title: Adaptation and radiographic evaluation of four adhesive systems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare microleakage, gap formation, thickness of the adhesive layer and its radiographic appearance associated with four adhesive restorative procedures for class I cavities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adhesive systems with easy handling characteristics were selected for the restoration of class I cavities in extracted third molars. Bitewing radiographs were taken of each tooth and four observers were asked to assess the presence of the adhesive layer. Microleakage, gap width and the thickness of the adhesive layer of each restoration were measured upon sectioning of the teeth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microleakage in the experimental restorations was minimal. The thickness of the adhesive layers and gap formation varied among different adhesive systems. The adhesive system with self-etching primer produced the highest percentage gap-free restorations. Thick adhesive layers could be detected on the radiograph. ROC analysis of the results validates the diagnosis from the radiograph.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The four restorative systems performed well in the prevention of microleakage. The use of a resin modified glass-ionomer cement base did not prevent gap formation compared with the all-etch bonding systems used in this study. The presence of an adhesive layer contributed to the prevention of gap formation, independently of the bonding system used. Thick adhesive layers could be detected on the radiograph.
authors.affiliation: TRIKON, Department of Cariology and Endodontology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Opdam
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Roeters
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Verdonschot
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D000269:Adhesives / Q000737:chemistry*; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D003737:Dental Cavity Preparation / Q000145:classification; D003763:Dental Leakage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000517:prevention & control; D018772:Dental Marginal Adaptation; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent / Q000145:classification; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008298:Maleates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D008964:Molar, Third / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010756:Phosphoric Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012372:ROC Curve; D016300:Radiography, Bitewing; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D000269:Adhesives; C084544:Clearfil Linerbond System; D003188:Composite Resins; D003764:Dental Materials; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D008298:Maleates; D008689:Methacrylates; D010756:Phosphoric Acids; D019279:Resin Cements; C084550:Vitremer; C030272:maleic acid