title: Leukocyte activity in the microcirculation of the leg in patients with chronic venous disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been suggested that leukocyte trapping and activation in the microcirculation of the leg skin causes lipodermatosclerosis and ulceration in patients with chronic venous disease. Ambulatory venous hypertension is accepted as the physiologic factor that leads to ulceration. We investigated leukocyte endothelial adhesion in patients who were subjected to short-term venous hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two groups of patients with venous disease were studied: group 1, varicose veins with skin changes (n = 15); and group 2, varicose veins without skin changes (n = 15). Blood samples were taken from a foot vein before and after standing for 30 minutes to raise the venous pressure in the lower limb, and after lying supine again for 10 minutes. The samples were analyzed for leukocyte surface CD11b and L-selectin (CD62L) expression using a flow cytometer. Plasma-soluble L-selectin was also measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients with skin changes, median neutrophil CD11b levels fell from 4.66 to 3.83 arbitrary units (p = 0.005, Wilcoxon) after 30 minutes of venous hypertension, Median monocyte CD11b levels fell from 7.65 to 5.8 arbitrary units (p = NS, Wilcoxon) after venous hypertension and then fell further to 5.43 arbitrary units (p = 0.02 vs baseline; Wilcoxon) when the venous hypertension was removed. Neutrophil and monocyte L-selectin levels also fell in response to venous hypertension, remaining low even after venous hypertension was removed. A similar pattern was seen in patients with uncomplicated varicose veins. There was a rise in soluble L-selectin in the plasma of both groups of patients after venous hypertension, reflecting leukocyte adhesion to endothelium. In the group of patients with skin changes the level of soluble L-selectin rose from 695 ng/ml to 836 ng/ml (p = 0.02, Wilcoxon), and in the group without skin changes the rise was from 700 ng/ml to 801 ng/ml (p = 0.02, Wilcoxon).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Venous hypertension results in sequestration of the more activated population of neutrophils and monocytes in the microcirculation of the leg in patients with venous disease. These cells bind to the endothelium, releasing L-selectin, and do not emerge from the limb when venous hypertension is reversed. These findings do not differ between patients with varicose veins and those with skin changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University College London Medical School, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saharay
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Scurr
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Coleridge Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D019041:L-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D016177:Macrophage-1 Antigen / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000502:physiology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000502:physiology; D011187:Posture; D014647:Varicose Ulcer / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D014648:Varicose Veins / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D016177:Macrophage-1 Antigen; D019041:L-Selectin