title: Stigma, disclosure, and family functioning among parents of children conceived through donor insemination.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the influence of gender, male infertility factor, and other demographic variables on stigma and whether parents tell their children that they were conceived by donor insemination (DI) and to ascertain if stigma and the disclosure decision affect parental bonding with the child or the quality of the interparental relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred eighty-four San Francisco Bay Area couples who had become parents by DI were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  A private infertility practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-two men and 94 women who completed the questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire assessing disclosure, stigma, parental bonding, and the quality of the interparental relationship.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Factors that increased the couple's likelihood of disclosure included younger age, azoospermia, lower stigma scores, and having more than one DI child. Fathers who scored higher on stigma reported less parental warmth and parental fostering of independence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because the decision regarding disclosure of DI treatment was not linked to parental bonding with the child or to the quality of the interparental relationship, we cannot conclude that nondisclosure is harmful to family relationships or is a symptom of family problems. The husband's perceptions of stigma however, may affect the father--child relationship adversely.
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Nachtigall
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tschann
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Quiroga
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pitcher
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D030881:Disclosure; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007316:Insemination, Artificial, Heterologous / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009769:Object Attachment; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D011287:Prejudice; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013094:Spermatozoa; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014342:Truth Disclosure