title: Functional MR imaging during odor stimulation: preliminary data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the locations and extent of activation in areas of the brain at functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with olfactory stimulation and to determine whether accommodation or amplification of brain activation occurs with sequential olfactory stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five adult men with normal senses of smell underwent multisection, gradient-echo, echo-planar imaging according to a blood-oxygen-level-dependent experimental paradigm. Odorants that nearly exclusively stimulate the olfactory system and odorants that stimulate the olfactory and trigeminal nerves were compared by using repetitive imaging procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Activation with olfactory nerve-mediated odorants was demonstrated in the orbitofrontal cortex (Brodmann area 11) with a right-sided predominance. Mild cerebellar stimulation was also observed. With repeated testing, overall activation with olfactory nerve-mediated odorants declined. Odorants that also stimulated the trigeminal nerve produced additional cingulate, temporal, cerebellar, and occipital activation. Activation with combined trigeminal and olfactory system odors increased more than sixfold with repeated testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Olfactory nerve-mediated and combined olfactory and trigeminal nerve-mediated odorants activate different regions of the brain. Orbitofrontal stimulation spreads to all parts of the brain when a trigeminal component is added. Habituation (deactivation) occurs with repeated testing of olfactory nerve-mediated odorants, while, paradoxically, activation increases with repeated exposure to odors that also stimulate the trigeminal nerve.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, and the University of Pennsylvania Smell and Taste Center, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Yousem
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: R O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Andrew
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Allin
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Geckle
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Suskind
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Bullmore
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Brammer
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Doty
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009812:Odorants; D009832:Olfactory Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D014276:Trigeminal Nerve / Q000502:physiology