title: [Pneumonitis after radiotherapy of bronchial carcinoma: incidence and influencing factors].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The most important side effect in radiotherapy of lung cancer is pneumonitis. The incidence of pneumonitis was evaluated in a retrospective study in the patient collective of the University of Heidelberg. Therapy related and therapy independent factors have been evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 348 of 392 cases with lung cancer who were treated by local irradiation between January 1989 and January 1992 the patient's records were evaluable for response and toxicity. All patients were treated by megavolt equipment with a conventional fractionation in most cases. Standard target volumes were irradiated including the lymphatic drainage. From a dose of above 30 Gy a technique sparing the spinal cord was chosen. Retrospectively pneumonitis was classified into 4 grades starting from slight symptoms to respiratory insufficiency requiring O2. Grade I and II were summarized to slight, grade III and IV to severe pneumonitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regarding the treatment prior to irradiation patients with primary irradiation were affected in 26.5% (17% slight, 9.5% severe), with postoperative irradiation in 14% (9.3% slight, 4.7% severe), with radiochemotherapy of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) in 15.4% (12% slight, 3.4% severe) by this side effect. These differences were not significant (p = 0.32). The median onset of pneumonitis was 31 days after end of irradiation (severe 23 days, slight 44 days, p = 0.026). By a univariate analysis the total dose at the prescription point was the most important factor (30 to 50.5 Gy 11%, 52 to 59 Gy 15%, 60 to 74 Gy 26%, p = 0.007). High single doses (2.5 Gy) were only applied within a study of radiochemotherapy with a randomised sequential and alternating schedule. So that the increased rate of pneumonitis (42%) is not clearly separable from other influencing variables. A correlation between the applied techniques and the irradiated volume (measured by planimetric methods) was not demonstrable. Regarding the independent factors a high age, female sex and a low FeV1 were unfavourable. However, age and sex corrected FeV1 was not predictive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observed incidence is within the range of literature. By a clinical point of view the total dose is an obvious factor. Also single doses above 2 Gy have to be seen critically (a total dose of 50 Gy). The results confirm the fact that patients with a low FeV1 are not suitable to a high dose irradiation of the chest. In this connection old patients and women also should be seen as patients at risk.
authors.affiliation: Radiologische Universitátsklinik, Heidelberg.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schraube
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schell
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wannenmacher
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Drings
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Flentje
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002283:Carcinoma, Bronchogenic / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D017564:Radiation Pneumonitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy / Q000009:adverse effects; D011897:Random Allocation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors