title: Outcome of fetuses with heart disease diagnosed in utero.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the outcomes of 193 fetuses with cardiac abnormalities detected by echocardiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 422 fetuses between 16 and 41 gestational weeks, referred to paediatric cardiologists for detailed echocardiography, were included in this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Structural heart defects were found in 55 (28%), isolated arrhythmia in 105 (54%), and other non-structural abnormalities (dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, aneurysm of the foramen ovale, isolated pericardial effusion or echogenic foci) in 33 (17%) of 193 fetuses. Total mortality was 26%. The prognosis was poor in fetuses with structural heart defects; 37 of 55 cases (67%) died in utero or postnatally. Chromosomal abnormality was associated with structural heart defect in 38% of fetuses, of whom 38% died. Among fetuses with isolated arrhythmia survival was 95%. Poor outcome was associated with complete heart block (n = 14) in 2 (14%) fetuses with hydrops and heart rate of less than 55 per minute, and with supraventricular tachycardia (n = 21) in three (14%) neonates delivered prematurely at a mean gestational age of 33 weeks. Furthermore, nine of 12 fetuses (75%) with structural heart defects and arrhythmia died. Among fetuses with non-structural cardiac abnormalities, survival was 73%. Poor outcome was evident in fetuses with dilated cardiomyopathy in eight of 13 (62%) and with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in one of eight (13%) of cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Factors associated with a poor prognosis were: structural heart defect associated with chromosomal abnormality or arrhythmia, congestive heart failure associated with supraventricular tachycardia or complete heart block, especially if delivery occurs preterm; and fetal hydrops with congestive heart failure and atrioventricular valve regurgitation.
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eronen
mesh_terms: D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations / Q000401:mortality; D025063:Chromosome Disorders; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality; D006327:Heart Block / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D015160:Hydrops Fetalis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal