title: Fetal growth impairment from smoking--is it influenced by maternal anthropometry?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been suggested that the effect of maternal smoking on fetal growth is partly mediated through nutritional factors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of maternal smoking on birthweight in term pregnancies among mothers with different anthropometric stature.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study from early pregnancy of healthy parous women and their infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three Scandinavian university hospitals covering all deliveries from well defined geographic areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Smoking (774) and non-smoking (325) mothers, para 1 and 2 and with > 36 weeks gestational length.
  
  
  METHODS
  Birthweight.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal age, smoking, pre-pregnancy weight, height, body mass index and pregnancy weight gain all independently influenced birthweight. Smoking mothers had significantly lower pre-pregnancy weight and lower body mass index compared to nonsmoking mothers. The negative influence of smoking on birthweight appeared to be uniformly distributed throughout all the different maternal height and weight groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Birthweight was negatively related to amount cigarettes smoked per day, and no protective effect could be demonstrated from higher maternal weight, pregnancy weight gain or body mass index.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zarén
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cnattingius
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lindmark
mesh_terms: D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D008423:Maternal Age; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D015430:Weight Gain