title: The University of Florida frameless high-precision stereotactic radiotherapy system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and test a system for high precision fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy that separates immobilization and localization devices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient localization is achieved through detection and digital registration of an independent bite plate system. The bite plate is made and linked to a set of six infrared light emitting diodes (IRLEDs). These IRLEDs are detected by an infrared camera system that identifies the position of each IRLED within 0.1 to 0.15 mm. Calibration of the camera system defines isocenter and translational X, Y, and Z axes of the stereotactic radiosurgery subsystem and thereby digitally defines the virtual treatment room space in a computer linked to the camera system. Positions of the bite plate's IRLEDs are processed digitally using a computer algorithm so that positional differences between an actual bite plate position and a desired position can be resolved within 0.1 mm of translation (X, Y, and Z distance) and 0.1 degree of rotation. Furthermore, bite plate misalignment can be displayed digitally in real time with translational (x, y, and z) and rotational (roll, pitch, and yaw) parameters for an actual bite plate position. Immobilization is achieved by a custom head mold and thermal plastic mask linked by hook-and-loop fastener tape. The head holder system permits rotational and translational movements for daily treatment positioning based on the bite plate localization system. Initial testing of the localization system was performed on 20 patients treated with radiosurgery. The system was used to treat 11 patients with fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Assessment of bite plate localization in radiosurgery patients revealed that the patient's bite plate could be positioned and repositioned within 0.5 +/- 0.3 mm (standard deviation). After adjustments, the first 11 patients were treated with the bite plate repositioning error reduced to 0.2 +/- 0.1 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High precision stereotactic radiotherapy can be delivered using separate localization and immobilization systems. Treatment setup and delivery can be accomplished in 15 min or less. Advantages compared with standard systems require further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville 32610-0385, USA.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Bova
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Buatti
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Mendenhall
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002138:Calibration; D002648:Child; D004867:Equipment Design; D005431:Florida; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014495:Universities