title: Are antibiotics indicated as initial treatment for children with acute otitis media? A meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of antibiotic treatment for acute otitis media in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic search of the medical literature to identify studies that used antibiotics in randomised controlled trials to treat acute otitis media. Studies were examined blind, and the results of those of satisfactory quality of methodology were pooled.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six studies of children aged 7 months to 15 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pain, deafness, and other symptoms related to acute otitis media or antibiotic treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  60% of placebo treated children were pain free within 24 hours of presentation, and antibiotics did not influence this. However, at 2-7 days after presentation, by which time only 14% of children in control groups still had pain, early use of antibiotics reduced the risk of pain by 41% (95% confidence interval 14% to 60%). Antibiotics reduced contralateral acute otitis media by 43% (9% to 64%). They seemed to have no influence on subsequent attacks of otitis media or deafness at one month, although there was a trend for improvement of deafness at three months. Antibiotics were associated with a near doubling of the risk of vomiting, diarrhoea, or rashes (odds ratio 1.97 (1.19 to 3.25)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early use of antibiotics provides only modest benefit for acute otitis media: to prevent one child from experiencing pain by 2-7 days after presentation, 17 children must be treated with antibiotics early.
authors.affiliation: Centre for General Practice, University of Queensland, Graduate School of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Del Mar
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Glasziou
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hayem
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003638:Deafness / Q000209:etiology; D003657:Decision Making; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000592:standards; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents