title: Benzodiazepine mediated antagonism of opioid analgesia.
abstract: Activation of supraspinal gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptors is known to result in antagonism of opioid analgesia. Since benzodiazepines enhance the action of GABA at GABAA receptors, we hypothesized that administration of these agents for preoperative sedation might antagonize the analgesic effects of opioids administered postoperatively. If so, then administration of the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil should enhance postoperative morphine analgesia. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of patients who received a preoperatively administered benzodiazepine (diazepam) for sedation and a postoperatively administered opioid (morphine) for analgesia, we investigated opioid-benzodiazepine interactions affecting postoperative dental pain. We found that flumazenil significantly enhanced morphine analgesia consistent with the hypothesis that the preoperatively administered benzodiazepine exerts an ongoing antianalgesic effect. In addition, we followed these patients over the first and second postoperative days to determine if there were differences between the drug groups in post-discharge pain, analgesic consumption, or side-effects. Participants receiving flumazenil reported significantly less post-discharge nausea and used significantly less ibuprofen. Since post-discharge pain levels were not significantly different, these results suggest that the patients receiving flumazenil required less analgesic medication to achieve a comparable level of pain control. In summary, our results indicate that the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil enhances morphine analgesia and decreases post-discharge side-effects as well as post-discharge need for analgesic medication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA.
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Gear
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miaskowski
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Heller
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Levine
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D003975:Diazepam; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D005442:Flumazenil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018757:GABA Modulators / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008964:Molar, Third; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011292:Premedication; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014081:Tooth Extraction
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D018757:GABA Modulators; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D005442:Flumazenil; D009020:Morphine; D003975:Diazepam; D007052:Ibuprofen