title: Does ureteral manipulation improve the effect of extracorporeal electromagnetic shock wave treatment on impacted ureteral calculi?--an experimental study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We used an experimental study to evaluate the effects of ureteral manipulation on the disintegration of impacted ureteral calculi.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen urinary calculi were divided into 3 groups according to the type of ureteral manipulation. Group 1: control group, no manipulation; group 2: bypass catheterization, and group 3: below irrigation in porcine ureter. Each calculus was subjected to 500 shock wave pulses with 0.28 mJ/mm2 power density by a Siemens Lithostar II lithotriptor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The successful disintegration ratio for calculus sizes less than 4 and 2 mm was 79.4 +/- 13.1 and 42.2 +/- 7.5% (group 1), 82.3 +/- 5.2 and 43.5 +/- 2.4% (group 2) and 84.3 +/- 17.3 and 49.7 +/- 14.6% (group 3). There was no statistical difference among the 3 groups by Anova and the Kruskal-Wallis test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ureteral manipulation of impacted ureteral calculi was unable to improve stone disintegration by shock wave.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Veterans General Hospital Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019220:High-Energy Shock Waves; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy; D013552:Swine; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation; D014513:Ureter / Q000502:physiology*; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D014546:Urinary Catheterization