title: Imagery and hypnosis in the treatment of cancer patients.
abstract: Many patients with cancer often seek some means of connecting their mental activity with the unwelcome events occurring in their bodies, via techniques such as imagery and hypnosis. Hypnosis has been shown to be an effective method for controlling cancer pain. The techniques most often employed involve physical relaxation coupled with imagery that provides a substitute focus of attention for the painful sensation. Other related imagery techniques, such as guided imagery, involve attention to internally generated mental images without the formal use of hypnosis. The most well-known of these techniques involves the use of "positive mental images" of a strong army of white blood cells killing cancer cells. Despite claims to the contrary, no reliable evidence has shown that this technique affects disease progression or survival. Studies evaluating more broadly defined forms psychosocial support have come to conflicting conclusions about whether or not these interventions affect survival of cancer patients. However, 10-year follow-up of a randomized trial involving 86 women with cancer showed that a year of weekly "supportive/expressive" group therapy significantly increased survival duration and time from recurrence to death. This intervention encourages patients to express and deal with strong emotions and also focuses on clarifying doctor-patient communication. Numerous other studies suggest that suppression of negative affect, excessive conformity, severe stress, and lack of social support predict a poorer medical outcome from cancer. Thus, further investigation into the interaction between body and mind in coping with cancer is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spiegel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D001294:Attitude to Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006990:Hypnosis / Q000379:methods*; D019018:Imagery, Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D012064:Relaxation Therapy; D012944:Social Support; D016896:Treatment Outcome