title: The association between dietary patterns and cardio vascular disease risk indicators in healthy youngsters: results covering fifteen years of longitudinal development.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine longitudinal relationships between nutrition and risk indicators for cardio vascular diseases (CVD) during adolescence and young adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  A longitudinal study over fifteen years.
  
  
  METHODS
  98 females and 84 males, from 13 to 27 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  By means of six interviews dietary patterns were determined. Blood samples were analyzed for serum concentration of total cholesterol (TC), and high-density-lipoprotein (HDL), blood pressure, body fat and maximal aerobic power (VO2max) were determined. The longitudinal relations were analyzed with generalized estimation equations (GEE), a statistical technique in which relations at different time-points are tested simultaneously.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to Dutch recommendations six out of seven macro nutrients appear to be unfavorable with respect to CVD. Borderline or high CVD risk values are apparent at 27 y in more than 25% of the subjects with respect to percentage body fat and serum total cholesterol in both sexes. In males 40% or more show borderline hypertension. The 'univariate' longitudinal analyses showed significantly positive relations: (1) between the intake of animal protein, saturated fat (SFA), cholesterol (Cho1) and TC, and HDL; (2) between total energy intake (EN) and systolic blood pressure, and VO2max. Significantly negative associations were found: (1) between EN, poly-unsaturated fat (PUFA) and TC concentrations; (2) between EN and sum of four skinfolds (SSF).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With increasing age, over a period of 15 y in both sexes the SFA and Cho1 intake relate significantly to the development of a negative CVD risk profile. The intake of PUFA relates positive to a CVD risk profile. The significantly negative relation between EN intake and body fat (SSF) is partly explained by the relation between EN and VO2max.
authors.affiliation: EMGO institute, Faculty of Medicine, Amsterdam Growth and Health Research Group, Vrije Universiteit, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Post
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Kemper
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Twisk
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van Mechelen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001823:Body Composition; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004032:Diet; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D002784:Cholesterol