title: Comparative mapping of Xp22 genes in hominoids--evolutionary linear instability of their Y homologues.
abstract: Several genes located within or proximal to the human PAR in Xp22 have homologues on the Y chromosome and escape, or partly escape, inactivation. To study the evolution of Xp22 genes and their Y homologues, we applied multicolour fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to comparatively map DNA probes for the genes ANT3, XG, ARSD, ARSE (CDPX), PRK, STS, KAL and AMEL to prometaphase chromosomes of the human species and hominoid apes. We demonstrate that the genes residing proximal to the PAR have a highly conserved order on the higher primate X chromosomes but show considerable rearrangements on the Y chromosomes of hominoids. These rearrangements cannot be traced back to a simple model involving only a single or a few evolutionary events. The linear instability of the Y chromosomes gives some insight into the evolutionary isolation of large parts of the Y chromosomes and thus might reflect the isolated evolutionary history of the primate species over millions of years.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, University of Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gläser
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grützner
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schiebel
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Meroni
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsioupra
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pasantes
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rietschel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Toder
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Willmann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zeitler
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ballabio
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rappold
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schempp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D015342:DNA Probes; D005796:Genes; D000882:Haplorhini / Q000235:genetics*; D015186:Hominidae / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D014960:X Chromosome / Q000235:genetics*; D014998:Y Chromosome / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D015342:DNA Probes