title: Three dimensional variability in patient positioning using bite block immobilization in 3D-conformal radiation treatment for ENT-tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this prospective study was to analyze the three-dimensional (3D) reproducibility of the isocenter position and of patient positioning with the use of bite block immobilization by means of a simple verification procedure for a complex beam arrangement applied for ENT-tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the positioning data of 29 consecutive patients treated for ENT-tumors at the Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology of the University of Wurzburg. A total of 136 treatment sessions were analyzed. Patients were positioned and immobilized using an individualized bite block system and a head and neck support. A complex beam arrangement was applied combining two offset rotational and two oblique wedge fields on a 5 MV linear accelerator. Orthogonal verification films were taken once weekly. Four to six film pairs per patient were obtained (during 4-6 weeks) with a mean number of 4.7 film pairs per patient. These were compared to the corresponding orthogonal simulator films taken during primary simulation. Deviations of the verified isocenter from the isocenter on the simulator film were measured and analyzed in three dimensions in terms of overall, systematic and random categories. A 3D-deviation vector was calculated from these 3D data as well as a 2D-deviation vector (for comparison with literature data) from the lateral verification films.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall setup deviation showed standard deviations (SD) of 2.5, 2.7 and 3.1 mm along the cranio-caudal, anterior-posterior and medio-lateral axes, respectively. The random component ranged from SD 1.9 to 2.1 mm and the systematic component ranged from SD 1.8 to 2.2 mm. The mean length of the 3D-vector was 3.1 mm for the systematic as well as the random component. Ninety percent of 3D systematic and random deviations were less than 5 mm. The mean length of the 2D-vector was 2.4 mm for the random component and 2.2 mm for the systematic component. Ninety percent of 2D-random and systematic variations were less than 4 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presented individualized bite block immobilization device provides an accurate and reproducible patient positioning for 3D-conformal radiation therapy in the head and neck. Random and systematic deviations in each of the three directions are in the range of +/-4 mm (2 SD, comprising 95% of the deviations) and are within the range or even less than deviations described for most thermoplastic or PVC-mask fixation devices. These deviations should be taken into account during definition of planning target volume in head and neck tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology of the University of Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Willner
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hädinger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bratengeier
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Flentje
mesh_terms: D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011835:Radiation Protection; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results