title: Expressed emotion toward children with behavioral inhibition: associations with maternal anxiety disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the role of maternal psychopathology in influencing "expressed emotion" (EE) directed toward children with behavioral inhibition (BI) or psychiatric disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maternal EE was assessed via Five-Minute-Speech-Sample in two samples of children previously evaluated for child and maternal lifetime prevalence of DSM-III disorders and assessed via laboratory observations for BI. The authors previously reported that maternal EE was associated with BI and with the number of child behavior and mood disorders in these samples. The at-risk sample (N = 30) consisted of mothers with panic disorder and psychiatric controls and their 4-through 10-year-old children. The Kagan sample (N = 41) consisted of children selected at age 21 months as BI or uninhibited and followed through age 11.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interaction effects were found: in mothers with anxiety disorders, but not those without, maternal criticism (a component of EE) was significantly associated with child BI, independently of the child's number of disorders. Similarly, in mothers with anxiety disorders only, maternal criticism was significantly associated with a high number of child disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relationships between mothers who have anxiety disorders and their children who have BI or psychiatric disorders may be marked by criticism or dissatisfaction. If confirmed, these findings offer opportunities for appropriate interventions.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hirshfeld
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biederman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brody
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019260:Expressed Emotion; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors