title: Tumor markers in hydrocele fluids of patients with benign and malignant scrotal diseases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and a panel of other tumor markers in the compartment next to the tumor (that is, the malignant hydrocele fluid).
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured hCG, AFP, neuron-specific enolase, carcinoembryonic antigen and cytokeratin-19 fragments in cubital vein sera and in hydrocele fluids of patients with testicular cancer. Results were compared with those obtained from hydrocele fluids of patients with benign disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All tumor markers remained under the respective cutoff values in benign hydroceles. In patients with pure seminomas, hCG levels were elevated in 66% of hydroceles but only once in peripheral sera, whereas AFP remained low in both compartments. Furthermore, of 11 cases of nonseminomatous germ cell tumor hydrocele fluids, 3 with negative peripheral tumor marker values had to be reclassified marker positive, of which 2 showed elevated hCG levels and 1 had increased levels of AFP. Significant changes of neuron-specific enolase and carcinoembryonic antigen concentrations could not be observed. However, a cytokeratin-19 fragment measured by Cyfra 21-1 assay was elevated in 2 of 3 seminomatous and in 4 of 8 nonseminomatous hydroceles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data give a new insight into the in vivo secretion pattern of testicular germ cell neoplasms, which demonstrates that the term "marker negative" should be restricted to selected cases of testicular cancer. Analysis of tumor markers in hydrocele fluids may be a helpful tool in patients with scrotal swelling if clinical and sonographic results remain uncertain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dorfinger
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kratzik
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Madersbacher
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dorfinger
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marberger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000737:chemistry*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000032:analysis*; D018237:Germinoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007633:Keratins / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012611:Scrotum; D006848:Testicular Hydrocele / Q000378:metabolism*; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins; D007633:Keratins