title: Combination drug therapy in chronic heart failure: is treatment part of the problem in heart failure?
abstract: Despite advances in medical treatment, the annual mortality associated with severe heart failure remains over 40%, and even in mild heart failure the associated mortality is 40% over 4 years. Once it has been demonstrated that the morbidity and mortality to heart failure can be adequately addressed by combinations of drug therapy, then it is logical to attempt to strip out redundant components of these therapeutic regimes. In the meantime, however, combination therapy is required to counter many of the pathophysiological facets of the heart failure syndrome, including fluid retention, neuroendocrine activation, progressive ventricular dysfunction, and sudden cardiac death. Diuretics and ACE inhibitors are well-established drug treatments. Digoxin appears to lessen the rate of progression of heart failure without altering survival. New evidence suggests that beta-blockers may be useful additions to the heart failure therapeutic armamentarium, although whether all beta-blockers are equally effective remains to be established.
authors.affiliation: British Heart Foundation, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Cleland
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077261:Carvedilol; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004077:Digoxin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004232:Diuretics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D002227:Carbazoles; D004232:Diuretics; D011412:Propanolamines; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D000077261:Carvedilol; D004077:Digoxin