title: Photoreactivation compensates for UV damage and restores infectivity to natural marine virus communities.
abstract: We investigated the potential for photoreactivation to restore infectivity to sunlight-damaged natural viral communities in offshore (chlorophyll a, < 0.1 microgram liter-1), coastal (chlorophyll a, ca. 0.2 microgram liter-1), and estuarine (chlorophyll a, ca. 1 to 5 micrograms liter-1) waters of the Gulf of Mexico. In 67% of samples, the light-dependent repair mechanisms of the bacterium Vibrio natriegens restored infectivity to natural viral communities which could not be repaired by light-independent mechanisms. Similarly, exposure of sunlight-damaged natural viral communities to > 312-nm-wavelength sunlight in the presence of the natural bacterial communities restored infectivity to 21 to 26% of sunlight-damaged viruses in oceanic waters and 41 to 52% of the damaged viruses in coastal and estuarine waters. Wavelengths between 370 and 550 nm were responsible for restoring infectivity to the damaged viruses. These results indicate that light-dependent repair, probably photoreactivation, compensated for a large fraction of sunlight-induced DNA damage in natural viral communities and is potentially essential for the maintenance of high concentrations of viruses in surface waters.
authors.affiliation: Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas 78373, USA.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Weinbauer
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Suttle
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Garza
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000528:radiation effects; D004249:DNA Damage; D004260:DNA Repair; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000528:radiation effects; D017753:Ecosystem; D018462:Photobiology; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology*; D013472:Sunlight; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014774:Virulence / Q000528:radiation effects; D014780:Viruses / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral