title: Survival and functional outcome of children requiring endotracheal intubation during therapy for severe traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the predictors of survival and functional outcome of pediatric patients with traumatic brain injury severe enough to require endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective, observational cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) at a tertiary care children's hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  All children (n = 105) admitted over a 5-yr period with traumatic brain injury severe enough to require endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. The median age was 43 months (range 1 month to 14 yrs). Of these children, 74% were male and 70% were white.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Variables studied included vital signs during the first 24 hrs of admission, Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) score, Glasgow Coma Score, duration of mechanical ventilation, and number of pediatric ICU and hospital days. Functional status was graded as normal, independent, partially dependent, or dependent in the areas of locomotion, self-care, and communication. This status was assessed at hospital discharge by chart review and at follow-up by telephone interview. The median Glasgow Coma Score was 6 (range 3 to 14) and the median PRISM score was 13 (range 1 to 51). There were 19 (18.1%) deaths, 17 in the pediatric ICU and two after hospital discharge. Of the patients who survived to hospital discharge, 39 (37.1%) patients were completely normal or independent, 42 (40%) patients were partially dependent, and seven (6.7%) patients were dependent in all three areas of function. Follow-up evaluations were available for 80 patients, with a median follow-up time of 24.5 months (range 8 to 70). Of the 78 patients who survived and were available for follow-up, the number who were functionally normal or independent increased to 69 (65.7%). At follow-up, there were eight (7.6%) patients remaining with partial dependency in at least one area of function while one (0.9%) patient continued to be dependent in all three areas of function. Mortality and dependent functional outcome were more likely in patients with younger age, lower Glasgow Coma Score, and higher PRISM score at hospital admission. Of the 27 patients with a Glasgow Coma Score of < or = 5, 11 (40.7%) survived with normal or independent functional status at follow-up. Of the 24 patients with PRISM scores of > 20, only five (20.8%) were functionally normal or independent at follow-up. The relative risk of a bad outcome for patients with a Glasgow Coma Score of < or = 5 and a PRISM score of > or = 20 was ten times higher than the group of patients with a Glasgow Coma Score of < or = 5 but a PRISM score of < 20.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with severe traumatic brain injury who survive to hospital discharge will continue to improve in their functional status over the next few years. Although low Glasgow Coma Score is strongly associated with death or poor functional outcome after therapy for traumatic brain injury, many patients with Glasgow Coma Score of < or = 5 can survive with good function. PRISM scores add to the power of Glasgow Coma Score to predict survival and functional outcome in tracheally intubated pediatric patients with Glasgow Coma Score of < or = 5.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Thakker
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Splaingard
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Babel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bresnahan
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Havens
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome