title: Valproate-induced limb malformations in mice associated with reduction of intracellular pH.
abstract: Valproic acid (VPA) is a commonly used antiepileptic agent that recently has been found useful in the treatment of affective disorders and prophylaxis of migraine. VPA induces congenital malformations, especially spina bifida, in the offspring of women treated with this agent during early pregnancy. The mechanism by which VPA induces abnormal development remains unknown despite many studies in experimental animals in which VPA causes malformations similar to those seen in human infants. Because of its chemical structure as a weak organic acid and its capability to induce postaxial forelimb ectrodactyly in C57BL/6 mice, we postulated that VPA acts to perturb limb morphogenesis by reducing embryonic intracellular pH (pHi). We administered VPA, 200 to 400 mg/kg, to C57BL/6 mice on day 9 of gestation. A dose-dependent incidence of postaxial forelimb ectrodactyly was observed. Forelimb bud pHi was estimated by computer-assisted image analysis from the transplacental distribution of 14C-DMO. At the highest doses, 300 and 400 mg/kg, a decrease of pHi of 0.2 to 0.3 pH units was observed uniformly throughout the limb bud 1 h after VPA treatment. None of these changes were seen after treatment with 2-en VPA, a nonteratogenic analog of VPA. Furthermore, the capability of VPA to induce postaxial forelimb ectrodactyly was greatly enhanced by coadministration of agents that inhibit pHi regulatory processes. These data support the hypothesis that VPA-induced postaxial ectrodactyly in murine fetuses can be attributed to reduction in limb bud pHi.
authors.affiliation: Division of Developmental Biology, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039, USA.
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Schreiner
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nau
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Vorhees
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Beliles
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Colvin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McCandless
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D017880:Limb Deformities, Congenital; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011247:Pregnancy; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D014635:Valproic Acid