title: Parenthood and lipid and lipoprotein levels in older men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Parenthood for men and women has been associated with longevity, good physical health, and a deterrent effect on negative health behaviors which may affect subsequent mortality. However, decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels have been reported in women with greater numbers of pregnancies. Similar studies have not been reported in men. The present study examines the association of number of biological and nonbiological children with lipid and lipoprotein levels in men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects included 1039 community-dwelling men aged 50-89 years. A standardized interview was used to obtain information on numbers of biological, adopted and stepchildren. Fasting total HDL, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men with five or more biological children were more obese than men without biological children. Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and exercise did not vary in relation to the number of biological children. Only triglyceride levels were higher in men with four, five, or more children, and lower in men with one child as compared to men with no children, but this difference was no longer statistically significant after adjustment for obesity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show no favorable effect of parenthood for men with regard to lifestyle, lipid, or lipoprotein levels. Increased triglyceride levels in men with more children appeared to be mediated by greater obesity in men with five or more biological children. These data also suggest that relations between parity and HDL-C levels found for women, could be associated with either the long term biologic consequences of pregnancy or the stress of childrearing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego 92093-0707, USA.
authors.lastname: Kritz-Silverstein
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barrett-Connor
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Friedlander
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002140:California; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D003625:Data Collection; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides