title: The role of diltiazem in treating hypertension and coronary artery disease: new approaches to preventing first events.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the role of diltiazem in treating and preventing a group of cardiovascular diseases, including painful and silent cardiac ischemia, stroke, nonfatal myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death, by modulating certain physiological causes that they appear to share.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search was conducted for all clinical articles on the use of diltiazem for hypertension and coronary artery disease. When clinical data were not available, basic research findings were reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Because many cardiovascular events show a marked daily periodicity--which appears to coincide with circadian peaks in the ability of platelets to aggregate, sympathetic activity, coronary tone, blood pressure, heart rate and hematocrit, and a trough in fibrinolytic activity--the impact of diltizazem on these physiological changes was assessed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diltiazem influences many of these events by increasing myocardial bloodflow, and reducing myocardial oxygen demand and cardiac workload. However, it differs from other calcium antagonists in its mild negative inotropic and moderate negative dromotropic effects, without apparent stimulation of cardiac performance or contractility. In addition, it inhibits platelet aggregation, decreases catecholamine release, diminishes coronary tone and blocks the vasoconstrictive actions of endothelin-1. This appears to translate into a beneficial effect on ischemia, thrombolysis, arrhythmias, infarct parameters, atherosclerosis and hypertension. Diltiazem has a relatively favourable safety and tolerability profile, and is available in a once-daily dosage form. The most common adverse effects are related to vasodilation (eg, edema and headache), and the most frequent serious adverse event is atrioventricular block, which occurs rarely. In summary, diltiazem appears to be well suited to preventing the first occurrence of cardiovascular events and may even have a role in preventing certain types of secondary events. The data accumulated so far indicate the need for a large scale random clinical trial addressing these outcomes.
authors.affiliation: University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa, Ontario. gfodor@heartinst.on.ca
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Fodor
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Boulet
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Savard
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nadeau
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rakusan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chockalingam
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Langer
mesh_terms: D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000188:drug therapy; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D004110:Diltiazem