title: Reference values for retinol, tocopherol, and main carotenoids in serum of control and insulin-dependent diabetic Spanish subjects.
abstract: To establish reference ranges for use in clinical and epidemiological studies, we determined concentrations of retinol, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene in 450 Spanish control subjects and 123 Spanish patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Results were grouped according to sex, and samples were collected throughout the year. Concentrations of retinol were significantly lower and beta-carotene and alpha-carotene were higher in women than in men, both in controls and IDDM subjects, whereas beta-cryptoxanthin concentrations were higher only in control women. Conditional logistic regression analysis showed that retinol, beta-carotene, and lycopene were the variables associated with diabetes. In comparison with other populations, our controls showed, in general, ordinary concentrations of retinol, comparatively low beta-carotene and high beta-cryptoxanthin concentrations, and a relatively high alpha-tocopherol/ cholesterol ratio.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Nutriciòn, Clínica Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain. bolmed@nutr.cph.es
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Olmedilla
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Granado
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gil-Martinez
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rojas-Hidalgo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D014975:Lutein / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D013030:Spain; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood*; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000097:blood*; D024341:Xanthophylls; D065146:Zeaxanthins; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D024341:Xanthophylls; D065146:Zeaxanthins; D019207:beta Carotene; D014801:Vitamin A; D014810:Vitamin E; D002338:Carotenoids; D014975:Lutein