title: Growth failure as a prognostic indicator of mortality in pediatric HIV infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect of perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on somatic growth and examine the relationship of nutritional status to mortality in HIV-infected infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic at Mulago hospital in Kampala, Uganda, were enrolled. All live-born babies born to HIV-1 seropositive (HIV+) women, and to every fourth age-matched HIV-1 seronegative (HIV-) woman, were followed for 25 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean weight-for-age and length-for-age curves of HIV+ children were significantly lower than those of HIV- controls and seroeverters. Forty-five (54%) of the 84 HIV+ infants died before their second birthday, as compared with a 1.6% and 5.6% mortality in HIV- and seroeverters. HIV+ infants with an average weight-for-age Z-score below -1.5 in the first year of life have a nearly fivefold risk of dying before 25 months of age compared with noninfected controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perinatally acquired HIV infection is associated with early and progressive growth failure. The severity of growth failure is associated with an increased risk of mortality. The effect of early, aggressive nutritional intervention in delaying HIV progression and mortality should be evaluated by controlled intervention studies.
authors.affiliation: New England Medical Center, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Berhane
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bagenda
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marum
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aceng
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ndugwa
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Bosch
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Olness
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000151:congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001724:Birth Weight; D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006128:Growth; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000175:diagnosis; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology