title: Experiences and studies on antimicrobial resistance in Japan: useful lessons for developing countries.
abstract: The use of antimicrobial drugs in Japan is remarkably high. In 1994, the total production cost of antimicrobial drugs amounted to 3.38 billion US dollars. The intensive use of broad-spectrum drugs, especially for treatment of increasing number of immunocompromised and elderly patients, resulted in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant organisms in Japan. A bacteriological study in a chronic care centre shows a variety of bacterial pathogens with increased antimicrobial resistance such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Control measures of nosocomial infections with resistant organisms have been established and strengthened. This includes surveillance researches such as re-evaluation of disinfectants.
authors.affiliation: Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kamiya
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003906:Developing Countries; D004202:Disinfectants; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D016106:Methicillin Resistance; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009735:Nursing Homes; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants