title: The long-term tolerability of enalapril in hypertensive patients with renal impairment.
abstract: There has been some concern raised regarding the safe use of ACE-inhibitors in patients with severe renal insufficiency, including the development of hyperkalaemia in these patients. Therefore, the objective of the current analysis was to evaluate the long-term safety of enalapril in patients with severe renal sufficiency and hypertension. Three protocols with similar randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled designs were selected for analysis. A total of 153 patients, enrolled at six sites, were treated for up to 3 years with enalapril; 164 patients served as controls. One protocol used a fixed dose (5 mg/day) of enalapril, while the other two protocols allowed open titration up to 40 mg/day. The primary comparison was between the enalapril and control populations. For the analysis, patients, by treatment, were grouped according to the degree of renal insufficiency (serum creatinine > or < 3 mg/dl) at baseline. The incidence of the most common, as well as important, clinical and laboratory adverse events for this patient population were summarized. In addition, trends in important laboratory adverse events and the incidence of first-dose events, cough and angioedema were evaluated. The incidence of clinical adverse events was similar for both treatment groups, regardless of the severity of renal insufficiency. Seven patients died, four in the control group and three in the enalapril treatment group; none was considered related to treatment. Enalapril appeared to be well-tolerated in this group of patients with severe renal impairment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55415, USA.
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Keane
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Faison
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shahinfar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004656:Enalapril / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D004656:Enalapril