title: Efficacy and safety of d,l-sotalol in patients with ventricular tachycardia and in survivors of cardiac arrest.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the antiarrhythmic efficacy and safety of d,l-sotalol in patients with ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) and in survivors of cardiac arrest and to identify the factors that are associated with arrhythmia suppression and therefore might be helpful in predicting drug efficacy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Despite increasing use of the class III antiarrhythmic agent d,l-sotalol, data on its short- and long-term efficacy in a large patient cohort are lacking. Information on its long-term tolerability and safety is limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 396 patients with inducible sustained VT or VF (VT/VF) underwent programmed stimulation before and after receiving oral d,l-sotalol (240 to 640 mg/day). Patients in whom VT/VF was rendered either noninducible or more difficult to induce (more extrastimuli or faster drive cycle length needed for VT/VF induction) were discharged on a regimen of oral d,l-sotalol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  d,l-Sotalol suppressed VT/VF in 151 patients (38.1%) and rendered the arrhythmia more difficult to induce in 76 patients (19.2%). The extent of drug-induced prolongation of right ventricular refractoriness and a shorter VT cycle length at baseline were independent predictors of immediate drug efficacy. Torsade de pointes developed in seven patients (1.8%). Two hundred ten patients (53%) continued to receive d,l-sotalol and were followed up for 34 +/- 18 months (mean +/- SD). The actuarial rates for the absence of arrhythmic recurrence (either VT/VF or sudden death) at 1 and 3 years were 89% and 77%, respectively. Actuarial rates for overall survival at 1 and 3 years were 94% and 86%, respectively. VT/VF suppression by d,l-sotalol was an independent discriminant variable that separated patients with and without arrhythmia recurrence. However, noninducibility of VT/VF did not predict freedom from sudden death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral d,l-sotalol is effective and safe in patients with VT/VF. However, sudden cardiac death develops in a significant proportion of patients, and programmed stimulation seems to be of limited value for its prediction.
authors.affiliation: Hospital of the Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Münster, Germany. w.haverkamp@uni-muenster.de
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Haverkamp
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martinez-Rubio
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hief
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lammers
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mühlenkamp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wichter
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Breithardt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borggrefe
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013015:Sotalol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016171:Torsades de Pointes / Q000139:chemically induced; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D013015:Sotalol