title: Non-verbal behavioral interactions of depressed patients with partners and strangers: the role of behavioral social support and involvement in depression persistence.
abstract: Excessive support seeking and lack of receiving social support have been associated with depression onset and unfavorable course of depression. It has been assumed that social support is effected by observable behaviors that express involvement. Twenty-five patients with major depression were studied during a social interaction with their partner and a similar interaction, with a stranger, matched on the sex and age of the partner. We anticipated that (1) partners would display less involvement behaviors to the depressed patients than would strangers and that (2) lack of involvement would predict an unfavorable course of depression, as assessed for depression remission within 6 months of admission. The social interactions, conducted at admission, were videotaped and the behaviors were assessed by ethological methods. The frequency and duration of behavioral elements were associated on the basis of statistical criteria into behavioral factors. Certain factors were supposed to express (lack of) involvement during an interaction. In the patient-partner interaction it was found that both participants displayed lower levels of involvement as compared to the patient-stranger interaction. The patients' low involvement was reflected by less Speech, less Eagerness (yes-nodding and no-shaking), less Speaking Effort (head movements, looking and gesturing during speech) and more Active Listening (intense touching of one's own body and head movements during listening). The partners' low involvement was also expressed by less Speech and more Active Listening, together with less Encouragement (yes-nodding and 'um-hum'-ing during listening). In addition, the partners displayed less Speech to patients who did not remit within 6 months, whereas patients and strangers behaviors were not related to depression remission. These findings supported our anticipations and the findings are related back to data on social support, involvement and to previous human ethological studies on depression.
authors.affiliation: Academic Hospital Groningen, Department of Biological Psychiatry, The Netherlands. bill.hale@asci.iaf.nl
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Hale
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Bouhuys
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jenner
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: van den Hoofdakker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009633:Nonverbal Communication; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012944:Social Support; D014705:Verbal Behavior