title: Systemic blood loss affects NF-kappa B regulatory mechanisms in the lungs.
abstract: The nuclear regulatory factor (NF)-kappa B is activated in the lungs of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In experimental models of acute lung injury, activation of NF-kappa B contributes to the increased expression of immunoregulatory cytokines and other proinflammatory mediators in the lungs. Because of the important role that NF-kappa B activation appears to play in the development of acute lung injury, we examined cytoplasmic and nuclear NF-kappa B counterregulatory mechanisms in lung mononuclear cells, using a murine model in which inflammatory lung injury develops after blood loss. Sustained activation of NF-kappa B was present in lung mononuclear cells over the 4-h period after blood loss. The activation of NF-kappa B after hemorrhage was accompanied by alterations in levels of the NF-kappa B regulatory proteins I kappa B alpha and Bcl-3. Cytoplasmic and nuclear I kappa B alpha were increased and nuclear Bcl-3 was decreased during the first hour after blood loss, but, by 4 h posthemorrhage, cytoplasmic and nuclear I kappa B alpha levels were decreased and nuclear levels of Bcl-3 were increased. Inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity in otherwise unmanipulated unhemorrhaged mice resulted in increased levels of I kappa B alpha and decreased amounts of Bcl-3 in nuclear extracts from lung mononuclear cells. No changes in the levels of nuclear I kappa B alpha or Bcl-3 occurred after hemorrhage when xanthine oxidase activity was inhibited. These results demonstrate that blood loss, at least partly through xanthine oxidase-dependent mechanisms, produces alterations in the levels of both I kappa B alpha and Bcl-3 in lung mononuclear cell populations. The effects of hemorrhage on proteins that regulate activation of NF-kappa B may contribute to the frequent development of inflammatory lung injury in this setting.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moine
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shenkar
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Le Tulzo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abraham
mesh_terms: D000493:Allopurinol / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000081242:B-Cell Lymphoma 3 Protein; D001483:Base Sequence; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005803:Genes, Immunoglobulin; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006706:Homeostasis; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D007249:Inflammation; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014157:Transcription Factors
chemical_list: D000081242:B-Cell Lymphoma 3 Protein; C000631345:Bcl3 protein, mouse; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; C000606205:Nfkbia protein, mouse; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D000493:Allopurinol