title: Dose-range effects of clonidine added to lidocaine for brachial plexus block.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although addition of clonidine to local anesthetics can prolong pain relief after peripheral nerve block, a dose-range effect has not been determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-six outpatients undergoing carpal tunnel release were randomly assigned to receive in a double-blind fashion 45 ml of a mixture containing either 400 mg lidocaine plus saline or 400 mg lidocaine plus 30, 90 or 300 microg clonidine for axillary nerve block. In each group (n = 14), blocks were evaluated at regular time intervals to determine sensory and motor functions in the five nerve regions of the hand and forearm. Also, adequacy of the block for surgery, postoperative pain intensity, and side effects were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with saline, each dose of clonidine reduced the onset time of sensory block and extended the field of adequate anesthesia. Ten minutes after injection, 30 microg clonidine was more effective than 90 microg clonidine in producing sensory blockade. Sedation occurred with clonidine 30 and 300 microg. Clonidine reduced the use of supplementary intravenous anesthetic agents for surgery and produced dose-dependent prolongation of analgesia, reaching a mean 770 min (range, 190-1440 min) for the largest dose. Clonidine also produced a dose-dependent decrease in systolic arterial pressure of up to -22.5% (range, -6.0 29.9%) of baseline. With clonidine, 300 microg, three patients had mean arterial pressure of <55 mmHg; four patients had episodes of arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation of <90%, and two others were not discharged because of hypotension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that a small dose of clonidine enhances the quality of the peripheral blocks from lidocaine and limits the classical alpha2-agonist side effects to sedation.
authors.affiliation: Polyclinique Jean-Villar, Bruges-Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Macaire
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000187:drug effects*; D002349:Carpal Tunnel Syndrome / Q000601:surgery; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D013565:Sympatholytics / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D013565:Sympatholytics; D008012:Lidocaine; D003000:Clonidine; D010100:Oxygen