title: Transoccipital power-based color-coded duplex sonography of cerebral sinuses and veins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Power-based transcranial color-coded duplex sonography is a new development for cerebrovascular imaging that is suited for detection of slow velocities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of this technique to detect cerebral sinuses and veins by means of the occipital window and to provide reference data.
  
  
  METHODS
  The straight and inferior sagittal sinuses, great and internal cerebral veins, and basal veins were insonated in 120 normal subjects. The number of identified vessels, peak systolic (PSV) and end-diastolic (PDV) velocities, and resistance indices were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In subjects aged 20 to 59 years, straight sinuses were identified in 81% and great and internal cerebral veins in 34%. In subjects aged 60 to 79 years, straight sinuses were detected in 50%, great cerebral veins in 20%, and internal cerebral veins in 13%. All insonated inferior sagittal sinuses and basal veins were missed. Velocities were highest in straight sinuses (PSV, 35 [7 to 64] cm/s; PDV, 23 [2 to 43] cm/s), slower in great cerebral veins (PSV, 23 [12 to 34] cm/s; PDV, 16 [7 to 26] cm/s), and slowest in internal cerebral veins (PSV, 14 [10 to 18] cm/s; PDV, 10 [5 to 15] cm/s) (mean with 95% confidence intervals [CIs]). Straight sinus velocities decreased with age for PSV (20 to 39 years, 40 [7 to 73] cm/s; 60 to 79 years, 28 [9 to 46] cm/s; P < .01) and PDV values (20 to 39 years, 28 [4 to 52] cm/s; 60 to 79 years, 16 [5 to 26] cm/s; P < .001) (mean with 95% CIs) and were higher in women than men in the group aged 20 to 39 years. (P < .05). Resistance indices increased with age in the straight sinus (20 to 39 years, 0.30 [0.18 to 0.42]; 60 to 79 years, 0.42 [0.31 to 0.53]; P < .001) (mean with 95% CIs).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transoccipital power-based color-coded duplex sonography enabled imaging and velocity measurements in the straight sinus of subjects aged 20 to 59 years. In elder subjects detection rate of the straight sinus decreased, and it was low for deep cerebral veins in all age groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Nirkko
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Müri
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gönner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D002550:Cerebral Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D005005:Ethmoid Sinus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D005626:Frontal Sinus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013101:Sphenoid Sinus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000502:physiology