title: A citric acid solution is an optimal test drink in the 13C-urea breath test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The 13C-urea breath test (13C-UBT) is a simple, non-invasive and reliable test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. The duration of the test, the timing of breath sampling, and the accuracy of the method vary according to the test meal used.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify the optimal test meal or drink for rapid and accurate performance of the 13C-UBT for the detection of H pylori infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty patients with dyspeptic symptoms were included. Of these, 48 patients had a positive H pylori status and 32 a negative one according to the results of the rapid urease test, histological examination, and culture.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 13C-UBT was performed after an overnight fast, on three consecutive days. On each study day a different test meal or drink was given (0.1 N citric acid solution, a standard semiliquid meal, or a semiliquid fatty meal) 10 minutes before giving 75 mg 13C-urea. Breath samples were collected at 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes, and analysed by isotype ratio mass spectrometry. Results were expressed as delta (delta) and considered as positive for H pylori if the highest delta (peak) was greater than 4.0.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The delta peak obtained with the citric acid drink in H pylori positive subjects (24.1 (SEM 1.5)) was significantly higher than that obtained with any of the semiliquid meals (13.3 (SEM 1.1) and 17.1 (SEM 1.0) respectively, p < 0.001). Furthermore, this delta peak was obtained earlier with the citric acid drink (30 (SEM 2) minutes) than with the other two meals tests (53 (SEM 2) min and 45 (SEM 2) min, p < 0.001). The sensitivity of the 13C-UBT for the diagnosis of H pylori infection was 96-100% with all three test meals. This high sensitivity was, however, obtained from 15 minutes by giving citric acid as the test drink, from 45 minutes by giving a semiliquid fatty meal, and at 60 minutes by giving the semiliquid standard meal. The specificity was 100% for all test meals. Citric acid is inexpensive and palatable to patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 13C-UBT procedure with citric acid as the test drink is superior to the previously proposed semiliquid test meals in terms of 13CO2 recovery, time requirement, and cost. In routine clinical sampling, collection at times 0 and 30 minutes seems to be optimal and gives a high diagnostic accuracy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, University of Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Domínguez-Muñoz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leodolter
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sauerbruch
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Malfertheiner
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000379:methods; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014508:Urea / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D019343:Citric Acid; D014508:Urea