title: MR of the spinal cord in multiple sclerosis: relation to clinical subtype and disability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the MR appearance of the spinal cord in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) differs according to clinical subtype.
  
  
  METHODS
  The spinal cords of 20 healthy control subjects and 60 patients with MS (22 with relapsing-remitting disease, 22 with secondary-progressive disease, and 16 with primary-progressive disease) were examined with sagittal dual-echo spin-echo MR imaging and with axial T2*-weighted gradient-echo MR imaging. Two interpreters scored the images for focal lesions and for diffuse abnormalities. Cross-sectional areas of the cords were measured at the C-2 level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No abnormalities were found in any of the control subjects nor in two of the patients. Fifty (83%) of 60 patients had focal lesions. Diffuse abnormality and focal lesions were found in 50% of patients with secondary-progressive MS, in 25% of patients with primary-progressive disease, and in 18% of patients with relapsing-remitting disease. Diffuse abnormality without focal lesions was found in seven patients with primary-progressive MS and in one patient with secondary-progressive MS. Patients with diffuse abnormalities had a smaller cross-sectional area of the spinal cord and they suffered from more disability than did patients without diffuse abnormalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MR appearance of the spinal cord differs among clinical subgroups of MS. Diffuse abnormality of the spinal cord is associated with a progressive clinical course and greater disability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Dutch MR Center for MS Research, Vrije Universiteit Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Lycklama à Nijeholt
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barkhof
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scheltens
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Castelijns
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Adèr
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: van Waesberghe
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Polman
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Jongen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valk
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000145:classification; D000328:Adult; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011379:Prognosis; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000473:pathology*