title: Transmaxillary approach to the anterior cavernous sinus: a microanatomic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several approaches to expose the anterior cavernous sinus have been used, such as frontotemporal, orbitofrontal, anterior subtemporal, and various transfacial approaches. In an effort to gain exposure to the anterior cavernous sinus without necessitating a craniotomy or wide transfacial exposure, the authors in the present study have developed a transmaxillary approach to the cavernous sinus.
  
  
  METHODS
  The approach was developed using data obtained by performing 24 cadaveric dissections. Using a sublabial incision to expose the maxilla, maxillotomy is performed and the course of the infraorbital nerve is identified as a guide to the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve. After an osteotomy of the posterior sinus wall and pterygoid plate, the foramen rotundum is identified, which lies a mean of 10 mm from the posterior wall of the maxilla. A superomedial enlargement of the foramen rotundum is then undertaken to ultimately expose the anterior cavernous sinus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This technique offers access to all cavernous cranial nerves, as well as the entire course of the anterior loop of the internal carotid artery to the origin of the ophthalmic artery. With a mean operative range of 38 mm from the posterior wall of the maxilla to the anterior loop of the internal carotid artery, this approach offers adequate exposure with a short operative distance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The approach may be useful in limited exposure of tumors of the anterior cavernous sinus and some intracavernous vascular lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, USA.
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Couldwell
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sabit
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Giannotta
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rice
mesh_terms: D001931:Brain Mapping; D002426:Cavernous Sinus / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods*; D012016:Reference Values