title: Supraadditive apoptotic response of R3327-G rat prostate tumors to androgen ablation and radiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Androgen ablation is often combined with radiation in the treatment of patients with prostate cancer, yet, the optimal sequencing and the mechanisms governing the interaction are not understood. The objectives were to determine if cell killing via apoptosis is enhanced when the combined treatment is administered and to define the relationship of changes in this form of cell killing to tumor volume growth delay.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dunning R3327-G rat prostate tumors, grown in the flanks of Copenhagen rats, were used at a volume of approximately 1 cc. Androgen ablation was initiated by castration, and androgen restoration was achieved with 0.5 cm silastic tube implants containing testosterone. 60Co was used for irradiation. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TUNEL) histochemical assay was used to quantify apoptosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumors from intact and castrate unirradiated control rats had average apoptotic indices (percent of apoptotic cells) of 0.4 and 1.0%, respectively. The apoptotic index varied only slightly over time (3 h to 28 days) after castration (range 0.75-1.43%). Irradiation of intact rats to 7 Gy resulted in a peak apoptotic response at 6 h of 2.3%. A supraadditive apoptotic response was seen when castration was initiated 3 days prior to 7 Gy radiation, with peak levels of about 10.1%. When the radiation was administered at increasing times beyond 3 days after castration, the apoptotic response gradually diminished and was back to levels seen in intact rats by 28 days after castration. Tumor volume growth delay studies were consistent with, but not conclusive proof of, a supraadditive effect when the combination was used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A supraadditive apoptotic response was seen when androgen ablation and radiation were used to treat androgen sensitive R3327-G rat prostate tumors. This supraadditive effect was dependent on the timing of the two treatments. Further studies are required to more fully define the optimal timing and administration of androgen ablation and radiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Joon
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sikes
authors.forename: V S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Khoo
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Terry
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Zagars
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Meistrich
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pollack
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008297:Male; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D009919:Orchiectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D051381:Rats; D013997:Time Factors