title: Effects of supplemental ascorbic acid on the energy conversion of broiler chicks during heat stress and feed withdrawal.
abstract: The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the effects of supplemental ascorbic acid (AA) on the energy conversion of broiler chicks maintained at thermoneutral and potential heat stress temperatures using indirect convective calorimetry; and 2) to determine whether changes in energy conversion are reflected in changes in lipid metabolism. In Experiment 1, 120 2-d-old cockerels, housed in two identical environmental chambers, were maintained under constant light (2.0 +/- 0.2 fc) and recommended thermal conditions (29.6 +/- 0.8 C; 33.4 +/- 8.0% RH) and consumed water and feed ad libitum. Beginning on Day 8 posthatch, one-half of the birds inside each chamber were randomly assigned and received feed supplemented with AA. Beginning on Day 9 posthatch, the temperature inside one chamber was increased to 34 C whereas the other chamber remained thermoneutral. This design resulted in four treatments: 1) thermoneutral (TN: 27.7 +/- 0.8 C; 40.9 +/- 9.4% RH) and 0 mg AA/kg feed (ppm); 2) TN and 150 ppm AA; 3) heat stress (H: 33.8 +/- 0.5 C; 43.3 +/- 7.4% RH) and 0 ppm AA; or 4) H and 150 ppm AA. Also beginning on Day 9 posthatch, birds were randomly assigned to one of three identical, indirect convective calorimeters designed to accommodate TN or H. Oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, respiratory quotient, and heat production were evaluated daily for 8 h, through Day 17 posthatch. Following calorimetric measurement, birds were returned to their respective caging unit/chamber for the remainder of the study. Weight gain, feed intake, and gain: feed were also measured over the 9-d study. Heat exposure depressed (P < 0.05) weight gain, feed intake, and gain:feed. Ascorbic acid increased (P < 0.10) weight gain. Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide and heat production per kilogram0.75 decreased (P < 0.05) with age with no change in the respiratory quotient. Heat exposure lowered (P < 0.001) the respiratory quotient. A temperature by AA interaction was detected in which heat-exposed birds expressed lower (P < 0.10) respiratory quotients when consuming the AA-supplemented diet. In Experiment 2, 18 2-d-old cockerels, housed in an environmental chamber, were maintained under constant light and recommended thermal conditions (29.3 +/- 0.4 C; 41.4 +/- 3.3% RH) and consumed water and feed ad libitum. On Day 9 posthatch, birds were deprived of feed for 24 h with ad libitum access to water supplemented with either 0 or 400 mg AA/L. Blood samples were obtained from each bird before and after feed withdrawal and supplementation. Supplemented birds exhibited elevated (P < 0.01) plasma AA, levels that were not affected by feed deprivation. Feed deprivation increased (P < 0.0001) plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate with no effect of AA, and decreased (P < 0.05) plasma triglycerides in the unsupplemented birds. A feed withdrawal by AA interaction was detected in which plasma triglycerides remained elevated in birds supplemented with AA. These data suggest that supplemental AA influences body energy stores that are used for energy purposes during periods of reduced energy intake.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 61801, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: McKee
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Riskowski
mesh_terms: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002151:Calorimetry / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D002645:Chickens / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005508:Food Deprivation / Q000502:physiology*; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006799:Housing, Animal; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates / Q000097:blood; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012119:Respiration / Q000502:physiology; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000662:veterinary*; D013997:Time Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D006885:Hydroxybutyrates; D014280:Triglycerides; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid