title: Potential role of mechanical stress in the etiology of pediatric heart disease: septal shear stress in subaortic stenosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to show elevations in septal shear stress in response to morphologic abnormalities that have been associated with discrete subaortic stenosis (SAS) in children. Combined with the published data, this critical connection supports a four-stage etiology of SAS that is advanced in this report.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Subaortic stenosis constitutes up to 20% of left ventricular outflow obstruction in children and frequently requires surgical removal, and the lesions may reappear unpredictably after the operation. The etiology of SAS is unknown. This study proposes a four-stage etiology for SAS that I) combines morphologic abnormalities, II) elevation of septal shear stress, III) genetic predisposition and IV) cellular proliferation in response to shear stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Morphologic structures of a left ventricular outflow tract were modeled based on measurements in patients with and without SAS. Septal shear stress was studied in response to changes in aortoseptal angle (AoSA) (120 degrees to 150 degrees), outflow tract convergence angle (45 degrees, 22.5 degrees and 0 degree), presence/location of a ventricular septal defect (VSD) (3-mm VSD; 2 and 6 mm from annulus) and shunt velocity (3 and 5 m/s).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Variations in AoSA produced marked elevations in septal shear stress (from 103 dynes/cm2 for 150 degrees angle to 150 dynes/cm2 for 120 degrees angle for baseline conditions). This effect was not dependent on the convergence angle in the outflow tract (150 to 132 dynes/cm2 over full range of angles including extreme case of 0 degree). A VSD enhanced this effect (150 to 220 dynes/cm2 at steep angle of 120 degrees and 3 m/s shunt velocity), consistent with the high incidence of VSDs in patients with SAS. The position of the VSD was also important, with a reduction of the distance between the VSD and the aortic annulus causing further increases in septal shear stress (220 and 266 dynes/cm2 for distances of 6 and 2 mm from the annulus, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Small changes in AoSA produce important changes in septal shear stress. The levels of stress increase are consistent with cellular flow studies showing stimulation of growth factors and cellular proliferation. Steepened AoSA may be a risk factor for the development of SAS. Evidence exists for all four stages of the proposed etiology of SAS.
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Dynamics Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Cape
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Vanauker
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sigfússon
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Tacy
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: del Nido
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D002455:Cell Division; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D006346:Heart Septum / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D013314:Stress, Mechanical