title: Cross-resistance analysis and molecular modeling of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors targeting drug-resistance mutations in the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus.
abstract: Oxathlin carboxanilide analogs (UC) and alpha APA, compounds recognized as nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (NNRTI), were evaluated for activity against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and drug-resistant variants. These NNRTIs are structurally diverse but potent inhibitors of HIV-1 with efficacy in the nanomolar to low micromolar concentrations. They interact at a specific site in the pain domain of the p66 subunit of RT. Treatment of HIV-1 infected cell cultures with UC compounds resulted in the selection of drug-resistant viruses bearing specific amino acid changes at 100, 101, 103, 106, and/or 181. Since Y181C and L1001 are the most commonly observed resistance-engendering mutations, RT enzymatic analysis was correlated with molecular modeling to glean information on the structural interactions between these NNRTIs and RT. Information derived from these studies will facilitate rational drug design and the selection of complementary anti-HIV drugs for combination therapy.
authors.affiliation: Antiviral Evaluations Branch, NCI, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pattabiraman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gussio
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pallansch
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Buckheit
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bader
mesh_terms: D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D014644:Genetic Variation; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D017354:Point Mutation; D011487:Protein Conformation; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D019259:Lamivudine; D015215:Zidovudine; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase