title: Relationship of cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and dietary habits with Helicobacter pylori infection in Japanese men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known of factors determining infection with Helicobacter pylori.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional study of 566 men aged 50-55 years, who received a preretirement health examination at the Self Defense Forces Fukuoka Hospital between January 1993 and December 1994, we examined the association of smoking, alcohol use, and dietary habits with H. pylori infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall seropositivity as determined with IgG antibody was 79.3% (449 of 566). The rank was inversely associated with the infection (trend, P = 0.048). Neither smoking nor alcohol drinking was related to the infection. The prevalence adjusted for rank tended to be lower in men consuming raw vegetables (trend, P = 0.12) daily than those with less consumption. Unexpectedly, the consumption of tofu (soybean curd) was significantly, negatively related to the infection (trend, P = 0.013). The seropositivity was unrelated to the consumption of pickled vegetables, soy paste soup, green tea, or garlic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that fresh vegetables may be protective against H. pylori infection. The study does not support either an increased risk of the infection associated with salty foods or a protective effect of green tea or garlic.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Public Health, Kyushu University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shinchi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Imanishi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kono
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel; D015995:Prevalence; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014675:Vegetables