title: Cryosurgery of prostate cancer. Use of adjuvant hormonal therapy and temperature monitoring--A one year follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the clinical outcomes at one year of Stages T2-T3 prostate cancer by cryosurgery utilizing pretreatment with total androgen ablation therapy and temperature monitoring to control the freezing process. Study Group To date, 347 patients have had 356 cryosurgical procedures, 280 have reached one year post treatment. Of these 131 had re-evaluation with prostatic biopsy and serum PSA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) measurement of tumor size and biopsy of extraprostatic space was used to stage patients into two main groups: confined (66.6%) versus nonconfined (19.3%). Radiation failures (14.1%) formed a separate group. Failure rates for the 131 men include all cancer diagnosed during the one year period following cryosurgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The one year failure rate for the study group was 19.8% (26/131). For stages T2a, T2h C, T3 and radiation failures, the rates of positive biopsies were 13.9%, 12.9%, 33.3% and 35%, respectively. For those with local control of cancer (negative biopsy), 80% had prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels of < 0.5 ng/ml. The statistical variables for persistent cancer with prostate specific antigen > 0.5 ng/ml were: sensitivity of 66.7%, PPV of 16.7%, NPV of 98% and specificity of 83.7%. A statistically significant difference exist between stages T2 vs T3 and radiation failures (p = < 0.5). Major complications of rectal fistula and total incontinence for previously non-treated cancer versus radiation failures were 0.33% and 8.7% respectively, a 26 times greater risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of cryosurgery for all stages of prostate cancer at one year are encouraging, being 80% free of disease (biopsy and prostate specific antigen). The morbidity of the previously non-treated cancers from this procedure for us was minimal with high patient acceptance. For radiation failures a local control rate of 65% was achieved. However, early in our experience significant morbidity did occur and our enthusiasm for attempted salvage was initially tempered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Surgery, Rochester, MI 48307, USA.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Bahn
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: McHugh
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Badalament
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005485:Flutamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017273:Goserelin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D016729:Leuprolide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D017273:Goserelin; D005485:Flutamide; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D016729:Leuprolide