title: Twenty-four-hour pharmacokinetics of rectal acetaminophen in children: an old drug with new recommendations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rectal acetaminophen is often administered during operation to provide supplemental analgesia or antipyresis in children. Recent studies examining current dose guidelines are limited by short sampling times. The authors extended the drug sampling period to more clearly define acetaminophen pharmacokinetics in children having surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children (n = 28) were randomized to receive a single dose of 10, 20, or 30 mg/kg rectal acetaminophen after induction of anesthesia. Venous blood samples were taken every 30 min for 4 h, every 60 min for 4 h, and every 4 h for 16 h. Data were analyzed using a mixed-effects modeling technique (using NONMEM software) to determine the volume of distribution and clearance normalized for bioavailability. Additional models accounted for suppository dissolution followed by acetaminophen absorption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age, weight, estimated blood loss, volume of intravenous fluid administered, and anesthesia time were similar in the three groups. Most patients did not achieve peak or sustained serum values in the 10-20 microg/ml serum concentration range associated with antipyresis. The volume of distribution was 385 ml/kg, and clearance normalized for bioavailability, F, was 5.46 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1). Pharmacokinetic models suggest that absorption of acetaminophen is a function of zero-order dissolution of suppositories and first-order absorption from the rectum. Suppository dose size also may affect absorption characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current recommended rectal acetaminophen dose of 10-15 mg/kg yields peak serum concentrations less than the antipyretic serum concentration of 10-20 microg/ml. Based on the observed kinetics, the authors recommend that the initial dose should be approximately 40 mg/kg.
authors.affiliation: Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois 60614, USA.
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Birmingham
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Tobin
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Henthorn
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Berkelhamer
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Fanta
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Coté
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000285:Administration, Rectal; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D013488:Suppositories
chemical_list: D013488:Suppositories; D000082:Acetaminophen