title: Identifying individuals with high fat levels and low P:S ratios, in their diets, for intensive dietary intervention.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether simple scores from a dietary questionnaire could identify those with high dietary fat or low P:S ratio intakes, for intensive dietary intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community setting in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two random samples of adults 35-69 years from the electoral roll. In the cross-sectional study 287/322 (86%) subjects completed the diet questionnaire and a reference standard questionnaire. In the longitudinal study 546/653 (84%) of subjects completed the diet questionnaire, and had blood cholesterol measured on two occasions, 3 months apart.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the cross-sectional study, the simple scores of total fat intake (Fat Intake Score) and P:S ratio (Unsaturated Score) were compared with the daily intakes of total fat and P:S ratio obtained from the standard questionnaire. In the longitudinal study, changes in the scores were compared with changes in blood total cholesterol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A Fat Intake Score of greater than 125 had the best receiver operator characteristics for identifying high total fat intake (> 100 g/day: sensitivity = 67%, specificity = 70%). An Unsaturated Score of less than 0.3 had the best characteristics for identifying a low P:S ratio (< 0.5: sensitivity = 63%, specificity = 60%). Subjects who decreased Fat Intake Score by one category, had a fall in blood cholesterol of 0.14 mmol L-1 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.01-0.26 mmol L-1), while those decreasing by two categories decreased their blood cholesterol by 0.56 mmol L-1 (95% CI = 0.30-0.86 mmol L-1). Subjects increasing their Unsaturated Score category had a fall in blood cholesterol of 0.17 mmol L-1 (95% CI = 0.02-0.32 mmol L-1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simple dietary scores can identify those with high fat intakes, and monitor changes related to changes in blood cholesterol levels.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Royal Newcastle Hospital, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kinlay
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Heller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated