title: Ocular anomalies of individuals with mental illness and dual diagnosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oculo-visual findings commonly associated with persons diagnosed as having mental illness and/or dual diagnosis (i.e. mental illness with mental retardation) have not been fully investigated. This study determines the most common eye and vision anomalies associated with these disorders and discusses the similarities and differences between these two unique populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained by the random selection of 88 patient records from the Illinois Eye Institute/Easter Seal Society of Metropolitan Chicago Eye Care and Treatment Program (Illinois College of Optometry). Results from the most recent oculo-visual evaluation were reviewed. Commonly accepted methods of assessing the eyes and vision of patients with disabilities were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals with mental illness frequently exhibited uncorrected refractive error, strabismus, blepharitis, pigmentary retinopathy, and cataracts. Those with mental retardation and mental illness (dual diagnosis) demonstrated similar findings with the exception of cataracts. A statistically significant amount of compound astigmatism was seen in those with mental illness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many of the ocular anomalies found among the mentally ill and those with dual diagnosis were common to both groups but occurred with different frequencies. Appropriate spectacle correction and individually designed therapy programs should play an important role in the developmental and intellectual habilitation of these patients.
authors.affiliation: Illinois College of Optometry, Chicago 60616, USA.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Maino
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Rado
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Pizzi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D008875:Middle Aged; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects; D011897:Random Allocation; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D014792:Visual Acuity
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs