title: Use of dipeptides for the synthesis of glutathione by astroglia-rich primary cultures.
abstract: The intracellular content of glutathione in astroglia-rich primary cultures derived from the brains of newborn rats was used as an indicator for the ability of these cells to use dipeptides for glutathione synthesis. For restoration of the glutathione level, after a 24-h starvation period in the absence of glucose and amino acids, glucose, glutamate, cysteine, and glycine have to be present in the incubation buffer. The dipeptides CysGly and gammaGluCys were able to substitute for cysteine plus glycine and glutamate plus cysteine, respectively. Half-maximal contents of glutathione were found at 20 microM CysGly and 3 mM gammaGluCys. In addition, the oxidized forms of the dipeptides CysGly and GlyCys could replace cysteine plus glycine for glutathione restoration, and the glycine-containing dipeptides GlyGly, GlyLeu, GlyGlu, GlyGln, and gammaGluGly could partially substitute for the glycine necessary for the replenishment of glutathione. The glutathione resynthesis in the presence of CysGly plus glutamate was totally inhibited in the presence of buthionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. In contrast, glutathione restoration from gammaGluCys at a concentration of 10 mM in the presence of glycine was not influenced by the inhibitor. The use of CysGly or gammaGluCys was not affected by the presence of the dipeptidase inhibitors cilastatin or bestatin. In addition, carnosine and several other dipeptides applied in a 50-fold excess only slightly prevented the use of CysGly, hinting at the existence in astroglial cells of a transport system specific for CysGly. The results demonstrate that astroglial cells can use dipeptides for intracellular glutathione synthesis and that the dipeptides most likely are taken up as intact molecules into astroglial cells before intracellular hydrolysis occurs.
authors.affiliation: Physiologisch-chemisches Institut der Universität, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dringen
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kranich
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Löschmann
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hamprecht
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003470:Culture Media; D003545:Cysteine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005721:Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005978:Glutathione / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005998:Glycine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D004151:Dipeptides; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine; D005721:Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase; D005978:Glutathione; D005947:Glucose; D003545:Cysteine; D005998:Glycine