Stability of microcystins from cyanobacteria--IV. Effect of chlorination on decomposition.
Microcystins, the cyclic heptapeptide toxins produced by cyanobacteria such as Microcystis, show tumor-promoting activity through inhibition of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. They potentially threaten human health, and are increasing the world-wide interest in the health risk associated with cyanobacterial toxins. In this study, the effect of chlorination on the decomposition of microcystins-LR and -RR was examined. The toxins were easily decomposed by chlorination with sodium hypochlorite, and the decomposition depended on the free chlorine dose. In this operation, many reaction products were formed, one of which was determined to be dihydroxymicrocystin formed through the chloronium ion at the conjugated diene of Adda [3-amino-9-methoxy-10-phenyl-2,6,8-trimethyl-deca-4(E), 6(E)-dienoic acid], followed by hydrolysis. Other products may be its stereoisomers and/or regioismers. No noxious products were detected from the chlorination process of microcystin-LR. Although these results suggested that chlorination at an adequate chlorine dose is very effective for the removal of microcystin in raw water, preoxidation of the cell itself with chlorine must be avoided, because it frequently causes toxin release from algae and produce trihalomethanes during water treatment.
Tsuji
K
K
Kanagawa Prefectural Public Health Laboratories, Yokohama, Japan.
Watanuki
T
T
Kondo
F
F
Watanabe
M F
MF
Nakazawa
H
H
Suzuki
M
M
Uchida
H
H
Harada
K
K
D000818:Animals; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity; D002713:Chlorine / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000737:chemistry*; D004355:Drug Stability; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D051379:Mice; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D013472:Sunlight; D013696:Temperature; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D002713:Chlorine