title: Synthesis, in vivo evaluation and PET study of a carbon-11-labeled neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline.
abstract: Reports have implicated neuronal nitric oxide synthetase (nNOS) in the pathological effects of neurodegenerative diseases. S-Methyl-L-thiocitrulline (MTICU), a potent and selective nNOS inhibitor (Ki = 1.2 nM), was chosen as our initial target molecule for positron emitter labeling as a potential nNOS tracer. We report the synthesis, biological evaluation and primate brain images of S-[11C]methyl-L-thiocitrulline ([I11C]MTICU).
  
  
  METHODS
  The two-step synthesis of [11C]MTICU consisted of the S-alkylation of alpha-N-Boc-L-thiocitrulline t-butyl ester with [11C]Mel followed by TFA hydrolysis and HPLC purification. The final product was obtained within 50 min (yield = 9.1%-12.5%, based on [11C]Mel S.A. = 27-680 Ci/mmol at end of synthesis). The lipophilicity of [11C]MTICU was determined by octanol/water partition coefficient (LogP). Blood stability of this tracer in vitro and in vivo was measured by HPLC analysis. Biodistribution using female Sprague-Dawley rats was performed, including examination of uptake in cerebellum and olfactory bulb (high nNOS) as well as cortex and brain stem (low nNOS). Carbon-11-MTICU was administered to a female baboon and brain images were obtained using a Siemens ECAT EXACT scanner for determination of brain regional uptake and blood-brain barrier permeability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 30 min postinjection, [11C]MTICU remained 64% intact in vivo and 95% intact in vitro. Lipophilicity estimation gave Log p = 1.08 +/- 0.08 (n = 6). The brain (0.11% ID/g)-to-blood (0.20% ID/g) ratio was 1:2 at 30 min postinjection. Uptake in the cerebellum was 20% higher than in either the cortex or the brain stem (p < 0.05). Blockage using 1 mg/kg MTICU reduced uptake in the cerebellum and the cortex by 22%, but did not affect the brain stem. PET imaging showed that [11C]MTICU brain uptake, corrected for blood volume, was stable from 10 min to 1 hr at approximately 0.4% ID/organ. PET images of a baboon brain showed increased uptake in the region of the olfactory bulb compared to uniform biodistribution in the rest of the brain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The [11C]MTICU is a tracer that is potentially useful in determining nNOS levels in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Dence
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Sherman
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Welch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D002956:Citrulline / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D010215:Papio; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013890:Thiourea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D002956:Citrulline; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D013890:Thiourea; C086717:S-methylthiocitrulline