Automated peritoneal dialysis: new implications for pharmacists.
OBJECTIVE
To review the new automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) modalities that are available to patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and to examine their potential pharmacokinetic and drug dosing consequences.


METHODS
A MEDLINE search (from January 1966 to June 1996) of English-language literature pertaining to peritoneal dialysis was performed. Additional references were obtained by reviewing the references of pertinent articles identified through the search. Tertiary sources were also used.


METHODS
Data regarding peritoneal dialysis techniques and pharmacokinetics were extracted from the literature. Data were evaluated according to the study design, population, results, and conclusions.


RESULTS
ESRD is the result of progressive chronic renal insufficiency and requires renal replacement therapy. APD is the fastest growing renal replacement therapy by percentage in the US and provides dialysis exchanges via a machine while the patient sleeps, thereby improving patient convenience, peritoneal dialysis compliance rates, and decreasing peritonitis rates. Well-designed pharmacokinetic studies involving APD have not been conducted. Consequently, no formal drug dosing recommendations are available for APD, and pharmacists must rely on established dosing guidelines for continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) when recommending dosing regimens. This article describes the new APD treatment modalities available and the potential pharmacokinetic differences between CAPD and APD.


CONCLUSIONS
Well-designed studies are needed to fully characterize the pharmacokinetic parameters of drugs in APD. Until then, pharmacists should recommend that intraperitoneally administered drugs be given during the longest peritoneal dialysate dwell of the day and that serum concentrations of drugs with narrow therapeutic indices be monitored closely.
Brophy
D F
DF
Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond 23298, USA. dbrophy@gems.vcu.edu
Mueller
B A
BA
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001682:Biological Availability; D006801:Humans; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000379:methods*; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory; D010537:Peritoneum / Q000378:metabolism
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents