title: Comparison of numeric techniques in the analysis of cleft palate dental arch form change.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Quantitative descriptions of form (size and shape) changes are significant to the understanding of the development, treatment planning, and prognosis of patients born with cleft lip and palate. This study compared the results of traditional dental arch form change measurements, such as width, depth, perimeter, and area, with four numeric methods: finite element scaling analysis, macroelement method, Euclidean distance matrix analysis, and conventional least-squares and resistant-fit theta rho Procrustes analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using tooth cusp landmarks on maxillary study casts, form change measurements of a male with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate at ages 2, 5, and 6 years were made comparing each age to the next older.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the exception of the 2- to 5-year resistant-fit analysis, all numeric method: 1) provide comparable results, 2) provide more detailed descriptions than do traditional methods, and 3) provide results that correlate well with the reported effects of increased lip pressure due to lip closure surgery. The use of finite-element scaling analysis on study casts is somewhat limited since: 1) there is more than one solution at teeth shared by many finite elements, 2) gross averaging of form change occurs within triangular elements, and 3) solutions can vary with the choice of element location. The use of the macroelement method circumvented the above finite element limitations without compromising finite-element advantages. Procrustes results vary with the chosen superposition algorithm. The choice of the most appropriate Procrustes method required some a priori knowledge of form difference. The large number of results obtained by Euclidean distance matrix analysis and the nongraphic presentation of these results hamper quick interpretation but may be best suited for definitive statistical analysis. The graphic representation of both the magnitude and direction of: 1) landmark displacement in the Procrustes analyses (once size difference is eliminated), and 2) the rate of form change in the macroelement method provide an intuitive appreciation of how and where the casts differ.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental and Oral Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: McAlarney
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Chiu
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000465:Algorithms; D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003724:Dental Arch / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008046:Lip / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008954:Models, Biological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D011312:Pressure; D011379:Prognosis; D014070:Tooth / Q000473:pathology