title: Impact of a massive waterborne cryptosporidiosis outbreak on child care facilities in metropolitan Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We describe the impact of the 1993 waterborne cryptosporidiosis outbreak on metropolitan Milwaukee child care homes and centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on outbreak-related illness and changes in policies and practices was collected from directors of 117 facilities. Stool specimens from 129 diapered children from 11 centers were screened for Cryptosporidium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most (74%) facility directors reported children or staff with diarrhea during the outbreak; however, only 4 (3.4%) facilities closed because of illness among staff or children. During the outbreak child care homes were less likely to exclude children with diarrhea than were child care centers. Among diapered children attending centers the Cryptosporidium prevalence was 30%; 29% of infected children had no history of diarrhea associated with the Milwaukee outbreak.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Facilities continued to operate during the outbreak despite considerable illness among children and staff. The news media were effective means for providing public health information to child care facilities. Although secondary transmission undoubtedly took place in child care facilities, the presence of children with asymptomatic Cryptosporidium infections did not result in an increased risk of diarrhea in infant and toddler rooms.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Infections Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. rzc4@cdc.gov
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Cordell
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Thor
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Addiss
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Theurer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lichterman
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Ziliak
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Juranek
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D002656:Child Day Care Centers; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003457:Cryptosporidiosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D014867:Water / Q000469:parasitology*; D014922:Wisconsin / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D014867:Water