title: The effect of arterial clamp duration on endothelial injury: an experimental study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Arterial clamp-related endothelial damage was investigated in an animal model to quantify the surface area of endothelial disruption. The influence of the duration of clamp application on this damage was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four identical angled DeBakey vascular clamps were applied on each of eight carotid arteries in four heparinized adult sheep for durations of 15, 30, 45 and 60 min. The applied clamping forces were measured and kept constant. After the last clamp was removed, the areas of endothelial loss were identified by in vivo staining with Evan's blue dye. The vessels were excised and the blue stained areas measured by computer-assisted analysis. The morphological appearance of the specimens was assessed by scanning electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endothelial damage following clamping for 15 min (10.6 +/- 4.3 mm2) was significantly less than for 30 min (19.0 +/- 4.7 mm2), 45 min (19.8 +/- 4.6 mm2) and 60 min (20.4 +/- 4.9 mm2, P = 0.005), but there were no significant differences between the areas of endothelial loss observed for 30, 45, and 60 min. These results corresponded to the damage seen using scanning electron microscopy, which showed partial disruption of endothelium at 15 min compared to more complete destruction at longer durations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evan's blue staining combined with computer-assisted surface area measurement is an accurate method for quantifying endothelial damage. The extent of damage caused by vascular clamps is partly time-dependent, being less for 15 min than for 30 min of clamping, but not significantly increasing for durations greater than 30 min.
authors.affiliation: Surgical Professorial Unit, St Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Margovsky
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Lord
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Chambers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000648:ultrastructure; D020212:Carotid Artery Injuries; D003250:Constriction; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000293:injuries* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005070:Evans Blue; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012756:Sheep; D013525:Surgical Instruments / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D005070:Evans Blue