title: Randomised trial of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements on incidence of major coronary events in men with previous myocardial infarction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiological data suggest that the intake of antioxidants such as alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) and beta-carotene has an inverse correlation with the incidence of coronary heart disease. The results from clinical trials of antioxidant supplementation in people with known coronary heart disease are inconclusive.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the frequency of major coronary events in 1862 men enrolled in the alpha-tocopherol beta-carotene Cancer Prevention Study (smokers aged between 50 and 69 years) who had a previous myocardial infarction. In this randomised, double-blind. placebo-controlled study, men had received dietary supplements of alpha-tocopherol (50 mg/day), beta-carotene (20 mg/day), both, or placebo. The median follow-up was 5.3 years. The endpoint of this substudy was the first major coronary event after randomisation. Analyses were by intention to treat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  424 major coronary events (non-fatal myocardial infarction and fatal coronary heart disease) occurred during follow-up. There were no significant differences in the number of major coronary events between any supplementation group and the placebo group (alpha-tocopherol 94/466; beta-carotene 113/461; alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene 123/497; placebo 94/438 [log-rank test, p = 0.25]). There were significantly more deaths from fatal coronary heart disease in the beta-carotene (74/461, multivariate-adjusted relative risk 1.75 [95% CI 1.16-2.64], p = 0.007) and combined alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene groups (67/497, relative risk 1.58 [1.05-2.40], p = 0.03) than in the placebo group (39/438), but there was no significant increase in the alpha-tocopherol supplementation group (54/466, relative risk 1.33 [0.86-2.05], p = 0.20).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proportion of major coronary events in men with a previous myocardial infarction who smoke was not decreased with either alpha-tocopherol or beta-carotene supplements. In fact, the risk of fatal coronary heart disease increased in the groups that received either beta-carotene or the combination of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene; there was a non-significant trend of increased deaths in the alpha-tocopherol group. We do not recommend the use of alpha-tocopherol or beta-carotene supplements in this group of patients.
authors.affiliation: National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland. Janne.Rapola@ktl.fi
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rapola
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Virtamo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ripatti
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Huttunen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Albanes
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: O P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Heinonen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D010919:Placebos; D012306:Risk; D012907:Smoking; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010919:Placebos; D019207:beta Carotene; D014810:Vitamin E