title: A review of open biopsy for mediastinal masses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the recent experience with biopsied mediastinal lesions in children and to assess the impact of recent advances in imaging and surgical techniques on diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical and radiological features of 55 patients who had mediastinal biopsies at The Royal Alexandra Hospital For Children (RAHC) over 15 years were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-five patients presented to RAHC between 1978 and 1993 with lesions of the mediastinum requiring biopsy of that site. Thirty-one of the 55 (56%) lesions were malignant. Neurogenic tumours were the most common (40%). In order of frequency the following lesions were found: neuroblastoma (15), teratoma (eight), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL; eight), enteric cyst/duplication (five), ganglioneuroma (five), bronchogenic cyst (three), ganglioneuroblastoma (two), lymphangioma (two), abscess (two), Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL; two), oesophageal granuloma (one), Langerhan's cell histiocytosis (one), congenital fibromatosis (one). Eighty-two per cent of neurogenic tumours were located in the posterior mediastinum, while 75% of teratomas and 100% lymphoid tumours were located anteriorly. Symptoms were generally unhelpful in establishing a specific diagnosis and in 27% of cases the lesions were discovered incidentally. Physical signs, such as thoracic inlet obstruction and neurological findings, were helpful clinically in localizing lesions within the mediastinum. Chest radiography enabled lesions to be subdivided within the mediastinum. This localization, in combination with the age at presentation, predicted the tissue diagnosis. Computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) further defined the lesion and demonstrated involvement of adjacent structures. Histology, however, was essential to distinguish benign from malignant lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical presentation of mediastinal masses is often non-specific or incidental. Despite recent advances in imaging technology and biopsy techniques, full histological examination is required to exclude malignancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Massie
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Van Asperen
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Mellis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008479:Mediastinal Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008482:Mediastinum / Q000473:pathology; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed