title: Update on the appropriate staging evaluation for newly diagnosed prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prostate cancer clinical staging methods and decision support tools were reviewed to assess their accuracy to predict pathological staging results and determine what comprises an appropriate clinical staging evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The MEDLINE data base was searched and 238 abstracts were obtained. Data were extracted from 142 articles that evaluated the preoperative accuracy of digital rectal examination, prostate specific antigen, prostatic acid phosphatase, systematic biopsy parameters (including Gleason scoring), seminal vesicle biopsy, various imaging studies and pelvic lymphadenectomy versus pathological staging results. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy rates were calculated and tabulated from the reported data on each method or decision support tools for organ confined, nonorgan confined and lymph node metastatic tumor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Decision support tools based on logistic regression analysis, which combine several statistically independent staging parameters, had greater accuracy than any single clinical staging method alone. The most accurate decision support tools for clinical staging combined digital rectal examination (T stage), systematic biopsy parameters (including Gleason scoring) and prostate specific antigen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The components that comprise the most accurate decision support tools for clinical staging represent an appropriate staging evaluation for the newly diagnosed prostate cancer patient in 1997. Limited use of radiographic imaging and seminal vesicle biopsy may be indicated in select patients to detect bone metastases, and plan pelvic lymphadenectomy and surgical therapy.
authors.affiliation: UroCor, Inc., UroDiagnostics Pathology Department of UroSciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: O'Dowd
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Veltri
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Orozco
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Oesterling
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results