title: Chronic pain-associated depression: antecedent or consequence of chronic pain? A review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the current status for the association of chronic pain and depression and to review the evidence for whether depression is an antecedent or consequence of chronic pain (CP).
  
  
  METHODS
  A computer and manual literature review yielded 191 studies that related to the pain-depression association. These reports were reviewed and sorted into seven categories relating to the topic of this paper. Eighty-three studies were then selected according to inclusion criteria and subjected to a structured review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Any medical treatment setting including pain treatment as inclusion criteria for selection of studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Any patients with any type of chronic pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The reviewed studies were consistent in indicating that there is a statistical relationship between chronic pain and depression. For the relationship between pain and depression, there was greater support for the consequence and scar hypotheses than the antecedent hypothesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depression is more common in chronic pain patients (CPPs) than in healthy controls as a consequence of the presence of CP. At pain onset, predisposition to depression (the scar hypothesis) may increase the likelihood for the development of depression in some CPPS. Because of difficulties in measuring depression in the presence of CP, the reviewed studies should be interpreted with caution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Miami, School of Medicine, Florida 33131, USA.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Fishbain
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cutler
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Rosomoff
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Rosomoff
mesh_terms: D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*