title: Fatty acids, eicosanoids, and hypolipidemic agents identified as ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors by coactivator-dependent receptor ligand assay.
abstract: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors controlling the expression of genes involved in lipid homeostasis. PPARs activate gene transcription in response to a variety of compounds including hypolipidemic drugs as well as natural fatty acids. From the plethora of PPAR activators, Scatchard analysis of receptor-ligand interactions has thus far identified only four ligands. These are the chemotactic agent leukotriene B4 and the hypolipidemic drug Wy 14,643 for the alpha-subtype and a prostaglandin J2 metabolite and synthetic antidiabetic thiazolidinediones for the gamma-subtype. Based on the hypothesis that ligand binding to PPAR would induce interactions of the receptor with transcriptional coactivators, we have developed a novel ligand sensor assay, termed coactivator-dependent receptor ligand assay (CARLA). With CARLA we have screened several natural and synthetic candidate ligands and have identified naturally occurring fatty acids and metabolites as well as hypolipidemic drugs as bona fide ligands of the three PPAR subtypes from Xenopus laevis. Our results suggest that PPARs, by their ability to interact with a number of structurally diverse compounds, have acquired unique ligand-binding properties among the superfamily of nuclear receptors that are compatible with their biological activity.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Biologie Animale, Bâtiment de Biologie, Université de Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Krey
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Braissant
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: L'Horset
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kalkhoven
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perroud
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wahli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D015777:Eicosanoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases; D006801:Humans; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D008024:Ligands; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D056920:Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D015777:Eicosanoids; D005227:Fatty Acids; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D008024:Ligands; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases; C538859:NCOA1 protein, human; D056920:Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1