title: Intravesical epirubicin versus doxorubicin for superficial bladder tumors (stages pTa and pT1): a randomized prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We performed a prospective, randomized, controlled study to compare intravesical epirubicin and doxorubicin as adjuvant therapy after endoscopic resection of superficial bladder tumor.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomly allocated 253 eligible patients to 4 study arms. Seven to 14 days after transurethral bladder tumor resection instillation of the intravesical agent was instituted, including 50 and 80 mg. epirubicin in study arms 1 and 2, respectively, and 50 mg. doxorubicin in arm 3. Control arm 4 included patients who underwent transurethral bladder tumor resection alone. Instillation was repeated weekly for 8 weeks and monthly thereafter to complete 1 year of treatment. All patients were followed every 3 months by cystourethroscopy, urine cytology and deoxyribonucleic acid flow cytometry for 12 to 48 months (mean 30.1).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rates of recurrence were significantly lower in the chemotherapy groups than in controls (p < 0.001) and in the epirubicin groups than in the doxorubicin group (p = 0.02). In arms 1 to 4 recurrence rates were 25, 17.6, 36.7 and 65.6%, respectively. Recurrence rates per 100 patient months were 0.83, 0.60, 1.18 and 2.73, respectively, which were significant statistically, and lower after chemotherapy in general and epirubicin in particular (p < 0.05). Mean interval to first recurrence was 16, 15.4, 18.9 and 6.3 months, respectively, with a significant difference between the chemotherapy and control groups (p < 0.05). Progression to muscle invasive disease occurred in 7 (10.9%), 3 (4.4%), 6 (10%) and 5 patients (8.2%), respectively, in arms 1 to 4 (p > 0.05). We studied the relationships among different risk factors, and patterns of recurrence and progression. For pT1 tumors recurrence rates in arms 1 to 4 were 26.3, 17.8, 39.3 and 70.9%, respectively, which were significantly lower in the chemotherapy group than in controls (p < 0.001) and in the epirubicin groups than in the doxorubicin group (p = 0.01). Toxic and untoward side effects developed in 10 (15.6%), 16 (23.5%) and 25 (41.7%) patients in chemotherapy arms 1 to 3, respectively, with a marginal insignificant difference between low and high dose epirubicin (p = 0.3), and significantly lower toxicity rates in arms 1 and 2 than in 3 (p = 0.002). A contracted bladder developed in 2.1% of all patients who received chemotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that epirubicin has better efficacy and lower toxicity than doxorubicin when used as an intravesical agent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ali-el-Dein
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: el-Baz
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Aly
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shamaa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ashamallah
mesh_terms: D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D018450:Disease Progression; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D015251:Epirubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D015251:Epirubicin; D004317:Doxorubicin