title: Gelatin-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in children with immediate- and nonimmediate-type reactions to live measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was designed to investigate the development of both cellular and humoral immune responses to gelatin in patients with vaccine-related immediate and nonimmediate reactions. Our purpose was to define the nature of the responses in the different clinical states.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six patients with immediate reactions and 21 patients with nonimmediate reactions after inoculation of various live vaccines were studied. Measurement of gelatin-specific IgE was performed in all subjects. Gelatin-specific T-cell responses detected by an in vitro lymphocyte proliferation assay and by an assay for IL-2 responsiveness were investigated to compare the immune response in patients with the two types of reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All six patients with immediate reactions had IgE responses to gelatin, whereas none of the 21 patients with nonimmediate reactions had any anti-gelatin IgE. All of the six patients with immediate reactions and 17 of the 21 patients with nonimmediate reactions exhibited positive T-lymphocyte responses specific to gelatin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immediate and nonimmediate reactions are caused by different types of allergy to gelatin, and cell-mediated immunity to gelatin may play an important role in the pathogenesis of nonimmediate reactions.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Allergy and Infectious Diseases Society of Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kumagai
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamanaka
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wataya
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Umetsu
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kawamura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Furukawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chiba
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sugawara
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kurimoto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakaguchi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Inouye
mesh_terms: D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D019433:Chickenpox Vaccine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000939:Epitopes / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005780:Gelatin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D006968:Hypersensitivity, Delayed / Q000276:immunology*; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000276:immunology*; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007223:Infant; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008297:Male; D008458:Measles Vaccine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D009108:Mumps Vaccine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D012411:Rubella Vaccine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D019433:Chickenpox Vaccine; D000939:Epitopes; D007376:Interleukin-2; D008458:Measles Vaccine; D009108:Mumps Vaccine; D012411:Rubella Vaccine; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D014765:Viral Vaccines; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D005780:Gelatin