title: Circulating transforming growth factor beta 1 and coronary artery disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1), a multifunctional cytokine, is involved in many physiological and pathological processes and possibly in atherogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We explored the association between circulating plasma TGF-beta 1 measured by ELISA and coronary artery disease (CAD) assessed angiographically in 371 Caucasian patients (269 men and 102 women) aged < or = 65 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While mean +/- s.e.m total TGF-beta 1 was not different among patients with (56.9 +/- 1.5 ng/ml) or without (54.6 +/- 2.8 ng/ml) angiographically demonstrable CAD, naturally active TGF-beta 1 was significantly higher in CAD patients (1.74 +/- 0.18 vs 0.96 +/- 0.17 ng/ml, P < 0.01). Active TGF-beta 1 increased with the number of major coronary arteries with more than 50% luminal obstruction (P < 0.01) and patients with triple vessel disease had twice the level of those with no or mild vessel disease (2.15 +/- 0.46 vs 1.12 +/- 0.14 ng/ml, P < 0.001). We found no relationship between TGF-beta 1 and Lp(a), but TGF-beta 1 was significantly correlated with circulating fibrinogen (r = 0.178, P = 0.005) and fasting glucose (r = 0.177, P = 0.007) levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study identifies an increase in active TGF-beta 1 levels with both the occurrence and severity of CAD which is independent of standard CAD risk factors. This may reflect a 'double-edged sword' effect of TGF-beta 1 in that it may reduce atherogenesis by inhibiting smooth muscle cell proliferation but, when there is ongoing vessel wall injury, enhance it by promoting excessive extracellular matrix accumulation. The outcome could represent a complex balance between these two competing influences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of New South Wales, Prince Henry/Prince of Wales Hospitals, Sydney, Australia. x.l.wang@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: X L
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: S X
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Wilcken
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D005340:Fibrinogen