title: Morningness-eveningness preferences of emergency medicine residents are skewed toward eveningness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the morningness-eveningness (ME) distribution of emergency medicine (EM) residents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A voluntary, modified ME questionnaire was administered to all EM residents in the United States at the time of the 1995 American Board of Emergency Medicine's annual In-Training Examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-eight percent (2,047/2,614) of the surveys were returned. ME scores ranged from 24 to 76, with a median score of 49 (interquartile range 44, 56). The scores were distributed differently from those of the normal population (p < 0.001), being skewed toward eveningness. There was a correlation (r = 0.13, p < 0.0001) between resident age and ME score, with older residents being more morning-oriented. Males were more morning-oriented than females (p = 0.005), and respondents with children living at home also were significantly more morning-oriented (p < 0.001). Stepwise logistic regression showed that the influence of age, gender, and children was cumulative (r = 0.19) but accounted for only 4% of the observed variability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EM residents are distributed differently from the normal population in terms of their ME preferences, tending slightly toward eveningness. The importance of this distribution in EM residents in unknown. A longitudinal follow-up of this cohort may help to determine the association of ME preference with overall practice satisfaction, tolerance of shift work, and career longevity.
authors.affiliation: Truman Medical Center, University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine 64108, USA. msteele@cctr.umkc.edu
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: McNamara
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Smith-Coggins
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Watson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004635:Emergency Medicine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D010822:Physicians, Women / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards; D014481:United States; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance / Q000523:psychology*