title: Lower-eyelid blepharoplasty.
abstract: In summary, the concept of one operation for all patients who present for lower-eyelid blepharoplasty should be abandoned. Surgical procedures should be tailored for each individual, depending on the sources of concern and the anatomical defects present. The vast majority of patients are served best by combining transconjunctival blepharoplasty with adjunctive procedures. Transcutaneous lower-lid blepharoplasty has few indications. By combining and choosing the proper techniques, the aesthetics surgeon can achieve lower-eyelid rejuvenation while preserving function and minimizing complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
authors.forename: D O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Kikkawa
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001763:Blepharoptosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery*; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000601:surgery; D005143:Eyelids / Q000187:drug effects / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents; D001905:Botulinum Toxins