title: Detachment of glycolytic enzymes from cytoskeleton of melanoma cells induced by calmodulin antagonists.
abstract: Glycolysis, which is the primary energy source in cancer cells, is known to be controlled by allosteric regulators, as well as by reversible binding of glycolytic enzymes to cytoskeleton. We have previously found that different calmodulin antagonists decrease the levels of allosteric activators of glycolysis, and reduce ATP content and cell viability in B16 melanoma cells. Here we report of a novel, additional, mechanism of action of calmodulin antagonists in melanoma cells. We show that these drugs cause a detachment of the glycolytic enzymes, phosphofructokinase (ATP: D-fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.11) and aldolase (D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase, EC 4.1.2.13), from cytoskeleton of B16 melanoma cells. This effect was dose- and time-dependent, and preceded the decrease in cell viability. The detachment of glycolytic enzymes from cytoskeleton would reduce the provision of local ATP, in the vicinity of the cytoskeleton-membrane and would affect cytoskeleton structure. Since the cytoskeleton is being recognized as an important modulator of cell function, proliferation, differentiation and neoplasia, detachment of the glycolytic enzymes from cytoskeleton induced by calmodulin antagonists, as well as their reported inhibitory action on cell proliferation, make these drugs most promising agents in treatment of cancer.
authors.affiliation: Health Sciences Research Center, Department of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Glass-Marmor
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beitner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003022:Clotrimazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005634:Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase / Q000378:metabolism; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008545:Melanoma / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D010732:Phosphofructokinase-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects; D013881:Thioridazine / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D001562:Benzimidazoles; D002147:Calmodulin; D007093:Imidazoles; C052087:CGS 9343B; D010732:Phosphofructokinase-1; D005634:Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase; D003022:Clotrimazole; D013881:Thioridazine; C036596:bifonazole