title: Efficacy and safety of intravenous phosphate replacement in critically ill patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravenous potassium phosphate administered in a fixed-dose regimen in critically ill patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, unblind study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surgical-medical intensive care unit (ICU).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who developed hypophosphatemia during their ICU admission.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with a serum phosphate concentration between 1.27 and 2.48 mg/dL (group 1) and those with a concentration of 1.24 mg/dL or less (group 2) received 15 and 30 mmol, respectively, of phosphate as a potassium salt via a central line over 3 hours.
  
  
  METHODS
  Normalization of serum phosphate within 6 hours of infusion, the development of arrhythmias during the infusion, and the development of hypocalcemia and hyperkalemia after the infusion were evaluated. Redevelopment of hypophosphatemia and the need for further therapy were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-seven episodes of hypophosphatemia were entered in this study: 27 in group 1 (17 patients) and 10 in group 2 (10 patients). The mean serum phosphate concentration increased significantly from 2.02 to 2.82 mg/dL in group 1 and from 0.83 to 2.17 mg/dL in group 2, with no change in calcium or potassium. Normalization of serum phosphate with this initial dose occurred in 81.5% of the episodes in group 1 and 30% in group 2. However, over the following 2 days, 45% of the patients in group 1 and 60% in group 2 required further phosphate supplementation. No arrhythmias occurred during the 3-hour infusion that were related to the potassium phosphate. A significant drop in total serum calcium concentrations occurred in 2 patients who were slightly hypercalcemic prior to the infusion. Serum calcium concentrations remained above normal, but this was not associated with any adverse effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The administration of potassium phosphate 15 mmol to critically ill patients with mild-to-moderate hypophosphatemia over 3 hours is both effective and safe. The administration of potassium phosphate 30 mmol to severely hypophosphatemic patients was safe but achieved normalization of serum phosphate in a minority of patients. Either a higher dose or the subsequent administration of more potassium phosphate may be required to normalize serum phosphate concentrations. Once normalization has occurred, there is a high likelihood of redevelopment of hypophosphatemia over the following 2 days and supplementation should be given accordingly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa General Hospital, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Perreault
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Ostrop
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Tierney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016638:Critical Illness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017674:Hypophosphatemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010710:Phosphates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017680:Potassium Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010710:Phosphates; D017680:Potassium Compounds; C013216:potassium phosphate