title: Induction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expression in monocytic cells by Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans.
abstract: Because candidiasis and cryptococcosis are common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons, the effect of Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans on HIV expression in monocytic cells was examined. Stimulation of the latently HIV-infected myelomonocytic cell line OM-10.1 with C. neoformans and C. albicans in the presence of pooled human serum caused a ratio-dependent increase in HIV production. Induction of HIV by C. neoformans was enhanced by anti-capsular antibody, while induction by both organisms was inhibited by anti-TNF-alpha antibody. In THP-1 cells transfected with HIV plasmid constructs, both organisms induced transcription from the HIV long terminal repeat that was dependent on intact NF-kappaB binding sequences. Thus, C. neoformans and C. albicans enhance HIV expression in monocytic cells through a TNF-alpha- and NF-kappaB-dependent mechanism. In HIV-infected patients, such enhancement may further impair host immunity and could accelerate the course of HIV disease.
authors.affiliation: Evans Memorial Department of Clinical Research, Boston Medical Center, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nong
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Levitz
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000502:physiology*; D002460:Cell Line; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000502:physiology*; D016325:HIV Long Terminal Repeat / Q000502:physiology; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000378:metabolism; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000254:growth & development*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D009000:Monocytes / Q000821:virology*; D016328:NF-kappa B; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology; D014771:Virion
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase