title: The crystallite-gel-model for microcrystalline cellulose in wet-granulation, extrusion, and spheronization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A new model for the wet-extrusion/spheronization process with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is proposed. The crystallite-gel-model is able to elucidate the unique role of MCC in this process. Many other experimental results, which cannot be explained by the standard model of granulation, the liquid saturation model, give evidence for the crystallite-gel-model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pellets were prepared from different types of MCC. Water content during extrusion, power consumption and aspect ratio were correlated. X-ray diffractograms of MCC powders, extrudates and pellets were taken in order to provide information on changes at the single crystallite level. SEM-photographs and leaching studies gave additional information on changes at the particulate level of MCC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the level of MCC powder particles, dramatic changes occurred during extrusion/spheronization. In contrast to this no changes could be observed at the level of individual crystallites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During granulation and extrusion MCC-particles are thought to be broken down into smaller particles and possibly ultimate single crystallites in the presence of water. The crystallite-gel-model serves as the framework for a new interpretation of the wet-extrusion/spheronization process. Apart from the ability to explain experimental data published previously in the literature it can be used to develop new experimental plans for further research. Consequently, the crystallite-gel-model exhibits explanatory as well as predictive power.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel, Germany. Kleinebudde@pharmazie.uni-kiel.de
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kleinebudde
mesh_terms: D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry*; D003460:Crystallization; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical; D014867:Water; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D002482:Cellulose