title: Pharmacodynamic evaluation of a new glycopeptide, LY333328, and in vitro activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium.
abstract: The objectives of the present study were to compare the in vitro activity of LY333328 (LY) to that of vancomycin (V) alone and in combination with gentamicin (G) and rifampin (R) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and V-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF), by using the killing curve methods. In addition, the effect of the inoculum size and protein on LY's activity was evaluated by using MICs and killing curves. MICs, MBCs, and killing curves were determined with supplemented Mueller-Hinton broth (B), B with albumin (4 g/dl) (A), and B with 50% pooled human serum (S). For MRSA, time to 99.9% killing after exposure to LY at four times the MIC (4x MIC) was achieved at 0.5 +/- 0 h (mean +/- standard deviation) and was significantly faster than that by V (8.54 +/- 0.10 h; P = 0.001). Against VREF, LY decreased the inoculum by 2.2 log10 CFU/ml at 24 h (P = 0.002). With a large inoculum of MRSA, the activity of LY and V at 4x MIC was decreased compared to that with the standard inoculum (P = 0.0003) and regrowth occurred at 24 h. The reduction in the number of CFU per milliliter at 24 h to 2 log10 CFU/ml was restored by increasing the LY concentration to at least 16x MIC. At 24 h, the combinations of LY and G, LY and R, LY and V, and V and G were better than either LY or V alone against a large inoculum of MRSA (P = 0.0002). LY and G achieved 99.9% killing at 1.01 +/- 0.03 h and was more rapid (P < 0.007) than all the other regimens studied except for V and G, which achieved 99.9% killing at 3.59 +/- 0.01 h. Killing curves determined with different media against a standard inoculum of MRSA did not demonstrate a significant difference between LY and V at 24 h. Time to 99.9% killing was more rapid with LY than with V in B, A, and S (P = 0.0002). Times to 99.9% killing by LY in B, A, and S were not significantly different from each other. Against VREF, LY killed better than V in B, A, or S at 24 h (P = 0.0002). LY in B was more active than LY in A or S (P = 0.0002). LY is a new potent glycopeptide with a unique activity profile. It has a greater activity than that of V against MRSA and has activity against VREF. LY demonstrated synergism in combination with gentamicin against MRSA. LY was affected by large inoculum sizes and proteins in time-kill studies. However, the effect was compensated for by increasing the drug concentration to 16x MIC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Services, Detroit Receiving Hospital/University Health Center and College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, Wayne State University, Michigan 48201, USA.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Mercier
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Houlihan
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rybak
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular / Q000494:pharmacology; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000494:pharmacology; D016984:Enterococcus faecium / Q000187:drug effects*; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000494:pharmacology; D006020:Glycopeptides; D000077427:Lipoglycopeptides; D016106:Methicillin Resistance; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D012293:Rifampin / Q000494:pharmacology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects*; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000031:analogs & derivatives
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular; D005839:Gentamicins; D006020:Glycopeptides; D000077427:Lipoglycopeptides; D014640:Vancomycin; C100708:oritavancin; D012293:Rifampin