title: Efficacy of prehospital surgical cricothyrotomy in trauma patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of surgical cricothyrotomy (SC) in the prehospital setting is controversial, and the need to teach this procedure to paramedics and intermediate emergency medical technicians remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to define the efficacy, complication rate, and overall survival after SC performed in the prehospital setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  In our region, emergency medical technicians receive training in this technique using an animal model with bi-annual updates required. We retrospectively reviewed data in our regional trauma register (15,686 injured patients) for the years 1991-1995.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prehospital emergency airway intubation was required in 376 patients, 56 of whom received SC. The primary indications for SC were facial fractures and deformities (32%) and blood in the airway (30%). In 79% of the patients requiring SC, attempted orotracheal intubation prior to SC was unsuccessful, with a mean of 1.9 attempts per patient. SC was judged to provide an adequate airway in the field in 89% of attempts. Complications at the scene included six failed attempts, one case of excessive bleeding, and one adverse patient reaction (agitation). When patients arrived at the trauma center, the SC was judged to be acceptable in 64%, whereas 16% were functioning with some question of adequacy and required airway manipulation (most commonly a mainstem bronchial intubation). Overall survival to hospital discharge was 27%; however, survival to emergency department discharge (an indicator of emergency airway adequacy) was 62%. Using TRISS methodology, there were five unexpected survivors and six unexpected deaths. Only three patients were discharged with a "good neurologic recovery."
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) Prehospital SC can be performed effectively with few complications after training on animal models (2) Good neurologic outcome is rare after the use of this procedure. (3) Although it is effective, clear indications must be developed and followed for the prehospital use of SC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Fortune
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Judkins
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Scanzaroli
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: McLeod
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D003413:Cricoid Cartilage / Q000601:surgery*; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000592:standards*; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians / Q000193:education; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000150:complications*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014140:Tracheotomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome