title: Pulmonary toxicity of components of textile paint linked to the Ardystil syndrome: intratracheal administration in hamsters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It was hypothesised from an epidemiological investigation that a formula change from Acramin FWR (a polyurea) to Acramin FWN (a polyamide-amine) had led to severe pulmonary disease in textile printing sprayers in SPAIN AND ALGERIA. To verify this, the pulmonary toxicity of the components of the paint systems involved was assessed in experimental animals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individual components and relevant mixtures, diluted in phosphate buttered saline, were given by intratracheal instillation of 2 ml/kg to hamsters. Pulmonary toxicity was assessed on days 3, 7, 14, 28, and 92 after a single intratracheal instillation, by histology and by measuring wet and dry lung weight, protein concentration, the activities of lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase, inflammatory cell number and distribution in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and hydroxyproline content in dried lung tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the doses that killed 50% of the animals (LD50s), the various components were found to be 10 to 1250 times more toxic when given intratracheally than when given orally (according to reported oral LD50s in rats). Acramin FWN, Acramin FWR, Acrafix FHN, or their mixtures caused lung damage. Protein concentration, enzyme activities, total cell number, and percentage of polymorphonuclear neutrophils were increased in BALF during the first week after intratracheal instillation. Lung weights remained high for at least a month. Histology showed inflammatory cell infiltration and subsequent fibrosis with collagen deposition. This finding was confirmed by an increased hydroxyproline content in dried lung tissue. Acramoll W did not show toxic effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study suggests that there is no major difference, in hamsters, between the acute intratracheal toxicity of Acramin FWR and that of Acramin FWN. Consequently, there is no simple toxicological explanation for the epidemiological hypothesis. However, the pulmonary toxicity of these non-irritant polymeric compounds is surprisingly high. The Ardystil disaster and these results should serve as a strong warning that conventional toxicity testing of chemicals does not necessarily protect workers against respiratory toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pneumology (Unit of Lung Toxicology), KU Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Clottens
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Verbeken
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Demedts
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nemery
mesh_terms: D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase / Q000378:metabolism; D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D006224:Cricetinae; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis; D006909:Hydroxyproline / Q000032:analysis; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008168:Lung / Q000737:chemistry; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008647:Mesocricetus; D009504:Neutrophils; D010150:Paint / Q000633:toxicity*; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D013783:Textile Industry; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase; D006909:Hydroxyproline