title: Intravenous sedation of involuntary psychiatric patients in New South Wales.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intravenous sedation of involuntary psychiatric patients is practised in almost all hospitals in New South Wales. Despite its widespread use, little has been published about the medications used or their safety and efficacy. The present study reports the frequency and reasons for intravenous sedation, the medications used, and the incidence of adverse effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen of 21 acute psychiatric admission units in the State were reviewed. The medical records of a random sample of 495 patients admitted involuntarily during 1990 were examined and information from the progress notes, drug charts and physical observations was recorded and subjected to statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 495 patients, 132 (27%) were intravenously sedated. Eighty-six percent (86%) of patients received a combination of haloperidol or diazepam, usually 20 mg of each drug. The threat of violence was the most significant patient characteristic predicting the use of intravenous sedation. Patients with mania or intoxication were relatively more likely to be intravenously sedated than other diagnostic categories. Patients admitted via accident and emergency departments and those admitted to teaching and metropolitan general hospitals compared to rural and large psychiatric hospitals were significantly more likely to receive intravenous sedation. The most common complications of intravenous sedation were dystonia (37%), hypotension (8%) and confusion (5%). The incidence of phlebitis and other extrapyramidal side-effects was probably under-reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  About one in four involuntary psychiatric patients receive intravenous sedation in NSW. Intravenous sedation is more likely when patients are admitted through accident and emergency departments to teaching or metropolitan hospitals, and pose a threat of violence. Intravenous sedation was shown to be a safe procedure given certain precautions.
authors.affiliation: Corrections Health Service, Matraville, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nielssen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Buhrich
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Finlay-Jones
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001590:Benztropine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003134:Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders; D003975:Diazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004363:Drug Utilization; D004637:Emergency Services, Psychiatric; D005260:Female; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014754:Violence
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D001590:Benztropine; D006220:Haloperidol; D003975:Diazepam; D008874:Midazolam