title: Recurrence of autoimmune hepatitis in children after liver transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Liver transplantation is recognized as the appropriate treatment for end-stage liver disease due to chronic active autoimmune hepatitis. While it was initially thought that the disease did not recur after transplant, it is now generally accepted that adult patients may develop recurrent disease, with studies reporting a recurrence rate of < or = 25%. We have noted a higher incidence of recurrent autoimmune hepatitis in our pediatric patients undergoing liver transplant, with a high incidence of associated morbidity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the records of six children followed up for autoimmune hepatitis who underwent orthotopic liver transplant for complications of end-stage liver disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the six, five developed recurrent autoimmune hepatitis at a mean time of 11.4 months after transplant. The disease was aggressive, leading to cirrhosis and retransplant in three patients, within 1 year of recurrence. A second recurrence of disease occurred in all three retransplanted patients. One patient has received a third liver transplant, one has died, and one patient is asymptomatic on medical therapy. Autoimmune hepatitis recurred in all four patients receiving tacrolimus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that liver transplant for autoimmune hepatitis is likely to be palliative for most pediatric patients. Potent immunosuppressives such as tacrolimus do not protect against the development of recurrent autoimmune hepatitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Birnbaum
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Benkov
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Pittman
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: McFarlane-Ferreira
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Rosh
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: LeLeiko
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D019693:Hepatitis, Autoimmune / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology*; D017093:Liver Failure / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016559:Tacrolimus