title: An international study of the exposure of children to traffic.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the extent of international differences in children's exposure to traffic as pedestrians or bicyclists.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children's travel patterns were surveyed using a parent-child administered questionnaire. Children were sampled via primary schools, using a probability cluster sampling design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six cities in five countries: Melbourne and Perth (Australia), Montreal (Canada), Auckland (New Zealand), Umeå (Sweden), and Baltimore (USA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Children aged 6 and 9 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Modes of travel on the school-home journey, total daily time spent walking, and the average daily number of roads crossed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Responses were obtained from the parents of 13423 children. There are distinct patterns of children's travel in the six cities studied. Children's travel in the three Australasian cities, Melbourne, Perth and Auckland, is characterised by high car use, low levels of bicycling, and a steep decline in walking with increasing car ownership. In these cities, over a third of the children sampled spent less than five minutes walking per day. In Montreal, walking and public transport were the most common modes of travel. In Umeå, walking and bicycling predominated, with very low use of motorised transport. In comparison with children in the Australasian and North American cities, children in Umeå spend more time walking, with 87% of children walking for more than five minutes per day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are large international differences in the extent to which children walk and cycle. These findings would suggest that differences in 'exposure to risk' may be an important contributor to international differences in pedestrian injury rates. There are also substantial differences in pedestrian exposure to risk by levels of car ownership-differences that may explain socioeconomic differentials in pedestrian injury rates.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Child Health, University of London, UK.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carlin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bergstrom
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guyer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: I B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Pless
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stevenson
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D001336:Automobiles / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001642:Bicycling / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002170:Canada; D002648:Child; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D008297:Male; D009520:New Zealand; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012494:Sampling Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden; D014186:Transportation / Q000379:methods*; D014481:United States; D016138:Walking / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*