title: Vitamin D3 analogs and their 24-oxo metabolites equally inhibit clonal proliferation of a variety of cancer cells but have differing molecular effects.
abstract: The seco-steroid hormone, 1 alpha, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1 alpha,25(OH)2D3) binds to a specific nuclear receptor that acts as a ligand-inducible transcription factor. The resulting genomic effects include partial arrest in G0/G1 of the cell cycle and induction of differentiation; these effects have been observed in various types of cancer. Recently, we produced enzymatically the natural 24-oxo metabolites of 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 and two of its potent synthetic analogs (1 alpha,25-(OH)2-16-ene-D3 and 1 alpha,25-(OH)2-20-epi-D3) using a rat kidney perfusion system. We have found that the 24-oxo metabolites of both 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 and its analogs have either the same or greater antiproliferative activity against various cancer cells as their parental compounds. Notably, two cell lines (DU-145 (prostate cancer) and MDA-MB-436 [breast cancer]) that were extremely resistant to the antiproliferative effects of vitamin D3 analogs displayed greater sensitivity towards the 24-oxo metabolite of the vitamin D3 analog. Similarly, the 24-oxo metabolites had the capacity to induce differentiation and apoptosis and to diminish the proportion of cells in S phase. Most interestingly, while the analog 1 alpha,25(OH)2-20-epi-D3 induced expression of BRCA1 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells; its 24-oxo metabolite dramatically suppressed BRAC1 expression. Thus, we have shown for the first time that the various biological activities produced by the hormone 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 and some of its analogs may represent a combination of actions by the hormone 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 and its natural 24-oxo metabolites.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center/UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Koeffler
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D019313:BRCA1 Protein / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D015820:Cadherins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D016213:Cyclins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018922:HL-60 Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein
chemical_list: D019313:BRCA1 Protein; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D015820:Cadherins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C087630:1,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-vitamin D3; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D002762:Cholecalciferol; C038632:1,25-dihydroxy-24-oxo-vitamin D3; D002117:Calcitriol