MR imaging of the normal developmental anatomy of the elbow.
Growth and ossification of the elbow are complex. Interpreting MR images of the elbow in children requires a knowledge of the elbow's developmental changes. This article discusses the basic principles of growth and development of the distal humerus, proximal radius, and ulna. The signal characteristics of cartilage and marrow in the immature skeleton are described. Technical factors related to imaging of growth cartilage are outlined, and specific challenges during imaging of the pediatric elbow are emphasized. The changing MR appearance of the elbow due to ossification and physeal closure is described. The article also explains several pitfalls encountered.
Jaramillo
D
D
Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
Waters
P M
PM
D001846:Bone Development; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male