title: Chronic venous insufficiency and venous ulceration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review and summarize the literature on the normal venous circulation of the leg, and the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI).
  
  
  METHODS
  English-language articles identified through a MEDLINE search (1966-1996) using the terms venous insufficiency or varicose ulcer and epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and clinical trial (pt), and selected cross-references.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles on epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of CVI. Randomized, controlled studies were specifically sought for treatment efficacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were manually extracted from selected studies and reviews: emphasis was placed on information relevant to the general internist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic venous insufficiency is a common primary care problem associated with significant morbidity and health care costs. The clinical spectrum of disease ranges from minor cosmetic concerns to severe fibrosing panniculitis and ulceration. Duplex Doppler ultrasonography may be the single best test to rule out deep venous thrombosis and other entities that can mimic CVI. Leg elevation and compression stockings are effective treatments for CVI; recalcitrant cases may require intermittent pneumatic compression. Topical antiseptics, antibiotics, enzymes, or growth factors offer no clear advantages in ulcer healing. Ulcer dressings remain a matter of convenience, cost, and physician judgment. The role of surgery in CVI appears to be limited.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic venous insufficiency is a recalcitrant, recurrent medical problem. This condition can be managed by primary care physicians with relatively inexpensive treatment modalities in association with lifestyle modification.
authors.affiliation: Division of Internal Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Alguire
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Mathes
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014647:Varicose Ulcer / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*