title: Association between liver transplantation for Langerhans cell histiocytosis, rejection, and development of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is an unusual indication for orthotopic liver transplantation in children. Data from limited case reports suggest that orthotopic liver transplantation for LCH is associated with excellent survival rates and a low incidence of disease recurrence. However, in our experience, children who have transplantation for LCH appeared to experience a high incidence of refractory rejection and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 398 liver transplants performed in 298 children younger than 16 years of age were reviewed to determine the presence of risk factors for PTLD in patients with LCH and other causes of liver failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of PTLD was significantly higher in children who received transplants for LCH compared with all indications (p < 0.001) and specific indications that were associated with the development of PTLD (p < 0.002). Among patients in whom PTLD developed, there was no significant difference in the incidence of primary Epstein-Barr virus infections in patients who receive transplantation for LCH (4/4, 100%) versus all other indications (12/14, 86%). Children who had transplantation for LCH were older than those who had transplantation for other indications (LCH median age 3.1 years, other indications 1 year). The incidence of rejection, especially refractory rejection, was greater in patients who had transplantation for LCH (100% and 50%, respectively) compared with those who had transplantation for other indications (70% and 10%, p < 0.02 for refractory rejection).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients who had transplantation for liver disease related to LCH experienced a 67% long-term survival (median follow up 5.8 years, range 2.1 to 7.5 years). Recurrent LCH occurred in only 33% of patients and was easily managed. However, PTLD developed in two thirds of these patients, perhaps in part because of the high incidence of refractory rejection. This series therefore demonstrates an association between a primary disease process and the development of PTLD. Although the data indicate that children with LCH-induced liver failure benefit from transplantation, special care must be exercised in screening for and preemptive treatment of PTLD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Newell
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Thistlethwaite
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Whitington
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015774:Ganciclovir / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000209:etiology*; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000150:complications; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human; D006646:Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015994:Incidence; D017093:Liver Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D008232:Lymphoproliferative Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D008775:Methylprednisolone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016853:Muromonab-CD3 / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016853:Muromonab-CD3; D016572:Cyclosporine; D001379:Azathioprine; D015774:Ganciclovir; D011241:Prednisone; D016559:Tacrolimus; D008775:Methylprednisolone