title: A role for otoacoustic emissions in screening for hearing impairment and middle ear disorders in school-age children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the potential role of transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) for screening for hearing impairment and middle ear disorders in school-age children. Because TEOAEs are present in ears with normal cochlear and middle ear function and typically are absent or reduced in ears with cochlear and/or middle ear disorders of even mild degree, TEOAE screening could serve as a first-stage screening to separate from the general population of school-age children those at greater risk for hearing impairment and/or middle ear disorder. There were two secondary objectives. First, the relationship between TEOAE measurement variables and measures of middle ear immittance in ears declared clinically normal was investigated. Second, the performance of TEOAEs in screening was compared with the performance of the pure-tone hearing and tympanometric screening protocol commonly used in the schools.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-six children (ages 5 to 10 yr) participated. TEOAEs, pure-tone hearing screening, acoustic immittance (single-frequency and multi-frequency tympanometry), and an otoscopic exam by a pediatrician, who previously had been "validated" for identification of middle ear effusion, were done on each child under typical school hearing screening conditions. Performance of the TEOAE screening was determined based on the pediatrician's determination of middle ear status and the pure-tone hearing screening as the gold standards.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 66 subjects, 61 completed the study. Fifty-six children passed the hearing and otoscopic screenings bilaterally, and five children did not pass either or both the hearing screenings or otoscopic examination in at least one ear. A variety of TEOAE criteria were examined with respect to their ability to identify ears with either hearing impairment and/or middle ear disease. Several different otoacoustic emission criteria performed well according to our diagnostic criteria. Correlations between TEOAE variables and immittance measures of middle ear function were all low. In addition, tympenometric data were used to compare the TEOAE screening with the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's (ASHA) recommended protocol for the same ears. The ASHA protocol, as recommended, did not do as well as the TEOAE screening. Using slightly modified criteria, the ASHA protocol did as well as TEOAEs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were some screening criteria based on TEOAE measurement that produced good sensitivity and specificity. A TEOAE screening for hearing impairment and middle ear disease performed as well as or better than the ASHA-recommended protocol, which requires a minimum of two different tests, even when the ASHA protocol was modified to optimize performance. The results suggest that the TEOAE test has the potential to be incorporated successfully into hearing screening programs for school-age children and may have advantages over current screening protocols. Finally, no relationship between TEOAEs and middle ear function, as measured using single-frequency and multifrequency tympanometry, could be determined in ears with normal hearing and normal middle ear function.
authors.affiliation: University of Georgia, Athens, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Nozza
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Sabo
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Mandel
mesh_terms: D000158:Acoustic Impedance Tests; D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D006311:Hearing Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D017084:Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous / Q000502:physiology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity