Spinally administered dynorphin A produces long-lasting allodynia: involvement of NMDA but not opioid receptors.
The endogenous opioid peptide dynorphin A has non-opioid effects that can damage the spinal cord when given in high doses. Dynorphin has been shown to increase the receptive field size of spinal cord neurons and facilitate C-fiber-evoked reflexes. Furthermore, endogenous dynorphin levels increase following damage to the spinal cord, injury to peripheral nerves, or inflammation. In this study, sensory processing was characterized following a single, intrathecal injection of dynorphin A (1-17) in mice. A single intrathecal injection of dynorphin A (1-17) (3 nmol, i.t.) induced mechanical allodynia (hind paw, von Frey filaments) lasting 70 days, tactile allodynia (paint brush applied to flank) lasting 14 days, and cold allodynia (acetone applied to the dorsal hind paw) lasting 7 days. Similarly, dynorphin A (2-17) (3 nmol, i.t.), a non-opioid peptide, induced cold and tactile allodynia analogous to that induced by dynorphin A (1-17), indicating the importance of non-opioid receptors. Pretreatment with the NMDA antagonists, MK-801 and LY235959, but not the opioid antagonist, naloxone, blocked the induction of allodynia. Post-treatment with MK-801 only transiently blocked the dynorphin-induced allodynia, suggesting the NMDA receptors may be involved in the maintenance of allodynia as well as its induction. We have induced a long-lasting state of allodynia and hyperalgesia by a single intrathecal injection of dynorphin A (1-17) in mice. The allodynia induced by dynorphin required NMDA receptors rather than opioid receptors. This result is consistent with results in rats and with signs of clinically observed neuropathic pain. This effect of exogenously administered dynorphin raises the possibility that increased levels of endogenous dynorphins associated with spinal cord injuries may participate in the genesis and maintenance of neuropathic pain.
Laughlin
T M
TM
Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55455, USA.
Vanderah
T W
TW
Lashbrook
J
J
Nichols
M L
ML
Ossipov
M
M
Porreca
F
F
Wilcox
G L
GL
D000818:Animals; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000494:pharmacology; D004399:Dynorphins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced*; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D011957:Receptors, Opioid / Q000502:physiology*
D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D007546:Isoquinolines; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D011957:Receptors, Opioid; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; D004399:Dynorphins; C088643:LY 235959