title: A cyclic GMP- and G-kinase-dependent effect of azathioprine on migration by human neutrophils.
abstract: Relatively high concentrations of azathioprine had an inhibitory effect on interleukin 8 (IL-8)- or formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-activated (fMLP)-chemotaxis by human neutrophils. However, application of low concentrations of azathioprine in a concentration gradient gave a chemotactic stimulation to random migration. Stimulation of migration was maximal at a concentration of 5 microM azathioprine; at higher concentrations stimulation decreased again. The activating effect of azathioprine is located in the mercaptopurine moiety of the molecule, since mercaptopurine also stimulated neutrophil migration. In contrast to some other chemotactic agents such as fMLP and IL-8, an activating concentration (5 microM) of azathioprine did not cause an upregulation of CD11b expression on neutrophils in suspension. High concentrations of azathioprine (1 mM) inhibited CD11b expression of fMLP- or IL-8- activated neutrophils; the latter could explain the inhibitory effect of azathioprine. Azathioprine caused a transient stimulation of cGMP level; inhibitors of guanylate cyclase inhibited azathioprine-stimulated migration, suggesting that cGMP was associated with the stimulating effect of azathioprine on migration. Antagonists of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (G-kinase) strongly inhibited azathioprine-activated migration, indicating that the effect of azathioprine proceeds via G-kinase. The antagonists had only a marginal effect on inhibition of IL-8-activated chemotaxis by high concentrations of azathioprine, thus the G-kinase seems not to be of great importance on the inhibitory effect of azathioprine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Elferink
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Daha
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: de Koster
mesh_terms: D000634:Aminoquinolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018845:CD11 Antigens / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002634:Chemotaxis, Leukocyte / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D062965:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type I; D017869:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D004228:Dithionitrobenzoic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D004229:Dithiothreitol / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000494:pharmacology; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D000634:Aminoquinolines; D018845:CD11 Antigens; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016209:Interleukin-8; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine; C041715:6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione; D004228:Dithionitrobenzoic Acid; D062965:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type I; D017869:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; C569718:PRKG1 protein, human; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D001379:Azathioprine; D004229:Dithiothreitol