title: Differential induction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in whole blood by bacteria: effects of antibiotic treatment.
abstract: The in vitro production of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, and the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) in whole blood upon stimulation with different bacterial strains was measured to study the possible relationship between disease severity and the cytokine-inducing capacities of these strains. Escherichia coli, Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Bacteroides fragilis, Capnocytophaga canimorsus, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pyogenes induced the cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-1ra. Gram-negative bacteria induced significantly higher levels of proinflammatory cytokine production than gram-positive bacteria. These differences were less pronounced for the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1ra. In addition, blood was stimulated with E. coli killed by different antibiotics to study the effect of the antibiotics on the cytokine-inducing capacity of the bacterial culture. E. coli treated with cefuroxime and gentamicin induced higher levels of IL-1beta and IL-6 production but levels of IL-1ra production similar to that of heat-killed E. coli. In contrast, ciprofloxacin- and imipenem-cilastatin-mediated killing showed a decreased or similar level of induction of cytokine production as compared to that by heat-killed E. coli; polymyxin B decreased the level of production of the cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Frieling
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hendriks
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Curfs
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: van der Linden
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Sauerwein
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; C507763:IL1RN protein, human; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins