title: Exposure of pharmacy technicians to antineoplastic agents: reevaluation after additional protective measures.
abstract: In the past, special guidelines and protective measures have been introduced to protect hospital workers during the handling of antineoplastic agents; nevertheless, it was found that they did not prevent the uptake of these toxic compounds. In response, additional protective measures were introduced, including adaptations of the laminar downflow hood, use of special masks, use of double pairs of gloves, and replacement of ampules with vials. In the current study, the authors compared the effects in these additional measures with results of a previous study. Cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, and methotrexate constituted 81% of the antineoplastic agents prepared; therefore, the investigators monitored these compounds again by personal air sampling and by determining the levels of contamination on masks and gloves. Cyclophosphamide in the urine of workers was also measured. During preparation, investigators concluded that there were lower concentrations of cyclophosphamide in the air than had occurred in the previous study. Replacement of ampules with vials (i.e., 5-fluorouracil) resulted in a significantly diminished contamination of latex gloves. Cyclophosphamide was detected in urine samples provided by six of nine technicians; the maximum amount excreted over 5 d was 2.6 microg. The mean cyclophosphamide excretion/d was not significantly lower than that found in the previous study (0.16 microg and 1.44 microg, respectively). Despite an intensified hygienic regimen, exposure to antineoplastic agents cannot be reduced if the reasons for exposure remain unknown.
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Sessink
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Wittenhorst
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Anzion
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Bos
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000009:adverse effects; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000009:adverse effects; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000652:urine; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000009:adverse effects; D017575:Gloves, Protective; D006801:Humans; D008397:Masks; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000009:adverse effects; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D009790:Occupations; D010604:Pharmacy; D011481:Protective Clothing; D011482:Protective Devices
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D005472:Fluorouracil; D008727:Methotrexate