title: Treatment of brain metastases in patients with testicular cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite improved cure rates for patients with metastatic testicular cancer with cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy, patients who develop brain metastases are generally considered to possess a poor prognosis. This report summarizes the long-term results in 44 patients with brain metastases from testicular cancer treated between 1978 and 1995 at Hannover University Medical School.
  
  
  METHODS
  Histologically, 42 patients (95%) had a nonseminomatous germ cell cancer and two patients (5%) a seminoma. Thirty-nine patients (89%) had lung metastases and 37 (84%) fulfilled the criteria for advanced disease according to the Indiana University classification even without considering the brain metastases. Eighteen patients (41%) presented with brain metastases at primary diagnosis (group 1), four (9%) developed brain metastases at relapse after a previous favorable response to combination chemotherapy (group 2), and 22 (50%) developed brain metastases during or directly after cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Chemotherapy consisted of cisplatin-based combination treatment and radiotherapy was given as whole-brain irradiation of 30 to 40 Gy and in single cases combined with a boost of 10 Gy to single lesions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 10 patients achieved long-term survival (23%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 10.1% to 35.4%). The prognosis was significantly better for patients in groups 1 and 2, with six of 18 (33%) and three of four (75%) patients alive, compared with only one of 22 (5%) in group 3 (P < .01). Patients treated with either chemotherapy or radiotherapy alone did not achieve long-term survival, while nine of 28 (32%) who received treatment with both modalities with or without surgery achieved sustained long-term survival. During univariate analysis, patients with the diagnosis of brain metastases at first presentation (P < .01), patients with a single brain lesion (P < .02), and patients who received combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy (P < .03) had a significantly improved outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term survival can be achieved in approximately 25% of patients with brain metastases from testicular cancer by combined treatment with brain irradiation and aggressive cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Patients who develop brain metastases during systemic treatment should receive only palliative radiation therapy, since sustained survival will not be reached.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology/Oncology, Hannover University Medical School, Germany. carsten.bokemeyer@uuituebingeu.de
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bokemeyer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haupt
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Metzner
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Köhne
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kanz
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Schmoll
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000556:secondary; D011379:Prognosis; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D018239:Seminoma / Q000556:secondary; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002945:Cisplatin