title: Mortality among appropriately referred patients refused admission to intensive-care units.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The provision of intensive care is a perplexing issue for clinicians and the public. Concerns about the apparent lack of beds and the appropriateness of the patients admitted are tempered by the high cost of providing this service. As part of a study commissioned by the UK Department of Health, we tested the hypothesis that there is excess mortality among patients who are refused admission to intensive-care units.
  
  
  METHODS
  All referrals to six intensive-care units with different numbers of beds were monitored during a 3-month period. Data on mortality 90 days after first referral were obtained from family physicians for all patients known to be alive at hospital discharge. We adjusted, where possible, for confounding, including for age, sex, appropriateness of referral, disease severity, surgery and emergency categories, and bed provision. We did multivariate analysis by multiple logistic regression to compare the adjusted 90-day mortality rates for patients who were refused admission and for those admitted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  480 patients were admitted and 165 were refused admission. 90 days after referral there had been 178 (37%) deaths among the admitted group and 75 (46%) among the refused group. After multivariate adjustment, 113 patients appropriately referred for intensive care but refused admission to their first-choice intensive-care unit had a relative risk of death of 1.6 (95% CI 1.0-2.5), compared with the group of appropriately admitted cases with medium APACHE II scores for disease severity. Age, the assessed need for treatment or monitoring interventions, and emergency status also contributed to differences in mortality among all referrals. Bed provision did not contribute significantly to excess mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although this study is observational and case-mix adjustment is incomplete, we found a higher rate of attributable mortality in patients who were refused intensive care, particularly for emergency cases. We question whether the provision of more beds alone would be a solution and conclude that there is an urgent need for more appropriate admission and discharge criteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Metcalfe
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sloggett
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McPherson
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004630:Emergencies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018579:Patient Selection; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012306:Risk; D006113:United Kingdom