title: Microdialysis studies of the distribution of stavudine into the central nervous system in the freely-moving rat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the extent and time course of distribution of stavudine (d4T) into the central nervous system (CNS) and to investigate the transport mechanisms of antiviral nucleosides in the CNS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Microdialysis with on-line HPLC analysis was used to measure drug concentrations in the brain extracellular fluid (ECF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the freely-moving rat. The in vivo recovery of d4T and zidovudine (AZT) was estimated by retrodialysis, which was validated by the zero-net flux method. The CNS distribution of d4T was investigated during iv and intracerebroventricular (icv) infusion. In the subsequent studies, the effect of AZT on CNS distribution of d4T was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During iv infusion, d4T distributed rapidly into the CNS. Its brain ECF/plasma and CSF/plasma steady-state concentration ratios were 0.33 +/- 0.06 and 0.49 +/- 0.12, respectively (n = 15). During icv infusion, the steady-state d4T concentrations in the brain ECF were 23-fold higher than those during iv infusion, whereas its steady-state plasma levels were about the same for these two routes. Coadministration of AZT with d4T did not alter their respective brain distribution and systemic clearance at the concentrations examined. More importantly, the steady-state brain ECF/plasma and CSF/plasma concentration ratios of d4T were about 2-fold higher than those of AZT (0.15 +/- 0.04 and 0.25 +/- 0.08) determined in the same animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  d4T readily crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-CSF barrier. An active efflux transport system in the BBB and blood-CSF barrier may be involved in transporting d4T out of the CNS. Direct icv administration of d4T can be used to enhance its brain delivery. Moreover, d4T exhibits a more favorable penetration into the CNS than AZT and therefore may be useful in the treatment of AIDS dementia complex.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Brundage
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Barbhaiya
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sawchuk
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018119:Stavudine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015215:Zidovudine; D018119:Stavudine