title: Mortality within the first 2 years in infants exposed to cocaine, opiate, or cannabinoid during gestation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the mortality rate, during the first 2 years of life, in infants who were exposed to cocaine, opiate, or cannabinoid during gestation.
  
  
  METHODS
  For a period of 11 months, a large group of infants were enrolled and screened at birth for exposure to cocaine, opiate, or cannabinoid by meconium analysis. Death outcome, within the first 2 years after birth, was determined in this group of infants using the death registry of the Michigan Department of Public Health.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2964 infants was studied. At birth, 44% of the infants tested positive for drugs: 30. 5% positive for cocaine, 20.2% for opiate, and 11.4% for cannabinoids. Compared to the drug negative group, a significantly higher percentage (P < .05) of the drug positive infants had lower weight and smaller head circumference and length at birth and a higher percent of their mothers were single, multigravid, multiparous, and had little to no prenatal care. Within the first 2 years of life, 44 infants died: 26 were drug negative (15.7 deaths per 1000 live births) and 18 were drug positive (13.7 deaths per 1000 live births). The mortality rate among cocaine, opiate, or cannabinoid positive infants were 17.7, 18.4, and 8.9 per 1000 live births, respectively. Among infants with birth weight </=2500 g, infants who were positive for both cocaine and morphine had a higher mortality rate (odds ratio = 5.9, confidence interval [CI] = 1.4 to 24) than drug negative infants. Eleven infants died from the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS); 58% were positive for drugs, predominantly cocaine. The odds ratio for SIDS among drug positive infants was 1.5 (CI = 0.46 to 5.01) and 1.9 (CI = 0.58 to 6.2) among cocaine positive infants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that prenatal drug exposure in infants, although associated with a high perinatal morbidity, is not associated with an overall increase in their mortality rate or incidence of SIDS during the first 2 years of life. However, a significantly higher mortality rate was observed among low birth weight infants (</=2500 g) who were positive for both cocaine and opiate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hutzel Hospital, Children's Hospital of Michigan and Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ostrea
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ostrea
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Simpson
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000032:analysis; D002188:Cannabis; D003042:Cocaine / Q000032:analysis; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008470:Meconium / Q000737:chemistry; D009294:Narcotics / Q000032:analysis; D015997:Neonatal Screening; D016017:Odds Ratio; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012042:Registries; D013398:Sudden Infant Death
chemical_list: D002186:Cannabinoids; D009294:Narcotics; D003042:Cocaine