title: Optimal side plate fixation for unstable intertrochanteric hip fractures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantitatively determine the minimal screw number needed for stable side plate fixation to the femoral shaft in treating unstable intertrochanteric hip fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory/biomedics study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Orthopaedic biomechanics laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  The convenience sample was made up of one saw bone, one steel pipe, and ten human cadaveric femur specimens. Human specimens were selected by ruling out pathology and excess osteopenia. Ten specimens were tested to completion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Telescoping hip screw and hip screw side plate secured with various numbered combinations of side plate screws.
  
  
  METHODS
  Decreases in tension experienced by all previously inserted screws when an additional screw was applied were recorded and labeled as "protection."
  
  
  RESULTS
  Protection offered by a third screw on all previous screws was 787.3 newtons in the steel pipemodel, 71.2 newtons in the sawbone model, and 158.3 newtons in the human model (p < 0.005). A fourth bone screw did not decrease tension in previous screws by more than 11 newtons. The protective effect of the fourth screw on screw #3 increased with decreasing screw application torque by a maximum of 21.8 newtons (p < 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that three bone screws provide an optimal distribution of tensile forces. The insertional torque used to place screws, once screw-plate contact has been established, does not play a significant role in screw protection. Additional studies are needed to assess the role of cortical bone density, and cyclical loading and bending forces experienced by the side plate screws, before definite clinical recommendations can be made.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Yian
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Banerji
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Matthews
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001860:Bone Plates; D001863:Bone Screws; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000379:methods*; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013718:Tensile Strength