title: Detection of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in fecal samples by PCR.
abstract: Surveillance cultures for vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are time-consuming and expensive for the laboratory to perform. Therefore, we investigated the use of PCR as an alternative method of detecting and identifying VRE directly in fecal samples. PCR primers directed to vanA, vanB, vanC1, vanC2, and enterococcal ligase genes were used to detect and identify VRE in fecal material obtained by rectal or perirectal swabbing. Although PCR-inhibitory substances were present in DNA prepared directly from the swabs, the inhibitory substances could be reduced by processing the nucleic acid with two commercially available DNA preparation columns. Fecal material from 333 swabs was cultured on several selective agar media before and after broth enrichment. DNA was extracted from the fecal material and was analyzed by PCR. By using all four primer sets, only 59 (67.8%) of the samples were positive for vanA. However, after retesting the negative samples with only the vanA primer set, 77 (88.5%) of 87 specimens that were culture positive for Enterococcus faecium containing vanA were positive by PCR. One specimen was PCR positive for the vanA gene but culture negative for enterococci. The specificity of the vanA assay was 99.6%. PCR analysis of enrichment broth samples with all four primers sets after 15 to 18 h of incubation detected 74 (85.1%) of the 87 culture-positive specimens. The specificity of the vanA assay after the enrichment step was 100%. No vanB-containing enterococci were recovered by culture. Since 16 samples can be tested by PCR in 4 h (including electrophoresis), identification of VRE is possible within 8 h of specimen submission at a cost of approximately $10.12/assay. Thus, PCR may be a cost-effective alternative to culture for surveillance of VRE in some hospitals.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Infections Program, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Satake
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rimland
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Nolte
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Tenover
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D019729:Carbon-Oxygen Ligases; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008025:Ligases / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; C071437:VanA ligase, Bacteria; C079913:VanB protein, Enterococcus; C079914:VanC protein, Bacteria; D014640:Vancomycin; D008025:Ligases; D019729:Carbon-Oxygen Ligases