title: Central nervous system relapse in non-Hodgkin lymphoma. A single-center study of 532 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the cumulative risk of central nervous system (CNS) relapse in systemic non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL); to assess the risk factors of age, sex, malignancy grade, stage, localization, and response to initial therapy; and to evaluate the effect of CNS prophylaxis.
  
  
  METHODS
  An unselected group of 532 patients with systemic NHL. A retrospective analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven patients presented with systemic as well as CNS localization, whereas in 55 patients, CNS relapse occurred later. The cumulative risk of CNS relapse at 4 years for all 532 patients was 19%. High-grade NHL carried a 39% risk of CNS relapse, with the vast majority of relapses occurring in the first 14 months after the initial diagnosis. The cumulative risk in patients with intermediate-grade NHL was considerable (22%) and dispersed throughout a much longer period (6 years). Patients with low-grade NHL still carried a 7% risk of CNS relapse; in all these patients, low malignancy grade was transformed into a higher malignancy grade at that time. In a multivariate analysis, high- and intermediate-grade NHL and advanced stage were independent risk factors for CNS relapse. There was not any strong evidence for a beneficial role of CNS prophylaxis in patients with intermediate- and high-grade NHL, but a retrospective analysis cannot be conclusive with regard to the effect of therapy. Systemic relapse occurred rapidly after CNS relapse, resulting in a median survival time after CNS relapse of only 2 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with high- and intermediate-grade NHL carry a considerable risk of CNS relapse. Advanced stage is an additional independent risk factor. The role of CNS prophylaxis seems to be disappointing, but a retrospective analysis cannot be conclusive. Prognosis after CNS relapse is poor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Leiden University Hospital, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Bollen
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Brouwer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hamers
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hermans
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kluin
authors.forename: S U
authors.initials: SU
authors.lastname: Sankatsing
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: A-Tjak
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Charvat
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kluin-Nelemans
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors