title: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy using abdominal wall retraction. Hemodynamics and gas exchange, a comparison with conventional pneumoperitoneum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Disadvantages related to CO2 pneumoperitoneum have led to development of the abdominal wall retractor (AWR), a device designed to facilitate laparoscopic surgery without conventional pneumoperitoneum (15 mmHg CO2). We investigated the effects of the AWR on hemodynamics and gas exchange in humans. We also investigated whether the use of an AWR imposed extra technical difficulties for the surgeon. A pilot study revealed that cholecystectomy without low-pressure pneumoperitoneum was technically impossible.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective randomized controlled trial: Twenty patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomly allocated into group 1: AWR with low-pressure pneumoperitoneum (5 mmHg), or group 2: conventional pneumoperitoneum (15 mmHg).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surgery using the AWR lasted longer, 72 +/- 16 min (mean +/- SD) vs 50 +/- 18 min compared with standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy. There were no differences between the groups with respect to hemodynamic parameters, although a small reduction of the cardiac output was observed using conventional pneumoperitoneum (from 3.9 +/- 0.7 to 3. 2 +/- 1.1 l/min) and an increase during AWR (from 4.2 +/- 0.9 to 5.2 +/- 1.5 l/min). Peak inspiratory pressures were significantly higher during conventional pneumoperitoneum compared to AWR. A slight decrease in pH accompanied by an increase in CO2 developed during pneumoperitoneum and during the use of the AWR. In both groups arterial PO2 decreased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that the view was impaired during use of the AWR and therefore its use was difficult and time-consuming. Possible advantages of this devices' effects on hemodynamics and ventilatory parameters could not be confirmed in this study.
authors.affiliation: Working Group Development Surgical Technology, Surgical Division, Academic Medical Centre, IWO-gebouw 1 etage k151, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Rademaker
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schlooz
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Bemelman
authors.forename: L T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: de Wit
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Bannenberg
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stijnen
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Gouma
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000601:surgery*; D000328:Adult; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000379:methods*; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000601:surgery; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011028:Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000502:physiology*; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation; D012449:Safety; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide