title: Harm reduction measures and injecting inside prison versus mandatory drugs testing: results of a cross sectional anonymous questionnaire survey. The European Commission Network on HIV Infection and Hepatitis in Prison.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (a) To determine both the frequency of injecting inside prison and use of sterilising tablets to clean needles in the previous four weeks; (b) to assess the efficiency of random mandatory drugs testing at detecting prisoners who inject heroin inside prison; (c) to determine the percentage of prisoners who had been offered vaccination against hepatitis B.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional willing anonymous salivary HIV surveillance linked to a self completion risk factor questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lowmoss prison, Glasgow, and Aberdeen prison on 11 and 30 October 1996.
  
  
  METHODS
  293 (94%) of all 312 inmates at Lowmoss and 146 (93%) of all 157 at Aberdeen, resulting in 286 and 143 valid questionnaires.
  
  
  METHODS
  Frequency of injecting inside prison in the previous four weeks by injector inmates who had been in prison for at least four weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  116 (41%) Lowmoss and 53 (37%) Aberdeen prisoners had a history of injecting drug use but only 4% of inmates (17/395; 95% confidence interval 2% to 6%) had ever been offered vaccination against hepatitis B. 42 Lowmoss prisoners (estimated 207 injections and 258 uses of sterilising tablets) and 31 Aberdeen prisoners (229 injections, 221 uses) had injected inside prison in the previous four weeks. The prisons together held 112 injector inmates who had been in prison for more than four weeks, of whom 57 (51%; 42% to 60%) had injected in prison in the past four weeks; their estimated mean number of injections was 6.0 (SD 5.7). Prisoners injecting heroin six times in four weeks will test positive in random mandatory drugs testing on at most 18 days out of 28.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sterilising tablets and hepatitis B vaccination should be offered to all prisoners. Random mandatory drugs testing seriously underestimates injector inmates' harm reduction needs.
authors.affiliation: Churchill Hospital, Oxford.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Gore
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hutchinson
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Burns
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004203:Disinfection; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003932:Heroin; D006801:Humans; D009339:Needles; D015995:Prevalence; D011329:Prisoners / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012463:Saliva / Q000821:virology; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines; D003932:Heroin