title: Clinical manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection in Haitian children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to describe the characteristics of HIV-1 infection in children in Haiti and to assess its impact on morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Throughout the developing world the female-to-male ratio of HIV-1 infection approaches 1:1, leading to a tremendous burden of vertically transmitted HIV-1 infection. The frequency of transmission, progression of disease and AIDS-defining clinical illnesses are not as well-described in this setting as in the industrial world.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children were identified as being HIV-1-seropositive from case findings among family members of individuals presenting for screening at the GHESKIO Centers in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Children who were seronegative from the same population were also enrolled and both groups were followed at regular intervals. The clinical course and illnesses associated with HIV infection were documented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rapid progression to symptomatic disease and death was seen and a battery of physical findings enabled a clinician over time to assign with high sensitivity and specificity the diagnosis of AIDS to a child. Although many findings are similar, the presentation of HIV-1 infection in Haiti differed in significant ways from observations in the industrial world. In particular signs of malnutrition, failure to thrive and tuberculosis were more common in the Haitian population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatric HIV-1 infection in Haiti differs significantly from the illness in the industrial world. Early mortality poses a particular difficulty in diagnosing and ascribing mortality to HIV-1 infection.
authors.affiliation: Cornell University Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Jean
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Verdier
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Pape
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant