title: The contribution of repellent soap to malaria control.
abstract: A study about the acceptability, protective efficacy, effectiveness, and cost of a repellent soap containing 20% diethyltoluamide and 0.5% permethrin was carried out on the Pacific coast of Ecuador and Peru, where malaria is endemic and the transmission is seasonal. The malaria vectors were Anopheles albimanus, An. punctimacula, and An. pseudopunctipennis in Ecuador and An. albimanus in Peru. Comparing the hourly mosquito bites on human subjects with and without the protection of the repellent soap, it showed that inactive, protected subjects were bitten 94.2% less than unprotected controls 2 hr after application of the soap. This protective efficacy was reduced to 81% after 6 hr. In persons physically active for 3 hr after application, the efficacy of the soap was 67% in the fourth hour after application and 52% in the sixth hour after application. Sweating decreased the protective efficacy of the soap even more. In a community-based malaria control program, the soap was introduced by community health promoters. Acceptance was good when it was given free of charge but reduced dramatically when it was sold. People used the soap mainly because of the nuisance of mosquitoes. The application was generally done correctly. However, no significant impact on the incidence of malaria episodes could be shown when comparing intervention communities with control communities, either in Ecuador, where the proportion of Plasmodium falciparum cases was high, or in Peru, where P. vivax was the only species of Plasmodium seen. This can probably be explained by the limited use of soap and the shift of mosquito bites from users to nonusers of the repellent soap. The cost of a soap program would be $4.60 (USA) per person per year, which seems to be quite high in terms of cost of soap and its distribution related to people's low cash income. The implications of the introduction of repellent soap into a control program are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kroeger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gerhardus
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kruger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mancheno
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pesse
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007302:Insect Repellents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007303:Insect Vectors; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012915:Soaps
chemical_list: D007302:Insect Repellents; D012915:Soaps