title: Prodrug and analog approaches to improving the intestinal absorption of a cyclic peptide, GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonist.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to test whether structural modifications improve the intestinal absorption of DMP 728 (cyclo(D-Abu-NMeArg-Gly-Asp-Amb)), a GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonist.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro permeabilities of prodrugs and analogs of DMP 728 across excised rat intestinal segments were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  n-Butyl and n-octyl esters of DMP 728 were relatively stable during in vitro permeation of rat intestine. Intestinal permeation rates of these compounds were no greater than that of DMP 728, even though the octyl ester was much more lipophilic. A pivaloyloxymethyl ester, which was hydrolyzed to DMP 728 during intestinal permeation, also did not improve permeability. In another approach, analogs with an additional methyl substituent on various amide nitrogens were evaluated. Cyclo(D-Val-NMeArg-Gly-Asp-NMeAmb), cyclo(D-Abu-diN-MeLys-Gly-Asp-Amb), and cyclo(NMeGly-NMeArg-Gly-Asp-Amb) each had about 2-fold greater permeability than DMP 728. Two other analogs with improved permeability were linear Ac-D-Abu-NMeArg-Gly-Asp-Amb and a DMP 728 derivative in which the Asp was rearranged. An analog in which the charged amino acids were replaced by neutral amino acids had permeability similar to DMP 728.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within this series of peptides, hydrogen bonding tendency and structural constraint influenced intestinal permeation, but not always in ways consistent with the literature, whereas charge and lipophilicity were not shown to influence intestinal permeability. The failure of these approaches to improve permeation more significantly could be due to the influence of secretory transport.
authors.affiliation: DuPont Merck Research Laboratories, Wilmington, DE 19880-0400, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saitoh
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Aungst
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D008297:Male; D008698:Mesylates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010539:Permeability; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D019038:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIb-IX Complex; D010980:Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D008698:Mesylates; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex; D019038:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIb-IX Complex; D010980:Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins; D011355:Prodrugs; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C032193:glycoprotein receptor GPIb-IX; C085286:DMP 728