title: Operative factors affecting tumor cell distribution following laparoscopic colectomy in a porcine model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An increased risk of laparoscopic port wound tumor implantation in the presence of overt or covert abdominal malignancy has been identified.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A porcine laparoscopic colectomy model has been used to quantify the influence surgical practices may have on tumor cell implantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  51Cr-labeled, fixed HeLa cells were injected intraperitoneally before surgery. Tumor cell contamination of instruments, ports, security threads, and excised wound margins was assessed by gamma counting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Greatest contamination occurred in ports used by the operating surgeon under pneumoperitoneum (64 percent of all port wound tumor cells) and mechanical elevation (76 percent). Gasless surgery in patients in the head-down position increased the rostral accumulation of tumor cells in the abdomen and right upper quadrant port wound by 330 and 176 percent, respectively. Under pneumoperitoneum, port movement was the major contributor to port leakage and wound contamination (21 percent of total recovered wound tumor cells per port). Tumor cells were not carried in aerosol form. Instrument passage and the withdrawal of security threads through the abdominal wall increased port wound contamination 430 and 263 percent, respectively, over pneumoperitoneum control ports. Preoperative lavage reduced by 61 percent, but did not eliminate, wound contamination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This porcine model may be used to evaluate surgical factors for the impact on port wound contamination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Christchurch School of Medicine, New Zealand.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Allardyce
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Morreau
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Bagshaw
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002452:Cell Count; D003082:Colectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009366:Neoplasm Seeding; D010533:Peritoneal Lavage; D011028:Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects; D011187:Posture; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012307:Risk Factors; D013552:Swine