title: Soft-copy versus hard-copy cranial sonography: intraobserver agreement and workstation efficiency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to determine the intraobserver agreement, confidence level, and efficiency in interpretation of soft-copy (workstation) versus hard-copy (laser-printed film) sonograms of the cranium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cranial sonograms of 100 premature infants were randomly reviewed twice on both soft-copy and hard-copy images by three observers and were graded for hemorrhage using a five-level scale. The kappa statistic was calculated to measure intraobserver agreement. Differences in agreement were tested for statistical significance with a test for marginal homogeneity. Observers rated their confidence in interpretation using a six-point ordinal scale. Total viewing time was recorded, and videotaped sessions were analyzed for image handling time (opening each case, closing each case, and selecting the next case) and interpretation time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For soft copy versus hard copy, the mean kappa value was .73; for hard-copy 1 versus hard-copy 2, .71; and for soft-copy 1 versus soft-copy 2, .65. None of these differences was statistically significant (p > .05). The mean confidence score was the same for soft copy (5.3) and hard copy (5.3). On average, the observers needed 24 min longer to review 100 studies on soft copy than on hard copy. Opening and closing times for soft copy were significantly faster than for hard copy (p = .0001); however, case selection for soft copy, which was not needed for hard copy, took 4.69-9.09 sec per case. Extrapolated to 100 cases, case selection accounted for 8-15 min of viewing time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiologist agreement and confidence in the interpretation of cranial sonograms for hemorrhage was the same for soft copy and hard copy. However, viewing times were longer for soft copy. Elimination of inefficiency in case selection could improve image-handling time.
authors.affiliation: Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Don
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Reiker
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hildebolt
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Shackelford
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: McAlister
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ryerson
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Blaine
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Siegel
mesh_terms: D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003201:Computers; D004453:Echoencephalography; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015588:Observer Variation; D014962:X-Ray Film