title: Development of a research-based standard for assessment, intervention, and evaluation of pain after neonatal and pediatric cardiac surgery.
abstract: This analysis of retrospective and prospective data quantified children (age range 0-18 years, total n = 132) during their stay in a cardiothoracic intensive care unit and examined pain management and sedation practices. Data on both factors that could potentially affect pain and its management, and analgesics/sedatives ordered for and administered to subjects were collected from chart review. In the prospective group, pain intensity was measured twice daily using the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale. Repeat cardiac surgical procedure subjects reported significantly more pain than nonrepeat subjects on the first postoperative night. Subjects with sternal incisions reported significantly more pain than subjects with submammary incisions. Not all subjects were premedicated with analgesia for invasive procedures. Significantly greater amounts of analgesia were received by the 0-3 year-old subjects. Large amounts of sedation were used, especially in children under 3 years of age. The results prompted development of a nursing standard to assess and manage pain and sedation in this population.
authors.affiliation: UCLA Medical Center, USA.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: McRae
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Rourke
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Imperial-Perez
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Eisenring
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Ueda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015400:Clinical Nursing Research; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000451:nursing; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009730:Nursing Assessment / Q000592:standards*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000592:standards*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000451:nursing*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies