title: Imaging green fluorescent protein fusion proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
abstract: Tagging expressed proteins with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) from Aequorea victoria [1] is a highly specific and sensitive technique for studying the intracellular dynamics of proteins and organelles. We have developed, as a probe, a fusion protein of the carboxyl terminus of dynein and GFP (dynein-GFP), which fluorescently labels the astral microtubules of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This paper describes the modifications to our multimode microscope imaging system [2,3], the acquisition of three-dimensional (3-D) data sets and the computer processing methods we have developed to obtain time-lapse recordings of fluorescent astral microtubule dynamics and nuclear movements over the complete duration of the 90-120 minute yeast cell cycle. This required low excitation light intensity to prevent GFP photobleaching and phototoxicity, efficient light collection by the microscope optics, a cooled charge-coupled device (CCD) camera with high quantum efficiency, and image reconstruction from serial optical sections through the 6 micron-wide yeast cell to see most or all of the astral molecules. Methods are also described for combining fluorescent images of the microtubules labeled with dynein-GFP with high resolution differential interference contrast (DIC) images of nuclear and cellular morphology [4], and fluorescent images of the chromosomes stained with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) [5].
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280, USA.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bloom
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Salmon
mesh_terms: D004398:Dyneins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D004398:Dyneins