title: [Ocular pathology of child abuse].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In spite of a growing awareness in the population most cases of child abuse remain probably undetected. Ocular changes in this syndrome are manifold. Sometimes ocular signs can help to substantiate the suspicion of child abuse. On the other hand the ophthalmologist may be the first physician to be contacted. Thus, he plays an important role in diagnosis. Though there are a couple of clinical descriptions morphological data are almost completely missing in the German literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  A two-year-old girl died two days after severe abuse because of widespread intracranial hemorrhages with brain stem insufficiency. At autopsy both eyes were enucleated and sent for histological investigation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The anterior segments were unremarkable. Multiple hemorrhages were found in the inner retina bilaterally. Moreover there were preretinal, intrachoroidal, intrascleral (area of the circle of Zinn-Haller) and subdural hemorrhages. One eye showed a circular, perimacular fold of the central retina and a hemorrhagic retinoschisis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraretinal hemorrhages alone are typical though not pathognomonic for the "battered-child syndrome". However, in combination with a crater-like appearance of the central retina, a hemorrhagic retinoschisis; and intrascleral hemorrhages in the area of the circle of Zinn-Haller they suggest child abuse almost with certainty. The pathogenic mechanisms leading to the observed fundus changes lack definite clarification. The date of violence which is essential for legal prosecution can be difficult to evaluate on morphological grounds alone.
authors.affiliation: Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abteilung I.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rohrbach
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Benz
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Friedrichs
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Thiel
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Wehner
mesh_terms: D001497:Battered Child Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000473:pathology; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000473:pathology; D006408:Hematoma, Subdural / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology; D012163:Retinal Detachment / Q000473:pathology*; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000473:pathology*; D012167:Retinal Perforations / Q000473:pathology*