title: Genetic and environmental factors regulating blood pressure in childhood: prospective study from 0 to 3 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Blood pressure (BP) regulation depends on the interaction between multiple environmental and genetic factors. Of these, BP sensitivity to dietary sodium intake has been one that has been investigated in adults but not in children. The aim of the present study was to investigate, prospectively, the BP profile in relation to different genetic and hormonal factors, in the first 3 years of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-nine children born at term following normal pregnancies, with uncomplicated neonatal periods, were randomly selected to take part in the study. BP, weight and length were evaluated every 3 months from birth to 3 years. At the age of 12 months, haptoglobin phenotypes and plasma active renin concentration were determined as well as random urine evaluation of aldosterone, cAMP, dopamine and digoxin-like immunoreactive substances (DLIS). Family history of cardio-vascular diseases was also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Systolic BP (SBP) demonstrated a gradual increase until the age of 6 months with little variation up to 36 months. Tracking of SBP values was also observed from the first year as infants with high values (above the 75 percentile) maintained this tendency up to, at least, the age of 36 months. The comparison between SBP and diastolic BP (DBP) according haptoglobin phenotypes demonstrated that SBP was systematically higher in allele 1, with apparently an increasing tendency with age, although the differences did not have statistical significance. The comparative study between haptoglobin phenotypes, with correction for the covariates fractional excretion of sodium and potassium, showed that allele 1 carriers had significantly lower plasma renin and urine aldosterone and cAMP concentrations than allele 2, but dopamine excretion was found to be higher in allele 1 than in allele 2. There were no differences among variables relating to family history of cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was an early tracking process of BP values from the first 6 months of life which persists through, at least, to the age of 36 months. Differences in sodium handling between haptoglobin 1 and 2 phenotypes were already present in early childhood, although no significant repercussion in BP values could be demonstrated in the 3-year duration of this study.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Department, H.S. João, Faculty of Medicine of Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Breitenfeld
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jardim
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rego
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prata
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Matos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: N T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bicho
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000450:Aldosterone / Q000652:urine; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination; D002298:Cardenolides; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000652:urine; D004077:Digoxin; D004298:Dopamine / Q000652:urine; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D012083:Renin / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D012503:Saponins / Q000652:urine; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D002298:Cardenolides; D012503:Saponins; C034504:digoxin-like factors; D000450:Aldosterone; D004077:Digoxin; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D012083:Renin; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; D004298:Dopamine