title: Extensive peroxynitrite activity during progressive stages of central nervous system inflammation.
abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) production has been associated with disease activity in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). This free radical can be transformed by superoxide to peroxynitrite, an extremely toxic oxidant which causes lipid peroxidation. In addition, peroxynitrite nitrates tyrosine residues, resulting in nitrotyrosine, which can be identified immunohistochemically. The results of this study indicate that peroxynitrite is formed very early during EAE development, correlating with clinical disease activity. Nitrotyrosine-positive cells display a widespread distribution in brain and spinal cord during severe disease and are associated with both perivascular infiltrates and parenchymal sites. Double-staining procedures demonstrated that a subpopulation of CD11b-positive cells (macrophages/microglia) reacted with nitrotyrosine antibodies. Immunostaining for inducible NO synthase demonstrated a similar distribution as nitrotyrosine staining. These experiments indicate that peroxynitrite is formed during progressive stages of disease activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Southern California School of Medicine 90033, USA.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: van der Veen
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hinton
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Incardonna
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Hofman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology; D018450:Disease Progression; D004681:Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D009444:Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D009566:Nitrates / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000166:cytology; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005609:Free Radicals; D009566:Nitrates; C039642:peroxynitric acid; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine