title: Prevalence of adrenal carcinoma among incidentally discovered adrenal masses. A retrospective study from 1989 to 1994. Gruppo Piemontese Incidentalomi Surrenalici.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidental discovery of an adrenal mass poses the problem of distinguishing between the frequent benign masses and the infrequent malignant ones that require surgery. Univocal guidelines to approach this problem are unavailable.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To perform a survey of the clinical management of incidentally discovered adrenal masses (ie, adrenal incidentalomas).
  
  
  METHODS
  A multicentric retrospective analysis of hospital medical records of adrenal incidentalomas diagnosed during a 5-year period; the medical records were scrutinized for demographic data and clinical details by means of a specifically tailored questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  The major surgical and medical centers of Piedmont, a northern Italian region with approximately 4 million inhabitants. The recruitment pattern of these centers was unselected.
  
  
  METHODS
  The definition of adrenal incidentaloma was limited to patients with a physical examination and a clinical history unindicative of adrenal disease. Exclusion criteria also included hypertension of suspected endocrine origin and a history of neoplasms known to metastasize frequently in the adrenal glands. Two hundred twenty-four medical records were collected, and 210 were analyzed (14 excluded a posteriori).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most patients were in their 50s and 60s, and women were predominantly affected. The frequency of adrenocortical cancer was 13% among patients operated on. The tumor diameter was highly correlated with the risk of cancer; a cutoff at 5 cm had a sensitivity of 93% with a specificity of 64% in discriminating between benign and malignant cortical lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The occurrence of adrenocortical carcinoma among adrenal incidentalomas is not rare. The evaluation of the mass size is a simple and effective method for selecting patients at risk for cancer. The indication for surgery of masses larger than 5 cm, or of masses of any diameter that have suspicious imaging characteristics, limits unnecessary operations and costs.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Terzolo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Osella
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mazza
mesh_terms: D000307:Adrenal Gland Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D000310:Adrenal Gland Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018268:Adrenocortical Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity