title: Effects of marinating on heterocyclic amine carcinogen formation in grilled chicken.
abstract: This study compared heterocyclic aromatic amines in marinated and unmarinated chicken breast meat flame-broiled on a propane grill. Chicken was marinated prior to grilling and the levels of several heterocyclic amines formed during cooking were determined by solid-phase extraction and HPLC. Compared with unmarinated controls, a 92-99% decrease in 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) was observed in whole chicken breast marinated with a mixture of brown sugar, olive oil, cider vinegar, garlic, mustard, lemon juice and salt, then grilled for 10, 20, 30 or 40 min. Conversely, 2-amino-3, 8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) increased over 10-fold with marinating, but only at the 30 and 40 min cooking times. Marinating reduced the total detectable heterocyclic amines from 56 to 1.7 ng/g, from 158 to 10 ng/g and from 330 to 44 ng/g for grilling times of 20, 30 and 40 min, respectively. The mutagenic activity of the sample extracts was also measured, using the Ames/Salmonella assay. Mutagenic activity was lower in marinated samples cooked for 10, 20 and 30 min, but higher in the marinated samples cooked for 40 min, compared with unmarinated controls. Although a change in free amino acids, which are heterocyclic amine precursors, might explain the decrease in PhIP and increase in MeIQx, no such change was detected. Marinating chicken in one ingredient at a time showed that sugar was involved in the increased MeIQx, but the reason for the decrease in PhIP was unclear. PhIP decreased in grilled chicken after marinating with several individual ingredients. This work shows that marinating is one method that can significantly reduce PhIP concentration in grilled chicken.
authors.affiliation: Biology and Biotechnology Research Program, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551-9900, USA.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Salmon
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Knize
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Felton
mesh_terms: D000588:Amines / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003296:Cooking / Q000379:methods*; D005504:Food Analysis; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000032:analysis; D008460:Meat; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000032:analysis*; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000032:analysis; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds; D007093:Imidazoles; D009153:Mutagens; D011810:Quinoxalines; C036990:2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline; C049584:2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine