title: Ethical issues of genetic testing and their implications in epidemiologic studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To discuss and summarize the ethical controversies related to genetic testing and screening, and their effects on the research and other professional activities of epidemiologists.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the literature and proposed legislation to discuss the controversies related to the ethical issues of genetic testing in epidemiologic research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From a review of the literature and proposed legislation, we found these controversies may continue for some time and will probably add to the duties and difficulties of epidemiologists. It is important for the profession to respond to developments such as the proposed federal Genetic Confidentiality and Nondiscrimination Act of 1996 (Senate Bill 1898), which is summarized here; changes in research protocols and informed-consent forms as well as inclusion of other professionals from many disciplines will be necessary. In addition to revising training, and expanding their ethical code, epidemiologists should respond to public concerns about genetic information by disseminating knowledge about freedom to conduct clinical research, protection of the individual, and the limits of genetic information.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The possibility of genetic discrimination may complicate epidemiological research unless the public, employers, insurers, physicians, and researchers reach a consensus on the meaning of, and need for, genetic information. Although ethical concerns are appropriate, they will make accrual of study subjects and tissue samples more difficult.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bondy
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mastromarino
mesh_terms: D004813:Epidemiology; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D005817:Genetic Counseling / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D018907:Privacy / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D014481:United States