title: The effect of the oviduct, uterine, and in vitro environments on zona thinning in the mouse embryo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the impact of the oviduct, uterine, and in vitro environments on zona pellucida thinning in the mouse embryo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female mice were stimulated with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin and mated and hCG injection. Unilateral oviduct ligation was performed on day 2 of gestation using the dorsal approach. The mice were divided into equal groups and killed on days 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10 of gestation. In vitro incubated embryos served as controls. Average daily zona thickness measurements were subjected to analysis of variance and paired Student's t-test.
  
  
  METHODS
  The laboratory of the assisted reproductive program of Rush University Medical Center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Progressive daily decrease in average zona thickness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Zona measurements of embryos flushed out of uterine horns, ligated oviducts, and in vitro incubation demonstrated statistically significant decreases in zona thickness, from 9.6 +/- 1.6 microns (day 3) to 6.0 +/- 0.8 microns (day 5), from 11.6 +/- 2.2 microns (day 2) to 6.0 +/- 1.6 microns (day 5), and from 11.1 +/- 2.0 microns (day 2) to 6.0 +/- 1.6 microns (day 5), respectively. There were no differences in average zona thickness for embryos in the same cell stage and same protocol day in all three locations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Zona thinning seems to be induced primarily by the dividing embryo before implantation. A substantial tubal and uterine contribution to zona thinning was not detected in this mouse embryo model.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Rush Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Confino
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rawlins
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Binor
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Radwanska
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005187:Fallopian Tubes / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D011247:Pregnancy; D013997:Time Factors; D014599:Uterus / Q000502:physiology*; D015044:Zona Pellucida / Q000502:physiology*