title: Partial bladder outlet obstruction in the fetal rabbit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We developed and tested an animal model of bladder dysfunction due to posterior urethral valves using partial outlet obstruction of the fetal rabbit bladder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Partial bladder outlet obstruction of fetal rabbit bladders was created on day 23 of gestation. Of the litter of 8 to 10 fetuses half was obstructed and the remainder served as controls. The doe and fetuses were sacrificed on day 30 of gestation (full term 31 to 32 days) and the fetal bladders were removed. Bladders that had doubled in weight from the average bladder weight of the control littermates were deemed sufficiently obstructed. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed and bladder strip response to 32 Hz. field stimulation, 200 microM. bethanechol and 200 mM. potassium chloride was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average body weight did not differ between the control and obstructed fetuses, indicating that surgery did not hinder fetal development. Hematoxylin and eosin staining confirmed smooth muscle cell hypertrophy and increased connective tissue in the obstructed bladders. Obstructed bladder strips responded significantly less to field stimulation, and significantly more to bethanechol and potassium chloride (mean plus or minus standard deviation 5.18 +/- 1.52, 6.29 +/- 1.3 and 10.15 +/- 2.18 x force per/100 mg. tissue, respectively)than control bladder strips (9.0 +/- 1.19, 3.5 +/- 0.46 and 6.16 +/- 1.33 x force per/100 mg. tissue, respectively) suggesting that denervation supersensitivity may have resulted from obstruction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Partial outlet obstruction of the fetal rabbit bladder results in bladder hypertrophy and dysfunction but these changes are markedly different from those in the adult rabbit. Since rabbit fetal development is delayed compared to human fetal development, this model can be used to assess the consequences of posterior urethral valves.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rohrmann
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Monson
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Damaser
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Duckett
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Zderic
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D011817:Rabbits; D014521:Urethra / Q000002:abnormalities*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology; D001748:Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction / Q000196:embryology*