title: Trial of calcium to prevent preeclampsia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous trials have suggested that calcium supplementation during pregnancy may reduce the risk of preeclampsia. However, differences in study design and a low dietary calcium intake in the populations studied limit acceptance of the data.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomly assigned 4589 healthy nulliparous women who were 13 to 21 weeks pregnant to receive daily treatment with either 2 g of elemental calcium or placebo for the remainder of their pregnancies. Surveillance for preeclampsia was conducted by personnel unaware of treatment-group assignments, using standardized measurements of blood pressure and urinary protein excretion at uniformly scheduled prenatal visits, protocols for monitoring these measurements during the hospitalization for delivery, and reviews of medical records of unscheduled outpatient visits and all hospitalizations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Calcium supplementation did not significantly reduce the incidence or severity of preeclampsia or delay its onset. Preeclampsia occurred in 158 of the 2295 women in the calcium group (6.9 percent) and 168 of the 2294 women in the placebo group (7.3 percent) (relative risk, 0.94; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.76 to 1.16). There were no significant differences between the two groups in the prevalence of pregnancy-associated hypertension without preeclampsia (15.3 percent vs. 17.3 percent) or of all hypertensive disorders (22.2 percent vs. 24.6 percent). The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures during pregnancy were similar in both groups. Calcium did not reduce the numbers of preterm deliveries, small-for-gestational-age births, or fetal and neonatal deaths; nor did it increase urolithiasis during pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calcium supplementation during pregnancy did not prevent preeclampsia, pregnancy-associated hypertension, or adverse perinatal outcomes in healthy nulliparous women.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Statistics, and Prevention Research, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Md 20892-7510, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hauth
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Curet
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Sibai
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Catalano
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: DerSimonian
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Esterlitz
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Raymond
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Bild
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Clemens
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cutler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002118:Calcium / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000652:urine; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015994:Incidence; D010298:Parity; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000652:urine; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium