title: A prospective study of alcohol, smoking, caffeine, and the risk of duodenal ulcer in men.
abstract: The associations between smoking, caffeine, and alcohol intake and the risk of duodenal ulcer have rarely been investigated prospectively. We examined these associations in a prospective cohort of 47,806 men, 40-75 years of age, using a mailed baseline questionnaire in 1986, with follow-up every 2 years through 1992. During 6 years of follow-up, we documented 138 newly diagnosed cases of duodenal ulcer. After adjustment for age, energy-adjusted dietary fiber, body mass index, and use of aspirin or other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, current smoking was not associated with a substantial risk of duodenal ulcer [relative risk (RR) = 1.07; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.61-1.89]. Overall, past smokers were not at increased risk compared with never-smokers (RR = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.69-1.42). Adjusting for other risk factors, alcohol intake (comparing those who drink > 30 gm of alcohol per day to nondrinkers) was not associated with higher risk of duodenal ulcer (RR = 0.74; 95% CI = 0.42-1.29). We observed little association between caffeine, caffeine-containing beverages, and decaffeinated coffee and the risk of duodenal ulcer. These results indicate that smoking is not associated with a substantial increase in risk of duodenal ulcer, nor is high intake of alcohol and caffeine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Aldoori
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Giovannucci
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stampfer
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Rimm
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Wing
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004381:Duodenal Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine