title: Retinoic acid inhibition of cell cycle progression in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells.
abstract: Cell cycle analysis indicates that retinoic acid (RA) inhibition of MCF-7 cell growth occurs through induction of G1 arrest with a concomitant reduction in the proportion of cells in S and G2 + M phases. RA did not affect cyclins D1, A, and E and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) expression, but significantly reduced cyclin D3 and CDK4 expression after 24 h. RA also inhibited cyclin B1 and CDC2 expression, possibly responsible for the reduction of the proportion of cells in G2 + M and S phases. RA did not induce p16 and p27 expression, but obviously reduced p21 level in MCF-7 cells. The retinoid markedly reduced pRB protein level and abrogated pRB phosphorylation after 48 h; it also reduced transcription factor E2F1 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. E2F1 promoter activity was reduced by 60%, which is probably responsible, at least in part, for the reduction of E2F1 expression in RA-treated MCF-7 cells. These observations demonstrate a marked effect of RA on some of the key cell cycle regulatory proteins in MCF-7 cells. Cyclin D3 and CDK4 are likely the early targets of RA, followed by reduced pRB expression and phosphorylation, as well as by the inhibition of the E2F1 transcription factor which controls progression from G1 to S phase. Most of these events precede the observed reduction in MCF-7 cell growth, which begins at Day 3 of RA treatment.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular Carcinogenesis and Tumor Promotion, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, USA.
authors.forename: W Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kiss
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsukuma
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: De Luca
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002455:Cell Division; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D016213:Cyclins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D056465:Retinoblastoma-Binding Protein 1; D050680:Transcription Factor DP1; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050684:E2F Transcription Factors; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; C493753:E2F1 protein, human; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D056465:Retinoblastoma-Binding Protein 1; D050680:Transcription Factor DP1; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014212:Tretinoin; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases