title: [Plasma and tissue concentrations of fluconazole: discussion of the breakpoint problem].
abstract: The reliable prediction of the clinical outcome during antifungal therapy is an issue of paramount priority in clinical research, since there are no appropriate parameters available. MIC values and in the future breakpoints may serve as surrogate criteria if further standardization of in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing especially for fluconazole leading to improved interlaboratory reproducibility of the test results can be provided. With reproducible susceptibility testing methods for Candida species now being available, tentative fluconazole interpretative breakpoints derived from MICs determined by the NCCLS M27-T broth macrodilution methodology are now open for public commentary. Besides the proven susceptibility of the fungus, clinical response to antifungal therapy with fluconazole also depends to a great extent on the daily dosage and the corresponding plasma and tissue concentrations as well as the immunological status and the underlying disease of the patient. The promising results of a relatively small number of dose finding studies with fluconazole in non-neutropenic patients indicate that with daily doses up to 1000 mg/die higher clinical response rates compared to those under lower dosages can be achieved. In view of future valid breakpoints, higher corresponding plasma and tissue levels of fluconazole should be achieved on which the therapeutic success depends substantially. However, this simplified concept needs several adjustments. Misinterpretation of MIC values and breakpoints may have as a consequence that patients with often life-threatening fungal infections may not be treated with an efficacious and better tolerated agent.
authors.affiliation: Pfizer GmbH, Abt. Medizin, Karlsruhe, BR Deutschland.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pittrow
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Penk
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009181:Mycoses / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D015725:Fluconazole