title: Dietary L-arginine reduces the progression of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits: comparison with lovastatin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We investigated whether L-arginine induces regression of preexisting atheromatous lesions and reversal of endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, whether similar effects can be obtained by cholesterol-lowering therapy with lovastatin, and which mechanism leads to these effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rabbits were fed 1% cholesterol for 4 weeks and 0.5% cholesterol for an additional 12 weeks. Two groups of cholesterol-fed rabbits were treated with L-arginine (2.0% in drinking water) or lovastatin (10 mg/d) during weeks 5 through 16. Systemic nitric oxide (NO) formation was assessed as the urinary excretion rates of nitrate and cGMP in weekly intervals. Cholesterol feeding progressively reduced urinary nitrate excretion to approximately 40% of baseline (P<.05) and increased plasma concentrations of asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous NO synthesis inhibitor. Dietary L-arginine reversed the reduction in plasma L-arginine/ADMA ratio and partly restored urinary excretion of nitrate and cGMP (each P<.05 vs cholesterol) but did not change plasma cholesterol levels. L-Arginine completely blocked the progression of carotid intimal plaques, reduced aortic intimal thickening, and preserved endothelium-dependent vasodilator function. Lovastatin treatment reduced plasma cholesterol by 32% but did not improve urinary nitrate or cGMP excretion or endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Lovastatin had a weaker inhibitory effect on carotid plaque formation and aortic intimal thickening than L-arginine. L-Arginine inhibited but lovastatin potentiated superoxide radical generation in the atherosclerotic vascular wall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary L-arginine improves NO-dependent vasodilator function in cholesterol-fed rabbits and completely blocks the progression of plaques via restoration of NO synthase substrate availability and reduction of vascular oxidative stress. Lovastatin treatment has a weaker inhibitory effect on the progression of atherosclerosis and no effect on vascular NO elaboration, which may be due to its stimulatory effect on vascular superoxide radical generation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Böger
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bode-Böger
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Brandes
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Phivthong-ngam
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Böhme
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nafe
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mügge
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Frölich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001120:Arginine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000652:urine; D004036:Diet, Atherogenic; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008148:Lovastatin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D009566:Nitrates / Q000652:urine; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011817:Rabbits; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D009566:Nitrates; D013481:Superoxides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine; D002784:Cholesterol; D008148:Lovastatin; D006152:Cyclic GMP