title: Physicians' judgments of the risks of cardiac procedures. Differences between cardiologists and other internists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors compared judgments of the population risks of invasive cardiac procedures made by cardiologists and other internal medicine physicians. Our main hypotheses were that cardiologists' judgments would differ from those made by the other physicians and that cardiologists' judgments would be more accurate than those of other physicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional survey of senior staff and physician-trainees at two teaching hospitals affiliated with a US medical school, Emergency Department physicians at a community hospital in the same metropolitan area, and senior staff and trainees at two teaching hospitals affiliated with a UK school. Judgments of the risks of severe morbidity and death due to Swan-Ganz catheterization, cardiac catheterization, percutaneous coronary angioplasty, and coronary artery bypass grafting were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen cardiologists judged the risks of severe morbidity due to all procedures and the risks of death due to all procedures except coronary artery bypass grafting to be significantly lower than did the 78 other internists. Cardiologists more frequently made accurate judgments of the rates of morbidity and death due to cardiac catheterization than did the other internists; other internists more frequently made accurate judgments for the rates of morbidity due to Swan-Ganz catheterization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Disagreements about the risks of procedures may arise from a paucity of published data, or from an over-supply of confusing data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Poses
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: McClish
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Chaput de Saintonge
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Clemo
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alexander-Forti
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Racht
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Colenda
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Centor
mesh_terms: D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002309:Cardiology / Q000592:standards; D002407:Catheterization, Swan-Ganz / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine / Q000592:standards; D007600:Judgment; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology* / Q000592:standards; D018570:Risk Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom; D014481:United States