title: 14-3-3 zeta negatively regulates raf-1 activity by interactions with the Raf-1 cysteine-rich domain.
abstract: Although Raf-1 is a critical effector of Ras signaling and transformation, the mechanism by which Ras promotes Raf-1 activation is complex and remains poorly understood. We recently reported that Ras interaction with the Raf-1 cysteine-rich domain (Raf-CRD, residues 139-184) may be required for Raf-1 activation. The Raf-CRD is located in the NH2-terminal negative regulatory domain of Raf-1 and is highly homologous to cysteine-rich domains found in protein kinase C family members. Recent studies indicate that the structural integrity of the Raf-CRD is also critical for Raf-1 interaction with 14-3-3 proteins. However, whether 14-3-3 proteins interact directly with the Raf-CRD and how this interaction may mediate Raf-1 function has not been determined. In the present study, we demonstrate that 14-3-3 zeta binds directly to the isolated Raf-CRD. Moreover, mutation of Raf-1 residues 143-145 impairs binding of 14-3-3, but not Ras, to the Raf-CRD. Introduction of mutations that impair 14-3-3 binding resulted in full-length Raf-1 mutants with enhanced transforming activity. Thus, 14-3-3 interaction with the Raf-CRD may serve in negative regulation of Raf-1 function by facilitating dissociation of 14-3-3 from the NH2 terminus of Raf-1 to promote subsequent events necessary for full activation of Raf-1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Drugan
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Rossman
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rogers-Graham
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Der
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D048948:14-3-3 Proteins; D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D003545:Cysteine; D051379:Mice; D016296:Mutagenesis; D011485:Protein Binding; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) / Q000378:metabolism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase
chemical_list: D048948:14-3-3 Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D003545:Cysteine