Identification of three key residues in substrate recognition site 5 of human cytochrome P450 3A4 by cassette and site-directed mutagenesis.
Cassette mutagenesis and site-directed mutagenesis were used to investigate the importance of individual amino acid residues at positions 364-377 of cytochrome P450 3A4 in determining steroid hydroxylation or stimulation by alpha-naphthoflavone. The mutants were expressed in an Escherichia coli system, and solubilized membranes were prepared. All mutants except R365G and R365K exhibited anti-3A immunoreactivity on Western blotting, although R372S and R375K were not detected as the Fe2+-CO complex. Replacement of Arg-372 by Lys yielded a typical P450 spectrum. The results indicate that the highly conserved Arg residues at positions 365 and 375 may play a role in stabilizing the tertiary structure or in heme binding. Catalytic activities of 12 mutants were examined using progesterone and testosterone as substrates, and residues 369, 370, and 373 were found to play an important role in determining substrate specificity. Although the three mutants hydroxylated progesterone and testosterone primarily at the 6beta-position like the wild-type, replacement of Ile-369 by Val suppressed progesterone 16alpha-hydroxylase activity, whereas substitution of Ala-370 with Val enhanced progesterone 16alpha-hydroxylation. Interestingly, substitution of Leu-373 with His resulted in production of a new metabolite from both steroids. Moreover, the mutants at positions 369 and 373 were more and less responsive, respectively, than the wild-type to alpha-naphthoflavone stimulation. Alterations in activities or expression of several mutants were interpreted using a three-dimensional model of P450 3A4. The results suggest that analogy with mammalian family 2 and bacterial cytochromes P450 can be used to predict P450 3A residues that contribute to regiospecific steroid hydroxylation.
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Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
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Szklarz
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Halpert
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D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; D001483:Base Sequence; D001571:Benzoflavones / Q000378:metabolism; D065727:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D011374:Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D039181:Steroid 16-alpha-Hydroxylase; D013739:Testosterone / Q000378:metabolism
D001571:Benzoflavones; D013739:Testosterone; D011374:Progesterone; C011512:alpha-naphthoflavone; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; C450260:CYP2C9 protein, human; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C450259:CYP2C8 protein, human; C104464:CYP3A protein, human; D065727:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; D039181:Steroid 16-alpha-Hydroxylase