Maternal psychosocial factors associated with substance use in Mexican-origin and African American low-income pregnant women.
OBJECTIVE
To describe ethnic-specific patterns of substance use before and during pregnancy in low-income pregnant women, examine the associations between psychosocial factors and patterns of substance use within ethnic groups, and assess maternal sociodemographic, prenatal, and psychosocial factors of women who continue to use substances during pregnancy and those who do not.


METHODS
A prospective study of low-income, primiparous African American (n = 255), Mexican American (n = 525), and Mexican immigrant (n = 764) women was conducted in 22 prenatal care clinics in Los Angeles, CA. Data were collected in face-to-face interviews in both English and Spanish on prenatal life events, anxiety, sources of support, and substance use behaviors three months before and during pregnancy.


RESULTS
Significant ethnic differences were found in use of alcohol, cigarettes, and illicit drugs. African American women were more likely than Mexican-origin women to report use of substances before and during pregnancy. Mexican American women were more likely than Mexican immigrant women to report use of substances before and during pregnancy. Women who continued to use substances during pregnancy were less likely to be living with the baby's father, to have planned the pregnancy, to report having been able to go for prenatal care as soon as they wanted, and more likely to be identified at medical risk.


CONCLUSIONS
Providers must increase the assessment and monitoring of substance use behaviors of low-income women in prenatal care settings. The role of health care providers must encompass advocacy and public health education.
Zambrana
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Center for Child Welfare, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030-4444, USA.
Scrimshaw
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SC
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D002140:California; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017058:Mexican Americans / Q000523:psychology*; D008800:Mexico / Q000208:ethnology; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D011203:Poverty; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000208:ethnology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires