title: Vibrational force alters mRNA expression in osteoblasts.
abstract: Serum-deprived mouse osteoblastic (MC3T3E1) cells were subjected to a vibrational force modeled by NASA to simulate a space shuttle launch (7.83 G rms). The mRNA levels for eight genes were investigated to determine the effect of vibrational force on mRNA expression. The mRNA levels of two growth-related protooncogenes, c-fos and c-myc, were up-regulated significantly within 30 min after vibration, whereas those of osteocalcin as well as transforming growth factor-beta1 were decreased significantly within 3 h after vibration. No changes were detected in the levels of beta-actin, histone H4, or cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 after vibration. No basal levels of cyclooxygenase-2 expression were detected. In addition, the extracellular concentrations of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a potent autocrine/paracrine growth factor in bone, were not significantly altered after vibration most likely due to the serum deprivation state of the osteoblasts. In comparison with the gravitational launch profile, vibrational-induced changes in gene expression were greater both in magnitude and number of genes activated. Taken together, these data suggest that the changes in mRNA expression are due to a direct mechanical effect of the vibrational force on the osteoblast cells and not to changes in the local PGE2 concentrations. The finding that launch forces induce gene expression is of utmost importance since many of the biological experiments do not dampen vibrational loads on experimental samples. This lack of dampening of vibrational forces may partially explain why 1-G onboard controls sometimes do not reflect 1-G ground controls. These data may also suggest that scientists use extra ground controls that are exposed to launch forces, have these forces dampened on launched samples, or use facilities such as Biorack that provide an onboard 1-G centrufuge in order to control for space shuttle launch forces.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, Veterans Affairs Medical Center-San Francisco 94121, USA.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Tjandrawinata
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hughes-Fulford
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D013026:Space Flight; D014732:Vibration / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D015232:Dinoprostone