title: Sonography of the musculoskeletal system in dogs and cats.
abstract: Sonography of the musculoskeletal system in dogs and cats was undertaken to evaluate the application of this imaging procedure in orthopedics. In most of the patients a 7.5 MHz linear transducer was used because of its flat application surface and its resolving power. The evaluation of bone by sonography is limited, but sonography can provide addition information regarding the bone surface and surrounding soft tissue. Ultrasound is valuable for assessing joint disease. Joint effusion, thickening of the joint capsule and cartilage defects can be identified sonographically. It is also possible to detect bone destruction. Instabilities are often identified with the help of a dynamic examination. Soft tissue abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system lend themselves to sonographic evaluation. Partial or complete muscles or tendon tears are able to be differentiated and the healing process can be monitored. Most of the diseases that are in the area of the biceps or the achilles tendon, such as dislocation of the tendon, old injuries with scarification, free dissecates in the tendonsheath, tendinitis and/or tendosynovitis can be differentiated by sonography. In addition, with clinical and laboratory findings, it is often possible to make a correct diagnosis with ultrasound in patients with abscesses, foreign bodies, hematomas, soft tissue tumors and lipomas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, Small Animal Surgery, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gerwing
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hach
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schimke
mesh_terms: D000038:Abscess / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000818:Animals; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002357:Cartilage Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002415:Cats / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004285:Dogs / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005122:Exudates and Transudates / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D006406:Hematoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D017746:Joint Capsule / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D007596:Joints / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008067:Lipoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries; D009135:Muscular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D009141:Musculoskeletal System / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000662:veterinary; D012421:Rupture / Q000662:veterinary; D012983:Soft Tissue Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D052256:Tendinopathy / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D013717:Tenosynovitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014945:Wound Healing