title: Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a graphite-electrode producing plant: biological monitoring of 1-hydroxypyrene and monohydroxylated metabolites of phenanthrene.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to assess external and internal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of workers who are employed in a graphite-electrode producing plant. Additionally we wanted to contribute to the question of biological limit values in order to reduce exposure to tolerable levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  At five different working places 12 stationary and 16 personal air measurements were carried out to determine the concentrations of phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene and dibenz[a, h]anthracene in air. In addition, we investigated the excretion of 1-, 2 + 9-, 3- and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene and of 1-hydroxypyrene in the urine of 67 workers by a very sensitive and practical high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with fluorescence detection; 2- and 9-hydroxyphenanthrene could not be separated with our analytical method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the production of graphite electrodes significantly higher PAH exposures were found in the baking and impregnation area than in the crushing, graphitisation and conditioning area. The results of personal air measurements (mean values of the sum of eight PAHs) are: 29.3 (baking), 23.4 (impregnation), 5.2 (crushing), 1.3 (graphitisation) and 0.4 microgram/m3 (conditioning). Stationary air measurements yielded similar concentrations. Workers employed in the baking and impregnation areas excreted the highest amount of PAH metabolites in urine. The 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations (median) were: 23.4 (baking), 22.0 (impregnation), 9.6 (crushing), 1.8 (graphitisation) and 2.3 micrograms/g creatinine (conditioning). The corresponding concentrations of the sum of monohydroxylated phenanthrene metabolites (median) were: 23.1, 36.0, 10.4, 4.6 and 7.6 micrograms/g creatinine. Within the monohydroxylated phenanthrene metabolites 3-hydroxyphenanthrene predominates with a percentage of 43%. Our results showed that a benzo[a]pyrene concentration in air of 2 micrograms/m3 would lead to 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations in urine of 20-74 micrograms/g creatinine. That means that corresponding values in the literature which lie between 4.4 and 6.2 micrograms/g creatinine are due to other conditions of exposure and cannot be applied to graphite-electrode producing plants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although to date there are no obligatory biological exposure limits for metabolites of PAHs in urine, it must be concluded that the internal PAH exposure is too high at some work places in this plant, as is generally the case in graphite-electrode producing plants. This is probably caused by skin absorption of PAHs. So for the prevention of health hazards by PAH, internal exposure must be measured using biological monitoring. Although it has not been possible to establish biological exposure limits for PAHs until now, we suggest a reduction in skin contact with these substances and thereafter use of the 90th percentile of the results of biological monitoring as "action levels" for corrective measures.
authors.affiliation: Institute and Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University of Erlangen Nürnberg, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Angerer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mannschreck
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gündel
mesh_terms: D000388:Air / Q000032:analysis; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006108:Graphite; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D008297:Male; D009153:Mutagens / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000652:urine*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010616:Phenanthrenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D002273:Carcinogens; D009153:Mutagens; D010616:Phenanthrenes; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D011721:Pyrenes; C031181:phenanthrene; D006108:Graphite; C033146:1-hydroxypyrene