title: Effect of fresh fruit consumption on lung function and wheeze in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fresh fruit consumption and vitamin C intake have been associated with improved lung function in adults. Whether this is due to enhancement of lung growth, to a reduction in lung function decline, or to protection against bronchospasm is unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional school based survey of 2650 children aged 8-11 from 10 towns in England and Wales the main outcome measure was forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) standardised for body size and sex. Exposure was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire to parents and by measurement of plasma levels of vitamin C in a subsample of 278 children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FEV1 was positively associated with frequency of fresh fruit consumption. After adjustment for possible confounding variables including social class and passive smoking, those who never ate any fresh fruit had an estimated FEV1 some 79 ml (4.3%) lower than those who ate these items more than once a day (95% CI 22 to 136 ml). The association between FEV1 and fruit consumption was stronger in subjects with wheeze than in non-wheezers (p = 0.020 for difference in trend), though wheeze itself was not related to fresh fruit consumption. Frequency of consumption of salads and of green vegetables were both associated with FEV1 but the relationships were weaker than for fresh fruit. Plasma vitamin C levels were unrelated to FEV1 (r = -0.01, p = 0.92) or to wheeze and were only weakly related to fresh fruit consumption (r = 0.13, p = 0.055).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fresh fruit consumption appears to have a beneficial effect on lung function in children. Further work is needed to confirm whether the effect is restricted to subjects who wheeze and to identify the specific nutrient involved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, St George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK.
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Whincup
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Papacosta
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chirico
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Bruckdorfer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000097:blood; D001724:Birth Weight; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012135:Respiratory Sounds; D012923:Social Class; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D001205:Ascorbic Acid