title: Dietary pattern and 20 year mortality in elderly men in Finland, Italy, and The Netherlands: longitudinal cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association of dietary pattern and mortality in international data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study with 20 years' follow up of mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five cohorts in Finland, the Netherlands, and Italy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population based random sample of 3045 men aged 50-70 years in 1970.
  
  
  METHODS
  Food intake was estimated using a cross check dietary history. In this dietary survey method, the usual food consumption pattern in the 6-12 months is estimated. A healthy diet indicator was calculated for the dietary pattern, using the World Health Organisation's guidelines for the prevention of chronic diseases. Vital status was verified after 20 years of follow up, and death rates were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dietary intake varied greatly in 1970 between the three countries. In Finland and the Netherlands the intake of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol was high and the intake of alcohol was low; in Italy the opposite was observed. In total 1796 men (59%) died during 20 years of follow up. The healthy diet indicator was inversely associated with mortality (P for trend < 0.05). After adjustment for age, smoking, and alcohol consumption, the relative risk in the group with the healthiest diet indicator compared with the group with the least healthy was 0.87 (95% confidence interval 0.77 to 0.98). Estimated relative risks were essentially similar within each country.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary intake of men aged 50-70 is associated with a 20 year, all cause mortality in different cultures. The healthy diet indicator is useful in evaluating the relation of mortality to dietary patterns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chronic Diseases and Environmental Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Huijbregts
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Feskens
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Räsänen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fidanza
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nissinen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Menotti
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kromhout
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D003625:Data Collection; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects