title: Contemporary management of the aging brow and forehead.
abstract: Management of the aging brow and forehead has recently evolved based on available innovative technologies. Likewise, procedure-specific indications have changed based on collective surgical experiences. No longer is the approach based solely on hair pattern or degree of brow ptosis. Patients require varying combinations of brow elevation (prior to blepharoplasty), correction of brow asymmetries, and hairline-preserving forehead elevation. Some may only require excisional or paralytic procedures of the frontalis muscle (horizontal forehead creases), corrugator supercilii muscles (vertical glabellar furrows), and procerus muscle (horizontal glabellar furrows). We present a 3-year experience using a problem-specific approach. This incorporates endoscopic technology, botulinum toxin type A purified neurotoxin complex (Botox, Allergan, Irvine, CA) intramuscular injection, and traditional procedures such as the coronal, pretrichial, midforehead, and direct browlift. Current indications, patient selection, and results are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, California 94305-5328, U.S.A.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Troell
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Goode
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004724:Endoscopy; D005138:Eyebrows / Q000601:surgery*; D005546:Forehead / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D013518:Surgery, Plastic; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents; D001905:Botulinum Toxins