title: Regulation of gene expression by cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase requires nuclear translocation of the kinase: identification of a nuclear localization signal.
abstract: We recently demonstrated that cyclic GMP (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase (G-kinase) activates the human fos promoter in a strictly cGMP-dependent manner (T. Gudi et al., J. Biol. Chem. 271:4597-4600, 1996). Here, we demonstrate that G-kinase translocates to the nucleus by an active transport mechanism which requires a nuclear localization signal (NLS) and is regulated by cGMP. Immunofluorescent staining of G-kinase was predominantly cytoplasmic in untreated cells, but intense nuclear staining appeared in 8-bromo (Br)-cGMP-treated cells. We identified a putative NLS in the G-kinase ATP binding domain which resembles the NLS of the interleukin-1alpha precursor. Fusion of the G-kinase NLS to the N terminus of beta-galactosidase produced a chimeric protein which localized to the nucleus. Mutation of a single amino acid residue (K407-->E) within the G-kinase NLS produced an enzyme with normal cGMP-dependent activity in vitro which did not translocate to the nucleus and did not transactivate the fos promoter in the presence of 8-Br-cGMP in vivo. In contrast, N-terminally truncated versions of G-kinase with constitutive, cGMP-independent activity in vitro localized to the nucleus and transactivated the fos promoter in the absence of 8-Br-cGMP. These results indicate that nuclear localization of G-kinase is required for transcriptional activation of the fos promoter and suggest that a conformational change of the kinase, induced by cGMP binding or by removal of the N-terminal autoinhibitory domain, functionally activates an otherwise cryptic NLS.
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0652, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gudi
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lohmann
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Pilz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000201:enzymology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006224:Cricetinae; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D062965:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type I; D017869:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D016762:Genes, fos; D006801:Humans; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D021382:Protein Sorting Signals / Q000378:metabolism*; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D021382:Protein Sorting Signals; C016276:8-bromocyclic GMP; D062965:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type I; D017869:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; C569718:PRKG1 protein, human; D001616:beta-Galactosidase; D006152:Cyclic GMP