title: Novel prodrugs of cyanamide that inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase in vivo.
abstract: S-Methylisothiourea (4), when administered to rats followed by a subsequent dose of ethanol, gave rise to a 119-fold increase in ethanol-derived blood acetaldehyde (AcH) levels-a consequence of the inhibition of hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase (A1DH)-when compared to control animals not receiving 4. The corresponding O-methylisourea was totally inactive under the same conditions, suggesting that differential metabolism may be a factor in this dramatic difference between the pharmacological effects of O-methylisourea and 4 in vivo. The S-n-butyl- and S-isobutylisothioureas (8 and 9, respectively) at doses equimolar to that of 4 were nearly twice as effective in raising ethanol-derived blood AcH, while S-allylisothiourea (10) was slightly less active. However, blood ethanol levels of all experimental groups were indistinguishable from controls. Pretreatment of the animals with 1-benzylimidazole, a known inhibitor of the hepatic mixed function oxidases, followed sequentially by either 8, 9, or 10 plus ethanol, reduced blood AcH levels by 66-88%, suggesting that the latter compounds were being oxidatively metabolized to a common product that led to the inhibition of AcH metabolism. In support of this, when 8 was incubated in vitro with rat liver microsomes coupled to catalase and yeast A1DH, the requirement for microsomal activation for the inhibition of A1DH activity was clearly indicated. We suggest that S-oxidation is involved and that the S-oxides produced in vivo inhibited A1DH directly, or spontaneously released cyanamide, an inhibitor of A1DH. Indeed, incubation of 8 with rat liver microsomes and NADPH gave rise to cyanamide as metabolite, identified as its dansylated derivative. Cyanamide formation was minimal in the absence of coenzyme. Extending the side chain was detrimental, since S-benzylisothiourea (11) and S-n-hexadecylisothiourea (12) were toxic, the latter producing extensive necrosis of the liver and kidneys when administered to rats.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Laboratories, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: F N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Shirota
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Stevens-Johnk
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: DeMaster
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Nagasawa
mesh_terms: D000079:Acetaldehyde / Q000097:blood; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000818:Animals; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D003484:Cyanamide / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000378:metabolism; D009249:NADP / Q000378:metabolism; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013890:Thiourea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011355:Prodrugs; C106593:S-n-butylisothiourea; D000431:Ethanol; D003484:Cyanamide; C106594:S-isobutylisothiourea; D009249:NADP; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; D002374:Catalase; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; D000079:Acetaldehyde; D013890:Thiourea