title: Fecal bacterial enzyme activities in infants increase with age and adoption of adult-type diet.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study was conducted to determine the effects of age and diet (breast milk, milk formula, weaning diet) on the activities of some bacterial enzymes in fecal samples collected from 3- to 24-month-old infants. These bacterial enzymes may generate toxic, mutagenic, or carcinogenic metabolites from plant glycosides (beta-glucuronidase, beta-glucosidase) or from urea (urease).
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were 68 healthy children ages 3 (n = 20), 6 (n = 20), 12 (n = 17), and 24 (n = 11) months. None of the children had been given any antibiotics during 4 weeks before collection of the fecal samples. Health status, bowel habits, and food consumption of the children were determined by interview of one of the parents using a structured questionnaire. A spot fecal sample from each child was collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The activities of beta-glucuronidase and beta-glucosidase increased from 0.52 and 1.17 nmol/min x mg protein (at 3 months) to 1.41 and 2.38 nmol/min x mg protein (at 2 years), respectively. However, at 2 years of age, the children had not yet reached the levels reported in earlier studies on adult populations. Urease activity increased from 4.18 nmol/min x mg protein (at 3 months) to 19.0 nmol/min x mg protein (at 2 years), reaching by 12 months of age the level observed in adults. Breast feeding as such had no consistent effect on fecal bacterial enzyme activities. beta-Glucuronidase and beta-glucosidase were higher in those 6- and 12-month-old children who consumed more meat, fish, sausages, or eggs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It can be concluded that the fecal enzyme activities in the gastrointestinal tract increase and that their profile changes with age and adoption of adult-type diet. It remains open, however, whether these changes are caused by the normal physiological aging process or by stepwise introduction of new foods to the diet.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mykkänen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tikka
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pitkänen
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hänninen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000201:enzymology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D004531:Eggs; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D005966:Glucuronidase / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D008892:Milk; D008895:Milk, Human; D001617:beta-Glucosidase / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001617:beta-Glucosidase; D005966:Glucuronidase