title: Ruthenium red neurotoxicity and interaction with gangliosides in primary cortical cultures.
abstract: Ruthenium red (RR) is an inorganic polycationic dye able to exert several effects on the nervous system, including neurodegeneration, both in vivo and in cell cultures. Gangliosides have been shown to protect cultured neurons against several damaging conditions, and it has been postulated that RR can interact with the negative charges of the sialic acid residues of these molecules. In the present work we have tested the effect of the trisialoganglioside GT1b and the monosialoganglioside GM1 on the RR-induced neuronal damage in primary cortical cultures, as well as on the binding of RR to synaptosomes. GT1b at 100-200 microM concentrations partially protected against RR-induced neurodegeneration, as judged by light microscopy and by measurement of the reduction of a tetrazolium salt, while GM1 was ineffective. GT1b, but not GM1, also partly blocked both RR binding and its diminution in the culture medium occurring during incubation. These results suggest that the three negative charges of GT1b enable it to interact with RR and as a consequence the entrance of the dye into the cells is blocked and neurotoxicity is diminished, although other mechanisms of protection cannot be excluded. Endogenous polysialic acid-containing molecules do not seem to be involved in RR effects, since the removal of sialic acid residues by treatment with neuraminidase did not prevent the cell damage.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, D.F.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Velasco
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tapia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology*; D005677:G(M1) Ganglioside / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005732:Gangliosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019158:N-Acetylneuraminic Acid / Q000502:physiology; D009410:Nerve Degeneration; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000494:pharmacology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012430:Ruthenium Red / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D013574:Synaptosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005732:Gangliosides; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009498:Neurotoxins; D012430:Ruthenium Red; D005677:G(M1) Ganglioside; C016481:trisialoganglioside GT1; D009439:Neuraminidase; D019158:N-Acetylneuraminic Acid