title: Restricting maternal space during parturition in the pig. Effects on oxytocin, vasopressin and cortisol secretion following vagino-cervical stimulation and administration of naloxone.
abstract: This experiment studied the effects on endocrine and birth parameters of parturient pigs produced by restricting maternal freedom of movement without otherwise altering environment. Six primiparous pigs (gilts) were each given a jugular catheter under anaesthesia 7 days before parturition and commenced birth in a strawed pen, 2.0 m x 1.5 m in size. Continuous automated blood sampling (3 ml min-1) from unrestrained gilts began following the birth of the first piglet (stage 1) and continued for 2 h. After at least 30 min of blood collection, maternal space was reduced to 2.0 m x 0.55 m by placing rails across the pen (stage 2). The scope for movement in stage 2 was similar to that offered by a farrowing crate. After at least 25 min each gilt was given the opioid antagonist naloxone (1 mg kg-1 i.v.: stage 3). At each stage, vagino-cervical stimulation (VCS) was applied to mimic foetal ejection. Non-cervically stimulated oxytocin (OT) secretion between stages 1 and 2 was unchanged (P > 0.05) but increased significantly relative to both stages 1 and 2 following naloxone treatment for 15-20 min (P < 0.05, paired t-tests on log10 data). Following VCS in all stages plasma OT rose (P < 0.05) for 1-2 min in a similar way to that seen previously following foetal ejection, the increases being proportionally similar irrespective of stage or baseline secretion. Cortisol secretion did not increase as a consequence of space restriction (mean +/- SEM concentrations were 28.6 +/- 8.51 pmol l-1 and 32.3 +/- 11.8 pmol l-1 in stages 1 and 2, respectively). In addition, VCS did not significantly affect cortisol output. Lysine vasopressin concentrations were not affected as a consequence of either stage or VCS. Parturition was not interrupted following space restriction of gilts. These data suggest that reducing maternal space allowance during parturition is not stressful when the process does not involve the movement of animals to novel surroundings.
authors.affiliation: Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Boulton
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Forsling
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Goode
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: McGrath
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006799:Housing, Animal; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000502:physiology; D007103:Immobilization; D007743:Labor, Obstetric / Q000502:physiology*; D008236:Lypressin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D009270:Naloxone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010121:Oxytocin / Q000097:blood*; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D011247:Pregnancy; D011863:Radioimmunoassay / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000662:veterinary; D013552:Swine / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D014621:Vagina / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009270:Naloxone; D010121:Oxytocin; D008236:Lypressin; D006854:Hydrocortisone