title: Gas bubble disease in farmed fish in Saudi Arabia.
abstract: Four outbreaks of gas bubble disease were encountered among farmed fish in Saudi Arabia. Two of them occurred among subadult (52.5 g) saltwater tilapia (Oreochromis spilurus), the first affecting about 50 per cent of the stock and resulting in about 30 per cent mortality, and the second affecting about 25 per cent of the population with about 5 per cent mortality. Another outbreak occurred among adult (270 g) brackish water (0.5 per cent salinity) tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), affecting about 40 per cent of the population with about 25 per cent mortality. The fourth outbreak occurred among three-month-old (15 g) grouper (Epinephelus fuscogutiatus) and resulted in 10 per cent mortality. In all cases the total water gas pressure ranged between 111.2 and 113.4 per cent saturation and nitrogen was supersaturated while oxygen was undersaturated. The outbreaks were alleviated by reducing the gas pressure by splashing the source water or by switching to a source of water with lower gas pressure. However, in O niloticus the conditions of gas supersaturation resulted in a heavy infection by monogenetic trematodes which was treated with formalin at 40 mg/litre for seven hours on five successive days.
authors.affiliation: Fish Farming Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Water, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Saeed
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: al-Thobaiti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture / Q000592:standards*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D005123:Eye / Q000473:pathology; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005398:Fisheries; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000473:pathology; D005880:Gills / Q000473:pathology; D015994:Incidence; D009584:Nitrogen; D010100:Oxygen; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D017210:Tilapia / Q000469:parasitology; D014201:Trematode Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000662:veterinary; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D009584:Nitrogen; D010100:Oxygen