title: Nuclear import of hnRNP A1 is mediated by a novel cellular cofactor related to karyopherin-beta.
abstract: Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 contains a sequence, termed M9, that functions as a potent nuclear localization signal (NLS) yet bears no similarity to the well-defined basic class of NLSs. Here, we report the identification of a novel human protein, termed MIP, that binds M9 specifically both in vivo and in vitro yet fails to interact with non-functional M9 point mutants. Of note, the 101 kDa MIP protein bears significant homology to human karyopherin/importin-beta, a protein known to mediate the function of basic NLSs. The in vitro nuclear import of a protein substrate containing the M9 NLS was found to be dependent on provision of the MIP protein in trans. Cytoplasmic microinjection of a truncated form of MIP that retains the M9 binding site blocked the in vivo nuclear import of a substrate containing the M9 NLS yet failed to affect the import of a similar substrate bearing a basic NLS. These data indicate that nuclear import of hnRNP A1 is mediated by a novel cellular import pathway that is distinct from, yet evolutionarily related to, the pathway utilized by basic NLS sequences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Fridell
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Truant
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thorne
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Cullen
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001692:Biological Transport; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D000076245:Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein A1; D034481:Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Group A-B; D034441:Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012332:RNA, Heterogeneous Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D028961:beta Karyopherins
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D000076245:Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein A1; D034481:Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Group A-B; D034441:Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012332:RNA, Heterogeneous Nuclear; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins; C108121:TNPO1 protein, human; D028961:beta Karyopherins; C000619656:hnRNPA1 protein, human