title: Mechanical and elemental characterization of solder joints and welds using a gold-palladium alloy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to determine whether newer infrared or laser welding technologies created joints superior to traditional furnace or torch soldering methods of joining metals. It was designed to assess the mechanical resistance, the characteristics of the fractured surfaces, and the elemental diffusion of joints obtained by four different techniques: (1) preceramic soldering with a propane-oxygen torch, (2) postceramic soldering with a porcelain furnace, (3) preceramic and (4) postceramic soldering with an infrared heat source, and (5) laser welding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mechanical resistance was determined by measuring the ultimate tensile strength of the joint and by determining their resistance to fatigue loading. Elemental diffusion to and from the joint was assessed with microprobe tracings. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs of the fractured surface were also obtained and evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under monotonic tensile stress, three groups emerged: The laser welds were the strongest, the preceramic joints ranged second, and the postceramic joints were the weakest. Under fatigue stress, the order was as follows: first, the preceramic joints, and second, a group that comprised both postceramic joints and the laser welds. Inspection of the fractographs revealed several fracture modes but no consistent pattern emerged. Microprobe analyses demonstrated minor diffusion processes in the preceramic joints, whereas significant diffusion was observed in the postceramic joints.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mechanical resistance data conflicted as to the strength that could be expected of laser welded joints. On the basis of fatigue resistance of the joints, neither infrared solder joints nor laser welds were stronger than torch or furnace soldered joints.
authors.affiliation: Division of Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Wiskott
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Macheret
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bussy
authors.forename: U C
authors.initials: UC
authors.lastname: Belser
mesh_terms: D002516:Ceramics; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D012994:Dental Soldering / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004058:Diffusion; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D006047:Gold Alloys / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007259:Infrared Rays; D007834:Lasers; D008422:Materials Testing; D019563:Mechanics; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010100:Oxygen; D010165:Palladium / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D011407:Propane; D011476:Prosthodontics / Q000295:instrumentation; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D006047:Gold Alloys; D010165:Palladium; D010100:Oxygen; D011407:Propane