title: Changes in radioactive tracer distribution in rats after 24 hours of 45 degrees hind limb unweighting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Changes in radioactive tracer distribution were examined in rats after exposure to a simulated microgravity model of 45 degrees head down tilt (45HDT) or 45 degrees hind limb unweighting (45HU) for up to 24 h.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were randomly assigned to either 45HDT (or 45HU) experimental groups or control groups for each time point of 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, or 24 h. The 0.5-h through 8-h experimental rats were anesthetized and placed head-down on a ramp at 45 degrees, while control rats were placed in a prone position. Non-anesthetized rats in the 24-h experimental group were tail-suspended at 45 degrees, while control rats were allowed unrestrained movement. Technetium-labeled diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (99mTcDTPA, physical half-life of 6.02 h, MW = 492 amu) and indium-labeled diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (111In DTPA, physical half-life of 3.5 d, MW = 545 amu) were used to measure body organ distributions of the radioactive tracers at the 0.5-h-8-h and 24-h time points, respectively. Major organs were harvested after each time period and measured for radioactive counts. Light and electron micrographs were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean 111InDTPA counts for the lungs, kidneys, and brains of the 24 h 45HU groups were significantly higher than control counts. Light and electron microscopy demonstrated the development of pulmonary edema in the alveolar septal areas after 2 h of 45HDT, and a shift in edema to the pulmonary airways and pulmonary arteries after 24 h of 45HU.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pulmonary edema development, accompanied by a significant increase in 111InDTPA lung, kidney, and brain counts in the 24-h 45HU groups, suggests vascular injury in the microcirculation of these organs.
authors.affiliation: Joan B. and Donald R. Diamond Lung Injury Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson 85724-0001, USA.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Padilla
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Balagtas
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Witten
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018475:Head-Down Tilt / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019417:Hindlimb Suspension / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D016284:Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013997:Time Factors; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D018474:Weightlessness Simulation / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D016284:Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate