title: Dose-volume complication analysis for visual pathway structures of patients with advanced paranasal sinus tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present work was to relate dose and volume information to complication data for visual pathway structures in patients with advanced paranasal sinus tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional (3D) dose distributions for chiasm, optic nerve, and retina were calculated and analyzed for 20 patients with advanced paranasal sinus malignant tumors. 3D treatment planning with beam's eye view capability was used to design beam and block arrangements, striving to spare the contralateral orbit (to lessen the chance of unilateral blindness) and frequently the ipsilateral orbit (to help prevent bilateral blindness). Point doses, dose-volume histogram analysis, and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) calculations were performed. Published tolerance doses that indicate significant risk of complications were used as guidelines for analysis of the 3D dose distributions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Point doses, percent volume exceeding a specified published tolerance dose, and NTCP calculations are given in detail for patients with complications versus patients without complications. Two optic nerves receiving maximum doses below the published tolerance dose sustained damage (mild vision loss). Three patients (of 13) without optic nerve sparing and/or chiasm sparing had moderate or severe vision loss. Complication data, including individual patient analysis to estimate overall risk for loss of vision, are given.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  3D treatment planning techniques were used successfully to provide bilateral sparing of the globe for most patients. It was more difficult to spare the optic nerves, especially on the ipsilateral side, when prescription dose exceeded the normal tissue tolerance doses. NTCP calculations may be useful in assessing complication risk better than point dose tolerance criteria for the chiasm, optic nerve, and retina. It is important to assess the overall risk of blindness for the patient in addition to the risk for individual visual pathway structures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Martel
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Sandler
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Cornblath
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Hazuka
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Roa
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Fraass
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Lichter
mesh_terms: D001766:Blindness / Q000209:etiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D009897:Optic Chiasm / Q000528:radiation effects; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000528:radiation effects*; D010255:Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D012160:Retina / Q000528:radiation effects*