Postoperative analgesia in Italy. National survey on the anaesthetist's beliefs, opinions, behaviour and techniques in postoperative pain control in Italy.
BACKGROUND
Using a personal, anonymous questionnaire developed ad hoc, we tried to document the role, the problems and the activities of Italian anaesthetists in postoperative pain control.


METHODS
A random selection-stratified by region-was made from a list of 971 hospitals. The final sample was made up of 395 departments of anaesthesia and intensive care from 369 hospitals. The completeness and consistency of each questionnaire were assessed.


RESULTS
The response rate achieved was 78.9% (312 centres in 293 hospitals) with 2435 evaluable questionnaires corresponding to 30% of all Italian anaesthesia departments and 25% of Italian anaesthetists. Only 15.2% of anaesthetists are completely responsible for the postoperative analgesia (POA) (prescriptions and evaluations) and an established attitude for POA (protocols/guidelines) exists in 18 departments only. 60% of anaesthetists use routinely the intramuscular route, 55.2% the intravenous route (infusion plus bolus), and 23.7% the spinal/epidural route. Only 6.2% of the anaesthetists use the patient-controlled analgesia system. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most commonly used agents (47% NSAID vs 37.9% opioids; NSAID-opioid association 14.7%). A local anesthetics-opioids association is preferred for the spinal/epidural route (15.1%) only (local anaesthetic 4.9% only; opioids alone 2.7%). Lack of time, work organization, technique knowledge/training, trust in nursing-ward staff, difficulty in monitoring the patient on the ward, concern about opioid use leading to ventilatory depression, and administration errors are reported to be the main factors that limit an appropriate approach to postoperative pain (POP), the correct use of analgesics and a free choice of POA technique.


CONCLUSIONS
This survey shows that Italian anaesthetists do not consider the postoperative period to be their own personal work area and that POA is to be considered as a matter of individual choice.
Nolli
M
M
Dipartimento di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, Azienda Istituti Ospitalieri Ospedale Generale, Cremona, Italy.
Apolone
G
G
Nicosia
F
F
D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003625:Data Collection; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011786:Quality Control; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal