title: A model for the design and evaluation of algorithms for closed-loop cardiovascular therapy.
abstract: Developing a clinically useful closed-loop drug delivery system can be extremely time consuming and costly. One approach to reducing the time and cost associated with developing closed-loop systems is to reduce the number of animal experiments and perform an extensive set of simulation studies. Through simulations, a closed-loop controller's performance can be evaluated over a complete spectrum of the patient population, including boundary conditions. Simulation studies are repeatable, offering significant advantages in comparing modifications in control algorithms. Finally, simulation studies can be performed in a fraction of the time required for animal studies, at a fraction of the cost. We have developed a simulator, that included a nonlinear pulsatile-flow cardiovascular model, a physiological regulatory mechanism, and the pharmacology of four frequently titrated cardiovascular drugs. This simulator has already been used in the design and evaluation of two closed-loop algorithms-a self-tuning regulator (STR) and a multiple model adaptive controller (MMAC)-for blood pressure control during and after cardiac surgery.
authors.affiliation: PLC Medical Systems, Inc., Milford, MA 01757, USA. e_woodruff@plcmed.com
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Woodruff
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Omens
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004280:Dobutamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004298:Dopamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004867:Equipment Design; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D011673:Pulsatile Flow
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D009599:Nitroprusside; D004280:Dobutamine; D005996:Nitroglycerin; D004298:Dopamine