title: Intratracheal aerosolization of endotoxin (LPS) in the rat: a comprehensive animal model to study adult (acute) respiratory distress syndrome.
abstract: The aim of the study was to extend existing evidence that intratracheal aerosolization of LPS may serve as a very relevant model to study ARDS. The authors investigated the sequence of pathogenic events reflected by changes in levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), surfactant-associated protein A (SP-A) in BAL fluid, in addition to cell count, edema formation, and respiratory function. Within 24 h following intratracheal aerosolization of LPS in the rat, ARDS could be diagnosed according to the lung injury score for patients. This score includes the extent of the inflammatory density on chest X-rays, the severity of hypoxemia, the decline in lung compliance, and the level of PEEP (positive end expiratory pressure). In addition, other typical features of human ARDS appeared to be present in this model: (1) increased microvascular permeability reflected by edema, elevated levels of protein and of LDH, and increased numbers of PMNs in BAL fluid; (2) high levels of TNF alpha in BAL fluid preceding the appearance of PMNs; (3) changes in breathing pattern and a gradual development of respiratory failure with decreased compliance. SP-A levels in BAL fluid doubled within one hour after LPS administration, suggesting that this collectin may play a role in the immediate inflammatory response. Taken together, the findings presented here suggest that intratracheal LPS administration mimics the clinical development of ARDS very closely.
authors.affiliation: TMO Prins Maurits Laboratory, Research Group Pharmacology, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: van Helden
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Kuijpers
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Steenvoorden
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Go
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Bruijnzeel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Eijk
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Haagsman
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000336:Aerosols; D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D011510:Proteolipids / Q000378:metabolism; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D037662:Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein A; D037661:Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Proteins; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012477:Salmonella enteritidis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D011510:Proteolipids; D037662:Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein A; D037661:Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Proteins; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha