title: Effects of war trauma on Cambodian refugee adolescents' functional health and mental health status.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the effect of war trauma on the functional health and mental health status of Cambodian adolescents living in a refugee camp on the Thai-Cambodian border.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multistage probability sample identified 1,000 households in the camp known as Site Two. Interviews were conducted in each household with randomly selected adults 18 years of age and older. All adolescents aged 12 and 13 years old, along with one parent were interviewed. One hundred eighty-two adolescents (94 girls, 88 boys) and their parents participated. Culturally sensitive instruments were used including Cambodian versions of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Youth Self-Report (YSR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parents and adolescents reported the latter having experienced high levels of cumulative trauma, especially lack of food, water, and shelter. Mean Total Problem scores were in ranges similar to those of adolescents receiving clinical care in the United States, Netherlands, and Israel. Nearly 54% (53.8%) had Total Problem scores in the clinical range by parent report on the CBCL and 26.4% by adolescent report on the YSR. The most commonly reported symptoms were somatic complaints social withdrawal attention problems, anxiety, and depression. The dose-effect relationship between cumulative trauma and symptoms was strong for parent reporting on the CBCL; the subscales on both the YSR and CBCL for Anxious/Depressed and Attention Problems revealed dose-effect associations. Dose-effect relationships between cumulative trauma and social functioning or health status were lacking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high levels of emotional distress in this population of Cambodian adolescents and corresponding dose-effect relationships reveal the important negative psychosocial impact of violence on Cambodian adolescents. Lack of findings related to physical health status and the presence of positive social functioning of many youths should not deter health care providers and public health officials from diagnosing and treating underlying high levels of psychological distress.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Program in Refugee Trauma, Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Mollica
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Son
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tor
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D002160:Cambodia / Q000208:ethnology; D002648:Child; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D012036:Refugees / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D014857:Warfare