title: Oral clonidine premedication does not alter the efficacy of simulated intravenous test dose containing low dose epinephrine in awake volunteers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clonidine premedication modifies the hemodynamic responses to sympathomimetics. The present study was designed to test whether clonidine altered the response to a small intravenous dose of epinephrine, such as that which might be used in an epidural test dose.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 18 healthy volunteers, four series of determinations were performed in random order and were separated by a minimum 72 h: (1) no premedication followed by intravenous saline 3 ml, (2) no premedication followed by intravenous test dose containing 3 ml of 1.5% lidocaine + 15 microg epinephrine, (3) oral clonidine (5 microg/kg 1.5 h before hemodynamic determinations) followed by intravenous saline, and (4) oral clonidine followed by intravenous epinephrine-containing test dose. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) were measured continuously, and symptoms associated with central nervous system toxicity were noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After the test dose injections, HR and SBP increased with or without clonidine premedication. The 95% confidence intervals for the maximum HR increases with and without clonidine were 49-61 and 44-54 beats/min, respectively, indicating that one could not be absolutely certain that everyone would develop a positive HR response. The HR increase was > or = 20 beats/min in 18 of 18 volunteers given epinephrine with or without clonidine and in 0 of 18 volunteers given saline. Calculated sensitivities, specificities, and positive and negative predictive values were all 100% based on the conventional HR criterion and were unaltered by clonidine. Subjective symptoms were not affected by clonidine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral clonidine does not alter the efficacy of epinephrine-containing test doses used for detecting intravascular injection.
authors.affiliation: University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishikawa
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011292:Premedication / Q000379:methods*; D013565:Sympatholytics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014851:Wakefulness
chemical_list: D013565:Sympatholytics; D003000:Clonidine; D004837:Epinephrine