title: Urinary diagnostic indices in calves.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish reference values for urinary diagnostic indices in healthy calves from birth to 90 days of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective field trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  12 Holstein heifer calves.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urine and serum samples were collected daily for the first 5 days after birth, then weekly until calves were 90 days old. Urine:serum creatinine ratio, urine:serum urea nitrogen ratio, urine:serum osmolality ratio, fractional clearances of sodium and inorganic phosphate, and urine gamma-glutamyltransferase activity were measured. Data were grouped by age of calves at the time of sample collection: 1 to 5 days old (neonatal period), 7 to 27 days old (suckling period), and 28 to 90 days old (weanling period).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean urine:serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, and osmolality ratios were significantly higher during the weanling period than during the other 2 periods. There were no significant differences in mean fractional clearances of sodium among age periods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urinary diagnostic indices calculated for these healthy calves may be used as reference values for early recognition of renal damage or renal failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37901-1071, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sommardahl
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Olchowy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Provenza
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Saxton
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D000833:Animals, Suckling / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D002417:Cattle / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine*; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine / Q000662:veterinary; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010710:Phosphates / Q000652:urine*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine*; D014508:Urea / Q000652:urine*; D014886:Weaning; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D010710:Phosphates; D014508:Urea; D012964:Sodium; D003404:Creatinine; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase