title: Butyrate activates the WAF1/Cip1 gene promoter through Sp1 sites in a p53-negative human colon cancer cell line.
abstract: Butyrate is a well known colonic luminal short chain fatty acid, which arrests cell growth and induces differentiation in various cell types. We examined the effect of butyrate on the expression of WAF1/Cip1, a potent inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases, and its relation to growth arrest in a p53-mutated human colon cancer cell line WiDr. Five millimolar butyrate completely inhibited the growth of WiDr and caused G1-phase arrest. WAF1/Cip1 mRNA was rapidly induced within 3 h by treatment with 5.0 mM butyrate, and drastic WAF1/Cip1 protein induction was detected. Using several mutant WAF1/Cip1 promoter fragments, we found that the butyrate-responsive elements are two Sp1 sites at -82 and -69 relative to the transcription start site. We also found that a TATA element at -46 and two overlapping consensus Sp1 sites at -60 and -55 are essential for the basal promoter activity of WAF1/Cip1. These findings suggest that butyrate arrests the growth of WiDr by activating the WAF1/Cip1 promoter through specific Sp1 sites in a p53-independent fashion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mizuno
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sowa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Orita
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshino
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okuyama
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohtani-Fujita
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsukawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tokino
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamagishi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oka
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakai
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002087:Butyrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020148:Butyric Acid; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins / Q000235:genetics*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D016385:TATA Box; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002087:Butyrates; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D020148:Butyric Acid