title: Near-infrared monitoring of myocardial oxygenation during intermittent warm blood cardioplegia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was performed to examine the ability of near-infrared spectroscopy to monitor tissue oxygenation in the cardioplegically arrested heart and to assess myocardial oxygen metabolism during intermittent warm blood cardioplegia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a three-wavelength near-infrared spectroscopy, we continuously measured myocardial tissue oxygen saturation and the tissue hemoglobin concentration during intermittent warm blood cardioplegia. Under normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass, 20 dogs received three 5-min periods of antegrade warm blood cardioplegia, interrupted by three 10-min episodes of ischemia in group 1 (n = 7), three 15-min episodes of ischemia in group 2 (n = 6), or three 20-min episodes of ischemia in group 3 (n = 7).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Myocardial oxygen saturation during beating and ventricular fibrillation was 80 +/- 1 and 59 +/- 1%, respectively. Myocardial oxygen saturation rapidly increased to 82 +/- 1% at blood cardioplegic infusion and decreased to 58 +/- 1% 3 min after cardioplegic interruption. The time required to reach the peak oxygen saturation level decreased significantly at the second and third infusions compared to the first infusion in group 1, whereas the time increased significantly at the third infusion in groups 2 and 3. The slower rate of increase in oxygen saturation suggested reduced coronary vasodilator reserve due to microvascular abnormalities. Reperfusion ventricular fibrillation occurred in none of group 1, one of group 2 and three of group 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Near-infrared spectroscopy is a useful method of continuously monitoring myocardial oxygenation and ischemia during warm heart surgery. Episodes of ischemia longer than 10 min during warm blood cardioplegia resulted in less-than-optimal myocardial preservation and should be avoided.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery (I), Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Japan. kawasuji@med.kanazawa-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawasuji
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tomita
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakakibara
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takemura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared