title: Subfascial endoscopic perforator ligation: an analysis of early clinical outcomes and cost.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Early results of subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery (SEPS) were examined. Data on ulcer healing, complications, and costs are presented.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were prospectively collected for all patients who underwent SEPS at our institution. A concurrent control group was not available because primary open perforator ligation is no longer performed at our hospital. Preoperative assessment included duplex scanning (valve closure times and perforator mapping), plethysmography, and phlebography. Completeness of therapy was assessed with postoperative duplex mapping of perforating veins. Clinical status was monitored after surgery, and actual costs, including equipment, personnel, and facilities management, are reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen procedures were performed in 15 patients (mean age, 52 years; range, 42 to 65 years). Two patients underwent bilateral SEPS, and one patient underwent a second procedure on the same leg. Active ulceration (class 6) was present in 14 of 18 limbs (78%), recently healed ulcers (class 5) in two of 18 (11%), and lipodermatosclerosis with edema (class 4) in two. Deep venous insufficiency was present in 14 of 18 (78%). The number of perforating veins ligated per leg ranged from 0 to 12 (mean, 4.3). Follow-up ranged from 3 to 64 weeks (mean, 22 weeks). Complete ulcer healing occurred in eight of 14 limbs (57%) at a mean of 14 weeks. Reduction in ulcer size was noted in four of 14 (29%), and two limbs were not improved. There were no new ulcers. Residual perforating veins were noted in four of 18 limbs. None of the limbs with residual perforating veins had complete healing of ulceration. Operating room costs were higher than those associated with limited-incision open perforator ligation ($2570 vs $1883).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These preliminary data suggest that when used as part of a treatment plan to correct deep and superficial venous insufficiency SEPS results in a high rate of wound healing, with no recurrent ulceration in this series. Increased operating room costs associated with longer operations and greater disposable expenses will likely be overcome by shortened length of stay and diminished wound complications. These findings emphasize the importance of ligating all incompetent perforating veins, as ulcer healing was never achieved when residual perforating veins were found at follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, New England Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Iafrati
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D000071938:Fasciotomy; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics; D008026:Ligation / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009873:Operating Rooms / Q000191:economics; D012008:Recurrence; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014647:Varicose Ulcer / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery; D014680:Veins / Q000601:surgery; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery*