title: The anatomy of the surgical operating microscope and operating positions.
abstract: This article explores the current status of magnification and illumination in endodontic surgery. The basic operations of the operating microscope are described in detail and common misconceptions regarding its operation are explained. Finally, the various operating positions used in endodontic microsurgery are described and illustrated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rubinstein
mesh_terms: D004282:Documentation; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007909:Lenses / Q000145:classification; D008029:Lighting; D008853:Microscopy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D018715:Microscopy, Video / Q000295:instrumentation; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000295:instrumentation*; D055095:Optics and Photonics / Q000295:instrumentation; D010348:Patient Care Team; D012390:Root Canal Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000379:methods; D013536:Suture Techniques; D014741:Video Recording / Q000295:instrumentation