title: Incorporation of [3-3H]glucose and 2-[1-14C]deoxyglucose into glycogen in heart and skeletal muscle in vivo: implications for the quantitation of tissue glucose uptake.
abstract: 2-deoxyglucose has been widely used to quantitate tissue glucose uptake in vivo, assuming that 2-deoxyglucose is transported and phosphorylated but not further metabolized. We examined the validity of this assumption by infusing [3-3H]glucose and 2-[1-14C]deoxyglucose in a similar primed continuous fashion to chronically catheterized, freely moving rats during normoglycemic hyperinsulinemic conditions. The rates of 2-deoxyglucose uptake were determined from the accumulation of 2-[1-14C]deoxyglucose-6-phosphate and 2-[1-14C]deoxyglucose-6-phosphate combined with the rate of the incorporation of 2-[1-14C]deoxyglucose into glycogen in rectus abdominis muscle and the heart. When the rates of glycogen synthesis during the 2-h hyperinsulinemic period from the two tracers were compared in rectus abdominis muscle, the rate of glycogen synthesis was twofold higher when measured with [3-3H]glucose (337 +/- 14 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1)) than when measured with 2-[1-14C]deoxyglucose (166 +/- 10 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1), P < 0.001). In the heart, the rate of glycogen synthesis was twofold higher when measured with 2-[1-14C]deoxyglucose (141 +/- 20 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1)) than when measured with [3-3H]glucose (72 +/- 15 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1), P < 0.001). The rate of 2-deoxyglucose uptake was 29% underestimated in rectus abdominis muscle, when counts found in glycogen were not included in glucose uptake calculations (398 +/- 25 vs. 564 +/- 25 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1), P < 0.001). In the heart, glucose uptake was underestimated by 7% if glycogen counts were not taken into account (1,786 +/- 278 vs. 1,926 +/- 291 micromol x kg(-1) dry x min(-1), P < 0.05). The fraction of [3-3H]glucose incorporated into glycogen of total glucose metabolism (calculated from 2-deoxyglucose conversion to 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate and glycogen) was 0.6 (337/564) in rectus abdominis muscle and 0.037 (72/1,926) in the heart. We conclude that 2-deoxyglucose is incorporated into glycogen in the heart and in skeletal muscle in vivo under normoglycemic hyperinsulinemic conditions in the rat. Failure to consider the incorporation of 2-deoxyglucose into glycogen will underestimate the rate of tissue glucose uptake. To avoid such problems, the amount of 2-deoxyglucose incorporated into glycogen should be quantitated in subsequent studies.
authors.affiliation: Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, University of Helsinki, Finland. virkamak@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Virkamäki
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rissanen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hämäläinen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Utriainen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yki-Järvinen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006003:Glycogen / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017568:Rectus Abdominis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014316:Tritium
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D007328:Insulin; D014316:Tritium; D006003:Glycogen; D003847:Deoxyglucose; D005947:Glucose