title: Segmented three-dimensional echo-planar flow imaging of the cervical carotid arteries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To implement and assess the application of segmented three-dimensional echo-planar MR imaging time-of-flight flow sequences for studying the anatomy of the cervical carotid arteries at 1.5 T.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 3-D echo-planar sequences were segmented along the in-plane phase-encoding direction. Echo train lengths (ETLs) of 3 and 5 and signal bandwidths of +/-25, +/-33, and +/-50 KHz were tested along with a conventional (ETL = 1) 3-D MR flow study in six healthy volunteers and in five patients with known arteriosclerotic disease involving the carotid bifurcation as confirmed by conventional angiography. The volunteer data were used to rank the techniques with respect to vessel dimension, vessel/background contrast, and quality by four trained neuroradiologists. For the patient studies, the percentage of stenoses was measured for all MR studies and compared against the conventional angiographic data using the criteria of the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using Wilcoxon's test statistic and a significance level of .05, we found that the conventional MR flow examination was better than the segmented techniques and that the segmented techniques with ETL of 3 were superior to their counterparts with ETL of 5. For the ETL of 3 techniques, the high-bandwidth studies were inferior to their lower bandwidth counterparts; however, there was no significant difference between the performance of the medium- and low-bandwidth sequences. The patient data revealed that the segmented techniques consistently overestimated the severity of stenosis; however, in no instance did any of the segmented examinations erroneously indicate the presence of disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reduction in acquisition time and the zero false-positive rate we obtained suggest that segmented 3-D echo-planar MR flow techniques may be used as a screening/locating study for cervical carotid artery disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tkach
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ruggieri
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Obuchowski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lieber
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Masaryk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D012016:Reference Values