title: Effect of temperature variation (22 degrees C-44 degrees C) on halothane and caffeine contracture testing in normal humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malignant hyperthermia (MH) susceptibility is diagnosed using halothane-caffeine contracture testing of a muscle sample maintained at 37 degrees C. However, there has not been a systematic study that examines the effect of different temperatures on the response of normal muscle to halothane and caffeine. We hypothesized that altering bath temperature would modify the contracture responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained muscle samples from 20 patients undergoing surgical procedures of the lower extremities. The samples were dissected into 245 bundles and the bundles were exposed to halothane 3% or incremental caffeine, according to the North American MH group protocol. Several bundles from each patient were simultaneously studied at four different temperatures (22 degrees C, 30 degrees C, 37 degrees C and 44 degrees C). Each bundle was studied at only one temperature, the muscle samples of 3 patients were simultaneously studied at all four temperatures for halothane and caffeine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maximum contracture to caffeine (32 mM) was highest at 37 degrees C; however, at lower caffeine concentrations (2-4 mM), there was no consistent effect of temperature on contracture response. Likewise, temperature did not alter contracture responses to halothane. The extremes of temperature (22 degrees C and 44 degrees C) were associated with lack of twitch in response to electrical stimulation. For the bundles exposed to halothane at 22 degrees C, the absence of a twitch was associated with the presence of a contracture, although these were never above the diagnostic threshold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that temperature has little effect on responses of normal muscle to halothane and caffeine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, Davis, USA.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Antognini
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Gronert
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006221:Halothane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D002110:Caffeine; D006221:Halothane