title: Preliminary safety assessment of an arachidonic acid-enriched oil derived from Mortierella alpina: summary of toxicological data.
abstract: An arachidonic acid-enriched oil (AA-oil), derived from Mortierella alpina was subjected to a programme of studies to establish its preliminary safety for use in infant nutrition. This was addressed at two levels: (1) HPLC analysis of metabolites produced by the production strains at various conditions, and (2) an evaluation of the toxicity of the final product. The following studies were carried out on the AA-oil: gene mutation assays in bacteria and mammalian cells in vitro; chromosome aberration assays both in vitro and in vivo and acute and subacute (4-wk) oral toxicity in the rat. No known mycotoxins were produced by the production strains under the conditions tested. Further, the oil did not show mutagenic or clastogenic activity and the acute oral toxicity, expressed as the LD50 value, exceeded 20 ml/kg body weight, that is, 18.2 g/kg body weight. In the subacute oral toxicity study the AA-oil was tested as such and in combination with a docosahexaenoic-enriched oil (DHA-oil) derived from fish oil at a ratio of 2:1 (AA:DHA). This was done because high dose levels of AA may result in adverse effects; DHA can compensate for these effects. Furthermore, human milk contains both AA and DHA at a ratio of AA:DHA of 2 to 3:1. No obvious signs of toxicity were observed. Levels of phospholipids and triglycerides tended to be decreased in the highest dose groups. The no-observed-adverse-effect level of the AA-oil in the subacute 4-wk toxicity study was placed at the highest levels tested, namely 3000 mg AA-oil/kg body weight/day as such and in the combination of 3000 mg AA-oil and 1500 mg DHA-oil/kg body weight/day. This corresponds to an intake of 1000 mg AA/kg body weight/day, which represents approximately 37 times the infant intake of AA in human milk.
authors.affiliation: Gist-Brocades B.V., Delft, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hempenius
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Van Delft
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prinsen
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Lina
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity*; D016466:CHO Cells; D006224:Cricetinae; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009090:Mucorales / Q000737:chemistry*; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity*; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012449:Safety; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D005395:Fish Oils; D009183:Mycotoxins; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D016718:Arachidonic Acid