title: Hemodynamic instability after carotid endarterectomy: risk factors and associations with operative complications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the incidences of hypertension, hypotension, and bradycardia after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and to identify any hemodynamic variables predictive of postoperative stroke, death, or cardiac complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective population-based cohort study of 291 consecutive patients undergoing CEA using hospital chart review. Hemodynamic data collected from time of arrival in the recovery room until the end of the 1st postoperative day. Primary and secondary outcome events were stroke or death within 30 days of surgery and any postoperative cardiac complication (angina, congestive heart failure, dysrhythmia, or myocardial infarction), respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidences of postoperative hypertension (systolic blood pressure > 220 mm Hg), hypotension (systolic blood pressure < 90 mm Hg), and bradycardia (pulse < 60 beats/min) were 9% (26 of 290 cases), 12% (36 of 290 cases), and 55% (159 of 290 cases), respectively. The stroke or death rate was 5.2% (15 of 291 cases). Postoperative hypertension was associated significantly with stroke or death (P = 0.04) and by a statistical trend with cardiac complications (P = 0.07). Independent preoperative risk factors for postoperative hypertension by multivariate analysis included angiographic intracranial carotid stenosis greater than 50%, cardiac dysrhythmia, preoperative systolic blood pressure greater than 160 mm Hg, neurological instability, and renal insufficiency. Postoperative hypotension and bradycardia did not correlate with primary or secondary outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hemodynamic instability was commonly observed after CEA, but only postoperative hypertension was associated with stroke or death and, possibly, with cardiac complications. Patients undergoing CEA, especially those at risk for postoperative hypertension, may be monitored best in settings suited to the expeditious management of neurological and cardiovascular emergencies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, MacKenzie Health Sciences Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Findlay
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Suarez-Almazor
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001919:Bradycardia / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002423:Cause of Death; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D007022:Hypotension / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome