title: Phase I trial of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of recurrent superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A Phase I trial of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the treatment of superficial transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder was performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients with recurrent superficial TCC of the bladder after receiving a mean of 2.6 (range 1 to 6) courses of intravesical therapy were treated with PDT. The photosensitizer Photofrin II dose was 1.5 or 2.0 mg/kg. A 630-nm intravesical red laser was used to activate the photosensitizer 2 days after administration of Photofrin II. A 0.01% intralipid solution was used as a bladder-filling medium to scatter light and achieve more homogeneous light distribution. Light doses from 5.1 to 25.6 J/cm2 (total dosage 1500 to 5032 J) were used to illuminate the bladder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty patients underwent 21 treatments with PDT. Complications included asymptomatic reflux in 4 patients. One other patient, treated at the highest total light dose, experienced bladder contraction and fibrosis. Nine patients (45%) had no tumor evident at cystoscopy, on random biopsies, or in urinary cytology at the 3-month evaluation after treatment. Four patients remained without recurrent disease for 23 to 56 months. Sixteen of 20 (80%) patients experienced recurrence, and 8 of the 16 underwent cystectomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An intravenous photosensitizer dose of 1.5 mg/kg Photofrin II followed by light energy in the range of 13 J/cm2 (total light dose 2500 to 3250 J) was defined as a safe treatment parameter and resulted in tumor responses. With present technologies, administration of PDT requires careful dosimetry.
authors.affiliation: Urologic Oncology Branch, National Center for Research Resources, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Walther
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Delaney
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Friauf
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Shawker
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Choyke
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Linehan
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Okunieff
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Glatstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*