title: Mice lacking the ski proto-oncogene have defects in neurulation, craniofacial, patterning, and skeletal muscle development.
abstract: The c-ski proto-oncogene has been implicated in the control of cell growth and skeletal muscle differentiation. To determine its normal functions in vivo, we have disrupted the mouse c-ski gene. Our results show a novel role for ski in the morphogenesis of craniofacial structures and the central nervous system, and confirm its proposed function as a player in skeletal muscle development. Homozygous mutant mice show perinatal lethality resulting from exencephaly, a defect caused by failed closure of the cranial neural tube during neurulation. The timing of the neural tube defect in ski -/- embryos coincides with excessive apoptosis in the cranial neuroepithelium, as well as in the cranial mesenchyme. Homozygous ski mutants also exhibit a dramatic reduction in skeletal muscle mass, consistent with a defect in expansion of a myogenic precursor population. Nestin is an intermediate filament expressed in highly proliferative neuroepithelial stem cells and in myogenic precursors. Interestingly, we find decreased nestin expression in both the cranial neural tube and the somites of ski -/- embryos, compared with their normal littermates, but no reduction of nestin in the caudal neural tube. These results are consistent with a model in which ski activities are required for the successful expansion of a subset of precursors in the neuroepithelial or skeletal muscle lineages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berk
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Heyman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Colmenares
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000235:genetics*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006257:Head / Q000002:abnormalities; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D024510:Muscle Development; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development*; D009154:Mutation; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D064231:Nestin; D009432:Neural Crest / Q000254:growth & development; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000235:genetics*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014404:Tubulin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C577485:Nes protein, mouse; D064231:Nestin; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C512653:Ski protein, mouse; D014404:Tubulin