title: Involvement of activator protein-1 (AP-1) in induction of apoptosis by vitamin E succinate in human breast cancer cells.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to document induction of apoptosis by vitamin E succinate (VES; RRR-alpha-tocopheryl succinate) in human breast cancer cells in culture and to characterize potential c-jun involvement. VES at 18.8 microM (10 micrograms/mL) induced DNA synthesis arrest, reduced total cell numbers, and induced apoptosis in estrogen receptor-positive and estrogen-responsive MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. VES at 10 micrograms/mL induced apoptosis in greater than 60% of cells within 3 d of treatment. Apoptosis was documented by detection of fragmented or condensed nuclei in 4',6-diamindino-2-phenylindole-stained cells, detection of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeled DNA, and DNA laddering. Analyses of mRNA and protein levels of candidate molecules involved in apoptosis showed that MCF-7 cells treated with VES exhibited elevated and persistent expression of c-jun. MCF-7 cells stably transfected with a dominant-negative interfering mutant c-jun, TAM-67, and expressing high levels of mutant jun exhibited approximately 50% blockage of VES-mediated apoptosis. In addition to increased c-jun expression after VES treatment, VES-treated MCF-7 cells exhibited elevated activator protein-1 (AP-1) binding activity. Comparisons of AP-1 binding factors by super-shift analyses with jun-specific antibodies in cells sensitive to VES-induced apoptosis (empty-vector control 7-1 cells) and cells resistant to VES-induced apoptosis (TAM-67-containing TAM-9 cells) showed that the sensitive cells expressed c-jun and jun D and the resistant cells TAM-67 AP-1 binding proteins after VES treatment. These studies suggested that c-jun may be involved in the apoptotic process initiated by VES treatment of human MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Genetics Institute, University of Texas at Austin 78712-1097, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simmons-Menchaca
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Birrer
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kline
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000502:physiology; D024505:Tocopherols; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D014810:Vitamin E; D024505:Tocopherols