title: The normally expressed kappa immunoglobulin light chain gene repertoire and somatic mutations studied by single-sided specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR); frequent occurrence of features often assigned to autoimmunity.
abstract: The expressed human kappa light chain gene repertoire utilized by healthy individuals was studied by two different single-sided specific PCR techniques to avoid bias for certain V genes. A total of 103 rearranged kappa sequences from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy individuals were cloned from cDNA and assigned to the Vkappa and Jkappa germ-line genes with the closest overall homology. The use of cDNA rather than genomic DNA focused the analysis on activated B cells rich in mRNA. Accordingly, the sequences represented the applied repertoire and almost all were somatically mutated. V genes from the Jkappa-proximal duplication unit of the kappa locus were almost exclusively used. A total of 65% of the sequences could be assigned to four or five genes: A27 (humkv325), L6 (Vg), L2 (humkv328), and A3 and/or A19. N additions and P nucleotides were quite common and found in 32% and 21% of the sequences, respectively. Extended CDR3s more than nine residues in length were found in 18% of the sequences, and in 71% of cases this was due to insertion of an extra proline residue. This proline was usually explained from the germ-line sequences involved. These results are in good agreement with those of previous repertoire studies using potentially V-gene-biased techniques. Thus, it is clear that restricted V-gene usage, common N and P additions, and extended CDR3 regions are normal features and not, as has been claimed, characteristics of pathological autoantibodies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Juul
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hougs
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Svejgaard
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Barington
mesh_terms: D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000235:genetics; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D015321:Gene Rearrangement; D005803:Genes, Immunoglobulin; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D007145:Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains / Q000235:genetics*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D007145:Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains