title: Low-dose-rate brachytherapy as the sole radiation modality in the management of patients with early-stage breast cancer treated with breast-conserving therapy: preliminary results of a pilot trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We present the preliminary findings of our in-house protocol treating the tumor bed alone after lumpectomy with low-dose-rate (LDR) interstitial brachytherapy in selected patients with early-stage breast cancer treated with breast-conserving therapy (BCT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Since March 1, 1993, 60 women with early-stage breast cancer were entered into a protocol of tumor bed irradiation only using an interstitial LDR implant with iodine-125. Patients were eligible if the tumor was < or = 3 cm, margins were > or = 2 mm, there was no extensive intraductal component, the axilla was surgically staged, and a postoperative mammogram was performed. Implants were placed using a standardized template either at the time of reexcision or shortly after lumpectomy. A total of 50 Gy was delivered at 0.52 Gy/h over a period of 96 h to the lumpectomy bed plus a 2-cm margin. Perioperative complications, cosmetic outcome, and local control were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median follow-up for all patients is 20 months. Three patients experienced minimal perioperative pain that required temporary nonnarcotic analgesics. There have been four postoperative infections which resolved with oral antibiotics. No significant skin reactions related to the implant were noted and no patient experienced impaired would healing. Early cosmetic results reveal minimal changes consisting of transient hyperpigmentation of the skin at the puncture sites and temporary induration in the tumor bed. Good to excellent cosmetic results were noted in all 19 patients followed up a minimum of 24 months posttherapy. To date, 51 women have obtained 6-12-month follow-up mammograms and no recurrences have been noted. All patients currently have no physical signs of recurrence, and no patient has failed regionally or distantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of the tumor bed alone with LDR interstitial brachytherapy appears to be well tolerated, and early results are promising. Long-term follow-up of these patients is necessary to establish the equivalence of this treatment approach compared to standard BCT, however.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA.
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Vicini
authors.forename: P Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fraile
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Gustafson
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Edmundson
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Jaffray
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Benitez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pettinga
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Madrazo
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ingold
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Matter
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Martinez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015412:Mastectomy, Segmental; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes