title: Human- and mouse-inducible nitric oxide synthase promoters require activation of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C and NF-kappa B.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The production of nitric oxide by type II inducible nitric oxide synthase (type II NOS) gene is controlled at least in part by transcriptional activation. Although the murine and human type II NOS genes share significant sequence homology, they differ in the induction stimuli required for activation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The A549 human and murine RAW 264.7 cell lines were cultured in the presence of inducers of the type II NOS gene and exposed to specific inhibitors of phosphatidyl choline-specific phospholipase C, NF-kappa B, and endocytosis, as well as to reagents that deplete stores of ATP or prevent the acidification of endosomes. The effect of these reagents on the induction of the type II NOS gene transcription, translation, and NO expression was studied using electromobility shift assays, Western blotting, and the detection of NO as nitrates, as appropriate. Additionally, the ability of the native human type II NOS NF-kappa B recognition sequence to bind NF-kappa B was compared with a concensus sequence and with a mutated oligomer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Type II NOS production by both human and mouse cells could be prevented by the addition of the specific inhibitor of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C, D609, and of agents that interfere with the activation of NF-kappa B. Both mouse and human cells also required acidic endosome formation and the production of 1,2-diacylglycerol for type II NOS expression. Additionally, the native human type II NOS NF-kappa B recognition sequence bound NF-kappa B with significantly less affinity than did the recognition sequence derived from the human immunoglobulin light-chain gene promoter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These experiments show that whereas mouse cells can be activated by lipopolysaccharide to produce nitric oxide, and human cells require activation by a mixture of cytokines to produce nitric oxide, the intracellular activation pathway following receptor binding of these heterologous stimuli is shared. Additionally, NF-kappa B activation is necessary but not sufficient for inducible nitric oxide synthase production in human cells, in contrast to murine cells in which it serves as a complete inducer.
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Foundation Laboratories, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Spitsin
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Farber
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bertovich
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Moehren
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koprowski
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Michaels
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001952:Bridged-Ring Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004848:Epithelium; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009636:Norbornanes; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines / Q000378:metabolism; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012260:Ribonucleases; D013859:Thiocarbamates; D013871:Thiones / Q000494:pharmacology; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D010738:Type C Phospholipases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001952:Bridged-Ring Compounds; D016207:Cytokines; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009636:Norbornanes; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D013859:Thiocarbamates; D013871:Thiones; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C046498:tricyclodecane-9-yl-xanthogenate; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D012260:Ribonucleases; D010738:Type C Phospholipases