title: A calcium-channel blocker, amlodipine, attenuates insulin antinatriuresis but does not modulate insulin-mediated attenuation of cardiovascular reactivity in healthy man.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insulin exerts an antinatriuretic effect when administered acutely in vivo. Interestingly, insulin fails to reduce sodium excretion in rats receiving verapamil. The present study was undertaken in order to investigate whether the calcium-channel blocker amlodipine attenuates the antinatriuretic effect of insulin in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight healthy lean men (32 +/- 2 years) were investigated on three different occasions; i.e. time-control, insulin infusion alone, and insulin infusion following pretreatment with amlodipine (5 mg x 1 during 10 days). During the experiments renal haemodynamics (insulin and PAH clearances) and segmental tubular sodium handling (sodium and lithium clearances) were investigated. The cardiovascular reactivity was also assessed by a graded noradrenaline infusion at the end of each experiment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insulin infusion alone was accompanied by a significant 50% reduction in urinary sodium excretion. Following amlodipine pretreatment, euglycaemic insulin infusion was associated with an attenuated antinatriuretic response and the cumulative sodium excretion following 135 min of insulin infusion was significantly higher (24 +/- 4 vs 18 +/- 3 mmol; P < 0.05) as compared to insulin infusion alone. No significant differences in the proximal and distal tubular sodium handling respectively, were seen following CCB pretreatment. The results also show that the doses of noradrenaline required to increase the basal mean arterial blood pressure by 10 mmHg (262 +/- 38 vs 150 +/- 25 ng/kg/min; P < 0.05) and by 20 mmHg (431 +/- 36 vs 250 +/- 38 ng/kg/ min; P < 0.05) respectively, were significantly higher during the insulin infusion than during the time-control experiment. Pretreatment with amlodipine did not further modulate the cardiovascular reactivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pretreatment with a calcium-channel blocker, amlodipine, attenuates the antinatriuretic effects of insulin leading to a significantly higher cumulative sodium excretion at the end of insulin infusion, which may be of clinical importance. Moreover, insulin attenuates the cardiovascular reactivity to a graded noradrenaline infusion, suggesting that insulin causes vasodilatation in healthy man.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, Huddinge University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stenvinkel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ottosson-Seeberger
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: de Potocki
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alvestrand
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017311:Amlodipine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000187:drug effects*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology; D007329:Insulin Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009318:Natriuresis / Q000187:drug effects*; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood; D012016:Reference Values; D012079:Renal Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D012083:Renin / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D007328:Insulin; D007329:Insulin Antagonists; D017311:Amlodipine; D012083:Renin; D011188:Potassium