title: Skin flap closure by dermal laser soldering: a wound healing model for sutureless hypospadias repair.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laser tissue soldering (LTS) with the diode laser and human albumin-hyaluronate-indocyanine green solder is a safe and effective method of providing an immediate leak-free closure during hypospadias repair. In this report, we compare the physiology, histology, and immunohistochemistry of wound healing following LTS and suturing in a rat skin flap model.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 4 x 5-cm skin flap was raised and bisected (4 cm) on the dorsum of 48 Sprague-Dawley rats. The central wound was either closed from a dermal approach by suturing or LTS or left open, and studied at 0, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days postoperatively. An intraoperative comparison was made between suturing and LTS with respect to operative time. Postoperatively, flaps were excised for tensiometric analysis, and sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin to define wound architecture. Resting skin temperature, laser exposed temperature without solder, and maximum temperature with solder (one drop) were measured at the level of the deep dermis, superficial striated muscle layer, and within the solder. Mean peak temperatures were recorded during a 1-minute laser activation time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean continuous suturing time (4.9 +/- 1.1 minutes) was significantly (P < 0.001) faster than either LTS (7.7 +/- 0.77 minutes) or discontinuous suturing (8.2 +/- 0.62 minutes). Two seromas (sutured) and two instances of partial wound dehiscence (1 sutured, 1 LTS) were noted. Tensile strength was increased significantly (P < 0.001) for up to 5 days in the LTS group, but was equal to suturing at 7 and 10 days. Immediate tensile strength after LTS was equivalent to a 7-day healed wound. At 14 days, wounds initially left open and those closed by LTS were stronger than sutured wounds (P < 0.05). There was no evidence of thermal injury or foreign body reaction in the LTS group. Solder was incorporated within the dermis in all wounds at 21 days. Laser activation of solder resulted in significant increases in temperature at all three tissue levels: 65.0 +/- 5.2 and 69.9 +/- 6.8 degrees C in the deep and superficial skin (no significant difference between the two), and 101 +/- 15.6 degrees C within the solder (P < 0.001 versus superficial and deep skin).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that sutureless dermal LTS of skin flaps provides increased tensile strength for up to 7 days, with relatively greater tensile strength provided within the first 3 days. Our laser technique does not appear to alter the normal wound healing process. Rather, solder-tissue interaction initially, and extracellular matrix infiltration of solder later, provide the basis for improved wound strength. For hypospadias repair using skin flaps, these wound attributes may permit sutureless surgery.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Urology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kirsch
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Duckett
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Canning
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Harshaw
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Macarak
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Zderic
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000601:surgery*; D053685:Laser Therapy; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000379:methods* / Q000473:pathology; D013536:Suture Techniques; D013997:Time Factors; D014945:Wound Healing