title: Endogenous nitric oxide production and atrial natriuretic peptide biological activity in infants undergoing cardiac operations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether preoperative heart failure and cardiac surgery influence nitric oxide production and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) biological activity in infants and whether nitric oxide and ANP participate in the control of postoperative pulmonary vascular tone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary pediatric cardiac intensive care unit in a referral cardiosurgical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen infants (median age 4 months) undergoing cardiac surgery: 13 infants with ventricular or atrioventricular septal defect associated with heart failure and pulmonary hypertension (group 1); and six infants with tetralogy of Fallot, without heart failure (group 2).
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples obtained from indwelling catheters or bypass circuit outlets.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nitrite and nitrate blood concentrations (as a marker for nitric oxide synthesis) and the molar ratio of cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) to ANP (as a marker for ANP biological activity) were determined before, during, and up to 24 hrs after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). In group 1 patients, these biological parameters were related to postoperative pulmonary arterial pressure. Preoperative nitrite and nitrate concentrations were higher in group 1 patients than in group 2 patients (p < .02), and this difference persisted during CPB. Nitrite and nitrate concentrations 24 hrs postoperatively were lower than preoperative values in group 1 patients (p < .05) and were unchanged in group 2 patients. An inverse correlation was observed postoperatively between nitrite and nitrate concentrations and systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (r2 = 0.4, p < .05). Group 1 patients had a lower preoperative cGMP/ANP ratio than group 2 patients (p < .05), despite higher ANP levels (p < .005). The cGMP/ANP ratio decreased during CPB in both groups (p < .0001), and in group 2 patients, cGMP and ANP values remained below preoperative values < or = 24 hrs postoperatively. A correlation was observed between ANP levels and systolic pulmonary arterial pressure 2 and 4 hrs postoperatively (r2 = .4, p < .05, respectively), but no correlation was observed between ANP biological activity and postoperative pulmonary arterial pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infants with heart failure and pulmonary hypertension have increased nitric oxide synthesis and decreased ANP biological activity; both phenomena may be involved in the pathophysiology of this clinical condition. CPB has no detectable effect on nitric oxide production but does decrease ANP biological activity. In patients with preoperative heart failure and pulmonary hypertension, endogenous nitric oxide appears to play a role in the control of postoperative pulmonary vascular tone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Centre Chirurgical Marie-Lannelongue, Paris, France.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Seghaye
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duchateau
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bruniaux
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Demontoux
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Détruit
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bosson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lecronier
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mokhfi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Serraf
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Planché
mesh_terms: D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000097:blood; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D006343:Heart Septal Defects / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D007223:Infant; D009566:Nitrates / Q000097:blood; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D009573:Nitrites / Q000097:blood; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D013771:Tetralogy of Fallot / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor; D006152:Cyclic GMP