title: The internal burden of lead among children in a smelter town--a small area analysis.
abstract: Hettstedt, a city in former East Germany with a history of mining and smelting of nonferrous ores, has multiple lead waste deposits and the remains of a former lead and copper-silver smelter. A small-area analysis of lead concentrations in blood and in household dust was undertaken in a cross-sectional study to determine if children living near the sources had particularly high burdens of lead. The overall geometric mean of the region was 38.0 micrograms Pb/liter blood with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 36.5-39.5. The burden of lead among children living in the region containing the lead tailings piles and adjacent smelters was almost twice as high (77.4 micrograms Pb/liter blood; 95% CI 65.0-92.0). It decreased in the areas farther northeast from the smelter. Lead levels in the children residing in areas southwest of the smelters were not appreciably elevated. The same pattern was found in house dust lead concentrations. This analysis helped target areas where follow-up is needed and found that not only distance from lead sources, but also meteorological factors played an important role in lead exposure.
authors.affiliation: GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, Institut für Epidemiologie, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Trepka
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heinrich
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lippold
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Wichmann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001822:Body Burden; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004391:Dust; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D007854:Lead