title: Minimally invasive mitral valve replacement: port-access technique, feasibility, and myocardial functional preservation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This experiment examined the feasibility of minimally invasive port-access mitral valve replacement via a 2.5 cm incision.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study evaluated valvular performance and myocardial functional recovery in six mongrel dogs after port-access mitral valve replacement with a St. Jude Medical prosthesis (St. Jude Medical, Inc., St. Paul, Minn.). Femoro-femoral cardiopulmonary bypass and a balloon catheter system for myocardial protection with cardioplegic arrest (Heartport, Inc., Redwood City, Calif.) were used. The mitral valve was replaced through a 2.5 cm port in the left side of the chest, and the animals were weaned from bypass. Cardiac function was measured before and at 30 and 60 minutes after bypass. Left ventricular pressure and electrical conductance volume were used to calculate changes in load-independent indexes of ventricular function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each procedure was successfully completed. Recovery of left ventricular function was excellent at 30 and 60 minutes after bypass compared with the prebypass values for elastance (30 minutes = 4.04 +/- 0.97 and 60 minutes = 4.27 +/- 0.57 vs prebypass = 4.45 +/- 0.96; p = 0.51) and for preload recruitable stroke work (30 minutes = 76.23 +/- 4.80 and 60 minutes = 71.21 +/- 2.99 vs prebypass = 71.23 +/- 3.75; p = 0.45). Preload recruitable work area remained at 96% and 85% of baseline at 30 and 60 minutes (p = not significant). In addition, transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated normal prosthetic valve function, as well as normal regional and global ventricular wall motion. Autopsy revealed secure annular-sewing apposition and normal leaflet motion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that minimally invasive mitral valve replacement using percutaneous cardiopulmonary bypass with cardioplegic arrest is technically reproducible, achieves normal valve placement, and results in complete cardiac functional recovery. Minimally invasive mitral valve replacement is now feasible, and clinical trials are indicated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York 10016, USA.
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Ribakove
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Grossi
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Buttenheim
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Applebaum
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kronzon
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Baumann
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Colvin
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Galloway
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D004285:Dogs; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis / Q000379:methods; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000601:surgery; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D016276:Ventricular Function; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left