title: Magnetic resonance imaging of osteonecrosis in divers: comparison with plain radiographs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as compared with radiographic findings in osteonecrosis in divers.
  
  
  METHODS
  MRI scans and conventional radiographs of the shoulder, hip and knee joints of 23 professional male scuba divers were reviewed together with their clinical findings and personal histories. Correlations between the MRI findings and the radiographic evaluation, clinical symptoms, and personal history were then investigated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lesions found on MRI in 23 divers included 27 in 39 proximal humeri, 17 in 36 proximal femora, 13 in 32 distal femora, and 12 in 32 proximal tibiae. Diffuse, marginated, or irregular patterns were observed. No lesions were seen in epiphyses of the distal femur or proximal tibia. We tried to classify these MRI findings by location and appearance. MRI showed no patients with only one affected bone. A close correlation between the MRI findings and maximum diving depth was observed in the proximal humerus. MRI depicted bone lesions that could not be detected on the radiographs. A routine MRI investigation of the hip joints should be performed in every diver in whom osteonecrosis is diagnosed at another site, for early detection of femoral head osteonecrosis. MRI of the shoulder joint is also the best surveillance in divers who dive deeper than 15 m.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Atsumi Hospital, Aichi-ken, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shinoda
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawasaki
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tagawa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iwata
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004242:Diving / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005271:Femur Head Necrosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010020:Osteonecrosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011859:Radiography; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*