title: Sexual functioning after treatment for testicular cancer: comparison of treatment modalities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This retrospective study evaluates changes in sexual functioning after treatment for testicular cancer and investigates whether there is a relationship with different treatment modalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  A self-reported questionnaire was sent to 337 men who had been treated for testicular cancer at the University Hospital Groningen between 1977 and 1994. Medical information was obtained from the patient records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A response was received from 287 men (85%); 264 patients were included in this study (78%). The mean patient age at follow-up was 37.7 years (range, 17-71 years). The mean follow-up period was 6.7 years (range, 0.25-18 years). Decrease in sexual functions was reported by 40% of patients (decrease in libido: 19%; arousal: 12% erection: 12.5%; orgasm: 19%; and ejaculation: 26%). Moreover, 23.5% of patients responding reported decreased sexual activity and 12.5% were dissatisfied with their sexual functioning. Patients with Stage II-IV nonseminoma who had been treated with polychemotherapy (PCT) with or without resection of residual retroperitoneal tumor mass (RRRTM) (PCT +/- RRRTM) reported a significantly sharper decrease in sexual functioning than patients who had been followed with a wait-and-see policy (W & S) (Stage I nonseminoma patients). It was noteworthy that patients treated by PCT alone reported more sharply decreased sexual functioning than patients treated by PCT + RRRTM. Patients treated by radiotherapy (Stage I-IIA seminoma) did not report findings significantly different from the W & S group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Testicular cancer patients are at risk for reduced sexual functioning, especially when treated by chemotherapy, with or without resection of residual tumor. Although chemotherapy may influence somatic aspects of sexual functioning, it appears that psychologic factors arising from the confrontation with testicular cancer play a strongly mediating (if not determining) role.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jonker-Pool
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: van Basten
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Hoekstra
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: van Driel
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Sleijfer
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Koops
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: van de Wiel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018237:Germinoma / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009919:Orchiectomy; D011878:Radiotherapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012723:Sex; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*