title: Evidence of pin implantation as a means of verifying death during the Great Plague of Marseilles (1722).
abstract: The evidence obtained for the methods used in verification of death during the Great Plague of Marseilles in 1722 is presented here. This evidence was gathered during the excavation of a mass grave dating from this epidemic, and is based on two adjacent interments. The technique used at that time was the implantation of bronze pins into the toes. This method is precisely described in the medical treatises dating from this period, which list different death verification methods. The fear of "false death" and the burial of still living people characterized the end of the 17th and the 18th centuries. It should be noted that the main cause of apparent death is presented in the same medical treatises as the plague. This observation is the first anthropological evidence of the use of this forensic method to verify the fact of death.
authors.affiliation: Service de Médecine Légale, Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leonetti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Signoli
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Pelissier
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Champsaur
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hershkovitz
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brunet
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dutour
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton; D000368:Aged; D002048:Burial / Q000266:history; D002423:Cause of Death; D003644:Death Certificates / Q000266:history / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000266:history*; D005260:Female; D005554:Forensic Medicine / Q000266:history*; D005602:France; D049671:History, 18th Century; D006801:Humans; D010930:Plague / Q000266:history* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000266:history*; D012732:Sex Determination Analysis; D014034:Toes