title: Endogenous and exogenous nitric oxide in the pedunculopontine tegmentum induces sleep.
abstract: Mesopontine cholinergic cells in the pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT) nuclei modulate the control of the wake-sleep cycle by releasing acetylcholine to their target structures. These cells also synthesize nitric oxide (NO) which diffuses into the extracellular space and acts as a neuronal messenger. The present study is based on the hypothesis that NO synthesis and its presence in the extracellular space in the PPT play a functional role in regulating the behavioral states of waking and sleep. This hypothesis was tested by microinjecting a control vehicle, NO donor, S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) and a competitive inhibitor of NO synthase enzyme (NOS), N(G)-Nitro-L-arginine methylester hydrochloride (L-NAME) into the PPT while quantifying the effects on wakefulness and sleep. Six cats were implanted with bilateral guide tubes for PPT microinjection and with standard electrodes to measure waking, slow-wave sleep (SWS), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Five-hour free-moving polygraphic recordings were made following each microinjection (0.25 microl) of control saline, SNAP or L-NAME. Following microinjection of SNAP into the cholinergic cell compartments of the PPT, SWS and REM sleep were increased by 41.65% and 72.10% respectively, compared to the control microinjection. Microinjection of L-NAME reduced SWS and REM sleep by 40.33% and 62.05%, respectively, compared to controls. The present results demonstrate that endogenous NO synthesized within the PPT cholinergic cells functions as a paracrine signal in the control of waking and sleep by modulating local cholinergic cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. subimal@bu.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Datta
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Siwek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008845:Microinjections; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010396:Penicillamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D026423:S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects*; D013681:Tegmentum Mesencephali / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D026423:S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine; D010396:Penicillamine; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester