title: Congestive heart failure in old age: prevalence, mechanisms and 4-year prognosis in the Helsinki Ageing Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the prevalence, underlying diseases, abnormalities of left ventricular function and prognosis in congestive heart failure (CHF) of old age.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based clinical and echocardiographic study with a 4-year mortality follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred and one individuals born in 1904. 1909 and 1914 (367 women).
  
  
  METHODS
  Presence of CHF by clinical and chest radiograph criteria: left ventricular size and systolic function by echocardiography; grade of aortic and mitral valve lesion by Doppler echocardiography; 4-year total and cardiovascular mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-one of 501 participants (8.2%) had CHF. Ischaemic heart disease (54%), hypertension (54%) and moderate-to-severe mitral or aortic valve disease (51%) were the main underlying conditions; 90% of patients had one or more of these diseases. Most individuals with CHF (28 of 39 patients, 72%) had normal left ventricular contractions at echocardiography. 'Diastolic CHF', defined as CHF with normal systolic left ventricular function and no regurgitant valve disease, was found in 51% (20 of 39 patients). The relative 4-year risk for death associated with CHF, adjusted for age and sex, was 2.1 (95% confidence interval 1.3-3.4) for all-cause mortality and 4.2 (CI 1.9-5.6) for cardiovascular mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of CHF in a population aged 75-86 years is approximately 8%. Ischaemic or valvular heart disease and hypertension are the main underlying conditions. At echocardiography, about 50% of the elderly with CHF have normal left ventricular systolic contractions in the absence of valve disease and an additional 20% have normal systolic function with mitral regurgitation. The presence of CHF doubles the age- and sex-adjusted risk of death from all causes, and quadruples the risk of cardiovascular death during 4-year follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kupari
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lindroos
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Iivanainen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heikkilä
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tilvis
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002423:Cause of Death; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014504:Urban Health; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000209:etiology*