title: Closed-chest cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegia: basis for less invasive cardiac surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We developed a method of closed-chest cardiopulmonary bypass to arrest and protect the heart with cardioplegic solution. This method was used in 54 dogs and the results were retrospectively analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bypass cannulas were placed in the right femoral vessels. A balloon occlusion catheter was passed via the left femoral artery and positioned in the ascending aorta. A pulmonary artery vent was placed via the jugular vein. In 17 of the dogs retrograde cardioplegia was provided with a percutaneous coronary sinus catheter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cardiopulmonary bypass time was 111 +/- 27 minutes (mean +/- standard deviation) and cardiac arrest time was 66 +/- 21 minutes. Preoperative cardiac outputs were 2.9 +/- 0.70 L/min and postoperative outputs were 2.9 +/- 0.65 L/min (p = not significant). Twenty-one-French and 23F femoral arterial cannulas that allowed coaxial placement of the ascending aortic balloon catheter were tested in 3 male calves. Line pressures were higher, but not clinically limiting, with the balloon catheter placed coaxially.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adequate cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegia can be achieved in the dog without opening the chest, facilitating less invasive cardiac operations. A human clinical trial is in progress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5117, USA.
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Siegel
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: St Goar
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Pompili
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Burdon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D002404:Catheterization; D002417:Cattle; D004285:Dogs; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D006400:Hematocrit; D006461:Hemolysis; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies