title: Direct intraoperative measurement of human brain temperature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because hypothermia enhances human tolerance for cerebral ischemia, profound hypothermia is induced in many centers so that the circulation can be arrested while clips are applied to high-risk giant cerebral aneurysms. Brain temperature is measured directly with an intracerebral probe that avoids the uncertainty of surrogate monitoring. However, when there is a large thermal gradient between brain temperature and that of the operating room, even direct measurements can sometimes be misleading. This study was undertaken to determine how deeply a thermal sensor must be embedded in the cerebral parenchyma to ensure that the ambient environment does not distort the measurement of brain temperature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each of 39 normothermic patients had a thermocouple sensor inserted into a temporal lobe seizure focus just before its resection. Brain temperature was measured as the sensor was withdrawn in stages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At both 3 and 2 cm beneath the cortical surface, the temperature of the brain was essentially the same. However, when the sensor was withdrawn to 1 cm, recorded temperature decreased from 35.7 +/- 0.9 to 34.3 +/- 1.4 degrees C (P < 0.001) and irrigation in the vicinity caused major thermal change. At shallower depths, even lower brain temperatures were recorded. No morbidity was attributable to the temperature measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Direct intraoperative measurement of human brain temperature is feasible and safe, but accuracy requires that the temperature sensor be inserted at least 2 cm into the cerebral cortex.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: K Z
authors.initials: KZ
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Solomon
mesh_terms: D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000295:instrumentation; D004566:Electrodes; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011612:Psychosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D013821:Thermometers