title: Preliminary design and experimental studies of a novel soft implant for correcting sagittal plane instability in the lumbar spine.
abstract: METHODS
  A novel soft implant design for resisting the instability of the lumbar spine in the sagittal plane was mechanically tested.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To ascertain whether a soft preformed implant made of differing grades of silicone would contribute to stabilizing the lumbar spine in the sagittal plane.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Methods of stabilizing the lumbar spine in patients who present with chronic low back pain have usually concentrated on rigidly fixing the associated segment. This has many inherent problems with both the surgical methods and the long-term rigidity at and away from the stabilized site. To the authors knowledge, no "soft" interspinous spacer that would allow a certain amount of flexion but still stabilize the movements associated with instability at the level of the lesion has been investigated mechanically as an alternative to rigid fixation or prosthetic replacement.
  
  
  METHODS
  The apparatus was designed to allow a cadaveric lumbar motion segment to be tested in compression at four angles of flexion with loads up to 700 N. The intradiscal pressure and sagittal plane stiffness were recorded during loading, with and without various sizes of the soft silicone implants placed between the spinous processes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insertion of the silicone implants between the spinous processes reduced the intradiscal pressure under load at the angles of flexion tested. The size of the interspinous space determines the optimal diameter of the implant that afforded sagittal stability, the load-bearing contribution of the implant, and the prevention of disc space narrowing at the level investigated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A circular silicone spacer placed between the spinous processes appears to contribute to the stability of the cadaveric lumbar spine. There are many attractions to using a simple, soft implant that can be placed with minimal surgery between the spinous processes.
authors.affiliation: Regional Medical Physics Department, Durham Unit, Dryburn Hospital, U.K.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Minns
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Walsh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000601:surgery*; D007595:Joint Prosthesis; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D008875:Middle Aged; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011859:Radiography; D012826:Silicone Elastomers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D012826:Silicone Elastomers