title: Femininity, masculinity, and disordered eating: a meta-analytic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand the developmental psychopathology of eating disorders, it is crucial to explain the large gender discrepancy in the rates of these disorders, especially anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. In this paper, meta-analysis was used to examine the relationship between gender role adherence and the existence of eating problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of the 69 studies examined, 22 contained data deemed valid for the analyses. Measures of difference (d) and homogeneity were calculated. These studies used the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) or the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) to measure gender role adherence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings indicated a small, heterogeneous positive relationship between femininity and eating problems and a small, heterogeneous negative relationship between masculinity and eating problems. Studies that used a clinical sample showed a larger discrepancy in masculinity scores between the eating-disordered and the control groups than did studies using surveys to identify eating problems. Six studies measured gender role traditionalism. The eating-disordered groups did not differ significantly on these measures compared to the control groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite construct validity problems with the use of the PAQ and the BSRI in this area of study, data suggest that gender role is related to eating problems. Crucial aspects of femininity likely to be related to eating problems need to be operationalized and their link to eating disorders examined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio 43022, USA.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Murnen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Smolak
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors