title: Endotracheal intubation in the field improves survival in patients with severe head injury. Trauma Research and Education Foundation of San Diego.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the effect of prehospital endotracheal intubation on outcome in patients with severe head injury and the percentage of these patients intubated in the field under existing protocol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Countywide urban trauma system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trauma patients with blunt injury and scene Glasgow Coma Score of 8 or less, transported by ground ambulance with advanced life support capabilities from January 1, 1991, to December 31, 1995. Severe head injury was defined as head or neck Abbreviated Injury Scale score of 4 or greater. Isolated severe head injury was defined as head or neck Abbreviated Injury Scale score of 4 or greater with no other Abbreviated Injury Scale component greater than 3. One thousand ninety-two patients met initial criteria; of these, 671 had severe head injury, and 351 had isolated severe head injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mortality and functional status sufficient for discharge to home.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Field intubation was associated with significant decreases in mortality from 36% to 26% in the full study group, from 57% to 36% in patients with severe head injury, and from 50% to 23% in patients with isolated severe head injury. Rate of discharge to home was unaffected by field intubation. Between 50% and 60% of study patients were intubated under current paramedic protocol, compared with intubation rates of 85% to 92% for similar patients transported by aeromedical teams operating under expanded indications for intubation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prehospital endotracheal intubation was associated with improved survival in patients with blunt injury and scene Glasgow Coma Score of 8 or less, especially those with severe head injury by anatomic criteria. Broadening indications for intubation by paramedical personnel has great potential to improve outcome in patients with severe head injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, USA. rwinchell@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Winchell
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hoyt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices