title: Taurine is an osmolyte in rat liver macrophages (Kupffer cells).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The availability of betaine as an osmolyte was recently shown to interfere strongly with important cell functions of liver macrophages (Kupffer cells), such as eicosanoid and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production or phagocytosis. We therefore investigated whether taurine is also used as an osmolyte by Kupffer cells and whether it is involved in the control of Kupffer cell functions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hyperosmotic (hypoosmotic) exposure of cultured rat liver macrophages (Kupffer cells) for 6-12 h led to an increase (decrease) in the mRNA levels of the taurine transporter (TAUT) and an increase (decrease) in taurine transport into the cells. The hyperosmolarity-induced increase in TAUT-mRNA levels was diminished by 37+/-10% upon addition of taurine, but not upon addition of betaine. When Kupffer cells were preloaded with taurine, hypoosmotic exposure led to a rapid efflux of taurine from the cells, which was significantly delayed in the presence of the anion exchanger inhibitor 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS). Taurine efflux was also stimulated during phagocytosis of Latex particles; however, Latex was without effect on the hyperosmolarity-induced increase of TAUT mRNA levels. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) led to an induction of cyclooxygenase-2, which was markedly enhanced during hyperosmotic conditions. Taurine diminished the induction of cyclooxygenase-2 and inhibited the LPS/hyperosmolarity-induced stimulation of prostaglandin E2 formation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that, in addition to betaine, taurine also acts as an osmolyte in Kupffer cells, and that taurine availability may be an important modulater of Kupffer cell functions such as eicosanoid synthesis.
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Universitatsklinik, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Warskulat
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Häussinger
mesh_terms: D017878:4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000032:analysis; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D006982:Hypertonic Solutions; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007700:Kinetics; D007728:Kupffer Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D007840:Latex; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D010587:Phagocytosis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051381:Rats; D013654:Taurine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D000099247:Taurine Transporters
chemical_list: D017878:4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone; D006982:Hypertonic Solutions; D007527:Isoenzymes; D007840:Latex; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013654:Taurine; D000099247:Taurine Transporters