title: Endothelin-1 in the gastric mucosa in stress ulcers of critically ill patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gastric microcirculatory disturbances are involved in the pathogenesis of stress ulcers; however, vasomodulators causing this process are not fully understood. This study was conducted to investigate the role of endothelin 1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictive peptide, in stress ulcers in critically ill patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using sandwich enzyme immunoassay, we measured ET-1 content in plasma and the gastric mucosa of 16 critically ill patients with traumatic head injury on admission and of 11 healthy subjects. Gastric mucosal samples were obtained endoscopically. When gastric drainage contained occult blood, endoscopic examination was performed again, and ET-1 concentrations in injured and adjacent normal mucosa were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma and mucosal ET-1 concentrations were significantly higher in critically ill patients on admission (6.1 +/- 0.6 pg/ml and 13.8 +/- 1.6 ng/g, respectively) compared with values in control subjects (2.7 +/- 0.4 pg/ml and 8.2 +/- 0.5 ng/g, respectively) (p < 0.01). The mucosal ET-1 concentration tended to be elevated in patients who had experienced hypoxia compared with those who had not (p = 0.07). In five patients who were again examined endoscopically, the ET-1 concentration in the injured mucosa was significantly higher than that in adjacent mucosa (19.2 +/- 3.2 and 10.1 +/- 1.6 ng/g, respectively; p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that endogenous ET-1 plays an important role in the local pathogenesis of stress ulcers, especially those caused by hypoxia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka University Medical School, Osaka City, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Michida
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawano
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsujii
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takei
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagano
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fusamoto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kamada
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016638:Critical Illness; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D019332:Endothelin-1