title: Operative versus nonoperative treatment of acute Achilles tendon ruptures: a quantitative review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the optimal treatment of acute Achilles tendon ruptures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive search for all of the English articles published between 1959 and 1997.
  
  
  METHODS
  All of the articles were reviewed independently by at least three of the four authors to decide on eligibility based on predetermined criteria. Disagreements were discussed and then settled, if necessary, by a majority vote.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible studies were reviewed independently, and data were extracted by using standardized coding forms. Inconsistencies in data extraction were settled by discussion and majority vote. The main outcomes extracted were strength, time to return to work, frequency of return to sports, rerupture rate, and complications. Complications were divided into major, moderate, and minor categories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall rerupture rate was 2.8% for operatively treated and 11.7% for nonoperatively treated patients (p < 0.001). The rate of minor and moderate complications in operatively treated patients was 20 times that of nonoperatively treated patients. The difference in rates for major complications was not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although operative treatment provides a reduced rerupture rate compared with nonoperative treatment, the minor and moderate complication rate of operative treatment is 20 times greater. Treatment should be individualized to the concerns and health of the patient. Future clinical trials are necessary to determine the optimal method of both operative and conservative treatment.
authors.affiliation: Fowler Kennedy Sport Medicine Clinic, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
authors.forename: I K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kirkley
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nonweiler
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kumbhare
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012421:Rupture / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome