title: Enhancement of immunohistochemical detection of HIV-1 p24 antigen in brain by tyramide signal amplification.
abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of the brain has been demonstrated in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded post-mortem brain tissue (PM) by chromogenic immunohistochemistry for the HIV p24 antigen. The sensitivity of antigen detection is increased significantly by tyramide signal amplification (TSA) compared to the conventional peroxidase labelled Avidin-Biotin complex (ABC) technique. The TSA method also permitted the use of a lower concentration of primary antibody than is conventionally used. Sensitivity was enhanced further by microwave irradiation of the paraffin embedded tissues in citrate buffer. HIV-1 p24 antigen was also detected in PM brain tissue by TSA enhanced immunofluorescence and demonstrated increased sensitivity compared to the conventional immunofluorescence technique with a greatly reduced autofluorescence background.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Strappe
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lowrie
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Simmonds
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bell
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000821:virology*; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D015483:HIV Antibodies; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24 / Q000032:analysis*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008872:Microwaves; D016612:Paraffin Embedding; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014439:Tyramine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*
chemical_list: D015483:HIV Antibodies; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24; D014439:Tyramine