title: Developmental quotient at 24 months and fatty acid composition of diet in early infancy: a follow up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A follow up study of developmental quotient (DQ) at 24 months of toddlers whose diets in early infancy differed in fatty acid composition, and in whom an association between diet and DQ was observed at 4 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  81 toddlers were distributed among three groups according to early type of diets standard infant formula (SFo, n = 30); long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) enriched formula (LCPFo, n = 26); human milk (HM, n = 25). DQ at 24 months was assessed by Brunet-Léxine's psychomotor developmental test. A subgroup (n = 20; SFo 8; LCPFo 6; HM 6) was tested for erythrocyte phosphatidyicholine and phosphatidylethanolamine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No DQ differences were found by analysis of variance. Neither DQ nor erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid at 4 months were predictors of DQ scores at 24 months. Phosphatidylcholine arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid correlated positively, and phosphatidylcholine linoleic acid and phosphatidylethanolamine eicosapentaenoic acid negatively, with DQ. Multiple regression analysis including these variables explained 52% of inter-individual DQ variance. A strong association was found between the erythrocyte phosphatidylcholine arachidonic/ linoleic acid ratio and DQ (r = 0.75; p = 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The diet/DQ association found at 4 months was not predictive of DQ scores at 24 months. Irrespective of dietary or genetic factors, there appears to be a strong correlation between the LC-PUFA composition of the red cell membrane and higher neurodevelopmental performance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, University of Milan, San Paolo Hospital, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Agostoni
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Trojan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bellù
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Riva
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Bruzzese
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giovannini
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D002657:Child Development; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007225:Infant Food; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines / Q000097:blood; D010714:Phosphatidylethanolamines / Q000097:blood; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D010714:Phosphatidylethanolamines