title: Three spinach leaf nitrate reductase-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase kinases that are regulated by reversible phosphorylation and/or Ca2+ ions.
abstract: In spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) leaf extracts, three protein kinases (PKI, PKII and PKIII) were identified each of which phosphorylated spinach nitrate reductase on serine-543, and inactivated the enzyme in the presence of nitrate reductase inhibitor, 14-3-3. PKIII was also very active in phosphorylating and inactivating Arabidopsis (Landsberg erecta) 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase 1 (HMGR1). PKI and PKII phosphorylated HMGR1 more slowly than PKIII, compared with their relative rates of phosphorylation of nitrate reductase. HMGR1 identical with those that are seen after phosphorylation of serine-577 by the sucrose non-fermenting (SNF1)-like PK, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Co A reductase kinase A (HRK-A), from cauliflower [Dale, Arró, Becerra, Morrice, Boronat, Hardie and Ferrer (1995) Eur. J. Biochem. 233, 506-513]. PKI was Ca2+-dependent when prepared in the absence of protein phosphatase (PP) inhibitors, and largely Ca2+-dependent when prepared in the presence of PP inhibitors (NaF and EGTA). The Ca2+-independent portion of PKI was inactivated by either PP2A or PP2C, while the Ca2+-dependent portion of PKI became increasingly activated during storage, which we presume was mimicking the effect of an unidentified PP. These findings indicate that PK1 is regulated by two functionally distinct phosphorylations. PKI had a molecular mass of 45 kDa on gel filtration and was active towards substrate peptides that terminated at the +2 residue from the phosphorylation site, whereas PKIII was inactive towards these peptides. PKII was Ca2+-stimulated under all conditions tested. PKIII was Ca2+-indepdented, inactivated by PP2A or PP2C, had a requirement for a hydrophobic residue in the +4 position of peptide substrates, had a molecular mass by gel filtration of approximately 140 kDa, and an antibody against the rye SNF1-related PK (RKIN1) recognized a 58 kDa subunit in fractions containing PKIII. These properties of PKIII are identical with those reported previously for the SNF1-like enzyme, HRK-A. Our results indicate a considerable complexity of kinase cascades mediating the regulation of assimilatory and biosynthetic pathways in response to environmental stimuli in plants.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland, U.K.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pigaglio
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferrer
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Halfords
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: MacKintosh
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000201:enzymology; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004533:Egtazic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006903:Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases / Q000378:metabolism*; D007700:Kinetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D050901:Nitrate Reductase; D009565:Nitrate Reductases / Q000378:metabolism*; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010449:Peptide Mapping; D010748:Phosphopeptides / Q000737:chemistry; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D010766:Phosphorylation; D018515:Plant Leaves; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000494:pharmacology; D018724:Spinacia oleracea / Q000201:enzymology*; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009842:Oligopeptides; D010748:Phosphopeptides; D004533:Egtazic Acid; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D006903:Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases; D009565:Nitrate Reductases; D050901:Nitrate Reductase; D011494:Protein Kinases; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; D002118:Calcium