High-protein diets, "damaged hearts," and rowing men: antecedents of modern sports medicine and exercise science, 1867-1928.
There are many criteria by which advances in "sports medicine" and "exercise science" may be assessed. Historical developments in the basic and applied sciences--and in clinical practices, as well--may best be explored by those who are experts in particular fields. It is encouraging that more studies of this type have begun to appear. Studies of the evolution of organizations that have fostered various aspects of physical training, exercise science, and sports medicine may provide another useful approach. Whereas 910 individuals participated in the 1976 ACSM Annual Meeting, in 1992, attendance reached 3661. In 1954 (the year the American College of Sports Medicine was organized), Index Medicus listed approximately 250 items under the headings Athletics, Exercise, and Physical Education. In 1993, some 4000 citations were reported as being about Athletics, Exercise, Physical Fitness, Exercise-Related Physical Therapy, and Sports Medicine. According to the Congress Proceedings of the Third IOC World Congress on Sport Sciences (September 16-22, 1995), 225 individuals made presentations. More than 1650 women and men representing a vast array of contributing fields participated in symposia, lectures, and poster sessions during "Physical Activity, Sport, and Health"--The 1996 International Pre-Olympic Scientific Congress (July 10th-14th). What advances await in the 21st century?
Park
R J
RJ
Department of Human Biodynamics, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000266:history; D005060:Europe; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000266:history; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000266:history; D013177:Sports / Q000266:history*; D013178:Sports Medicine / Q000266:history*; D014481:United States