title: Immunohistochemistry of minor salivary gland biopsy specimens from patients with Sjögren's syndrome with and without hepatitis C virus infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterise phenotypically the minor salivary glands of patients with clinical and histological features of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV).
  
  
  METHODS
  75 consecutive patients with SS (31 primary SS, 44 secondary SS) diagnosed by preliminary European classification criteria. The presence of anti-HCV antibodies was detected by commercial third generation ELISA and by a second generation immunoblot assay. Presence of HCV genome in serum was determined by polymerase chain reaction analysis. Expression of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, HLA-DR, and CD25 molecules in lymphocytic and epithelial cells on minor salivary glands was detected by immunohistochemical assays. Expression of interferon gamma and interleukin 4 cytokines was determined by in situ hybridisation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six of 31 primary SS (19%) and one of 44 secondary SS (2%) serum samples were positive for anti-HCV by ELISA. Three samples were positive, three indeterminate, and one sample corresponding to a secondary SS patient was negative by immunoblot. The three immunoblot positive serum samples were also HCV-RNA positive by PCR assay. The study of lymphocytic cells in the diffuse infiltrate of minor salivary glands showed a predominance of the CD3 lymphocytic population. A predominance of CD4 over CD8 T cells (ratio 2:1) was observed in HCV and non-HCV infected patients. The analysis of the lymphocytic focus showed that the HCV infected patients had a predominance of CD20 positive cells. Activation molecules (CD-25 and HLA-DR) were expressed in HCV and non-HCV infected patients in lymphocytic and epithelial cells, however epithelial cell expression of CD25 was low in HCV infected patients. As expected, a pronounced Th1 response was observed in the lymphocytic foci of HCV patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HCV infected patients may develop an autoimmune sialadenitis, similar to that described in primary SS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coll
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gambús
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Corominas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tomás
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Esteban
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guardia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004848:Epithelium / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012470:Salivary Glands, Minor / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology