title: Differences in behavior among the chlorides of seven rare earth elements administered intravenously to rats.
abstract: Differences in behavior among the chlorides of seven rare earth elements (REEs)-yttrium (Y), cerium (Ce), and praseodymium (Pr) (light REEs); europium (Eu) and dysprosium (Dy) (medium REEs); ytterbium (Yb) and lutetium (Lu) (heavy REEs)-were investigated through intravenous administration of the REEs to rats. (1) Distributions of REEs and mineral concentrations in the organs on Day 1 were investigated at low and high doses (9-10 and 18-20 mg REE/kg, or 56-66 and 112-132 mumol REE/kg). More than 78% of the REEs administered was distributed into liver, bone, and spleen. High doses of Y, Eu, and Dy markedly increased the accumulation of REEs in spleen and lungs as well as the concentration of Ca in liver, spleen, and lungs. (2) The distribution patterns of REEs and changes in Ca concentrations in major organs over time were investigated by the administration of Pr, Eu, Dy, Yb (low dose), and Y (high dose). REEs disappeared from the blood within 1 day but were retained in the organs for a long time. The percentages of the doses of Y, Eu, Dy, and Yb found in the liver were highest at 8 hr to 2 days, then decreased gradually; hepatic Pr levels, however, remained high. Changes in Ca concentrations in liver, spleen, and lungs were in accordance with those of REEs. (3) Severe hepatotoxicity was observed after administration of Ce and Pr; fatty liver, jaundice, and elevated serum GOT and GPT levels were most prominent on Day 3. Therefore, we hypothesized that REE chlorides might be categorized into three groups according to their ionic radii (light REEs, Y and medium REEs, and heavy REEs) and from their behavior, i.e., distribution pattern, Ca-accumulating action, and hepatotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Division of Food Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Osaka Branch, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsumura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tonogai
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ito
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002712:Chlorides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008674:Metals, Rare Earth / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D011921:Rats, Inbred WKY; D013154:Spleen / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D008055:Lipids; D008674:Metals, Rare Earth; D002784:Cholesterol; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D002118:Calcium