title: Central connections of the nucleus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini in the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos L.).
abstract: In the mallard duck, functionally distinct groups of jaw muscles are each innervated by a different subnucleus of the main trigeminal (mV) or facial (mVII) motor nucleus. The other subnuclei of mV and mVII innervate several head muscles, including lingual muscles. The reticular premotor cells of the trigeminal and facial jaw motor subnuclei occupy different areas in the parvocellular reticular formation (RPc). The cell bodies of jaw muscle spindle afferents are situated in the mesencephalic nucleus (MesV). In the present study, the central connections of MesV with jaw motor subnuclei and their premotor areas are investigated.
  
  
  
  In a first series of experiments, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections were made in electrophysiologically identified trigeminal and facial subnuclei. In a second series of experiments, HRP was delivered iontophoretically at different parts of RPc. Anterograde tracing with tritiated leucine was used to confirm the central connections of MesV. Double labeling with fluorescent tracers was used to investigate whether MesV collaterals reach both the rostral and caudal parts of RPc.
  
  
  
  MesV projects to only two of the five different subnuclei of the trigeminal motor nucleus. The subnuclei that receive spindle afferents innervate jaw adductor muscles (mV2) or pro- and retractors of the mandible (pterygoid muscles; mV1). The three other subnuclei innervate jaw-opener muscles or other head muscles. MesV fibers also project to the rostral part of the dorsolateral RPc (RPcdl), which serves as a premotor area for the motor subnuclei of adductor and pterygoid muscles. The intermediate part of RPcdl does not contain premotor cells of mV or mVII, and a clear projection of MesV to this area is absent. The caudal part of RPcdl projects to the mV and mVII subnuclei that innervate jaw-opener muscles. This part of RPc receives a projection from the same MesV cells as the rostral RPcdl. The MesV projection to RPc does not include premotor cells of mV and mVII in the ventromedial part of RPc (RPcvm).
  
  
  
  Spindle afferents from jaw-closer muscles project only to mV subnuclei innervating jaw-closer muscles (mV1, mV2) and to a population of premotor cells in the rostral RPcdl that innervates these subnuclei. The mixed population of premotor cells in RPcvm, which innervates both jaw-opener and jaw-closer subnuclei, does not receive a MesV projection. However, a premotor area for jaw-opener subnuclei in the caudal part of RPcdl does receive MesV input and may serve as a relay through which proprioceptive information from jaw closer spindles can reach jaw opener muscles.
authors.affiliation: Neurobehavioral Morphology, Institute of Evolutionary and Ecological Sciences, Leiden University, The Netherlands. bout@rulsfb.leidenuniv.nl
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Bout
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Tellegen
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Dubbeldam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001345:Autoradiography; D004372:Ducks / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase; D007568:Jaw / Q000294:innervation*; D007930:Leucine / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008410:Masticatory Muscles / Q000294:innervation*; D012154:Reticular Formation / Q000166:cytology; D014276:Trigeminal Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D014278:Trigeminal Nuclei / Q000166:cytology*; D014316:Tritium
chemical_list: D014316:Tritium; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase; D007930:Leucine