title: A consumer-constructed scale to measure empowerment among users of mental health services.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A scale to measure the personal construct of empowerment as defined by consumers of mental health services was developed and field tested.
  
  
  METHODS
  After extensive development, pilot testing, and analyses, a 28-item scale to measure empowerment was tested on 271 members of six self-help programs in six states. Factor analyses were used to identify the underlying dimensions of empowerment. To establish the scale's reliability and validity, responses were factor analyzed, and other analyses were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analyses revealed five factors: self-efficacy-self-esteem, power-powerlessness, community activism, righteous anger, and optimism-control over the future. Empowerment was related to quality of life and income but not to the demographic variables of age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, education level, or employment status. Empowerment was inversely related to use of traditional mental health services and positively related to community activism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings set a framework for a clearer understanding of the imprecise and overused concept of empowerment. The scale demonstrated adequate internal consistency and some evidence for validity. Further testing must be done to establish whether it has discriminant validity and is sensitive to change.
authors.affiliation: Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Boston University, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chamberlin
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ellison
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Crean
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003256:Community Participation; D003258:Consumer Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011209:Power, Psychological; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012649:Self Concept; D012657:Self-Help Groups; D014481:United States