title: Diagnostic and prognostic markers for human prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence and mortality of prostate cancer are increasing at alarming rates, partially due to an aging population. Early detection of prostate cancer, using clinically sensitive procedures and/or tumor markers (e.g., prostate-specific antigen [PSA]), is of prime importance. However, the choice of therapeutic interventions for prostate cancer at the time of diagnosis is largely dependent on clinical and pathologic staging and prediction of the degree of aggressiveness of the disease. Clinically applicable prognostic markers are urgently needed to assist in the selection of optimal therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature review of the potential diagnostic and prognostic markers for human prostate cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Well-established tissue prognostic indicators, including histologic grade, margin positivity, pathologic stage, intraglandular tumor extent, and DNA ploidy, are not reviewed in this paper. Recently, a number of novel markers have been identified. In this paper, we begin with a discussion of a number of well-established as well as investigational diagnostic markers and then focus on evaluation of prognostic markers. Diagnostic markers that have prognostic value and investigational prognostic markers are also discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Currently, only PSA is utilized for early diagnosis and monitoring of prostate cancer. A number of potential prognostic markers warrant further investigation. Multimarker analysis is implicated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA. xgao@shiffman.med.wayne.edu
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Grignon
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Pontes
authors.forename: K V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Honn
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000097:blood; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000097:blood; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D016158:Genes, p53; D043425:Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D000954:Antigens, Surface; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D000135:Acid Phosphatase; C473848:FOLH1 protein, human; D043425:Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen