title: Population-based study of sleep-disordered breathing as a risk factor for hypertension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical observations have linked sleep-disordered breathing, a condition of repeated apneas and hypopneas during sleep, with hypertension but evidence for an independent association has been lacking. Understanding this relationship is important because the prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing is high in adults.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that sleep-disordered breathing is related to elevated blood pressure independent of confounding factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample included 1060 employed women and men aged 30 through 60 years who had completed an overnight protocol as part of the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study. In-laboratory polysomnography was used to determine sleep-disordered breathing status, quantified as the number of apneas and hypopneas per hour of sleep (apnea-hypopnea index). Blood pressure was measured on the night polysomnography was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood pressure increased linearly with increasing apnea-hypopnea index (P = .003 for systolic, P = .01 for diastolic, adjusted for confounding factors). The magnitude of the linear association increased with decreasing obesity. At a body mass index (weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) of 30 kg/m2, an apnea-hypopnea index of 15 (vs 0) was associated with blood pressure increases of 3.6 mm Hg for systolic (95% confidence interval, 1.3-6.0) and 1.8 mm Hg for diastolic (95% confidence interval, 0.3-3.3). The odds ratio for hypertension associated with an apnea-hypopnea index of 15 (vs 0) was 1.8 (95% confidence interval, 1.3-2.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a dose-response relationship between sleep-disordered breathing and blood pressure, independent of known confounding factors. If causal, the high prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing could account for hypertension in a substantial number of adults in the United States.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Peppard
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Palta
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Hla
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Finn
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skatrud
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017286:Polysomnography; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012307:Risk Factors; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000150:complications*