title: Post-traumatic proliferative vitreoretinopathy. The epidemiologic profile, onset, risk factors, and visual outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study was to characterize the clinical development of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) after trauma in the human eye.
  
  
  METHODS
  A chart review was performed on the records of 1564 patients with ocular trauma seen at a large metropolitan hospital. The frequency, type of ocular trauma, time to onset, potential risk factors, and visual outcome for PVR were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proliferative vitreoretinopathy occurred in 71 (4%) of 1654 injured eyes. Of these 71 injured eyes, 30 (42%) resulted from rupture, 15 (21%) from penetration, 13 (18%) from perforation, and 7 (10%) from confusion. Six (9%) were associated with an intraocular foreign body (IOFB). The frequency of PVR following perforation, rupture, penetration, IOFB, and contusion was 43%, 21%, 15%, 11%, and 1%, respectively. Overall, those eyes that developed PVR had a poorer visual outcome, with PVR being the primary reason for visual loss. The time from injury to onset of PVR was shortest after perforation (median, 1.3 months), followed by rupture (2.1 months), IOFB (3.1 months), penetration (3.2 months), and contusion (5.7 months). Vitreous hemorrhage was the strongest independent predictive factor for the development of PVR. A long, posteriorly located wound and persistent intraocular inflammation were also important risk factors for PVR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that PVR is a common complication following a variety of ocular injuries, and that it is associated with a poor visual outcome. Its frequency, onset, and outcome are strongly dependent on the nature of the trauma. Specific high-risk groups are identified as candidates for more aggressive therapy.
authors.affiliation: Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cardillo
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Stout
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: LaBree
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Azen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Omphroy
authors.forename: J Z
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hinton
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ryan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D013997:Time Factors; D014792:Visual Acuity; D018630:Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology