title: Quantitative assessment of variables that influence soft-tissue electrovaporization in a fluid environment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the process of soft-tissue electrovaporization and to study variables that affect tissue clearance rates in a laboratory setting, in order to identify parameters that can optimize transurethral electrovaporization of the prostate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fresh bovine skeletal muscle, equivalent in impedance and surface properties to the human prostate, was submerged in 3.3% sorbitol solution and electrovaporized with a grooved monopolar electrode attached to the weighted arm of a linear actuator. The effects of excursion rate, applied mechanical load, power setting, electrode configuration, and generator performance on the volume of tissue removed, were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tissue removal increased significantly when electrode excursion rate was slowed from 25 to 15 mm/s (P < 0.05) and then to 10 mm/s (P < 0.05); when the load was increased from 20 to 50 g (P < 0.005); and when dial power was increased from 120 to 150 W (P < 0.01). Tissue removal was generator dependent. There was no significant difference between the Force 40 and the Force 2 (P > 0.4), but a new computer-controlled constant power output generator (Force FX) did significantly improve tissue vaporization at an equivalent power setting (P < 0.005 and P < 0.01, respectively). Tissue removal was also dependent upon electrode configuration, with the VaporTrode-Grooved Bar removing significantly more tissue than either an ungrooved roller bar of equivalent size or 2-mm smooth roller ball, respectively, both after a single pass (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05) and after five repeated passes (P < 0.05 and P < 0.005). The histologic depth of tissue thermal effect was less than 1 mm, but it was 38% greater for the VaporTrode-Grooved Bar (0.68 mm) than for the standard cutting loop (0.5 mm, P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using a novel method to quantify tissue removal, we have demonstrated that electrode configuration, excursion rate, applied load, power setting, and generator performance are interdependent factors that influence the efficacy of the electrovaporization process in a fluid environment.
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Department, Valleylab Inc., Boulder, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Stranahan
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Fuchs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004564:Electrocoagulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004566:Electrodes; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal