title: Repeated cold water swim produces delayed nociceptive responses, but not analgesia, for tonic pain in the rat.
abstract: Earlier studies have demonstrated that cold water swim (CWS) produces stress-induced analgesia in tests of brief, phasic pain and produces a delayed nociceptive response (DNR) for more prolonged tonic pain. The present study reports the effect of repeated CWS on tonic pain, as measured by the formalin test. One group of rats was exposed to a 3.5-min swim in 2 degrees C water immediately prior to the formalin injection, to a 1.5-min swim at 50 min, and to another 1.5-min swim at 100 min postformalin injection. Compared to the no-swim control group, subjects which received repeated CWS had dramatically altered formalin pain responses. Formalin responses began just over 3 h postformalin injection, peaked at 4 h, and were still present at 5 h. Inspection of individual responses revealed a substantial degree of variability in the onset of responses, although the magnitude and duration of the formalin pain response remained at the same levels as those of control subjects. The lack of a decrease in the magnitude and duration of the delayed formalin responses indicates that repeated CWS does not produce analgesia for tonic pain. The period of stress, therefore, produces pain suppression but not loss of the mechanisms that subsequently underlie the pain. Earlier controls have ruled out peripheral mechanisms (such as retention of the formalin in the paw tissue). Rather, a memory mechanism appears to have been indicated and it is not lost, but persists until it can be manifested. Further research is needed to study the mechanisms responsible for the DNR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Melzack
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia; D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005557:Formaldehyde; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000502:physiology*; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000503:physiopathology; D013550:Swimming; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005557:Formaldehyde