title: Penile block timing for postoperative analgesia of hypospadias repair in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been well established that a dorsal penile nerve block immediately after surgery decreases postoperative pain in children undergoing hypospadias repair. However, to our knowledge the efficacy of a penile block immediately before versus immediately after surgery for postoperative pain control has not been previously studied in such children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 98 healthy boys 6 months to 12 years old undergoing hypospadias repair. General anesthesia was induced and maintained in a standard fashion. Patients were randomly assigned to receive a penile block with the same total dose of bupivacaine at the completion of surgery, before the incision or before and at the completion of surgery. No other analgesic was administered intraoperatively. Pain was assessed using a modified objective pain-discomfort scale at 15 minutes, and 3, 12 and 24 hours after surgery. The number of doses of acetaminophen required to control postoperative pain was also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain scores were defined in a range of 0-no pain to 6-greatest pain. During recovery median pain scores in the 30, 36 and 32 boys who received a penile block after, before, and before and after surgery were 3, 1.5 and 0 at 15 minutes; 2.5, 1 and 0 at 3 hours; 3, 2 and 0 at 12 hours; and 1, 0 and 0 at 24 hours, respectively. There was no difference in acetaminophen doses required 15 minutes and 3 hours postoperatively in the 3 groups. By 12 hours after surgery the number of acetaminophen doses required for pain control was significantly lower in the before and after, and before groups than in the after group. By 24 hours boys in the before and after group required significantly fewer doses of analgesics than those in the after and before groups. There was no statistically significant difference between the after and before groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two penile blocks performed at the beginning and conclusion of hypospadias repair, respectively, provide better postoperative pain control than 1 penile block done before or after surgery (p < 0.05). These patients require less analgesic than those who receive a penile block only before or only after surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, USA.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Chhibber
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rabinowitz
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Hulbert
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009407:Nerve Block; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010413:Penis / Q000294:innervation; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine