title: Elevation of glutathione and related enzyme activities in high-grade and metastatic extremity soft tissue sarcoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glutathione is a free radical scavenger implicated in the chemoresistance of certain tumors. As treatment with chemotherapy has added little to improved survival in adult soft tissue sarcoma and little is known concerning the mechanisms of chemoresistance in sarcoma, we studied concentrations of glutathione (nmol/mg protein) and activities of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS; nmol/mg protein/h) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP; U/mg protein) in extremity soft tissue sarcoma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumor specimens (n = 65) were frozen in liquid nitrogen at the time of resection. Fourteen low-grade tumors, 40 high-grade tumors, and 11 pulmonary metastases were analyzed. Glutathione concentrations and GGTP activity were significantly lower in low-grade (3.97 +/- 0.7 nmol/mg protein and 1.07 +/- 0.2 U/mg protein) than in high-grade (8.98 +/- 1.2 nmol/mg protein, p < 0.001; 2.10 +/- 0.4 U/mg protein, p < 0.002) tumors and pulmonary metastases (10.05 +/- 1.8 nmol/mg protein, p < 0.008; 3.14 +/- 2.8 U/mg protein, p < 0.04). While GCS activity was lower in low-grade (0.81 +/- 0.3 nmol/mg protein/h) than high-grade (1.49 +/- 0.5 nmol/mg protein/h) tumors and pulmonary metastases (1.03 +/- 0.2 nmol/mg protein/h), these differences were not significant. In those patients with a high-grade tumor presenting with a local recurrence, glutathione levels were higher in those patients who had received preoperative doxorubicin-based chemotherapy (9.25 +/- 1.7 nmol/mg protein; n = 7) than in those who had no preoperative chemotherapy (4.71 +/- 3.1 nmol/mg protein; n = 4, p = 0.08).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In extremity soft tissue sarcoma, glutathione concentration and GGTP activity are significantly elevated in patients with high-grade and metastatic sarcomas. In addition, there is a trend for increased glutathione levels in tumors previously exposed to doxorubicin-based chemotherapy. Glutathione may play a role in soft tissue sarcoma chemoresistance.
authors.affiliation: Surgical Metabolism Laboratory, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Hochwald
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Burt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D005121:Extremities; D005260:Female; D005721:Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012509:Sarcoma / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000556:secondary; D012983:Soft Tissue Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D005721:Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase; D005978:Glutathione