title: How general practitioners manage children with urinary tract infection: an audit in the former Northern Region.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in childhood are common and may be difficult to diagnose because of non-specific symptoms and technical problems with urine collection. Active management is important because UTIs may cause permanent renal scarring in young children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine how general practitioners (GPs) manage children with suspected UTIs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A postal questionnaire to 494 GPs in the former Northern Region (a random selection of 26.2%) asking how they manage children with suspected UTI and their perception of their training needs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 333 (67.4%) GPs replied. On weekdays, up to 22.9% of GPs treated children who had symptoms suggestive of UTI without collecting a diagnostic urine sample, and up to 64.8% did so at weekends. Urine collection was satisfactory in 73.2% of boys and girls aged under one year, but in only 50.4% of older boys and 48.0% of older girls, caused in part by the use of unreliably 'cleaned' potties in the older group. On weekdays, up to 87.2% of GPs culture the urine, but up to 4.8% use dipsticks as the sole diagnostic test; at weekends, only up to 58.6% culture urines, and up to 19.1% rely on dipsticks alone. Up to 11.0% of GPs examine urine under a microscope for bacteria to test for UTI on weekdays and at weekends. Up to 23.8% of GPs who collect urines on weekdays wait for a positive culture result before starting antibiotics. At weekends, only 3.9% of GPs build in this delay to treatment, mainly because far fewer take urine samples at all. GPs refer younger children for diagnostic imaging more readily than older ones, and boys more readily than girls at all ages. Although virtually all GPs refer all children under five years, some still do so only after recurrent infections. Over half the GPs wanted more training in managing UTI in children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a wide variation in clinical practice by GPs. Some always appropriately collect and test urine samples, treat without delay and refer for imaging after one proven UTI. Some never collect urines, treat blindly and refer only young infants with recurrent UTIs. Many vary their standards of practice from weekdays to weekends. The provision for GPs of clear, local, practical guidelines, drawn up between paediatricians and GPs and backed up with study days, might produce a consistent improvement in standards.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vernon
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Foo
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Coulthard
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004739:England; D005194:Family Practice / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000592:standards; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*