title: Surveillance for Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections in Minnesota by molecular subtyping.
abstract: Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a leading cause of diarrhea and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Current public health surveillance for E. coli O157:H7 requires considerable resources; traditional methods lack the sensitivity and specificity to detect outbreaks effectively.
  
  
  
  During 1994 and 1995, the Minnesota Department of Health requested that all clinical isolates of E. coli O157:H7 be submitted to our laboratory. Isolates were subtyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and patients were interviewed about potential sources of infection.
  
  
  
  In 1994 and 1995, 344 cases of E. coli O157:H7 infection were reported to the Minnesota Department of Health; 317 (92 percent) were subtyped by PFGE, and 143 distinct PFGE patterns were identified. Ten outbreaks of E. coli O157:H7 were identified; these accounted for 56 (18 percent) of the 317 subtyped cases. Four outbreaks were detected solely as a result of subtype-specific surveillance. In 11 two-week periods, the number of reported cases of E. coli O157:H7 doubled from the previous two weeks. In eight of these instances, the patterns identified were dissimilar and there were no outbreaks. Two of the remaining three increases resulted from multiple simultaneous outbreaks.
  
  
  
  Subtype-specific surveillance for E. coli O157:H7 can identify outbreaks that are not detected by traditional methods and can ascertain whether sudden increases in reported cases are due to sporadic isolated cases or to one or more outbreaks.
authors.affiliation: Acute Disease Epidemiology Section, Minnesota Department of Health, Minneapolis 55440-9441, USA.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Bender
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Hedberg
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Besser
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Boxrud
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Osterholm
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D019453:Escherichia coli O157 / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial