title: Workforce projections for emergency medicine: how many emergency physicians does the United States need?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To mathematically model the supply of and demand for emergency physicians (EPs) under different workforce conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A computer spreadsheet model was used to project annual EP workforce supply and demand through the year 2035. The mathematical equations used were: supply = number of EPs at the beginning of the year plus annual residency graduates minus annual attrition; demand = 5 full-time equivalent positions/ED x the number of hospital EDs. The demand was empirically varied to account for ED census variation, administrative and teaching responsibilities, and the availability of physician extenders. A variety of possible scenarios were tested. These projections make the assumption that emergency medicine (EM) residency graduates will preferentially fill clinical positions currently filled by EPs without EM board certification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under most of the scenarios tested, there will be a large deficit of EM board-certified EPs well into the next century. Even in scenarios involving a decreasing "demand" for EPs (e.g., in the setting of hospital closures or the training of physician extenders), a significant deficit will remain for at least several decades.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The number of EM residency positions should not be decreased during any restructuring of the U.S. health care system. EM is likely to remain a specialty in which the supply of board-certified EPs will not meet the demand, even at present levels of EM residency output, for the next several decades.
authors.affiliation: Pennsylvania State University, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Emergency Department, Hershey 17033-0850, USA.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Holliman
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Wuerz
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hirshberg
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000639:trends; D004635:Emergency Medicine / Q000193:education / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D005544:Forecasting; D018166:Health Care Reform / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016014:Linear Models; D008511:Medicine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017146:Models, Organizational; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling / Q000639:trends; D013038:Specialization; D014481:United States; D000078329:Workforce