title: A study of early pregnancy factor activity in preimplantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Early pregnancy factor (EPF), an Immunosuppressive substance, which appears in pregnant women's sera 48 h after fertilization, is a kind of pregnancy-specific protein. To determine whether the EPF activity could be a super early indicator of pregnancy, we used rosette inhibition assay to detect EPF activity in the sera, collected from 70 women 2-7 days after ovulation intending to conceive monitored by ultrasonography. Simultaneously we selected 40 non-pregnant sera and 12 early-pregnant sera as negative control and positive control, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of this study demonstrated that EPF activity is detected in 35 women's sera out of 70 women within 2-7 days after ovulation, and 28 women out of the 35 were pregnant, which was known by follow-up, and 7 were not pregnant, possibly due to either false positive results or embryo loss because of preimplantation failure, thus causing no pregnancy. The other 35 out of 70 had no EPF activity and 34 of them were not pregnant, which was known by follow-up, but one case became pregnant, which was false negative result. Our study showed that diagnosis of the super early pregnancy could be made by detecting EPF activity in maternal serum within the time of preimplantation. The accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis by this method is 88.6%, with a false negative rate of 3.4% and a false positive rate of 17.1%. The beta-HCG level was measured from the above 70 women's sera in order to contrast EPF activity. All of the sera collected 2-6 days following ovulation indicated that there were lower beta-HCG values in very early pregnancy (> or = a5 mIU/ml). On the seventh day after ovulation, EPF activity was detected in 11 out of 15 sera with only 2 of them with a b-HCG level that reached or slightly surpassed that of the early pregnancy diagnosis (5 mIU/ml and 5.4 mIU/ml, respectively). This demonstrated that beta-HCG is not the earliest signal of pregnancy; otherwise the EPF activity is one that appears 2-6 days earlier than beta-HCG appears. We measured the progesterone level of the 48 sera from the 70 collected above within 2-7 days postovulation and found most of them reached the level of progesterone in the luteal phase (7.5-98.3 nmol/L). This indicated that ovulation had taken place in these women, which was in accordance with observations by ultrasonography.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study showed that diagnosis (of 88.6%) of super early pregnancy could be made with an accuracy of 88.6% by detecting EPF activity in maternal serum within 2-days after ovulation. This offers a basis for pregnancy diagnosis for the women who attempt to terminate their pregnancy safely or who conceive unexpectedly, and it contributes to family-planning.
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: X G
authors.initials: XG
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Z Q
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018835:Chaperonin 10; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005193:Family Planning Services; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D010060:Ovulation / Q000378:metabolism; D010455:Peptides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First / Q000097:blood*; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000379:methods*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D012397:Rosette Formation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013491:Suppressor Factors, Immunologic
chemical_list: D018835:Chaperonin 10; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human; D010455:Peptides; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins; D013491:Suppressor Factors, Immunologic; C025124:early pregnancy factor; D011374:Progesterone