title: Anterior release and fusion in pediatric spinal deformity. A comparison of early outcome and cost of thoracoscopic and open thoracotomy approaches.
abstract: METHODS
  A consecutive series of patients undergoing thoracoscopic anterior spinal release and fusion for scoliosis or kyphosis was compared with a consecutive series of patients treated with an open thoracotomy approach.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the early clinical results, costs, and charges of performing an anterior thoracic spinal release and fusion with the two approaches.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The thoracoscopic approach to the spine is gaining acceptance, yet there are little data comparing the technique with standard open methods for the treatment of spinal deformity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The first 14 thoracoscopic cases performed at the authors' hospital were compared with 18 open thoracotomy cases treated during the previous 12-month period. In each case the discs were excised and bone grafted before performing a posterior fusion. The early clinical outcomes and the hospital charges/costs were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percent curve correction was similar between the thoracoscopic and open methods: scoliosis 56% and 60%, respectively; kyphosis, 88% and 94%, respectively. The blood loss and complication rates were similar between the two groups; however, the chest tube output was greater in the thoracoscopic group. The length of hospital stay was not reduced, and the cost of the open procedure is 29% less than the thoracoscopic approach. The minimally invasive thoracoscopic approach avoids cutting the chest/shoulder musculature, greatly decreasing the morbidity of anterior spinal surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The thoracoscopic technique is a safe and effective alternative to open thoracotomy in the approach to the anterior thoracic spine for the treatment of pediatric and adolescent spinal deformity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Children's Hospital and Health Center, San Diego, USA.
authors.forename: P O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Wenger
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Mubarak
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Meyer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D017586:Diskectomy / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D017722:Hospital Charges; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D007738:Kyphosis / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D013906:Thoracoscopy; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000191:economics; D016896:Treatment Outcome