title: Haemophilus species bacteremia in adults. The importance of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Until the late 1970s, invasive infections caused by Haemophilus species were thought to occur mainly in children and only infrequently in adults.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report the largest series to date of Haemophilus species bacteremia (HB) from a single center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Large, tertiary care, general teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the charts of adult patients with HB detected from January 1, 1986, to December 31, 1994. Haemophilus strains were serotyped, and the antimicrobial resistance pattern was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred sixteen patients had HB (0.26 cases per 1000 admissions). Thirty-eight children and 16 adults were excluded. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was the most common underlying condition (n = 18 [29%]), followed by malignant neoplasms (n = 12 [19%]) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n = 12 [19%]). Prevalence in HIV-positive patients was 5 cases per 1000 admissions vs 0.2 cases per 1000 admissions in HIV-negative patients. Infection was nosocomial in 16 patients (26%). Focal diseases were pneumonia in 41 patients (66%), cholangitis in 5 patients (8%), endocarditis in 3 patients (5%), meningitis and septic arthritis each in 1 patient (2%), and primary bacteremia in 9 patients (14%). The HIV-positive patients were significantly younger and presented more frequently with pneumonia (P < .05). Overall, 14 patients died (22%). Bacteremia was polymicrobial in 11 patients (18%). Haemophilus influenzae was isolated in 53 patients (85%). Rates of antimicrobial resistance were 11% to chloramphenicol sodium succinate, 48% to ampicillin sodium, 78% to erythromycin stearate, 76% to combined sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, 15% to rifampin, and 57% to clarithromycin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infection with HIV has become the most common underlying disease in adults with HB in our hospital. Therapeutic approaches must take into account the high rate of antimicrobial resistance.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Microbiología y Enfermedades Infecciosas-VIH, Hospital General Universitario, Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain. pmunoz@.micro.hggm.es
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Llancaqueo
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Peláez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Créixems
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bouza
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors