title: A randomized controlled trial of a new fetal acoustic stimulation test for fetal well-being.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to determine (1) whether a fetal acoustic stimulation test results in more palpable fetal movement compared with a mock test (control) and (2) whether palpated fetal movements after a fetal acoustic stimulation test are accompanied by a reactive nonstress test.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized controlled trial we studied women seen in the labor and delivery suite for various indications. Women were excluded for multiple gestation, < 31 weeks' gestational age, treatment with magnesium sulfate or narcotics, or ruptured membranes. Informed consent was obtained from eligible women, who were then randomized to a test or control group. We placed an acoustic stimulator on the abdomen of each woman, but only the test group was stimulated. We assessed fetal movement by a grading system: 0 = no fetal movement felt by patient or tester, 1 = fetal movement felt by patient only, 2 = fetal movement felt by tester, 3 = visual movement seen by tester. A positive fetal acoustic stimulation test result was defined as one with any fetal movement felt or seen by the tester (grades 2 or 3). We then performed a nonstress test. We compared rates of a positive fetal acoustic stimulation test in the test and control groups with the chi 2 test. A p value < 0.05 was considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We randomized 297 women to the test group and 280 women to the control (mock test) group. Of women tested with the fetal acoustic stimulation test. 81% had fetal movement by palpation or visualization (grades 2 or 3) compared with 19% of the control group (p < 0.0001, odds ratio 19.29, 95% confidence interval 12.42 to 30.07). Of the test group, 283 (95%) had a reactive nonstress test and 14 (5%) had nonreactive tests; the control group had 267 (95%) reactive and 13 (5%) nonreactive nonstress tests. Of 242 patients in the test group with a positive fetal acoustic stimulation test, 236 (98%) had a reactive nonstress test. Of those in the test group with fewer than three contractions per 10 minutes. 164 (89%) had a positive fetal acoustic stimulation test. Of these, 162 (99%) had a reactive nonstress test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fetal acoustic stimulation test evokes significantly more palpated or visualized fetal movement than in controls. Palpated or visualized fetal movement after acoustic stimulation was almost always accompanied by a reactive nonstress test.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saint Joseph Hospital, Denver, CO 80218-1191, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marden
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: McDuffie
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Abitz
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005323:Fetal Monitoring / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005324:Fetal Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D005333:Fetus / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D010173:Palpation; D011247:Pregnancy