title: Matrix metalloproteinases-1, -3 and -8 and myeloperoxidase in saliva of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive patients have frequently severe gingival inflammation and/or attachment loss. In addition many infectious diseases affect their periodontium with varying clinical manifestations. Matrix metalloproteinases seem to play a key role in physiological periodontal remodelling and pathological tissue destruction. The aim of the present study was to characterize the presence, molecular forms, cellular sources, activities, and relative amounts of fibroblast-type (matrix metalloproteinase [MMP]-1) and neutrophil (MMP-8) collagenases, as well as their potential activator stromelysin-I (MMP-3) and myeloperoxidase in saliva of HIV-seropositive patients at different phases of HIV-infection. HIV-seronegative, healthy, age-matched patients served as controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Saliva samples were characterized by Western blotting using antibodies specific for MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-8. Interstitial collagenase activities were measured using quantitative sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis/laser densitometry assay. Myeloperoxidase was analysed using quantitative dot blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical and microbiological evaluation of HIV-seropositive patients' periodontium showed the presence of putative periodontopathogens ie Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Peptostreptococcus micros (Psm) and Campylobacter rectus (Cr) in their periodontal pockets. The amount of Candida increased with the severity of HIV-infection. Clinical and microbiological findings of HIV-seropositive patients suggested that they have a tendency to develop periodontal disease. Interstitial collagenase activities were found to be increased in saliva of different phases of HIV-infected patients compared to the controls. Independent of the phase of HIV-infection saliva samples contained pro- and active forms of MMP-1, -3 and -8 using Western blotting. Saliva samples from healthy controls were found to contain hardly any immunoreactivities for MMP-1 or MMP-8, but considerable amounts of MMP-3 were detected. Quantitative dot blotting demonstrated increased amounts of myeloperoxidase in HIV-patients' saliva relative to controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results showed increased amounts of MMP-1, -3, -8 and myeloperoxidase in HIV-patients' saliva. MMP-1 and -8 may have been activated by MMP-3 and/or oxidants generated by myeloperoxidase. The increased amounts of MMPs and myeloperoxidase may reflect and directly participate in HIV-infection associated periodontitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mellanen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ingman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lähdevirta
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lauhio
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ainamo
authors.forename: Y T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Konttinen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sukura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Salo
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sorsa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D017364:Collagenases / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000201:enzymology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology*; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D012463:Saliva / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: D009195:Peroxidase; D017364:Collagenases; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1