title: Identification of women with T1-T2 breast cancer at low risk of positive axillary nodes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The diagnostic and therapeutic significance of axillary dissection has been questioned. We sought to define a subgroup of patients with early-stage breast cancer who are at low risk for positive axillary nodes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1970 and 1995, 1,598 women with stage I and II breast cancer underwent level I-II axillary dissection with a minimum of 10 nodes removed. The following factors were examined in univariate analysis for predicting positive nodes: race, method of detection, location of the primary tumor, age, menopausal status, obesity, ER status, PR status, pathologic tumor size, lymphatic vascular invasion, tumor grade, and histology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four hundred and forty-five of the 1,598 patients (27.8%) had histologically positive axillary nodes. Significant factors in univariate analysis for positive nodes included: tumor size, lymphatic vascular invasion, grade, method of detection, primary tumor location, and age. The only group of women with a 0% risk of axillary nodes were those in whom the pathologic tumor size was < or = 5 mm and mammographically detected. A 5-10% risk of positive axillary nodes was identified in women with (1) pathologic tumor size 6-10 mm, mammographically detected, and age < or = 40 years, and (2) tubular carcinoma < or = 10 mm. Tumors detected on physical examination with or without mammography and women < or = 40 years had a significantly increased risk of nodes. In multivariate analysis lymphatic vascular invasion (P < 0.001), method of detection (P = 0.026), location (P = 0.01), and pathologic tumor size (P = 0.002) were significant predictors of positive axillary lymphadenopathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The decision to forego an axillary dissection should be considered in (1) tumors mammographically detected and < or = 5 mm (2) mammographically detected, pathologic size 6-10 mm, age > 40 and (3) tubular carcinoma < or = 10 mm. All other groups had a > 10% risk of nodes and may benefit from axillary dissection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Fein
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Fowble
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hanlon
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hooks
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Sigurdson
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Jardines
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Eisenberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D018275:Carcinoma, Lobular / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D011960:Receptors, Estrogen