title: Does scoliosis have a psychological impact and does gender make a difference?
abstract: METHODS
  A population-based case-control study, we identified adolescents with and without scoliosis in Minnesota who were 12 through 18 years of age. Matched control subjects were randomly selected from school children who did not have scoliosis or any other condition. Information on scoliosis was obtained by a self-administered questionnaire, the Adolescent Health Survey. Collected on more than 75,000 school age adolescents, with established validity and reliability, a secondary analysis of adolescents with scoliosis was performed as compared with a normative peer group.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe and characterize the psychosocial impact of scoliosis on the areas of peer relations, body image, and health-compromising behavior, such as suicidal thought and alcohol consumption.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The impact of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis has not been assessed using generic health status measures appropriate for adolescents. Previous studies have concentrated on the health status of adults by measuring work status, marriage status, and other adult measures. The purpose of this study was to study the health status of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, using the Adolescent Health Survey, a generic health status measure with established validity and reliability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Body image, peer relations, social and high-risk behavior, and comparative health were assessed to determine if scoliosis was an independent risk factor and to determine if scoliosis was associated with these psychosocial issues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six hundred eighty-five cases of scoliosis were identified from the 34,706 adolescents. The prevalence was 1.97%. Of the 685 adolescents with scoliosis and their control subjects, the adjusted odds ratio for having suicidal thought among adolescent with scoliosis, compared to adolescents without scoliosis, was 1.40 (P value of 0.04) after adjustment for race, gender, socioeconomic status, and age. The adjusted odds ratio for having feelings about poor body development among adolescents with scoliosis was 1.82 (P value 0.001) compared with adolescents without scoliosis after adjustment for race, gender, socioeconomic status, and age. Scoliosis was an independent risk factor for suicidal thought, worry and concern over body development, and peer interactions after adjustment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Scoliosis is a significant risk factor for psychosocial issues and health-compromising behavior. Gender differences exist in male and female adolescents with scoliosis.
authors.affiliation: Twin Cities Scoliosis Spine Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ogilvie
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Resnick
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Kane
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Transfeldt
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Blum
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D001828:Body Image; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D015995:Prevalence; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D012307:Risk Factors; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013405:Suicide; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires