Conditions at conception and risk of menstrual disorders.
In a case-control study, we evaluated the association of the risk of menstrual disorders with four periconceptional factors: short preceding interpregnancy interval (< 6 months), low (< or = 19 years) or high (> or = 40 years) maternal age at conception, and month of conception. We divided 919 women who had visited a fertility clinic between 1991 and 1995 into three categories: cases (with mean menstrual cycle length > or = 42 or < or = 21 days, or a variation of > or = 14 days between cycles, or amenorrhea, N = 294), controls (with cycles within a range of 25-35 days and variation < or = 7 days, N = 520), and intermediates (N = 105). A self-administrable questionnaire was mailed, asking for information about maternal reproductive history and age, and potential confounders such as smoking, exercise, and level of education. Response (77%) differed little among cases, intermediates, and controls. We found elevated risks for short pregnancy intervals [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 2.04; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04-4.02] and advanced maternal age (OR = 3.24; 95% CI = 1.27-8.30) but not for low maternal age (OR = 0.58; 95% CI = 0.11-3.14) (cases vs controls). We found similar effects for intermediates vs controls. The distribution of month of conception did not differ much from controls for both cases and intermediates. The results indicate that conception after short pregnancy intervals or at advanced maternal age increases the risk of menstrual disorders in daughters. The precise etiology is unclear, but it may lie in the quality of the oocyte at conception.
Smits
L J
LJ
Department of Medical Informatics, Epidemiology, and Statistics, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Willemsen
W N
WN
Zielhuis
G A
GA
Jongbloet
P H
PH
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001721:Birth Intervals; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008423:Maternal Age; D008599:Menstruation Disturbances / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D009679:Nuclear Family; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011253:Pregnancy in Adolescence; D018566:Pregnancy, High-Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires