title: Redesigning primary care processes to improve the offering of mammography. The use of clinic protocols by nonphysicians.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop, within the framework of continuous quality improvement, new processes for offering mammography and determine whether protocols executed completely by nonphysicians would increase mammography utilization.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective follow-up study with patients from an intervention clinic and two control clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three general internal medicine clinics in a large, urban teaching hospital in Detroit, Michigan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 5,934 women, aged 40 through 75 years, making 16,546 visits to one of the clinics during the study period (September 1, 1992, through November 31, 1993).
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical assistants and licensed practical nurses in the intervention clinic were trained to identify women due for screening mammography, and to directly offer and order a mammogram if patients agreed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were considered up-to-date with screening if they had a mammogram within 1 year (if age 50-75) or 2 years (if age 40-49) prior to the visit or a mammogram within 60 days after the visit. The proportion of visits each month in which a woman was up-to-date with mammography was calculated using computerized billing records. Prior to the intervention, the proportion of visits in which women were up-to-date was 68% (95% confidence interval [CI] 63%, 73%) in the intervention clinic and 66% (95% CI 61%, 71%) in each of the control clinics. At the end of the evaluation, there was an absolute increase of 9% (95% CI 2%, 16%) in the intervention clinic, and a difference of 1% (95% CI -5%, 7%) in one of the control clinics and -2% (95% CI -3%, 5%) in the other. In the intervention clinic, the proportion of visits in which women were up-to-date with mammography increased over time and was consistent with a linear trend (p = .004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Redesigning clinic processes to make offering of mammography by medical assistants and licensed practical nurses a routine part of the clinic encounter can lead to mammography rates that are superior to those seen in physicians' usual practice, even when screening levels are already fairly high. Physicians need not be considered the sole, or even the primary, member of the health care team who can effectively deliver some preventive health measures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: M U
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Yood
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Bolton
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Boohaker
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: MacWilliam
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D005260:Female; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006786:Hospitals, Urban; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008824:Michigan; D008875:Middle Aged; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; D010348:Patient Care Team; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D011446:Prospective Studies