title: Hopelessness and first-episode psychosis: a longitudinal study.
abstract: Hopelessness has not been adequately studied in first-episode psychotic patients, although it is already present at the early stages, especially in schizophrenic patients. We have studied 96 neuroleptic-naive psychotic patients (49 schizophrenic patients and 47 other non-affective psychotic patients) over a period of 12 months after their first admission. The total score on the Hopelessness Scale (HS) at first admission was higher in the schizophrenic patients, and correlated with younger age and with negative symptoms. High HS scores at baseline predicted poor short-term outcome in schizophrenic patients, as evidenced by worse global functioning at the 12-month follow-up. These correlations were not observed in the other psychoses group. Our results suggest that young, severely affected schizophrenic patients who experience hopelessness might be at higher risk of poor outcome.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixana, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Aguilar
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Manzanera
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gracia
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rodado
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Keshavan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012737:Sex Factors; D013850:Thinking / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors