title: Costs, outcomes, and patient satisfaction by provider type for patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal conditions: a critical review of the literature and proposed methodologic standards.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the outcomes of care provided by generalists with that provided by specialists for patients with musculoskeletal and rheumatic conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  English-language studies published between 1986 and April 1996 were identified through a MEDLINE search.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies that compared generalists' and specialists' treatment preferences, appropriateness of care, or outcomes with regard to musculoskeletal and rheumatic conditions were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were reviewed for methodologic rigor and outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low back pain is treated by many types of providers, without consistent differences in outcomes across provider types. In one study, however, patients were more satisfied with chiropractic care than with care provided by primary care physicians, although the former cost twice as much as the latter. For osteoarthritis of the hip, rheumatologists and primary care providers reported using different therapeutic regimens. For acute mono- and oligoarthritis, rheumatologists performed arthrocentesis more appropriately than nonrheumatologists and produced shorter durations of hospitalization. In the management of gout, rheumatologists used colchicine during the introduction of urate-lowering therapy more appropriately than other providers. In two population-based cohorts of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, patients cared for by rheumatologists were prescribed significantly more disease-modifying agents and had less disability than patients cared for by generalists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although empirical data are scant, there seem to be differences between generalists and specialists for a range of outcomes in various musculoskeletal and rheumatic conditions. Studies to data have important methodologic limitations that need to be addressed in future research.
authors.affiliation: Robert B. Brigham Multipurpose Arthritis and Muaculoskeletal Diseases Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Panush
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Katz
mesh_terms: D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000592:standards*; D008511:Medicine; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D013038:Specialization; D014481:United States