title: [Analgesics in pediatrics. Drugs for pain relief in children].
abstract: FUNDAMENTAL: Analgesia is a fundamental part of management as it helps avoid the morbid effects of pain itself and improves confidence so the child and his parents can accept more easily the diagnosis and proposed treatment. The World Health Organization has established a classification of analgesics. USE OF PLACEBOS: The placebo effect depends on several factors including anxiety, confidence, and the patient's- and prescriber's-expectations and convictions). It is observed early in the first years of childhood. Use of placebos is not recommended as a favorable reaction can be interpreted wrongly, disqualifying the complaint. EFFICACY LEVELS: For level 1, paracetamol has little toxicity and is easily managed for first line use; aspirin and nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs can also be used if there are no contraindications. Level 2 drugs, codeine or dextropropoxyphene (which is not available in a pediatric formulation) are required for any manifestation of pain not relieved by level 1 drugs. Level 3 corresponds to strong central analgesics, mainly morphine. SPECIFIC PAIN: Antispasmodic agents in combination with paracetamol give partial relief of visceral pain without masking symptoms. Local anesthetics improve comfort without compromising safety. Neurogenic pain does not respond to usual analgesics and can be relieved with tricyclic antidepressors for burning sensations or antiepileptic drugs for fulgurant pain. TREATMENT-RELATED PAIN: Iatrogenic pain, by definition, must be systematically anticipated and prevented.
authors.affiliation: Service de Pédiatric générale, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fournier-Charrière
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Dommergues
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000145:classification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010919:Placebos
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D010919:Placebos
vernacular_title: Antalgiques en pédiatrie. Les médicaments de la douleur chez l'enfant.