title: Sodium salicylate inhibits cyclo-oxygenase-2 activity independently of transcription factor (nuclear factor kappaB) activation: role of arachidonic acid.
abstract: Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) is the drug most commonly self-administered to reduce inflammation, swelling, and pain. The established mechanism of action of aspirin is inhibition of the enzyme cyclo-oxygenase (COX). Once taken, aspirin is rapidly deacetylated to form salicylic acid, which may account, at least in part, for the therapeutic actions of aspirin. However, where tested, salicylic acid has been found to be a relatively inactive inhibitor of COX activity in vitro, despite being an effective inhibitor of prostanoids formed at the site of inflammation in vivo. Recently, the identification of a cytokine-inducible isoform of COX, COX-2, has led to the suggestion that salicylate produces its anti-inflammatory actions by inhibiting COX-2 induction through actions on nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). We have used interleukin 1beta-induced COX-2 in human A549 cells to investigate the mechanism of action of salicylate on COX-2 activity. Sodium salicylate inhibited prostaglandin E2 release when added together with interleukin 1beta for 24 hr with an IC50 value of 5 microg/ml, an effect that was independent of NF-kappaB activation or COX-2 transcription or translation. Sodium salicylate acutely (30 min) also caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of COX-2 activity measured in the presence of 0, 1, or 10 microM exogenous arachidonic acid. In contrast, when exogenous arachidonic acid was increased to 30 microM, sodium salicylate was a very weak inhibitor of COX-2 activity with an IC50 of >100 microg/ml. Thus, sodium salicylate is an effective inhibitor of COX-2 activity at concentrations far below those required to inhibit NF-kappaB (20 mg/ml) activation and is easily displaced by arachidonic acid.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, The Royal Brompton Hospital, London, England. j.mitchell@rbh.nthames.nhs.uk
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Belvisi
mesh_terms: D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D002460:Cell Line; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D004847:Epithelial Cells; D004848:Epithelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000502:physiology*; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D012980:Sodium Salicylate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007375:Interleukin-1; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D012980:Sodium Salicylate