title: Further evidence of an association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and cigarette smoking. Findings from a high-risk sample of siblings.
abstract: The authors investigated the relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and cigarette smoking in siblings of ADHD and non-ADHD probands. They conducted a 4-year follow-up of siblings from ADHD and control-group families. In the siblings of ADHD probands, ADHD was associated with higher rates and earlier onset of cigarette smoking. There was also a significant positive association between cigarette smoking and conduct disorder, major depression, and drug abuse in the siblings, even after adjusting for confounding variables. Moreover, smoking was found to be familial among ADHD families but not control-group families. Our findings indicate that ADHD is a risk factor for early initiation of cigarette smoking in the high-risk siblings of ADHD probands.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Psychopharmacology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Milberger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biederman
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012801:Sibling Relations; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology