title: Descriptive epidemiology of captive cervid herds in Michigan, USA.
abstract: A study was designed to determine the species composition, disease period prevalence, and utilization of preventive practices in captive cervid herds in Michigan. This is the first description of cervid farming in the United States. Data for the 12 months preceding the study were collected by means of a mail questionnaire conducted from March 3 through June 28, 1993. Completed questionnaires were returned by 228 of 362 (63%) farms. Study respondents reported ownership of a total of 4972 (80.9%) white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), 766 (12.5%) elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis), 284 (4.6%) fallow deer (Dama dama), 114 (1.9%) sika deer (Cervus nippon), 6 (0.1%) red deer (Cervus elaphus), 4 (< 0.1%) axis deer (Axis axis), and 2 (< 0.1%) caribou (Rangifer tarandus). The respondents provided disease data for 5493 captive cervids. The most frequent categories of illness in captive cervids (as determined by the period prevalence rates for the 12 months preceding the study) were injuries (1.9%), respiratory disorders (1.1%), foot and leg problems (1.0%), stress due to handling or transport (0.8%), and dystocia (0.8%). The most frequent causes of death were injuries (1.0%), respiratory disorders (0.8%), stress due to handling or transport (0.7%), and unknown causes (0.7%). Use of anthelmintics was reported by 173 of 219 (79%) farms. Only 13% [28/215] vaccinated their cervids. One hundred and fifty-nine of 219 farms reported having a veterinarian who provides cervid consultation. Services provided by these veterinarians include general consultation (58.5% [93/159]), treatment of injuries (27.7% [44/159]), anthelmintic administration (25.2% [40/159]), issuance of health certificates (19.5% [31/159]), diagnosis and treatment of illnesses (17.6% [28/159]), vaccination (13.8% [22/159]), disease diagnosis (treatment provided by farmer) (8.8% [14/159]), foot care (3.8% [6/159]), and other purposes (ie, necropsy, dystocia, antler removal) (11.3% [18/159]).
authors.affiliation: Population Medicine Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1314, USA.
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Bruning-Fann
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Shank
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Kaneene
mesh_terms: D000820:Animal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic; D002423:Cause of Death; D003670:Deer; D004420:Dystocia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D009017:Morbidity; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D012053:Reindeer; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000662:veterinary*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000662:veterinary