title: The prognostic value of neuroendocrine differentiation in adenocarcinoma of the prostate in relation to progression of disease after endocrine therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the prognostic impact of neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer with regard to the onset of endocrine therapy failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study was performed on 72 transurethral resection specimens from patients who subsequently underwent endocrine therapy for prostate cancer and were followed for 44 to 95 months. Progression-free interval was recorded. Distribution pattern and proportion of neuroendocrine cells were examined in transurethral resection specimens. Neuroendocrine cells were identified based on immunoreactivity for chromogranin A.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 32 patients with progressive disease 27 died of prostate cancer. Chromogranin A positive cells were found in 40 of the 72 prostate cancers (55%). In a Cox proportional hazards analysis neuroendocrine differentiation of the tumor showed a negative correlation with progression-free survival (p = 0.022), which proved to be independent of the Gleason score (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support the view that neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic adenocarcinomas is a prognostic factor for progressive disease under subsequent endocrine therapy. This prognosticator acts independently of tumor grade.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Krijnen
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Bogdanowicz
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Seldenrijk
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: van der Kwast
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D018450:Disease Progression; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005485:Flutamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000819:agonists; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009490:Neurosecretory Systems / Q000473:pathology; D009919:Orchiectomy; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D005485:Flutamide