title: Vitamin intake: a possible determinant of plasma homocyst(e)ine among middle-aged adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many epidemiologic studies have identified elevated plasma homocyst(e)ine as a risk factor for atherosclerosis and thromboembolic disease. To examined the relationship between vitamin intakes and plasma homocyst(e)ine, we analyzed dietary intake data from a case-control study of 322 middle-aged individuals with atherosclerosis in the carotid artery and 318 control subjects without evidence of this disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  All of these individuals were selected from a probability sample of 15,800 men and women who participated in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma homocyst(e)ine was inversely associated with intakes of folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 (controls only for this vitamin)--the three key vitamins in homocyst(e)ine metabolism. Among nonusers of vitamin supplement products, on average each tertile increase in intake of these vitamins was associated with 0.4 to 0.7 mumol/L decrease in plasma homocyst(e)ine. An inverse association of plasma homocyst(e)ine was also found with thiamin, riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus, and iron. Methionine and protein intake did not show any significant association with plasma homocyst(e)ine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In almost all analyses, cases and controls showed similar associations between dietary variables and plasma homocyst(e)ine. Plasma homocyst(e)ine among users of vitamin supplement products was 1.5 mumol/L lower than that among nonusers. Further studies to examine possible causal relationships among vitamin intake, plasma homocyst(e)ine, and cardiovascular disease are needed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimakawa
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Nieto
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Malinow
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Chambless
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Schreiner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Szklo
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D002339:Carotid Arteries; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood* / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D011736:Pyridoxine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012494:Sampling Studies; D014481:United States; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine; D005492:Folic Acid; D011736:Pyridoxine; D014805:Vitamin B 12