title: In vitro metabolism of N-(5-chloro-2-methylphenyl)-N'-(2-methylpropyl)thiourea: species comparison and identification of a novel thiocarbamide-glutathione adduct.
abstract: The in vitro metabolism of SDZ HDL 376, a thiocarbamide developed for the treatment of atherosclerosis, was investigated in rat, dog, monkey, and human liver microsomes, as well as in rat and human liver slices. [14C]SDZ HDL 376 was extensively metabolized in all the species except human. In rat liver microsomes an S-oxide was the major metabolite. In human and monkey microsomes, carbon hydroxylation was favored. The NADPH-dependent oxidation of SDZ HDL 376 resulted in covalent binding to microsomal protein. Addition of GSH to the incubations decreased protein binding in a concentration-dependent manner and resulted in a novel SDZ HDL 376-GSH adduct. Adduct formation required NADPH and was mediated predominantly by cytochrome P450. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 by 1-aminobenzotriazole resulted in a 95% decrease in adduct formation, while heat inactivation of flavin-containing monooxygenases resulted in a 10% decrease. Unlike other thiocarbamides which form disulfide adducts with GSH, the SDZ HDL 376 adduct contained a thioether linkage as characterized by LC/MS/MS and reference to a synthetic standard. Reactions performed with [35S]GSH resulted in a [35S]SDZ HDL 376-GSH adduct, demonstrating the sulfur was derived from GSH. Adduct formation was faster in rat microsomal reactions compared to human microsomes. Other structurally unrelated thiocarbamides (phenylthiourea, methimazole, 2-mercaptobenzimidazole, 2-mercaptoquinazoline, and 2-propyl-6-thiouracil) did not form similar adducts in rat liver microsomes supplemented with GSH. Therefore, the GSH adduct of SDZ HDL 376 is unique for this type of thiocarbamide. These results suggest that the bioactivation and detoxification of SDZ HDL 376 differ significantly from other thiocarbamides. Furthermore, the in vitro formation of S-oxides and GSH adducts in rat hepatic tissue, and ring hydroxylation and glucuronidation in human hepatic tissue, suggests rats may be more susceptible to the toxicity of SDZ HDL 376 compared to humans.
authors.affiliation: Preclinical Safety Department, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, USA.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hitchcock
authors.forename: Y K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Coppola
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Versace
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suwanrumpha
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Mangold
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013890:Thiourea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; C108967:SDZ HDL 376; D005978:Glutathione; D013890:Thiourea