title: Transforming growth factor-beta-induced collagen synthesis by human liver myofibroblasts is inhibited by alpha2-macroglobulin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) plays a central role in the stimulation of matrix production during liver fibrosis. The action of TGFbeta in different systems has been shown to be influenced by alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M), a serum protein with strong protease-scavenging and cytokine-binding properties.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In the present study, alpha2M derived from normal human plasma has been tested for its ability to modulate the TGFbeta-induced collagen production by human liver fat-storing cells (FSC), which had transformed into alpha-smooth muscle actin-expressing myofibroblasts in culture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Alpha2M has been tested after activation with methylamine (alpha2M-Me), an in vitro equivalent of protease activated alpha2M. The binding of 125I-TGFbeta1 to activated forms of alpha2M was demonstrated by rate electrophoresis. Collagen synthesis was examined in human liver myofibroblast cultures obtained from three different human livers by incorporation of 3H-proline into TCA-precipitable, specific collagenase degradable proteins. Uptake of alpha2M was studied by means of immunofluorescence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TGFbeta (1 ng/ml) significantly stimulated collagen synthesis of controls in the absence of TGFbeta. Alpha2M-Me reduced this TGFbeta-induced collagen synthesis dose-dependently, reaching significant inhibition from 10 microg/ml alpha2M-Me onward. Upon addition of 100 microg/ml alpha2M-Me the effect of TGFbeta was reduced by 60% to 128+/-31% (mean+/-SD) of control values in the absence of TGFbeta. Human liver myofibroblasts endocytosed alpha2M-Me added to the cultures as detected by immunofluorescence. Accordingly, reduction of TGFbeta-activity by alpha2M-Me may be explained by receptor-mediated clearance of alpha2M-TGFbeta complexes by the cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TGFbeta-induced collagen formation by human liver myofibroblasts obtained from three different livers is reduced in vitro by activated alpha2M. From these results, we hypothesize that alpha2M may have an antifibrogenic effect in vivo by interference with TGFbeta-induced matrix synthesis during liver fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, J van Gool Laboratory for Experimental Internal Medicine, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tiggelman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Linthorst
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Boers
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Chamuleau
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003094:Collagen / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D017364:Collagenases; D004705:Endocytosis; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D011392:Proline / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000511:alpha-Macroglobulins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D000511:alpha-Macroglobulins; D003094:Collagen; D011392:Proline; D017364:Collagenases