title: Hydrosalpinx fluid enhances human trophoblast viability and function in vitro: implications for embryonic implantation in assisted reproduction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of hydrosalpinx fluid on human cytotrophoblast viability and function in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human cytotrophoblasts obtained from third-trimester placentas were cultured in vitro with hydrosalpinx fluid, and cell viability and protein production were assayed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten hydrosalpinx fluid samples obtained from seven women with clearly diagnosed hydrosalpinges.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recovery of hydrosalpinx fluid by transvaginal aspiration or at the time of surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell viability was assessed by the XTT assay. Secretion of trophoblast oncofetal fibronectin (tropho-uteronectin) and beta-hCG by cultured trophoblasts was determined by Western blot and ELISA of the culture media.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With increasing concentrations of hydrosalpinx fluid from 0% to 20%, there was a significant increase in trophoblast cell viability (1.63-fold increase in 20% hydrosalpinx fluid). Likewise, both Western blot and ELISA assays demonstrated a significant increase in tropho-uteronectin production by trophoblasts with increasing hydrosalpinx fluid concentrations (3.76-fold increase in 20% hydrosalpinx fluid). beta-Human chorionic gonadotropin production also increased significantly in the presence of hydrosalpinx fluid (3.31-fold increase in 20% hydrosalpinx fluid).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that hydrosalpinx fluid improves human trophoblast viability in vitro and enhances the production of tropho-uteronectin and beta-hCG by these cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia 19104-4283, USA.
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Sawin
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Loret de Mola
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Monzon-Bordonaba
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Feinberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005122:Exudates and Transudates / Q000502:physiology*; D005184:Fallopian Tube Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human; D005353:Fibronectins