title: Is intravenous lidocaine an effective adjuvant for endotracheal intubation in children undergoing induction of anesthesia with halothane-nitrous oxide?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of intravenous (i.v.) lidocaine in suppressing the cough reflex and increases in intraocular pressure (IOP), heart rate (HR), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) elicited by endotracheal intubation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded study.
  
  
  METHODS
  60 ASA physical status 1 premedicated children aged 2 to 6 years undergoing induction of anesthesia with halothane-nitrous oxide (N2O) for surgery to correct strabismus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomly divided into two groups of 30 each. The control group (C) received saline and the treatment group (L) received 2 mg/kg i.v. lidocaine 90 seconds prior to endotracheal intubation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Awake HR and MAP; IOP, HR, and MAP 45 seconds prior to endotracheal intubation, immediately after endotracheal intubation, and 1 minute later, were recorded. Coughing was noted at endotracheal intubation. Lidocaine prevented coughing and a significant increase in IOP. Although significant increases in HR and MAP were observed in both groups (comparing preintubation and postintubation values), these increases were significantly less in the L group compared with the C group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In healthy premedicated children, aged 2 to 6 years, who are undergoing induction of anesthesia with halothane-N2O, 2 mg/kg of lidocaine given 90 seconds prior to laryngoscopy effectively suppresses the cough reflex and increase in IOP secondary to endotracheal intubation and attenuates increases in HR and MAP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Columbus Children's Hospital, OH 43205, USA.
authors.forename: L O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Balch
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Davidson
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003371:Cough / Q000503:physiopathology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006221:Halothane; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D011292:Premedication; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D006221:Halothane