title: Dose escalation for non-small cell lung cancer using conformal radiation therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Improved local control of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may be possible with an increased dose of radiation. Three-dimensional radiation treatment planning (3D RTP) was used to design a radiation therapy (RT) dose escalation trial, where the dose was determined by (a) the effective volume of normal lung irradiated, and (b) the estimated risk of a complication. Preliminary results of this trial were reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A graph of the iso-normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) levels associated with a dose and effective volume (V(eff)) was derived, using normal tissue parameters derived from the literature. This led to a dose escalation schema, where patients were sorted into 1 of 5 treatment bins, determined by the V(eff) of the best possible treatment plan. The starting doses ranged from 63 to 84 Gy. Each treatment bin was then escalated separately, as in Phase I dose escalation fashion, with Grade > or = 3 radiation pneumonitis defined as dose limiting. To allow for dose escalation, we required patient follow-up to be > or = 6 months for at least three patients. 3D treatment planning was used to irradiate only the radiographically abnormal areas, with 2.1 Gy (corrected for lung inhomogeneity)/day. Clinically uninvolved lymph nodes were not treated prophylactically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 48 NSCLC patients have been treated (Stage I/II: 18 patients; Stage III: 28 patients; mediastinal recurrence postsurgery: 2 patients). No radiation pneumonitis has been observed in the 30 patients currently evaluable beyond the 6-month time point. All treatment bins have been escalated at least once. Current doses in the five treatment bins are 69.3, 69.3, 75.6, 84, and 92.4 Gy. None of the 15 evaluable patients in any bin with > or = 30% NTCP experienced clinical radiation pneumonitis, implying that the actual risk is < 20% (beta error rate 5%). Despite the observation of the clinically negative lymph nodes at high risk, there has been no failure in the untreated mediastinum as the sole site of first failure. Three of 10 patients receiving > or = 84 Gy have had biopsy proven residual or locally recurrent disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Successful dose escalation in a volume-dependent organ can be performed using this technique. By incorporating the effective volume of irradiated tissue, some patients have been treated to a total dose of radiation over 50% higher than traditional doses. The literature-derived parameters appear to overestimate pneumonitis risk with higher volumes. There has been no obvious negative effect due to exclusion of elective lymph node radiation. When completed, this trial will have determined the maximum tolerable dose of RT as a single agent for NSCLC and the appropriate dose for Phase II investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Ten Haken
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Hazuka
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Turrisi
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Martel
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Pu
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Littles
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Quint
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Lichter
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000532:radiotherapy; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018287:Carcinoma, Large Cell / Q000532:radiotherapy; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000532:radiotherapy; D017321:Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted