title: Radiologic evaluation of the relation of the screw tip to the nerve root in the intervertebral foramen.
abstract: Eight cervical spines were used to evaluate the relation of the screw tip to the nerve root in the intervertebral foramen. The specimens were divided into two groups: (a) lateral placement without contact with the nerve root, and (b) lateral placement with penetration of the nerve root. Six screws were used for each specimen. After screw placement, oblique radiographs and axial computed tomography (CT) scans were taken. The results on oblique radiographs showed that 23 (95.8%) of 24 screws without contact with the nerve root were found in the upper zone or the junction between the upper and lower zones of the intervertebral foramen. Twenty (83.3%) of 24 screws with penetration of the nerve root were located in the junction between the lower zone of the intervertebral foramen and the pedicle zone. No definite diagnosis of screw penetration of the nerve root could be made on axial CT scans, although scans can show that the screw is violating the foramen. Whether or not a screw violating the intertransverse foramen and affects the nerve root depends on its position on the oblique radiograph. It may be not necessary to remove or change the screw immediately if a longer screw is found in the upper portion of the intervertebral foramen on the oblique view and angled laterally on axial CT scan in a patient without radicular symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43699, USA.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Ebraheim
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Challgren
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001860:Bone Plates; D001863:Bone Screws / Q000009:adverse effects; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed