title: X-ray diffraction studies of oxidized high-palladium alloys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to use x-ray diffraction (XRD) to obtain new information about the oxide layers on four representative oxidized high-palladium alloys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cast specimens of two Pd-Cu-Ga alloys and two Pd-Ga alloys, with both polished and etched surfaces and air-abraded surfaces, were subjected to oxidation procedures recommended by the manufacturers. The specimens were analyzed by x-ray diffraction using CuK alpha radiation, and the peaks were compared to appropriate Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The surface preparation procedure had a profound effect on the phases present in the oxide layers. For the specimens that had been polished and etched, CuGa2O4 and beta-Ga2O3 were detected on the 79Pd-10Cu-9Ga-2Au alloy, whereas SnO2 and CuGa2O4 were detected on the 76Pd-10Cu-5.5Ga-6Sn-2Au alloy. The oxide layers on both Pd-Cu-Ga alloys contained Cu2O1 and the oxide layer on the 76Pd-10Cu-5.5Ga-6Sn-2Au alloy may contain beta-Ga2O3. The principal phase in the oxide layers on both Pd-Ga alloys that had been polished and etched was ln2O3, which exhibited extreme preferred orientation. No other phase was detected in the oxide layer on the 85Pd-10Ga-2Au-1Ag-1 ln alloy, whereas beta-Ga2O3 was found in the oxide layer on the 75Pd-6Ga-6Au-6Ag-6.5ln alloy. For the air-abraded specimens, beta-Ga2O2 was not present in the oxide layers on the Pd-Cu-Ga alloys, and beta-Ga2O3 was the major phase in the oxide layers on the Pd-Ga alloys. Palladium oxide(s) in varying amounts were detected for both surface preparations of the Pd-Cu-Ga alloys and for the air-abraded Pd-Ga alloys. Except for the 76Pd-10Cu-5.5Ga-6Sn-2Au alloy, the oxide layer caused minimal change in the lattice parameter of the palladium solid solution compared to that for the as-cast alloy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Knowledge of the phases found in the oxide layers on these high-palladium alloys is of fundamental importance for interpreting differences in the adherence of dental porcelain to the metal substrates under static and dynamic conditions, and may provide guidance in the development of new high-palladium alloys with improved metal-ceramic bonding.
authors.affiliation: Section of Restorative Dentistry, Prosthodontics and Endodontics, College of Dentistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA.
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Brantley
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Papazoglou
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kerber
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Barr
mesh_terms: D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D005708:Gallium / Q000737:chemistry; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D010165:Palladium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D010087:Oxides; D010165:Palladium; D003300:Copper; D005708:Gallium