title: Does urinary oxalate interfere with the inhibitory role of glycosaminoglycans and semisynthetic sulfated polysaccharides in calcium oxalate crystallization?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previously it was shown that the polysaccharide G872 in vitro strongly inhibits calcium oxalate monohydrate crystallization processes. However, when rats on a stone-inducing diet of ethylene glycol plus vitamin D3 are given this polysaccharide, no changes in the urine capacity for crystallization inhibition were found. We investigated here how the inhibitory action of polysaccharides changes under high oxalate conditions, as they exist in the stone inducing diet.
  
  
  METHODS
  Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals were incubated in a series of 0.05 M PBS buffers containing polysaccharides with increasing oxalate concentrations (0-0.4 mmol/l). The coated crystals were collected, washed and resuspended in an artificial urine. We then measured the zeta potential of the crystals, using a Coulter DELSA 440, and the initial rates for crystal growth and agglomeration, using the Coulter Multisizer II.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Addition of oxalate to the medium shifts the negative zeta potential distribution of COM crystals coated by polysaccharides in positive direction. Particle size analysis demonstrated that the initial rates of COM crystal growth and agglomeration responding to oxalate concentration changes (0.1-->0.4 mmol/l) in the presence of G872 (0.2 mg/l) are approximately 2.5 times faster than that in the absence of G872.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oxalate interferes with the binding of polysaccharides to crystals. This can be envisioned to occur through changes in the crystal surface properties or by induction of functional and secondary structural changes of urinary macromolecular inhibitors such as GAGs, resulting in a decrease of their inhibitory activity against COM crystallization. Thus, in urine, a high oxalate may increase the rate of crystallization both by increasing the supersaturation and by decreasing the inhibitory potential of the urine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Erasmus University and Academic Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Boevé
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Romijn
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: de Bruijn
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Verkoelen
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Schröder
mesh_terms: D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000652:urine; D003460:Crystallization; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010070:Oxalates / Q000652:urine*; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012984:Software; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D010070:Oxalates; D011134:Polysaccharides; D002129:Calcium Oxalate