title: The immune-neuro-endocrine interactions.
abstract: This article reviews data concerning the interactions between immune, endocrine and neural systems in physiological, pathophysiological and stress conditions in animals and humans. Numerous studies have provided evidence that these systems interact with each other in maintaining homeostasis. This interaction may be classified as follows: immune, endocrine and neural cell products coexist in lymphoid, endocrine and neural tissue. Endocrine and neural mediators modulate immune system activity. Immune, endocrine and neural cells express receptors for cytokines, hormones, neuropeptides and transmitters.
authors.affiliation: Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jablonna, Poland.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tomaszewska
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Przekop
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004702:Endocrine Glands / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000502:physiology*; D009424:Nervous System Physiological Phenomena