title: D2-like dopamine receptor density in Tourette syndrome measured by PET.
abstract: Tourette syndrome (TS) is a chronic neurologic disorder characterized by the presence of involuntary motor and phonic tics. There is evidence that TS is associated with an abnormality of the dopaminergic system, involving postsynaptic D2 receptors. We tested the hypothesis that D2-like dopamine receptors are elevated in TS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine adult patients with TS were studied by PET imaging with [11C]3-N-methylspiperone ([11C]NMSP). Two methods of data analysis were used. The first was a caudate-to-cerebellar ratio, measured at 45 min. The second method, applied in 20 subjects, was a two-PET scan procedure. Both used high specific activity [11C]NMSP, but the second scan was preceded by a dose of unlabeled haloperidol, which partially occupied the D2-like dopamine receptors. This was done to provide an absolute measure of receptor density (Bmax). All patients were compared to age- and sex-matched controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither group showed significant differences from their control group in caudate-to-cerebellar ratio. However, the two-PET scan Bmax measurement demonstrated that 4 of the 20 patients had significantly elevated D2-like receptors. In this group of 20 patients, multiple linear regression analysis revealed a trend between the severity of vocal tics and Bmax values. This Bmax measure also revealed a significant (p < 0.05) association with performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that not all patients with TS have an abnormality of D2-like receptors, but a subgroup of TS subjects has a significant D2-like dopamine receptor elevation. These findings also support the importance of applying a more quantitative method for Bmax determination to PET imaging analysis. The Bmax findings in the subgroup do not exclude an effect of intrasynaptic dopamine competition, but this effect may be less likely due to the high affinity of [11C]NMSP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shaya
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Kimball
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gjedde
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Dannals
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Ravert
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: H N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000032:analysis*; D013134:Spiperone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D013134:Spiperone; C039167:3-N-methylspiperone