title: Effects of short-term hormone replacement therapies on low-density lipoprotein metabolism in cynomologus monkeys.
abstract: Estrogen replacement therapy reduces the risk of coronary heart disease in women and decreases the extent of atherosclerosis in monkeys. In our previous studies, estrogen treatment decreased arterial LDL degradation and accumulation, thus indicating one mechanism by which estrogen inhibits the progression of atherosclerosis. The influence of progestins on these processes remains nuclear. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of oral estrogen (conjugated equine estrogens) and progestin (medroxyprogesterone acetate) alone or in combination on arterial LDL metabolism after 12 weeks of atherogenic stimulus. This relatively short period of treatment was chosen to determine effects on arterial LDL metabolism before substantial subendothelial macrophage accumulation. In contrast to previous studies (16 to 18 weeks of treatment), when macrophages were present in the intima, neither estrogen nor progestin (nor their combination) had any effect on any index of arterial LDL metabolism. These results suggest that estrogen may preferentially reduce LDL metabolism in macrophages with little effect on cells of the normal artery. In contrast to arterial LDL metabolism, hepatic LDL uptake was significantly increased in animals treated with estrogen or estrogen plus progestin. Despite the increased LDL uptake by the liver, hepatic lipid content was significantly decreased by approximately 50% in both estrogen and estrogen-plus-progestin treatment compared with control and progestin-treated animals. The decrease in hepatic cholesterol content in hypothesized to be due to increased biliary secretion of cholesterol.
authors.affiliation: Comparative Medicine Clinical Research Center, Bowman Gray School of Medicine of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1040, USA. jwagner@cpm.bgsm.edu
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Schwenke
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Applebaum-Bowden
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bagdade
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Adams
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002788:Cholesterol Esters / Q000378:metabolism; D004036:Diet, Atherogenic; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D004970:Estrone / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D008049:Lipase / Q000378:metabolism; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D010052:Ovariectomy; D013997:Time Factors; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000033:anatomy & histology
chemical_list: D002788:Cholesterol Esters; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D004970:Estrone; D004958:Estradiol; D008049:Lipase