title: Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting: experimental and clinical experiences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This communication briefly details the goals, indications, surgical approaches, and limitations of minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting (MIDCABG). The experimental experiences from various institutions are summarized.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical experiences of 72 consecutive MIDCABG procedures performed at our institutions between June 5, 1995, and August 13, 1996, were analyzed. We have divided patients into two groups. Group A consists of healthy low-risk patients with single lesions of the left anterior descending coronary artery or the right coronary artery, or with both lesions of both arteries. Group B consists of high-risk patients who had major contraindications to conventional cardiopulmonary bypass procedures. There were 55 patients in group A and 17 patients in group B. Using The Society of Thoracic Surgeons preoperative predicted risk module, group A had a 1% predicted mortality versus 4% in group B.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 30-day mortality was 2% in group A and 6% in group B. The mean postoperative length of stay was 4 days for group A and 5 1/2 days for group B. Short-term follow-up of the survivors appears promising, and 81% of patients were angina free at the time of last follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MIDCABG techniques are still developing. The short-term results during the learning period appear to be quite good, but long-term results remain yet to be seen. The addition of new equipment to facilitate construction of the anastomosis will enhance application and results. The lessons learned from these approaches are already being applied to other areas of cardiac surgery including valve replacement and the repair of congenital heart defects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Minneapolis Heart Institute, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: K V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Arom
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Emery
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Nicoloff
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Flavin
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Emery
mesh_terms: D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate