title: Adverse effects of low dose amiodarone: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to assess the odds of experiencing adverse effects with low dose amiodarone therapy compared with placebo.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  An estimate of the likelihood of experiencing amiodarone-related adverse effects with exposure to low daily doses of the drug is lacking in the published reports, and little information is available on adverse effect event rates in control groups not receiving the drug.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from four published trials involving 1,465 patients were included in a meta-analysis design. The criteria for inclusion were 1) double-blind, placebo-controlled design; 2) absence of a crossover design between patient groups; 3) mean follow-up of at least 12 months; 4) maintenance amiodarone dose < or = 400 mg/day; and 5) presence of an explicit description of adverse effects. Data were pooled after testing for homogeneity of treatment effects across trials, and summary odds ratios were calculated by the Peto-modified Mantel-Haenszel method for each adverse effect.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean amiodarone dose per day ranged from 152 to 330 mg; 738 patients were randomized to receive amiodarone and 727 placebo. Exposure to amiodarone in this dose range, for a minimal duration of 12 months, resulted in odds similar to those of placebo for hepatic and gastrointestinal adverse effects, but in significantly higher odds than those of placebo (p < 0.05) for experiencing thyroid (odds ratio [OR] 4.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.0 to 8.7), neurologic (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1 to 3.7), skin (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1 to 6.2), ocular (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.2 to 9.6) and bradycardic (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.1 to 4.3) adverse effects. A trend toward increased odds of pulmonary toxicity was noted (OR 2.0, 95% CI 0.9 to 5.3), but this did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.07). The unadjusted total incidence of drug discontinuation was 22.9% in the amiodarone group and 15.4% in the placebo group. The odds of discontinuing the drug in the amiodarone group was approximately 1.5 times that of the placebo group (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.2 to 1.9) (p = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with placebo, there is a higher likelihood of experiencing several amiodarone-related adverse effects with exposure to low daily doses of the drug. Thus, although low dose amiodarone may be well tolerated, it is not free of adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, USA. vrv@medicine.wisc.edu
authors.forename: V R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Vorperian
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Havighurst
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: January
mesh_terms: D000638:Amiodarone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D000638:Amiodarone