title: Evaluation of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in stable patients with gunshot wounds to the abdomen.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) is used to diagnose intra-abdominal injury in patients with stab wounds and blunt trauma. Because exploratory celiotomy is routinely performed on patients with gunshot wounds to the abdomen, DPL is rarely employed. However, several studies have questioned routine exploration and have drawn attention to the associated morbidity of negative celiotomy. Diagnostic peritoneal lavage is an easily performed and inexpensive test that may be useful in this situation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the performance of DPL in the diagnosis of intra-abdominal injury in hemodynamically stable patients with gunshot wounds to the abdomen.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two urban trauma centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with gunshot wounds to the abdomen and a systolic blood pressure of at least 90 mm Hg.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical predication of intra-abdominal injury in the emergency department and DPL performed in the operating room before the initiation of celiotomy. Injuries found during the celiotomy were recorded.
  
  
  METHODS
  The results of the clinical evaluation and DPL were compared with the findings of the celiotomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-four patients were enrolled into the study. Intra-abdominal injury was present in 32 (73%) of these patients. The senior surgery resident correctly predicted the presence of intra-abdominal injury in 36 (82%) of the patients (sensitivity = 90.0%, specificity = 58.3%, positive predictive value = 85.3%, negative predictive value = 63.6%, phi = 0.52, P < .01) in the emergency department before DPL and celiotomy were performed. Diagnostic peritoneal lavage correctly identified the presence or absence of intra-abdominal injury in 40 (91%) of the patients (positive predictive value = 96.7%, negative predictive value = 78.6%, phi = 0.79, P < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical judgment is highly accurate in separating patients with tangential gunshot wounds to the abdomen from those with intra-abdominal injury but may miss patients with intra-abdominal hemorrhage. Diagnostic peritoneal lavage is highly predictive of the presence of intra-abdominal injury. The return of gross blood on aspiration or a lavage red blood cell count greater than 10 x 10(9)/L should prompt an urgent celiotomy. Missed injuries are rare and most likely to be bowel perforations. Diagnostic peritoneal lavage is an objective test that may augment clinical judgment in selecting hemodynamically stable patients with potential tangential gunshot wounds for observation and is especially useful in identifying intra-abdominal hemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: General Surgery Services, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, Tex., USA.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kelemen
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Obney
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Kissinger
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery; D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003949:Diagnostic Techniques, Surgical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010533:Peritoneal Lavage; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000601:surgery