title: Neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine in the gerbil hippocampus after transient global ischemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cerebral ischemia induces a massive release of norepinephrine associated with neuronal death in the brain. It has been demonstrated that alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists decrease the release and turnover of noradrenaline, and this might prove advantageous in counteracting the neurodegeneration in ischemic brain. Therefore, in the present study, the authors tested whether dexmedetomidine, a selective alpha2-receptor agonist, has neuroprotective effects in a gerbil transient global ischemia model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ischemia was induced by bilateral carotid occlusion for 5 min in diethylether-anesthetized normothermic gerbils. Dexmedetomidine was administered subcutaneously in four different treatment paradigms (6-8 animals/group): 3 or 30 microg/kg 30 min before and thereafter at 3, 12, 24, and 48 h after the occlusion, or 3 or 30 microg/kg at 3, 12, 24, and 48 h after the occlusion. Control animals were subjected to forebrain ischemia but received only saline injections. One week after occlusion, animals were transcardially perfused for histochemistry. Neuronal death in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus and in the hilus of the dentate gyrus was evaluated in silver-stained 60-microm coronal sections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with saline-treated ischemic animals, dexmedetomidine at a dose of 3 microg/kg given before and continued after the induction of ischemia reduced the number of damaged neurons in the CA3 area (2 +/- 3 vs. 17 +/- 20 degenerated neurons/mm2; P < 0.05). Also in the dentate hilus, the number of damaged neurons was reduced by dexmedetomidine (3 microg/kg) given before and continued after ischemia (5 +/- 7 vs. 56 +/- 42 degenerated neurons/mm2; P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present data demonstrate that dexmedetomidine effectively prevents delayed neuronal death in CA3 area and in the dentate hilus in gerbil hippocampus when the management is started before the onset of ischemia and continued for 48 h after reperfusion. Inhibition of ischemia-induced norepinephrine release may be associated with neuroprotection by dexmedetomidine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuhmonen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pokorný
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miettinen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haapalinna
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jolkkonen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Riekkinen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sivenius
mesh_terms: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002339:Carotid Arteries; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D018891:Dentate Gyrus / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005849:Gerbillinae; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000188:drug therapy*; D020926:Medetomidine; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D007093:Imidazoles; D020926:Medetomidine