title: Analysis of the flow cytometer stain Hoechst 33342 on human spermatozoa.
abstract: Several procedures exist for processing sperm cells for sex preselection. Flow cytometric separation using the fluorochrome stain Hoechst 33342, chemically known as bisbenzimide, is the most promising. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of bisbenzimide on spermatozoa assessed by means of the sperm survival test and to analyse the beta-globin gene in sperm DNA after exposure to increasing concentrations of bisbenzimide. Donor (n = 16) sperm specimens were pooled and washed in a discontinuous Percoll gradient 95:47%, divided and incubated in tubes containing bisbenzimide at concentrations 0 (control), 0.9, 9, 90, 900 and 9000 microM at 25 degrees C and scanned on a computer-aided sperm motility analyser at 0, 1, 4 and 24 h. Spermatozoa were also incubated in a known mutagen, ethidium bromide, as positive control. After 24 h of incubation, the treated sperm cells were processed through DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) performed with primers targeting the beta-globin gene. The amplified DNA products were analysed for evidence of mutation in 5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 20:80 denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and further confirmed in 30:40 DGGE. The results showed complete cessation of motility in sperm incubated in the presence of 900 microM or higher concentrations of bisbenzimide. The beat cross frequency sperm parameter was significantly different at the 90 microM or higher concentration of bisbenzimide compared with the control. At concentrations < 900 microM bisbenzimide, there were no differences in the remaining sperm kinematic parameters (percentage rapid progressive, percentage total progressive, sperm velocities, linearity, straightness, amplitude of lateral head displacement and percentage hyperactive motility). PCR and DGGE analyses of spermatozoa treated with bisbenzimide showed no evidence of mutation in the representative region of the beta-globin gene at concentrations < 900 microM. The data suggest an inhibitory effect of bisbenzimide on human sperm motility at 900 microM or higher concentrations of bisbenzimide. The decrease in sperm motility and rapid progression were not due to changes in pH. Point mutation in the representative region of the beta-globin gene in human spermatozoa was detected only at high concentrations (> or = 900 microM) of bisbenzimide. The data suggest that incubating sperm in low concentrations of bisbenzimide (< 90 microM) for up to 24 h does not significantly affect all the sperm kinematic parameters including the beat cross frequency parameter when compared with the control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, California 93250, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Kalugdan
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Patton
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D002469:Cell Separation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D005914:Globins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity; D017354:Point Mutation; D012743:Sex Preselection / Q000379:methods*; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000187:drug effects; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001562:Benzimidazoles; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D009153:Mutagens; D005914:Globins; D004247:DNA; C017807:bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride