title: Comparison of perfluorochemical fluids used for liquid ventilation: effect of endotracheal tube flow resistance.
abstract: Neonatal endotracheal tubes with small inner diameters are associated with increased resistance regardless of the medium used for assisted ventilation. During liquid ventilation (LV) reduced interfacial tension and pressure drop along the airways result in lower alveolar inflation pressure compared with gas ventilation (GV). This is possible by optimizing liquid ventilation strategies to overcome the resistive forces associated with liquid density (rho) and viscosity (mu) of these fluids. Knowledge of the effect of rho, mu, and endotracheal tube (ETT) size on resistance is essential to optimize LV strategies. To evaluate these physical properties, three perfluorochemical (PFC) fluids with a range of kinematic viscosities (FC-75 = 0.82, LiquiVent = 1.10, APF-140 = 2.90) and four different neonatal ETT tubes (Mallincrokdt Hi-Lo Jet ID 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, and 4.0 mm) were studied. Under steady-state flow, flow and pressure drop across the ETTs were measured simultaneously. Resistance was calculated by dividing pressure drop by flow, and both pressure-flow and resistance-flow relationships were plotted. Also, pressure drop and resistance were each plotted as a function of kinematic viscosity at flows of 0.01 L.s-1 for all four ETT sizes. Data demonstrated a quadratic relationship with respect to pressure drop versus flow, and a linear relationship with resistance versus flow: both were significantly correlated (R = 0.92; P < 0.01) and were inversely related to ETT size. Additionally, there was a significant correlation between pressure drop or resistance and kinematic viscosity (R = 0.99; P < 0.01). For LV in neonates these data can be used to select the optimum ETT size and PFC liquid depending OR the chosen ventilation strategy.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Neonatology, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Weis
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Wolfson
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Shaffer
mesh_terms: D000403:Airway Resistance; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012212:Rheology; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D005466:Fluorocarbons