title: [Recent developments in lacrimal duct endoscopy].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  At the moment digital dacryocystography yields the most exact results in lacrimal diagnostics. The main disadvantage lies in the dependency of high tech X-ray systems and an angiography unit, which raise enormously the costs of the examination. Recently a new diagnostic system of the lacrimal pathway is available.
  
  
  METHODS
  Miniaturizing of endoscopes and new developments in the fiberoptic technology made it possible to introduce these mini-endoscopes into the canaliculi and perform antegrade examination of canaliculi, lacrimal sac and ductus nasolacrimalis. 86 patients agreed to this examination. With this examination a direct visualisation of the mucous membrane of the lacrimal pathways and possible pathological alterations were possible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In case of axial illumination and syringing of the lacrimal system good visibility can be achieved and an exact examination is possible. Especially for endoscopy modified probes of Bangerter provide an exact examination at narrow areas and areas of bendings too. Different reasons for stenosis of the lacrimal pathways could be identified, especially 2 cases of a lacrimal sac tumor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of this new miniendoscope provides a very good examination under direct visualisation of the lacrimal pathway independent of a high tech X-ray equipment. The goal is to use this new endoscope on the one hand only for diagnostic reasons as endoscope and on the other hand in combination with a laser fiber to perform an antegrade laser dacryocystorhinostomy.
authors.affiliation: Universitäts Augenklinik Wien.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuchar
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Novak
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Steinkogler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003608:Dacryocystorhinostomy / Q000295:instrumentation; D019723:Endoscopes; D004867:Equipment Design; D005134:Eye Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D007766:Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D007767:Lacrimal Duct Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008904:Miniaturization / Q000295:instrumentation