title: Consensus chemistry and beta-turn conformation of the active core of the insect kinin neuropeptide family.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuropeptides are examples of small, flexible molecules that bind to receptors and induce signal transduction, thereby eliciting biological activity. The multifunctional insect kinin neuropeptides retain full activity when reduced to only their carboxy-terminal pentapeptide (Phe1-X2-X3-Trp4-Gly5-NH2), thereby allowing extensive structure-function studies and conformational analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A combined experimental and theoretical analysis of the insect kinin carboxy-terminal pentapeptide was used to probe the role of each residue, define the bioactive conformation, and design a constrained bioactive analog. Coupling receptor-binding data with two biological activity assays allowed receptor binding and signal transduction to be differentiated. A preferred beta-turn conformation, found for residues 1-4 by molecular dynamics simulations, was tested by designing a conformationally restricted cyclic hexapeptide. This cyclic analog showed a preference for the beta-turn conformation, as shown by a conformational search and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and it showed stronger receptor binding but decreased activity relative to highly active linear analogs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Each residue of the insect kinin carboxy-terminal pentapeptide has a distinct role in conformational preference, specific receptor interactions or signal transduction. The beta-turn preference of residues Phe1-X2-X3-Trp4 implicates this as the bioactive conformation. The amidated carboxyl terminus, required for activity in many neuropeptide families, may be generally important for signal transduction and its inclusion may therefore be essential for agonist design.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. vickie@scripps.edu
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Nachman
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Coast
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hariharan
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Holman
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tainer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006135:Gryllidae; D007301:Insect Hormones / Q000737:chemistry; D007705:Kinins / Q000737:chemistry*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000737:chemistry; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000737:chemistry; D010449:Peptide Mapping; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011487:Protein Conformation; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D007301:Insect Hormones; D007705:Kinins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D009842:Oligopeptides; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; C079230:achetakinin; C106132:cyclo(Phe-Phe-Pro-Trp-Gly-Ala); C088630:leucokinin 2