title: Modeling drug dependence behaviors for animal and human studies.
abstract: Laboratory models are available to study drug reinforcement in animals and humans, but few are available to study other drug dependence phenomena, e.g., difficulty stopping or use despite harm. The present paper is a first attempt to illustrate the feasibility of developing such models for use in both nonhuman and human research and discusses their possible utility in research to understand and treat stimulant and other drug dependencies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Psychology and Family Practice, University of Vermont, Burlington 05401-1419, USA. Johns.hughes@uvm.edu
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Bickel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*