title: Metabolic control and prevalent cardiovascular disease in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM): The NIDDM Patient Outcome Research Team.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and death in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). While hyperglycemia is clearly related to diabetic microvascular complications, it contribution to large-vessel atherosclerosis is controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed an analysis of the association between glycemic control and prevalent cardiovascular disease in 1,539 participants in the NIDDM Patient Outcomes Research Team study who were under usual care in a health maintenance organization. Prevalent cardiovascular disease and its risk factors were identified by self-administered questionnaire. Cardiovascular disease was defined by the presence of coronary heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, and/or cerebrovascular disease. Glycohemoglobin and lipid levels were obtained from a computerized laboratory database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of participants was 63 years (range 31 to 91); 51% were women. The mean duration of NIDDM was 9 years (range < 1 to 50), 35% took insulin, and 48% took sulfonylureas. Mean glycohemoglobin was 10.6%. Sixty percent had hypertension, 16% currently smoked cigarettes, and the mean total high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ratio was 5.7. Fifty-one percent had cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease prevalence remained constant across increasing quartiles of glycohemoglobin for both men and women. In contrast, prevalent cardiovascular disease was associated with established cardiovascular disease risk factors including age (67 versus 59 years, P < 0.0001), hypertension (66% versus 54%, P < 0.0001), current cigarette smoking (17% versus 13%, P < 0.005), and total/HDL cholesterol ratio (5.9 versus 5.6, P < 0.005). Cardiovascular disease was also associated with duration of NIDDM (11 versus 8 years, P < 0.0001). In multiple logistic regression analysis controlling for established cardiovascular disease risk factors and diabetes duration and therapy, glycohemoglobin remained unassociated with cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glycemic control is not associated with prevalent cardiovascular disease in this large population of individuals with NIDDM. Conventional cardiovascular disease risk factors are independently associated with cardiovascular disease and be a more promising focus for clinical intervention to reduce atherosclerotic complications in NIDDM.
authors.affiliation: General Internal Medicine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Meigs
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Dukes
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: D'Agostino
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Nathan
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Greenfield
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin