title: Treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma associated with cirrhosis by percutaneous ethanol injection. A trial with a comparison group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ethanol injection has been reported to be effective in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, but no controlled randomized trials have been performed. We therefore performed a trial comparing ethanol injection with an untreated, matched historical comparison group in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1992 to 1993, 35 patients (14 Child's A and 21 Child's B cirrhosis) with small (< 4 cm) hepatocellular carcinoma associated with cirrhosis were treated by ethanol injection. Each patient was matched with an untreated case (followed up during the period 1984-89) for variables known to have independent prognostic value (age, Child's classification, number of lesions, alpha-fetoprotein, and modality of diagnosis).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates of ethanol-treated patients were 86% (95% confidence interval (CI), 69-94), 53% (95% CI, 34-68), and 33% (95% CI, 15-52), whereas the survival rates of the comparison group were 75% (95% CI, 56-85), 26% (95% CI, 13-41), and 14% (95% CI, 5-27) (P = 0.01). The 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates of Child's A were 100%. 87% (95% CI, 30-97), 71% (95 CI, 33-90), 71% (95% CI, 33-90) in the ethanol-treated patients and 92 (95% CI, 59-99), 43% (95% CI, 23-73), and 21% (95% CI, 23-72) in untreated patients. The 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival of Child's B patients were 76% (95% CI, 59-97), 32% (95% CI, 13-53), and 9% (95% CI, 0.8-33) in the treated group and 61% (95% CI, 40-83), 14% (95% CI, 3-32), and 9% (95% CI, 1-26) in the treated group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that ethanol injection prolongs the life of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma associated with Child's A cirrhosis but seems not to influence the survival of Child's B patients.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Medicine, V. Cervello Hospital, University of Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orlando
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cottone
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Virdone
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Parisi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sciarrino
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maringhini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caltagirone
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Simonetti
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pagliaro
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012997:Solvents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D012997:Solvents; D000431:Ethanol