title: Image analysis assessment of the abnormal testis biopsy in male infertility.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We previously demonstrated that testis biopsy image analysis is an effective method for quantifying intratubular spermatogenic cells in the obstructed testis with normal spermatogenesis. As an extension of the initial report, we describe using the quantitative ploidy and morphological characteristics of cells counted with image analysis in abnormal testis biopsies obtained for a male infertility evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Image analysis using a specifically designed filter was performed on Feulgen stained 5 microns, sections of paraffin embedded testicular tissue. Archival testicular tissue had been obtained using standard biopsy techniques from patients with azoospermia or severe oligospermia. Qualitative classification was based on standard evaluation of hematoxylin and eosin processed tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 62 biopsies performed in 58 men. Significant differences in the intratubular content of haploid (spermatozoa and spermatids), diploid and tetraploid cells were found among the 5 categories of abnormalities: the Sertoli-cell-only syndrome, spermatocyte arrest, spermatid arrest, hypospermatogenesis and normal spermatogenesis. Moderate variability was found in the proportion of cell types in spermatid arrest and hypospermatogenesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Testis biopsy image analysis provides a quantitative method for categorizing abnormalities of intratubular cell content present in male infertility states by using deoxyribonucleic acid content and morphology characteristics. The limitations of the present qualitative analysis system are emphasized by the moderate variability evident within the current categories of spermatid arrest and hypo-spermatogenesis states.
authors.affiliation: Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.forename: L I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Lipshultz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D013091:Spermatogenesis; D013737:Testis / Q000473:pathology*