Tirapazamine-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage in transplanted tumors: relationship to tumor hypoxia.
Tirapazamine (TPZ) is a hypoxia-selective bioreductive drug currently in Phases II and III clinical trials with both radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The response of tumors to TPZ is expected to depend both on the levels of reductive enzymes that activate the drug to a DNA-damaging and toxic species and on tumor oxygenation. Both of these parameters are likely to vary between individual tumors. In this study, we examined whether the enhancement of radiation damage to tumors by TPZ can be predicted from TPZ-induced DNA damage measured using the comet assay. DNA damage provides a functional end point that is directly related to cell killing and should be dependent on both reductive enzyme activity and hypoxia. We demonstrate that TPZ potentiates tumor cell kill by fractionated radiation in three murine tumors (SCCVII, RIF-1, and EMT6) and two human tumor xenografts (A549 and HT29), with no potentiation observed in a third xenograft (HT1080). Overall, there was no correlation of radiation potentiation and TPZ-induced DNA damage in the tumors, except that the nonresponsive tumor xenograft had significantly lower levels of DNA damage than the other five tumor types. However, there was a large tumor-to-tumor variability in DNA damage within each tumor type. This variability appeared not to result from differences in activity of the reductive enzymes but largely from differences in oxygenation between individual tumors, measured using fluorescent detection of the hypoxia marker EF5. The results, therefore, suggest that the sensitivity of individual tumors to TPZ, although not necessarily the response to TPZ plus radiation, might be assessed from measurements of DNA damage using the comet assay.
Siim
B G
BG
Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5468, USA.
Menke
D R
DR
Dorie
M J
MJ
Brown
J M
JM
D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D004247:DNA / Q000187:drug effects*; D004249:DNA Damage; D017341:Etanidazole / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077704:Tirapazamine; D014227:Triazines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005466:Fluorocarbons
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004247:DNA; D017341:Etanidazole; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D000077704:Tirapazamine; D014227:Triazines; C096011:2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl)acetamide; D005466:Fluorocarbons