title: The Clock Drawing Test for dementia of the Alzheimer's type: A comparison of three scoring methods in a memory disorders clinic.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the reliability and validity of the Clock Drawing Test when used as a cognitive screening instrument for mild to moderate dementia, and to compare different scoring mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of clock drawing performance using three published scoring methods (Shulman, Sunderland and Wolf-Klein).
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital-based memory disorders clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 28 consecutive patients attending the memory clinic for assessment who were given a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (mild or moderate) and 28 age- and sex-matched control subjects comprising 17 memory clinic attenders found to be normal and 11 community volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sensitivity and specificity of the three clock rating scales against memory clinic diagnoses of dementia using DSM-III-R; their respective interrater reliabilities; and comparisons of each with measures of cognitive impairment (the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Blessed Orientation-Information-Memory-Concentration Test), daily performance of basic and instrumental activities (the Blessed Dementia Scale) and depression (the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All methods of scoring the Clock Drawing Test correlated well with measures of cognitive impairment (r = 0.57-0.73) and daily performance (r = 0.38-0.48), were independent of mild depression and demonstrated high sensitivity, specificity and interrater reliability. While all clock scales identified mild to moderate dementia reasonably well, the Shulman method performed best. In screening for dementia, clock drawing proved superior to the MMSE: 24/28 vs 20/28 cases identified. When compared with the MMSE, clock drawing provided additional diagnostic discrimination, identifying 7/8 AD patients with MMSE scores = 24.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a clinic population, clock drawing, especially if scored according to the Shulman scale and combined with the MMSE, is an extremely efficient test screening measure for mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type with low false negative and false positive rates. This may have implications for screening elderly populations.
authors.affiliation: University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brodaty
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000592:standards*; D012372:ROC Curve; D012016:Reference Values; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index