title: Amniotic fluid inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6, interleukin-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha), neonatal brain white matter lesions, and cerebral palsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ultrasonographically detectable neonatal brain white matter lesions are the most important identifiable risk factor for cerebral palsy. Inflammatory cytokines released during the course of intrauterine infections have been implicated in the genesis of brain white matter lesions and subsequent cerebral palsy. This study was undertaken to determine whether fetuses who subsequently were diagnosed to have periventricular brain white matter lesions could be identified by determining the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines in the amniotic fluid.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women with complicated preterm gestations underwent amniocentesis for clinical indications. Amniotic fluid concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, and the natural interleukin-1 receptor antagonist were determined by immunoassay. Periventricular white matter lesions of the neonate were diagnosed by neurosonography. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-four women and their neonates were included in the study; white matter lesions were diagnosed in 24% (23/94) of the newborns. The mothers of newborns with brain white matter lesions had higher median concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and interleukin-6 (but not interleukin-1 receptor antagonist) in amniotic fluid than did those who were delivered of newborns without white matter lesions (p < 0.01 for each). Acute histologic chorioaminionitis was more common in the placentas of neonate with white matter lesions than in those without these lesions (82% [18/22] vs 42% [30/71], p < 0.005). Neonates with white matter lesions were delivered at a lower mean gestational age and birth weight and had a higher rate of significant complications (including respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage, and infection-related complications) than did those without white matter lesions. The differences in median interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6 levels between these two groups remained significant after adjustment for gestational age and birth weight (interleukin-6: odds ratio 5.7, 95% confidence interval 1.3 to 24.4; interleukin-1beta: odds ratio 4.4, 95% confidence interval 1.1 to 17.0). Of the 94 newborns included in this study, 11 died before age 6 months and eight had cerebral palsy; all eight had white matter lesions and elevated cytokine levels in amniotic fluid. Histologic chorioamnionitis was more common in the placentas of neonates with cerebral palsy than in those without cerebral palsy (86% [6/7] vs 44% [33/75], p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infants at risk for development of brain white matter lesions can be identified by the concentrations of interleukin-6 and interleukin-1beta in amniotic fluid. Our findings support the hypothesis that inflammatory cytokines released during the course of intrauterine infection play a role in the genesis of brain white matter lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Korea.
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Jun
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: I O
authors.initials: IO
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000649:Amniocentesis; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004453:Echoencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: C507763:IL1RN protein, human; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha