title: Acidic conditions ameliorate both adenosine triphosphate depletion and the development of hyperpermeability in cultured Caco-2BBe enterocytic monolayers subjected to metabolic inhibition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We recently reported that moderate degrees of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion induced by chronic glycolytic inhibition or hypoxia increase the permeability of Caco-2BBe enterocytic monolayers. Interestingly, the development of lactic acidosis induced by anaerobic glycolysis ameliorates the development of hyperpermeability caused by chronic ATP depletion. We sought to further elucidate the mechanism(s) responsible for the apparent protection against epithelial hyperpermeability afforded by mild acidosis under conditions of metabolic inhibition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Caco-2BBe monolayers growing on permeable supports in bicameral chambers were incubated with 2-deoxyglucose (2DOG) in a glucose-free (Glu-) environment to inhibit glycolysis. Permeability was determined by measuring the transepithelial flux of fluorescein sulfonic acid. Concentrations of intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i were determined fluorometrically by using fura-2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When extracellular pH (pH0) was maintained at 7.4 or 5.5, incubation of monolayers for 24 hours with Glu-/2DOG increased permeability and depleted intracellular ATP levels. However, keeping pH0 at 7.0 to 6.0 ameliorated both the development of hyperpermeability and the depletion of ATP induced by Glu-/2DOG. These protective effects were observed under acidic conditions created either by addition to the medium of HCl or by incubation under an atmosphere containing 20% CO2. Incubation with Glu-/2DOG caused bulging of the apical membranes of cells (electron microscopy) and derangements in the perijunctional distribution of actin (fluorescence microscopy); however, these structural changes were ameliorated by mild acidosis. Acute chemical hypoxia at pH0 7.4 induced by Glu-/2DOG plus antimycin A decreased cellular ATP levels and elevated [Ca2+]i. Lowering pH0 to 6.8 ameliorated both the depletion of ATP and the increase in [Ca2+]i induced by Glu-/2DOG+antimycin A.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate decreases in pH ameliorate the hyperpermeability induced by metabolic inhibition, possibly by diminishing ATP depletion and blunting increases in [Ca2+]i.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Mass, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Unno
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Menconi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hagen
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Aguirre
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Fink
mesh_terms: D000138:Acidosis / Q000378:metabolism; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D006019:Glycolysis; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D010539:Permeability; D010741:Phospholipases A / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D010741:Phospholipases A; D002118:Calcium