title: Differential relationships between positive and negative symptoms and neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia.
abstract: This study assessed the relationships between positive and negative clinical symptoms and specific neuropsychological deficits in a group of stable schizophrenic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia and a battery of cognitive tests. The PANSS assessments were done by a group of raters blind to the results of cognitive tests, while the cognitive tests were conducted by a different group of raters who remained blind to the PANSS scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that, although positive and negative symptoms showed a trend toward direct correlation with each other, they correlated with distinct cognitive deficits. Patients with higher negative scores had more perseverative responses, perservative errors, and completed fewer categories on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; they also experienced more difficulties on trail making and verbal fluency tests. On the other hand, positive symptoms were associated with poor performance on the Digit Span, particularly the Digit Span Forward.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings are in agreement with previous reports that negative symptoms may be associated with poor performance on cognitive tests reflecting particularly frontal function. Positive symptoms, on the other hand, seem to be associated with poor attention, specifically of auditory type, and thus, possibly with dysfunction within the more widespread neural networks underlying attention. Our findings support the hypothesis that positive and negative symptoms may be associated with distinct neuropsychological deficits and thus with distinct neurological substrates and point to the need to address both positive and negative dimensions when studying schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Taunton State Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA 02780-0997, USA.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Berman
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Viegner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Merson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Allan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pappas
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001288:Attention; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003702:Delusions / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019965:Neurocognitive Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology