title: Effects of extradural anesthesia on microcirculatory blood flow in free latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flaps in pigs.
abstract: Free musculocutaneous flaps are used frequently in plastic surgery to reconstruct soft-tissue defects after radical cancer surgery and trauma. Despite improved surgical techniques, some of these flaps fail due to insufficient blood supply. Extradural anesthesia causes both sensory (pain relief) and sympathetic (vasodilatation) block that may be advantageous in free-flap surgery. This hypothesis, however, has not yet been studied. An experimental model in pigs was developed in which clinical conditions for anesthesia and microvascular surgery on the lower extremity were simulated as closely as possible. The effects of extradural anesthesia as well as phenylephrine infusion, combined with general anesthesia, on central hemodynamics and on microcirculatory blood flow in skin and muscle of the latissimus dorsi free flap were studied. After surgery, seven animals received extradural anesthesia during stable normovolemic conditions and another seven during mild hypovolemia (10 percent blood loss). The extradural block was objectively evaluated using the temporal summation test. Thirty minutes after induction of extradural anesthesia, the animals received an intravenous infusion of phenylephrine 1 microgram/kg per minute over a period of 15 minutes. Multichannel laser-Doppler flowmetry was used to measure microcirculatory blood flow in skin and muscle of the free flap as well as in control skin and muscle on the same extremity simultaneously. In normovolemic animals, extradural block caused a 10 percent decrease in mean arterial pressure and cardiac output and an approximately 20 percent decrease in microcirculatory blood flow in both the skin and muscle of the flap (all changes were nonsignificant). In slightly hypovolemic animals, however, extradural anesthesia caused a significant decrease in cardiac output (31 percent, p < 0.01), mean arterial pressure (24 percent, p < 0.01), and in mean blood flow in the flap muscle (22 percent, p < 0.05) and skin (20 percent, p < 0.05). During phenylephrine infusion, mean arterial pressure increased significantly (p < 0.05) in both hypovolemic and normovolemic animals, while cardiac output and microcirculatory blood flow in the flap remained almost unchanged. Extradural anesthesia does not improve microcirculatory blood flow in free musculocutaneous flaps in pigs. It causes a significant decrease in cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, and microcirculatory blood flow in slightly hypovolemic animals. During phenylephrine infusion, the microcirculatory blood flow in free flaps slightly improves due to the increase in mean arterial pressure. We suggest that extradural anesthesia for microvascular surgery should be used with great caution until human data are available.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Banic
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Krejci
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Erni
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Petersen-Felix
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Sigurdsson
mesh_terms: D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000818:Animals; D006614:Hindlimb; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D008012:Lidocaine; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000379:methods; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D010656:Phenylephrine; D008012:Lidocaine