title: Hospital mortality in women and men with acute cardiac ischemia: a prospective multicenter study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to determine gender differences in hospital mortality in patients with acute cardiac ischemia.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  It is unclear why women experience higher mortality from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) than men and whether this applies to all patients with acute ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from a prospective multicenter study involving patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with symptoms suggestive of acute ischemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 10,783 patients, 5,221 (48.4%) were women. Mean age was 60.5 years for women and 56.9 for men (p < 0.001). Women had more hypertension (54.6% vs. 45.9%, p < 0.001) and diabetes (23.3% vs. 17.0%, p < 0.001) than men but fewer previous AMIs (21.1% vs. 28.9%, p < 0.001). Acute ischemia was confirmed in 1,090 women (20.8%) and 1,451 men (26.1%, p < 0.001), including AMI in 322 women (6.2%) and 572 men (10.3%, p < 0.001). Women with an AMI were in a higher Killip class than men: class I in 60.3% versus 72.2%, class II in 19.3% versus 16%, class III in 15.5% versus 8.7% and class IV in 5% versus 3.1%, respectively (p = 0.001). There was no significant difference in mortality from acute ischemia between genders (4.0% vs. 3.5%, p = 0.6), but there was a trend for higher AMI mortality in women (10.3% vs. 7.4%, p = 0.1). After controlling for age, diabetes, heart failure and presenting blood pressure, gender did not predict mortality from acute ischemia (odds ratio 0.9, 95% confidence interval 0.5 to 1.4, p = 0.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients presenting to the ED with acute cardiac ischemia, gender does not appear to be an independent predictor of hospital mortality. The trend for higher mortality in women from AMI can be explained by their older age, greater frequency of diabetes and higher Killip class on presentation.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular Health Services Research, New England Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Coronado
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Griffith
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Beshansky
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Selker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology