title: Estimation of spine forces under whole-body vibration by means of a biomechanical model and transfer functions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several investigations reveal that long-term exposure to whole-body vibrations can induce degenerative changes in the lumbar spine. In analogy to the activities of lifting or carrying loads, an assessment of the health risk should be possible if the forces transmitted in the spine during vibration stress are known.
  
  
  METHODS
  To estimate the spine forces a biomechanical model was developed. In the model the human trunk, neck, and head were represented by 10 rigid bodies connected by visco-elastic elements. Some 56 force elements imitated the muscles of the body. The motion equations of the model were derived by means of the dynamics of systems of rigid bodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The transfer functions of the model accelerations in x- and z-direction satisfactorily corresponded to data reported in the literature. Transfer functions were computed between the forces transmitted from the seat to the pelvis and in the lumbar spine, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The forces between seat and pelvis were measured, then the spine forces were computed by means of the transfer functions. To assess the health risk the computed forces must be compared with the strength of the spine because the strength is dependent on the age and gender of the worker and decreases with the number of load cycles.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Arbeitsphysiologie Universität Dortmund, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fritz
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D001334:Automobile Driving; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D013131:Spine / Q000502:physiology*; D014732:Vibration / Q000009:adverse effects*