title: Candidal colonization and oral candidiasis in patients undergoing oral and pharyngeal radiation therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Radiotherapy-induced hyposalivation encourages oral candidal colonization that often leads to oral/pharyngeal candidiasis. The purpose of this study was to quantitate oral candidal colonization, assess signs, symptoms, and response to antifungal management, speciate Candida, and evaluate the influence of smoking and dentures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-six patients undergoing radiation therapy for oral/pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma were evaluated clinically and by Candidal cultures before, during, and after irradiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients complained of progressive xerostomia. There was a significant increase in the prevalence of positive candidal cultures (P = < 0.0001): baseline 43%, completion of radiotherapy 62%, and follow-up timepoint 75%. Smoking and denture wearing were not statistically significant risk factors for increased candidal colonization (p = 0.085 and p = 0.420, respectively). Eight patients developed clinical candidiasis. Although five responded clinically to systemic antifungal medication, all follow-up cultures remained positive. Candida albicans was the predominant species at baseline and completion of radiation (85% and 68%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When salivary glands are included in the field of radiation, xerostomia occurs, causing progressive increases in oral Candida colonization. Because 17.4% developed clinical candidiasis during radiotherapy and the question of fungal resistance remains speculative, a recommendation for the prophylactic use of antifungal medication is unresolved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Health, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Mexico City.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ramirez-Amador
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tyler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Quivey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000532:radiotherapy; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D016371:Cranial Irradiation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D009959:Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014987:Xerostomia / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D015725:Fluconazole; D007654:Ketoconazole