title: Effects of timing of conception on birth weight and preterm delivery of natural family planning users.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Various birth defects and untoward perinatal outcomes have been claimed to be associated with pregnancies conceived by gametes aged in vivo before fertilization. Thus, these outcomes were systematically assessed in pregnancies occurring in natural family planning (NFP) users. Our international multicenter cohort study of NFP pregnancies (n = 877) is by far the largest systematic study designed to assess pregnancy outcome and is of sufficient power to allow us to address the concern of low birth weight (< 2500 g) and preterm delivery (< 37 weeks gestation).
  
  
  METHODS
  In addition to gathering baseline medical data, evaluation was performed at 16 weeks, 32 weeks and at term. Data were collected in a systematic cohort fashion, verified by the five collaborating international recruiting centers, and analyzed by investigators in the US. Most recruiting center principal investigators are obstetrician-gynecologists and, if not, have integral relationships with such specialists. Standard criteria could thus be applied within and among centers. In our cohort, birth weight was recorded accurately at delivery. Almost all of the deliveries occurred in hospitals; thus, data should be quite reliable. Neonatal examination for anomalies was usually conducted immediately after delivery, when birth weight was recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of risk factors for low birth weight and preterm delivery showed that this population had a low risk profile. Low birth weight infants (< 2500 g) and preterm deliveries were increased among women with a history of either prior low birth weight or preeclampsia in the index pregnancy. However, mean birth weight was unaffected by the timing of conception vis à vis ovulation or pregnancy history. Mean birth weight for the 877 singleton NFP pregnancies was 3349.6 g. The risk of preterm delivery was increased among older women who drank alcohol, but there were no significant effects of timing of conception vis à vis ovulation on preterm delivery. Results held when analysis was stratified according to whether NFP was being used for contraception or to achieve pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data do not appear to show striking differences between 877 NFP pregnancies and the general obstetric population. The timing of conception vis à vis ovulation does not exert significant effects on the birth weight or preterm delivery of resulting pregnancies, a reassuring finding for NFP users.
authors.affiliation: Centro Ambrosiano Metodi Naturali CAMEN Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barbato
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bitto
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Queenan
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Kambic
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mena
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pardo
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tagliabue
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D016922:Cellular Senescence; D005193:Family Planning Services / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D012252:Natural Family Planning Methods; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications; D010061:Ovulation Detection; D010063:Ovum / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors