title: Increased ubiquitin immunoreactivity in hepatocellular carcinomas and precancerous lesions of the liver.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ubiquitin covalently attaches to abnormal and short-lived proteins, thus marking them for ATP-dependent proteolysis in eukaryotic cells. Increased ubiquitin immunoreactivity was recently observed immunohistochemically in human malignant tumors. To clarify the change in protein metabolism during hepatocarcinogenesis, we studied ubiquitin immunoreactivity in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and precancerous lesions using immunohistochemistry and immunoblot analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 72 HCCs (37 advanced, 19 early, 16 early-advanced (advanced HCC component in early HCC nodule) type HCCs) and 18 precancerous lesions (8 atypical adenomatous hyperplasias (AAHs), 10 adenomatous hyperplasias (AHs)) were studied immunohistochemically. Immunoblot analysis was also performed in advanced HCC and early HCC cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Non-tumorous hepatocytes were either immunonegative or weakly stained in their nuclei. Advanced HCCs showed strong immunoreactivity in most cases, while early HCCs showed relatively weaker immunoreactivity. In 14 of 16 early-advanced type tumors, the inner portion of the nodules, which corresponds to advanced HCC, showed stronger immunoreactivity than the outer low-grade portion. In 8 of 8 AAHs and 7 of 10 AHs, positive but weak staining was found. Immunoblot analysis showed an increase in 42 kDa ubiquitinated protein(s) in 8 of 16 advanced HCC cases (50%) and in 1 of 6 early HCC cases (16.7%), as well as an increase in several other bands in tumor tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intensity of ubiquitin staining appeared to increase in a stepwise manner from AH to advanced HCC, and the results suggest a possible correlation between changes in the ubiquitinated proteins and multistep hepatocarcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Pathology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Osada
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishibori
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iwaya
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsuno
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Muto
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hirohashi
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000473:pathology; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000473:pathology*; D050884:HSP72 Heat-Shock Proteins; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology*; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000473:pathology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000473:pathology*; D012016:Reference Values; D014452:Ubiquitins / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D050884:HSP72 Heat-Shock Proteins; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D014452:Ubiquitins