title: Deletional, mutational, and methylation analyses of CDKN2 (p16/MTS1) in primary and metastatic prostate cancer.
abstract: The tumor suppressor gene CDKN2 (p16/MTS1) resides on chromosome 9p21 and encodes a 16 kDa inhibitor of the cyclin-dependent kinases. Inactivation of CDKN2 by homozygous deletion, point mutation, and recently described aberrant methylation in the 5' promoter region may increase progression through the cell cycle in tumors. In this study, we examine the CDKN2 gene for the presence of inactivating alterations in human prostate cancer. Sequence analysis of cell lines revealed no mutation in LNCaP, PC3, and TSU-PR1 and a missense mutation, GAC-->TAC (asp to tyr), in exon 2 of the DU145 cell line at codon 76. No mutations were identified in three primary prostate cancers or in seven lymph node metastases. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was analyzed by analysis of microsatellite markers in the vicinity of the CDKN2 gene. LOH was detected in 12 (20%) of 60 primary tumors at one or more loci and in 13 (46%) of 28 metastases. Methylation analysis of the CpG-rich promoter region revealed a dense methylation of CDKN2 in cell lines PC3, PPC1, and TSU-PR1, and this was found to correlate with a lack of mRNA expression by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. A demethylating agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, induced reexpression when cells were exposed in vitro. DU145 and LNCaP expressed the CDKN2 transcript and were unmethylated in the promoter region. Three of twenty-four (13%) primary prostate cancers and 1 of 12 metastatic tumors demonstrated promoter methylation. No normal prostate tissues were methylated at the CDKN2 gene promoter. One tumor was found to contain concomitant LOH and promoter methylation indicative of biallelic inactivation. A comprehensive analysis of CDKN2 in prostate cancer reveals that point mutations are infrequent, but gene deletion and methylation combine to inactivate CDKN2 in a subset of tumors. Moreover, alterations in this gene may represent a late event in prostate cancer progression.
authors.affiliation: Brady Urologic Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Jarrard
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Bova
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ewing
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Pin
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Baylin
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cairns
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sidransky
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Isaacs
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D019175:DNA Methylation; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis*; D000077209:Decitabine; D015870:Gene Expression; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D000077209:Decitabine; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases; D001374:Azacitidine