title: Transrectal ultrasound microbubble contrast angiography of the prostate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate cancer, suspected by serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) elevation and/or digital abnormalities, is not always evident on gray-scale or color Doppler transrectal ultrasound (TRUS). EchoGen (Sonus Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Bothell, WA), a blood vessel image enhancer able to visualize smaller, low-flow vessels and thus possibly the microvascular angiogenesis often associated with cancer, was employed to see if it would improve prostate cancer detection, particularly in patients with a rising serum PSA and prior negative biopsies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Color Doppler TRUS was performed before and after intravenous injection of 0.05 ml/kg of EchoGen. Random and/or specifically directed sextant TRUS biopsies were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen patients with serum PSA elevations were included in the study. Fourteen had a negative prior biopsy (1-3 x). Prostate cancer was detected in 5 patients. Microvascular patterns were judged abnormal in 8 patients, 2 of which proved malignant, 2 of which were benign, and 1 of which was diagnosed with prostatis. False-negative results were observed in 3 patients, whose positive biopsy sites were from the prostate apex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Following EchoGen administration, prostate blood vessel image enhancement was noted in all patients, and there were no adverse reactions during or after EchoGen administration with the dose employed.
authors.affiliation: Pacific Northwest Cancer Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ragde
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Kenny
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Landin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D003287:Contrast Media; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D011467:Prostate / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen