title: Two-stage Fowler-Stephens orchiopexy with laparoscopic clipping of the spermatic vessels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report the outcome of a staged approach to the intra-abdominal testicle and provide baseline data on operative time, postoperative course and testicular survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the records of 441 boys (547 undescended testes). There were 105 boys (24%) with 124 nonpalpable testes (23%). All patients underwent laparoscopy. Ligation of spermatic vessels was performed as stage 1 on 20 abdominal testes (4%) in 18 boys (4%). Stage 2 orchiopexy was done using an open technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-stage orchiopexy in 18 boys included a bilateral procedure in 2, of which 1 was asynchronous and 1 was synchronous. Average operative time was 55 minutes for stage 1 and 67 minutes for stage 2. Stage 1 and 2 procedures were performed on an outpatient basis in 18 and 17 (94%) boys, respectively. There were no complications after stage 1 and 1 wound infection developed after stage 2. One testis with no vas deferens was determined to be nonviable at stage 2. The remaining 19 testes (95%) were considered viable at a followup of 6 months or greater. Viability was based on testicular size and consistency similar to those of the contralateral testis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic ligation of spermatic vessels as a stage 1 procedure is a natural extension of laparoscopy. A staged approach provides adequate viability of the intra-abdominal testis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology, University of Alabama, Birmingham Children's Hospital, USA.
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Joseph
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008026:Ligation / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies