title: Evaluation of metastases and reactive lymph nodes in Doppler sonography using an ultrasound contrast enhancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors conducted a prospective study in D-galactose signal-enhanced Doppler sonography of lymph nodes to investigate new aspects in differentiating malignant from reactive lymph nodes of patients with suspected malignancy of the neck.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one patients with suspected squamous epithelial cell carcinoma metastases of the neck were examined by Doppler sonography before and after administration of an ultrasound signal-enhancing agent, consisting of D-galactose microbubbles. Qualitative sonomorphology, peak flow rates, and pulsatility and resistive indices were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with conventional Doppler, enhanced Doppler sonography gave detailed additional information about vascularization of metastases or reactive lymph nodes. Signal-enhanced Doppler of metastases showed a relatively characteristic pattern of vascularity, therefore facilitating differential diagnoses and allowing better discrimination from surrounding tissue, demonstrated by the infiltration of neighboring vessels in the neck. Concerning reactive lymph nodes, vascularization could be stated and measured in many cases only after signal enhancement. Evaluating peak velocities and pulsatility and resistive indices could not differentiate significantly malignant from reactive lymph nodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administration of a D-galactose-based signal-enhancer helps to differentiate malignant from reactive lymph nodes of the neck. It is superior to conventional Doppler by improving evaluation of the vascularity and could be of use for staging procedures.
authors.affiliation: Strahlenklinik und Poliklinik, Medizinische Fakultät, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mäurer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Willam
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hidajad
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bier
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Felix
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005260:Female; D005690:Galactose; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler
chemical_list: D005690:Galactose