title: Effect of high intensity exercise training on central hemodynamic responses to exercise in men with reduced left ventricular function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of high intensity exercise training on left ventricular function and hemodynamic responses to exercise in patients with reduced ventricular function.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Results of studies on central hemodynamic adaptations to exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure have been contradictory, and some research has suggested that training causes further myocardial damage in these patients after a myocardial infarction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five men with left ventricular dysfunction after a myocardial infarction or coronary artery bypass graft surgery were randomized to an exercise training group (mean age +/- SD 56 +/- 5 years, mean ejection fraction [EF] 32 +/- 7%, n = 12) or a control group (mean age 55 +/- 7 years, mean EF 33 +/- 6%, n = 13). Patients in the exercise group performed 2 h of walking daily and four weekly sessions of high intensity monitored stationary cycling (40 min at 70% to 80% peak capacity) at a residential rehabilitation center for a period of 2 months. Ventilatory gas exchange and upright hemodynamic measurements (rest and peak exercise cardiac output; pulmonary artery, wedge and mean arterial pressures; and systemic vascular resistance) were performed before and after the study period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) increased by 23% after 1 month of training, and by an additional 6% after month 2. The increase in VO2max in the trained group paralleled an increase in maximal cardiac output (12.0 +/- 1.8 liters/min before training vs. 13.7 +/- 2.5 liters/min after training, p < 0.05), but maximal cardiac output did not change in the control group. Neither stroke volume nor hemodynamic pressures at rest or during exercise differed within or between groups. Rest left ventricular mass, volumes and EF determined by magnetic resonance imaging were unchanged in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High intensity exercise training in patients with reduced left ventricular function results in substantial increases in VO2max by way of an increase in maximal cardiac output combined with a widening of maximal arteriovenous oxygen difference, but not changes in contractility. Training did not worsen hemodynamic status or cause further myocardial damage.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Kantonsspital, Chur, Switzerland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dubach
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dziekan
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Goebbels
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Reinhart
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Buser
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stulz
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ratti
mesh_terms: D002302:Cardiac Output; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D013997:Time Factors; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000503:physiopathology*