title: Autism and multiple exostoses associated with an X;8 translocation occurring within the GRPR gene and 3' to the SDC2 gene.
abstract: An X;8 translocation was identified in a 27-year-old female patient manifesting multiple exostoses and autism accompanied by mental retardation and epilepsy. Through molecular analysis using yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) and cosmid clones, the translocation breakpoint was isolated and confirmed to be reciprocal within a 5'-GGCA-3' sequence found on both X and 8 chromosomes without gain or loss of a single nucleotide. The translocation breakpoint on the X chromosome occurred in the first intron of the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) gene and that on chromosome 8 occurred approximately 30 kb distal to the 3' end of the Syndecan-2 gene (SDC2), also known as human heparan sulfate proteoglycan or fibroglycan. The GRPR gene was shown to escape X-inactivation. A dosage effect of the GRPR and a position effect of the SDC2 gene may, however, contribute the phenotype observed in this patient since the orientation of these genes with respect to the translocation was incompatible with the formation of a fusion gene. Investigation of mutations in these two genes in unrelated patients with either autism or multiple exostoses as well as linkage and association studies is needed to validate them as candidate genes.
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, UK.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishikawa-Brush
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bolton
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Willard
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lehrach
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Monaco
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D018244:Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast; D002898:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D003360:Cosmids; D004247:DNA; D005091:Exons; D005097:Exostoses, Multiple Hereditary / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D018004:Receptors, Bombesin / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D053669:Syndecan-2; D014178:Translocation, Genetic; D014960:X Chromosome
chemical_list: D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011509:Proteoglycans; D018004:Receptors, Bombesin; C508245:SDC2 protein, human; D053669:Syndecan-2; D004247:DNA