title: Ultrasonographic adrenal gland measurements in dogs without evidence of adrenal disease.
abstract: The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine measurements of adrenal glands from longitudinal sonograms, in a large population of dogs and to correlate these measurements to age, sex and descriptors of body size. Dogs were selected from the clinic population presented for routine abdominal ultrasonography between September, 1991 and March, 1994. Dogs with elevated serum cholesterol or alkaline phosphatase levels, polyuria/polydipsia, and/or clinical diagnoses of adrenal pathology were excluded. Dogs with ultrasound-documented abnormalities (mass lesions, abnormal architecture) of either adrenal were not considered. Age, sex, weight and breed were recorded, and the body surface area of each dog was calculated. Adrenal length and caudal polar width were determined from longitudinal, two-dimensional ultrasound images. Adrenal measurements were compared with body size measurements and age using least squares linear regression analysis and the correlation coefficient (r) and coefficient of determination (r2) calculated. One hundred and ninety three dogs were included in the study, with a weight and body surface area range of 1.8-72 kg and 0.2-1.8 m2, respectively. The left adrenal gland (n = 182) length range was from 10.7 to 50.2 mm, and the range of the caudal polar widths was 1.9 to 12.4 mm. Right adrenal gland (n = 85) length range was from 10 to 39.3 mm, and the range of the caudal polar widths was from 3.1 to 12 mm. In dogs where both adrenal gland lengths were measured (n = 74), the right adrenal gland length was less than that of the left in 46 dogs, equal to the left in one dog, and greater than the length of the left in 27 dogs. The strongest linear association was noted between the left adrenal gland length and body weight (kg, r = 0.71, p < 0.0001) or body surface area (m2, r = 0.71, p < 0.0001). Similar significant association was noted between the right adrenal gland length and body weight (kg, r = 0.69, p < 0.0001). A significant positive association was also noted between age and left adrenal gland length, (r = 0.25, p = 0.009). The summation of all four adrenal measurement values (left length and width, right length and width) did slightly improve the correlation (r = 0.74, p < 0.0001) when compared with body weight (kg). There was not a significant difference in the adrenal measurements with regard to sex. With regard to the correlation coefficient values, there was no advantage noted to calculating the body surface area from body weight. The causes for the low degrees of the correlation between adrenal size and the variables investigated in this study are unknown; measurement error, effects of non-adrenal illness on adrenal size, and a non-linear or complex linear relationship between adrenal gland size (as measured by longitudinal parameters) and descriptors of body size are among possible explanations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Physiological Sciences and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27606, USA.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Douglass
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: James
mesh_terms: D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001699:Biometry; D001824:Body Constitution; D001830:Body Surface Area; D001835:Body Weight; D004285:Dogs / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography