title: The effect of smear layer on microbial coronal leakage of gutta-percha root fillings.
abstract: The aim of this in vitro study was to determine the effect of removal of the smear layer on canal obturation as measured by penetration of bacteria from a coronal direction. One hundred and twenty extracted human teeth with straight, single root canals were decoronated. The canals were prepared using the modified double-flared technique with balanced force under copious irrigation. The apical matrix was prepared to size 40 and apical patency subsequently confirmed with a size 15 file. The teeth were divided randomly into experimental groups (80 teeth) and control groups (40 teeth). The root canals of 40 experimental and 20 control teeth were rinsed with 40% citric acid and 2% NaOCl to remove the smear layer before obturation. In experimental groups, 20 teeth with smear layer intact and 20 teeth with smear layer removed were obturated with lateral condensation of cold gutta-percha and Apexit sealer. A further 20 teeth with smear layer intact and 20 teeth with smear layer removed were obturated with the Trifecta technique with the same sealer. In control groups, 10 teeth with smear layer intact and 10 teeth with smear layer removed were obturated with lateral condensation of cold gutta-percha and Apexit sealer. These teeth were completely sealed both coronally and apically to serve as negative controls. The remaining 20 teeth with either smear layer intact or smear layer removed were not obturated and served as the positive controls. The root surface of each tooth was sealed with nail varnish. The cut end of a polypropylene tube was sealed around the coronal part of each root canal so that bacteria placed therein could move only through the obturated canal space. Each root was placed in a glass bottle containing sterile Todd-Hewitt Broth (THB) and aliquots of 0.5 ml of THB were injected into the polypropylene tube. The model system was centrifuged at 168 g. An innoculum of Streptococcus sanguis in THB was placed in each coronal chamber at 5-day intervals and daily observations were made for bacterial growth in the apical reservoir for 90 days. All positive control teeth showed bacterial penetration within 24 h, while the negative control teeth remained uncontaminated throughout the test period. Leakage through the experimental teeth was variable ranging from 7 to 86 days. There was no statistical significant difference (P > 0.05) in leakage between the obturated canal when the smear layer was either removed or intact.
authors.affiliation: University of Glasgow Dental School, UK.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chailertvanitkul
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: MacKenzie
mesh_terms: D002126:Calcium Hydroxide; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003763:Dental Leakage; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000382:microbiology; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006171:Gutta-Percha; D006801:Humans; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D012389:Root Canal Obturation / Q000379:methods; D018915:Root Canal Preparation; D016369:Smear Layer; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013298:Streptococcus sanguis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D019228:Tooth Crown / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: C074418:Apexit; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D006171:Gutta-Percha; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide