title: Efficacy of nefopam for the prevention and treatment of amphotericin B-induced shivering.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Shivering is experienced by up to 70% of patients undergoing amphotericin B therapy. Treatment with meperidine hydrochloride, currently the most widely used medication for controlling amphotericin B-induced shivering, was compared with nefopam hydrochloride, which has been successfully used to treat post-operative shivering.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five patients with cancer and systemic fungal infections randomly received nefopam hydrochloride, 0.3 mg/kg, meperidine hydrochloride, 0.7 mg/kg, or saline solution intravenously 15 minutes before the cessation of amphotericin B infusion (1 mg/kg for 45 minutes). If shivering persisted, patients in the control (saline solution) group received either nefopam hydrochloride, 0.3 mg/kg, or meperidine hydrochloride, 0.7 mg/kg.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Occurrence of shivering 15 minutes after the cessation of amphotericin B infusion was significantly less frequent in the nefopam (6.6%) and meperidine (40%) groups compared with the control group (66.6%). The incidence of shivering in the nefopam group with respect to the meperidine group was also significantly reduced. Moreover, nefopam administration to 5 persistently shivering patients in the control group definitively stopped the shivering in all of them (100%) in a mean (+/- SD) time of 29.1 +/- 4.8 seconds, while meperidine terminated shivering in 4 (80%) of 5 patients in a mean (+/- SD) time of 200.0 +/- 30.2 seconds. The adverse reactions that can be ascribed to nefopam or meperidine use were nausea and sedation, respectively, and may be considered negligible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nefopam seems to be more effective than meperidine in preventing and quickly suppressing amphotericin B-induced shivering.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dell'Utri
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Conti
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pelaia
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cogliati
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Orsi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gasparetto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008614:Meperidine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D009181:Mycoses / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D009340:Nefopam / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D012768:Shivering / Q000187:drug effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D009340:Nefopam; D000666:Amphotericin B; D008614:Meperidine