title: Immunopathological changes in the airways of stable lung transplant recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pathological obliterative bronchiolitis, characterised by inflammation and occlusion of airways, is a serious complication of lung transplantation. Endobronchial biopsy (EBB) provides a means of examining transplanted airways. This study aimed to investigate the role of EBB samples in revealing early signals of airway injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 18 stable lung transplant recipients with close to maximal lung function (median FEV1, best after transplantation 100%, interquartile range 98-100%) EBB samples were taken simultaneously with transbronchial biopsy samples and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid (median 195 days after transplantation). OCT embedded specimens were snap frozen on an isopentane slurry made with liquid nitrogen and 7 microns sections were stained with monoclonal antibodies using a three stage immunoperoxidase method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with nine non-transplanted control subjects, EBB specimens from the stable transplant group had significantly increased CD8 positivity (median 53 versus 27 cells/mm basement membrane, p = 0.04; 95% CI for the difference 1 to 46)) and increased HLA-DR positivity (median 84 versus 26 cells/mm basement membrane, 95% CI for the difference 6 to 115). There was an increase in CD68 positive cells in the EBB specimens from transplant recipients of borderline significance (median 92 versus 68, p = 0.08, 95% CI for the difference 1 to 84). CD3, CD4, and CD25 counts were similar in the two groups. EBB findings were not influenced by age, sex, indication for transplant, immunosuppression doses or levels, nor the presence of airway commensals in the BAL fluid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EBB is practicable in a transplant setting and provides information about bronchial inflammatory changes. It is likely that there is ongoing inflammation, possibly rejection mediated, even in healthy lung transplant recipients despite triple immunosuppression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital and Monash University Medical School, Prahran, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: G I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Snell
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Orsida
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Walters
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001706:Biopsy; D001988:Bronchiolitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D001989:Bronchiolitis Obliterans / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D011239:Prednisolone; D001379:Azathioprine