title: Clock drawing test in elderly schizophrenia patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clock drawing has been studies in Alzheimer's disease but not in elderly schizophrenics. We examined clock drawing ability in elderly schizophrenia patients and sought possible correlations with demographic, clinical and cognitive variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of the clock drawing item from the Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG) presented to three independent raters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Long-stay 'open' departments of a public psychiatric hospital in Israel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one physically well psychiatric inpatients suffering from schizophrenia (DSM-III-R, APA), between ages 60 and 76 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Clock Drawing Interpretation Scale (CDIS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean CDIS score was 14.4 (out of 20), and 61-84% of patients scored beneath the normal range (> 18). Interrater reliability was high (0.91-0.96). A moderate but significant correlation was found between CDIS and duration of illness as well as total scores on the Manchester Scale, the CAMCOG and the Mini-Mental State Examination, but not with the other variables studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clock drawing skills of a significant portion of long-term institutionalized elderly schizophrenics are impaired. When this test is used as a screening device for Alzheimer's disease in these patients, the results should be interpreted cautiously. Clock drawing abilities in these patients seem to be related to cognitive and non-cognitive (psychiatric state) factors, as well as to illness duration.
authors.affiliation: Margoletz Psychogeriatric Centre, Ichilov Hospital, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heinik
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Vainer-Benaiah
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lahav
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Drummer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005852:Geriatric Psychiatry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007326:Institutionalization; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012112:Residential Facilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013997:Time Factors