title: Nocifensive reflex thresholds in rats: measures of central nervous system effects of barbiturates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the pharmacodynamic relationships between plasma pentobarbitone and thiopentone concentrations and nocifensive reflexes during emergence from anaesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-nine rats were studied. Plasma barbiturate concentrations were measured with high performance liquid chromatography. Nocifensive reflexes were assessed with the hindlimb withdrawal latency (WL) to heat and the somatic motor response threshold (SMRT) to tail pressure. In Protocol I, SMRT, WL, sedation, and the presence of paw-licking and the righting reflex were assessed in unrestrained rats before and every 10 min for two hours after an intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbitone (30 mg.kg-1). Plasma pentobarbitone kinetics were determined in a separate group of rats. In Protocol II, SMRT and drug concentrations were measured concurrently in partially restrained animals before and for 35 min after a computer-controlled i.v. bolus of thiopentone. In Protocol III the SMRT-plasma thiopentone relationship was determined during increasing and decreasing plasma thiopentone concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Enhancement of both nocifensive reflexes was observed in the unrestrained animals. Enhancement of SMRT was maximal [175% (153-197) of control values] at a mean plasma thiopentone concentration of 11 (9-13) micrograms.ml-1. The SMRT-plasma thiopentone curve showed a mean efflux-influx difference in plasma thiopentone concentration of 4(2.3-5.7) micrograms.ml-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Barbiturate-associated nocifensive reflex enhancement occurs in unrestrained animals with both thermal and pressure stimuli. The SMRT-plasma thiopentone concentration relationship during emergence from anaesthesia was similar to that observed previously during induction. The thiopentone plasma concentration-SMRT plot showed an equilibrium delay similar to that previously described by others for thiopentone at an electroencephalographic effect site.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, University of Calgary, Canada. archerd@cadvision.com
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Archer
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Samanani
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Roth
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000294:innervation; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects; D010424:Pentobarbital / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012018:Reflex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013874:Thiopental / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D010424:Pentobarbital; D013874:Thiopental