title: Electromotive administration of oxybutynin into the human bladder wall.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare concentrations of oxybutynin in the human bladder wall after either passive delivery (PD) or electromotive administration (EMDA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Tissue sections of human bladder were inserted into a diffusion cell with urothelium exposed to the donor compartment containing oxybutynin (4.5 mg. in 100 ml. NaCl 0.45%) and an anode. Twelve paired experiments, "current 5 mA/no current", were conducted over 15 minutes. Oxybutynin tissue contents were measured and tissue viability, morphology and oxybutynin stability were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean oxybutynin tissue concentrations were 3.84 micrograms./gm. in samples exposed to EMDA and 0.87 microgram./gm. in samples exposed to PD (p = 0.0006). The mean coefficients of variation were 57.85% in EMDA experiments and 89.78% in PD experiments. Tissues were viable and undamaged histologically and no oxybutynin structural modification was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EMDA enhances oxybutynin administration into viable bladder wall and reduces the variability in drug delivery rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery/Urology, Tor Vergata University of Rome School of Medicine, Italy.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Di Stasi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giannantoni
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Massoud
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cortese
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vespasiani
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Micali
mesh_terms: D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004560:Electricity; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008333:Mandelic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D008333:Mandelic Acids; C005419:oxybutynin