title: Toward a developmental-contextual model of the effects of parental spanking on children's aggression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To challenge the application of an unqualified social learning model to the study of spanking, positing instead a developmental-contextual model in which the effects of spanking depend on the meaning children ascribe to spanking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based survey data from 1112 children aged 4 to 11 years in the National Survey of Families and Households. Controlled for several family and child factors including children's baseline aggression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Schoolyard fights and antisocial scores on the Behavior Problems Index at the 5-year follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Structural equation modeling yielded main effects (P < or = .05, change in chi 2) of children's age and race; spanking predicted fewer fights for children aged 4 to 7 years and for children who are black and more fights for children aged 8 to 11 years and for children who are white. Regression analyses within subgroups yielded no evidence that spanking fostered aggression in children younger than 6 years and supported claims of increased aggression for only 1 subgroup: 8- to 11-year-old white boys in single-mother families (P < or = .05, F test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For most children, claims that spanking teaches aggression seem unfounded. Other preventive effects and harmful effects of spanking may occur depending on the child and the family context. Further efforts to identify moderators of the effects of spanking on children's adjustment are necessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, Mich, USA.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Gunnoe
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Mariner
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D002657:Child Development; D002668:Child Rearing / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011159:Population Surveillance; D002666:Psychology, Child; D011678:Punishment / Q000523:psychology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012951:Socialization; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States