title: Preoperative endocrine therapy for clinical stage A2, B, and C prostate cancer: an interim report on short-term effects. Prostate Cancer Study Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preoperative endocrine therapy has been suggested to improve surgical radicality and/or patient prognosis in prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with clinical stage A2, B, and C prostate cancer were randomized to either group I (n = 113) or group II (n = 111). Group I patients were to receive preoperative endocrine therapy consisting of leuprolide and chlormadinone for 3 months, followed by radical prostatectomy with lymph node dissection. Group II patients were to undergo the surgery before endocrine therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group I patients showed a remarkable decrease in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (mean +/- SE: 41.8 +/- 8.6 ng/mL to 2.7 +/- 0.7 ng/mL) and prostate volume (29.8 +/- 1.7 mL to 21.2 +/- 1.6 mL) during the preoperative therapy. Histopathologic analysis showed a significant difference in the rates of down-staging (19.1% in group I versus 3.3% in group II), positive surgical margins (63.8% versus 81.3%) and positive lymph node metastasis (20.7% versus 36.5%). No significant difference was detected in operating features. Subgroup analyses indicated that beneficial effects were correlated positively with degree of histologic differentiation and negatively with the basal PSA level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preoperative endocrine therapy reduced local extension of prostate cancer, and the effects depended on histologic differentiation and PSA level. Long-term follow-up data are needed to determine the effects on the patient prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Homma
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akaza
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Moriyama
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Usami
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hirao
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsushima
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohashi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aso
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002715:Chlormadinone Acetate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D016729:Leuprolide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011300:Preoperative Care; D045167:Progesterone Congeners / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D045167:Progesterone Congeners; D002715:Chlormadinone Acetate; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D016729:Leuprolide