title: A population pharmacokinetic model of trimethoprim in patients with pneumocystis pneumonia, made with parametric and nonparametric methods.
abstract: A population pharmacokinetic model of intravenously and orally administered trimethoprim in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia has been made using a parametric iterative two-stage Bayesian and a nonparametric expectation maximization computer program. When good information was present in the serum level data, both methods obtained similar results. With the nonparametric expectation maximization program, the median apparent rate constant for absorption (Ka) was 1.602 hr-1, median slope (Ks) of the relationship between creatinine clearance and elimination was 0.001168 hr-1, median apparent volume of distribution (Vs) was 1.058 l/kg, and median fraction of oral dose absorbed (Fa) was 0.955. These results permit dosage individualization adjusted to body weight and renal function to achieve chosen serum level peak and trough goals. Peak goals of 9 ug/ml and trough goals of 5 ug/ml appear reasonable for most patients in this population, and should permit most to complete an effective course of therapy with a reduced risk for treatment-terminating hematologic toxicity. However, therapeutic goals should always be selected based on each patient's apparent need for the drug and the risk of toxicity that is justifiably acceptable to obtain the expected benefits of the drug.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Applied Pharmacokinetics, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033, USA.
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Jelliffe
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gomis
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tahani
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruskin
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Sattler
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008954:Models, Biological; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014295:Trimethoprim / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; D014295:Trimethoprim