title: Increase in both pro-thrombotic and anti-thrombotic factors in obese premenopausal women: relationship with body fat distribution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship of obesity, body fat distribution, and fasting plasma insulin concentrations with the plasma levels of both pro-thrombotic and anti-thrombotic factors in premenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  32 obese women with BMI > 28 and 33 age-matched non-obese = women with BMI < 25.
  
  
  METHODS
  (i) plasma concentrations of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 antigen (PAI-1 Ag), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity (PAI-1 activity), fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF Ag), von Willebrand factor activity (vWF activity), and factor VII activity as pro-thrombotic factors; (ii) plasma concentrations of tissue plasminogen activator antigen (t-PA Ag), protein C, and antithrombin III as anti-thrombotic factors; (iii) fasting plasma insulin and glucose concentrations, and the lipid pattern (triglycerides, total and HDL-cholesterol) as metabolic parameters. The body fat distribution was evaluated by measuring the waist circumference and the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obese subjects had higher plasma concentrations of all pro-thrombotic factors as compared to non-obese controls (PAI-1 Ag, P < 0.001; PAI-1 activity, P < 0.05; fibrinogen, P < 0.001; vWF Ag, P < 0.001; vWF activity, P < 0.05; factor VII, P < 0.05). The plasma concentrations of PAI-1 Ag and vWF Ag were directly correlated with the waist circumference independently of other metabolic and non-metabolic variables (P < 0.05). Obese women were also characterized by higher plasma concentrations of anti-thrombotic factors such as t-PA Ag and protein C as compared to non-obese controls (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively), although these factors were not independently correlated with the waist circumference or the WHR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plasma concentrations of the pro-thrombotic factors are increased in obese women as compared to non-obese controls, and plasma levels of PAI-1 Ag and vWF Ag correlate with central fat accumulation specifically. Plasma concentrations of anti-thrombotic factors (namely protein C and t-PA Ag) are also raised in obese women, but they are not correlated with parameters of body fat distribution. The increase in protein C levels may represent a protective response partly counteracting the increase in pro-thrombotic factors in these individuals.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Clinic, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Pergola
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: De Mitrio
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giorgino
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sciaraffia
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Minenna
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Di Bari
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pannacciulli
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Giorgino
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000991:Antithrombins / Q000032:analysis*; D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors / Q000032:analysis*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001824:Body Constitution; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood*; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood; D017697:Premenopause / Q000097:blood*; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000991:Antithrombins; D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D014841:von Willebrand Factor