title: A study of autoantibodies and circulating immune complexes in mercury-exposed chloralkali workers.
abstract: Inorganic mercury may cause immunologically mediated disease: e.g., glomerulonephritis, acrodynia, and contact allergy. Animal models have demonstrated the importance of genetic factors in determining susceptibility and resistance to autoimmunity, as well as the specific manifestation of the autoimmune response. Findings in groups of workers with occupational exposure to inorganic mercury have been inconsistent.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether an immune response, caused by exposure to inorganic mercury (Hg), could be shown in occupationally exposed workers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunoglobulin G (IgG), antinuclear autoantibodies, antibodies against thyroid, stomach or kidney antigens using indirect immunofluorescence, antibodies against glomerular basement membrane using ELISA, and circulating immune complexes in serum, and albumin in urine, were examined in Hg-exposed workers and controls. The two groups, 41 male chloralkali workers exposed to Hg vapour (mean exposure time 9 years) and 41 unexposed controls were age-matched and recruited from the same company. Hg concentrations in whole blood (B-Hg), plasma (P-Hg), and urine (U-Hg) were determined using cold vapor atomic spectrometry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean B-Hg, P-Hg and U-Hg levels were 46 nmol/l, 37 nmol/l, and 27 micrograms/g creatinine in the exposed group, and 17 nmol/l, 6.9 nmol/l, and 3.4 micrograms/g creatinine in the referents. No statistically significant differences were found regarding IgG levels, urinary albumin excretion, prevalence of abnormal titers of autoantibodies or circulating immune complexes. There were no statistically significant associations between autoantibodies or immune complexes on the one hand and mercury exposure indices on the other.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that, if and when lasting autoimmune response occurs at the mercury exposure levels of the present study, it is uncommon. A small fraction of humans may, however, be susceptible to the development of autoimmunity, and there is also a possible "healthy worker" selection. Thus cross-sectional studies of moderate numbers of active workers will have low power to demonstrate autoimmune effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barregård
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eneström
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ljunghusen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wieslander
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hultman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology; D000419:Albuminuria; D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear / Q000097:blood; D000936:Antigen-Antibody Complex / Q000097:blood*; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D002617:Chemical Industry; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D006801:Humans; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000097:blood; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008628:Mercury / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015166:Monitoring, Immunologic; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear; D000936:Antigen-Antibody Complex; D001323:Autoantibodies; D007136:Immunoglobulins; D008628:Mercury