title: Estimates of whole-body dose equivalent produced by beam intensity modulated conformal therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the dose delivered to patients by photons and neutrons outside the radiation fields when beam intensity modulation conformal radiotherapy is given. These estimates are then used to compute the risk of secondary cancers as a sequela of the radiation therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The x-ray and neutron leakage accompanying two beam-intensity modulation techniques delivered by currently available linear accelerators were estimated for 6-MV, 18-MV, and 25-MV x-ray energies. Estimates of whole-body dose equivalents were determined using leakage measurements reported in the literature and treatment parameters derived for two modulated beam-intensity conformal therapy techniques. Risk values recommended by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) were used to estimate the resulting risk of fatal radiation-induced cancer for 70.00 Gy prescribed tumor doses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The computed worst-case risks of secondary cancers increased in the range from 1.00% for 6-MV x-rays to 24.4% for 25-MV x-rays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Careful consideration should be made of the risks associated with secondary whole-body radiation before implementation of beam intensity modulated conformal therapy at x-ray energies greater than 10 MV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Followill
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Geis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boyer
mesh_terms: D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology; D009502:Neutrons; D017785:Photons; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011881:Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation