title: A matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor prevents processing of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and abrogates endotoxin-induced lethality.
abstract: Excessive tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) production in response to Gram-negative bacteremia or endotoxemia can often lead to hypotension, shock, and increased mortality. Current approaches used to block the deleterious effects of exaggerated TNF alpha production rely on monoclonal antibodies or immunoadhesins that bind TNF alpha and thus prevent the interaction with its cellular receptors. This report examines whether a previously described inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases, GM-6001, can inhibit TNF alpha processing and release and attenuate endotoxin-induced mortality. In human peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated in vitro with 1 microgram/mL endotoxin, GM-6001 at concentrations > 5 micrograms/mL blocked release of TNF alpha, but did not affect the release of either IL-1 beta or IL-6. GM-6001 also inhibited the release of soluble TNF receptor (p75) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with endotoxin and/or TNF alpha. To confirm the role of secreted TNF alpha in endotoxic shock-induced mortality, C57BL/6 mice were challenged with either endotoxin alone (500 micrograms/mouse) or endotoxin (100 ng/mouse) plus D-galactosamine (8 mg/mouse). GM-6001 pretreatment (100 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the 90-minute plasma TNF alpha response in both models and improved survival in mice treated with low-dose endotoxin plus D-galactosamine. However, plasma IL-1 beta and IL-6 concentrations at 90 min after endotoxin treatment were unaffected by GM-6001 following lethal endotoxin challenge, confirming the in vivo specificity of this matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor for TNF alpha processing. These findings demonstrate that a novel inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases can prevent the release of TNF alpha both in vitro and in vivo, and can abrogate the harmful sequelae of endotoxemic shock.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville 32610, USA.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Solorzano
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ksontini
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Pruitt
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Auffenberg
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tannahill
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Galardy
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: MacKay
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Copeland
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Moldawer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004731:Endotoxins; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D004151:Dipeptides; D004731:Endotoxins; C078131:N-(2(R)-2-(hydroxamidocarbonylmethyl)-4-methylpentanoyl)-L-tryptophan methylamide; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases