title: Psychological factors and survival in the cardiac arrhythmia suppression trial (CAST): a reexamination.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evaluating the independent effects of psychosocial and physiological factors on survival of cardiac patients is difficult because it requires obtaining extensive physiological and psychosocial data and long-term follow-up of high-risk patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the independent contributions of psychosocial and physiological status to survival of patients who had had myocardial infarction.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 348 patients in the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial who had asymptomatic ventricular arrhythmias after myocardial infarction. Psychosocial status was assessed with the Social Support Questionnaire-6, Social Readjustment Rating Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Self-Rating Depression Scale, Jenkins Activity Survey, and Expression of Anger Scale. Physiological data included measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction; history of previous myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and diabetes; and results of Holter monitoring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the first follow-up, after the effect of the physiological predictors was controlled for, psychosocial factors were significant independent predictors of survival. Among men in the nonactive medication group (n = 263), higher state anxiety, lower anger outward, more past life events, and lower expectations of future life events were predictors of mortality. Data suggested that the relationship of anger to mortality might differ for men and women. Increases in past life events and depression from baseline to first follow-up were greater among those who died than among those who lived.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients who had asymptomatic ventricular arrhythmias after myocardial infarction, psychological status during the period after infarction contributed to mortality beyond the effect of physiological status. The results reaffirm the critical interrelationship between mind and body for cardiovascular health.
authors.affiliation: Siegel & Thomas Healthcare Group, Ellicott City, MD, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Friedmann
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wimbush
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schron
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000786:Anger; D001007:Anxiety; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D015400:Clinical Nursing Research; D003863:Depression; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests