title: L-glutamine stimulates intestinal cell proliferation and activates mitogen-activated protein kinases.
abstract: We studied the mechanisms by which L-glutamine (Gln), a major fuel for enterocytes, signals proliferation in intestinal epithelial cell lines. Gln was additive to epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in stimulating DNA synthesis, as assessed by [3H]thymidine incorporation. Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) p42mapk and p44mapk and Jun nuclear kinases (JNKs) phosphorylate and activate nuclear transcription factors. Proteins of the c-Jun, ATF-2, and c-Fos families aggregate to form DNA-binding homodimers or heterodimers called activating protein 1 (AP-1). In vitro assays and functional assays of phosphorylation demonstrated that Gln activates both ERKs and JNKs, resulting in a fourfold increase in AP-1-dependent gene transcription. Gln was required for EGF signaling through ERKs. Maximal stimulation of proliferation required approximately 2.5 mM Gln. c-Jun mRNA levels responded to Gln in "Gln-starved" porcine IPEC-J2 cells and in rat IEC-6 cells. Although Gln metabolism is required for the proliferative response, several Gln by-products did not stimulate [3H]thymidine incorporation, with the exception of arginine. Gln may be a unique nutrient for enterocytes, capable of dual signaling and augmenting the effects of growth factors that govern cellular proliferation and repair.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rhoads
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Argenzio
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Rippe
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Westwick
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Berschneider
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Brenner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D005973:Glutamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007422:Intestines / Q000166:cytology*; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D013552:Swine; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000502:physiology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D005973:Glutamine; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases