title: Comparative analysis of brain protection by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists after transient focal ischemia in cats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We tested the hypothesis that the administration of the competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist 2R,4R,5S-(2-amino-4,5-(1,2-cyclohexyl)-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid) (NPC 17742) or cis-4-(phosphonomethyl) piperidine-2-carboxylic acid (CGS 19755) or the noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine (MK-801), at the appropriate doses, would all have efficacy in decreasing early postischemic brain injury in a feline model of transient focal ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, controlled animal trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  University research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty mixed-breed cats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Halothane-anesthetized cats underwent 90 mins of left middle cerebral artery occlusion plus 4 hrs of reperfusion. At 75 mins of ischemia, control cats received intravenous saline (n = 10). Experimental cats (n = 10 in each group) were treated with NPC 17742 (5 mg/kg bolus and 2.5 mg/kg/hr throughout reperfusion), MK-801 (5 mg/kg intravenous bolus), or CGS 19755 (40 mg/kg intravenous bolus) in a randomized fashion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microsphere-determined blood flow to the ipsilateral inferior temporal cortex and caudate nucleus decreased to the same extent during ischemia, and recovered to the same extent during early reperfusion, in the four groups. Triphenyltetrazolium-determined injury volume of the ipsilateral caudate nucleus in cats treated with NPC 17742 (105 +/- 25 [SEM] mm3), MK-801 (97 +/- 22 mm3), and CGS 19755 (97 +/- 13 mm3) was less than in control cats (198 +/- 21 mm3). Hemisphere injury volumes with NPC 17742 (1209 +/- 405 mm3) and MK-801 (1338 +/- 395 mm3) were less than that value in controls (2193 +/- 372 mm3), whereas injury volume with CGS 19755 (1553 +/- 519 mm3) treatment did not attain significance (p < .09).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NMDA receptor activation during reperfusion may contribute to the progression of injury in ischemic border regions after 90 mins of transient focal ischemia in the cat. At the doses chosen, there appear to be no major differences in therapeutic efficacy for competitive and noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicino, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyabe
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kirsch
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishikawa
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Koehler
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Traystman
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects*; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002415:Cats; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010875:Pipecolic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010875:Pipecolic Acids; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; C060212:NPC 12626; C053672:selfotel; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate