title: Adaptation of human tumor cells to tirapazamine under aerobic conditions: implications of increased antioxidant enzyme activity to mechanism of aerobic cytotoxicity.
abstract: Tirapazamine (TPZ, 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-di-N-oxide, SR 4233, WIN 59075) is a bioreductive antitumor agent with a high selective toxicity for hypoxic cells. The selective hypoxic toxicity of TPZ results from the rapid reoxidation of the one-electron reduction product, the TPZ radical, in the presence of molecular oxygen with the concomitant production of superoxide radical. Under hypoxia the TPZ radical kills cells by causing DNA double-strand breaks and chromosome aberrations. However, the mechanism of aerobic cytotoxicity is still a matter of debate. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of aerobic cytotoxicity by adapting human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells to aerobic TPZ exposure and characterizing the changes associated with drug resistance. The adapted cells were resistant to aerobic TPZ exposures (with dose-modifying factors of up to 9.2), although hypoxic sensitivity was largely unchanged. Relative to the parental A549 cell line, adaptation to continuous aerobic TPZ exposure resulted in increased levels of manganese superoxide dismutase (up to 9.4-fold), moderate increases in glutathione reductase (up to 2.1-fold), and loss of both quinone oxidoreductase (DT-diaphorase) activity and NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase activity. There was essentially no change in the activity of the cytoplasmic form of superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), catalase, or glutathione peroxidase. The increased activity of antioxidant enzymes in the resistant cell lines (in particular MnSOD) strongly suggests that reactive oxygen species are, in large part, responsible for the toxicity of TPZ under aerobic conditions, and is consistent with aerobic and hypoxic drug cytotoxicity resulting from different mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5468, U.S.A.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Elwell
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Siim
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002470:Cell Survival; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016660:NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone) / Q000378:metabolism; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D009251:NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D000077704:Tirapazamine; D014227:Triazines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014227:Triazines; D013481:Superoxides; D000077704:Tirapazamine; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; D009251:NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase; D016660:NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone); D005980:Glutathione Reductase