title: Classification and staging of dementia of the Alzheimer type: a comparison between neural networks and linear discriminant analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the utility of artificial neural networks (ANNs) for differentiating patients with Alzheimer disease from healthy control subjects and for staging the degree of dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparison of the classification abilities of ANNs with the statistical technique of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) using the results of 11 neuropsychological tests as predictors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-two patients with a diagnosis of probable Alzheimer disease (referred from a geriatric clinic) and 43 elderly control subjects (independently solicited). The patients met National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria for probable dementia, with clinical ratings of dementia severity derived from the Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of the Elderly (CAMDEX).
  
  
  METHODS
  Classifications between and within groups were determined by using LDA and ANNs, and more detailed comparisons of the 2 methods were performed by using chi2 analyses and unweighted and weighted kappa statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Linear discriminant analysis correctly identified 71.9% of cases. Artificial neural networks, trained to classify the subjects using the same data, correctly classified 91.1% of the cases. Subsidiary analyses showed that although both techniques effectively discriminated between the control subjects and patients with dementia, the ANNs were more powerful in discriminating severity levels within the dementia population. The analyses for goodness of fit revealed that the ANN classification produced a better fit to the actual data. A comparison of the weighted proportion of agreement between the criterion and predictor variables also showed that the ANNs clearly outperformed LDA in classification accuracy for the full data set and patients-only data set.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate the utility of ANNs for group classification of patients with Alzheimer disease and elderly controls and for staging dementia severity using neuropsychological data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. bfrench@psych.ualberta.ca
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: French
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Dobbs
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000523:psychology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis