title: A dose-intensive, cyclophosphamide-based regimen for the treatment of recurrent/progressive or advanced solid tumors of childhood: a report from the Australia and New Zealand Children's Cancer Study Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children with solid tumors that progress or recur after conventional multimodality therapies have a very poor prognosis. In a pilot study, vincristine, etoposide, and dose-escalated cyclophosphamide (VETOPEC) was shown to be a promising salvage regimen. Continued accrual of patients and increased duration of follow-up has resulted in substantial experience with VETOPEC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between May 1991 and March 1994, 56 pediatric patients from 6 centers were enrolled in this study; 44 had recurrent or progressive tumors (Group A) and 12 had newly diagnosed, advanced tumors with a very poor prognosis (Group B). The VETOPEC regimen was comprised of vincristine, 0.05 mg/kg, on Days 1 and 14; etoposide, 2.5 mg/kg, on Days 1, 2, and 3; and fractionated, dose-escalated cyclophosphamide on Days 1, 2, and 3. The initial cyclophosphamide dose was 90 mg/kg (2.7 g/m2)/cycle with an escalation of 15 mg/kg/cycle in each subsequent cycle, to a maximum (over 6 cycles) of 165 mg/kg (5.0 g/m2)/cycle. Tumor response was evaluated every two to three cycles and included central review of imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The combined and partial response rates for Groups A and B were 66% (25 of 38 patients) and 91% (10 of 11 patients), respectively. In Group A, best evaluable responses and event free (EF) survivors were observed with: brain tumors (7 of 9 patients; 2 EF at 39 and 45 months [mos], respectively), Wilms' tumor (6 of 7 patients; 3 EF at 37-49 mos), and lymphoma (4 of 4 patients; 2 EF at 52 and 59 mos, respectively); in Group B best evaluable responses and EF were observed with: neuroblastoma (5 of 6 patients; 1 disease free at 57 mos) and rhabdomyosarcoma (4 of 4 patients; no survivors). Hematologic toxicity was limiting despite support with myeloid growth factors in 33 patients. Four deaths in Group A and one in Group B were directly associated with this toxicity. Specifically, no cases of drug-related myocardial toxicity or pneumonitis were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This chemotherapy regimen with its intense scheduling produced a high response rate and appreciable survival in patients with a variety of recurrent, progressive, or advanced solid tumors of childhood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology-Oncology, Sydney Children's Hospital, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: McCowage
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nayanar
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Toogood
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lockwood
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tiedemann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014750:Vincristine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D014750:Vincristine; D005047:Etoposide; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D003520:Cyclophosphamide