title: HIV/AIDS infection control enforcement: a comparison between Nigeria and the United States.
abstract: We examined differences in approaches to HIV-related infection control practices in two university teaching hospitals in the United States and Nigeria. Health care workers (n = 202 in Nigeria and 186 in the USA) responded to a previously validated measure of infection control practices. There were significant differences in the estimated probability of treating a person with HIV disease (higher in USA), and a greater probability of peer ridicule as a way of enforcing group norms on infection control in Nigeria. Peer enforcement of norms was significantly lower in the USA. In both countries, more precautions would be taken if it was known that the patient was HIV infected. Infection control practices were more likely to be followed in the USA compared with Nigeria if they were praised for this activity, if appropriate facilities (sharps containers, gloves, etc.) were nearby, and if they felt that infection control procedures were effective. These data point to the importance of normative social pressures in Nigeria and of knowing the patient is HIV infected in the USA and feeling that infection control procedures are effective ways of avoiding occupational HIV infection. The role of normative pressures and assumptions about HIV infection status as well as cues and availability of facilities for infection control appear to differ between these health care workers in Nigeria and the USA.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston 77225, USA.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Essien
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Ezedinachi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meremikwu
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D017758:Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D009549:Nigeria; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D016635:Universal Precautions