title: Clearance of iohexol, 51Cr-EDTA and endogenous creatinine for determination of glomerular filtration rate in pigs with reduced renal function: a comparison between different clearance techniques.
abstract: In order to simplify and/or improve determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) the clearances of iohexol, 51Cr-EDTA and endogenous creatinine were simultaneously determined with different techniques in 21 anesthetized landrace pigs. Their GFR had been reduced to about 1/3 or less of normal GFR. After an intravenous bolus of the GFR markers, their plasma concentration curves were followed for 6 hours with 16 plasma samples. A bladder catheter collected urine during six 60-min periods. The plasma clearance was calculated by dividing "dose of marker" with "area under the plasma concentration curve" (AUC) from the time of injection to infinity using a one- (Clprovisional) and a three-compartment (ClAUC-3comp) model. The renal clearance of iohexol and 51Cr-EDTA was calculated by dividing the amount of marker excreted in the urine in a period by AUC in the same period. The AUC was for iohexol and 51Cr-EDTA determined by integrating the total area in the period (Clren adv)-our reference method representing the "true" GFR and for creatinine determined by using the arithmetic mean of the plasma concentration of the marker at the start and at the end of the urine collection period (Clren simple). Renal clearance of creatinine was significantly lower than renal clearance of iohexol (p = 0.0019) and 51Cr-EDTA (p = 0.0001). There were no significant differences between the renal clearances (Clren adv) of iohexol and 51Cr-EDTA or between their plasma clearances (ClAUC-3comp). For iohexol the median overestimation of the "true" GFR with Clprovisional was higher when "early" plasma samples (30-120 min) were used (4.5 ml min-1 10 kg-1) than when late samples (180-360 min) were used (1.9 ml min-1 10 kg-1). Subtraction of the median extrarenal clearance (known from a study of nephrectomized pigs) from the plasma clearances (ClAUC-3comp) of iohexol and 51Cr-EDTA in pigs with reduced renal function decreased the median overestimation of the "true" GFR from 1.9 to 1.0 ml min-1 10 kg-1 with iohexol and from 1.7 to 0.9 ml min-1 10 kg-1 with 51Cr-EDTA. The plasma clearance technique may be improved in pigs with reduced GFR by (i) including a "late" plasma sample in three- and one-compartment models, which tends to increase the AUC; (ii) introducing a correction formula by normalizing the GFR values of the one-compartment model to those of the three-compartment model, thereby compensating for the rapid early changes in plasma concentration of marker after the bolus injection of the marker; or (iii) subtracting a median (or mean) extrarenal clearance of the marker in pigs from the plasma clearance [according to (i) or (ii)]. The plasma clearance one-compartment technique may be improved in pigs with various levels of GFR values by normalizing the plasma clearance values to the renal clearance values, thereby compensating for both the early changes in plasma concentration of marker and the extrarenal clearance of marker.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Lund, Malmö University Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Frennby
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sterner
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Almén
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Jönsson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Månsson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002860:Chromium Radioisotopes; D003404:Creatinine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D004492:Edetic Acid; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006400:Hematocrit; D007472:Iohexol; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D012078:Renal Artery Obstruction / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D002860:Chromium Radioisotopes; D007472:Iohexol; D004492:Edetic Acid; D003404:Creatinine