title: Low acute gastrointestinal and genitourinary toxicities in whole pelvic irradiation of prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This retrospective study was done to determine the frequency and severity of acute gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) toxicity associated with whole pelvic radiotherapy of localized prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1989 and 1994, we treated 156 patients with localized prostate cancer, ranging in age from 54 to 86 (median 71), of which 86 were older than 70 years of age. No attempt at selection was made, and many were from the Veteran's Administration Hospital where they had been precluded from their surgical program because of comorbidities and/or advanced age. Of 156 patients, 45 (28.8%) underwent pretreatment laparoscopic lymphadenectomy (LAP); 40 had negative findings. Four-field box technique was used for all patients. We treated the whole pelvis to 45 Gy, followed by a cone-down and a final boost to a total dose of 72 Gy. The cone-down to the lower pelvis and boost to the prostate were based on computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging findings for volume reconstruction with field size of approximately 8 x 8 and 6 x 6 cm, respectively. Diet instructions were given before treatment and emphasized weekly. Toxicities were evaluated weekly by physicians and nurses independently using Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) grading criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The acute GI and GU toxicities gradually increased from Week 2, peaked at Week 5, and then declined after that. During Week 5, acute Grade 1-3 GI morbidities were observed in 19 (12.2%), 2 (1.3%), and 1 (0.6%) patients, respectively. Genitourinary toxicity was similar, accounting for 17 (10.9%), 6 (3.8%), and 1 (0.6%), respectively. Overall Grade 2 toxicities occurred in 30 of 156 patients (19%). Comorbidity was associated with more GI toxicity. Patients over 70 years of age tended to reach the maximal GI and GU toxicity 1-2 weeks earlier than did patients under the age of 70. Of the patients who did not follow the diet instruction, all experienced side effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whole pelvic irradiation was very well tolerated in this group of patients. The frequency of acute Grade 2 GI and GU toxicity compared favorably with the reported results of conformal treatment. Diet restriction and psychosocial input may have had a positive impact. Late sequelae will be evaluated in long-term follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Roger Williams Medical Center/Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Glicksman
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Coachman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuten
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015897:Comorbidity; D004032:Diet; D004064:Digestive System / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010388:Pelvis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014566:Urogenital System / Q000528:radiation effects*