title: U5 region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat contains TRE-like cAMP-responsive elements that bind both AP-1 and CREB/ATF proteins.
abstract: Activating protein-1 (AP-1) binding phorbol ester responsive elements (TRE) are located downstream of the transcription initiation site in the U5 region of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) long terminal repeat (LTR). These downstream sequence elements, termed DSE, can bind cFos and junD and transmit protein kinase C (PKC) activation signals to the LTR. Further studies suggested the DSE might also bind AP-1-related proteins of the CREB/ATF family. Since enhanced HIV-1 expression is associated with activation of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway, we determined whether binding of CREB/ATF proteins to the DSE mediate cAMP/PKA activation of the HIV-1 LTR. In the present study. DSE binding complexes in nuclear protein extracta from colonic epithelial cells are shown to contain ATF-1, ATF-2, and CREB and transfection of either an ATF-2 or PKA expressing plasmid transactivated the DSE. Cholera toxin (Ctx), a potent activator of the cAMP/PKA pathway. Increased HIV-1 virus production from a latently infected promonocytic cell line, U1. Ctx increased LTR promoter activity and increased the CREB content of DSE binding complexes. Transfection of U1 cells with a series of mutant LTR reporter constructs demonstrated that the Ctx response was in large part mediated by the DSE. The Ctx response was also mediated by a heterologous promoter containing multiple TRE sites. Nuclear protein extracts from a T-cell line infected by HIV-1 contained higher levels of CREB/ATF proteins and manifested increased CREB/ATF binding activity. Collectively, these results indicate the DSE are TRE-like cAMP responsive elements that bind both AP-1 and CREB/ATF permitting induction of the HIV-1 LTR by both PKC and PKA activation signals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Rabbi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saifuddin
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Kagnoff
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Roebuck
mesh_terms: D051697:Activating Transcription Factor 1; D051698:Activating Transcription Factor 2; D001665:Binding Sites; D002460:Cell Line; D002772:Cholera Toxin / Q000378:metabolism; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D016325:HIV Long Terminal Repeat; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: C497105:ATF2 protein, human; D051697:Activating Transcription Factor 1; D051698:Activating Transcription Factor 2; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D014157:Transcription Factors; D002772:Cholera Toxin; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases