title: Significant antenatal factors in the development of lumbar spinal stenosis.
abstract: METHODS
  Adverse factors during pregnancy may permanently stunt the growth of the spinal canal. Subsequently, even in an optimal environment the canal cannot catch up in growth with the trunk and long bones because of its early maturation. The degree of retardation in canal size depends on the severity and timing of the adverse effect. The catch-up growth of the long bones mask the narrow canal, because the latter does not have growth potential, resulting in an adult of sufficient height and good proportions, but with a canal at risk for stenosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the influence of the antenatal environment on the growth of the lumber spinal canal.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  To date, little is known about the effects of an adverse environment on the growth of the spinal canal, and no data have been reported on antenatal influencing factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lumbar magnetic resonance imaging scans from 58 patients were examined. Dimensions of the central spinal canals were measured by computerized image analysis and compared with the subjects' obstetric data from their mothers' pregnancies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The L3 canal was found to be the most sensitive to the influence of the examined factors. Gestational age was the most significant factor; if short, it resulted in small adult canal. Small placental weight, greater maternal age, primiparity, low socioeconomic class, and low birth weight were also found to be significant in affecting the growth of the canal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An adverse antenatal environment does have a permanent, retarding effect on the growth of the lumbar spinal canal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Papp
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Aspden
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D009929:Organ Size; D010298:Parity; D010920:Placenta / Q000473:pathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D013130:Spinal Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*