title: Photoanthropometric study of craniofacial traits in individuals with Williams syndrome.
abstract: A photoanthropometric method, which enables an objective description of facial structures, was used to better delineate the craniofacial characteristics of 29 individuals with Williams syndrome (WS; 18 males and 11 females) between the ages of 0 to 10 years, with an average age of 4.0 years. Facial parameters were measured from strict frontal and profile photographic 35-mm slides and compared with other facial measurements from the same face (e.g., palpebral fissure width to bizygomatic diameter). Sixteen photoanthropometric craniofacial indices were developed from 20 measurements (3 from the frontal face, 2 from the eye region, 3 from the nose region, 2 from the mouth region, 4 from the profile face, and 6 from the ear region). Based on our measurements of 29 Williams syndrome individuals, two parameters (e.g. nose length to midface height and palpebral fissure width to bizygomatic diameter) were outside the normal range when compared with photoanthropometric index standards for age established by Stengel-Rutkowski et al. from white control children. Overall, our data supported a high midface height, broad palpebral fissure width, broad interalar distance, short length of back of nose, prominent ears with long narrow conchae, increased chin height, increased inclination of the ears and a narrow bizygomatic diameter in WS patients. These craniofacial parameters (many not previously evaluated in WS patients) may become useful for early detection, and aid in the diagnosis and study of the development of the characteristic face in Williams syndrome subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37230, USA.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hovis
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Butler
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005145:Face / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009055:Mouth / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009056:Mouth Abnormalities; D018980:Williams Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*