title: Insulin sensitivity, vascular reactivity, and clamp-induced vasodilatation in essential hypertension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insulin resistance and vascular abnormalities have both been described in patients with essential hypertension. Whether these defects are associated with one another in the same individual has not been established.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whole-body insulin sensitivity (by the insulin clamp technique), forearm minimal vascular resistances, and the dose-response curve to acetylcholine, sodium-nitroprusside, and norepinephrine were measured in a group of 29 male patients with untreated essential hypertension. When the patients were divided into tertiles according to their level of insulin sensitivity, resistant and sensitive hypertensives were matched on several potential confounders of insulin action and vascular function. These subgroups showed similar minimal vascular resistances (2.5+/-0.2 versus 3.2+/-0.6 mm Hg per mL x min(-1) x dL(-1)) and superimposable responses to graded intraarterial infusions of acetylcholine, sodium-nitroprusside, and norepinephrine. No correlation was found between the vascular parameters (slope of the curve or maximal response) and insulin-mediated glucose uptake in the whole group. During the clamp, insulin sensitive patients tended to have greater increments in forearm blood flow when compared to their insulin resistant counterparts (+53+/-21 versus +9+/-7%, P=.06); in the whole group, clamp-induced vasodilatation was weakly related to insulin-mediated glucose uptake (r=.44, P<.02) as well as to the slope of the acetylcholine dose-response curve (r=.40, P<.04). Together, these two responses explained 30% (multiple r=.55, P<.01) of the variability in insulin-induced vasodilatation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metabolic insulin resistance in essential hypertension is not associated with abnormalities in vascular structure, acetylcholine or nitroprusside-induced vasodilatation, or vascular adrenergic reactivity. Degree of insulin sensitivity and acetylcholine sensitivity explain a small portion of the variability of the clamp-induced vasodilatation in hypertensive patients.
authors.affiliation: Metabolism Unit of the CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, University of Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Natali
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taddei
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Quiñones Galvan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Camastra
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baldi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Frascerra
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Virdis
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sudano
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salvetti
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferrannini
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001158:Arteries / Q000187:drug effects; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D014655:Vascular Resistance; D014664:Vasodilation
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D009599:Nitroprusside; D000109:Acetylcholine; D009638:Norepinephrine