title: Alteration in the control of mitochondrial respiration by outer mitochondrial membrane and creatine during heart preservation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to evaluate the nature and extent of mitochondrial alterations during heart preservation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rat hearts, isolated after cardioplegia in situ, were preserved for 6 or 15 h at 4 degrees C either by immersion in cardioplegic solution or by low-flow perfusion (0.3 ml/min) with cardioplegic solution. The energy state of hearts at the end of preservation was determined by 31P-NMR spectroscopy and functional recovery was evaluated on reperfusion. Variables of mitochondrial respiration (maximal rate of respiration in the presence of ADP = delta Vmax, apparent Km for ADP, effect of creatine) were evaluated on skinned fibers and compared with those determined in controls and in hearts subjected to 1 hour of ischemia at 37 degrees C.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serious mitochondrial alterations were detected in fibers from 15 h immersed hearts: decrease of delta Vmax and of apparent Km for ADP, loss of the stimulatory effect of creatine, and disruption of the outer mitochondrial membrane. The extent of alternations was more accentuated in fibers from normothermic ischemic hearts, in which some damage of the inner mitochondrial membrane also occurred. In fibers from hearts preserved for 6 h, no significant changes in mitochondrial variables could be detected. When the hearts were preserved under low-flow perfusion for 15 h, only the stimulatory effect of creatine on respiration was significantly decreased. The extent of the loss of the stimulatory effect of creatine paralleled the accumulation of inorganic phosphate (Pi) during preservation and the decrease in left ventricular function on reperfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alterations related to the outer membrane and the intermembrane space are among the earliest signs of damage to mitochondrial function during heart preservation. These alterations could be attributed to the swelling of mitochondria under the effect of Pi. The determination of mitochondrial parameters in biopsy samples could allow a simple and rapid evaluation of energy-producing and transfer capacities of the myocardium.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Bioénergétique, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kay
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Daneshrad
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Saks
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rossi
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003080:Cold Temperature; D003401:Creatine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D010477:Perfusion; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013997:Time Factors; D014021:Tissue Preservation
chemical_list: D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D003401:Creatine