title: Effect of Mycobacterium avium infection on the influx, accumulation, and efflux of KRM-1648 by human macrophages.
abstract: KRM-1648 is a new benzoxazinorifamycin with activity in vitro and in vivo against organisms of the Mycobacterium avium complex. We investigated the ability of 14C-KRM-1648 to concentrate within human monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro. KRM-1648 is rapidly taken up by uninfected macrophages, with 90% of the initial concentration added to the monolayer found within macrophages by 1 h and approximately 80% at 2 h. Comparable results were obtained in assays using macrophages that have been infected with an AIDS-related strain of M. avium for 24 h. In contrast, macrophages infected with M. avium for 3 days, showed an impaired ability to concentrate KRM-1648, primarily because of a significant efflux of the antibiotic (intracellular concentration of 86% of the available drug was present within macrophages at 1 h vs. 47% at 2 h). Daily administrations of KRM-1648 to a macrophage monolayer for 3 consecutive days resulted in significant accumulation of the drug within phagocytic cells. Although the efflux was greater in M. avium-infected macrophages than in uninfected cells, consecutive administration of KRM-1648 led to a total intracellular accumulation of drug that exceeded the initial level and appeared to continue to accumulate. The ability of KRM-1648 to rapidly accumulate in human macrophages, including M. avium-infected cells, may explain, in part, the improved therapeutic effectiveness in animal models against M. avium and M. tuberculosis.
authors.affiliation: Kuzell Institute for Arthritis & Infectious Diseases, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco 94115, USA.
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Bermudez
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Inderlied
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular / Q000097:blood*; D001692:Biological Transport; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D015270:Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection / Q000097:blood*; D012294:Rifamycins / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D012294:Rifamycins; C068980:KRM 1648