title: Efficacy of three prevention strategies against legionella in cooling water systems.
abstract: The efficacy of three different prevention strategies on legionella in cooling systems was studied. The strategies were as follows: (1) water temperature was lowered; (2) water quality was improved; or (3) the system as disinfected with polyhexamethylene biguanidechloride (PHMB) biocide or with 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (BNPD) biocide. Lowering of water temperature was the most effective method to reduce the concentration of legionella in cooling systems. Improving of water quality resulted in a transitory disinfection effect. The additions of PHMB or BNPD decreased the concentrations of both legionella and heterotrophic bacteria in cooling water. The effect of biocides, however, lasted at the most only a few months. If possible, lowering water temperature and improving the water quality should be the primary practices for controlling bacterial growth in cooling systems. Regular biocide treatments should be incorporated into the maintenance procedures if technical improvements cannot be done or if their efficiency is too low.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kusnetsov
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Tulkki
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Ahonen
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Martikainen
mesh_terms: D007875:Legionella / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013696:Temperature; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014881:Water Supply