title: Tobacco and cancer in Turkey.
abstract: Although the smoking epidemic is decreasing steadily in other parts of the world, it continues to spread at an accelerated rate in underdeveloped and developing countries. Turkey, among other developing countries, faces the increasing threat of tobacco-related cancers, particularly lung cancer, which is the leading cause of cancer death in both sexes. We investigated the relationship between cigarette consumption and the relative mortality rates due to lung cancer in men and women between 1965 and 1992. We found a parallelism between the increasing total and per capita cigarette consumption and the rising relative mortality from lung cancer in both sexes. Total per capita cigarette consumption rose from 1230 cigarettes per year in 1985 to 1495 in 1991, and the per capita yearly cigarette consumption over the age of 15 increased from 1850 in 1965 to 2600 in 1992. During the same period, the relative mortality from lung cancer increased from 25 to 40% in men and from 11 to 16% in women. The tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide determinations of locally produced and imported cigarettes suggested that the high tar and carbon monoxide content of most locally produced cigarettes smoked over many years could also be a contributory factor to the increased mortality rates due to lung cancer. Only two brands of locally produced cigarettes contained lower than 12 mg of tar per cigarette as allowed in European community states, whereas half of the imported brands of cigarettes met this standard. Four of the six imported brands of cigarettes contained higher tar and carbon monoxide compared with the same brands sold in England. These findings indicate that urgent measures are necessary not only to ban all activities promoting the sale of cigarettes but also to establish standards for both national and foreign brands of cigarettes while making a greater effort to reduce active and passive smoking in the Turkish population.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Oncology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Firat
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000032:analysis; D010947:Plants, Toxic; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013638:Tars / Q000032:analysis; D014026:Nicotiana; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D013638:Tars; D009538:Nicotine; D002248:Carbon Monoxide