title: Effects of prolactin and metoclopramide on macrophage cytokine gene expression in late sepsis.
abstract: Previous studies indicate a profound suppression of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-gamma), IL-1 beta and IL-6 release capacity by peritoneal macrophage (PM phi), splenic macrophage (SM phi) and Kupffer cells (KC) during late sepsis. Such a loss of functional capacity may reduce the animal's ability to ward off infection. Prolactin is known to enhance monocyte, T- and B-lymphocyte immune responses under normal conditions and has beneficial effects on cell-mediated immunity after haemorrhage. In the respect, the dopamine antagonist, metoclopramide, has been reported to increase circulating prolactin levels. Nonetheless, it remains unknown whether prolactin or metoclopramide have any salutary effect on macrophage (M phi) cytokine gene expression following sepsis. To study this, male C3H/HeN mice were subjected to sepsis and immediately thereafter were treated with prolactin (100 micrograms/25 g body weight, s.c.), metoclopramide (100 micrograms/100 g BW, s.c.) or given saline. PM phi, SM phi and KC (only SM phi and KC in metoclopramide-treated animals) were isolated at 24 h after sepsis. The monolayers were stimulated with or without LPS 10 micrograms/ml for 1 h in vitro. Total RNA was extracted and mRNA was detected by semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A significant depression of constitutive and inducible mRNA levels of IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha in all three M phi populations were observed, when compared with shams (with exception of KC IL-6 mRNA in unstimulated cells). Prolactin as well as metoclopramide treatment after the onset of sepsis caused significant elevation of constitutive and inducible cytokine gene expression in all macrophages examined. Thus, prolactin and metoclopramide enhance the depressed M phi gene expression and may be useful in improving cell-mediated immunity during sepsis.
authors.affiliation: Center for Surgical Research, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, USA.
authors.forename: X H
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zellweger
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Wichmann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ayala
authors.forename: I H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Chaudry
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics*; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000235:genetics; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics; D007728:Kupffer Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008787:Metoclopramide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D011388:Prolactin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018805:Sepsis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D011388:Prolactin; D008787:Metoclopramide