Cocaethylene exposure during the brain growth spurt period: brain growth restrictions and neurochemistry studies.
The concurrent use of alcohol and cocaine has recently attracted attention in the medical research field due to the prevalence of this drug abuse pattern and the exclusive formation of a pharmacologically active substance, cocaethylene (CE). This is the first study to examine the neuroteratogenic effects of cocaethylene exposure during the brain growth spurt (part of the third trimester equivalent) on brain growth restrictions and neurochemical profiles. For the brain growth restrictions study, three groups of artificially reared rat pups were given daily injections of 0, 10 or 20 mg/kg cocaethylene (s.c.) from postnatal days (PDs) 4 through 9. One group of normally reared pups (suckle control) also was used. These pups were perfused on PD 10 and the brains were removed and weighed (forebrain, cerebellum and brainstem). For the neurochemistry study, five groups of artificially reared pups were used and were treated identically to those in the brain growth restrictions study, with the exceptions that animals assigned to acute cocaethylene treatment groups did not receive cocaethylene from PDs 4 through 8 and all animals in this study were sacrificed on PD 9 by decapitation. One suckle control group was included to control the possible artificial rearing effects on the neurochemical measures. Blood and fresh brain tissues (cortex, subcortical structures, cerebellum and brainstem) were collected for blood cocaethylene concentration and neurochemical analyses using GC/MS and HPLC techniques, respectively. The statistical analyses indicated that daily administration of 10 or 20 mg/kg cocaethylene, but not 0 mg/kg cocaethylene, significantly restricted the brain growth (brain weights) in all three brain regions assessed. Furthermore, cocaethylene administration from PDs 4 through 9 produced region-specific alterations in various neurotransmitter concentrations. The changes in neurotransmitter levels were not a function of the responses to the last cocaethylene injection on PD 9, since the outcomes between six days of cocaethylene treatment (PDs 4 to 9) and one day acute treatment (PD 9) were notably different. Furthermore, the artificial rearing procedure appeared to produce significant alterations in various neurotransmitter levels when compared with normally reared (suckle) controls. Collectively, these results suggest that cocaethylene is neuroteratogenic to the developing brain during the third trimester equivalent and the unique formation of cocaethylene resulting from the concurrent use of alcohol and cocaine may represent an increased risk to the developing brain beyond the intrinsic neuroteratogenic effects of cocaine and alcohol individually.
Chen
W J
WJ
Department of Human Anatomy and Medical Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Texas A & M University Health Science Center, College Station 77843-1114, USA.
West
J R
JR
D000818:Animals; D015306:Biogenic Monoamines / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development*; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D003042:Cocaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity*
D015306:Biogenic Monoamines; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D013723:Teratogens; C066444:cocaethylene; D003042:Cocaine