title: Effects of anesthetic technique on side effects associated with fentanyl Oralet premedication.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of 5 to 10 micrograms/kg of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) as an anesthetic premedication, and to determine whether propofol induction reduces postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in pediatric patients premedicated with OTFC undergoing outpatient surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, double-blinded study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University of Michigan Health Care Systems and University of Arizona.
  
  
  METHODS
  62 ASA physical status I and II children aged 4 to 14 years (8.9 +/- 0.5 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were randomly assigned to one of four groups: (1) OTFC premedication and halothane induction; (2) OTFC premedication and propofol induction; (3) placebo premedication and halothane induction; and (4) placebo premedication and propofol induction. OTFC or placebo was administered 30 minutes prior to induction, and activity (sedation), apprehension, and cooperation scores were recorded before, at 15 and 30 minutes after study drug, and on induction. All perioperative adverse events were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children who received OTFC became drowsier and had a significant change from baseline in combined activity, apprehension, and cooperation scores, whereas those who received placebo became less cooperative at induction. Patients who received OTFC experienced more adverse events overall (p < 0.001) than patients who received placebo. Additionally, OTFC patients experienced more vomiting (p < 0.001) and pruritus (p = 0.049) than controls. The incidence of PONV in patients who received OTFC and halothane induction was 50%, compared to 30% in patients receiving OTFC and a propofol induction (p = NS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OTFC in doses of 5 to 10 micrograms/kg was effective in producing sedation and facilitating cooperation with induction; however, it was associated with significant PONV in our study. Although propofol induction did not significantly reduce PONV in our study, further study with a larger sample, and with propofol as the sole anesthetic, may be warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109-0211, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malviya
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Voepel-Lewis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huntington
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siewert
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D011292:Premedication / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D005283:Fentanyl