title: Individual differences in circadian variations of consumers' emotional state.
abstract: A laboratory study investigated the effect of circadian orientation on consumers' emotional state at different times of day. Subjects' emotional state was measured using the Pleasure-Arousal-Dominance scale in the morning and in the evening. Individual circadian orientation (morningness-eveningness) was also assessed. Analyses showed that changes in consumers' emotional state as a function of the time of the day is moderated by individual differences in circadian orientation. Morning-types were in a more pleasurable emotional state in the morning than in the evening. The predicted reversed pattern for the evening-types did not reach significance. Null effects were reported for the arousal and submissive/dominance dimensions of emotional state. Morning-types rated themselves as more awake than evening-types. Morning-types were more awake in the morning than in the evening and vice-versa for evening-types. The magnitude of the differences between evening-type and morning-type individuals was significant in the morning. Findings are discussed from methodological, theoretical, and marketing perspectives.
authors.affiliation: HEC-School of Management, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chebat
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dubé
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marquis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012930:Social Dominance