title: Cognitive, behavioral, and motor effects of the NMDA antagonist ketamine in Huntington's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Excitotoxicity may contribute to neuronal degeneration in Huntington's disease (HD). N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists can prevent neuronal degeneration caused by excitotoxicity, but their effects in HD patients are not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the acute cognitive, behavioral, and motor effects of the NMDA-receptor antagonist ketamine in HD patients. Double-blind infusions of 0.10, 0.40, and 0.60 mg/kg/hr ketamine were given to 10 HD patients on one test day and compared with placebo infusions on a second, identical testing day. Linear mixed-effects models and randomization tests were used to identify whether, and at which dose, a significant change from baseline occurred in outcome variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrated that ketamine is well tolerated at low and intermediate subanesthetic doses. Intermediate ketamine doses produced specific decline in memory and verbal fluency. Higher subanesthetic doses caused a significant increase in psychiatric symptoms and impairment of eye movements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results describe the spectrum of clinical effects produced by increasing NMDA receptor blockade in HD patients. The clinical effects appearing with higher levels of NMDA receptor blockade can identify the range of doses used in clinical trials of NMDA receptor antagonists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Murman
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Giordani
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mellow
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Johanns
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Little
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hariharan
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006816:Huntington Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007649:Ketamine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D007649:Ketamine