title: Effects of selective angiography of the carotid artery with carbon dioxide on electroencephalogram somatosensory evoked potentials and histopathologic findings. A pilot study in pigs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors investigate the cerebral effects of selective carotid angiography with carbon dioxide (CO2).
  
  
  METHODS
  In 6 pigs, CO2 was injected into the carotid artery with consecutively increasing doses. Cerebral function was monitored with two-channel electroencephalography and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs). After the experiment the brains were investigated histopathologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial doses led to reversible decreases in electroencephalograph power by 40% to 80%. Further doses result in partly nonreversible electroencephalographic changes. Somatosensory evoked potential latencies (n = 5) were not changed. Amplitudes were not affected in low dose ranges up to 40 mL CO2. Higher CO2 doses led to different changes. There were no SEP amplitude reductions (n = 1), as well as reversible (n = 2) and nonreversible (n = 2) SEP amplitude reductions. Histopathologically, edema (n = 6), edema necrosis (n = 2), and destroyed cells as a sign of ischemia (n = 2) were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administering CO2 in brain supplying arteries impairs the cerebral function. Consecutive, increasing doses lead to partly nonreversible electroencephalographic and SEP changes and brain tissue damages.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Anesthesiology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Germany. ulf.linstedt@rd.comcity.de
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Linstedt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Link
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grabener
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kloess
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects / Q000379:methods*; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory / Q000187:drug effects*; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D009336:Necrosis; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide