title: Energy expenditure of swimmers during high volume training.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the total energy expenditure (TEE) of swimmers during high volume training (17.5 +/- 1.0 km.d-1) using the doubly labeled water method. Five female swimmers (age, 19 +/- 1 yr; height, 178.3 +/- 2.2 cm; weight 65.4 +/- 1.6 kg) were administered a dose of 2H2(18)O and monitored for 5 days. Training consisted of two sessions per day, lasting a total of 5-6 h. Energy intake (EI) was calculated from dietary records. Resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured on a non-training day and averaged 7.7 +/- 0.5 MJ.d-1 (1840 +/- 130 kcal.d-1). There were no changes in body weight (day 1, 65.4 +/- 1.6; day 5, 65.2 +/ 1.5 kg) over the measurement period. TEE of the swimmers during the training period averaged 23.4 +/- 2.1 MJ.d-1 (5593 +/- 495 kcal.d-1). EI averaged 13.1 +/- 1.0 MJ.d-1 (3136 +/- 227 kcal.d-1), implying a negative energy balance of 43 +/- 2%. TEE expressed as a multiple of REE was 3.0 +/- 0.2. The results of this investigation describe the total energy demands of high volume swimming training, which may be used to address the dietary concerns of the competitive swimming athlete.
authors.affiliation: International Center for Aquatic Research, United States Olympic Training Center, Colorado Springs, CO 80909, USA.
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Trappe
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gastaldelli
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Jozsi
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Troup
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Wolfe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003903:Deuterium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D010103:Oxygen Isotopes; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D010103:Oxygen Isotopes; D003903:Deuterium