title: Minimally invasive cryosurgery--technological advances.
abstract: The technological advances which have caused renewed interest in cryosurgery are the development of intraoperative ultrasound to monitor the therapeutic process and the development of new cryosurgical equipment designed to use supercooled liquid nitrogen. The thin, highly efficient probes, available in several sizes, can be placed in diseased sites via endoscopy or percutaneously in minimally invasive procedures. The manner of use is to place the probe in the desired location in the diseased tissue with ultrasound guidance. If required by the size or location of the tumor, as many as five probes can be inserted and cooled to -195 degrees C simultaneously. The process of freezing is monitored by ultrasound which displays a hypoechoic (dark) image when the tissue if frozen. Rapid freezing, slow thawing, and repetition of the freeze/thaw cycle are standard features of technique. Clinical applications which have become common in the past 4 years include the treatment of prostatic cancer and liver tumors. The cases selected for cryosurgery are generally those for which no conventional treatment is possible. However, especially in prostatic cancer, the operative morbidity is so low and the results of therapy are sufficiently good in the short term to merit consideration of use in earlier stages of the disease. Diverse tumors in other sites, such as the brain, bronchus, bone, pancreas, kidney, and uterus, have also been treated in small numbers by cryosurgery. Judging from this experience, further expansion in the use of cryosurgical techniques seems certain.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cryobiological Research State University of New York, Binghamton 13902, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baust
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Gage
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D014463:Ultrasonography