title: Mechanisms of salt tolerance conferred by overexpression of the HAL1 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
abstract: Overexpression of the HAL1 gene improves the tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to NaCl by increasing intracellular K+ and decreasing intracellular Na+. The effect of HAL1 on intracellular Na+ was mediated by the PMR2/ENA1 gene, corresponding to a major Na+ efflux system. The expression level of ENA1 was dependent on the gene dosage of HAL1 and overexpression of HAL1 suppressed the salt sensitivity of null mutants in calcineurin and Hal3p, other known regulators of ENA1 expression. The effect of HAL1 on intracellular K+ was independent of the TRK1 and TOK1 genes, corresponding to a major K+ uptake system and to a K+ efflux system activated by depolarization, respectively. Overexpression of HAL1 reduces K+ loss from the cells upon salt stress, a phenomenon mediated by an unidentified K+ efflux system. Overexpression of HAL1 did not increase NaCl tolerance in galactose medium. NaCl poses two types of stress, osmotic and ionic, counteracted by glycerol synthesis and sodium extrusion, respectively. As compared to glucose, with galactose as carbon source glycerol synthesis is reduced and the expression of ENA1 is increased. As a consequence, osmotic adjustment through glycerolsynthesis, a process not affected by HAL1, is the limiting factor for growth on galactose under NaCl stressed.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-CSIC, Spain.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rios
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferrando
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Serrano
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000235:genetics*; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000235:genetics; D019703:Calcineurin; D002148:Calmodulin-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002244:Carbon; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins; D002412:Cations; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D003470:Culture Media / Q000494:pharmacology; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D005690:Galactose / Q000494:pharmacology; D015870:Gene Expression; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases / Q000235:genetics; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase
chemical_list: D002148:Calmodulin-Binding Proteins; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins; D002412:Cations; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D003470:Culture Media; C086375:ENA1 protein, S cerevisiae; D005656:Fungal Proteins; C076232:HAL1 protein, S cerevisiae; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C092936:SIS2 protein, S cerevisiae; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D002244:Carbon; D012964:Sodium; D019703:Calcineurin; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; D011188:Potassium; D005690:Galactose