title: Trophoblastic apoptosis in mice with preterm delivery and its suppression by urinary trypsin inhibitor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate histopathologic changes of the placenta in mice with preterm delivery induced by lipopolysaccharide and the effect of urinary trypsin inhibitor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female C3H/HeN mice impregnated by male B6D2F1 mice were treated with lipopolysaccharide (50 micrograms/kg, intraperitoneally) or lipopolysaccharide plus urinary trypsin inhibitor (25 x 10(4) U/kg, intraperitoneally). At 3, 6, 9, and 18 hours after the second dose of lipopolysaccharide, and at delivery in the control and urinary trypsin inhibitor-treated groups, the concentrations, of interleukin-1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were determined in serum and amniotic fluid. Subsequently, the placentas were examined. In the same manner, we examined mice treated with interleukin-1 alpha (250 micrograms/kg, subcutaneously) on day 15 of pregnancy and intact mice on days 15 and 18 of pregnancy as well as at delivery. To assess the direct action of cytokines, we cultured placental slices with tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 alpha, or tumor necrosis factor-alpha plus urinary trypsin inhibitor and examined them morphologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Control mice were characterized by trophoblastic apoptosis and increased serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 alpha. In contrast, urinary trypsin inhibitor-treated mice showed suppression of apoptosis and lower cytokine levels. Interleukin-1 alpha induced trophoblastic apoptosis and increased the serum level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. The in vitro study showed that tumor necrosis factor-alpha directly induced trophoblastic apoptosis in placental slices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrated that trophoblastic apoptosis occurs in the placentas of a mouse model with preterm delivery induced by lipopolysaccharide. We postulated that apoptosis may lead to placental abruption, and its development may be prevented by treatment with urinary trypsin inhibitor.
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Laboratory, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kakinuma
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kuwayama
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kaga
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Futamura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Katsuki
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shibutani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature; D010920:Placenta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology*; D014361:Trypsin Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D006023:Glycoproteins; D007375:Interleukin-1; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014361:Trypsin Inhibitors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C028665:urinastatin