title: Vaginal douching and adverse health effects: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The meta-analysis described here reviewed the current literature on adverse health effects of vaginal douching.
  
  
  METHODS
  Papers published in English from 1965 through 1995 were potentially eligible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One third of White women and two thirds of Black women of reproductive age reported douching regularly. Analyses indicated that vaginal douching increases the overall risk of pelvic inflammatory disease by 73% and the risk of ectopic pregnancy by 76%. Frequent douching was shown to be highly associated with pelvic inflammatory disease and modestly associated with cervical cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current literature suggests that frequent douching increases the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and, possibly, cervical cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York City 10029-4571, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leybovich
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000292:Pelvic Inflammatory Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011271:Pregnancy, Ectopic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D014621:Vagina