title: Apoptosis in the rat penis after penile denervation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite the advances in nerve sparing prostatectomy for prostate cancer, some patients develop impotence or subjectively complain of a decrease in penile size. We hypothesized that these clinical observations may be explained by injury to the cavernous nerves resulting in programmed cell death (apoptosis) within the penis. We utilized a rat model of penile denervation in order to demonstrate apoptosis after denervation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen male Sprague Dawley rats underwent abdominal exploration and bilateral cavernous neurotomy. Fifteen sham operations were performed as normal controls. The rats were sacrificed on postoperative day 1,2,3,6, and 10 and their penises were harvested. Messenger RNA was extracted and probed on a northern blot for sulfated glycoprotein-2 (SGP-2). SGP-2 is a gene product reported to be elevated in apoptotic tissues. Separate denervated and sham rats were used for DNA extraction (sacrificed postoperative day #2) in order to demonstrate the internucleosomal DNA fragmentation (laddering) found in apoptotic tissues. In addition, in situ histology was performed with ISEL techniques (in situ end labeling) to stain for apoptotic nuclei in denervated rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Northern blot analysis showed a large increase in SGP-2 mRNA expression in the denervated rats with little detected in the sham operated group. DNA extraction studies revealed the presence of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation on agarose gel (a marker for apoptosis) in the denervated group versus intact high molecular weight DNA in the sham rats. In addition, in situ staining of denervated penile erectile tissue demonstrated apoptotic nuclei in the cavernous tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Apoptosis of penile erectile tissue occurs after denervation of the rat penis. This has not been previously described in the literature and may offer some explanation at the molecular level concerning the mechanism of impotence and/or decrease in penile size after radical prostatectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: L T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buttyan
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Raffo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burchard
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Devris
authors.forename: Y C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shabsigh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D051152:Clusterin; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D003714:Denervation; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010413:Penis / Q000166:cytology* / Q000294:innervation* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D051152:Clusterin; D006023:Glycoproteins; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D004247:DNA