title: Multidrug intravenous sedation: determinants of the sedative dose of midazolam.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The efficacy of multidrug intravenous sedation regimens in oral surgery is based on the ability to titrate opioids, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates to a desired level of relaxation. Dosage requirements to reach the initial sedation end points of slurred speech and ptosis of eyelids vary widely from one patient to another.
  
  
  METHODS
  An assessment of physical, cardiovascular, behavioral, and pharmacologic factors that might predict midazolam dosage requirements for the initial sedation titration was carried out with data collected from a large controlled clinical trial of fentanyl, midazolam, and methohexital sedation for third molar surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dosage requirements for the initial titration of midazolam were found to be significantly higher when fentanyl was not included in the sedation regimen and when presedation heart rate and presedation systolic blood pressure were elevated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Public Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pa., USA.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Finder
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D016854:Dental Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008723:Methohexital / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008964:Molar, Third / Q000601:surgery; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D017186:Titrimetry; D014081:Tooth Extraction; D014095:Tooth, Impacted / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008723:Methohexital; D008874:Midazolam; D005283:Fentanyl