title: Human natural killer lymphocytes directly recognize evolutionarily conserved oligosaccharide ligands expressed by xenogeneic tissues.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In discordant xenogeneic species combinations, vascularized transplants are hyperacutely rejected, due to binding of xenoreactive natural antibodies (XNA) to selected tissues of the graft, followed by activation of the complement and coagulation cascades. A major epitope recognized by human XNA is the terminal disaccharide Gal alpha(1,3)Gal. Poorly defined, early cell-mediated events also contribute to recognition and rejection of discordant xenografts, and we have suggested a role of natural killer (NK) lymphocytes in this process.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human NK cells were used as effectors in functional assays of adhesion to and lysis of xenogeneic discordant endothelial cells in vitro. Adhesion and lysis inhibition experiments were performed using a large panel of carbohydrates, as well as F(ab')2 fragments of human XNA. COS cells transduced with the porcine alpha-galactosyltransferase were also used as targets for NK cell adhesion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate that XNA-reactive carbohydrate epitopes expressed by xenogeneic cells, including Gal alpha(1,3)Gal, are also directly recognized by human NK cells. First, selected carbohydrates in solution displace with comparable efficiency both XNA and NK cell binding to xenogeneic endothelium; second, XNA F(ab')2 fragments selectively inhibit human NK cell adhesion to porcine endothelium, but not to human endothelium; third, unstimulated NK lymphocytes adhere selectively to COS-7 cells expressing the porcine glycosyltransferase that encodes the Gal alpha(1,3)Gal epitope.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, our findings suggest that humoral and cellular components of the natural immune response against heterologous species independently evolved recognition patterns directed against overlapping carbohydrate determinants.
authors.affiliation: Human Immunology Unit, Scientific Institute San Raffaele-DIBIT, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Inverardi
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Clissi
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Stolzer
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Bender
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sandrin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pardi
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D005075:Biological Evolution; D019556:COS Cells / Q000201:enzymology; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D000939:Epitopes / Q000276:immunology; D005700:Galactosyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007128:Immunoglobulin Fragments / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D017452:Receptors, IgG / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D014162:Transfection; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000939:Epitopes; D007128:Immunoglobulin Fragments; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D017452:Receptors, IgG; D005700:Galactosyltransferases; C037959:beta-D-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminylglycopeptide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase