title: Associations between lifestyle and cardiovascular risk factors in 18-year-old Australians.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to examine associations between cardiovascular risk factors and variables reflecting health-related behaviors in 18-year-old Australians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anthropometry, blood pressure, nonfasting serum cholesterol, and physical fitness were measured in 301 male and 286 female Australian 18-year-olds. Usual physical activity, smoking, and drinking habits were assessed by questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Systolic (SBP), with mean SBP higher by 14 mm Hg in males, related positively to weight for height for age and "unsafe" drinking (exceeding Australian national guidelines) and negatively to fitness and birth weight. Total cholesterol, which was positively associated with waist-hip ratio and negatively with fitness, was higher in females [mean 4.4 mmol/L, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.3, 4.5] than in males (mean 4.1 mmol/L, 95% CI 4.0, 4.2). In 24% of males and 48% of females, usual levels of physical activity were low, consistent with lower scores on fitness tests in females. Thirty percent of males and 24% of females regularly drank at "unsafe," levels while 26% of males and 29% of females smoked. Smoking was associated with "unsafe" drinking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiovascular risk factors in 18-year-olds are related to smoking, "unsafe" drinking, and physical inactivity, particularly in females. These behaviors should be targeted in designing multimodal health promotion programs appropriate for these young adults.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Western Australia.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Milligan
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Dunbar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Balde
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Beilin
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Gracey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001824:Body Constitution; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010809:Physical Fitness; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol