title: Conservative management of spinal osteoarthritis with glucosamine sulfate and chiropractic treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the rationale behind the most commonly used treatments of osteoarthritis, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and to assess more effective conservative treatment options.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This review includes a description of the pathophysiology and prevalence of osteoarthritis, joint physiology and NSAID treatment of osteoarthritis, as well as side effects on joints, the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys and livers. Several studies of conservative treatment, consisting of supplementation of glucosamine sulfate (which occurs naturally in the human body), exercise, and the use of chiropractic treatment for maintaining joint function and preventing further destruction, are reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A computerized search of Medline using the key indexing terms osteoarthritis, degenerative joint disease, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucosamine sulfate, chiropractic and manipulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Numerous studies wee obtained under each subheading and reviewed by category. Human and animal-model studies are described.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rationales for using NSAIDs in the treatment of osteoarthritis is controversial and openly contested. Given the detrimental effects of NSAIDs on joints and other organs, their use should be discouraged and their classification as a first choice conservative treatment should be abolished. A truly effective and conservative approach to the treatment of osteoarthritis should include chiropractic manipulation, essential nutrient supplementation, exogenous administration of glucosamine sulfate and rehabilitative stretches and exercises to maintain joint function. Because there is no correlation between pain levels and the extent of degeneration detected by radiographic or physical examination, conservative treatment should be initiated and sustained based on functional, objective findings and not strictly on how the patient feels. The use of NSAIDs should be limited to the treatment of gross inflammation and analgesics should only be used in the short-term when absolutely necessary for pain palliation. The present conservative approach could lead not only to a better quality of life but also to the saving of health care dollars by reducing the iatrogenic morbidity and mortality associated with NSAID use.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002684:Chiropractic; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004032:Diet; D005944:Glucosamine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007596:Joints / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D005944:Glucosamine