title: Inter- and intra-patient sequence diversity among parainfluenza virus-type 1 nucleoprotein genes.
abstract: Parainfluenza viruses (PIV) have been categorized into four discrete types (types 1-4), based on antigenic similarities. Here is described an evaluation of nucleoprotein (NP) sequence variability among nine patients infected with the type 1 virus. The examination of short segments of the NP sequence was sufficient to define significant variability both within and between patient samples. These data, in conjunction with previous studies of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase and fusion protein sequences from PIV-infected patient populations suggest a lack of absolute stability among isolates within each virus type. Potentially, antigenic variability exists to the extent that an immune response elicited toward one isolate may not be fully protective against another of the same type. Thus, sequence variability could contribute to natural re-infections with PIV, as well as to previous vaccine failures. Results highlight the importance of analyzing viruses that break through vaccine-induced immunity, in order to measure the influence of virus diversity on PIV vaccine outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: V P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Dave
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Hetherington
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Portner
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Leggiadro
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hurwitz
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D005814:Genes, Viral; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D019590:Nucleocapsid Proteins; D009698:Nucleoproteins / Q000235:genetics*; D010222:Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010253:Respirovirus Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004279:DNA, Viral; D019590:Nucleocapsid Proteins; D009698:Nucleoproteins; D014764:Viral Proteins; D014765:Viral Vaccines; C079798:human parainfluenza virus type 1 nucleoprotein