title: Seminal reactive oxygen species and sperm motility and morphology in men with spinal cord injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the generation of reactive oxygen species and its relation to semen characteristics in men with spinal cord injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Andrology laboratory at a tertiary care facility and research laboratory at a major medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men with spinal cord injury and normal men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Collecting ejaculates from men with spinal cord injury by electroejaculation and vibratory stimulation and from normal men by masturbation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measurement of reactive oxygen species before and after stimulation with 50 microM N-formyl-methionyl-leucylphenylalanine (FMLP) and 100 nM 12-myristate 13-acetate phorbol ester (PMA), white blood cell (WBC) concentration, sperm motility and morphology, and ejaculation method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with controls, levels of reactive oxygen species in men with spinal cord injury were significantly higher in unstimulated, f-MLP-stimulated, and PMA-stimulated specimens. The WBC concentration was significantly elevated in patients with spinal cord injury. Sperm motility in men with spinal cord injury was inversely related to the level of reactive oxygen species. The percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa was significantly lower in men with spinal cord injury. Levels of seminal reactive oxygen species did not differ when comparing specimen type (antegrade versus retrograde) or method of ejaculation in men with spinal cord injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Men with spinal cord injury had elevated levels of reactive oxygen species in their semen. Levels of reactive oxygen species were negatively correlated with sperm motility. Levels of reactive oxygen species were independent of the method of ejaculation or the type of specimen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 216-445-6049, USA.
authors.forename: O F
authors.initials: OF
authors.lastname: Padron
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Brackett
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lynne
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agarwal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004542:Ejaculation; D006801:Humans; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000166:cytology; D008297:Male; D008418:Masturbation; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine / Q000494:pharmacology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D012016:Reference Values; D012661:Semen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013076:Sperm Count; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013082:Sperm Tail / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate