title: Candida infection following severe trauma exacerbates Th2 cytokines and increases mortality.
abstract: Following trauma, there is an increase of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10) and a decrease in Th1 cytokines (IFN-gamma and IL-2) that may account for impaired cellular immunity. However, the functional significance of a dominant Th2 pattern to the host remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether Candida albicans (CA) sepsis in the setting of a Th2 response to trauma leads to increased mortality and to examine the mediators involved. Female BALB/c mice were randomized (12 per group) to receive no injury (C); trauma, consisting of a combined femur fracture and 40% total blood loss (T); no injury plus CA infection (C+CA); and CA infection 1 week following trauma (T+CA). Survival was then followed for 3 weeks. In a separate study, mice were treated as above (5 per group) and sacrificed. Harvested splenocytes were evaluated for concanavalin A-stimulated cytokine production and liver and kidney homogenates were plated to evaluate CA growth per organ and examined histologically. Candida infection at 1 week following trauma resulted in significantly increased mortality compared to infected controls. Furthermore, the Th2 dominant cytokine pattern was significantly augmented in the presence of CA infection in both C+CA and T+CA groups. Additional analysis showed significant growth of CA in liver and kidney homogenates from T+CA compared to C+CA mice. These results suggest that injured and infected mice demonstrate augmentation of Th2 dominant responses above that of injury or infection alone, as well as a decreased ability to clear Candida which may partially explain the increase in mortality observed. Therapies designed to neutralize Th2 cytokines or augment Th1 cytokines may prove beneficial in the setting of sepsis following trauma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, New York Hospital-Cornell, University Medical College, New York 10021, USA.
authors.forename: V E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Mack
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: McCarter
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Naama
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Calvano
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Daly
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000276:immunology; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007668:Kidney / Q000382:microbiology; D008099:Liver / Q000382:microbiology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D013154:Spleen / Q000276:immunology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007376:Interleukin-2; D015850:Interleukin-6; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma