title: Type of solution and PCO2 measurement errors during tonometry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The choice of solution for gastrointestinal tonometry influences the PCO2 measurement bias, precision and the time required for equilibration. We compared saline with buffered solutions during in vitro tonometry, with respect to systematic and accidental measurement errors and equilibration time.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Saline, phosphate, phosphate bicarbonate and succinylated gelatin solutions were equilibrated in a specialized blood gas tonometer at PCO2s of 2.7, 3.6, 4.5, 6.2 and 9.0 kPa, using calibration gases. Accidental errors were determined: the within-syringe decline of PCO2 and the effects of handling errors (five up and down movements of the plunger). The PCO2 build up in gastrointestinal tonometers was determined in 5000 ml saline baths with fixed PCO2 levels of 2.7 and 9.0 kPa.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The build up of PCO2 in phosphate bicarbonate and gelatin was about 4 and 2 times slower than in saline and phosphate, respectively, both for gas and gastrointestinal tonometers. The bias of the measured PCO2 at equilibrium was -15% for saline, and between -1 and 3% for phosphate, phosphate bicarbonate and gelatin. The precision was comparable among the solutions: 2 +/- 1% for saline, 2 +/- 1% for phosphate, 1 +/- 0% for phosphate bicarbonate and 1 +/- 1% for gelatin. The accidental errors were virtually absent with phosphate bicarbonate, intermediate with gelatin and largest with saline and phosphate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phosphate bicarbonate buffer and succinylated gelatin allow accurate PCO2 measurements, but their equilibration is too slow for clinical application. The advantage of phosphate over saline solution is a smaller bias only. Thus, both saline and phosphate are currently the tonometer solutions of choice, provided that strictly anaerobic conditions are applied and the bias by the blood gas analyzer is known.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. jj.kolkman@inter.nl.net
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kolkman
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Zwarekant
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Boshuizen
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Groeneveld
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Steverink
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Meuwissen
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood*; D005745:Gastric Acidity Determination; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000098:blood supply*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012996:Solutions
chemical_list: D012996:Solutions; D002245:Carbon Dioxide