title: Demonstration of the Th1 to Th2 cytokine shift during the course of HIV-1 infection using cytoplasmic cytokine detection on single cell level by flow cytometry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize changes of Th1/Th2 cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) that occur during the course of HIV infection by cytoplasmic cytokine staining on single cell level.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mitogen-stimulated PBMC from 16 healthy donors, 18 HIV-1-infected individuals without AIDS and 14 patients with AIDS were stained intracellularly with fluorescein-labelled MAb against interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10 and interferon (IFN)-gamma. Additionally, co-staining of CD4+ T-cell, CD8+ T-cell, natural killer (NK) cell, B-cell and monocytic markers was performed. Fluorescence staining was analysed by three-colour flow-cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A reduced percentage of IL-2 and IFN-gamma (Th1 type)-producing cells among CD4+ T cells from HIV-1-infected individuals could be demonstrated. There was a continuous decrease of IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells in the course of HIV infection and a dramatic reduction of IL-2-expressing cells among CD4+ T cells in patients with AIDS. In contrast to Th1 cytokines, the frequency of Th2 cytokine expressing cells among CD4+ T cells increased in HIV-infected individuals. The maximum frequency of IL-4-expressing cells among CD4+ T cells was seen in HIV-infected individuals without AIDS, whereas the rate of IL-10-producing cells was highest in patients with AIDS. In HIV-infected individuals no significant proportion of Th0 cells expressing both Th1 and Th2 cytokines was detectable. In CD8+ T cells the percentage of IL-2 was expressing cells decreased continuously accompanied by a strong increase of the frequency of IFN-gamma-producing cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The decreased percentage of cells expressing IL-2 and IFN-gamma in conjunction with an increased proportion of IL-4- and IL-10-producing cells among the CD4+ T cells in HIV-1-infected individuals demonstrate a Th1 to Th2 cytokine shift in the course of HIV infection on a single cell level. There was no evidence of a Th1 to Th0 cytokine shift. In addition to the loss of CD4+ T cells in HIV infection, the qualitative changes of Th1/Th2 cytokine expression may serve as a marker for progressive failure of cell-mediated immunity.
authors.affiliation: Medical Clinic III, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dobmeyer
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Dobmeyer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pape
authors.forename: O G
authors.initials: OG
authors.lastname: Ottmann
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Helm
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hoelzer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rossol
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000276:immunology; D000328:Adult; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D015415:Biomarkers; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D007376:Interleukin-2; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma