title: Development of distant metastasis after treatment of advanced-stage head and neck cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The recognition of risk factors for the development of distant metastasis is necessary for identifying high-risk patients who may benefit from systemic therapy. Previous investigations studying possible risk factors have been heterogeneous, with patients having varied forms of therapy. This study is designed to evaluate the clinical and histologic risk factors for the development of distant metastasis (DM) in patients with only advanced-stage head and neck squamous cell carcinoma after surgery and radiotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of a cohort of potentials with-surgically treated stage III and IV squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx, tongue, and supraglottic larynx between 1988-1992. The cohort consisted of 130 patients of which 30 patients developed DM as the initial site of failure. All patients underwent surgical resection of the primary. Neck dissection was performed in 26 of 30 (87%0 patients who developed distant metastasis. Almost all patients received radiation therapy. Patients who initially developed DM (DM group) were compared with patients who did not initially develop DM (no DM group) with respect to certain clinical and histo-pathological factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of patients in the DM group had advanced T stage and clinically palpable cervical lymph nodes (73% and 93% respectively). In the no DM group, most patients had advanced T stage (85%) but 42% of the patients had stage NO necks (p < .05). Eighty-eight percent of patients in the DM group and 60% of patients in the no DM group had histological evidence of extracapsular spread of tumor from cervical lymph nodes (p < .05). Three or more positive lymph nodes were found in 69% of patients who developed DM and in only 35% of patients in the no DM group (p < .05). Age, gender, primary site, history of radiation therapy, perineural invasion and tumor grade were not associated with a higher risk for DM (p > .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients wit clinically palpable neck disease (N1-3), histological evidence of metastatic nodal disease, extracapsular spread, and three or more positive lymph nodes are at greater risk of developing failure at distant sites. This subset of patients should have an extensive evaluation for distant metastatic disease and should be considered for systemic therapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology, Mount Sinai Hospital Medical Center/Chicago Medical School, Illinois 60608, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alvi
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007012:Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D007822:Laryngeal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014062:Tongue Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D017211:Treatment Failure