title: TGF-beta-mediated hepatocellular apoptosis by rat and human hepatoma cells and primary rat hepatocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Primary cultures of rat hepatocytes, rat (FAO) and human (HepG2) hepatoma cells were studied by immunocytochemistry for expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, for the release of TGF-beta into the medium, and generation of hepatocellular apoptosis by the respective cell-conditioned media.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the alkaline-phosphatase anti-alkaline-phosphatase technique, intense TGF-beta immunostaining was shown in all cell types. The cytokine is released almost entirely in the latent form into the culture medium; only the FAO-cells had a substantial fraction of bioactive TGF-beta in the native (unacidified) culture fluid. Exposure of hepatocytes with the respective cell-conditioned media in the activated, but not in the native form (except for FAO-cell media), induced severe detrimental effects as evidenced by: (i) gross morphological alterations, (ii) functional impairment (reduction of WST-1 test, detachment of cells, lactate dehydrogenase increase in the medium), and (iii) generation of apoptosis. The latter phenomenon was confirmed by an increase of internucleosomal DNA fragments, positive TUNEL reaction, and intense binding of the fluorochrome Hoechst 33342 to fragmented nuclei. All these effects, which were mimicked by addition of recombinant human TGF-beta 1, were almost entirely antagonized by pre-incubation of the conditioned media with latency associated peptide. In contrast to hepatocytes, both types of hepatoma cells were completely resistant to the multiple actions of TGF-beta and activated conditioned media.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that hepatocytes might have the ability to induce autocrine, TGF-beta-mediated apoptosis, whereas hepatoma cells, because of their TGF-beta resistance, might generate TGF-beta-mediated peritumorous apoptosis of hepatocytes in a paracrine way, which could facilitate their expansion in situ. Both mechanisms, however, are critically dependent on extracellular TGF-beta activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany. gressner@mailer.uni-marburg.de
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gressner
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lahme
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Mannherz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Polzar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000473:pathology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000494:pharmacology; D004351:Drug Resistance; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta