title: Electromagnetic hydrophone for pressure determination of shock wave pulses.
abstract: An electromagnetic hydrophone has been designed and tested to determine its ability to measure shock wave pulses similar to those produced by lithotripter machines. The principle of operation of the hydrophone, its design and performance are described. The hydrophone was exposed to 4000 shots and peak compressional pressures on the order of 30 MPa without any deleterious effects of its performance and operation. The hydrophone can be calibrated directly by measurement of the magnetic field of the permanent magnet and voltage induced in the electrical conductor. While the spatial resolution of the electromagnetic hydrophone is limited by the length of the vibrating conductor and was determined to be 5 mm, it can be improved. The overall bandwidth of the hydrophone, including its integral preamplifier, had to be limited to 17 MHz; however, the hydrophone appears to reproduce correctly the general shape of the propagating shock wave pulse. The influence of the hydrophone's bandwidth on the measured pulse shape and its amplitude is analysed, and it is shown that it affects rise time and peak compressional pressure. However, no deteriorating influence was observed in reproduction of peak rarefactional pressure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Etienne
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Filipczyński
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kujawska
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zienkiewicz
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019220:High-Energy Shock Waves; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000379:methods*; D008433:Mathematics; D011312:Pressure; D014732:Vibration