title: Effects of low concentrations of 3-carene on alveolar macrophages in vitro.
abstract: Rat alveolar macrophages (AM) were incubated with the monoterpene 3-carene in vitro at the concentrations 0, 0.005, 0.05, 0.5 and 5.0 microM in culture medium for 75 min. A dose-dependent relationship was found between the cell viability and the 3-carene concentration. At 5.0 microM 3-carene, 98% of the AM were dead. The phagocytosis of heat-killed yeast particles was significantly decreased and the attachment of particles to the cell surface significantly increased at 0.5 microM 3-carene. Electron microscopy showed that about 50% of the AM lacked or had very few surface protrusions after incubation in 0.5 microM 3-carene. Thus, 3-carene seemed to affect mainly the engulfment of particles. Surfactant, 0.5 mg/ml as Curosurf, added to the incubation medium, did not affect the AM reaction to 3-carene exposure.
authors.affiliation: Division of Inhalation Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lundborg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000081008:Bicyclic Monoterpenes; D001688:Biological Products; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate / Q000737:chemistry; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D039821:Monoterpenes; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D010743:Phospholipids; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013729:Terpenes / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000081008:Bicyclic Monoterpenes; D001688:Biological Products; D039821:Monoterpenes; D010743:Phospholipids; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants; D013729:Terpenes; C030218:3-carene; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate; C068291:poractant alfa