title: The relationship between self-rated health and depressive symptoms in an epidemiological sample of community-dwelling older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To confirm the association between depression and self-rated general health, independent of demographics, functional disability, physical illness burden, and health services utilization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Logistic regression analyses of data obtained in a cross-sectional epidemiological survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  The mid-Monongahela Valley, a rural, nonfarm, low SES community.
  
  
  METHODS
  Random sample of 880 subjects aged 65 and older.
  
  
  METHODS
  The dependent variable was self-rated overall health, categorized as excellent, good, fair, or poor. The independent variables were demographics (age, gender, education), number of depressive symptoms, number of impaired instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), measures of physical illness burden (individual medical conditions, number of affected organ systems or disease processes, and number of prescription medications), and measures of health services utilization (number of visits to physicians, and acute hospitalization).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Univariate analyses indicated that poorer self-rated health was associated with lesser education, higher numbers of depressive symptoms, impaired IADLs, prescription medications, physician visits, hospitalizations, and affected organ systems, and with the presence of several specific conditions. However, multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that only the following variables were associated independently with poorer self-rated health: age less than 75 years, education less than high school graduation, greater numbers of depressive symptoms, impaired IADLs, prescription medications, and physician visits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even when controlling for physical illness and functional disability, subjective rating of overall health remains strongly and independently associated with depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Mulsant
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ganguli
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Seaberg
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003710:Demography; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D004194:Disease; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D004522:Educational Status; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006304:Health Status; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009819:Office Visits / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010414:Pennsylvania / Q000453:epidemiology; D012423:Rural Health; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012737:Sex Factors; D012923:Social Class