title: Effects of bottle feeding and two different methods of gavage feeding on oxygenation and breathing patterns in preterm infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of bottle feeding, as compared to two methods of gavage feeding, on apnoea, bradycardia and oxygen desaturation frequency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty preterm infants breathing room air; gestational age 28.6 +/- 2.1 weeks at birth and 34 +/- 1.4 weeks at study (mean +/- SD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine-hour recordings of pulse oximeter saturation (SpO2), pulse waveforms, electrocardiogram, breathing movements and nasal airflow. Administration of 21 +/- 1.5 ml/kg of milk/feed in 3-h intervals using three different feeding techniques in random order: bottle feeding, bolus gavage feeding, and slow gavage feeding (1 h). Analysis of recordings for apnoeas (> or =4s, bradycardias (heart rate < 2/3 of baseline), and episodic desaturation (SpO2 < or = 80%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were three times more desaturations with bottle feeding than with bolus gavage feeding (p < 0.001), but no further reduction with slow gavage feeding. With all three feeding techniques, there were significantly more desaturations in the hour when the feeds were given than during the following 2 h. The deleterious effects of bottle feeding were most evident during the hour of feeding, but desaturation frequency remained significantly higher than with gavage feeding during the following 2 h. There was no significant effect of feeding technique on the frequency of apnoea or bradycardia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preterm infants who are normally oxygenated in room air may have significant desaturation during bottle feeding. Such desaturation can be effectively reduced by gavage feeding. Slow gavage feeding offers no advantage over bolus gavage feeding with respect to the avoidance of hypoxaemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, Hannover Medical School, Germany.
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Poets
authors.forename: M U
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Langner
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bohnhorst
mesh_terms: D001049:Apnea / Q000209:etiology*; D001785:Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous; D001903:Bottle Feeding / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001919:Bradycardia / Q000209:etiology; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods*; D004869:Equipment Safety; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000209:etiology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D015931:Intensive Care, Neonatal / Q000379:methods*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology