title: Evaluation of gastric intramucosal pH during and after pediatric cardiac surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In adult patients, intramucosal pH (pHi) has been advocated to detect postoperative complications. The purpose of our study was to evaluate this technique in pediatric patients during and after cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five infants (age: 5 days to 15 years, median 1.8 years; and weight: 3.2-32 kg, median 9.8 kg) were studied. pHi was measured before cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), after 30 min of CPB, prior to weaning off CPB, at intensive care unit arrival, and 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no complications related to the tonometer. A pathologically low pHi < 7.32 was found during surgery in less than 17%, at intensive care unit arrival in 83% and after 48 h in 18%. pHi values were lower (P < 0.05) at intensive care unit arrival (7.25 +/- 0.08) and after 6 h (7.28 +/- 0.09) than afterwards. pHi correlated with arterial pH (r = 0.66), central-peripheral temperature difference (r = -0.36), lactate (r = -0.32) and central venous pressure (r = -0.21). Patients after a Fontan procedure had postoperatively a lower pHi than after other operations (P < 0.05). None of the patients died or developed organ failure. Six patients had signs of organ dysfunction. Their pHi (median 7.23, range 7.14-7.28) could not differentiate them from the other patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With current equipment, tonometry cannot be recommended for the management of pediatric patients after cardiac surgery. However, as a semi-invasive method tonometry deserves further evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Wippermann
authors.forename: F X
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kampmann
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eberle
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Brandey
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schranz
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Huth
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D008297:Male; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D009017:Morbidity; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015996:Survival Rate