title: One-to-one teaching with pictures--flashcard health education for British Asians with diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type 2 diabetes is up to four times more common in British Asians, but they know little about its management and complications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To design and evaluate a structured pictorial teaching programme for Pakistani Moslem patients in Manchester with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized controlled trial of pictorial flashcard one-to-one education in 201 patients attending a hospital outpatient clinic or diabetic clinics in ten general practices in Manchester. Patients' knowledge, self-caring skills and attitudes to diabetes were measured on four topics before the structured teaching, and compared with results six months later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All parameters of knowledge were increased in the study group; for example, percentage scores for correctly identifying different food values increased from 57% to 71% (Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) adjusted difference +11.8%) and knowledge of one diabetic complication from 18% to 78%. Self-caring behaviour improved, with 92% of patients doing regular glucose tests at six months compared with 63% at the start. Attitudinal views were more resistant to change, with patients still finding it hard to choose suitable foods at social occasions. Haemoglobin A1c control improved by 0.34% over six months (ANOVA adjusted difference, 95% CI -0.8% to +0.1%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that this health education programme can empower Asian diabetics to take control of their diets, learn to monitor and interpret glucose results, and understand the implications of poor glycaemic control for diabetic complications.
authors.affiliation: Manchester Diabetes Centre.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hawthorne
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tomlinson
mesh_terms: D001208:Asia / Q000208:ethnology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D013664:Teaching Materials