title: Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of oral and intramuscular artemether.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of artemether and dihydroartemisinin were investigated in eight Thai males following the administration of single oral and intramuscular doses of artemether (300 mg) in a randomized two-way cross-over study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both oral and intramuscular artemether were well-tolerated. In most cases, artemether and dihydroartemisinin were detected in plasma after 30 min and declined to levels below the limit of detection within 18-24 h. Compared with intramuscular administration, oral administration of artemether resulted in a relatively rapid but incomplete absorption [Cmax: 474 vs 540 ng.ml-1; tmax: 2.0 vs 3.9 h; AUC: 2.17 vs 5.20 micrograms.h.ml-1]. Geographic means of lag-time and absorption half-life (t1/2a) of oral vs intramuscular artemether were 0.28 and 1.1 h vs 0.30 and 2 h, respectively, t1/2z was significantly shortened after the oral dose [2.8 vs 6.9 h]. Mean oral bioavailability relative to intramuscular administration was 43.2%. The ratio of the AUCs of artemether to dihydroartemisinin was significantly lower after the oral than after the intramuscular dose (geometric mean: 0.29 vs 0.60). artemisinin, which is commercially available in China, Vietnam, Thailand and some African countries. The drug is administered as solution in oil for intramuscular injection or as oral tablets. The clinical efficacy of artemether is dependent on the formulation, dosing scheme, duration of treatment, and the severity of the disease [1, 2]. Oral artemether is effective but with short-term treatment, the relapse rate is high. While the efficacy of intramuscular artemether against multidrug-resistant P. falciparum in either uncomplicated or severe cases has been confirmed, its pharmacokinetic documentation is limited. Formulations with high bioavailability and low costs are essential. With high-performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection, more sensitive and reliable assay of artemisinin and derivatives in biological fluids has been achieved [3-4]. In the present study, we have assessed the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of oral and intramuscular artemether, in healthy Thai males.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Pyathai, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Karbwang
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Na-Bangchang
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Congpuong
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Molunto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thanavibul
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D000077549:Artemether; D037621:Artemisinins; D001682:Biological Availability; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013785:Thailand
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D000077549:Artemether