title: Common bile duct exploration and laparoscopic cholecystectomy: role of intraoperative ultrasonography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In October 1993, to detect associated common bile duct (CBD) stones, we started an evaluation program of patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis who were candidates for laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a standard preoperative algorithm and a laparoscopic ultrasonographic (LUS) examination. Preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was reserved for high-risk patients for CBD stones. Laparoscopic ultrasonographic examination during cholecystectomy was routinely performed to identify stones unsuspected preoperatively. Two-hundred-sixteen patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis were included in the study; 177 patients (82%) were at low risk for choledocholithiasis and 39 patients (18%) were at high risk and had preoperative ERCP. In 17 patients (43.5%) CBD stones were found, and in 16 patients (41%) they were removed by endoscopic sphincterotomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all patients, the main intra- and extrahepatic ducts were well documented by LUS, but in eight cases the distal tract of the CBD was not well-visualized. In eight patients, small stones were found in the CBD. A subsequent peroperative cholangiography or CBD exploration confirmed the diagnosis. In one patient, both LUS and cholangiography suspected a small stone; the CBD exploration did not confirm it (false positive). In two patients a small stone in the CBD was found during the followup period (two false negatives). An endoscopic sphincterotomy solved the problem.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic ultrasonographic examination may be a real alternative to cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: this may be reserved for selected instances on the basis of LUS findings. On the other hand, considerable ultrasonographic experience is required for LUS to be performed successfully.
authors.affiliation: Clinica Chirurgica VI and Istituto di Chirurgia Generale e Oncologia Chirurgica, Università di Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Santambrogio
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montorsi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Opocher
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Verga
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Panzera
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cosentino
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D042882:Gallstones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods