title: An updated dose assessment for resettlement options at Bikini Atoll--a U.S. nuclear test site.
abstract: On 1 March 1954, a nuclear weapon test, code-named BRAVO, conducted at Bikini Atoll in the northern Marshall Islands contaminated the major residence island. There has been a continuing effort since 1977 to refine dose assessments for resettlement options at Bikini Atoll. Here we provide a radiological dose assessment for the main residence island, Bikini, using extensive radionuclide concentration data derived from analysis of food crops, ground water, cistern water, fish and other marine species, animals, air, and soil collected at Bikini Island as part of our continuing research and monitoring program that began in 1978. The unique composition of coral soil greatly alters the relative contribution of 137Cs and 90Sr to the total estimated dose relative to expectations based on North American and European soils. Without counter measures, 137Cs produces 96% of the estimated dose for returning residents, mostly through uptake from the soil to terrestrial food crops but also from external gamma exposure. The doses are calculated assuming a resettlement date of 1999. The estimated maximum annual effective dose for current island conditions is 4.0 mSv when imported foods, which are now an established part of the diet, are available. The 30-, 50-, and 70-y integral effective doses are 91 mSv, 130 mSv, and 150 mSv, respectively. A detailed uncertainty analysis for these dose estimates is presented in a companion paper in this issue. We have evaluated various countermeasures to reduce 137Cs in food crops. Treatment with potassium reduces the uptake of 137Cs into food crops, and therefore the ingestion dose, to about 5% of pretreatment levels and has essentially no negative environmental consequences. We have calculated the dose for the rehabilitation scenario where the top 40 cm of soil is removed in the housing and village area, and the rest of the island is treated with potassium fertilizer; the maximum annual effective dose is 0.41 mSv and the 30-, 50-, and 70-y integral effective doses are 9.8 mSv, 14 mSv, and 16 mSv, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Health & Ecological Assessment Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA 94550-9900, USA.
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Robison
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Bogen
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Conrado
mesh_terms: D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis; D008849:Micronesia; D009689:Nuclear Warfare; D011188:Potassium / Q000494:pharmacology; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012990:Soil Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes; D012990:Soil Pollutants, Radioactive; D011188:Potassium