Extracellular ATP modulates [Ca2+]i in retinoic acid-treated embryonic chondrocytes.
When treated with low doses of retinoic acid (RA), cephalic chondrocytes of the chick embryonic sternum mature and express phenotypic characteristics of postmitotic hypertrophic cells. In concert with these maturation-dependent changes, cells release adenine nucleotides into the culture medium. To ascertain if these compounds modulate chondrocyte function, we challenged chondrocytes with nucleotides and measured one determinant of the signal transduction pathway, intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). In the presence of micromolar concentrations of ATP, there was a dose-dependent elevation in chondrocyte [Ca2+]i; ADP caused a small but significant rise in the peak [Ca2+]i response. We found that the change in the [Ca2+]i response is linked to retinoid-dependent maturation of chondrocytes. Thus the [Ca2+]i rise was dependent on the RA concentration and treatment time. Immature caudal chondrocytes, cells that were not affected by RA, were used as control cells for this study. When treated with ATP, these cells did not exhibit a [Ca2+]i response. Although the purinergic subtype receptor was not characterized, the observation that cells responded to ATP and ADP but were refractory to AMP and adenosine suggested that P2 purinoceptors were expressed by chondrocytes. Because, during the same culture period, chondrocytes exhibited many of the unique characteristics of the terminally differentiated cell, the acquisition of purinergic receptors represents a new feature associated with expression of the mature phenotype. Finally, to ascertain if the ATP-dependent response was due to release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores, cells were treated with thapsigargin. Since this compound significantly reduced the [Ca2+]i signal, we concluded that the ATP response is mediated by release of cation, from the endoplasmic reticulum.
Hung
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Center for Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
Allen
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Mansfield
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Shapiro
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D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002356:Cartilage / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016922:Cellular Senescence; D002642:Chick Embryo / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D016257:Fura-2 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000378:metabolism*; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*
D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; C049925:fura-2-am; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate; D014212:Tretinoin; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D002118:Calcium; D016257:Fura-2