title: Invasive infections due to a fish pathogen, Streptococcus iniae. S. iniae Study Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Streptococcus iniae is a pathogen in fish, capable of causing invasive disease and outbreaks in aquaculture farms. During the winter of 1995-1996 in the greater Toronto area there was a cluster of four cases of invasive S. iniae infection in people who had recently handled fresh, whole fish from such farms.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective and retrospective community-based surveillance for cases of S. iniae infection in humans. To obtain a large sample of isolates, we studied cultures obtained from the surface of fish from aquaculture farms. Additional isolates were obtained from the brains of infected tilapia (oreochromis species). All the isolates were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During one year, our surveillance identified a total of nine patients with invasive S. iniae infection (cellulitis of the hand in eight and endocarditis in one). All the patients had handled live or freshly killed fish, and eight had percutaneous injuries. Six of the nine fish were tilapia, which are commonly used in Asian cooking. Thirteen additional S. iniae isolates (2 from humans and 11 from infected tilapia) were obtained from normally sterile sites. The isolates from the nine patients were indistinguishable by PFGE and were highly related to the other clinical isolates. There was substantial genetic diversity among the 42 surveillance isolates from the surface of fish, but in 10 isolates the PFGE patterns were identical to those from the patients with S. iniae infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  S. iniae can produce invasive infection after skin injuries during the handling of fresh fish grown by aquaculture. We identified a clone of S. iniae that causes invasive disease in both humans and fish.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Litt
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kertesz
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wyper
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coulter
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McGeer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Facklam
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ostach
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Willey
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borczyk
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Low
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002481:Cellulitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D004697:Endocarditis, Bacterial / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000635:transmission*; D005398:Fisheries; D005399:Fishes / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission* / Q000662:veterinary*; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017210:Tilapia / Q000382:microbiology