title: Expression of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine associated epitope in synovium: a potential marker of glycoprotein production.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate synovial glycoprotein production in situ, a novel monoclonal antibody (Mab), A13D8, was used to evaluate the expression of an epitope containing N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc) in normal and pathological synovium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunohistological and cytochemical analysis of synovial tissue samples was undertaken with single and double staining techniques using the A13D8 Mab, anti-CD68, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), the hyaluronan associated enzyme uridine diphosphoglucose dehydrogenase (UDPGD), and the anti-Golgi Mab SSN/HR-1992. The specificity of the A13D8 Mab was established through blocking studies using carbohydrate residues, including GalNAc and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A13D8 is expressed intensely in the cytoplasm of normal type B lining cells, which coexpress VCAM-1 and UDPGD, and is not expressed by CD68+ type A lining cells. In the lining layer of RA synovium, there is a negative correlation between A13D8 expression and the level of lymphocytic infiltration in the sublining areas (r = -0.43, p < 0.001). The endothelium of a subset of venules, typically in lymphocyte-rich aggregates, also stains intensely for A13D8. Pretreatment of the Mab with GalNAc completely eliminates the tissue staining, as well as the 110 kDa band seen on immunoblot, whereas pretreatment of A13D8 with GlcNAc and lactose has no effect. Double staining of HEp-2 cells with A13D8 and the anti-Golgi Mab SSN/HR-1992 reveals co-localization of the A13D8 epitope to the Golgi apparatus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Type B synovial lining cells and selected synovial endothelium express GalNAc containing epitope identified by Mab A13D8. Marked reduction in the expression of this epitope in the lining layer of inflamed RA synovium suggests that the synovial production of GalNAc containing glycoproteins, such as mucins, may be altered in this disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: El-Gabalawy
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alguacil-Garcia
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fritzler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilkins
mesh_terms: D000116:Acetylgalactosamine / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D000941:Antigens / Q000737:chemistry; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015415:Biomarkers; D000939:Epitopes / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology*; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006056:Golgi Apparatus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D019169:Jurkat Cells / Q000276:immunology; D009077:Mucins / Q000378:metabolism; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000941:Antigens; D015415:Biomarkers; D000939:Epitopes; D006023:Glycoproteins; D009077:Mucins; D000116:Acetylgalactosamine