title: A comprehensive approach to evaluating nipple discharge.
abstract: While emphasis is justifiably placed on the importance of detecting breast masses during breast examination, the equally important need for accurate assessment of nipple discharge is often overlooked. Inspection and palpation for nipple discharge should be part of every breast examination. When detected, a critical analysis should be made of every nipple discharge, with the ultimate objective being differentiation between benign and malignant discharges. All nipple discharges can be defined by the physical characteristics of laterality, spontaneity, color, consistency, number of ducts involved, and duration. By correlating these characteristics with certain historical features (e.g., age, pregnancy, trauma, drugs), accurate determination of etiology can be made. A four-step approach is presented that offers a logical method for making the essential correlations. The sequence of the four relevant questions proposed gives the examiner a logical basis from which to assign clinical importance to each discharge. An algorithm is outlined that correlates diagnostic considerations with therapeutic actions.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, University of Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette, USA.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Neiheisel
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D001941:Breast Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005122:Exudates and Transudates / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007774:Lactation; D007775:Lactation Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced; D008297:Male; D009558:Nipples; D011247:Pregnancy