title: The relationship between preparation convergence and retention of extracoronal retainers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although traditional ideal convergence (the sum of taper of the opposite sides) for crown preparation has been arbitrarily set at 4 degrees to 10 degrees, some believe absolute parallelism yields the highest retention. This study examined the relationship between the degree of convergence of a machined metal die and the retention of its casting.
  
  
  METHODS
  The method used was that of cementing cast metal crowns onto full crown preparations on brass dies with varying convergence angles, and then recording the force required to remove the crowns from the dies in a vertical direction using a Tate-Emery Testing Machine and Load Indicator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was found that retention (i.e., the force needed to remove the cemented castings from the die in their common long axis) increases from 0 degree convergence to peak between 6 degrees to 12 degrees convergence. It also seems that a critical film thickness does exist for optimum retention, and that film thicknesses smaller than the critical thickness may be responsible for the phenomenon that we have observed and directly related to the convergence angle itself.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There seems to be experimental data supporting the use of traditionally taught convergence. Our study found that convergence angles between 6 degrees and 12 degrees seem to be optimum for tooth crown preparation when one plans to use zinc phosphate cement. Convergence angles of less than 6 degrees may not be desirable even if they can be clinically achieved. The results of our study indicate that a relationship exists between the convergence angle and the critical cement thickness that is necessary to realize the maximum strength properties of zinc phosphate cement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 78284-7890, USA.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002484:Cementation / Q000379:methods*; D003442:Crowns; D001840:Dental Bonding; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D017268:Dental Prosthesis Retention / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D019231:Tooth Preparation, Prosthodontic / Q000379:methods*; D015036:Zinc Phosphate Cement
chemical_list: D015036:Zinc Phosphate Cement