title: First-void urine testing for Chlamydia trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction in asymptomatic women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because Chlamydia trachomatis infections are usually asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic, diagnosis is often delayed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To perform a comparative study of first-void urine (FVU) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing and endocervical swab antigen testing in the diagnosis of C. trachomatis infection among asymptomatic women.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of 1,090 unselected women attending a family planning clinic or a university student health clinic. Calculations of test performances were based on an expanded reference standard including enzyme immunoassay (EIA) or PCR tests confirmed by direct fluorescence antibody (DFA) test or major outer membrane protein PCR test, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of C. trachomatis infection was 5.6%. After resolution of discrepant specimens, FVU PCR detected 85% (52/61) and endocervical swab EIA/DFA 90% (55/61) of confirmed positive cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that the FVU PCR test is an accurate, noninvasive screening method and can replace endocervical swab EIA in the detection of C. trachomatis infection in low-prevalence populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paukku
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Puolakkainen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Apter
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hirvonen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paavonen
mesh_terms: D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis; D005260:Female; D019085:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction