title: Cardiac operations in patients 90 years of age and older.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Growth of the elderly population worldwide, and specifically in the United States, will continue to accelerate and will have a profound impact on the cost and delivery of health care resources in the future. A medical strategy that allows the elderly to live independently is essential to most cost-effective use of our resources. The question remains as to what will be the future of surgical therapy for this increasing population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively studied the cases of 30 consecutive nonagenarians (mean age, 92.3 +/- 1.8 years) who underwent a cardiac operation within a 9-year period. All patients were in New York Heart Association class III or IV and underwent operation urgently or emergently.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 30-day mortality rate was 10%, and the actuarial survival rates were 81% +/- 8% and 75% +/- 9% at 1 year and 2 years, respectively. Seventy-eight percent of survivors were in New York Heart Association class I or II within 2 years after operation and had an improved quality of life. The cost of providing care in this age group was 24% higher than in octogenarians.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Advanced age in and of itself (>90 years) should not be a contraindication to an open-heart operation, although morbidity, mortality, and cost may be higher. However, selective criteria identifying risks and benefits for individual patients should be applied. The aging of our population will have a profound impact on the cost and delivery of health care resources in the future. This issue must be addressed in the current debate on the provision of expensive procedures under a realigned national health-care system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blanche
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Matloff
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Denton
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: DeRobertis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nessim
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chaux
mesh_terms: D000206:Actuarial Analysis; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011788:Quality of Life; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome