title: The prevalence of nipple disease among breast feeding mothers of HIV seropositive infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of nipple disease among breast feeding mothers of symptomatic HIV seropositive infants and factors associated with nipple disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Harare Central Hospital general paediatric wards.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and four symptomatic, HIV seropositive breast feeding infants and their mothers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence of nipple disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of the hospital admissions (90%) were for pneumonia. The prevalence of nipple disease was high (30.8%). Nipple eczema was seen in 22.1%, cracked nipples in 10.6% and sore nipples in 10.6% of these breast feeding mothers. The odds of developing nipple disease in the mother if the infant had oral disease were 11.47 (95% CI 5.28 to 25.39). There was no significant association between nipple disease and mother's age, infant's age, nutrition status or mode of feeding. Malnutrition was a major problem.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nipple disease was highly prevalent and oral disease was the major risk factor for the development of nipple disease in breast feeding HIV seropositive mothers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zimbabwe Medical School, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kambarami
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kowo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D001941:Breast Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D001942:Breast Feeding; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D009558:Nipples; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors