title: Is free prostate-specific antigen helpful in the differential diagnosis of benign hyperplasia and cancer of the prostate?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We studied the clinical relevance of the determination of free prostate-specific antigen (f-PSA) in addition to total PSA (t-PSA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Both t-PSA and f-PSA values of frozen sera obtained pretherapeutically from 80 patients with prostate carcinoma (PC) and 171 patients with benign hyperplasia of the prostate (BPH) were analyzed by means of the Tandem-E PSA and Tandem-R f-PSA immunoassays (Hybritech, San Diego, Calif.).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 95% specificity, a cutoff value of 15.7 micrograms/l was obtained for t-PSA [9 patients with BPH (5%) were above this value]. For this cutoff value, we calculated a sensitivity of 50% (40 patients with PC were above this value). Using the same criteria for the ratio (Q) f-PSA:t-PSA a cutoff of 0.086 was found again at a specificity of 95%. In a second step, only patients with t-PSA values below the cutoff level of 15.7 micrograms/l were considered. Out of these patients, 6 of 156 with BPH (missing values = 6) and 11 of 40 with PC were below the above-mentioned ratio (Q = 0.086). Therefore, sensitivity was 28% for this subgroup. Considering both steps (t-PSA and Q) 51 patients with PC were detected correctly and 15 patients with BPH would have undergone biopsy unnecessarily (positive biopsy rate: 77%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High t-PSA levels are very good indicators for the presence of PC. There is still concern for improving the differentiation between BPH and PC, when an intermediate or low value (< or = 95% specificity) is observed. The determination of Q is only useful in this range and is helpful for the clinician's decision whether to apply or avoid biopsy.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Klinische Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Deutschland.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Reiter
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stieber
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schmeller
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nagel
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schambeck
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fateh-Moghadam
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D008297:Male; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen