title: The epidemiology and surveillance of blood lead in Taiwan (ROC): a report on the PRESS-BLL project.
abstract: To monitor the lead hazards in industries and to investigate the prevalence of elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) in lead-exposed workers, a lead surveillance system (PRESS-BLLs) has been established and operated in Taiwan, Republic of China, since July 1993. A cohort of lead-exposed workers who received a periodic annual health examination at 55 accredited hospital laboratories was constructed. A total of 9807 separate BLL measurements were reported to the system in 1994. The mean BLL was 15.8 micrograms/dl in male workers and 11.6 micrograms/dl in female workers. The mean BLL of lead-exposed workers was significantly (P < 0.05, z-test) higher than that of the general Taiwanese population (8.6 micrograms/dl for males and 6.7 micrograms/dl for females). In addition, the BLLs of 983 (10.0%) workers exceeded the regulatory action level (40 micrograms/dl for males; 30 micrograms/dl for females). The workplaces and homes of 57% of the workers with elevated BLLs were thoroughly investigated to determine the sources of lead contamination. These actions identified the causes of elevated BLLs and set up strategies to reduce workers' lead exposure. The establishment of this occupational lead surveillance system represents a method for monitoring of lead hazards from occupational and environmental settings to prevent lead poisoning. The information acquired from the system can help in the setting up of a priority of prevention and the development of control measures. It is also useful for further monitoring of changes in the BLLs of the lead-exposed cohort. The Health Department of Taiwan can use this information to evaluate the effectiveness of current industrial hygiene practice. Subjects with elevated BLLs have been medically treated and placed on long-term follow-up for sequelae.
authors.affiliation: Disease Surveillance and Quarantine Service, Ministry of Health, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: T N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Liou
authors.forename: G Y
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: P Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000009:adverse effects; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D013624:Taiwan
chemical_list: D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal