title: Assessment of myocardial distribution of retrograde and antegrade cardioplegic solution in the same patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In order to clarify intramyocardial delivery and distribution of retrograde cardioplegic solution in humans, we induced both ante- and retrograde methods in the same patients to compare their respective delivery and distribution using myocardial contrast echocardiography during surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  15 patients consisting of nine patients with valvular heart diseases and six patients with coronary artery diseases (including two patients with myocardial infarcted areas and two patients with areas supplied by coronary collateral situation associated with totally occluded coronary arteries without myocardial infarction). Induction of cardioplegia was initially accomplished antegradely and thereafter retrogradely.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In valvular heart disease, retrograde cardioplegic solution was distributed less homogeneously, and was not delivered to the midportion of the interventricular septum in two-thirds of the patients (6/9). The transmural myocardial distribution in the anterior, lateral, and posterior walls in the left ventricle were similar for both ante- and retrograde cardioplegic solution, while delivery to the endocardial halves was better than to the epicardial halves (endo-/epicardial intensity ration in antegrade versus retrograde: 1.31 +/- 0.24 versus 1.29 +/- 0.26; 1.19 +/- 0.05 versus 1.36 +/- 0.23; 1.33 +/- 0.28 versus 1.44 +/- 0.35, respectively (all NS)). For delivery to the right ventricle, the existence of small cardiac vein was important. In patients with small cardiac vein (34% in our study), the delivery to the right ventricular dorsal walls was shown. In coronary heart disease, retrograde cardioplegic solution was well delivered to the areas by coronary collateral situation associated with totally occluded coronary arteries, but antegrade solution was not. Neither ante- nor retro grade solution was delivered to myocardial infarcted areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results have important implications for planning strategies for myocardial protection. We think that it is necessary to fully grasp the coronary arterial and venous anatomy of individual patients and to know how to use either ante- or retrograde cardioplegia properly.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Sakurabashi Watanabe Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohtani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sakaki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohnishi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions