title: Psychophysiological assessment of respiratory function in panic disorder: evidence for a hyperventilation subtype.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous research has found differences in respiratory function between panic disorder and other anxiety disorder populations. These differences have been explained as reflecting either a) a specific feature of panic disorder, b) merely a sign of increased general arousal, or c) a result of population sampling error. The current study addressed the question of such differences by using improved methodology over previous research. A preliminary evaluation of respiratory symptoms during panic attacks was undertaken as a means of identifying a respiratory-sensitive subtype of the panic patient.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen panic disorder patients (PD), 18 patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and 20 normal control (NC) subjects were administered a psychophysiological evaluation composed of baseline, stressor, and recovery phases. Panic patients were measured for the severity of respiratory symptoms during panic attacks. End-tidal CO2 (EtCO2) and respiration rate were measured throughout the psychophysiological evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PDs demonstrated significantly lower baseline EtCO2 levels than the GADs and NCs, in spite of being equivalent to GADs on baseline anxiety levels. Moreover, panic patients reporting a high level of respiratory symptoms during panic attacks seemed to account for the bulk of observed differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings lend support to a group of studies showing differences in respiratory function between panic disorder and other anxiety disorder populations. In addition, this study provides preliminary support for the presence of a distinct "hyperventilation subtype" of panic disorder. The implications of these findings for future research and treatment are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Hegel
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ferguson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006985:Hyperventilation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide