title: Alternative approaches to the assessment of mild head injury in athletes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Athletic trainers and team physicians are often faced with decisions concerning the severity and timing of an athletes return to play following mild head injury (MHI). These decisions can be the most difficult ones facing clinicians because of the limited amount of quantitative information indicating injury severity. Several authors have published guidelines for return to play following MHI, however these guidelines are based on limited scientific data. The purpose of this paper was to examine the effects of MHI on two objective measures, postural stability and cognitive function, to determine their usefulness in MHI assessment. The data gathered from these two measures has the potential to establish recovery curves based on objective data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven Division I collegiate athletes who sustained a MHI and eleven matched control subjects were assessed for postural stability and cognitive function at four intervals following injury. Postural stability was assessed using the Sensory Organization Test on the NeuroCom Smart Balance Master. Cognitive functioning was measured through the use of four neuropsychological tests: Stroop Test, Trail Making Test, Digits Span and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test. Separate mixed model repeated measures ANOVAs were calculated for the composite score and three ratio (vestibular, visual and somato-sensory) scores from the Sensory Organization Test and the scores from the neuropsychological test to reveal significant differences between groups and across days postinjury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant group by day interaction for overall postural stability (composite score) revealed that MHI athletes displayed increased postural instability for the first few days following MHI (p < .05). Analysis of the ratio scores revealed a significant interaction for the visual ratio. No significant group differences were revealed for any of the neuropsychological tests (p > .05), however significant day differences were revealed (p < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results from this study indicate that athletes demonstrate decreased stability until 3 days postinjury. It appears this deficit is related to a sensory interaction problem, whereby the injured athlete fails to use their visual system effectively. These findings suggest that measures of postural stability may provide clinicians with a useful clinical tool for determining when an athlete may safely return to competition, although these findings need to be confirmed in larger groups of athletes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education, Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-8700, USA.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Guskiewicz
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Riemann
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Perrin
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Nashner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D004856:Postural Balance; D011187:Posture; D012449:Safety / Q000592:standards; D013177:Sports / Q000592:standards; D013997:Time Factors