title: Efficacy and safety of prophylactic cranial irradiation in patients with small cell lung cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) as part of the treatment regimen for patients with limited stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC) remains controversial. The present study was performed to analyze the efficacy and safety of PCI in patients with limited stage SCLC who achieved complete remission.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1983 and 1993, thirty-nine patients with limited stage SCLC who had shown complete remission after chemotherapy were enrolled prospectively into the non-randomized study. Eighteen of them received PCI (PCI+), while 21 did not (PCI-). Pretreatment CT or MRI of the brain was performed in all patients. Patients were prospectively evaluated by a neurologist at regular intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three PCI+ patients and seven PCI- patients developed brain metastases. The frequencies of brain metastases were not significantly different between the groups (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.207), but brain metastases in PCI+ patients tended to occur later (log rank, p = 0.008). Overall survival was significantly longer in PCI+ patients (log rank, p < 0.001). Early toxicity consisted of headache, nausea, fatigue, concentration problems and alopecia. These symptoms and signs were mild and usually reversible within a few months. Late toxicity was studied in patients whose survival exceeded two years. Seven PCI+ patients survived for more than two years, while no PCI- patients survived for more than two years. Memory problems were seen in six of the seven patients. These problems were non-disabling and, once established, remained stable for months to years. The most prominent radiologic abnormalities were cortical atrophy and leukoencephalopathy, found in four of the five patients who underwent radiologic follow-up examination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This non-randomized study suggests that PCI may be effective by decreasing the frequency of brain metastases and by increasing the brain metastasis-free survival and overall survival, with a minor risk of clinical and radiologic neurotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Hospital Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van de Pol
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: ten Velde
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Wilmink
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Volovics
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Twijnstra
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000556:secondary; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D016371:Cranial Irradiation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000517:prevention & control; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012074:Remission Induction; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome