title: Infestation of sheep dung by nematophagous fungi and implications for the control of free-living stages of gastro-intestinal nematodes.
abstract: A field trial was conducted to assess the rate at which dung becomes infested by fungi which parasitise nematodes (nematophagous fungi) after deposition. Sheep dung was placed on field plots of bare ground, ryegrass (Lolium perenne), browntop (Agrostis capillaris) and white clover (Trifolium repens) in summer (February) and autumn (April), and subsamples were examined at intervals for the presence of nematophagous fungi. Nematophagous fungi occurred in 71% of 129 samples recovered in February and 57% of 58 samples recovered in April. Arthrobotrys oligospora, Monacrosporium candidum and Nematoctonus spp. were the most frequently isolated nematode-trapping fungi in both seasons. The endoparasitic nematophagous fungus Harposporium leptospira also occurred frequently in dung deposited in February, but not April. Fungi entered dung quickly, with 83% and 58% of dung samples containing nematophagous fungi at 3 days after deposition in February and April, respectively. The percentage of dung infested by nematophagous fungi on plots of bare ground, ryegrass, white clover and browntop was 76%, 75%, 61% and 55%, respectively. Results suggest that a number of species of nematophagous fungi are able to enter dung soon after deposition on a variety of types of ground cover.
authors.affiliation: AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Hay
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Niezen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bateson
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Robertson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004064:Digestive System / Q000469:parasitology; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D003904:Mitosporic Fungi / Q000502:physiology; D009348:Nematoda / Q000382:microbiology*; D009349:Nematode Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary; D009520:New Zealand; D012756:Sheep / Q000469:parasitology*; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000517:prevention & control