title: Anticholinesterases as antidotes to envenomation of rats by the death adder (Acanthophis antarcticus).
abstract: The purpose of this study was to find an antidote against death adder envenomation that can be used in cases of emergency, when antivenoms are not readily available (Papua New Guinea and the Australian outback). Such an antidote should allow bite victims to survive until established treatment is possible. Death adder venom is thought to act postsynaptically at the neuromuscular junction to reduce responses to acetylcholine. This causes severe flaccid paralysis and finally death, which is usually a consequence of respiratory failure. Albino Wistar rats were injected with a lethal dose of crude death adder venom. At the onset of severe envenomation symptoms, anticholinesterases (neostigmine and edrophonium) in conjunction with atropine sulfate were administered. At the minimum lethal dose (0.15 mg/kg) all animals survived as a result of the anticholinesterase treatment. The expected survival time of animals subjected to higher venom doses was significantly extended. These results indicate that death adder bite victims may gain valuable time, if anticholinesterases can be administered during the initial critical stage of envenomation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Adelaide, South Australia.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Flachsenberger
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mirtschin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000997:Antivenins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001285:Atropine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004491:Edrophonium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004546:Elapid Venoms / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000506:poisoning; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009388:Neostigmine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012909:Snake Bites / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000997:Antivenins; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D004546:Elapid Venoms; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D009388:Neostigmine; D004491:Edrophonium; D001285:Atropine