title: Avidity of technetium 99m glucarate for the necrotic myocardium: in vivo and in vitro assessment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Similar to other 99mTc-based infarct-avid agents, 99mTc-glucarate localizes in myocardial infarcts. Whether severely ischemic viable myocytes sequester 99mTc-glucarate is uncertain. To assess the infarct specificity, in vitro and in vivo studies were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  H9C2 embryonic rat cardiocytes cultured under normoxia (N) or hypoxia (H) for 24 hours in 7.5 muCi 99mTc-glucarate were compared with necrotic cardiocytes. Mean H/N ratio (3.0 +/- 0.004, mean +/- SD) was significantly less than that of the necrotic/N ratio (39.9 +/- 6.5, p < 0.01). Reperfused myocardial infarction (MI) in 4 dogs confirmed by 201Tl (0.5 to 1.0 mCi) scintigraphy were imaged serially with simultaneously injected mixture of 99mTc-glucarate and 111In-antimyosin Fab. Infarcts were detected scintigraphically within 4 to 10 minutes with 99mTc-glucarate. 111In-antimyosin required more than 1 hour. Myocardial distribution at 5 hours showed a direct correlation between 99mTc-glucarate and 111In-antimyosin uptake (r = 0.99, p < 0.0001). Both 99mTc-glucarate (r = -0.777, p < 0.0001) and 111In-antimyosin (r = -0.775, p < 0.0001) were inversely related to 201Tl distribution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The near perfect correlation between 99mTc-glucarate and 111In-antimyosin uptake (r = 0.99) in reperfused canine MI and the insignificant glucarate uptake by viable cardiocytes in vitro attest to the avidity of 99mTc-glucarate for the necrotic myocardium and favor its use as a specific early marker of myocyte necrosis in acute MI.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular Targeting, Bouve College of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, Mass 02115, USA.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Khaw
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakazawa
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
authors.forename: K Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Pak
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Narula
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D005937:Glucaric Acid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D009336:Necrosis; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D005937:Glucaric Acid