title: Receptive and expressive language function of children with symptomatic HIV infection and relationship with disease parameters: a longitudinal 24-month follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To longitudinally assess the receptive and expressive language functioning of children with symptomatic HIV disease and to explore the relationship between immune status, computed tomography (CT) brain scan abnormalities, and language dysfunction over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children with symptomatic HIV infection were administered an age-appropriate standardized comprehensive language test and general cognitive measure prior to starting antiretroviral therapy (n = 44) and again after 6 months (n = 29) and 24 months (n = 17). CD4 percentage and CT brain scans were also obtained at each evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expressive language was significantly more impaired than receptive language at the baseline, 6- and 24-month evaluations. No significant changes over time were found in receptive or expressive language from baseline to after 6 months of antiretroviral therapy, but despite treatment, language scores declined significantly between 6 and 24 months. Overall cognitive function, however, remained stable from baseline to 24 months. Age-adjusted CD4 percentage increased significantly over the initial 6 months, then remained stable. Overall CT brain scan severity ratings did not change significantly over 24 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expressive language was consistently more impaired than receptive language over 24 months, further supporting an earlier finding that expressive language was differentially affected by HIV in children with symptomatic disease. Both receptive and expressive language declined significantly after 24 months despite antiretroviral therapy, although overall cognitive function remained stable. Thus, functioning in some domains may be more vulnerable to the effects of HIV and global measures of cognitive ability may mask such differential changes in specific brain functions.
authors.affiliation: HIV/AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1928, USA.
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Wolters
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brouwers
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Civitello
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Moss
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000276:immunology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007802:Language; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D007807:Language Tests; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed