title: Assessing medical students' perceptions of mistreatment in their second and third years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study medical students' perceptions of mistreatment in their second and third years of training.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire was distributed at Wayne State University School of Medicine to the class of 1993 at the end of its third year and to the class of 1994 at the end of its second and third years. The students were asked if they had been subjected to various forms of mistreatment; the third-year students were asked to rate their perceptions of each clinical department's response to them on the basis of gender and race-ethnicity, as well as their overall treatment. The students also completed demographic information about age, gender, and marital status, number of children, and race-ethnicity. Results were analyzed using chi-square statistics, multivariate statistical analyses, analyses of variance, and Duncan's post-hoc comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate for the class of 1993 was 71.5%; response for the class of 1994 were 66.9% in their second year and 75.2% in their third year; 41.7% were women, and the racial-ethnic breakdown was 71.2% white/Caucasian, 11.7% black/African American and 16.8% other. There was a significant difference between the percentages of second-year and third-year students reporting any experience of mistreatment (37.2% vs 75.8%, p < .001). Canonical correlation analysis revealed bias in the third year based on gender (p < .0001) and race-ethnicity (p < .0002); both variates were related to sexual humor. The students' perceptions of mistreatment were lowest for family medicine and highest for obstetrics-gynecology and surgery. Perceptions of mistreatment in departments varied significantly by gender and race-ethnicity. The nonwhite males reported the least favorable treatment in most departments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Marked variability in the students' perceptions of mistreatment within departments suggest that a variety of approaches will be required to improve the medical training environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology-Obstetrics, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sokol
mesh_terms: D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan; D011287:Prejudice; D017406:Sexual Harassment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012919:Social Behavior; D013337:Students, Medical