title: Induction thermochemotherapy increases therapeutic gain factor for the fractionated radiotherapy given to a mouse fibrosarcoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been shown that thermochemotherapy (TC) given prior to radiation reduces the number of clonogens, with a resultant decrease in the tumor control radiation dose. The purpose of this article was to investigate using an animal tumor model how this clonogen reduction affects subsequent fractionated radiotherapy, including repopulation of surviving clonogens, and whether the induction TC can increase the therapeutic gain factor (TGF).
  
  
  METHODS
  The single-cell suspensions prepared from the fourth-generation isotransplants of a spontaneous fibrosarcoma, FSa-II, were transplanted into the C3Hf/Sed mouse foot. TC was given by heating tumors at 41.5 degrees C for 30 min immediately after an intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg) when tumors reached an average diameter of 4 mm. Fractionated radiotherapy (R) with equally graded daily doses was initiated 24 h after TC either in air (A) or under hypoxic conditions (H). The 50% tumor control dose (TCD50) and the radiation dose to induce a score 2.0 reaction (complete epilation with fibrosis) in one-half of irradiated animals, RD50(2.0), were obtained, and the TGF was calculated. Our previous results on the fractionated radiotherapy using the same tumor system served as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The TCD50(A, single dose) and TCD50(H, single dose) following TC+R were 52.2 and 57.3 Gy, respectively, which were 14.0 and 20.4 Gy lower than those following radiation alone. The TCD50(A, TC+R) increased only slightly when the number of fractions was increased from one to 10 doses, and all TCD50s were significantly lower than the TCD50(A, R alone). Both TCD50(H, TC+R) and TCD50(H, R alone) increased consistently from a single dose to 20 doses, but all TCD50(H, TC+R) were significantly lower than the TCD50(H, R alone). Regarding the normal tissue reaction, the RD50 values both following TC+R and R alone increased consistently from a single dose to 20 daily doses. However, the RD50(TC+R) and RD50(R alone) for each corresponding number of fractions was not significantly different, resulting in the TGFs significantly > 1.0 for combined TC+R treatments, with the exception of 20 daily doses given in air.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The induction TC decreased the TCD50 values substantially without altering the RD50 for a late reaction, resulting in an significant increase in the TGF. These results encourage the use of TC as an induction treatment prior to fractionated radiotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Urano
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reynolds
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005354:Fibrosarcoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012074:Remission Induction
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D003520:Cyclophosphamide