title: Influence of temperature on irritation in the hand/forearm immersion test.
abstract: As indicated by in vitro experiments the penetration of irritants through the skin is significantly influenced by the temperature of the solution. In vivo experiments, demonstrated equally a significant influence of temperature in surfactant-induced skin irritation. In order to evaluate the irritant potential of detergent solutions under normal user conditions, we used the hand/forearm immersion test. We compared 2 detergents with different anionic character in a repetitive immersion protocol (30 min immersion on 4 consecutive days). The solutions were tested at 2 temperatures (37 degrees C and 40 degrees C). The irritation was quantified by assessment of the stratum corneum barrier function (transepidermal water loss), skin redness (a* colour parameter) and skin dryness (capacitance method). Both detergents affected the integrity of the skin in a significant way. The anionic content as well as the temperature of the solutions were found to be determinative for the irritant potential, with a stronger response for higher anionic content and temperature, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Algemene en Biologische Scheikunde, Hoger Instituut voor Lichamelijke Opvoeding en Kinesitherapie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Clarys
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Manou
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Barel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003124:Colorimetry; D017453:Dermatitis, Irritant / Q000209:etiology*; D003902:Detergents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm; D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D007101:Immersion; D007509:Irritants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate / Q000009:adverse effects; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013696:Temperature; D014870:Water Loss, Insensible
chemical_list: D003902:Detergents; D007509:Irritants; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate