title: Ocular surface disorders in the critically ill.
abstract: Abnormalities of the cornea and conjunctiva occur in association with neurological diseases, nocturnal lagophthalmos, coma, infection, and mechanical ventilation. We investigated the incidence and causes of ocular surface disorders in critically ill patients. In a retrospective study, the presence of conjunctivitis and corneal erosion was determined by reviewing the medical charts of 143 mechanically ventilated patients (intensive care unit [ICU] stay > or =7 days). In the subsequent prospective study, 15 patients who had sedatives or muscle relaxants administered continuously for more than 48 h in the ICU were investigated. Corneal erosion was examined using a slit lamp once a day. Ocular surface disorder was found in 28 of the 143 patients (20%) whose ICU stay exceeded 7 days. The incidence increased with continuous sedation (35% vs 15%). The incidence also increased with continuous neuromuscular blockade (39% vs 11%). In the prospective study, nine patients (60%) developed corneal erosion. A patient's inability to fully close his or her eyes increased the incidence (P < 0.01) of corneal erosion. Protective eyelid taping was effective in preventing and treating the corneal erosion. In conclusion, the critically ill often develop ocular surface disorders, especially when sedated and immobilized. A close relationship was observed between these conditions and the inability to close one's eyes.
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care Unit, Osaka University Hospital, Japan. imanakah@hsp.ncvc.go.jp
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Imanaka
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Taenaka
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aoyama
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hosotani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003128:Coma / Q000150:complications; D003229:Conjunctival Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D003231:Conjunctivitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D003316:Corneal Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D003422:Critical Care; D016638:Critical Illness; D015817:Eye Infections / Q000150:complications; D005135:Eye Protective Devices; D005141:Eyelid Diseases / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D007103:Immobilization / Q000009:adverse effects; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents