title: Potential benefits of eliminating planning target volume expansions for patient breathing in the treatment of liver tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate potential benefits derived from reduction or elimination of planning target volume (PTV) margins associated with patient breathing through examination of hepatic tumors treated with conformal therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the treatment plans of 50 patients who had previously received conformal partial organ liver irradiation for treatment of hepatic malignancies. PTVs for these plans included expansions (1-2 cm) for patient breathing. Data consisted of the three-dimensional dose distributions computed for the conformal plans generated for these volumes, and also for plans using identical beam arrangements but smaller block margins to treat planning target volumes that did not include the expansions for breathing. We calculated effective volumes (V(eff)) and normal tissue complication probabilities (NTCP) using dose-volume histograms for normal liver and analyzed changes in: V(eff), NTCP at the prescription dose, doses associated with selected NTCP levels, and tumor control probabilities (TCP) at these new dose levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Elimination of the patient breathing components of the PTVs for these conformal treatments of liver tumors: (a) decreased the average V(eff) by 5%; (b) decreased the average predicted NTCP at the prescription (isocenter) dose used to treat the patients by 4.5%; (c) increased the average target volume (isocenter) dose associated with low (1-10%) predicted normal liver NTCP by 6-8 Gy, which corresponded to (d) a predicted average 6-7% increase in TCP for aggressive liver tumors. Plans with PTV expansions for breathing that occurred mostly within the liver showed greatest potential benefit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elimination of the margin added to hepatic target volumes for patient ventilation could lead to clinically meaningful increases in dose without increasing the predicted frequency of complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0010, USA.
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Ten Haken
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Balter
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Lawrence
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D012119:Respiration