title: Lifelong teetotallers, ex-drinkers and drinkers: mortality and the incidence of major coronary heart disease events in middle-aged British men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine the risk of all cause mortality and the incidence of major coronary heart disease (CHD) events in lifelong teetotallers and in ex-drinkers compared with occasional and regular drinkers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study of middle-aged men drawn at random from one general practice in each of 24 British towns. Five years after the screening of 7735 men aged 40-59 years, 7167 provided further information on postal questionnaire enabling separation of non-drinkers into lifelong teetotallers and ex-drinkers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the follow-up period of 9.8 years after the postal questionnaire there were 929 deaths from all causes and 490 major CHD events. Ex-drinkers exhibited increased cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality; lifelong teetotallers showed the lowest cardiovascular mortality but a significantly increased non-cardiovascular mortality. After adjustment for confounding factors and pre-existing disease, the two non-drinking groups did not differ significantly in all cause mortality from occasional and regular drinkers (light, moderate or heavy) but lifelong teetotallers still showed a significant increase in non-cardiovascular mortality. Adjustment considerably attenuated the risk of both cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality in the ex-drinkers. In men without a diagnosis of CHD, lifelong teetotallers and ex-drinkers showed similar increased relative risk (RR) of heart attacks, with regular drinkers (combined) having a significantly decreased risk compared to occasional drinkers (RR = 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] : 0.64-0.96) and non-drinkers (RR = 0.69, 95% CI : 0.52-0.91). This decreased risk was small in absolute terms at around 2-3 major CHD events/1000 person-years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lifelong teetotallers and ex-drinkers showed a significantly increased RR of major CHD events compared with regular drinkers, although this risk is small in absolute terms. Lifelong teetotallers have a low risk of overall cardiovascular mortality and an increased risk of non-cardiovascular mortality. Non-drinkers constitute an unsuitable reference group in alcohol-related studies; occasional or even light drinkers may be more appropriate. Overall, there is no convincing evidence that light or moderate drinking has a protective effect on total or cardiovascular mortality in these middle-aged British men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Wannamethee
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Shaper
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D002423:Cause of Death; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005194:Family Practice / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D012306:Risk; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012923:Social Class; D013695:Temperance / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology