title: Efficacy of tacrolimus as rescue therapy for chronic rejection in orthotopic liver transplantation: a report of the U.S. Multicenter Liver Study Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A study was performed by 17 different U.S. liver transplantation centers to determine the safety and efficacy of conversion from cyclosporine to tacrolimus for chronic allograft rejection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-one patients were converted to tacrolimus a mean of 319 days after liver transplantation. The indication for conversion was ongoing chronic rejection confirmed by biochemical and histologic criteria. Patients were followed for a mean of 251 days until the end of the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-four patients (70.3%) were alive with their initial hepatic allograft at the conclusion of the study period and were defined as the responder group. Twenty-seven patients (29.7%) failed to respond to treatment, and 20 of them required a second liver graft. The actuarial graft survival for the total patient group was 69.9% and 48.5% at 1 and 2 years, respectively. The actuarial patient survival at 1 and 2 years was 84.4% and 81.2%, respectively. Two significant positive prognostic factors were identified. Patients with a total bilirubin of < or = 10 mg/dl at the time of conversion had a significantly better graft and patient survival than patients converted with a total bilirubin > 10 mg/dl (P=0.00002 and P=0.00125, respectively). The time between liver transplantation and conversion also affected graft and patient survival. Patients converted to tacrolimus < or = 90 days after transplantation had a 1-year actuarial graft and patient survival of 51.9% and 65.9%, respectively, compared with 73.2% and 87.7% for those converted > 90 days after transplantation. The mean total bilirubin level for the responder group was 7.1 mg/dl at the time of conversion and decreased significantly to a mean of 3.4 mg/dl at the end of the study (P=0.0018). Thirteen patients (14.3%) died during the study. Sepsis was the major contributing cause of death in most of these patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that conversion to tacrolimus for chronic rejection after orthotopic liver transplantation represents an effective therapeutic option. Conversion to tacrolimus before development of elevated total bilirubin levels showed a significant impact on long-term outcome.
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Liver Disease and Treatment Center, St. Vincent Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90057, USA.
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Sher
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Cosenza
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Makowka
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Busuttil
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McDiarmid
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Burdick
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Esquivel
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Klintmalm
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lake
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalayoglu
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: D'Alessandro
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Stieber
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Thistlethwaite
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Whittington
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Wiesner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Porayko
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Cosimi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D016559:Tacrolimus