title: The symbolism of salt in paintings.
abstract: Many artists have used the symbol of salt in both religious and profane works, yet very few studies have explored the symbolism of salt as used in works of art. In this study, Panofsky's method has been adopted to evaluate works of art through an organic process articulated into three stages: (1) pre-iconographic, (2) iconographic and (3) iconological. The method was used for (a) religious paintings of the Old and New Testaments and (b) mythological and profane themes. Various salt-cellars were also studied. In particular, the paper examines the following themes: Isaac blessing Jacob, the return of Esau, Samuel consecrating David, the Last Supper, the suppers at Emmaus and at the house of Simon, the birth of St. John the Baptist, the Baptism of Constantine, the prodigal son, Bacchus-Apollo, the nuptial banquet of Love and Psyche, the death of the Cavalier of Celano, the king drinks, the landlord's visit, 'Phitopolis faisant servir des mets en or au roi Pithès', certain still life paintings and various salt-cellars including those of Cellini and Giulio Romano. The paper discusses the works of many artists including Raphael, Leonardo and his school (Boltraffio, Giampietrino, d'Oggiono, Solario), Hendricksz, Corenzio, Jean-Baptiste and Philippe de Champaigne, Damaskinos, Tintoretto, Titian, Romanino, Rubens, Bellini, Bloemaert, Veronese, Sustris, Just of Ghent, Jan Van Hemessen, Poussin, Loir, Giotto, Jordaens, Brueghel and Mimmo Paladino with his enchanted mountain. From the data examined it emerged that salt is a primary iconological presence in various works of art.
authors.affiliation: Chair of Nephrology, Second University of Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bisaccia
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: De Santo
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: De Santo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Santo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bellini
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: De Santo
mesh_terms: D002835:Christianity / Q000266:history; D049668:History, 15th Century; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007599:Judaism / Q000266:history; D009229:Mythology; D010151:Paintings / Q000266:history*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000266:history*; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000266:history; D013561:Symbolism
chemical_list: D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D012965:Sodium Chloride