title: The reliability and validity of empirically scaled measures of psychological/verbal control and physical/sexual abuse: relationship between current negative mood and a history of abuse independent of other negative life events.
abstract: A history of psychological, physical, and sexual abuse, and circumscribed negative life events are precursors of current psychosomatic symptomatology. However, it is not known whether a history of abuse predicts current symptomatology, independent of other negative life events. We developed three new abuse scales: Psychological/Verbal; Control; and Physical/Sexual, which emerged when survey evidence of a random sample of the general public (N = 195) was factor analyzed. Test-retest reliabilities conducted on university students (N = 62) were moderate to high: Psychological/Verbal (r = 0.86); Control (r = 0.76); Physical/Sexual (r = 0.74); and Negative Life Events (r = 0.84). A Negative Life Event scale was developed to measure the cumulative effects of events (over the lifespan). A total score was calculated by summing event scores, weighted in proportion to 11 independent judges' ratings of distress for later use (Kendall's W; chi 2 = 183.67, df = 67, p < 0.0001). Thirteen criterion measures of current symptomatology were administered to a subsample of the original sample (N = 92), and collapsed into one factor for use as the criterion in a regression analysis; results showed that, independent of negative life events and respondent demographics, the Psychological/Verbal and Control Abuse Scales predicted current negative mood and psychosomatic complaints, and the association between current symptomatology and the Physical/Sexual Abuse Scale approached, but did not achieve, statistical significance (t = 1.99, df = 71, p < .0501). The present study demonstrates that the three abuse scales may be powerful predictors of current symptomatology, and that they have the potential for further investigating a wider range of current medical, physiological, and psychological problems.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychology, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Pitzner
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Drummond
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology; D003068:Coercion; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004291:Dominance-Subordination; D004552:Elder Abuse / Q000523:psychology; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000592:standards*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012919:Social Behavior; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology*; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology*