title: Canebrake rattlesnake envenomation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To document the clinical presentation and course of consecutive cases of envenomation by the canebrake rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus atricaudatus).
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical care provided all patients envenomated by canebrake rattlesnakes in two institutions was retrospectively reviewed. Particular attention was paid to coagulation abnormalities, serum enzymes, electrocardiographic findings, and treatment with antivenom.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 15 patients, envenomation was judged to be mild in 3, moderate in 6, and severe in 5. In one case envenomation caused death. The clinical course generally predicted the degree of increase in the serum creatinine kinase (CK) level, as well as the amount of antivenom used for treatment. Despite increases in serum CK concentration and frequent increases in the serum CK-MB fraction, we found no evidence of cardiac damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In envenomation by North American pit vipers, rhabdomyolysis appears to be characteristic of envenomation by the canebrake rattlesnake. We speculate that toxins in the canebrake venom cause skeletal muscle rhabdomyolysis. Physicians caring for victims of canebrake bite should regard marked increases in CK concentration as coming from skeletal, not cardiac, muscle. Good general medical support and antivenom for victims with moderate to severe envenomation appears effective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Kitchens
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000997:Antivenins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003435:Crotalid Venoms / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D017839:Crotalus; D004630:Emergencies; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012206:Rhabdomyolysis / Q000209:etiology*; D012909:Snake Bites / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000997:Antivenins; D003435:Crotalid Venoms