title: External beam abdominal radiotherapy in patients with seminoma stage I: field type, testicular dose, and spermatogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish a predictive model for the estimation of the gonadal dose during adjuvant para-aortic (PA) or dog leg (DL: PA plus ipsilateral iliac) field radiotherapy in patients with testicular seminoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  The surface gonadal dose was measured in patients with seminoma Stage I receiving PA or DL radiotherapy. Sperm cell analysis was performed before and 1 year after irradiation. PA and DL radiotherapy were simulated in the Alderson phantom while we measured the dose to the surface and middle of an artificial testicle, varying its position within realistic anatomical constraints. The symphysis-to-testicle distance (STD), field length, and thickness of the patient were experimental variables. The developed mathematical model was validated in subsequent patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean gonadal dose in patients was 0.09 and 0.32 Gy after PA and DL irradiation, respectively (p < 0.001). DL radiotherapy, but not PA irradiation led to significant reduction of the sperm count 1 year after irradiation. The gonadal dose-reducing effect of PA irradiation was confirmed in the Alderson phantom. A significant correlation was found between the STD and the gonadal dose during DL irradiation. A mathematical model was established for calculation of the gonadal dose and confirmed by measurements in patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During radiotherapy of seminoma, the gonadal dose decreases with increasing STD. It is possible to predict the individual gonadal dose based on delivered midplane dose and STD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo.
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fosså
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Fosså
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018239:Seminoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D013737:Testis / Q000528:radiation effects*