title: Stereological study of stage 34 chicken hearts with looping disturbances after retinoic acid treatment: disturbed growth of myocardium and atrioventricular cushion tissue.
abstract: In a previous study retinoic acid treatment of chicken hearts has resulted in a spectrum of looping disturbances. Because of a decrease in contraction force of these hearts, the myocardial volume was hypothesized to be altered. Because retinoic acid has been suggested to influence endocardial cushion volumes, these were estimated as well.
  
  
  
  The previously studied hearts were used for estimating the absolute volumes of the atrial and ventricular myocardium and of the endocardial cushions by means of Cavalieri's principle. To measure the surface density of the trabeculations according to the isector method, we used retinoic acid treated hearts, which were perfusion fixed and in which the sections were isotropic uniform random. The volumes and surface densities found in the three morphologically distinguished groups, i.e., intact septum, isolated ventricular septal defect and double outlet right ventricle, were compared with those in shams.
  
  
  
  A significant volume decrease was found in the right ventricular free wall myocardium of the double outlet right ventricle. No significant differences were found in the surface densities of the trabeculae. The volume of the atrioventricular cushion tissue in the double outlet right ventricle hearts was significantly increased. The morphological spectrum observed previously was also expressed in the right ventricular myocardial volume, which appeared to decrease from the least to the most malformed hearts, and in the volume of the atrioventricular cushion tissue, which appeared to increase.
  
  
  
  Several studies have shown pathology in myocardial and cushion tissue after retinoic acid treatment. In this study we have found a decreased growth of the right ventricular myocardium and an increased growth of the atrioventricular cushion tissue. We suggest that the previously found looping disturbance causes changed hemodynamics, as reported elsewhere, and that these result in changes in growth. We cannot exclude a direct effect of retinoic acid on the myocardium, which has to explain the looping disturbance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Bouman
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Broekhuizen
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Baasten
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Gittenberger-de Groot
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Wenink
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002306:Cardiac Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D002642:Chick Embryo; D004694:Endocardial Cushion Defects / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology*; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000187:drug effects; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D014212:Tretinoin