title: [3D computer-assisted ENT biopsies of the Iceman].
abstract: The University of Innsbruck possesses a unique prehistoric, completely conserved 5300-year-old human cadaver. We report our experiences during which ENT specialists collected samples from various cavities inside the Iceman. Guidance of biopsy instruments was accomplished with computer-assisted navigation based on Interventional Video Tomography. This technology allows surgical guidance by interlinking currently available imaging modalities with live endoscopic video. The system operates without patient fixation and is practically free of external contact. Apart from sterility, special precautionary measures were necessary to avoid contamination with heavy metals or microorganisms. Visual inspection of the samples of mucosa from the nose, maxillary sinus and larynx revealed the typical patterns of a human cadaver without overt pathology.
authors.affiliation: Universitäts-HNO-Klinik Innsbruck.
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Thumfart
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Freysinger
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Gunkel
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Truppe
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Platzer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001706:Biopsy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005615:Freezing; D049690:History, Ancient; D015186:Hominidae / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007830:Larynx / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008443:Maxillary Sinus / Q000473:pathology*; D009106:Mummies / Q000473:pathology*; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000473:pathology*; D010164:Paleopathology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014741:Video Recording / Q000295:instrumentation*