title: HIV-1 Tat induces the expression of the interleukin-6 (IL6) gene by binding to the IL6 leader RNA and by interacting with CAAT enhancer-binding protein beta (NF-IL6) transcription factors.
abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is associated with severe psoriasis, B cell lymphoma, and Kaposi's sarcoma. A deregulated production of interleukin-6 (IL6) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of these diseases. The molecular mechanisms underlying the abnormal IL6 secretion of HIV-1-infected cells may include transactivation of the IL6 gene by HIV-1. Here we report the molecular mechanisms of Tat activity on the expression of the IL6 gene. By using 5' deletion mutants of pIL6Pr-CAT and using IL6:HIV-1-LTR hybrid constructs where discrete regions of the IL6 promoter replaced the TAR sequence in HIV-1 LTR, we identified a short sequence of the 5'-untranslated region of the IL6 mRNA that is required for Tat to trans-activate the IL6 promoter. This sequence acquires a stem-loop structure and includes a UCU sequence that binds to Tat and is necessary for full trans-activation. In addition, we provide the evidence that Tat can function by enhancing the CAAT enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) DNA binding activity and is able to complex with in vitro translated C/EBPbeta, which is a major mediator of IL6 promoter function. By using the yeast two-hybrid system and immunoprecipitation, we observed that the interaction of Tat with C/EBP proteins also occurred in vivo. The data are consistent with the possibility that Tat may function on heterologous genes by interacting with RNA structures possibly present in a large number of cellular and viral genes. In addition, Tat may function by protein-protein interactions, leading to the generation of heterodimers with specific transcription factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Reggio Calabria, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ambrosino
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ruocco
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mallardo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Baudi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Trematerra
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Quinto
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Venuta
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Scala
mesh_terms: D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017931:DNA Primers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015696:Gene Products, tat / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D015756:Genes, tat; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes; D010957:Plasmids; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
chemical_list: D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D015696:Gene Products, tat; D015850:Interleukin-6; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase