title: Decompressive bifrontal craniectomy in the treatment of severe refractory posttraumatic cerebral edema.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The management of malignant posttraumatic cerebral edema remains a frustrating endeavor for the neurosurgeon and the intensivist. Mortality and morbidity rates remain high despite refinements in medical and pharmacological means of controlling elevated intracranial pressure; therefore, a comparison of medical management versus decompressive craniectomy in the management of malignant posttraumatic cerebral edema was undertaken.
  
  
  METHODS
  At the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, 35 bifrontal decompressive craniectomies were performed on patients suffering from malignant posttraumatic cerebral edema. A control population was formed of patients whose data was accrued in the Traumatic Coma Data Bank. Patients who had undergone surgery were matched with one to four control patients based on sex, age, preoperative Glasgow Coma Scale scores, and maximum preoperative intracranial pressure (ICP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall rate of good recovery and moderate disability for the patients who underwent craniectomies was 37% (13 of 35 patients), whereas the mortality rate was 23% (8 of 35 patients). Pediatric patients had a higher rate of favorable outcome (44%, 8 of 18 patients) than did adult patients. Postoperative ICP was lower than preoperative ICP in patients who underwent decompression (P = 0.0003). Postoperative ICP was lower in patients who underwent surgery than late measurements of ICP in the matched control population. A statistically significant increased rate of favorable outcomes was seen in the patients who underwent surgery compared to the matched control patients (15.4%) (P = 0.014). All patients who exhibited sustained ICP values above 40 torr and those who underwent surgery more than 48 hours after the time of injury did poorly. Evaluation of the 20 patients who did not fit into either of those categories revealed a 60% rate of favorable outcome and a statistical advantage over control patients (P = 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decompressive bifrontal craniectomy provides a statistical advantage over medical treatment of intractable posttraumatic cerebral hypertension and should be considered in the management of malignant posttraumatic cerebral swelling. If the operation can be accomplished before the ICP value exceeds 40 torr for a sustained period and within 48 hours of the time of injury, the potential to influence outcome is greatest.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, USA.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Polin
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Shaffrey
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bogaev
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tisdale
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Germanson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bocchicchio
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jane
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000379:methods*; D019299:Decompression, Surgical / Q000379:methods*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D007427:Intracranial Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome