title: High-dose diltiazem prevents migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells in various in-vitro models of human coronary restenosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Restenosis after coronary angioplasty is considered to be caused mainly by increased migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMC). The concept of local, site-specific delivery of pharmacologic therapies has opened the door for new, high-dose drug regimes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SMC were isolated by enzymatic disaggregation with collagenase/elastase from human coronary plaque tissue of 29 patients (pSMC) and post mortem from the coronary media of 33 corpses (mSMC). Endothelial cells were isolated from human umbilical veins by enzymatic disaggregation with collagenase/dispase. By positive reaction with antibodies against smooth muscle alpha-actin and von Willebrand factor cells were identified as SMC or endothelial cells. In proliferation studies 5-150 micrograms/ml diltiazem was added to the culture media of pSMC, mSMC and endothelial cells. After 5 days there was a significant dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation (for pSMC with > 50 micrograms/ml, for mSMC with > 25 micrograms/ml, and for endothelial cells with > 5 micrograms/ml). In migration studies the effect of 5-150 micrograms/ml diltiazem on the velocity of migration of pSMC was investigated over a period of 48 h. Administration of diltiazem at concentrations of 100 and 150 micrograms/ml caused a significant inhibition of the migration of pSMC. The cytoskeletal components smooth muscle alpha-actin, vimentin, and alpha-tubulin of pSMC and the expression of von Willebrand factor of endothelial cells were investigated after an incubation period of 5 days with 50 and 150 micrograms/ml diltiazem. In the transfilter coculture model the effect of 50 micrograms/ml diltiazem on mSMC was investigated after mechanical injury of cocultured endothelial cells. Administration of diltiazem at a concentration of 50 micrograms/ml inhibited the development of a neointimal proliferate in the transfilter coculture model significantly (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high dose of diltiazem inhibited the migratory and proliferative activities of coronary SMC significantly. In further experimental studies the effect of locally applied high doses of diltiazem on postangioplasty restenosis should be elucidated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Nephrology, and Pneumology, University of Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Voisard
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koschnick
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baur
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mattfeldt
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hemmer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hannekum
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Höher
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hombach
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014404:Tubulin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014746:Vimentin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D014404:Tubulin; D014746:Vimentin; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; D004110:Diltiazem