title: The relationship of nausea and dyspnea to pain in seriously ill patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the hospital symptom experience of seriously ill patients with common illnesses. To assess the independent association of nausea and dyspnea to level of pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five tertiary care academic centers in the US.
  
  
  METHODS
  1556 patients admitted between June 1989 and June 1991 in SUPPORT (Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments) who answered questions concerning frequency and severity of pain, nausea and dyspnea, and the depression and anxiety subscales of the Profile of Mood States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seriously ill patients were interviewed a median of 8 days after hospitalization concerning the frequency and severity of their pain, nausea and dyspnea. Frequencies of symptoms and symptom combinations were tabulated. Ordinal logistic regression was used to test the independent association of level of pain with nausea and dyspnea. The analysis was adjusted for 22 additional demographic, psychological, chronic and acute illness measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At least some level of anxious mood was reported by 85.2% of patients, depressed mood by 72.3% of patients, pain by 51.2% of patients, dyspnea by 48.6% of patients and nausea by 23.9% of patients. At least some degree of one of the five symptoms was reported by 94.2% of patients. Multivariable analysis controlling for demographic, psychological, and chronic and acute illness variables revealed that nausea and dyspnea were independently related to level of pain. Compared to patients without these symptoms, patients who reported mild (level 2), moderate (level 3), more severe (level 4) and very severe (level 5) nausea had odds ratios (OR) for higher levels of pain of 1.62 (1.24, 2.12) (95% confidence interval), 2.36 (1.39, 4.00), 2.57 (1.29, 5.12) and 2.22 (1.08, 4.53), respectively. Compared to patients without these symptoms, patients who reported mild (level 2), moderate (level 3), more severe (level 4) and very severe (level 5) dyspnea had odds ratios (OR) for higher levels of pain of 1.49 (1.17, 1.90), 1.92 (1.21, 3.04), 2.73 (1.83, 4.07) and 1.95 (1.39, 2.73), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Seriously ill patients have a high symptom burden. Patients who have nausea and dyspnea experience more pain than patients without these symptoms, even after adjustment for depression, anxiety, disease type, disease severity and demographic and psychological measures. The causal association between these symptoms and pain remains to be determined. Though pain may cause dyspnea and nausea, the intriguing possibility remains that, in addition to relieving suffering, treating dyspnea and nausea may relieve pain.
authors.affiliation: Marshfield Clinic and Marshfield Medical Research Foundation, WI 54449, USA.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Desbiens
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mueller-Rizner
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Connors
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Wenger
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009325:Nausea / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors