title: Longitudinal trends in late-life insomnia: implications for prescribing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess trends in insomnia and hypnotic drug use in a representative sample of elderly general practice patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal study with three interview waves--1985, 1989 and 1993.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urban and suburban Nottingham.
  
  
  METHODS
  1042 patients originally aged 65 and over randomly sampled from general practitioner lists.
  
  
  METHODS
  Point prevalence estimates, status (case/non-case/died) at 4-year follow-up, episode incidence and survival functions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline (1985) 221 respondents met the survey criteria for insomnia. Of these, 36.1% continued to report severely disrupted sleep in 1989. Within this period 84 new cases of insomnia were identified (an incidence rate of 3.1% per person-year at risk). Controlling for age and sex, insomnia was unrelated to survival among prevalent cases, but significantly related to survival among incident cases (odds ratio = 1.7; 95% confidence interval = 1.1-2.5). Of 166 respondents using prescription hypnotics in 1985, 31.7% continued to report usage in 1989. Similarly, out of 41 new hypnotic drug users identified in 1989, 29.3% continued to report usage in 1993.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Important clinical differences in the natural history of insomnia are evident when incident and prevalent cases are compared. Nevertheless, outcomes at 4-year follow-up suggest that, for the majority of surviving cases identified in a prevalence screen and for a substantial minority of incident cases, late-life insomnia shows a level of chronicity incompatible with hypnotic drug therapy as currently recommended.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ageing and Rehabilitation Studies, University of Sheffield, Northern General Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Clarke
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D013383:Suburban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives