title: Partial and impartial ethical reasoning in health care professionals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relationship between ethical reasoning and gender and occupation among a group of male and female nurses and doctors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Partialist and impartialist forms of ethical reasoning were defined and singled out as being central to the difference between what is known as the "care" moral orientation (Gilligan) and the "justice" orientation (Kohlberg). A structured questionnaire based on four hypothetical moral dilemmas involving combinations of (health care) professional, non-professional, life-threatening and non-life-threatening situations, was piloted and then mailed to a randomly selected sample of doctors and nurses.
  
  
  METHODS
  400 doctors from Victoria, and 200 doctors and 400 nurses from New South Wales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  178 doctors and 122 nurses returned completed questionnaires. 115 doctors were male, 61 female; 50 nurses were male and 72 were female. It was hypothesised that there would be an association between feminine subjects and partialist reasoning and masculine subjects and impartialist reasoning. It was also hypothesised that nurses would adopt a partialist approach to reasoning and doctors an impartialist approach. No relationship between any of these variables was observed.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Human Bioethics, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kuhse
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rickard
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cannold
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Dyk
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D026689:Ethical Analysis; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D004993:Ethics, Nursing; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D035863:Moral Development; D009014:Morals; D009517:New South Wales; D009726:Nurses; D009790:Occupations; D018579:Patient Selection; D010820:Physicians; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012106:Research; D012737:Sex Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014739:Victoria