title: Role of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor alpha in the developing stomach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether epidermal growth factor (EGF) or the related transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) may have a role in the developing human stomach; to substantiate the presence of EGF in human liquor in the non-stressed infant and whether EGF in amniotic fluid is maternally or fetally derived.
  
  
  METHODS
  The temporal expression and localisation of EGF, TGF alpha, and their receptors during fetal and neonatal life were examined in 20 fetal and five infant stomachs. Simultaneously, samples of amniotic fluid and fetal urine from 10 newborn infants were collected and assayed for EGF by radioimmunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EGF immunoreactivity was not noted in any of the specimens examined. In contrast, TGF alpha immunoreactivity was shown in mucous cells from 18 weeks of gestation onwards. EGF receptor immunoreactivity was seen on superficial mucous cells in gastric mucosa from 18 weeks of gestation onwards. The median concentration of EGF was 30 and 8.5 pg/ml in amniotic fluid and fetal urine, respectively, suggesting that EGF is not produced by the fetus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study adds weight to the hypothesis that swallowed EGF, probably produced by the amniotic membranes, and locally produced TGF alpha, may have a role in the growth and maturation of the human stomach.
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Paediatrics and Child Health, St James's University Hospital, Leeds.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Newell
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Brownlee
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Farmery
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cullinane
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Primrose
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lagopoulos
mesh_terms: D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology* / Q000652:urine; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000737:chemistry / Q000196:embryology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D013270:Stomach / Q000737:chemistry / Q000196:embryology*; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D066246:ErbB Receptors