title: Early postnatal treatment with transforming growth factor alpha does not alter nonreproductive behavior.
abstract: Estrogen acting during the critical developmental period has been postulated to defeminize and possibly masculinize male sexual behavior. Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) also may be involved, because this growth factor, at least partly, mediates the mitotic effects of estrogen on target tissues. Male transgenic mice overexpressing TGF alpha have elevated serum estradiol (E2) levels and they exhibit feminization of many nonreproductive actions, suggesting that either TGF alpha and/or E2, or both, participate in the control of some nonreproductive behavior. Male and female CD-1 mice were treated with 4 microg of recombinant human TGF alpha or 2-4 microg E2 during the first 3 days of life. Although early TGF alpha treatment accelerates physical development and influences the growth of the uterus and mammary gland, it failed to have any effect on behavior, either in male or female mice. Early E2 treatment significantly lengthened immobility time in the swim test and reduced voluntary alcohol intake among the male mice. No changes in locomotor activity or aggressive behavior were noted. The expression of TGF alpha mRNA in the brainstem of adult male mice was not altered following neonatal TGF alpha or E2 treatment. However, neonatal exposure to TGF alpha caused a moderate elevation in TGF alpha mRNA expression in the female brainstem. Our results indicate that in male, but not in female mice, an excess of E2 during early life affects some nonreproductive behavior. Furthermore, early treatment with recombinant human TGF alpha does not alter nonreproductive behavior in mice.
authors.affiliation: Lombardi Cancer Center and Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hilakivi-Clarke
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raygada
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D003423:Critical Period, Psychological; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D011247:Pregnancy; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D012733:Sex Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D012741:Sexual Maturation / Q000187:drug effects; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha; D004958:Estradiol