title: Milk, dietary calcium, and bone fractures in women: a 12-year prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined whether higher intakes of milk and other calcium-rich foods during adult years can reduce the risk of osteoporotic fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a 12-year prospective study among 77761 women, aged 34 through 59 years in 1980, who had never used calcium supplements. Dietary intake was assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire in 1980, 1984, and 1986. Fractures of the proximal femur (n = 133) and distal radius (n = 1046) from low or moderate trauma were self-reported on biennial questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no evidence that higher intakes of milk or calcium from food sources reduce fracture incidence. Women who drank two or more glasses of milk per day had relative risks of 1.45 for hip fracture (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.87, 2.43) and 1.05 for forearm fracture (95% CI = 0.88, 1.25) when compared with women consuming one glass or less per week. Likewise, higher intakes of total dietary calcium or calcium from dairy foods were not associated with decreased risk of hip or forearm fracture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data do not support the hypothesis that higher consumption of milk or other food sources of calcium by adult women protects against hip or forearm fractures.
authors.affiliation: Channing Laboratory, Boston, Mass. 02115, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Feskanich
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stampfer
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Colditz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011885:Radius Fractures / Q000517:prevention & control; D012306:Risk; D014458:Ulna Fractures / Q000517:prevention & control; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary