title: Developmental sequence of human fetal body movements in the second half of pregnancy.
abstract: To describe fetal body movements precisely and to clarify their developmental sequence in the second half of pregnancy, fetal body movements were observed in 31 normal fetuses between 20 and 41 weeks of pregnancy by using multiple ultrasonic machines. All movements of the whole trunk were able to be classified into six fundamental movements: flexion, stretch, rolling, startle, stepping, and writhing. Startle was always observed as a single movement, but others were more frequently observed as a part of combination rather than as a single movements. The incidence of flexion and stretch peaked at 28-31 weeks, whereas the incidence of startle and stepping lowered at the period. The incidence of rolling and upper half trunk movements increased at 40-41 weeks. Limb movements were frequent and did not exhibit characteristic change in the incidence. In conclusion, we classified fetal body movements into several fundamental movements instead of using the expression of "general movements" by focusing principally on movements of the trunk. In particular, some of the fundamental movements seem to appear in characteristic ways as related to gestational age. In view of that fetal behaviors are closely related to the neural activity, the present findings may contribute to an understanding of the developmental process of the central nervous system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kozuma
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okai
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nemoto
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kagawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishina
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Taketani
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology; D001132:Arm / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D005260:Female; D005324:Fetal Movement; D005333:Fetus / Q000502:physiology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006257:Head / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007866:Leg / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000502:physiology; D013909:Thorax / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal