title: Infant survival, HIV infection, and feeding alternatives in less-developed countries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examines, in the context of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic, the effects of optimal breast-feeding, complete avoidance of breast-feeding, and early cessation of breast-feeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  The three categories of breast-feeding were weighed in terms of HIV transmission and infant mortality. Estimates of the frequency of adverse outcomes were obtained by simulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Avoidance of all breast-feeding by the whole population always produces the worst outcome. The lowest frequency of adverse outcomes occurs if no HIV-seropositive women breast-feed and all seronegative women breast-feed optimally, given infant mortality rates below 100 per 1000 and relative risks of dying set at 2.5 for non-breast-fed compared with optimally breast-fed infants. For known HIV-seropositive mothers, fewer adverse outcomes result from early cessation than from prolonged breast-feeding if the hazard of HIV transmission through breast-feeding after 3 months is 7% or more, even at high mortality rates, given relative risks of dying set at 1.5 for early cessation compared with optimal duration of breast-feeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of HIV transmission through breast-feeding at various ages needs to be more precisely quantified. The grave issues that may accompany a possible decline in breast-feeding in the less developed world demand evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission*; D015528:HIV Seroprevalence; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D012306:Risk; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors