title: Middle cerebral artery stenosis caused by relatively low-dose irradiation with stereotactic radiosurgery for cerebral arteriovenous malformations: case report.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There have been occasional reports of stenosis or occlusion of major cerebral arteries occurring several years after stereotactic radiosurgery for cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Nevertheless, little information is available regarding the actual irradiation dose to which the affected artery had been exposed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present a patient with arteriovenous malformations who, although asymptomatic, developed remarkable stenosis of the middle cerebral artery trunk (M1) 3 years after gamma knife radiosurgery. The nidus was covered with a 50% isodose volume. A central dose of 36 Gy was used. A gradual decrease in nidus volume had been suggested by 1- and 2-year postradiosurgical neuroimaging examinations. Three-year postradiosurgical angiography revealed severe segmental stenosis of the M1, as well as remarkable nidus shrinkage.
  
  
  METHODS
  The actual irradiation dose delivered to the affected portion of the artery, as retrospectively determined using a highly accurate three-dimensional analysis technique, was estimated to be 5.1 to 9.8 Gy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This case suggests that a normal major artery, if located close to the target volume, may be affected by low-dose irradiation (10 Gy or even slightly less) delivered with radiosurgery, although a decrease in blood flow through the M1 because of nidus shrinkage or associated stenosis of the distal middle cerebral artery, as well as other unknown factors, may also contribute to proximal M1 stenosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women's Medical College Dai-ni Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ide
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jimbo
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ono
mesh_terms: D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002536:Cerebral Arteries; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques