title: The pediatric costs of strategies for minimizing the risk of early-onset group B streptococcal disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the pediatric costs associated with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines for the management of infants born to mothers receiving intrapartum antimicrobial prophylaxis for prevention of early-onset group B streptococcal disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  For an annual United States birth cohort of 3.95 million infants, we estimated the cost of pediatric care provided to full-term asymptomatic infants when pediatricians followed the CDC algorithm for the management of infants exposed to intrapartum antimicrobial prophylaxis under culture-based and risk factor-based maternal care approaches. We calculated the relative contribution of pediatric costs to the total costs of preventing a case of early-onset group B streptococcal sepsis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total pediatric costs were $41 million for a culture-based approach and $33 million for a risk factor-based approach. Hospital and physician costs accounted for more than 78% of this total. The majority (over 95%) of the pediatric costs were associated with vaginal deliveries. Incorporating pediatric costs into previous cost-effectiveness analyses increased the cost per sepsis case averted by as much as 51% for culture-based strategies and by as much as 112% for risk factor-based strategies. Pediatric costs varied with the average length of stay for full-term infants and with the average cost of a hospital day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substantial pediatric costs are associated with the implementation of an obstetric strategy for minimizing the risk of early-onset group B streptococcal disease. Such costs should be included in future cost-effectiveness analyses of different strategies for minimizing the risk of group B streptococcal disease in newborns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA. fargason@uab.edu
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Fargason
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peralta-Carcelen
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Rouse
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Cutter
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Goldenberg
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D012307:Risk Factors; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013292:Streptococcus agalactiae