title: The epidemiology and clinical manifestations of hamstring muscle and plantar foot flexor shortening.
abstract: A population of 920 healthy children was studied with the aim of assessing the incidence of hamstring muscle and plantar foot flexor tightness, and to correlate such symptoms with gait, posture, and low back discomfort or pain. Special attention was paid to the popliteal angle and dorsal foot flexion. The borderline values for the popliteal angle in the following age groups were, boys: 3 to 5 years, 40 degrees; 6 to 15 years, 50 degrees; and 16 to 19 years, 40 degrees; girls: 3 to 5 years, 30 degrees; 6 to 14 years, 45 degrees; 15 to 19 years, 30 degrees. The borderline values for dorsal foot flexion in the following age groups were 3 to 4 years, 7 degrees; 5 to 13 years, 10 degrees; and 14 to 19 years, 5 degrees. The results obtained indicate a natural increase in hamstring tightness, particularly shortly before the pubertal growth spurt. This seems to be linked with the natural evolution of lumbar lordosis and pelvic tilt. When hamstring tightness surpassed borderline values, dorsiflexion and lumbar lordosis decreased leading to postural deformities, bending-forward deficit, discomfort when sitting, and a shambling gait.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, Institute of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, K. Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Joźwiak
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pietrzak
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tobjasz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001416:Back Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology*; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007596:Joints / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology