title: Metabolic efficacy of preprandial administration of Lys(B28), Pro(B29) human insulin analog in IDDM patients. A comparison with human regular insulin during a three-meal test period.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of the rapid-acting Lys(B28), Pro(B29) human insulin analog, insulin lispro, with currently available short-acting human insulin in a multiple injection therapy (MIT) regimen with respect to blood glucose and plasma insulin profiles and to serum metabolites (lactate, free fatty acids, glycerol, and beta-hydroxybutyrate) in 12 well-controlled type 1 diabetic subjects (8 male, HbA1c 6.8 +/- 0.9% [mean +/- SD]).
  
  
  METHODS
  After a run-in period of 4 weeks, patients were treated with either lispro at mealtime or human insulin 30 min before the meal for two periods of 4 weeks in a randomized open-label crossover study. Intermediate-acting insulin (NPH insulin) was given at bedtime. At the end of both study periods, metabolic profiles were assessed from 10:00 P.M. to 7:00 P.M. the next day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the treatment periods, glycemic control was stable during lispro but improved during human insulin (delta HbA1c lispro 0.1 +/- 0.48, NS; human insulin -0.41 +/- 0.34%, P < 0.05). Glucose excursions, as measured by the incremental AUC, during the day and for the 2-h postprandial periods, were lower, although not significantly, for lispro. Insulin profiles demonstrated a faster rise after administration of lispro as compared with human insulin, peaking at 61 +/- 11.9 and 111 +/- 48.1 min (P < 0.01). Glycerol levels showed a slight increase before lunch and dinner, suggestive of enhanced lipolytic activity and compatible with the lower insulin levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lispro insulin applied in an MIT regimen creates more physiologic insulin profiles and tends to lower the glycemic excursions during the day compared with short-acting insulin. The analog can be applied safely in an MIT regimen, with mealtime intervals up to 5 h.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Keulen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kanc
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Casteleijn
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scheffer
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Devillé
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Heine
mesh_terms: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D005990:Glycerol / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates / Q000097:blood; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D061268:Insulin Lispro; D008297:Male; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D005990:Glycerol; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D061268:Insulin Lispro