title: Ecotoxicity hazard assessment of styrene.
abstract: The ecotoxicity of styrene was evaluated in acute toxicity studies of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), daphnids (Daphnia magna), amphipods (Hyalella azteca), and freshwater green algae (Selenastrum capricornutum), and a subacute toxicity study of earthworms (Eisenia fostida). Stable exposure levels were maintained in the studies with fathead minnows, daphnids, and amphipods using sealed, flowthrough, serial dilution systems and test vessels. The algae were evaluated in a sealed, static system. The earthworms were exposed in artificial soil which was renewed after 7 days. Styrene concentrations in water and soil were analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection following extraction into hexane. Test results are based on measured concentrations. Styrene was moderately toxic to fathead minnows, daphnids, and amphipods: fathead minnow: LC50 (96 hr), 10 mg/liter, and NOEC, 4.0 mg/liter; daphnids: EC50 (48 hr), 4.7 mg/liter, and NOEC, 1.9 mg/liter; amphipods: LC50 (96 hr), 9.5 mg/liter, and NOEC, 4.1 mg/liter. Styrene was highly toxic to green algae: EC50 (96 hr), 0.72 mg/liter, and NOEC, 0.063 mg/liter; these effects were found to be algistatic rather than algicidal. Styrene was slightly toxic to earthworms: LC50 (14 days), 120 mg/kg, and NOEC, 44 mg/kg. There was no indication of a concern for chronic toxicity based on these studies. Styrene's potential impact on aquatic and soil environments is significantly mitigated by its volatility and biodegradability.
authors.affiliation: Chevron Research and Technology Company, Richmond, California 94804, USA.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Cushman
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Rausina
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cruzan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Harrass
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Putt
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Garvey
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: St Laurent
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hoberg
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Machado
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000187:drug effects; D003445:Crustacea / Q000187:drug effects; D003530:Cyprinidae; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects; D017753:Ecosystem; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D020058:Styrene; D013343:Styrenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D013343:Styrenes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D020058:Styrene