Effect of voice quality on perceived height of English vowels.
Across a variety of languages, phonation type and vocal-tract shape systematically covary in vowel production. Breathy phonation tends to accompany vowels produced with a raised tongue body and/or advanced tongue root. A potential explanation for this regularity, based on a hypothesized interaction between the acoustic effects of vocal-tract shape and phonation type, is evaluated. It is suggested that increased spectral tilt and first-harmonic amplitude resulting from breathy phonation interact with the lower-frequency first formant resulting from a raised tongue body to produce a perceptually 'higher' vowel. To test this hypothesis, breathy and modal versions of vowel series modelled after male and female productions of English vowel pairs /i/ and /i/, /u/ and /[symbol: see text]/, and /lamda/ and /a/ were synthesized. Results indicate that for most cases, breathy voice quality led to more tokens being identified as the higher vowel (i.e. /i/, /u/, /lamda/). In addition, the effect of voice quality is greater for vowels modelled after female productions. These results are consistent with a hypothesized perceptual explanation for the covariation of phonation type and tongue-root advancement in West African languages. The findings may also be relevant to gender differences in phonation type.
Lotto
A J
AJ
University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA. ajlotto@facstaff.wisc.edu
Holt
L L
LL
Kluender
K R
KR
D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010699:Phonation / Q000502:physiology; D010700:Phonetics; D012737:Sex Factors; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D014833:Voice Quality