title: Computer-assisted surgical planning for cerebrovascular neurosurgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We used three-dimensional reconstructed magnetic resonance images for planning the operations of 16 patients with various cerebrovascular diseases. We studied the cases of these patients to determine the advantages and current limitations of our computer-assisted surgical planning system as it applies to the treatment of vascular lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Magnetic resonance angiograms or thin slice gradient echo magnetic resonance images were processed for three-dimensional reconstruction. The segmentation, based on the signal intensities and voxel connectivity, separated each anatomic structure of interest, such as the brain, vessels, and skin. A three-dimensional model was then reconstructed by surface rendering. This three-dimensional model could be colored, made translucent, and interactively rotated by a mouse-controlled cursor on a workstation display. In addition, a three-dimensional blood flow analysis was performed, if necessary. The three-dimensional model was used to assist in three stages of surgical planning, as follows: 1) to choose the best method of intervention, 2) to evaluate surgical risk, 3) to select a surgical approach, and 4) to localize lesions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The generation of three-dimensional models allows visualization of pathological anatomy and its relationship to adjacent normal structures, accurate lesion volume determination, and preoperative computer-assisted visualization of alternative surgical approaches.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Computer-assisted surgical planning is useful for patients with cerebrovascular disease at various stages of treatment. Lesion identification, therapeutic and surgical option planning, and intraoperative localization are all enhanced with these techniques.
authors.affiliation: Surgical Planning Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Atsumi
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Bhalerao
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Jolesz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kikinis
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshimine
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Moriarty
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Stieg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted