title: Cognitive complaints in closed-head injury: relationship to memory test performance and emotional disturbance.
abstract: Self-appraisal of cognitive difficulties by a sample of 63 male patients with closed-head injury (CHI) was examined in relation to their performance on the Wechsler Memory Scale - Revised (WMS-R; Wechsler, 1987), WAIS-R Digit Span (Wechsler, 1981), and to their scores on MMPI-2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) measures of anxiety and depression. In an initial step, the Cognitive Difficulties Scale (CDS; McNair & Kahn, 1983), consisting of 39 self-report items, was factor analyzed using a sample of 255 consecutive neuropsychological referrals with documented brain impairment. Seven orthogonal dimensions emerged: Attention and Concentration, Orientation and Memory, Praxis, Domestic Activities, Facial Recognition, Task Efficiency, and Errand and Name Recall. Within a sample subset consisting of 63 patients with CHI, subjective complaints on the CDS were predictive of WMS-R Logical Memory performance (r = -.51, p < .0005). In contrast, CDS scores were generally poor predictors of Digit Span and Visual Reproduction scores (rs < .31). Cognitive complaints were also associated with emotional distress on the MMPI-2. The CDS appears to be a useful measure of self-appraised cognitive difficulties in patients with CHI, and may assist in the assessment of their self-reflective insight.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33125, USA.
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Gass
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Apple
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000523:psychology*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D004644:Emotions; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008950:MMPI; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*