinoma of the pancreatic head was the most common disease with 21 patients in this group. The morphology of the bile duct at the point of involvement was nonspecific comprising shouldered intrinsic appearing lesions as well as tapered in other cases. Pancreatic duct dilatation was a relatively specific finding occurring in 80% of this group. Other malignancies to involve the bile ducts included cholangiocarcinoma, metastases, ampullary carcinoma and gallbladder carcinoma. As with pancreatic carcinoma, the morphology of the lesion (e.g., shouldered versus tapered, length of stricture, severity of proximal dilatation) did not aid in the specific diagnosis of the pathology. Illustrative cases are presented where the morphology was unexpected for the eventual diagnosis (e.g., simulating intraluminal filling defects).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cholangiographic appearance of a biliary stricture is usually not helpful in the specific diagnosis of the underlying etiology. Carcinoma of the pancreatic head may be suspected if pancreatic duct dilatation is also found. This article presents some unusual cholangiographic pitfalls that were identified, which initially distracted from the ultimate diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia.
authors.forename: V H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Low
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014670:Ampulla of Vater / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001661:Biliary Tract Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000556:secondary; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D002779:Cholestasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003138:Common Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004108:Dilatation, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006500:Hepatic Duct, Common / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010183:Pancreatic Ducts / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012189:Retrospective Studies