title: Life on biomembranes viewed with the atomic force microscope.
abstract: Since its invention in 1986, the atomic force microscope (AFM) has become one of the most widely used near-field microscopes. Surfaces of hard samples are imaged almost routinely with atomic resolution. Soft biological surfaces, however, are still challenging. In this brief review, the AFM technique is introduced to the experimental biologist. We discuss recent data on imaging molecular structures of biomembranes, and give detailed information on the application of the AFM with three representative examples. One is imaging plasma membrane turnover of transformed renal epithelial cells during migration in vivo, another is visualizing a cloned and isolated potassium channel usually located in kidney, and a third is imaging macromolecular pore complexes of the nuclear envelope of aldosterone-sensitive kidney cells and of Xenopus laevis oocytes. The review ends with the conclusion that nuclear pores can serve as birthday candles on a Guglhupf.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Federal Republic of Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oberleithner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Geibel
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Guggino
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D002999:Clone Cells; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation; D007668:Kidney; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009685:Nuclear Envelope / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D009865:Oocytes; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D015221:Potassium Channels