title: N-acetylcysteine attenuates endotoxin-induced leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion and macromolecular leakage in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the influence of N-acetylcysteine on endotoxin-induced leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion, vascular leakage, and venular microhemodynamics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, blinded, controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty male Wistar rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  After pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine (150 mg/kg; n = 40; group A) or 0.9% saline solution (n = 10; group B) animals were given an intravenous infusion of endotoxin (Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide 026:B6; 2 mg/kg/hr) over 120 mins. Animals in the control group (n = 10; group C) received a volume-equivalent infusion of 0.9% saline solution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Leukocyte adherence, red cell velocity (VRBC), vessel diameters, venular wall shear rate, and macromolecular leakage were determined in mesenteric postcapillary venules using in vivo videomicroscopy at baseline and at 30, 50, 90, and 120 mins after the start of the endotoxin challenge. Endotoxin exposure induced a marked increase in adherent leukocytes (group B: baseline, 391 +/- 24 cells/mm2; 120 mins, 1268 +/- 131 cells/mm2; p < .01). N-acetylcysteine pretreatment attenuated the adherence of leukocytes during endotoxemia (baseline, 366 +/- 28 cells/mm2; 120 mins, 636 +/- 49 cells/mm2; p < .01 vs. baseline; p < .01 vs. group B). Leukocyte adherence in control animals (group C) did not increase significantly. Administration of N-acetylcysteine did not influence the decrease in VRBC observed during endotoxemia. In group B1 VRBC decreased during the infusion of endotoxin from 2.0 +/- 0.2 mm/sec at baseline to 1.1 +/- 0.2 mm/ sec after 120 mins (p < .01 vs. baseline; p < .05 vs. group C), and in group A from 2.2 +/- 0.2 mm/sec to 1.1 +/- 0.1 mm/sec after 120 mins (p < .01 vs. baseline; p < .05 vs. group C). In group C, VRBC remained unchanged (baseline, 1.7 +/- 0.2 mm/sec; at 120 mins, 1.5 +/- 0.2 mm/sec). The venular diameters remained unchanged in all groups during the entire study period. After 120 mins, the venular wall shear rate decreased from 502 +/- 62 secs-1 at baseline to 272 +/- 46 sec-1 in group B (p < .01), and from 563 +/- 45 secs-1 at baseline to 283 +/- 31 secs-1 in group A (p < .01). No differences in venular wall shear rate were observed between these groups. In group C, the venular wall shear rate remained unchanged (baseline, 457 +/- 54 secs-1; at 120 mins, 409 +/- 51 secs-1). Macromolecular leakage, expressed as perivenular/intravenular fluorescence intensity after injection of fluorescence-labeled albumin, increased from 0.29 +/- 0.03 to 0.58 +/- 0.03 (p < .01) during the infusion of endotoxin in group B. In contrast, pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine diminished the extravasation of albumin (baseline, 0.27 +/- 0.01; at 120 mins, 0.37 +/- 0.02; p < .01 vs. baseline; p < .01 vs. group B).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that N-acetylcysteine attenuates endotoxin-induced alterations in leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion and macromolecular leakage, suggesting N-acetylcysteine might be therapeutic in the prevention of endothelial damage in sepsis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Böhrer
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Gebhard
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000187:drug effects*; D004727:Endothelium / Q000187:drug effects; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004926:Escherichia coli; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D000111:Acetylcysteine