title: Effect of milrinone and atrial pacing on stunned myocardium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most mammalian cardiac muscles show a positive force-frequency relation, which is turned into a negative relation in failing hearts. Stunned myocardium shows similar defects as failing myocardium, it has a functional reserve recruitable by positive inotropic interventions, and possibly shows a disturbed response to increased heart rate. The present experiments compare in vivo the response of stunned and intact myocardium to atrial pacing before and during inotropic stimulation by milrinone.
  
  
  METHODS
  In anaesthetised (piritramide) open chest pigs, heart rate, left ventricular and aortic pressure, left descending (LAD) and circumflex (LCX) coronary artery and aortic blood flow, myocardial systolic shortening in the LAD and LCX area were monitored, and myocardial power was calculated. The LAD region was subjected to ischaemia and reperfused. Heart rate was raised by right atrial pacing after 90 min reperfusion before and during i.v. milrinone (105 microg/kg bolus + 8 microg/kg per min infusion). The ischaemic/reperfused area was sliced post mortem and stained by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride to exclude myocardial infarction. Data from ten experiments are presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 90 min LAD reperfusion, LAD blood flow and power were 110 and 36% of preischaemic control, respectively, indicating myocardial stunning. The power of the intact area was not changed (102% of control). Pacing from 87 to 164 per min increased the power of the intact area (+96%), the power of the stunned myocardium decreased (-64%). Milrinone increased the power of the stunned region to 72% of the pre-stunning level and the power of the intact area by +51%. Pacing from 111 to 164 per min during milrinone increased the power of the intact myocardium to the same level as before milrinone, the power of the stunned region did not change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stunned myocardium responds pathologically to atrial pacing with a negative staircase in contrast to the positive staircase of intact myocardium. Inotropic stimulation by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor milrinone recruited the functional reserve of stunned myocardium. Milrinone did not restore a positive staircase in stunned myocardium, but power was maintained during atrial pacing. The pathological staircase of stunned myocardium may arise from an impaired availability of cyclic AMP, but the data do not exclude defects in calcium handling, a dysfunction of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, or an impaired Ca-sensitivity of the myofilaments.
authors.affiliation: Heart Centre Munich, Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- und Gefässchirurgie,Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schad
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Heimisch
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Eising
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mendler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D020105:Milrinone; D017682:Myocardial Stunning; D011728:Pyridones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D011728:Pyridones; D020105:Milrinone