title: Interleukin-6 overcomes p21WAF1 upregulation and G1 growth arrest induced by dexamethasone and interferon-gamma in multiple myeloma cells.
abstract: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a growth factor for multiple myeloma (MM) cells and can inhibit MM cell apoptosis. Our recent studies show that IL-6 facilitates MM cell growth via phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (pRB); however, the effects of IL-6 on those cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and CDK inhibitors (CDIs) that are known to regulate phosphorylation of pRB have not been defined in MM cells. In the present report, we cultured MM cell lines and patient cells with IL-6 and/or dexamethasone (Dex) and characterized changes in cell cycle; expression and association of cyclins, CDKs, and CDIs; and phosphorylation of pRB. Dex induced G1 growth arrest in MM cells, whereas IL-6 facilitated G1 to S phase transition; moreover, the effect of Dex was blocked by IL-6. p21WAF1 (p21) protein was constitutively expressed in the majority of MM cells independent of the status of p53. Its expression was upregulated by Dex and downregulated by IL-6; again, IL-6 inhibited the increase in p21 triggered by Dex. These alterations in p21 expression in MM cells were associated with changes in p21 binding to CDK2, CDK4, and CDK6; CDK2, CDK4, and CDK6 kinase activities; and phosphorylation of pRB. In contrast, expression of G1 cell cycle regulatory proteins, including p27KIP1, cyclin D2, and cyclin E, was not altered in MM cells cultured with Dex and/or IL-6. Finally, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) also induced G1 growth arrest and upregulated p21 protein expression; as with Dex, affects of IFN-gamma were inhibited by IL-6. Our results therefore show that changes in cell cycle distribution in MM cells triggered by Dex, IL-6, and IFN-gamma correlate with changes in p21 protein expression and implicate p21 in the coupling of Dex-, IL-6-, and IFN-gamma-related signals to G1 cell cycle regulation in MM cells.
authors.affiliation: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Urashima
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Teoh
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chauhan
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hoshi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ogata
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Treon
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Schlossman
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D003907:Dexamethasone; D007371:Interferon-gamma