title: An economic analysis of patients with active arterial peptic ulcer hemorrhage treated with endoscopic heater probe, injection sclerosis, or surgery in a prospective, randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are no published, detailed assessments of the direct costs of endoscopic hemostasis for actively bleeding peptic ulcers. We compared the direct costs of care for patients with active ulcer hemorrhage treated with endoscopic or medical-surgical therapies and correlated these costs with patient outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective, randomized, controlled trial, 31 patients with active ulcer hemorrhage at emergency endoscopy were randomly assigned to heater probe, injection, or medical-surgical treatment. For further ulcer bleeding, heater probe and injection patients were re-treated endoscopically and medical-surgical patients were referred for surgery. Direct costs were estimated using fixed and variable costs for resources consumed and Medicare reimbursement rates for physician fees.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to medical-surgical treatment, the heater probe and injection groups had significantly higher primary hemostasis rates (100% and 90% vs 8%) and lower rates of emergency surgery (0% and 10% vs 75%), blood transfusions, and median direct costs per patient ($4153 and $5247 vs $11,149). Furthermore, compared to medical-surgical treatment, the heater probe group had a significantly lower incidence of severe ulcer rebleeding (11% vs 75%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heater probe and injection sclerosis are similarly efficacious treatments for active ulcer hemorrhage, and both treatments yield significantly lower direct costs of medical care and cost savings.
authors.affiliation: UCLA School of Medicine, Department of Medicine 90095-1684, USA.
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Gralnek
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: T O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Kovacs
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jutabha
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gornbein
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Machicado
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sue
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kominski
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017046:Cost Savings; D004180:Direct Service Costs; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004381:Duodenal Ulcer / Q000150:complications; D004564:Electrocoagulation / Q000191:economics*; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System / Q000191:economics; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000431:Ethanol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D016558:Hemostasis, Endoscopic / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010438:Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015911:Sclerotherapy / Q000191:economics*; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000150:complications; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D012597:Sclerosing Solutions; D000431:Ethanol; D004837:Epinephrine