title: The effect of knowledge of results delay and the subjective estimation of movement form on the acquisition and retention of a motor skill.
abstract: This study examined the effects of knowledge of results (KR) delay and subjective estimation of movement form on the acquisition and retention of a motor skill. During acquisition, four groups of participants performed 60 trials of a throwing accuracy task under the following conditions: (a) immediate KR, (b) delayed KR, (c) immediate KR + form estimation, and (d) delayed KR + form estimation. Retention tests of throwing accuracy and outcome error estimation in the absence of visual KR were administered 5 min and 24 hours following acquisition. Throwing accuracy was significantly higher during acquisition but significantly lower during retention for immediate-KR participants than for delayed-KR participants. However, participants who estimated their movement form during acquisition produced significantly higher throwing accuracy and lower estimation error during retention than those who did not.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education, Bryan College, USA. liujo@bryannet.bryan.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Wrisberg
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007721:Knowledge of Results, Psychological; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology; D009068:Movement; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011214:Practice, Psychological; D012153:Retention, Psychology / Q000502:physiology; D013850:Thinking; D013997:Time Factors