title: Approaches for obtaining sperm in patients with male factor infertility.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe methods of sperm retrieval for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in patients with male factor infertility and to review the clinical results using sperm from the different sources.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature on sperm-obtaining methods and ICSI was reviewed. Studies related to this topic were identified through MEDLINE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This review describes the evolution of sperm retrieval methods. Sperm can be obtained by microepididymal sperm aspiration (MESA), percutaneous sperm aspiration (PESA), and testicular sperm extraction (TESE), from patients with congenital absence of the vas deferens or acquired vas obstruction. When ICSI is performed with ejaculated, epididymal, or testicular sperm, good fertilization and pregnancy rates are achieved without significant differences among the various sperm sources. The original percutaneous sperm aspiration method has been modified slightly and yields successful results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Viable pregnancies can be achieved with ICSI by using not only ejaculated sperm, but also epididymal and testicular sperm. Microepididymal sperm aspiration, percutaneous sperm aspiration, modified percutaneous sperm aspiration, and testicular sperm extraction can be considered standard procedures to treat male factor infertility.
authors.affiliation: Infertility Medical Center, Cha General Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: K Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Oum
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D002469:Cell Separation; D003593:Cytoplasm; D004822:Epididymis; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male; D016239:MEDLINE; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology*; D013396:Suction / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D013737:Testis; D014649:Vas Deferens / Q000002:abnormalities