title: Influence of diabetes mellitus on clinical outcome in the thrombolytic era of acute myocardial infarction. GUSTO-I Investigators. Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to define and better understand the characteristics and outcomes of patients with diabetes treated for acute myocardial infarction with contemporary thrombolysis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Although thrombolysis has substantially improved survival of patients with myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus remains an independent predictor for a poor prognosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We characterized the contemporary relation between diabetes and outcome after myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic agents from a large international cohort. Of 41,021 patients randomized to receive accelerated tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), streptokinase or a combination of both agents in the Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries study, there were 5,944 patients with diabetes and 34,888 patients without diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with diabetes were older and more likely to be female, to present with anterior wall infarction, to receive thrombolysis later and to have triple-vessel coronary artery disease. Mortality at 30 days was highest among diabetic patients treated with insulin (12.5%) compared with non-insulin-treated diabetic (9.7%) and nondiabetic (6.2%) patients (p < 0.001). Mortality was lowest among those with diabetes receiving accelerated t-PA, which is consistent with the results of the overall patient cohort. Although stroke occurred more frequently among diabetic (1.9%) than nondiabetic patients (1.4%, p < 0.001), there was no significant difference in the rates of intracranial hemorrhage. Cardiac failure, shock, atrioventricular block and atrial flutter/ fibrillation were more common among diabetic patients. The proportion of patients undergoing revascularization was similar between patients with and without diabetes, although diabetic patients were more likely to undergo coronary artery bypass graft surgery (10.4% vs. 8.3%). Diabetes remained an independent predictor for mortality at 1-year follow-up (14.5% vs. 8.9%, p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetes, alone and in association with its comorbidities, portends a substantially worse 30-day and 1-year prognosis for patients with myocardial infarction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Mak
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Moliterno
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Granger
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Wilcox
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Califf
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Topol
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010960:Plasminogen Activators / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013300:Streptokinase / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D013300:Streptokinase; D010960:Plasminogen Activators; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator