title: Increased resorptions in CBA mice exposed to low-frequency magnetic fields: an attempt to replicate earlier observations.
abstract: This paper has two aims. First, it reports the findings of a study on the effects of low-frequency magnetic fields on reproduction. Second, it serves as an example of an attempt to replicate the results of an experimental study in an independent laboratory and discusses some of the problems of replication studies. To try to replicate the findings of a study reporting increased resorptions (fetal loss) in mice exposed to 20 kHz magnetic fields with sawtooth waveform and to study the possible effects of 50 Hz sinusoidal fields, pregnant mice were exposed to magnetic fields from day 0 to 18 of pregnancy, 24 h per day. The flux densities of the vertical magnetic fields were 15 microT (peak-to-peak) at 20 kHz and 13 or 130 microT (root mean square) at 50 Hz. Two strains of animals were used: CBA/S mice imported from the laboratory reporting the original observations, and a closely related strain CBA/Ca. The CBA/S mice were cleaned of pathogenic microbes and parasites before they were imported into our laboratory. The magnetic field exposures did not affect resorption rate in CBA/Ca mice. In CBA/S, the frequency of resorptions was higher in the exposed mice than in the control group. However, the increase was not significantly different from either the no-effect hypothesis or the results of the original study we were attempting to replicate. Differences between the two studies and difficulties in interpreting the results are discussed. It is concluded that the results tend more to support than argue against increased resorptions in CBA/S mice exposed to the 20 kHz magnetic field. The results demonstrate that animal strain is an important variable in bioelectromagnetics research: even closely related strains may show different responses to magnetic field exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Kuopio, Finland. juutilainen@uku.fi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Juutilainen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huuskonen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Komulainen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010064:Embryo Implantation / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005260:Female; D005327:Fetal Resorption; D008098:Litter Size / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D011247:Pregnancy; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results