title: Transformation of hydroxyapatite to fluorapatite by irradiation with high-energy CO2 laser.
abstract: High-energy laser irradiation has been shown to cause crystalline transformations in apatites, which may lead to the formation of tricalcium phosphates with a resulting decrease in acid resistance. Depending on the nature and energy density of laser irradiation used, however, an increase of acid resistance of dental enamel has also been reported after laser irradiation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the phase transformation of hydroxyapatite (HA) to fluorapatite (FA) in a model system that incorporates sodium fluoride (NaF) into apatite structure by using laser irradiation. A CO2 laser was used at energy densities ranging from 21 to 500 J/cm2. Synthetic HA mixed with NaF (10:1) was the target of laser irradiation. The crystalline structures were then investigated using X-ray diffraction analysis. The results showed that a phase transformation of HA to FA could be realized, and that the threshold energy density needed was 38 J/cm2. Not only is the finding crystallographically important, but it also opens new perspectives for future research regarding the development of laser technology for clinical purposes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Finland. Jukka.Meurman@Helsinki.Fi
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Meurman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hemmerlé
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Voegel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rauhamaa-Mäkinen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luomanen
mesh_terms: D001031:Apatites / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D003460:Crystallization; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004055:Differential Thermal Analysis; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D007834:Lasers; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001031:Apatites; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D017886:Durapatite; C025105:fluorapatite