title: Pancreatic sphincter hypertension increases the risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The reason for the increased risk of pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction is not known. This study sought to determine whether pancreatic sphincter hypertension might explain some of the increased risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  The incidence of pancreatitis was determined from a cohort of patients who underwent pancreatic sphincter manometry. Additional data collected included: pancreatic and biliary sphincter manometry results, distal bile duct diameter, chronic pancreatitis grade by pancreatography, and endoscopic treatments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten of 32 patients (31%) with pancreatic sphincter hypertension developed post-ERCP pancreatitis, compared to one of 33 (3%) with normal pancreatic manometry (P = 0.002). Patients with pancreatic sphincter hypertension were more likely to undergo endoscopic treatments (88%) compared to those with normal manometry (27%) (P = 0.001). The distal bile duct diameter was significantly smaller (4.5 +/- 0.5 mm) in patients who developed post-ERCP pancreatitis than in those who did not (6.2 +/- 0.3) (P = 0.025). Patients with small distal bile duct diameters (< 5 mm) were three times more likely to develop post-ERCP pancreatitis than those with larger ducts (relative risk [RR] 3.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.9, 10.7). Patients with pancreatic sphincter hypertension were ten times more likely to develop post-ERCP pancreatitis than those with normal pancreatic manometry (RR 10.3, 95% CI 1.5, 76.0). In patients with a small bile duct size, pancreatic sphincter hypertension substantially increased the risk compared to those with normal manometry (RR 18.1, 95% CI 1.1, 287.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pancreatic sphincter hypertension greatly increases the risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis in patients undergoing treatment or evaluation, or both, for sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Digestive Disease Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tarnasky
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cotton
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Palesch
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Curry
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hawes
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D010183:Pancreatic Ducts / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011312:Pressure; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D009803:Sphincter of Oddi / Q000503:physiopathology*