title: Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United Kingdom: analysis of epidemiological surveillance data for 1970-96.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify changes in the occurrence of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease that might be related to the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Epidemiological surveillance of the United Kingdom population for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease based on (a) referral of suspected cases by neurologists, neuropathologists, and neurophysiologists and (b) death certificates.
  
  
  METHODS
  England and Wales during 1970-84, and whole of the United Kingdom during 1985-96.
  
  
  METHODS
  All 662 patients identified as sporadic cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Age distribution of patients, age specific time trends of disease, occupational exposure to cattle, potential exposure to causative agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 1970-96 there was an increase in the number of sporadic cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease recorded yearly in England and Wales. The greatest increase was among people aged over 70. There was a statistically significant excess of cases among dairy farm workers and their spouses and among people at increased risk of contact with live cattle infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy. During 1994-6 there were six deaths from sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United Kingdom in patients aged under 30.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increase in the incidence of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and the high incidence in dairy farmers in the United Kingdom may be unrelated to bovine spongiform encephalopathy. The most striking change in the pattern of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United Kingdom after the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy is provided by the incidence in a group of exceptionally young patients with a consistent and unusual neuropathological profile. The outcome of mouse transmission studies and the future incidence of the disease in the United Kingdom and elsewhere, will be important in judging whether the agent causing bovine spongiform encephalopathy has infected humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. s.cousens@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Cousens
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zeidler
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Esmonde
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Silva
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wilesmith
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Will
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000382:Agricultural Workers' Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002648:Child; D007562:Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D003612:Dairying; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D016643:Encephalopathy, Bovine Spongiform / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology