title: Short-term inhibition of the Na-H exchanger limits acidosis and reduces ischemic injury in the rat heart.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pharmacologic inhibition of the Na-H exchanger prior to and during ischemia has been shown to protect the ischemic heart by reducing Na-H exchange. However, pH regulation in the ischemic heart is primarily mediated by other pH regulatory mechanisms, such as metabolite efflux and sodium-coupled HCO3-influx, which may compensate for a reduction in Na-H exchange by increasing proton efflux. We hypothesized that short-term pharmacologic inhibition of the Na-H exchanger would result in increases in other compensatory pH regulatory mechanisms and thereby limit acidosis during ischemia and reduce ischemic injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to test this hypothesis, we exposed isolated perfused rat hearts to ethylisopropylamiloride (EIPA, 3 micro M) for 40 min, followed by 10 min of EIPA-free perfusate and 30 min of global ischemia (termed CTL/EIPA hearts). The effects of this intervention were compared to hearts perfused with either glucose alone (CTL) or EIPA 3 micro M for 10 min before ischemia (EIPA). Ischemic injury was measured using creatine kinase (CK) release on reperfusion, while pH and metabolic effects were measured using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The effect of this intervention on recovery from an acid load was assessed using an NH4Cl pre-pulse in bicarbonate-containing Krebs-Henseleit as well as a HEPES buffer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both CTL/EIPA and EIPA hearts had marked reduction in ischemic injury (CK control 1191 +/- IU/g dry weight: CTL/EIPA 406 +/- 42 IU/gdw; EIPA 333 +/- 78 IU/gdw), as well as significantly reduced end-diastolic pressure on reperfusion. Intracellular pH was higher in the CTL/EIPA hearts (end-ischemic pH = 6.34 +/- 0.05) compared to either control (5.86 +/- 0.02) or EIPA hearts (6.01 +/- 0.02), while pH recovery on reperfusion was markedly slowed in the CTL/EIPA hearts. CTL/EIPA hearts had rapid ATP depletion during ischemia, but PCr recovery comparable to EIPA hearts. Acidification on exposure to NH4Cl was increased in the presence of HEPES, but ph recovery was not altered by short-term exposure to EIPA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show that short-term inhibition of the Na-H altered pH regulation in the ischemic heart, resulting in reduced acidosis and slow pH recovery on reperfusion, coupled with reduction in ischemic injury and end-diastolic pressure on a reperfusion. These findings are consistent with short-term exposure to EIPA accelerating ATP depletion during ischemia, as well as limiting proton efflux during reperfusion.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California Davis 95616, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramasamy
mesh_terms: D000138:Acidosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000584:Amiloride / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000643:Ammonium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D010477:Perfusion; D010725:Phosphocreatine / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers; D000643:Ammonium Chloride; D010725:Phosphocreatine; D000584:Amiloride; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; C039614:ethylisopropylamiloride