title: Intravenous phentolamine test--an aid in the evaluation of patients with persistent pain after low-back surgery?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Persistent pain following surgery in the treatment of chronic low-back pain patients is still relatively frequent. Most of these patients with persistent pain have clinical signs of neuropathic pain. The neuropathic pain might be sympathetically maintained pain (SMP) or sympathetically independent pain (SIP). Systemic administration of phentolamine, a competitive alpha-adrenergic antagonist, has been used as a diagnostic tool to identify patients with SMP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-seven patients with persistent pain after low-back surgery (lumbar laminectomy, with or without discectomi, or a posterior fusion, with or without decompression) received intravenous phentolamine (0.5 mg/kg over 30 min) in a single-blind, placebo-controlled manner. Prior to this infusion the patients were classified clinically into different pain groups based on physical examination and imaging findings. An opioid epidural test blockade was used as a control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical classification divided the patients into nociceptive pain (n = 7), neuropathic pain (n = 22) and mixed pain (n = 8). In the phentolamine test there were only one responder, 34 non-responders and 2 patients were placebo-responders. In the control epidural blockade there were 11 non-responders, 23 fentanyl/local anaesthetic-responders and 3 placebo-responders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SMP is either an uncommon cause of persistent pain in this type of failed back surgery patients or the phentolamine test, as we performed it, was unable to identify SMP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sörensen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bengtsson
mesh_terms: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000328:Adult; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010646:Phentolamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D005283:Fentanyl; D010646:Phentolamine