title: Heterogeneous sympathetic innervation in German shepherd dogs with inherited ventricular arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, a colony of German shepherd dogs with inherited spontaneous cardiac arrhythmias and associated sudden death has been developed and characterized. Due to the median age of onset of the arrhythmia (4.5 months), the tendency for the arrhythmia to occur during REM sleep or after exercise, and the absence of structural heart disease, we hypothesized a developmental abnormality of the sympathetic innervation to the heart.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 11 dogs from this colony, ranging in age from 6 months to 6 years, and four 7-month-old German shepherd dogs unrelated to the colony as controls. We imaged the distribution of functional myocardial sympathetic innervation and perfusion with [123I]metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) and 201Tl, respectively. Sympathetic nerve distribution was evaluated morphologically by immunocytochemical localization of tyrosine hydroxylase. All of the hearts showed evidence of a regional decrease in MIBG uptake, ranging from 5.3% to 53.4% of the myocardium, whereas control dogs showed homogeneous MIBG uptake. Immunocytochemical studies on sections from regions with decreased MIBG uptake showed a striking paucity of nerves compared with regions with normal MIBG uptake, confirming denervation. When the dogs were grouped into those with (n=6) and without (n=5) evidence of ventricular tachycardia on ambulatory ECG, the group with ventricular tachycardia showed 35+/-16.5% denervation, whereas the group without ventricular tachycardia showed 12+/-5.6% denervation (P<.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abnormal heterogeneous sympathetic innervation exists in these dogs with inherited ventricular arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. Mechanisms relating the presence and extent of regional denervation to the incidence of ventricular arrhythmia remain to be defined.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, 94143, USA. michael_dae@radmac1.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Dae
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Ursell
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Stillson
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Moise
mesh_terms: D019797:3-Iodobenzylguanidine; D000818:Animals; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000473:pathology*; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000473:pathology*; D004285:Dogs; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000294:innervation* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007462:Iodobenzenes / Q000378:metabolism; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D007462:Iodobenzenes; D019797:3-Iodobenzylguanidine