title: Cholesterol lowering with statin drugs, risk of stroke, and total mortality. An overview of randomized trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether cholesterol lowering with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statin drugs) reduces the risks of stroke and total mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a computerized literature search from 1985 through 1995 to identify all published trials testing statin drugs. The Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) data were added after the report was published in October 1996. Our search was limited to English-language articles and included published overviews containing relevant individual trials.
  Criteria for inclusion of randomized trials in the overview were (1) statin drugs alone used to reduce lipid levels rather than multifactorial interventions including another type of cholesterol-lowering drug and (2) inclusion of data on deaths and/or strokes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were extracted by 2 researchers, and only minor discrepancies, which were easily resolved by discussion, occurred. Principal investigators of the trials and their funding agencies were also contacted to secure any relevant data not included in the published reports.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 16 individual trials including approximately 29 000 subjects treated and followed up an average of 3.3 years were included in the overview. The average reductions in total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol achieved were large-22% and 30%, respectively. A total of 454 strokes (fatal plus nonfatal) and 1175 deaths occurred. Those assigned to statin drugs experienced significant reductions in risks of stroke of 29% (95% confidence interval [CI], 14%-41%) as well as total mortality of 22% (95% CI, 12%-31%), which was attributable to a significant reduction in cardiovascular disease (CVD) deaths of 28% (95% CI, 16%-37%). There was no evidence of any increased risk in non-CVD mortality (relative risk [RR], 0.93; 95% CI, 0.75-1.14). There was also no significant increase in risk of cancer (RR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.90-1.17).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This overview of all published randomized trials of statin drugs demonstrates large reductions in cholesterol and clear evidence of benefit on stroke and total mortality. There was, as expected, a large and significant decrease in CVD mortality, but there was no significant evidence for any increases in either non-CVD deaths or cancer incidence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215-1204, USA.
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Hebert
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gaziano
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hennekens
mesh_terms: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D006903:Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009026:Mortality; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D006903:Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases