title: Phase II trial of chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide (CQS) in patients with stage III and IV non-small-cell lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide (CQS) was one of the first agents identified by the human tumor colony-forming assay (HTCFA) as possessing antitumor activity in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Prior phase I studies had suggested that plasma concentrations equivalent to those showing efficacy in the HTCFA could be reliably attained in humans. This phase II study assessed the antitumor activity of CQS while using an adaptive control pharmacokinetic modelling system to attain targeted plasma levels of this novel compound.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 20 patients with stage III or IV NSCLC received CQS as a 1-h weekly infusion at an initial dose of 2 g/m2. In all patients, 24-h plasma concentrations of CQS were measured. Patients with levels < 100 micrograms/ml had dose increases determined by their 24-h levels and pharmacokinetic parameters obtained from two prior phase I trials of this agent. These individuals had 24-h CQS levels repeated after their second weeks' treatment and doses were readjusted if the target concentration was not reached. Antitumor response assessment was made every 6 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 20 patients, 18 attained the target plasma concentration, and 16 of these achieved this initially or with just one dose adjustment. No major objective antitumor responses were observed (major response rate 0%, 95% CI 0-17%). CQS was well tolerated with hypoglycemia being the most clinically significant toxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When given on this schedule CQS is inactive in NSCLC despite the fact that the target concentration was achieved in 90% of patients. The ability of the HTCFA to identify active agents remains unproved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. millerv@mskcc.org
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Rigas
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Pisters
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Heelan
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Kris
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013424:Sulfanilamides / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014410:Tumor Stem Cell Assay
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D011810:Quinoxalines; D013424:Sulfanilamides; C048021:5-chloroquinoxaline-2-sulfanilamide