title: Induction of apoptosis in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells is counteracted by flupirtine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to determine whether flupirtine can counteract the induction of apoptosis in cultured retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Confluent cultures were subjected to experimental ischemia (medium free of serum, glucose, and oxygen) with or without various substances for specific periods. The cells were then examined for breakdown of DNA by the TUNEL procedure and agarose gel electrophoresis. Moreover cells were processed for the localization of oncogene proteins (bcl-2, TIAR, ICH-1t) associated with apoptosis. The effect of flupirtine on reactive oxygen species also was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When RPE cells were subjected to ischemia for 72 hours approximately 65% of cells remained attached to the coverslips and approximately 65% of their nuclei showed clear fragmentation of DNA by TUNEL. Most of the cells exhibited a shrunken appearance typical of apoptosis. Fragmentation of the DNA from cells given ischemia for 72 hours was also confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Inclusion of flupirtine (flupirtine gluconate, 100 microM) or 10% fetal calf serum in the medium prevented ischemia-induced apoptosis occurring after 72 hours. Neither N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) (100 microM) nondeferoxamine (100 microM) nor the NMDA antagonists dextromethorphan (100 microM), memantine (100 microM), and MK-801 (10 microM) had a similar effect. NMDA, and to a lesser extent memantine, induced apoptosis independently. Treatment of RPE cells in serum-free medium with flupirtine (flupirtine gluconate, 100 microM) for 72 hours caused an upregulation of bcl-2 protein. In contrast, the oncogene proteins for TIAR and ICH-1t, were lower in flupirtine-treated cells than in control cells. Flupirtine, like deferoxamine, prevents iron-ascorbate-induced reactive oxygen species formation in retinal cells, but only flupirtine prevents ischemia-induced apoptosis in RPE cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combined data demonstrate that flupirtine is an effective agent in preventing death by apoptosis. Flupirtine reduces formation of reactive oxygen species in retinal dissociates and causes changes in various oncogene products in RPE cultures, which may explain its action in preventing apoptosis induced by ischemia. The current results also suggest that NMDA receptors are not involved in the induction of ischemia-induced apoptosis in RPE, cells.
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: N N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Osborne
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cazevieille
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pergande
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000631:Aminopyridines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002645:Chickens; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D000631:Aminopyridines; D000700:Analgesics; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C034161:flupirtine