title: Gallbladder motility and lithogenicity of bile in patients with choledocholithiasis after endoscopic sphincterotomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ablation of the sphincter of Oddi has been shown to inhibit gallstone formation in the prairie dog model, probably by alleviating gallbladder bile stasis. The effect of endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) on gallbladder emptying and lithogenicity of bile has not been studied adequately in humans. We, therefore, studied the changes in gallbladder emptying and lithogenicity of bile following ES in patients with choledocholithiasis and gallbladder in situ.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen patients with choledocholithiasis with intact gallbladder underwent ES and common bile duct clearance. Eight patients had concomitant gallstones. Gallbladder emptying was studied by real time ultrasonography after stimulation by ceruletid infusion. Fasting gallbladder bile was collected during endoscopic retrograde cholangiography by placing a 7F or 8F catheter in the common bile duct and after ceruletid stimulation of gallbladder for bile microscopy and cholesterol nucleation time determination. Gallbladder emptying, nucleation time and bile microscopy were performed before ES and again between 4 and 8 weeks after ES after cholangiographic confirmation of clearance of common bile duct stones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fasting and residual gallbladder volumes decreased and ejection fraction increased significantly following ES, suggesting decreased stasis and improved emptying of gallbladder. Nucleation time was prolonged and cholesterol crystal index in bile decreased after ES, suggesting decreased lithogenicity. The decrease in gallbladder volumes and increase in ejection fraction after ES were observed in both groups of patients, with or without concomitant gallstones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ES decreases the stasis of gallbladder bile, improves gallbladder emptying and decreases the lithogenicity of bile in patients with gallstone disease as reflected by prolongation in nucleation time. ES may find a role as an adjunct to oral bile acid therapy and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in addition to a prophylactic role of preventing gallstone formation in high risk groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Dhiman
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Phanish
authors.forename: Y K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Chawla
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Dilawari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001646:Bile / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000032:analysis; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D042882:Gallstones / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016717:Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol