Lactational transfer of volatile chemicals in breast milk.
Lactational transfer of chemicals to nursing infants is a concern for occupational physicians when women who are breast-feeding return to the workplace. Some work environments, such as paint shops, have atmospheric contamination from volatile organic chemicals (VOCs). Very little is known about the extent of exposure a nursing infant may receive from the mother's occupational exposure. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was developed for a lactating woman to estimate the amount of chemical that a nursing infant ingests for a given nursing schedule and maternal occupational exposure. Human blood/air and milk/air partition coefficients (PCs) were determined for 19 VOCs. Milk/blood PC values were above 3 for carbon tetrachloride, methylchloroform, perchloroethylene, and 1,4-dioxane, while the remaining 16 chemicals had milk/blood PC values of less than 3. Other model parameters, such as solid tissue PC values, metabolic rate constants, blood flow rates, and tissue volumes were taken from the literature and incorporated into the lactation model. In a simulated exposure of a lactating woman to a threshold limit value concentration of an individual chemical, only perchloroethylene, bromochloroethane, and 1,4-dioxane exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency non-cancer drinking water ingestion rates for children. Very little data exists on the pharmacokinetics of lactational transfer of volatile organics. More data are needed before the significance of the nursing exposure pathway can be adequately ascertained. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models can play an important role in assessing lactational transfer of chemicals.
Fisher
J
J
Armstrong Laboratory, Toxicology Division, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, USA.
Mahle
D
D
Bankston
L
L
Greene
R
R
Gearhart
J
J
D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001822:Body Burden; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology*; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D010599:Pharmacokinetics