title: Is obstruction predictable by clinical evaluation in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether it is possible to predict the presence of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) by non-invasive clinical variables in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of BOO.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with LUTS suggestive of BOO were entered into a prospective protocol evaluating the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), prostate size, non-invasive uroflow, post-void residual urine volume (PVR) and a pressure flow study. Only patients with a maximum flow rate (Qmax) of < or = 15 mL/s and an IPSS > or = 7 were included. The study comprised 253 patients; the degree of obstruction was correlated to several non-invasive clinical variables. Subsequently nomograms were developed by multiple logistic regression analysis to obtain the probability of BOO in patients with LUTS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prostate volume, Qmax, PVR and voided volume correlated significantly with the degree of BOO rated according to the linear passive urethral resistance relation (linPURR). In contrast, there was no such correlation for the IPSS and the quality-of-life question of the IPSS. The percentage of patients with BOO defined by a linPURR of 3-6 decreased from 85% in those with a Qmax of 0-5 mL/s to 60% (Qmax 6-10 mL/s) and 44% (Qmax 11-15 mL/s). In parallel, the percentage of patients with BOO increased from 53% of those with a prostate volume of < or = 50 mL, to 79% of those with prostates of 51-100 mL and 75% of those > 100 mL. Based on Qmax, PVR and prostate volume, nomograms were established by multiple logistic regression analysis for the probability of BOO in patients with LUTS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The nomograms presented herein should help the clinician to identify patients with LUTS who should undergo pressure flow studies before surgical intervention to detect the presence of obstruction and in whom these studies can be safely spared.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Madersbacher
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Klingler
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Djavan
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stulnig
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schatzl
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Schmidbauer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marberger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011312:Pressure; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000150:complications*; D001748:Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014546:Urinary Catheterization; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014563:Urodynamics