title: Determination of protein loading in biodegradable polymer microspheres containing tetanus toxoid.
abstract: Various methods to determine loading of vaccine in biodegradable polymer microspheres encapsulating tetanus toxoid were evaluated. The microspheres were composed of poly (D-lactic acid) (PLA) and poly (DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). Dissolution of microspheres in organic solvents such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or dimethyl sulfoxide and extraction of vaccine antigen or total protein with phosphate buffered saline gave variable results which depended upon the characteristics of the microspheres, such as type of polymer, excipients used in the microspheres and formulation conditions. Microspheres made from low molecular weight PLGA polymer and showing a large burst release exhibited up to 25% extraction of antigen whereas microspheres made from PLA microspheres with low burst release showed < 1% extraction. Extraction of total protein with 0.1 N NaOH and 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate showed results similar to those obtained with organic solvent extraction method. Partial digestion of microspheres with 6 N HCl at 60 degrees C for 20 h resulted in approximately 30% loss in TT protein by micro-bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay. The major problem with this method was strong reactions in the micro-BCA assay of stabilizers, particularly sugars (glucose, sucrose) used in the microsphere formulations. Complete digestion of microspheres with 6 N HCl at 110 degrees C for 20 h or with 13.5 N NaOH at 121 degrees C for 1 h and quantitation of amino acids by a modified ninhydrin assay showed reproducible results on the protein loading in the microspheres. However, this method was affected by the presence of stabilizers, such as gelatin, which contain amino acids. Further, sucrose concentrations higher than 10% caused interference in the ninhydrin assay on samples hydrolyzed with 6 N HCl. In contrast, hydrolysis with 13.5 N NaOH did not show any interference by sucrose. Stabilizers used outside the microspheres for lyophilization purposes may be removed by washing the microspheres before loading determination or by dialysis but stabilizers used inside the microspheres would still cause interference. For reliable determination of total protein in the microspheres containing vaccines, we suggest complete digestion of microspheres with acid or base followed by amino acid analysis by colorimeteric assays such as ninhydrin method or using amino acid analyzers. The method needs to be optimized for each type of formulation to eliminate interference by the excipients. Alternatively, total protein nitrogen in the microspheres may be determined by the Kjel-dahl method if no amino acids or other nitrogen containing stabilizer is used inside the microspheres.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Public Health Biologic Laboratories, State Laboratory Institute, Boston 02130, USA.
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.forename: Y Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Siber
mesh_terms: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D008863:Microspheres; D011091:Polyesters; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D011804:Quinolines / Q000737:chemistry; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers; D011804:Quinolines; D012997:Solvents; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; C033616:poly(lactide); D012972:Sodium Hydroxide; C047117:bicinchoninic acid; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid