title: Small hemodynamic effect of typical rapid volume infusions in critically ill patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine what volumes are commonly used for rapid volume infusions in critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for > 12 hrs; and to determine the effectiveness of a typical rapid volume infusion in producing hemodynamic change and increasing left ventricular end-diastolic volume.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective survey of clinical practice (part 1) and a prospective clinical investigation (part 2).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hospital ICUs (11 and six beds) of which one is university affiliated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Critically ill patients admitted to the ICU for > 12 hrs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infusion of 500 mL of normal saline over 5 to 10 mins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For 1 month, we recorded the volume and composition of all volume infusions given as a rapid bolus in patients admitted to the ICU for > 12 hrs. We then measured the effected the median rapid volume infusion in a subset of 13 patients by measuring hemodynamics (using arterial and pulmonary artery flotation catheters) and left ventricular end-diastolic area (using transgastric short-axis views from transesophageal echocardiograms). During 470 patient days, 159 rapid volume infusions were administered. The average rapid volume infusion administered was 390 +/- 160 mL (median 500; interquartile range 250 to 500). Crystalloid solutions were used for two thirds of the rapid volume infusions and colloid solutions were used for one third of the rapid volume infusions. The rapid volume infusion of 500 mL of saline did not significantly increase mean arterial pressure (78.0 +/- 11.9 to 79.3 +/- 14.6 mm Hg), cardiac index (4.3 +/- 1.7 to 4.6 +/- 1.8 L/min/m2), right atrial pressure (11.1 +/- 3.8 to 12.4 +/- 3.3 mm Hg), left ventricular end-diastolic area (8.6 +/- 1.7 to 9.1 +/- 1.8 cm2/m2), or left ventricular end-systolic area (3.5 +/- 1.5 to 3.6 +/- 1.5 cm2/m2). Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure increased slightly but significantly from 12.9 +/- 3.4 to 14.7 +/- 3.3 mm Hg (p < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After patients are admitted to the ICU for > 12 hrs, rapid volume infusions are common therapeutic interventions but the rapid volume infusions are typically small. The effect of a typical rapid volume infusion on hemodynamics and left ventricular areas in these patients is surprisingly small.
authors.affiliation: Division of Critical Care Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Axler
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tousignant
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dalla'va-Santucci
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Drummond
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Phang
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Walley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003422:Critical Care; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology