title: Fatal pulmonary toxicity resulting from treatment with gemcitabine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pulmonary toxicity reported with gemcitabine is usually mild and self-limiting. The authors report a series of three patients who had life-threatening pulmonary toxicity after receiving gemcitabine.
  
  
  METHODS
  The three patients presented to two major teaching hospitals with significant pulmonary dysfunction while receiving gemcitabine. Case data were obtained from patient records. A review of the literature was done to seek reports of pulmonary toxicity with gemcitabine and cytosine arabinoside (ara-C).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The common features of the respiratory illnesses of the three patients in this study were tachypnea, marked hypoxemia, and an interstitial infiltrate on chest radiograph consistent with pulmonary edema. There was no evidence of underlying heart disease in any patient. In addition, there was no evidence of infection, metabolic causes, or lymphangitic carcinomatosis to explain the clinical findings. Two patients died, and postmortem examination confirmed acute RDS (respiratory distress syndrome), whereas in the third patient a transbronchial biopsy showed interstitial pneumonitis. These findings were consistent with drug-induced pulmonary toxicity. Diuretics and corticosteroids were useful measures for treating the patients' symptoms, and one patient survived after gemcitabine was withdrawn.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These three cases of acute RDS may be the result of a capillary leak phenomenon due to treatment with gemcitabine, as observed in patients given intermediate dose and high dose ara-C, a drug similar in structure and metabolism to gemcitabine. The authors suggest caution in repeated administration of gemcitabine to patients who develop unexplained noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Withdrawing gemcitabine and administering corticosteroids and diuretics may help to avert a fatal outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pavlakis
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Millward
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Levi
mesh_terms: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000139:chemically induced; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D017563:Lung Diseases, Interstitial / Q000139:chemically induced; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000139:chemically induced; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000093542:Gemcitabine