title: Parasuicide, depression and the anticipation of positive and negative future experiences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous research has shown that parasuicides' view of the future is characterized by an absence of anticipation of positive experiences rather than the presence of anticipation of negative experiences. The present study aimed to replicate this finding and examine whether it would also be found in parasuicides who were not depressed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Depressed parasuicides (N = 27), non-depressed parasuicides (N = 17) and matched controls (N = 34) were assessed on their anticipation of future positive and negative experiences using an adapted fluency paradigm, where they were given a set time to generate future positive and negative anticipated experiences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consistent with previous findings, parasuicides showed an overall reduced anticipation of positive experiences and no overall increased anticipation of negative experiences. However, the parasuicides did show evidence of increased negative anticipation for the immediate future. The results for depressed and non-depressed parasuicides were essentially the same.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lack of positive anticipation in the absence of increased negative anticipation is a feature of parasuicide. Although this lack of positive anticipation can occur in depression, it appears to be an independent feature of parasuicide.
authors.affiliation: Royal Holloway University of London.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: MacLeod
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pankhania
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000523:psychology*; D013850:Thinking