title: The effect of a patient's risk-taking attitude on the cost effectiveness of testing strategies in the evaluation of pulmonary lesions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the health and cost effects of a patient's risk-taking attitudes about diagnostic tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost-effectiveness analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diagnostic testing strategies used in the evaluation of a patient with a radiographically detected lung lesion were evaluated. Strategies included combinations of sputum, fine-needle aspiration, bronchoscopy, thoracoscopy, and expectant management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient data were obtained from the Survival Epidemiology and End Results Program, MEDLINE search, National Center for Health Statistics, and the Universities of Iowa and Stanford, and Kaiser Permanente Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Different patient risk-taking attitudes were simulated using decision analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lifetime cost of medical care, life expectancy, and cost effectiveness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cost effectiveness of competing strategies depended on patient attitudes about taking risks. For a patient averse to expectantly waiting without definitive knowledge of whether cancer was or was not present, testing strategies using invasive procedures, such as thoracoscopy, were more cost effective. In contrast, for a patient who was identical except that he or she was averse to tests with higher morbidity and mortality, strategies that involved expectantly waiting, instead of more invasive tests, were more cost effective. Small changes in some risk-taking attitudes resulted in large changes in cost effectiveness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risk-taking attitudes influenced the cost effectiveness of testing strategies. Consideration of patient risk-taking attitudes in diagnostic testing appears warranted in setting clinical policies and making individual decisions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City 52242-1009, USA.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Raab
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hornberger
mesh_terms: D001294:Attitude to Health; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003663:Decision Trees; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012309:Risk-Taking; D014481:United States