title: Effect of nigericin, monensin, and tetronasin on biohydrogenation in continuous flow-through ruminal fermenters.
abstract: Four ionophores differing in cation selectivity were compared for their effect on microbial fermentation and biohydrogenation by ruminal bacteria in continuous culture. Monensin and nigericin are monovalent antiporters with selective binding affinities for Na+ and K+, respectively. Tetronasin is a divalent antiporter that binds preferentially with Ca2+ or Mg2+. Valinomycin is a monovalent uniporter and does not exchange K+ for H+. Steady-state concentrations of 2 micrograms/ml of monensin, nigericin, tetronasin, or valinomycin were maintained by constant infusion into fermenters. Molar percentages of acetate were lower, and those of propionate were higher, in the presence of monensin, nigericin, and tetronasin; all three ionophores also decreased CH4 production. Concentrations of valinomycin as high as 8 micrograms/ml had no effect on volatile fatty acids or CH4 production. Monensin, nigericin, and tetronasin inhibited the rate of biohydrogenation of linoleic acid. Continuous infusion of C18:2n-6 at a steady-state concentration of 314 micrograms/ml into fermenters receiving monensin, nigericin, or tetronasin resulted in lower amounts of stearic acid and higher amounts of oleic acid. Ionophores increased total C18:2 conjugated acids mainly because of an increase in the cis-9, trans-11-C18:2 isomer. If reflected in milk fat, ionophore-induced changes in ruminal lipids could enhance the nutritional qualities of milk.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Food and Animal Research, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fellner
authors.forename: F D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Sauer
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kramer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation; D005663:Furans / Q000494:pharmacology; D006865:Hydrogenation; D007476:Ionophores / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008697:Methane / Q000378:metabolism; D008985:Monensin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009550:Nigericin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D012417:Rumen / Q000378:metabolism*; D013229:Stearic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D014634:Valinomycin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; D005663:Furans; D007476:Ionophores; D013229:Stearic Acids; D014634:Valinomycin; D019301:Oleic Acid; C031183:stearic acid; D008985:Monensin; C055416:tetronasin; D008697:Methane; D009550:Nigericin