title: Upper extremity central venous obstruction in hemodialysis patients: treatment with Wallstents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness of using Wallstents to treat subclavian or brachiocephalic venous obstruction after unsuccessful angioplasty, in patients undergoing hemodialysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dialysis records, radiology reports, and procedural images of 20 hemodialysis patients who underwent Wallstent insertion into a subclavian (n = 11) or brachiocephalic (n = 9) vein were reviewed. Technical success and primary, assisted primary, and cumulative patency rates were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three Wallstents were inserted for stenosis (n = 18) or occlusion (n = 2). Technical success was 100%. Eight patients underwent 11 reinterventions to maintain patency of the Wallstent during the follow-up period. Patency rates of the Wallstent were (a) primary at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year: 90%, 67%, 42%, and 25%; (b) assisted primary at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year: 88%, 62%, and 47%; and (c) cumulative at 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years: 89%, 64%, 56%, and 22%. Considerable shortening of the stent occurred in five patients. One occurred immediately during the deployment procedure, but four were discovered weeks to months later. No other complications occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After suboptimal angioplasty, treatment of subclavian and brachiocephalic vein stenoses with a Wallstent can provide continued use of a hemodialysis access. Close clinical surveillance and multiple reinterventions are necessary to maintain Wallstent patency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Vesely
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hovsepian
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Pilgram
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Coyne
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shenoy
mesh_terms: D017130:Angioplasty; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D016121:Brachiocephalic Veins; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006083:Graft Occlusion, Vascular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D015993:Life Tables; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene; D011859:Radiography; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D015607:Stents; D013350:Subclavian Vein; D013997:Time Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014654:Vascular Patency
chemical_list: D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene