title: Effect of age and outlet resistance on rabbit urinary bladder emptying.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the influence of age and effect of increased outlet resistance on the ability of rabbit bladders to empty in response to various methods of stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bladders from six-month-old (young) and three-year-old rabbits (aged) were mounted in an in vitro whole organ bath system and filled with 15 ml. saline. The ability of the bladders to empty against low outlet resistance (LOR) and high outlet resistance (HOR) in response to field stimulation, bethanechol, and KCl was measured. The following parameters were measured: intravesical pressure and volume emptied. From these, flow rate, power, and external mechanical work were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maximum isometric pressure did not change with age. All bladders emptied with increased pressure and decreased flow rate at HOR. The young bladders generated a greater maximum power in response to bethanechol and KCl than the aged bladders at both outlet resistances, and maximum power did not change with increased resistance. The aged bladders did less work and emptied significantly less than the young bladders at the HOR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The aged rabbit bladders were unable to maintain the bladder contraction long enough to empty completely through an increased outlet resistance. Because maximum power remained constant when the outlet resistance was increased, it might be useful clinically to determine the emptying ability of the urinary bladder, independent of changes in outlet resistance. In addition, bladder work could be used to evaluate bladder function if the volume emptied is also taken into consideration.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Longhurst
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Damaser
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D011817:Rabbits; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000502:physiology*; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology*; D014563:Urodynamics / Q000502:physiology*