title: Breastfeeding and the use of pacifiers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was designed to test the hypothesis that incorrect sucking technique and pacifier use are factors contributing to breastfeeding failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The nursing patterns of 82 exclusively breastfeeding mother-infant pairs were observed 4 to 5 days postpartum on the maternity ward at University Hospital in Malmö, Sweden. The breastfeeding outcome and pacifier use was assessed by regular telephone contacts during a 4-month follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The breastfeeding rate at 4 months was 91 percent in the nonpacifier group and 44 percent in the pacifier group (p = 0.03). An incorrect superficial nipple-sucking technique at the breast from the start combined with pacifier use resulted in early weaning in most cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To promote successful breastfeeding and to reduce nursing problems, an incorrect sucking technique should be prevented or corrected, and the use of pacifiers should be avoided or restricted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Lund, University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Righard
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Alade
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007224:Infant Care; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D013391:Sucking Behavior