title: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protein Vif inhibits the activity of HIV-1 protease in bacteria and in vitro.
abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vif is required for productive infection of T lymphocytes and macrophages. Virions produced in the absence of Vif have abnormal core morphology and those produced in primary T cells carry immature core proteins and low levels of mature capsid (M. Simm, M. Shahabuddin, W. Chao, J. S. Allan, and D. J. Volsky, J. Virol. 69:4582-4586, 1995). To investigate whether Vif influences the activity of HIV-1 protease (PR), the viral enzyme which is responsible for processing Gag and Gag-Pol precursor polyproteins into mature virion components, we transformed bacteria to inducibly express truncated Gag-Pol fusion proteins and Vif. We examined the cleavage of polyproteins consisting of matrix to PR (Gag-PR), capsid to PR (CA-PR), and p6Pol to PR (p6Pol-PR) and evaluated HIV-1 protein processing at specific sites by Western blotting using antibodies against matrix, capsid, and PR proteins. We found that Vif modulates HIV-1 PR activity in bacteria mainly by preventing the release of mature MA and CA from Gag-PR, CA from CA-PR, and p6Pol from p6Pol-PR, with other cleavages being less affected. Using subconstructs of Vif, we mapped this activity to the N-terminal half of the molecule, thus identifying a new functional domain of Vif. Kinetic study of p6Pol-PR autocatalysis in the presence or absence of Vif revealed that Vif and N'Vif reduce the rate of PR-mediated proteolysis of this substrate. In an assay of in vitro proteolysis of a synthetic peptide substrate by purified recombinant PR we found that recombinant Vif and the N-terminal half of the molecule specifically inhibit PR activity at a molar ratio of the N-terminal half of Vif to PR of about 1. These results suggest a mechanism and site of action of Vif in HIV-1 replication and demonstrate novel regulation of a lentivirus PR by an autologous viral protein acting in trans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kotler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simm
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sova
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Ohnona
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roller
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Krachmarov
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Potash
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Volsky
mesh_terms: D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000378:metabolism; D015685:Fusion Proteins, gag-pol / Q000378:metabolism; D016346:Gene Products, vif / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D014779:Virus Replication; D054320:vif Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
chemical_list: D015685:Fusion Proteins, gag-pol; D016346:Gene Products, vif; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D054320:vif Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus