title: Lymph node spread from carcinoma of the gallbladder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lymph node spread is the most common pattern of progression in gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) and is a prognostic factor. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of lymph node metastases in patients with resected advanced GBC, and to evaluate the curative effects of radical surgery for patients with lymph node metastasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and eleven consecutive patients who had undergone radical surgery for GBC were included in this study. The pattern of lymph node metastases was examined histopathologically, using the TNM staging of the American Joint Committee on Cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no neurovascular invasion or lymph node involvement in 15 patients with pT1 tumors. Sixty of 96 patients with pT2-4 tumors had lymph node metastases. The pericholedochal lymph node was the most common metastatic lymph node, followed by the cystic lymph node. The frequency of metastases in retroportal, posterosuperior pancreaticoduodenal, and interaorticocaval lymph nodes was >15% in all cases. pT3-4 tumors had significantly more lymph node involvement (79%) and significantly higher N2:N1 ratios (2.5) than pT2 tumors (46% and 0.6, respectively). There was no difference in 5-year survival between N0 and N1 groups in pT2-4 tumors (66% in N0 and 53% in N1). Patients with N2 disease had a significantly worse prognosis, but 4 patients survived >5 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cystic and pericholedochal lymph nodes are the initial site of spread from GBC. The frequency of lymph node involvement is strongly influenced by the depth of invasion of the primary tumor. GBC limited to such lymph node metastases can be cured by surgery in >50% of such cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata City, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsukada
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kurosaki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shirai
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oohashi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hatakeyama
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D015996:Survival Rate