title: Load pattern and pressure pain threshold in the upper trapezius muscle and psychosocial factors in medical secretaries with and without shoulder/neck disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A current hypothesis for the genesis of muscular complaints in the shoulder/neck region postulates that short periods with a completely relaxed muscle are essential to avoid complaints. Another hypothesis is that these disorders are related to psychosocial conditions at work. In order to test these hypotheses, 23 medical secretaries were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The load pattern during work in the upper trapezius muscle bilaterally was assessed with electromyographic (EMG) technique and exposure variation analysis (EVA). In addition, pressure pain threshold (PPT) was measured on the trapezius muscle bilaterally and on the sternum. Psychosocial conditions at work were assessed with a questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The medical secretaries with complaints had significantly fewer episodes with totally or close to totally relaxed muscle compared with the healthy group. The group with complaints tended to have a more monotonous load pattern at low levels (approx. 1%-5% maximum voluntary contraction) while the healthy group had more frequent pauses but also somewhat more frequent short load peaks. The group with complaints showed lower PPT readings compared with the healthy group. However, the whole group had considerably lower PPTs than is usually reported in the literature. Of the 12 questions in the psychosocial questionnaire only one regarding work task satisfaction showed a significant difference between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Support is found for hypothesis that secretaries without complaints have more frequent episodes with totally relaxed muscle. A significant difference is found regarding work task satisfaction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ergonomics, National Institute for Working Life, Solna, Sweden. ghagg@niwl.se
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Hägg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aström
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008502:Medical Secretaries; D009334:Neck Muscles; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D017288:Pain Threshold; D012307:Risk Factors; D012782:Shoulder; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016474:Weight-Bearing