title: Determination of extent of formaldehyde-induced crosslinking in hard gelatin capsules by near-infrared spectrophotometry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To predict the degree of crosslinking from formaldehyde-stressed hard gelatin capsules (HGCs) using near-infrared spectrophotometry (NIR).
  
  
  METHODS
  HGCs were exposed to a 150 ppb atmosphere of formaldehyde for 2.25, 4.60, 9.42, 16.0 and 24.0 hours. The capsules were filled with fresh amoxicillin, placed in a 90 degrees conical reflector cone, and scanned in a NIR spectrophotometer. Principal component regression (PCR) was employed to analyze the spectra of the intact capsules. Dissolution profiles were then obtained for each experimental group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The dissolution of amoxicillin from the capsules at pH 1.2 was found to decrease with increasing time of exposure to the formaldehyde atmosphere. A set of principal components (PCs) was formed by a linear combination of the absorbance values at each wavelength scanned. A good correlation was established (r2 = 0.963) when PC values from the NIR spectra of the HGCs were regressed against percentage of amoxicillin dissolved at 45 minutes, at pH 1.2. Water content of the capsules was found to be the largest determinant in the variation between HGC spectra at each exposure time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NIR spectrophotometry, combined with PCR, was successful at not only predicting dissolution of HGCs exposed to formaldehyde, but also at determining which wavelengths contributed most to spectral variation of these stressed HGCs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536-0082, USA.
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Buice
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lodder
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Digenis
mesh_terms: D000658:Amoxicillin / Q000737:chemistry; D002214:Capsules / Q000737:chemistry*; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry*; D005557:Formaldehyde; D005780:Gelatin / Q000737:chemistry*; D006244:Hardness; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
chemical_list: D002214:Capsules; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D005079:Excipients; D005557:Formaldehyde; D000658:Amoxicillin; D005780:Gelatin