title: Effects of a homoanatoxin-a-containing extract from Oscillatoria formosa (Cyanophyceae/cyanobacteria) on neuromuscular transmission.
abstract: Experimental investigations were carried out with cultured and lyophilized material of the toxigenic strain Oscillatoria NIVA-CYA 92. This organism is classified as Phormidium formosum (Boryex Gom.) Anagnet kom. Aqueous extracts of the algal material, containing the bioactive secondary amine alkaloid 2-(propan-1-oxo-1-yl)-9-azabicyclo(4,2,1)non-2ene (homoanatoxin-a) in an amount of 2.57 micrograms/mg lyophilized material, were tested for acute in vivo toxicity in mice, and for toxicity on neuromuscular transmission by means of electrophysiological methods on the isolated phrenic-nerve hemidiaphragm from rat and in the frog rectus abdominis assay. Acute toxic effects in mice were observed by i.p. and oral (by gavage) administration. Lethal doses were in the range 112-225 and 1125-2250 mg of freeze-dried algal material per kg body weight (i.e. 288-578 and 2890-5780 micrograms homoanatoxin-a/ kg body weight), respectively. The nerve-initiated muscle contractions in the rat diaphragm were blocked by about 0.125 mg cyanophyte material per ml bath solution (i.e. 0.32 microgram homoanatoxin-a/ml or 1.8 microM), but muscle contractions, although slightly reduced, could still be elicited by direct electrical stimulation of the muscle. The compound action potentials recorded from the main phrenic-nerve trunk were not affected. An additive blocking effect on partly curarized preparations was observed and cholinesterase inhibition by physostigmine (eserine) transiently augmented the muscle twitch contraction in preparations partly blocked by the extract. Intracellular recordings from single muscle fibers of homoanatoxin-a-treated rat hemidiaphragm disclosed a partial depolarization and a decrease in the endplate potential to subthreshold level simultaneously with a decrease and then complete disappearance of the miniature endplate potentials. The neuromuscular transmission block was reversed by washing. The extract produced muscle contractions in the frog rectus abdominis assay. Homoanatoxin-a in the algal material was readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in mice. Blockade of the neuromuscular transmission of the respiratory muscle may partly explain the acute toxic effects observed in mice. Thus, the main target of the homoanatoxin-a action at the mammalian neuromuscular junction was traced to the postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel complex, where it reduced the sensitivity to the transmitter substance.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lilleheil
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: O M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Skulberg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alexander
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000737:chemistry*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005260:Female; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000187:drug effects*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011894:Rana pipiens; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; D010936:Plant Extracts; C073221:homoanatoxin