title: A prospective, double-blind trial of L-hyoscyamine versus glucagon for the inhibition of small intestinal motility during ERCP.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glucagon is often used to inhibit duodenal motility and enhance cannulation during ERCP. Levsin is an antimuscarinic, anticholinergic agent that may be as effective as glucagon.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred eight patients requiring an antimotility agent during ERCP were randomized in a double-blind prospective study to intravenous Levsin or glucagon. Parameters recorded included difficulty of procedure, predrug and postdrug motility grade, effectiveness of medication, patients requiring "crossover" drug, side effects, and cost per case.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred fifty-three patients were randomized to glucagon and 155 to Levsin. The two groups were equally matched with regard to patient and procedure characteristics. Of statistical significance were the following: (1) 12 patients in the Levsin group required crossover compared to 1 patient in the glucagon group, (2) Levsin was slightly less effective in inhibiting motility, but this did not adversely influence procedure difficulty, (3) Levsin was associated with more minor side effects (nausea, vomiting, and pain) at 2 hours after the procedure (Levsin 36 of 143, glucagon 24 of 152, p = 0.045) but there was no difference in pancreatitis (glucagon 6, Levsin 8), (4) Levsin was associated with a significant cost advantage (Levsin $10.45/case, glucagon $29.51/case, p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Levsin may provide a reasonable alternative antimotility agent during ERCP. Levsin does not appear to alter the rate of significant postprocedure complications. The cost benefit advantage appears to be substantial.
authors.affiliation: St. Luke's Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lahoti
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Catalano
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Geenen
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Hogan
mesh_terms: D001285:Atropine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004386:Duodenum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects*; D005934:Glucagon / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D001285:Atropine; D005934:Glucagon