title: Peri-operative use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in children: analgesic efficacy and bleeding.
abstract: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are effective in the management of mild to moderate postoperative pain in children. They can decrease or even eliminate the need for opioid analgesics, thus reducing or eliminating opioid-induced side-effects. The increasing peri-operative use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in children has, however, raised concerns about complications secondary to impaired haemostasis. To examine the extent of this unwanted side-effect, this paper reviews the published literature on analgesic efficacy and bleeding following the peri-operative use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in children. The reviewed literature confirms that haemorrhagic events in the postoperative period occur, but results remain inconclusive regarding the association between peri-operative use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and disordered haemostasis. In order to maximise the benefit of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in children, the risks must be recognised and patients, clinical indications, the individual drug, timing and route of administration must be selected carefully. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs appear to play a valuable role in the further improvement of postoperative pain management in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rømsing
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walther-Larsen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006801:Humans; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007223:Infant; D020910:Ketorolac; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014046:Tolmetin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004008:Diclofenac; D014046:Tolmetin; D007052:Ibuprofen; D020910:Ketorolac