title: Workplace demands, economic reward, and progression of carotid atherosclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Characteristics of the work environment have been associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but it is unclear whether these factors are associated with preclinical manifestations of disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We investigated the association between job demands, economic reward, and the 4-year progression of carotid atherosclerosis in a population-based sample of 940 Finnish men. Data from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study were used to estimate changes in plaque height, maximum and mean intima-media thicknesses across combinations of job demands, and income. Associations were examined in relation to atherosclerotic risk factors and were stratified by baseline levels of atherosclerosis and prevalent ischemic heart disease. Men who had jobs with high demands and low economic rewards had significantly greater 4-year progression of plaque height (0.33 mm, P = .008) and maximum intima-media thickness (0.32, P = .03) than men with low-demand, high-income jobs. The magnitude of these differences was not greatly attenuated by risk factor adjustment and did not differ when examined by the level of workplace resources, social support, or employment status. Larger differences were observed in a subsample of men who had more advanced atherosclerosis at baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that men with demanding work that produces little economic reward have significantly greater progression of carotid atherosclerosis than more advantaged men. The relationship between job demands and health should be understood in a broad framework of interacting economic conditions, social circumstances, and behaviors that cascade over the life course and may ultimately contribute to socioeconomic inequalities in morbidity and mortality.
authors.affiliation: Human Population Laboratory, Public Health Institute/California Department of Health Services, Berkeley 94704, USA. jwlynch@emf.net
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salonen
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Salonen
mesh_terms: D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007587:Job Description; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors