title: Perineural tumor extension along the trigeminal nerve: magnetic resonance imaging findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of 15 patients with perineural tumor extension along the trigeminal nerve in correlation with clinical data.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical records and MRI studies of 15 patients with perineural tumor extension along the trigeminal nerve were retrospectively reviewed. Imaging studies included plain and contrast-enhanced thin section T1-weighted spin echo (T1-WSE) MRI with and without fat-suppression. The studies were compared to determine which sequence provided greatest tumor conspicuity and best depiction of tumor extent. The conspicuity of these tumors was assessed on the available sequences by two observers by consensus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The contrast-enhanced T1-weighted spin echo fat-suppressed images (T1-WSECEFS) demonstrated greatest tumor conspicuity and best depiction of tumor extent in the extracranial head and neck and skull base region. The conventional T1-weighted spin echo pre- and postcontrast images were, however, diagnostic of perineural tumor extension in 11 patients due to the presence of considerable tumor bulk and extension well above the skull base. In the other four patients the perineural tumor was poorly visualized on the conventional T1-WSE images and well visualized on the fat-suppressed images. The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V3) was most commonly involved (n = 10), followed by the maxillary (V2; n = 5) and ophthalmic (V1; n = 2) division. Two patients had both mandibular as well as maxillary nerve involvement. The finding of perineural tumor extension had significant impact on patient management: based on the MR imaging study, the primary tumor was considered inoperable (n = 13), the extent of surgery was expanded (n = 2) and radiation therapy (RT) ports were extended (n = 12).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complete trigeminal nerve imaging is recommended when evaluating (suspected) head and neck malignancies with a high risk for perineural extension. In these cases thin section axial and coronal precontrast T1-WSE MR images and postcontrast T1-WSE MR images with fat-suppression should be obtained. In the rare event that artifacts degrade the quality of the fat-suppressed images, contrast-enhanced T1-WSE sequences without fat-suppression can additionally be used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Majoie
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Hulsmans
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Verbeeten
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Castelyns
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Oldenburger
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Schouwenburg
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Andries Bosch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003390:Cranial Nerve Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000175:diagnosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014276:Trigeminal Nerve