title: Effect of pump flow rate on cerebral blood flow during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass in adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of cardiopulmonary bypass flow rate on cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen during hypothermic (27 degrees C) cardiopulmonary bypass.
  
  
  METHODS
  The investigation was a prospective, randomized study in a tertiary care hospital setting. The 30 participants were volunteer adult cardiac surgical patients at a single institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  The N2O saturation method of Kety and Schmidt was used to determine global cerebral blood flow and metabolic rate during four periods: prebypass, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) (27 degrees C) flow rates of 2.3 and 1.2 L/min/m2, and 30 minutes post-CPB. Anesthesia consisted of fentanyl and midazolam; pH management was alpha-stat, and mean arterial pressure was maintained at 50 to 70 mmHg throughout CPB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the context of an unchanged mean arterial pressure, the pump flow did not affect cerebral blood flow or metabolic rate during hypothermic CPB. Systemic venous oxygen saturation was also maintained during reduced flow at 27 degrees C. Hemodilution during hypothermic CPB maintained cerebral blood flow at prebypass levels. In the postbypass period, persistent hemodilution resulted in an elevated cerebral blood flow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brain oxygenation is well maintained at lower than conventional pump flow levels during CPB. There may be practical advantages to reduced flows during hypothermia, and flow reductions do not appear to adversely affect cerebral blood flow or metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Proper
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Orszulak
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Daly
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Oliver
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000097:blood; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006438:Hemodilution; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000097:blood; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012212:Rheology; D014680:Veins
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D006454:Hemoglobins; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D008874:Midazolam; D010100:Oxygen; D005283:Fentanyl