title: Heterotopic cardiac transplantation in infants and children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children with advanced heart failure, particularly those with elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, pose a difficult management problem because the normal donor right ventricle cannot cope with the high pulmonary resistance and because of the relative shortage of donor organs of an appropriate size for this age group.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an attempt to address these issues and evaluate the role of heterotopic transplantation in this context, we operated on 12 children, six boys and six girls, in the period between January 1, 1991, and March 31, 1996. Their ages ranged from 11 months to 15.2 years (mean 81.6 +/- 62.8 months) and their mean weight was 23.3 kg (range 7.6 to 56.8 kg). Eight patients (66.6%) had significant elevation of pulmonary artery pressure (pulmonary artery systolic pressure = 66 +/- 9.4 mm Hg, mean transpulmonary gradient = 22.3 +/- 3.4 mm Hg). In all patients the donor pulmonary artery was anastomosed to the recipient right atrium without the use of any prosthetic material. Ischemic times varied between 135 and 255 minutes (mean 182.1 +/- 30.7 minutes). The immunosuppression regimen included cyclosporine and azathioprine. Steroids were not routinely used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One patient died in the hospital of acute rejection on postoperative day 16. Three patients had lobe collapse within 1 week and all were treated successfully. Two late deaths (18.2%) occurred as a result of cardiac rejection 3 months and 2 years after the operations. Nine survivors (75%) are alive, active, and growing normally at a mean follow-up of 2.2 years (range 11 months to 4.75 years). Repeated cardiac catheterization performed in seven patients with preoperative pulmonary hypertension showed a slow progressive drop in mean pulmonary artery pressure. No significant change was observed in the function of the recipient hearts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that heterotopic heart transplantation is feasible for a selected group of children with good medium-term results, notably regression of pulmonary artery pressure, normal growth, and lack of long-term chest complications.
authors.affiliation: Harefield Hospital, Middlesex, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khaghani
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Santini
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Dyke
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Onuzu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Radley-Smith
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Yacoub
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000601:surgery*; D002313:Cardiomyopathy, Restrictive / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016042:Transplantation, Heterotopic; D016896:Treatment Outcome