title: In vivo gene transfection of human endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase in cardiomyocytes causes apoptosis-like cell death. Identification using Sendai virus-coated liposomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nitric oxide (NO) has various actions on the cardiovascular system, although its pathophysiological significance in myocardial cells remains obscure. The aim of the present study was to identify direct NO actions on cardiomyocytes by gene transfection in vivo using a newly developed vector under physiological conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Liposomes containing the beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) gene alone or with the human endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase (ecNOS) gene were coated with UV-inactivated Sendai virus and injected into the left ventricular wall of rat heart in vivo. Histological examination confirmed that the transfection efficiency was comparable to adenovirus-mediated transfection and that the new vector per se caused no inflammation. beta-Gal expression was confined to cardiomyocytes between two intercalated discs, suggesting that the transfected gene did not permeate the discs. An immunohistochemical study showed that cotransfection of the ecNOS gene induced massive myocardial cell shrinkage in both transfected cells and the adjacent myocytes in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Histochemical findings in shrunk cells coincided with apoptosis as identified by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling. Electron microscopy of the lesion revealed myofibrillar degradation and accumulation of mitochondria but no apoptotic bodies. Pre-treatment with the NOS inhibitor N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester abolished these morphological alterations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The efficient expression of the human ecNOS gene in vivo suggests that NO or its toxic metabolite caused myocardial degradation, a part of which was compatible with apoptosis of the transfected cardiomyocytes themselves and the adjacent cells as a paracrine effect. These morphological features mimicked acute myocarditis or ischemic injury.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawaguchi
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inukai
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsuo-Okai
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uehara
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kaneda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toyo-oka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005796:Genes; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008081:Liposomes; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology*; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018108:Respirovirus / Q000235:genetics; D014162:Transfection; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008081:Liposomes; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D001616:beta-Galactosidase; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester