title: Constipation-related symptoms and bowel program concerning individuals with spinal cord injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of constipation-related symptoms in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI), to describe the bowel program as reported by patients and including use of bowel medications and evacuation techniques, and to examine the clinical, functional and pharmacological risks of difficulty with evacuation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a cross-sectional study of all in-patients at least 3 months beyond acute injury, on the West Roxbury/Brockton VAMC SCI Service, during a 10 month period (n = 197). Clinical, functional, and medication data were abstracted from medical and nursing records. Individual interviews were conducted with all available participants (n = 161, 82%) regarding bowel-related symptoms and treatment over the previous 1 month period. The study definition of difficulty with evacuation was spending more than 1 h per episode of bowel evacuation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-one percent of the 161 interview responders spent more than 1 h on bowel evacuation, 50% reported abdominal distension and 38% reported abdominal pain, 27% reported headaches or sweats relieved by having a bowel movement, and 33% reported fecal incontinence at least once a month. The bisacodyl suppository was the most commonly used laxative agent, while docusate was the most popular oral agent. Subjects with difficulty with evacuation (n = 66) were compared with those who spent less than 1 h on evacuation (n = 95). Factors associated with difficulty with evacuation were tetraplegia, Frankel grade A/B, laxative use, polypharmacy, previous urinary outlet surgery, and symptoms of abdominal pain and distension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Constipation-related symptoms are highly prevalent in individuals with spinal cord injury, despite considerable laxative use. Our findings suggest that difficulty with evacuation can be predicted on the basis of a patient's clinical profile.
authors.affiliation: Division on Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Harari
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarkarati
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Gurwitz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McGlinchey-Berroth
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Minaker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001726:Bisacodyl / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002400:Cathartics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003248:Constipation / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D004733:Enema; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000150:complications; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000150:complications; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D013488:Suppositories
chemical_list: D002400:Cathartics; D013488:Suppositories; D001726:Bisacodyl