title: [Neuropathology of refractory epilepsy in children].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The pathological findings in surgical material from children with refractory epilepsy has not offered yet a clear understanding of its role in this condition. The objective of this paper is to report our findings to further expand our knowledge about refractory epilepsy in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Results of microscopic examination of the surgical specimen obtained from 80 children, ages 12 or younger, who had surgery for intractable epilepsy at Miami Children's Hospital between 1990 and 1996 were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Examination was normal only in one. The rest revealed ectopic neurons (1), dysplastic cells with ectopic neurons (2), dyslamination with large neurons (7), dyslamination with ectopic neurons (18), dyslamination with dysplastic cells (10), pachygyria (2), encephalomalacia (9), gliosis with ectopic neurons (10), gliosis without ectopic neurons (3), developmental ectodermal tumor (6), ganglioglioma (2), tumors (3), and Rasmussen encephalitis (4). Lesions were located to the temporal lobe in 34 children. CONCLUSIONS. Extratemporal lesions are more frequent than temporal one, including hyppocampal sclerosis. Ectopic neurons, the most frequent pathological findings, rather than a cause of seizure may be a marker other highly epileptogenic cortical malformations.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Neurología, Miami Children's Hospital, FL 33155, USA.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Duchowny
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jayakar
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Resnick
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yaylali
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bruce
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans