title: Mutations increasing autoinhibition inactivate tumour suppressors Smad2 and Smad4.
abstract: Smad2 and Smad4 are related tumour-suppressor proteins, which, when stimulated by the growth factor TGF-beta, form a complex to inhibit growth. The effector function of Smad2 and Smad4 is located in the conserved carboxy-terminal domain (C domain) of these proteins and is inhibited by the presence of their amino-terminal domains (N domain). This inhibitory function of the N domain is shown here to involve an interaction with the C domain that prevents the association of Smad2 with Smad4. This inhibitory function is increased in tumour-derived forms of Smad2 and 4 that carry a missense mutation in a conserved N domain arginine residue. The mutant N domains have an increased affinity for their respective C domains, inhibit the Smad2-Smad4 interaction, and prevent TGF beta-induced Smad2-Smad4 association and signalling. Whereas mutations in the C domain disrupt the effector function of the Smad proteins, N-domain arginine mutations inhibit SMAD signalling through a gain of autoinhibitory function. Gain of autoinhibitory function is a new mechanism for inactivating tumour suppressors.
authors.affiliation: Cell Biology Program and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10021, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hata
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wotton
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lagna
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Massagué
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D019556:COS Cells; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D004926:Escherichia coli; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051785:Smad Proteins; D051899:Smad2 Protein; D051901:Smad4 Protein; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology; D014981:Xenopus; D029867:Xenopus Proteins
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; C497782:SMAD2 protein, human; C497796:SMAD4 protein, human; D051785:Smad Proteins; D051899:Smad2 Protein; C497785:Smad2 protein, Xenopus; D051901:Smad4 Protein; D015534:Trans-Activators; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; C490808:smad4.1 protein, Xenopus; C117263:smad4.2 protein, Xenopus