title: The use of a PID controller to model vecuronium pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics during liver transplantation. Proportional-integral-derivative.
abstract: A four-phase proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller was evaluated under the extremely unstable conditions of liver transplantation. Vecuronium was delivered to achieve 80%-90% neuromuscular blockade as measured by electromyogram (EMG). The first two controller phases delivered boluses and a constant infusion calculated to rapidly achieve setpoint, followed by a proportional-derivative (PD) phase at 35% from setpoint, and PID within 10% of the setpoint. During liver transplantation, the sources of system instability included large blood losses, temperature changes, and loss of hepatic drug metabolism during removal and replacement. During prolonged surgery, and when blood losses were not severe, the EMG remained within 10% of setpoint. Controller performance was more variable during system instability. Plasma sampling and two-compartment modelling of the infusion and response with a weighting factor for blood loss allowed estimation of the sources and degree of instability for improved design of future controllers.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Anesthesia Department, Robert W. Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA. Oharada@aol.com
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: O'Hara
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Hexem
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Derbyshire
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Overdyk
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Henthorn
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004360:Drug Therapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007260:Infusion Pumps / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000502:physiology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D009467:Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014673:Vecuronium Bromide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D009467:Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; D014673:Vecuronium Bromide