title: Surface dependence: a balance control strategy in panic disorder with agoraphobia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have reported vestibular dysfunction and impaired balance in patients with agoraphobia. Vestibular dysfunction may lead to an information processing strategy focusing on spatial stimuli from two nonvestibular sensory channels, vision and proprioception. This nonvestibular balance control strategy may in turn lead to discomfort in situations involving inadequate visual or proprioceptive spatial cues (space and motion discomfort). The objective of this study was to examine sensory integration of spatial information in agoraphobia. Because of previous findings that space and motion discomfort and vestibular dysfunction are common in agoraphobia, we hypothesized that agoraphobics would use a nonvestibular balance control strategy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using computerized dynamic posturography, we examined balance performance in patients with panic disorder with agoraphobia, uncomplicated panic disorder, nonpanic anxiety disorders, and depression without anxiety, as well as healthy subjects for comparison. The posturography procedure included six sensory conditions in which visual and proprioceptive balance information was manipulated experimentally by permutations of sway-referencing the support surface or the visual surround or by having patients close their eyes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The agoraphobics had impaired balance when proprioceptive balance information was minimized by sway-referencing the support surface (p < 0.02). This pattern, called surface dependence, tended to be more pronounced in agoraphobics who reported space and motion discomfort, including fear of heights or boats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Agoraphobics rely on proprioceptive cues for maintenance of upright balance. This strategy may lead to intolerance of situations characterized by unstable support.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Furman
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Durrant
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Turner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000379:Agoraphobia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007699:Kinesthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D011434:Proprioception / Q000502:physiology*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D014724:Vestibular Function Tests / Q000295:instrumentation; D014722:Vestibule, Labyrinth / Q000503:physiopathology