title: Effect of transportation on lower respiratory tract contamination and peripheral blood neutrophil function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of transportation on lower respiratory tract contamination and peripheral blood neutrophil function in horses and to compare results from transported horses with those obtained in earlier experiments from horses confined with heads elevated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six horses were transported by road for 12 h. Clinical and haematological examination, transtracheal aspiration and cell function studies were conducted before and after transportation. Results obtained after transportation were compared to pre-transportation values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After transportation, peripheral blood leucocyte and neutrophil numbers were increased and rectal temperatures were evaluated. Transtracheal aspirates showed an accumulation of purulent respiratory tract secretions with increased numbers of bacteria, particularly beta-haemolytic Streptococcus spp and members of the Pasteurellaceae family. Three horses also had increased numbers of bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family relative to corresponding samples from earlier studies. Phagocytosis by peripheral blood neutrophils was significantly reduced, while the oxidative burst activity of peripheral blood leucocytes was either unchanged or enhanced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bacterial contamination of the lower respiratory tract occurs as a routine consequence of transportation of horses and is likely to be an important determinant in the development of transport-associated respiratory disease. Inflammatory airway secretions and increased numbers of bacteria were rapidly cleared, without clinical evidence of significant pulmonary disease and without additional treatment, in normal horses that were allowed to lower their heads after transportation. Peripheral blood neutrophilia and a reduction in neutrophil phagocytic function were evident for at least 36 h after transportation, suggesting that horses may require a number of days to recover from the stress of transportation. As the potential role of bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family in the development of transport-associated respiratory disease has not been elucidated, horses which develop clinical disease following transportation should undergo thorough bacteriological investigation to ensure appropriate treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Sydney, New South Wales.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Raidal
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Love
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D006736:Horses; D015994:Incidence; D007958:Leukocyte Count / Q000662:veterinary; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D010326:Pasteurella Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary; D015661:Pasteurellaceae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000502:physiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000382:microbiology; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013997:Time Factors; D014186:Transportation