title: Sedation for the conduct of lumbar epidural anaesthesia: a study using subanaesthetic dose of ketamine in combination with midazolam.
abstract: We gave sedation for the conduct of lumbar epidural analgesia using intravenous ketamine 0.3 mg.kg-1 with intravenous midazolam 2 mg. Forty adult Chinese females undergoing major gynaecological laparotomies had epidural catheter inserted before general anaesthesia, 20 of whom were given ketamine and midazolam (study group) and the other 20 acted as control. During the conduct of the epidural, the pain and anxiety scores in the study group were significantly less than the control group (P < 0.05). Patients were significantly more sedated in the study group (P < 0.05). All the patients in the study group were satisfied and would consent to future epidural versus 75% in the control group (significant at P < 0.05). Ninety per cent of patients in the study group had amnesia but none in the control group. Pain experienced during the epidural was the reason for refusal of future epidural. We did not observe any emergence phenomenon or cardiovascular stimulation. There was a statistically significant decrease in the pulse oximetry oxygen saturation (SpO2) in the study group but none required oxygen supplementation. We concluded that pain caused by the conduct of epidural did decrease the patient's acceptance rate to future epidural, and the combined use of intravenous ketamine 0.3 mg.kg-1 and midazolam 2 mg provided adequate sedation, analgesia, anxiolysis and amnesia to significantly increase the acceptance rate without any significant side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Kandang Kerbau Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Loo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Sia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods*; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005831:Genital Diseases, Female / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine; D008874:Midazolam; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D007649:Ketamine; D008874:Midazolam