title: Randomised placebo-controlled trial of effect of ramipril on decline in glomerular filtration rate and risk of terminal renal failure in proteinuric, non-diabetic nephropathy. The GISEN Group (Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia)
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In diabetic nephropathy, angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have a greater effect than other antihypertensive drugs on proteinuria and the progressive decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Whether this difference applies to progression of nondiabetic proteinuric nephropathies is not clear. The Ramipril Efficacy in Nephropathy study of chronic nondiabetic nephropathies aimed to address whether glomerular protein traffic influences renal-disease progression, and whether an ACE inhibitor was superior to conventional treatment, with the same blood-pressure control, in reducing proteinuria, limiting GFR decline, and preventing endstage renal disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective double-blind trial, 352 patients were classified according to baseline proteinuria (stratum 1: 1-3 g/24 h; stratum 2: > or = 3 g/24 h), and randomly assigned ramipril or placebo plus conventional antihypertensive therapy targeted at achieving diastolic blood pressure under 90 mm Hg. The primary endpoint was the rate of GFR decline. Analysis was by intention to treat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the second planned interim analysis, the difference in decline in GFR between the ramipril and placebo groups in stratum 2 was highly significant (p = 0.001). The Independent Adjudicating Panel therefore decided to open the randomisation code and do the final analysis in this stratum (stratum 1 continued in the trial). Data (at least three GFR measurements including baseline) were available for 56 ramipril-assigned patients and 61 placebo-assigned patients. The decline in GFR per month was significantly lower in the ramipril group than the placebo group (0.53 [0.08] vs 0.88 [0.13] mL/min, p = 0.03). Among the ramipril-assigned patients, percentage reduction in proteinuria was inversely correlated with decline in GFR (p = 0.035) and predicted the reduction in risk of doubling of baseline creatinine or endstage renal failure (18 ramipril vs 40 placebo, p = 0.04). The risk of progression was still significantly reduced after adjustment for changes in systolic (p = 0.04) and diastolic (p = 0.04) blood pressure, but not after adjustment for changes in proteinuria. Blood-pressure control and the overall number of cardiovascular events were similar in the two treatment groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In chronic nephropathies with proteinuria of 3 g or more per 24 h, ramipril safely reduces proteinuria and the rate of GFR decline to an extent that seems to exceed the reduction expected for the degree of blood-pressure lowering.
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018450:Disease Progression; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D017257:Ramipril / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D017257:Ramipril