title: Detection of human papillomavirus infection in squamous tumours of the conjunctiva and lacrimal sac by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridisation, and polymerase chain reaction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Squamous tumours of the ocular surface, including the lacrimal pathway, range from benign lesions to invasive carcinomas. Some of these tumours are associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, with the types of HPV differing among papillomas and dysplastic or malignant lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The relation between squamous tumours of the conjunctiva and lacrimal sac and HPV infection was investigated in 17 individuals with such tumours. Nine of the 17 tumours were benign, four were dysplastic lesions, and four were carcinomas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight specimens showed positive immunohistochemical staining with antibodies to HPV; four of these eight were papillomas, three were dysplastic lesions, and one was a carcinoma. Koilocytosis was detected in seven of these eight tumours. Five of the eight specimens positive for immunohistochemical staining were also positive for HPV DNA by in situ hybridisation, and all eight were positive for HPV DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Approximately 50% of squamous tumours of the ocular surface and lacrimal sac were associated with HPV infection. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of the detection of HPV in the field of ophthalmology by a combination of immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridisation, and PCR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mashima
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kameyama
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mukai
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oguchi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000821:virology*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000821:virology*; D003228:Conjunctiva; D005134:Eye Neoplasms / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007765:Lacrimal Apparatus; D007766:Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010212:Papilloma / Q000821:virology*; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*