title: Multivariate analysis of occult lymph node metastasis as a prognostic indicator for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The biologic aggressiveness of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity is reflected in its ability to metastasize to regional cervical lymph nodes. Patients with clinically negative cervical lymph nodes are believed to have a good prognosis; however, the prognosis of patients with lymph node metastasis occurring after excision or radiotherapy of the primary tumor is poor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Univariate and multivariate analyses for occult lymph node metastasis (ONM) in 172 patients with clinically negative cervical lymph nodes were performed by the authors to elucidate the clinical and histologic tumor risk factors to enhance their ability to predict ONM. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model and Hayashi's quantification theory type II were used to analyze prognostic factors and to determine the probability of ONM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using Cox's proportional regression model, the factors linked to cancer specific survival were selected: tumor differentiation (P = 0.0330), mode of carcinoma invasion (P = 0.0175), and ONM (P = 0.0433). Pathologically identified metastatic lymph nodes were found in 21.5% of the cases studied (37 of 172 cases). The 5-year cancer specific survival was 94.0% for patients without lymph node metastasis, and 51.0% for patients with ONM (P < 0.0001, log rank test). The most significant predictors for ONM of each of the clinical and histologic factors, in descending order, were: mode of carcinoma invasion, intensity of lymphocytic infiltration, degree of differentiation, number of mitotic figures, and type of growth by means of Hayashi's quantification theory type II. The presence or absence of ONM in 147 of 172 patients (85.5%) was correctly predicted by the score at the point of intersection of the two curves, which was -0.03. Further investigation revealed that 28 of 32 new cases were differentiated accurately by means of this diagnostic system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the current study suggest that this method of analysis can establish a reliable predictor of ONM, thereby facilitating correct choices for surgical procedures to enhance the survival rates of patients with clinically negative cervical lymph nodes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nakagami-Gum, Okinawa, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hiratsuka
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miyakawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamori
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kido
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sunakawa
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kohama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008940:Mitotic Index; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D016019:Survival Analysis