title: Initial experience with home therapeutic electrical stimulation for continence in the myelomeningocele population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In an attempt to enhance bladder and bowel continence 29 patients underwent long duration, low intensity transcutaneous therapeutic electrical stimulation. This technology has previously been shown to be effective for inducing regenerative hypertrophy of disuse atrophied skeletal muscle, and it has been associated with improved continence in the myelomeningocele population. Our objectives were to enhance urinary and fecal continence, and evaluate the mechanisms by which therapeutic electrical stimulation influences continence.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 29 children with lumbar or sacral myelomeningocele underwent therapeutic electrical stimulation at home during sleep using a commercially available stimulator with a safety sensing circuit and 2 sets of electrodes placed on the skin at bedtime. Left and right side electrode placement was alternated on 6 of 7 consecutive nights. In 9 boys and 2 girls with more than 9 months of followup initial and subsequent cystometrography, urethral pressure profile, electromyography, voiding cystourethrography and renal ultrasound studies were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 11 children there was no radiographic evidence of urinary tract or musculoskeletal deterioration during treatment. Mean actual bladder capacity increased from 133 to 196 ml. (p < 0.05). Mean bladder capacity, as a percent of maximum predicted bladder capacity for a normal age matched child without myelomeningocele, also significantly increased from 59 before to 76% after 9 months of therapeutic electrical stimulation (p < 0.05). No significant change was noted in urethral pressure profile. A subjective improvement in the sensation of pelvic fullness was also observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When administered at home by parents while the child sleeps, therapeutic electrical stimulation is safe for bladder and bowel continence in the myelomeningocele population. It seems to increase significantly bladder capacity, does not appear to change urethral pressure profile and results in a subjectively improved sensation of pelvic fullness, enhancing urinary and fecal continence. The most beneficial effect of therapeutic electrical stimulation seems to be on the bladder wall and less so on the striated pelvic floor musculature with subjective enhancement of pelvic fullness also contributing positively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology, St. Michael's Hospital, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Balcom
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wiatrak
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Biefeld
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rauen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Langenstroer
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008591:Meningomyelocele / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012648:Self Care; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*