title: Comparison of intracranial computed tomographic (CT) findings in pediatric abusive and accidental head trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Child abuse specialists rely heavily on diagnostic neuroimaging.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Study objectives were: (1) to compare the frequencies of six specific intracranial CT abnormalities in accidental and non-accidental pediatric head trauma, and (2) to assess interobserver agreement regarding these CT findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three pediatric radiologists blindly and independently reviewed cranial CT scans of pediatric patients who sustained closed head trauma between 1991 and 1994. All patients were less than 4 years of age. Study cases included thirty-nine (50 %) with non-accidental head trauma and thirty-nine (50 %) with accidental head trauma. Each scan was evaluated for the presence or absence of the following six intracranial findings: (1) interhemispheric falx hemorrhage, (2) subdural hemorrhage, (3) large (non-acute) extra-axial fluid, (4) basal ganglia edema, (5) posterior fossa hemorrhage, and (6) frontal-parietal shearing tear(s). Interobserver agreement was calculated as the percentage of total cases in which all reviewers agreed a specific CT finding was present or absent. Diagnosis required independent agreement by all three pediatric radiologists. The frequencies of these six intracranial CT abnormalities were compared between the two study groups by Chi-square analysis and Fisher's exact test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interobserver agreement between radiologists was greater than 80 % for all lesions evaluated, with the exception of frontal-parietal shearing tear(s). Interhemispheric falx hemorrhage, subdural hemorrhage, large (non-acute) extra-axial fluid, and basal ganglia edema were discovered significantly more frequently in non-accidental trauma (P </= .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although not specific for child abuse, discovery of these intracranial CT abnormalities in young patients should prompt careful evaluation of family and injury circumstances for indicators of non-accidental trauma.
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 1056 East 19th Avenue, Denver, CO 80218, USA.
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Hymel
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Rumack
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Hay
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Strain
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jenny
mesh_terms: D000059:Accidents; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed