Pregnancy-related mortality surveillance--United States, 1987-1990.
OBJECTIVE
The Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives specifies goals of no more than 3.3 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births overall and no more than 5.0 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births among black women; as of 1990, these goals had not been met. In addition, race-specific differences between black women and white women persist in the risk for pregnancy-related death.


METHODS
This report summarizes surveillance data for pregnancy-related deaths in the United States for 1987-1990.


METHODS
The National Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System was initiated in 1988 by CDC in collaboration with the CDC/American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Maternal Mortality Study Group. Health departments in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and New York City provided CDC with copies of death certificates and available linked outcome records (i.e., birth certificates or fetal death records) of all identified pregnancy-related deaths.


RESULTS
During 1987-1990, 1,459 deaths were determined to be pregnancy-related. The overall pregnancy-related mortality ratio was 9.2 deaths per 100,000 live births. The pregnancy-related mortality ratio for black women was consistently higher than for white women for every risk factor examined by race. The disparity between pregnancy-related mortality ratios for black women and white women increased from 3.4 times greater in 1987 to 4.1 times greater in 1990. Older women, particularly women aged > or =35 years, were at increased risk for pregnancy-related death. The gestational age-adjusted risk for pregnancy-related death was 7.7 times higher for women who received no prenatal care than for women who received "adequate" prenatal care. The distribution of the causes of death differed depending on the pregnancy outcome; for women who died following a live birth (i.e., 55% of the deaths), the leading causes of death were pregnancy-induced hypertension complications, pulmonary embolism, and hemorrhage.


CONCLUSIONS
Pregnancy-related mortality ratios for black women continued, as noted in previously published surveillance reports, to be three to four times higher than those for white women. The risk factors evaluated in this analysis confirmed the disparity in pregnancy-related mortality between white women and black women, but the reason(s) for this difference could not be determined from the available information.


CONCLUSIONS
Continued surveillance and additional studies should be conducted to assess the magnitude of pregnancy-related mortality, to identify those differences that contribute to the continuing race-specific disparity in pregnancy-related mortality, and to provide information that policy makers can use to develop effective strategies to prevent pregnancy-related mortality for all women.
Koonin
L M
LM
Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, USA.
MacKay
A P
AP
Berg
C J
CJ
Atrash
H K
HK
Smith
J C
JC
D000328:Adult; D002423:Cause of Death; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000401:mortality*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011295:Prenatal Care; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology