title: Relationship of depressive, conduct, and comorbid disorders and social functioning in childhood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship of depressive, conduct, and comorbid disorders and social functioning in psychiatrically referred youths.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 94 boys and 67 girls (mean age at initial assessment = 11.5 years) who were repeatedly evaluated with standardized instruments during a mean interval of 4.4 years. On the basis of their diagnoses during the follow-up, children were designated as having had depressive, conduct, or both (comorbid) disorders or other conditions. Two domains of social functioning were assessed: social competence and self-esteem.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Longitudinal analyses revealed that at any given point in time, depressive, conduct, and comorbid disorders were associated with low social competence and depressive disorder also was associated with low self-esteem. At the approximate age of 15 years, on average, children with a history of conduct or comorbid disorders had lower social competence than did children with a history of depressive disorder, but these groups endorsed similar levels of self-esteem.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some areas of social dysfunction associated with comorbid depressive and conduct disorders appear to reflect mostly the effects of conduct disorder. The latter condition has a more severe and longer-term impact on children's social competence than does depression. In addition, whereas depression has an adverse effect on self-esteem, this effect appears to be temporary.
authors.affiliation: Humboldt County Mental Health, Children, Youth, and Family Services, Eureka, CA, USA.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Renouf
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kovacs
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mukerji
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010552:Personality Assessment; D012649:Self Concept; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012919:Social Behavior