title: Estrogenic and DNA-damaging activity of Red No. 3 in human breast cancer cells.
abstract: Exposure to pesticides, dyes, and pollutants that mimic the growth promoting effects of estrogen may cause breast cancer. The pesticide DDT and the food colorant Red No. 3 were found to increase the growth of HTB 133 but not estrogen receptor (ER) negative human breast cells (HTB 125) or rat liver epithelial cells (RLE). Red No. 3, beta-estradiol, and DDT increase ER site-specific DNA binding to the estrogen response element in HTB 133 cells and increase cyclin-dependent kinase 2 activity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Site-specific DNA binding by p53 in RLE, HTB 125, HTB 133, and MCF-7 cells was increased when they were treated with Red No. 3, which suggests that cellular DNA was damaged by this colorant. Red No. 3 increased binding of the ER from MCF-7 cells to the estrogen-responsive element. Consumption of Red No. 3, which has estrogenlike growth stimulatory properties and may be genotoxic, could be a significant risk factor in human breast carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Health Sciences Research Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, USA. genase@aol.com
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dees
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Askari
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Garrett
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gehrs
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Henley
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ardies
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D003634:DDT / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D004249:DNA Damage; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004782:Environmental Health; D004958:Estradiol / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D004968:Estrogens, Non-Steroidal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D016158:Genes, p53; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D004968:Estrogens, Non-Steroidal; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D004958:Estradiol; D003634:DDT; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases