title: Evaluation of recombinant adeno-associated virus as a gene transfer vector for the retina.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) as an in vivo gene transfer vector for the retina.
  
  
  METHODS
  A recombinant AAV, vCMVp-lacZ, in which the bacterial beta-galactosidase reporter gene (lacZ) was placed under the control of a cytomegalovirus (CMV) early promoter, was injected into the vitreous body or the subretinal space of mouse eyes. The reporter gene expression was followed by histochemical analyses from 10 to 100 days post-injection. The effect of several variables on the extent of AAV-mediated gene transfer was examined, including routes of delivery, presence of an underlying mutation that caused retinal degeneration, and prior treatment with hydroxyurea.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As measured by reporter gene expression, the AAV vector mediated gene transfer to three major cell types in the retina: the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), ganglion cells and photoreceptor cells. Following a single injection, more than half of the total retinal areas were typically positive for gene transfer. Reporter gene expression was stable for at least 3 months, the farthest time point examined. Gene transfer to photoreceptor cells was observed only following subretinal delivery, and was greatly enhanced in mice undergoing early retinal degeneration. Cells in the inner nuclear layer were rarely transduced. Systemic administration of a genotoxic drug, hydroxyurea, 2 days prior to AAV delivery did not affect the patterns and extent of reporter gene expression. There was minimal histopathology associated with AAV transduction in the retinas of recipient mice, as determined by light microscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recombinant AAV mediates efficient gene transfer to RPE and ganglion cells, and to photoreceptor cells under certain conditions. Persistence of transgene expression is of long duration and without apparent histopathology. The greater stability, lower cytopathicity, and the ability to transduce retinal ganglion cells are three distinct features of the AAV vector compared to current adenovirus-based vectors.
authors.affiliation: Berman-Gund Laboratory for the Study of Retinal Degenerations, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston 02114, USA.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ponnazhagan
authors.forename: X S
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000235:genetics*; D000229:Dependovirus / Q000235:genetics*; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006918:Hydroxyurea / Q000494:pharmacology; D007267:Injections; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains / Q000235:genetics; D019384:Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D010786:Photoreceptor Cells / Q000503:physiopathology; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000502:physiology; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D012160:Retina / Q000502:physiology*; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000502:physiology; D014161:Transduction, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D019384:Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors; D006918:Hydroxyurea