title: Comparative pharmacokinetics of caffeine and three metabolites in clinically normal horses and donkeys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether clearance of capacity-limited drugs in horses differs from that in donkeys by comparing the serum disposition of caffeine and its metabolites, theophylline, theobromine, and paraxanthine after i.v. administration of caffeine to horses and donkeys.
  
  
  METHODS
  4 healthy horses and 5 healthy donkeys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were collected from each animal at time 0 (before) and 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 45 minutes, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 30, 36, 48, 54, 60, 72, and 96 hours after IV administration of a bolus of caffeine. Serum was analyzed in triplicate by high-performance liquid chromatography to determine caffeine, theophylline, theobromine, and paraxanthine concentrations. The serum concentration-time curves for each animal were analyzed separately to estimate model-independent pharmacokinetic variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean pharmacokinetic values for caffeine, theophylline, and paraxanthine did not differ significantly in horses, compared with donkeys. Mean peak serum concentration of theobromine was significantly higher in donkeys, compared with horses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clearance of the capacity-limited drug caffeine does not appear to differ in horses, compared with donkeys.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For some drugs that undergo hepatic metabolism, the dose and dose interval used for horses may be appropriate for use in donkeys.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station 77840, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Peck
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Mealey
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002110:Caffeine / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018397:Equidae; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D013045:Species Specificity; D013805:Theobromine / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013806:Theophylline / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine; D013806:Theophylline; D013805:Theobromine; C021183:1,7-dimethylxanthine