title: Ocular morbidity in very low birth-weight infants with intraventricular hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To document ocular outcomes and prevalence of ocular disease in very low birth-weight infants with intraventricular hemorrhage.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the records of all surviving very low birth-weight infants (1,500 g or less) admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of our institution during 1992 and 1993. Of 252 survivors, 74 had complete ophthalmologic examinations at a mean adjusted age of 11 months. Of these 74 infants, 38 had intraventricular hemorrhage. Chi-square and multivariate analysis were used for statistical testing, in controlling for race, sex, and birth weight, and for other disease processes associated with prematurity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 38 infants with intraventricular hemorrhage, strabismus occurred in 14 (37%), esotropia in 12 (32%), and exotropia in two (5%). Of the 20 infants with grades III and IV intraventricular hemorrhage, 11 (55%) had esotropia; none had exotropia. Infants with grades III and IV intraventricular hemorrhage were at significantly greater risk for the development of esotropia than were infants with less severe or no hemorrhage (odds ratio, 5.0; P = .04). Mean adjusted age at diagnosis of strabismus was 8.5 months. Infants with periventricular leukomalacia (odds ratio, 6.3; P = .036) and neonatal seizures (odds ratio, 7.3; P = .019) were at significantly greater risk of developing optic atrophy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Very low birth-weight infants with more severe neurologic morbidity are at significant risk for development of esotropia and optic atrophy. Ophthalmologic screening of all very low birth-weight survivors may allow earlier diagnosis and intervention for these at-risk infants.
authors.affiliation: Jones Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Christiansen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ware
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Landers
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kirby
mesh_terms: D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009017:Morbidity; D009135:Muscular Diseases / Q000150:complications; D009759:Nystagmus, Pathologic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles; D009896:Optic Atrophy / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012178:Retinopathy of Prematurity / Q000150:complications; D013285:Strabismus / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D014463:Ultrasonography