title: Pulsating fluid flow stimulates prostaglandin release and inducible prostaglandin G/H synthase mRNA expression in primary mouse bone cells.
abstract: Bone tissue responds to mechanical stress with adaptive changes in mass and structure. Mechanical stress produces flow of fluid in the osteocyte lacunar-canalicular network, which is likely the physiological signal for bone cell adaptive responses. We examined the effects of 1 h pulsating fluid flow (PFF; 0.7 +/- 0.02 Pa, 5 Hz) on prostaglandin (PG) E2, PGI2, and PGF2alpha production and on the expression of the constitutive and inducible prostaglandin G/H synthases, PGHS-1, and PGHS-2, the major enzymes in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, using mouse calvarial bone cell cultures. PFF treatment stimulated the release of all three prostaglandins under 2% serum conditions, but with a different time course and to a different extent. PGF2alpha was rapidly increased 5-10 minutes after the onset of PFF. PGE2 release increased somewhat more slowly (significant after 10 minutes), but continued throughout 60 minutes of treatment. The response of PGI2 was the slowest, and only significant after 30 and 60 minutes of treatment. In addition, PFF induced the expression of PGHS-2 but not PGHS-1. One hour of PFF treatment increased PGHS-2 mRNA expression about 2-fold relative to the induction by 2% fresh serum given at the start of PFF. When the addition of fresh serum was reduced to 0.1%, the induction of PGHS-2 was 8- to 9-fold in PFF-treated cells relative to controls. This up-regulation continued for at least 1 h after PFF removal. PFF also markedly increased PGHS activity, measured as the conversion of arachidonic acid into PGE2. One hour after PFF removal, the production of all three prostaglandins was still enhanced. These results suggest that prostaglandins are important early mediators of the response of bone cells to mechanical stress. Prostaglandin up-regulation is associated with an induction of PGHS-2 enzyme mRNA, which may subsequently provide a means for amplifying the cellular response to mechanical stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Cell Biology, ACTA-Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klein-Nulend
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Burger
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Semeins
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Raisz
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Pilbeam
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D011464:Epoprostenol / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000235:genetics; D007424:Intracellular Fluid / Q000502:physiology*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051379:Mice; D010544:Peroxidases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D011247:Pregnancy; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011673:Pulsatile Flow / Q000502:physiology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011453:Prostaglandins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D004247:DNA; D015237:Dinoprost; D011464:Epoprostenol; D010544:Peroxidases; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; C496512:Ptgs1 protein, mouse; D015232:Dinoprostone