title: Effects of blood glucose changes and physostigmine on anesthetic requirements of halothane in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although hyper- and hypoglycemia induce neurophysiologic changes, there have been no reports on the effects of blood glucose changes on anesthetic requirements. This study examined the effects of hyper- and hypoglycemia on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of halothane in rats. In addition, based on a previous finding that the level of brain acetylcholine was reduced during mild hypoglycemia, the authors examined the influence of physostigmine on MAC during hypoglycemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  In Sprague-Dawley rats, anesthesia was induced and maintained with halothane in oxygen and air. The MAC was determined by observing the response to tail clamping and tested during mild hypoglycemia (blood glucose level, 60 mg/dl) and hyperglycemia (blood glucose level, 300 and 500 mg/dl) induced by insulin and glucose infusion, respectively (experiment 1). The effects of 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg physostigmine given intraperitoneally on MAC were examined in rats with mild and severe hypoglycemia (blood glucose level, 60 and 30 mg/dl; experiment 2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In experiment 1, mild hypoglycemia significantly reduced the MAC of halothane (0.76 +/- 0.03%) compared with the control value (0.92 +/- 0.04%), but hyperglycemia did not change MAC. In experiment 2, mild and severe hypoglycemia reduced MAC of halothane in a degree-dependent manner. Physostigmine (1 mg/kg) had no effect on MAC regardless of blood glucose level, but 0.3 mg/kg reduced MAC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypoglycemia reduced anesthetic requirements in a degree-dependent manner, whereas hyperglycemia had no effects. Although the mechanism of hypoglycemic MAC reduction needs further investigations, physostigmine studies suggest that this may not be related to inhibition of cholinergic transmission.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu-city, Japan. yishizaw@cc.gifu-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishizawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohta
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimonaka
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dohi
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006221:Halothane / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D010277:Parasympathomimetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010830:Physostigmine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D010277:Parasympathomimetics; D010830:Physostigmine; D006221:Halothane