title: Increased expression of tissue cytokines in graft-versus-host disease after small bowel transplantation in the rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) occurs in the recipient after small bowel transplantation (SBT). Proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and interleukin 6 (IL-6), may be important mediators of GVHD. Increased expression of these cytokines might precede the clinical manifestations of GVHD induced by SBT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Heterotopic SBT was performed using Lewis donors into Lewis x Brown Norway F1 (LBN-F1) recipients. The isograft control was performed from LBN-F1 into LBN-F1. Animals were killed on the 5th and 11th postoperative day (POD). mRNA was isolated from recipient native small bowel, colon, spleen, liver, and mesenteric lymph nodes and from nonsurgical controls as baseline. Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed to amplify mRNA transcripts for TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-6 using alpha32P-dATP incorporation. Clinical signs, histologic assessment, and cytokine expression were correlated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On POD 5, there were neither clinical signs nor histologic features of GVHD, but mRNA expression of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in small bowel, IL-6 in spleen, and IFN-gamma in mesenteric lymph nodes were significantly increased in allograft animals when compared with normal and isograft tissues. On POD 11, both the clinical signs and histologic features of GVHD were seen, and TNF-alpha and IL-6 in native small bowel, TNF-alpha in colon, IFN-gamma in spleen, and IL-6 in mesenteric lymph nodes were significantly increased in allograft animals when compared with that in normal and isograft tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-6 expression precede clinical onset and histologic evidence of GVHD in specific tissues. Therefore, increased expression of these cytokines is correlated with the development of GVHD in this model of SBT.
authors.affiliation: Harrison Department of Surgical Research, The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koide
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: McVay
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Frankel
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Behling
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rombeau
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003106:Colon / Q000737:chemistry; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology; D006086:Graft vs Host Disease / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000637:transplantation*; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D008643:Mesentery / Q000737:chemistry; D012313:RNA / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011914:Rats, Inbred BN; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D013154:Spleen / Q000737:chemistry; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D012313:RNA; D007371:Interferon-gamma