title: Zfx mutation results in small animal size and reduced germ cell number in male and female mice.
abstract: The zinc-finger proteins ZFX and ZFY, encoded by genes on the mammalian X and Y chromosomes, have been speculated to function in sex differentiation, spermatogenesis, and Turner syndrome. We derived Zfx mutant mice by targeted mutagenesis. Mutant mice (both males and females) were smaller, less viable, and had fewer germ cells than wild-type mice, features also found in human females with an XO karyotype (Turner syndrome). Mutant XY animals were fully masculinized, with testes and male genitalia, and were fertile, but sperm counts were reduced by one half. Homozygous mutant XX animals were fully feminized, with ovaries and female genitalia, but showed a shortage of oocytes resulting in diminished fertility and shortened reproductive lifespan, as in premature ovarian failure in humans. The number of primordial germ cells was reduced in both XX and XY mutant animals at embryonic day 11.5, prior to gonadal sex differentiation. Zfx mutant animals exhibited a growth deficit evident at embryonic day 12.5, which persisted throughout postnatal life and was not complemented by the Zfy genes. These phenotypes provide the first direct evidence for a role of Zfx in growth and reproductive development.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02142, USA.
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Luoh
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Bain
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Polakiewicz
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Goodheart
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jaenisch
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Page
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000235:genetics*; D002452:Cell Count; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000235:genetics; D005836:Genitalia, Female / Q000254:growth & development; D005837:Genitalia, Male / Q000254:growth & development; D005854:Germ Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009154:Mutation / Q000502:physiology*; D009845:Oligospermia; D009865:Oocytes; D010053:Ovary / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D016649:Primary Ovarian Insufficiency / Q000235:genetics; D012733:Sex Differentiation; D014157:Transcription Factors
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors; C062076:zinc finger protein, X-linked