title: Secular trend in the occurrence of asthma among children and young adults: critical appraisal of repeated cross sectional surveys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review repeated surveys of the rising prevalence of obstructive lung disease among children and young adults and determine whether systematic biases may explain the observed trends.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of published reports of repeated cross sectional surveys of asthma and wheezing among children and young adults. The repeated surveys used the same sampling frame, the same definition of outcome variables, and equivalent data collection methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Repeated surveys conducted anywhere in the world.
  
  
  METHODS
  All repeated surveys whose last set of results were published in 1983 or later.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lifetime and current prevalences of asthma and current prevalence of wheezing. The absolute increase (yearly percentage) in the prevalences of asthma and wheezing was calculated and compared between studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  16 repeated surveys fulfilled the inclusion criteria. 12 reported increases in the current prevalence of asthma (from 0.09% to 0.97% a year) and eight reported increases in the current prevalence of wheezing (from 0.14% to 1.24% a year). Changes in labelling are likely to have occurred for the reporting of asthma, and information biases may have occurred for the reporting of wheezing. Only one study reported an increase in an objective measurement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evidence for increased prevalences of asthma and wheezing is weak because the measures used are susceptible to systematic errors. Until repeated surveys incorporating more objective data are available no firm conclusions about increases in obstructive lung disease among children and young adults can be drawn.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health Sciences, National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Magnus
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Jaakkola
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003625:Data Collection; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015995:Prevalence; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012135:Respiratory Sounds; D015983:Selection Bias