title: Are obstetric interventions such as cervical ripening, induction of labor, amnioinfusion, or amniotomy associated with umbilical cord prolapse?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to determine whether intrapartum obstetric interventions are associated with umbilical cord prolapse.
  
  
  METHODS
  A computer search identified patients who had intrapartum umbilical cord prolapse. Thirty-seven cases were identified between 1990 and 1994 (incidence of 1.85 per 1000). These women were randomly matched to control patients with intact membranes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with umbilical cord prolapse were delivered earlier (34.8 vs 37.1 weeks, p = 0.05). Otherwise, there were no differences between groups regarding the use of cervical ripening, incidence of labor induction, or the use of amnioinfusion and amniotomy. Although cervical dilatation and station were similar between groups at the time of admission, women with umbilical cord prolapse did not have as much descent of the presenting part associated with cervical dilatation and progressive labor compared with control patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By themselves, obstetric interventions of cervical ripening, labor induction, amnioinfusion, and amniotomy do not increase the likelihood that a patient will have umbilical cord prolapse.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA.
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Roach
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Morrison
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000650:Amnion / Q000601:surgery*; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004106:Dilatation / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005322:Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral / Q000009:adverse effects; D007751:Labor, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011391:Prolapse; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014470:Umbilical Cord / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*