title: Hemodynamic and clinical effects of oral levodopa in children with congestive heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to evaluate the safety, efficacy and pharmacodynamic variables of oral levodopa in pediatric patients with congestive heart failure refractory to standard therapy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Therapeutic options for children with congestive cardiomyopathies are limited to digoxin, diuretic agents and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Previous work in adults with congestive heart failure has shown a short-term effectiveness of levodopa and improvement of cardiac function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography, surface electrocardiography, Holter monitoring and exercise testing, when applicable, were performed. Levodopa was administered in a dose escalation scale from 8 mg/kg body weight per dose to 20 mg/kg per dose over 3 days with concomitant metoclopramide and pyridoxine. Catecholamine levels at initiation of the trial and throughout dose escalation were measured, with echocardiographic and electrocardiographic correlation. After 24-h drug washout, cardiac catheterization was performed both before and after administration of levodopa.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between February 1992 and December 1995, nine children (age 10 +/- 1.7 years, weight 27.8 +/- 4.3 kg) were enrolled in this study. At cardiac catheterization, serum dopamine levels rose from 108.5 +/- 59.2 pg/ml to 1,375.8 +/- 567.9 pg/ml (p = 0.03) at 100 +/- 14.8 min after levodopa administration without a significant change in serum norepinephrine or epinephrine levels. Paralleling these increases, there were significant changes in the cardiac index (1.7 +/- 0.3 to 3.2 +/- 0.7 liters/min per m2), stroke volume index (16.1 +/- 3.2 to 31.2 +/- 7.0 ml/m2 per min), oxygen consumption (138.6 +/- 24.4 to 188.3 +/- 30.8 ml/min per m2) and systemic vascular resistance (36.8 +/- 8 to 21.9 +/- 5.5 indexed Wood's units; all p < 0.01). There was a significant reversal of the daily fluid volume output/input ratio from 0.8 +/- 0.1 to 1.2 +/- 0.1 (p < 0.01). Levodopa administration was complicated by hypertension or tachycardia, or both, requiring a dose reduction in three patients, and by significant gastrointestinal distress in one. There was sustained symptomatic improvement a median of 19.5 months after drug initiation in seven of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These preliminary data support the hemodynamic value of oral levodopa in the treatment of severe congestive heart failure in children.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Ohio 45229-3039, USA. AMendelsohn@chmcc.org
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mendelsohn
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Chance
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Beekman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015259:Dopamine Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004452:Echocardiography; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007980:Levodopa / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015259:Dopamine Agents; D007980:Levodopa