title: Color duplex echography in head and neck cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the rating of low-flow color duplex echography in the staging of head and neck cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, the oropharynx, and hypopharynx were examined. A Siemens Q 2000 duplex scan with 7.5 MHz-linear array and wedge (Siemens Medizintechnik, Siemens Medical Systems, Erlangen, Germany) was used. Gray scale imaging as well as color duplex scan with Doppler spectrum measurement were performed for each patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 5 of 52 primary tumors could not be detected using echography (sensitivity: 90%). Tumor size of one carcinoma, a recurrent tumor of the laryngeal sinus, was overestimated (predictive value: 96%). The carcinomas and their metastases were poorly vascularized. Only 10 of 52 primary tumors showed central vascularization. The mean systolic flow rate in these vessels was 40 cm/s. In 17 patients, imaging of peripheral tumor vessels improved estimation of tumor borders. Imaging of irregular central tumor vessels in metastatic lymphatic nodes yielded important information for N staging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-flow color duplex echography is a new high resolution, noninvasive imaging technique that offers important additional information for preoperative head and neck tumor staging. Thus, it should be recommended for routine application in ENT-oncology.
authors.affiliation: ENT-Clinic, Hamburg University Medical School (Eppendorf University Hospital), Germany.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Leuwer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Westhofen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schade
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000556:secondary; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010610:Pharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color