title: Management of vasospastic disorders of the hand.
abstract: Vasospastic disorders of the upper extremity are common and often difficult to treat. Using the proposed classification system (Table 2) allows management based upon pathologic condition, physiologic staging, and response to treatment. Identifying patients in this way also helps in determining which treatments are most appropriate. The basic approach to management includes environmental and behavioral modifications including cessation of tobacco use, protection of hands, and avoidance of situations that trigger the vasospastic response. Pharmacologic therapy may provide good results in a majority of patients. Surgical intervention is reserved for patients with vaso-occlusion, ischemia, and refractory symptoms in spite of attempts at medical management. Surgical options include vascular reconstruction, peripheral sympathectomy, or a combination of techniques. The goal of medical and surgical management is to increase total or nutritional blood flow in the digits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Bowman Gray School of Medicine of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Troum
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Koman
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Ruch
mesh_terms: D006225:Hand / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*