title: Patterns and determinants of use of antibiotics for acute respiratory tract infection in children in China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Use of antibiotics for acute respiratory infection (ARI) of presumed viral etiology is a worldwide problem. The World Health Organization (WHO) has provided guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of ARI for developing countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Specially trained observers applied the WHO criteria to study the diagnosis and treatment of ARI given by 100 randomly selected health care workers (HCWs) in a rural county in China. A total of 750 cases of ARI were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before the parents sought medical care, 47% of children in the county hospitals, 25% of those in the townships and 18% of those in the villages had already received antibiotics, available without prescription. Among the HCWs antibiotic abuse (antibiotics for presumably viral disease) was detected in the treatment of 97% of cases, and severe abuse (such as prescription of two incompatible antibiotics) was detected in 37%. Most (197 of 200) patients with bacterial disease received antibiotics, but inappropriate antibiotic treatment (dose or type) was observed in 63% of these cases. HCWs with university training and those with higher test scores on knowledge and attitude prescribed antibiotics more judiciously than those lacking those attributes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abuse of antibiotics for ARI is a serious and costly problem in rural China, potentially leading to widespread antibiotic resistance. Educating HCWs in the management of ARI and proper use of antibiotics has high priority in China.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.forename: X S
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: X J
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Foy
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D004363:Drug Utilization; D006801:Humans; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents