title: Lactation stage-dependent changes of lymphocyte subpopulations in mammary secretions: inversion of CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratios at parturition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Determination of lactation stage-dependent changes in levels of lymphocyte subpopulations in milk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Flow cytometric assay was used to identify and assay lymphocyte subpopulations in bovine milk at different stages of lactation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lymphocyte subpopulations in mammary secretions of dairy cows change during the lactation cycle. In involuting glands (dry gland), approximately 80-90% of lymphocytes were CD2+ T cells. The proportion of CD2+ T cells, however, decreased to approximately 50% at the colostral stage an fluctuated between 50 to 60% in normal (mature) milk. Throughout the lactation stages, less than 5% were B cells as identified by the monoclonal antibodies against CD21 and MHC class II antigens. Subset analysis showed, however, that the proportion of CD5+ T cells decreased from 90% in involuting gland secretions to 75% in colostrum (peripartum stage), and to approximately 40-50% in the normal (mature) milk, CD4+ T cells constituted between 45 to 55% of lymphocytes in the dry gland secretion but decreased drastically at parturition and maintained at the level below 20% throughout normal lactation. In contrast, the proportion of CD8+ T cells in the dry gland secretion was low, between 30 to 40%, but increased steadily, in an inversely-related manner with that of CD4+ T cells, to approximately 40-50% at parturition and maintained at approximately 30-40% during the normal lactation stage thereafter. Two-color immunofluorescence study revealed further that practically all of the CD8+ cells in dry gland secretions were CD2+, and approximately 40% of them were CD5-. Throughout the lactation cycle, WC1+ gamma delta T cells comprised only 2 to 5% of lymphocytes in mammary secretions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  T lymphocyte subpopulations change dynamically during stages of the lactation cycle. The selective migration of T lymphocyte subpopulations to and from the mammary gland, and their functional roles in the immune competence and regulation of the dam and sucklings remain to be elucidated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269-3089, USA.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Ayoub
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rewinski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D018801:CD2 Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D016516:CD4-CD8 Ratio; D018956:CD5 Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D002417:Cattle; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000276:immunology; D007774:Lactation / Q000276:immunology*; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology*; D008892:Milk / Q000276:immunology*; D016692:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta / Q000276:immunology; D017464:Receptors, Complement 3d / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D018801:CD2 Antigens; D018956:CD5 Antigens; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D016692:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta; D017464:Receptors, Complement 3d