title: Interleukin-2 increases intracellular glutathione levels and reverses the growth inhibiting effects of cyclophosphamide on B16 melanoma cells.
abstract: Glutathione (GSH) plays an essential role in the metabolism of melanoma. As changes in intracellular GSH content can modify the processes of cell proliferation and detoxification, this could determine the therapeutic response to some cancer treatment strategies. The purpose of this study was to test the effects of treatment with interleukin-2 (IL-2), alone and in combination with cyclophosphamide (CY), on survival of mice bearing B16 melanoma liver metastases, and to determine the influence of these therapeutic agents on the GSH metabolism of B16 cells. In the in vivo test system, B16 melanoma liver metastases were induced in C57BL/6 mice which were subsequently treated with IL-2, CY and CY plus IL-2. Survival time was used to determine the response to treatment. In the in vitro system, we evaluated the effects of IL-2, acrolein (an active metabolite of CY responsible for GSH depletion) and acrolein plus IL-2 on GSH levels and proliferation of B16 melanoma cells. Results indicated that, in vivo, all treatments increased mouse survival times with respect to control mice. However, the addition of IL-2 to CY therapy decreased survival time compared with treatment with CY alone. In vitro, whereas acrolein produced a GSH depletion and inhibited B16 cell proliferation, IL-2 increased GSH content and cell proliferation rate compared with untreated cells. Moreover, addition of IL-2 to cells preincubated with acrolein increased GSH levels and proliferation with respect to acrolein alone. In summary, the data suggest that GSH plays a critical role in the growth-promoting effects of IL-2 on B16F10 melanoma cells and in the antagonistic effect of IL-2 on CY inhibitory activity on these tumor cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Radiology and Physical Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Palomares
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alonso-Varona
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Calle
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bilbao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000556:secondary; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D007376:Interleukin-2; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D005978:Glutathione