title: Multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for genotyping Clostridium perfringens.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to detect the genes for the major toxins of Clostridium perfringens (cpa [alpha toxin], cpb [beta toxin], etx [epsilon toxin], iA [iota toxin], and cpe [enterotoxin]).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cultures of C perfringens obtained from collections and diagnosticians throughout North America.
  
  
  METHODS
  PCR primers were derived from published sequences of the genes for the major toxins (the "typing" toxins and enterotoxin). The concentration of each primer was titrated in a PCR assay to allow concurrent amplification of multiple target sequences, and other parameters of the assay were optimized (including concentrations of other reagents and times and temperatures for denaturation of template, annealing of primers, and primer extension). Specificity of the assay was measured by comparing genotype with phenotype (where it was known).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The genotype, determined by multiplex PCR assay, agreed with phenotype in 99% (86/87) of strains where phenotype had been determined. Applied to 361 isolates from domestic animals and human beings, 95% (n = 344) were type A, and 12.8% (n = 44) of these contained cpe. The remaining 5% (n = 17) of the isolates were type B (n = 1), type C (n = 11), type D (n = 2), or type E (n = 4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Previous studies have documented usefulness of PCR in genotyping C perfringens. The multiplex assay is as effective, but simpler, and may be a useful alternative to standard in vivo typing methods. Results of genotyping of field isolates suggested the need for further epidemiologic study of clostridial enteritis, particularly as this pertains to predominant etiologic toxin types, and documented the presence of the reportedly rare genotypes B and E.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Science, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Meer
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Songer
mesh_terms: D036002:ADP Ribose Transferases; D000818:Animals; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D003016:Clostridium perfringens / Q000235:genetics*; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D010738:Type C Phospholipases
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; C031884:CPB protein, Clostridium perfringens; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; C039811:Clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin; D004768:Enterotoxins; C035598:enterotoxin, Clostridium; C050737:iota toxin, Clostridium perfringens; D036002:ADP Ribose Transferases; D010738:Type C Phospholipases; C040649:alpha toxin, Clostridium perfringens