title: The use of ultrasonography in the localization of the lumpectomy cavity for interstitial brachytherapy of the breast.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the value of breast ultrasonography (US) in defining the lumpectomy cavity for patients treated with interstitial brachytherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In March 1993, a protocol of low dose rate (LDR) interstitial brachytherapy as the sole radiation modality in selected patients with early breast cancer was initiated at William Beaumont Hospital. To date, 60 patients have been entered in this protocol, and 38 have undergone US assisted placement of interstitial brachytherapy needles. The lumpectomy cavity was outlined in all dimensions and corresponding skin marks were placed for reference at time of implantation. These US dimensions were compared to the physician's clinical estimate of the location of the lumpectomy cavity, the patient's presurgical mammogram, and the position of the surgical scar. In the intraoperative setting, the dimensions of the lumpectomy cavity were also obtained and the placement of the deep plane of interstitial needles was verified by US.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The full extent of the lumpectomy cavity was underestimated by clinical examination (physical exam, operative report, mammographic information and location of the surgical scar) in 33 of 38 patients (87%). The depth to the chest wall was also incorrectly estimated in 34 (90%) patients when compared to US examination. Intraoperatively, US was performed in nine patients and was useful in verifying the accurate placement of the deepest plane of interstitial brachytherapy needles. In 7 of 9 patients (75%), clinical placement of needles did not ensure adequate coverage of the posterior extent of the lumpectomy cavity as visualized by intraoperative US.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In breast cancer patients considered for interstitial brachytherapy, US appears to be a more accurate means of identifying the full extent of the lumpectomy cavity when compared to clinical estimates. In addition, US allows real-time verification of needle placement in the intraoperative setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: DeBiose
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Horwitz
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Edmundson
authors.forename: P Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Gustafson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Madrazo
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wimbish
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mele
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Vicini
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015412:Mastectomy, Segmental; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional; D016217:Ultrasonography, Mammary