title: Whole body doses from linear accelerator-based stereotactic radiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this work was to measure whole body radiation doses in a humanoid phantom from linear accelerator-based cranial stereotactic radiosurgery/therapy (SRS/T), using different beam arrangements.
  
  
  METHODS
  A standard noncoplanar five-arc beam arrangement and a four-arc technique without a sagittal arc were used to deliver 20 Gy in a single fraction to a midline spherical target volume in the corpus callosum region of an Alderson-Rando anthropomorphic phantom using (i) a 20-mm and (ii) a 40-mm circular collimator. Whole body dose measurements were made using lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosimetry. Whole body isodose plots in the sagittal and coronal planes and organ doses were compared for the two arcing beam arrangements. An ionization chamber was used to record the exit dose at intervals along the length of the phantom at midline and 4.5 cm off-axis for (i) a single fixed field and (ii) a solitary 90 degrees sagittal arc using a 40-mm circular collimator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sagittal arc was the major contributor to neck and trunk doses when the five- and four-arc arrangements were compared, with fourfold greater thyroid dose. The gonad dose was increased by the sagittal arc, but was largely due to leakage radiation. The dose from a fixed field exiting down the long axis of the phantom was tenfold greater than that from a solitary 90 degrees sagittal arc. When the fixed field or arc traversed the lung or exited through the pharynx and major upper airways, the dose measurements below the diaphragm were 30-40% higher than those along the exit path of maximum soft tissue density.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When SRS/T is used in nonmalignant conditions such as cranial arteriovenous malformations or benign tumors the exit paths of arcing beams or fixed fields should be taken into account when deciding upon the final treatment plan. Such consideration should minimize the risk of radiation-induced malignancy, notably in the thyroid gland of younger patients.
authors.affiliation: Neuro-oncology Unit and Academic Unit of Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Royal Marsden NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Childs
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Warrington
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brada
mesh_terms: D010315:Particle Accelerators; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation