title: Myonuclear apoptosis in dystrophic mdx muscle occurs by perforin-mediated cytotoxicity.
abstract: Myonuclear apoptosis is an early event in the pathology of dystrophin-deficient muscular dystrophy in the mdx mouse. However, events that initiate apoptosis in muscular dystrophy are unknown, and whether elimination of apoptosis can ameliorate subsequent muscle wasting remains a major question. We have tested the hypothesis that cytotoxic T-lymphocytes initiate myonuclear apoptosis in dystrophic muscle, and examined whether perforin-mediated cytotoxicity plays a role in the pathophysiology of muscular dystrophy. Mdx mice showed muscle invasion by cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells at the onset of histologically detectable muscle fiber pathology. At this time, perforin-expressing cells were also present at elevated concentration. Mdx mice depleted of CD8(+) cells showed a significant reduction of apoptotic myonuclei concentration and a reduction in necrosis, judged by macrophage invasion of muscle fibers. Double-mutant mice, deficient in dystrophin and perforin, showed nearly complete absence of myonuclear apoptosis, and a significant reduction in the concentration of macrophages in the connective tissue surrounding muscle fibers. However, muscle fiber invasion by macrophages was not reduced significantly in double mutant mice. Thus, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes contribute significantly to apoptosis and necrosis in mdx dystrophy, and perforin-mediated killing is primarily responsible for myonuclear apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1527, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Dorshkind
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Tidball
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000276:immunology*; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; D016189:Dystrophin / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology*; D009137:Muscular Dystrophy, Animal / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D054353:Perforin; D052899:Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016189:Dystrophin; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D052899:Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins; D054353:Perforin