title: Cryopreservation of single human spermatozoa.
abstract: A procedure is described that allows cryopreservation and efficient post-thaw recovery of either a single or a small group of human spermatozoa. This is achieved by injecting them into cell-free human, mouse or hamster zonae pellucidae before the addition of cryoprotectant. The method involves a combination of physical micromanipulation procedures and glycerol-mediated cryoprotection. Zonae were tracked by positioning them in straws between two small air bubbles prior to freezing. Spermatozoa from poor specimens were cryopreserved and their fertilizing ability after thawing was compared with that of fresh spermatozoa from fertile men. Human eggs used for fertilization testing were either 1 day old or in-vitro matured. Only 2% of the frozen zonae were lost and >75% of spermatozoa cryopreserved in this manner were recovered and prepared for intracytoplasmic sperm injection. The feasibility of cryopreserving a single spermatozoon was assessed. Fifteen motile spermatozoa were frozen in 15 zonae, of which 14 were recovered after thawing. Ten were injected into spare eggs, of which eight became fertilized. Spermatozoa recovered mechanically from human zonae fertilized the same proportion of oocytes as fresh fertile control spermatozoa. The recovery and fertilization rates with spermatozoa frozen in animal zonae were 87 and 78% respectively. The fertilization rate was marginally higher (P < 0.05) than that for spermatozoa frozen in human zonae, perhaps because the latter may have acrosome reacted more frequently. The zona pellucida appears to be an ideally suited sterile vehicle for storage of single spermatozoa.
authors.affiliation: The Gamete and Embryo Research Laboratory, The Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Science of Saint Barnabas, West Orange, NJ 07052, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Garrisi
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Congedo-Ferrara
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kieck
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Schimmel
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Scott
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006224:Cricetinae; D015925:Cryopreservation; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000379:methods; D005615:Freezing; D005990:Glycerol; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008845:Microinjections / Q000379:methods; D012662:Semen Preservation / Q000379:methods*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D015044:Zona Pellucida
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D005990:Glycerol