title: Vascular endothelial growth factor expression in canine peripheral vein bypass grafts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Autologous veins used as arterial bypass grafts undergo initial loss of the endothelial cell (EC) lining, which is followed by reendothelialization. We characterized the expression of the EC-specific angiogenic mitogen, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), in vascular grafts to help elucidate the molecular and cellular events after bypass procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cephalic vein-femoral artery interposition grafts were placed in mongrel dogs. Vein grafts and arteries were harvested at either 48 hours or 4 weeks after bypass, the total RNA was isolated, and the VEGF mRNA expression was evaluated by Northern blot analysis. Tissue segments from each time period were evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis using anti-VEGF antibodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VEGF mRNA expression in vein grafts as compared with control veins was increased 2.5-fold 48 hours after bypass grafting (p = 0.02) but returned to initial control levels in grafts removed at 4 weeks. Distal arterial segments, which included the anastomotic site without attached vein graft, had a 21.4-fold increase in VEGF expression at 48 hours (p = 0.02) and a 6.6-fold increase at 4 weeks (p < 0.01) as compared with control arterial segments. Vessels subjected to arteriotomy or ischemia alone also demonstrated increased VEGF expression. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed VEGF protein within ECs and smooth muscle cells of the venous bypass graft, with maximal levels observed within intimal hyperplasia at the arterial anastomosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After arterial reconstruction procedures using venous conduits, VEGF is significantly increased at 48 hours in the vein graft and arterial anastomosis. VEGF expression in the vein graft normalizes within 4 weeks but remains significantly elevated in the adjacent arterial segment. Increased VEGF production after arterial grafting may facilitate reendothelialization, thus partially accounting for optimal patency rates achieved with autologous vein grafts.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Deaconess Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Hamdan
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Aiello
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Misare
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Contreras
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: LoGerfo
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Quist
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D004285:Dogs; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000601:surgery; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012313:RNA / Q000032:analysis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D014680:Veins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000637:transplantation*
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D012313:RNA