title: A pharmacodynamic study of propofol or propofol and ketamine infusions in ponies undergoing surgery.
abstract: The pharmacodynamics of infusions of propofol alone (group 1) were compared with the pharmacodynamics of infusions of propofol and ketamine together (group 2) in eight ponies undergoing castration. Anaesthesia was induced with detomidine, 20 micrograms kg-1, followed by ketamine, 2.2 mg kg-1. Subsequently, a bolus dose of propofol, 0.5 mg kg-1, was administered intravenously to both groups, and an infusion of propofol was given for an average of 74 minutes to group 1, and an infusion of propofol and ketamine was given for 60 minutes to group 2. The mean (SD) infusion rates of propofol were 0.330 (0.050) mg kg-1 min-1 in group 1, and 0.124 (0.009) mg kg-1 in group 2, and the ketamine infusion rate was maintained constant at 40 micrograms kg-1 min-1. Arterial hypotension and marked respiratory depression were evident in some of the ponies receiving propofol alone, whereas in the ponies anaesthetised with propofol and ketamine, respiratory and cardiovascular parameters were well maintained. All the ponies in both groups recovered quickly from anaesthesia, with mean times to sternal recumbency and standing of 19.8 (8.0) minutes and 27.2 (7.4) minutes respectively for group 1 and 8.4 (3.2) min and 14.9 (10.1) minutes for group 2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Glasgow.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Flaherty
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Welsh
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lerche
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nolan
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects; D002369:Castration / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006736:Horses / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D007649:Ketamine / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D015742:Propofol / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007093:Imidazoles; D007649:Ketamine; C041255:detomidine; D015742:Propofol