title: Randomised controlled trial of intrapleural streptokinase in community acquired pleural infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Standard treatment for pleural infection includes catheter drainage and antibiotics. Tube drainage often fails if the fluid is loculated by fibrinous adhesions when surgical drainage is needed. Streptokinase may aid the process of pleural drainage, but there have been no controlled trials to assess its efficacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty four patients with infected community acquired parapneumonic effusions were studied. All had either frankly purulent/culture or Gram stain positive pleural fluid (13 cases; 54%) or fluid which fulfilled the biochemical criteria for pleural infection. Fluid was drained with a 14F catheter. The antibiotics used were cefuroxime and metronidazole or were guided by culture. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive intrapleural streptokinase, 250,000 i.u. daily, or control saline flushes for three days. The primary end points related to the efficacy of pleural drainage--namely, the volume of pleural fluid drained and the chest radiographic response to treatment. Other end points were the number of pleural procedures needed and blood indices of inflammation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The streptokinase group drained more pleural fluid both during the days of streptokinase/control treatment (mean (SD) 391 (200) ml versus 124 (44) ml; difference 267 ml, 95% confidence interval (CI) 144 to 390; p < .001) and overall (2564 (1663) ml, 95% CI 465 to 2545; p < 0.01). They showed greater improvement on the chest radiograph at discharge, measured as the fall in the maximum dimension of the pleural collection (6.0 (2.7) cm versus 3.4 (2.7) cm; difference 2.9 cm, 95% CI 0.3 to 4.4; p < 0.05) and the overall reduction in pleural fluid collection size (p < 0.05, two-tailed Fisher's exact test). Systemic fibrinolysis and bleeding complications did not occur. Surgery was required by three control patients but none in the streptokinase group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intrapleural streptokinase probably aids the treatment of pleural infections by improving pleural drainage without causing systemic fibrinolysis or local haemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: Osler Chest Unit, Churchill Hospital Site, Oxford Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, UK.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Z C
authors.initials: ZC
authors.lastname: Traill
authors.forename: F V
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Gleeson
mesh_terms: D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004322:Drainage; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013300:Streptokinase / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D013300:Streptokinase