title: The effects of early chest tube placement on empyema resolution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine the impact of the timing of chest tube insertion on outcome for the treatment of empyema, using a new animal model of empyema.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, controlled randomized, blinded design was used.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in an animal research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-six 2- to 3-kg rabbits were used in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  After induction of empyema, the rabbits were divided into four groups. Fourteen rabbits had chest tubes placed at 24 h after empyema induction. Seventeen rabbits had chest tubes placed at 48 h and 14 rabbits had chest tubes placed at 72 h after empyema induction. Twenty-one rabbits served as control rabbits and had no chest tubes placed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten days after induction of empyema, the rabbits were killed. The pleural spaces of each rabbit were examined and a gross score, pleural peel score, and a microscopic score were calculated for each rabbit. The median gross score, mean pleural peel score, and median microscopic scores were significantly higher in the rabbits that underwent late chest tube placement (72 h) relative to those that underwent early chest tube placement (24 or 48 h).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study supports previous expert opinion statements and conclusions from retrospective analyses that early chest tube placement (relative to delayed chest tube placement) is beneficial for the treatment of empyema.
authors.affiliation: Long Beach VAMC, Calif 90822, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasse
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mulligan
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Mahutte
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Light
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015505:Chest Tubes; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016724:Empyema, Pleural / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D010326:Pasteurella Infections / Q000150:complications; D016979:Pasteurella multocida; D010994:Pleura / Q000473:pathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011817:Rabbits; D011897:Random Allocation; D013997:Time Factors