title: Prior antimicrobials and staphylococcal bacteremia in HIV-infected patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many drugs used for prophylaxis against opportunistic infections in AIDS also have activity against common bacteria. This study was performed to delineate relationships between prior use of antimicrobials and Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia.
  
  
  METHODS
  To compare prior exposure to selected antimicrobial drugs in patients who had S. aureus bacteremia and in controls who did not, a nested case-control study was conducted within a cohort of HIV-infected persons followed in an outpatient clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a computerized database based on HIV clinic records, 48 cases with S. aureus bacteremia were compared against 188 controls selected from patients with CD4 cell counts < 200 x 10(6)/l. Information on demographic risk factors and antimicrobial drug use was analysed using conditional logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Injecting drug use was strongly associated with S. aureus bacteremia. Rifabutin use was associated with decreased risk of S. aureus bacteremia [conditional relative risk (RR) 0.308, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.096-0.991] in univariate analysis, near statistical significance in multivariate analysis (RR 0.314, 95% CI 0.096-1.023). The bacteremias were not significantly associated with use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, quinolones, newer macrolides (azithromycin and clarithromycin), clindamycin or dapsone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rifabutin may be associated with diminished risk of S. aureus bacteremia incidental to use for other purposes in HIV infection. Further study is needed to assess effects on microbial resistance.
authors.affiliation: Office of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland 20857, USA.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Styrt
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Chaisson
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D018942:Macrolides; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010419:Pentamidine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015363:Quinolones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017828:Rifabutin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000209:etiology*; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014295:Trimethoprim / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D018942:Macrolides; D015363:Quinolones; D017828:Rifabutin; D010419:Pentamidine; D014295:Trimethoprim; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole