title: Computer-derived nuclear features compared with axillary lymph node status for breast carcinoma prognosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both axillary lymph node involvement and tumor anaplasia, as expressed by visually assessed grade, have been shown to be prognostically important in breast carcinoma outcome. In this study, axillary lymph node involvement was used as the standard against which prognostic estimations based on computer-derived nuclear features were gauged.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prognostic significance of nuclear morphometric features determined by computer-based image analysis were analyzed in 198 consecutive preoperative samples obtained by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) from patients with invasive breast carcinoma. A novel multivariate prediction method was used to model the time of distant recurrence as a function of the nuclear features. Prognostic predictions based on the nuclear feature data were cross-validated to avoid overly optimistic conclusions. The estimated accuracy of these prognostic determinations was compared with determinations based on the extent of axillary lymph node involvement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The predicted outcomes based on nuclear features were divided into three groups representing best, intermediate, and worst prognosis, and compared with the traditional TNM lymph node stratification. Nuclear feature stratification better separated the prognostically best from the intermediate group whereas lymph node stratification better separated the prognostically intermediate from the worst group. Prognostic accuracy was not increased by adding lymph node status or tumor size to the nuclear features.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Computer analysis of a preoperative FNA more accurately identified prognostically favorable patients than did pathologic examination of axillary lymph nodes and may obviate the need for routine axillary lymph node dissection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53792, USA.
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Wolberg
authors.forename: W N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Street
authors.forename: O L
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Mangasarian
mesh_terms: D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D018426:SEER Program; D016019:Survival Analysis