title: Analysis of the role of the Spitzenkörper in fungal morphogenesis by computer simulation of apical branching in Aspergillus niger.
abstract: High-resolution video microscopy, image analysis, and computer simulation were used to study the role of the Spitzenkörper (Spk) in apical branching of ramosa-1, a temperature-sensitive mutant of Aspergillus niger. A shift to the restrictive temperature led to a cytoplasmic contraction that destabilized the Spk, causing its disappearance. After a short transition period, new Spk appeared where the two incipient apical branches emerged. Changes in cell shape, growth rate, and Spk position were recorded and transferred to the FUNGUS SIMULATOR program to test the hypothesis that the Spk functions as a vesicle supply center (VSC). The simulation faithfully duplicated the elongation of the main hypha and the two apical branches. Elongating hyphae exhibited the growth pattern described by the hyphoid equation. During the transition phase, when no Spk was visible, the growth pattern was nonhyphoid, with consecutive periods of isometric and asymmetric expansion; the apex became enlarged and blunt before the apical branches emerged. Video microscopy images suggested that the branch Spk were formed anew by gradual condensation of vesicle clouds. Simulation exercises where the VSC was split into two new VSCs failed to produce realistic shapes, thus supporting the notion that the branch Spk did not originate by division of the original Spk. The best computer simulation of apical branching morphogenesis included simulations of the ontogeny of branch Spk via condensation of vesicle clouds. This study supports the hypothesis that the Spk plays a major role in hyphal morphogenesis by operating as a VSC-i.e., by regulating the traffic of wall-building vesicles in the manner predicted by the hyphoid model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Reynaga-Peña
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gierz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bartnicki-Garcia
mesh_terms: D001234:Aspergillus niger / Q000254:growth & development*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D008954:Models, Biological; D009024:Morphogenesis