title: A 'specificity' pocket inferred from the crystal structures of the complexes of aldose reductase with the pharmaceutically important inhibitors tolrestat and sorbinil.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aldose reductase (AR) is an NADPH-dependent enzyme implicated in long-term diabetic complications. Buried at the bottom of a deep hydrophobic cleft, the NADPH coenzyme is surrounded by the conserved hydrophilic residues of the AR active site. The existence of an anionic binding site near the NADP+ has been determined from the structures of the complexes of AR with citrate, cacodylate and glucose-6-phosphate. The inhibitor zopolrestat binds to this anionic site, and in the hydrophobic cleft, after a change of conformation which opens a 'specificity' pocket.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The crystal structures of the porcine AR holoenzyme and its complexes with the inhibitors tolrestat and sorbinil have been solved; these structures are important as tolrestat and sorbinil are, pharmaceutically, the most well-studied AR inhibitors. The active site of the holoenzyme was analyzed, and binding of the inhibitors was found to involve two contact zones in the active site: first, a recognition region for hydrogen-bond acceptors near the coenzyme, with three centers, including the anionic site; and second, a hydrophobic contact zone in the active-site cleft, which in the case of tolrestat includes the specificity pocket. The conformational change leading to the opening of the specificity pocket upon tolrestat binding is different to the one seen upon zopolrestat binding; this pocket binds inhibitors that are more effective against AR than against aldehyde reductase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The active site of AR adapts itself to bind tightly to different inhibitors; this happens both upon binding to the inhibitor's hydrophilic heads, and at the hydrophobic and specificity pockets of AR, which can change their shape through different conformational changes of the same residues. This flexibility could explain the large variety of possible substrates of AR.
authors.affiliation: UPR-de Biologie Structurale 9004 IGMBC CNRS/INSERM/ULP 1 rue Laurent Fries, B.P. 163, 67404, Illkirch, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Urzhumtsev
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tête-Favier
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mitschler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barbanton
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Urzhumtseva
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Biellmann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Podjarny
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moras
mesh_terms: D000449:Aldehyde Reductase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003461:Crystallography; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry*; D048289:Imidazolidines; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000201:enzymology; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009249:NADP / Q000737:chemistry; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007093:Imidazoles; D048289:Imidazolidines; D009281:Naphthalenes; C040550:tolrestat; D009249:NADP; D000449:Aldehyde Reductase; C026411:sorbinil