title: Impaired color vision in cocaine-withdrawn patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The main reinforcing effect of cocaine happens by altering dopaminergic neurotransmission in the brain reward systems. Dopamine is found in high concentrations in the retina in which it plays an important role in color vision. Therefore, we investigated whether cocaine-dependent patients might have impaired color vision.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared patients recently withdrawn from cocaine (n = 31) with matched normal controls (n = 31) on 2 color vision tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cocaine-withdrawn patients had significantly higher error scores than matched controls on the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue and Lanthony desaturated D-15 color vision tests. Also, 23 of the 31 cocaine-withdrawn patients had blue-yellow color vision losses on the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test compared with 3 controls (P < .001, chi 2 test) and 15 had blue-yellow color vision loss on the Lanthony desaturated D-15 test compared with 2 controls (P < .001, chi 2 test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These significantly higher test error scores and blue-yellow color vision losses suggest that color vision is impaired in cocaine-withdrawn patients. Color vision testing may be useful in future studies of cocaine-dependent patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Smelson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003042:Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003118:Color Perception / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003119:Color Perception Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003117:Color Vision Defects / Q000209:etiology*; D004596:Electroretinography; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000534:rehabilitation
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine