title: Diplopia following subcutaneous injections of botulinum A toxin for facial spasms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the incidence, cause, recovery time, and prevention of diplopia following subcutaneous injection of botulinum A toxin for the treatment of facial spasms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who experienced diplopia after botulinum A toxin injections had their deviations examined in detail. When the muscle that caused diplopia was identifiable, the injection closest to that muscle was omitted in the next treatment in an attempt to prevent diplopia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 250 patients receiving about 1500 sets of injections, 25 (1.7%) incidents of diplopia occurred in 10 patients. Excluding two patients who declined further treatment after having diplopia on their first botulinum A toxin treatment, seven of the remaining eight patients had multiple incidents of diplopia. The most common pattern of diplopia was "uncertain diagnosis." The most common identifiable cause of diplopia was paresis of the inferior oblique muscle. Omission of the injection into the central portion of the lower eyelids in the next treatment prevented recurrence of diplopia in only one of the four patients. No significant correlation between botulinum A toxin doses injected and times to recovery was noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diplopia following botulinum A toxin treatment is uncommon. Seven patients (3% of patients studied) had 22 episodes of diplopia (88% of episodes). When diplopia occurs, it tends to recur on reinjection, sometimes with a prolonged recovery time. This response may not be dose dependent. The extraocular muscles of some patients may be more susceptible to chemodenervation than others, or botulinum A toxin may diffuse to extraocular muscles more easily in some patients than in others.
authors.affiliation: Ocular Motility Clinic, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wutthiphan
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kowal
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: O'Day
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Price
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001764:Blepharospasm / Q000188:drug therapy; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004172:Diplopia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000294:innervation; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013035:Spasm / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A