title: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ranitidine in renal impairment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of ranitidine were examined in subjects with varying degrees of renal function to determine the effect of this condition on acid-antisecretory activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects with creatinine clearances (Ccr) ranging from 0 to 213 m1.min-1 received single 50-mg and 25-mg i.v. doses of ranitidine. This was followed by determination of serum and urine ranitidine concentrations, and continuous gastric pH monitoring for 24 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum ranitidine concentrations were described by a two-compartment model linked to a sigmoidal Emax model describing gastric pH. Ranitidine renal clearance, ranging from 0 to 1003 m1.min-1, correlated with CPAH (r2 = 0.707), while non-renal clearance was unaltered. Steady-state volume of distribution decreased by half in severe renal impairment. No changes in the effective concentration at half-maximal response (EC50), maximal response (Emax), or basal response (E0) were observed. Thus, renal elimination of ranitidine declined in parallel with renal function, while sensitivity to the pharmacologic effect (gastric pH elevation) was unaltered. Ranitidine was cell tolerated in these renally impaired subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that the current recommendation for renal impairment dose reduction (by two-thirds when Ccr < 50 m1-min-1) might result in under-treating moderately impaired patients, and suggests a less conservative dose reduction (by half when Ccr < 10 m1.min-1) to avoid therapeutic failure while remaining within the wide margin of safety for this drug.
authors.affiliation: Glaxo Wellcome Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. koch.km@glaxo.com
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008875:Middle Aged; D011899:Ranitidine / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists; D011899:Ranitidine