title: Urinary antimony in infancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether antimony may be detected in the urine during infancy and early childhood and its association with passive exposure to tobacco smoke, as assessed by urinary cotinine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of spare aliquots of urine collected from infants participating in studies of respiratory function and passive smoking. Urinary antimony was assayed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy in 201 urine specimens collected at different ages throughout the first two years of life from 122 term and 26 preterm infants. Urinary cotinine was measured using gas liquid chromatography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urinary antimony concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Absolute antimony concentrations varied widely between infants, being below the laboratory detection limit of 0.02 microgram/l in 7% of samples, below 0.5 microgram/l in 90.5%, and above the reference value of 1 microgram/l reported for non-occupationally exposed UK populations in 4%. Creatinine standardised antimony values were unrelated to postnatal age or urinary cotinine concentrations and were highest in urine collected from preterm infants within 24 hours of birth (geometric mean (95% confidence interval): 2.3 ng/mg (1.5 to 3.4)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although antimony is present at very low concentrations in urine during infancy and early childhood, the relevance to health is uncertain. The higher levels found in preterm infants may reflect prematurity or fetal assimilation of antimony. Tobacco is unlikely to be an important source of environmental exposure to antimony during infancy and early childhood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Child Health, London.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dezateux
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Delves
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stocks
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pilgrim
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Costeloe
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000652:urine; D000965:Antimony / Q000652:urine*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D012135:Respiratory Sounds; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D000965:Antimony; D003367:Cotinine