title: Objectification of functional improvement after nonoperative care.
abstract: METHODS
  In this article, the authors review the three broad categories of measures that have been used to objectify functional improvement after nonoperative care of painful spinal disorder patients-physical, psychological, and socioeconomic. For each of the three categories, the major measures used are discussed, as well as research relating to the efficacy of the measures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To point out the many differences that still exist among research studies regarding which functional outcome measures to use and when to use them.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  During the past few decades, it has been made abundantly clear that painful spinal disorders, particularly when associated with work disability and/or financial benefits, result from a complex interaction of medical, psychological, and social factors. This has resulted in frequent confusion regarding what constitutes the primary roots of the disabling process. Currently, a more comprehensive biopsychosocial perspective of chronic pain and disability has emerged that has significant implications for diagnostic and treatment philosophies of practitioners.
  
  
  METHODS
  Identifying the measures frequently used to address the important biopsychosocial factors, and evaluating their relative benefits and drawbacks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is demonstrated that there has been an overall trend in recent years toward using more objective, quantifiable instruments, encompassing the physical, psychological, and socioeconomic parameters of outcomes research in painful spinal disorders. These changes will certainly improve the ability of researchers to tease out which factors tap more directly into such tissue as physical impairment, as well as create greater uniformity of measures that will permit direct comparisons between studies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Gatchel
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Polatin
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000628:therapy*; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000628:therapy*