title: Comparison of ketoprofen, oxymorphone hydrochloride, and butorphanol in the treatment of postoperative pain in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare analgesic effects of ketoprofen, oxymorphone hydrochloride, and butorphanol when used to control postoperative pain associated with elective orthopedic surgery in dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective randomized clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  70 dogs undergoing orthopedic surgery on a hind limb.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dogs were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 postoperative analgesic treatment groups: ketoprofen alone, oxymorphone alone, butorphanol alone, or ketoprofen-oxymorphone. Drugs were given IM at the end of anesthesia. Pain score, sedation score, arterial blood pressures, arterial blood gas partial pressures, and plasma cortisol concentration were measured for 12 hours after surgery. If the pain score was > or = 9, supplemental oxymorphone was administered IM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of dogs that did not require supplemental treatment with oxymorphone was significantly higher for the ketoprofen alone and ketoprofen-oxymorphone groups than for the oxymorphone alone group. During the first hour after surgery, pain score was lower for oxymorphone alone and ketoprofen-oxymorphone groups than for ketoprofen or butorphanol alone groups. Significant differences were not detected among groups in regard to pain score 2 and 3 hours after surgery or in regard to arterial blood pressures at any time. From 4 to 12 hours after surgery, pain score was significantly lower for the ketoprofen alone group than for other groups. Plasma cortisol concentration was significantly higher for the oxymorphone alone group 6 and 8 hours after surgery, compared with other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Except during the first hour after surgery, dogs given ketoprofen alone after elective orthopedic surgery had a greater level of, and longer-lasting, analgesia than did dogs given oxymorphone or butorphanol alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St Hyacinthe, PQ, Canada.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pibarot
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dupuis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grisneaux
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cuvelliez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Planté
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Beauregard
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Bonneau
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bouffard
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Blais
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D004285:Dogs; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007660:Ketoprofen / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary; D010111:Oxymorphone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000662:veterinary; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D007660:Ketoprofen; D010111:Oxymorphone; D002077:Butorphanol; D006854:Hydrocortisone