title: The effect of iron overload in the hearts of patients with beta-thalassemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An important complication of beta-thalassemia is iron deposition in cardiac tissues resulting in fibrosis and dysfunction. Our aim was the investigation of the possible clinical effect of iron loading in the heart of patients with beta-thalassemia prior to the appearance of symptoms of depressed systolic function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five patients with beta-thalassemia, of whom 24 had the major type (Group 1) and 11 had the intermedia type (Group 2) were studied. Eleven age- and gender-matched controls were also studied (Group 3). All patients were evaluated echocardiographically and were shown to have normal left ventricular systolic function and dimensions. Serum ferritin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), left atrial diameter (LAD), peak early mitral inflow velocity (E), peak late mitral inflow velocity (A), E/A ratio, deceleration time of the mitral inflow E wave (DT), and isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Univariate analysis showed that both groups of patients had similarly increased LAD and ANP plasma levels. Group 1 had a higher E/A ratio (2.27 +/- 0.88) SS than Group 2 (1.69 +/- 0.47, p = 0.05) and Group 3 (1.50 +/- 0.38, p = 0.01). Serum ferritin was significantly higher in Group 1 (3.526 +/- 0.352) than in Group 2 (2.808 +/- 0.288, p < 10(-5) and Group 3 (2.139 +/- 0.124, p < 10(-5). Multivariate analysis showed that ANP is a factor that is affected by the LAD and E/A ratio and that serum ferritin levels affect the LAD and E/A ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although LAD and ANP levels are increased in patients with beta-thalassemia, the increased serum ferritin levels of patients seem to affect left atrial size and E/A ratio. ANP secretion is consecutively affected by these factors.
authors.affiliation: University of Athens, Cardiology Department, Hippokration Hospital, Greece.
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Brili
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Tzonou
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Castelanos
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Aggeli
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Tentolouris
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Pitsavos
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Toutouzas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004452:Echocardiography; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000473:pathology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D019190:Iron Overload / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D012044:Regression Analysis; D017086:beta-Thalassemia / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor; D005293:Ferritins