title: The past, present, and future of lung transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The history of lung transplantation from the first human transplant performed in 1963 to the present is reviewed with particular focus on the added challenges because of the contaminated bronchus, exposure of the graft to airborne organisms, the poor blood supply to the bronchus, and the problem of reperfusion pulmonary edema.
  
  
  METHODS
  The technical aspects of single and double sequential lung transplantation are reviewed, as are the current indications for single, double sequential, and heart/lung transplantation. Criteria for lung transplant recipients, in addition to their primary disease are noted, as are absolute and relative contraindications. The standard criteria for donor selection are also reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of single, double sequential, and heart-lung transplantation over the past 10 years as reported by the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Database are reviewed. In addition, the statistics of the lung and heart-lung transplantation program at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center are reviewed, including the current immunosuppressive regimens and early and late monitoring for infection and rejection. This experience includes 3 early deaths in the first 53 patients for an operative mortality of 5.6%, with a 1-year actuarial survival of 90%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During the past decade remarkable improvement in the result of single and double sequential lung transplantation have occurred. As 1-year, actuarial survival is now approaching 90% at some institutions. Living related lobar transplantation, new antirejection agents, chimerism, and xenograft transplantation are areas for continuing and future investigation. The shortage in donor organ supply continues to be a very significant factor in limiting human lung transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center and the Denver VA Medical Center, 80262, USA.
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Grover
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Fullerton
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Zamora
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ackerman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Badesch
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chetham
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dhaliwal
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diercks
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kinnard
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Niejadlik
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ochs
mesh_terms: D005544:Forecasting; D016041:Heart-Lung Transplantation / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D014019:Tissue Donors