title: Avoparcin used as a growth promoter is associated with the occurrence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium on Danish poultry and pig farms.
abstract: We determined the association between the use of the glycopeptide antibiotic avoparcin as a growth promoter and the occurrence of Enterococcus faecium (VREF) with high-level resistance to vancomycin (MIC > or = 64 micrograms ml-1) on poultry and pig farms. The investigations were conducted as retrospective cohort studies, where groups of farms exposed or not exposed to avoparcin between September 1994 and April 1995 were compared. In poultry, the association between the use of avoparcin and the occurrence of VREF was confounded by the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, and the adjusted relative risk was 2.9 (1.4-5.9). In pigs, the association had a similar magnitude with a non-adjusted relative risk of 3.3 (0.9-12.3). The similar findings in the two studies provide evidence in favour of a causal association between the use of avoparcin and the occurrence of VREF on farms, and suggest that food animals constitute a potential reservoir of infection for VREF in humans.
authors.affiliation: Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark. flb@svs.dk
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bager
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Aarestrup
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D002645:Chickens; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D016984:Enterococcus faecium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006020:Glycopeptides; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D011200:Poultry; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D006020:Glycopeptides; D006133:Growth Substances; D014640:Vancomycin; C016249:avoparcin