title: Increased prevalence of elevated urinary albumin excretion rate in type 2 diabetic patients suffering from ischemic foot lesions.
abstract: Present cross-sectional clinical study was aimed at the evaluation the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in Type 2-diabetics suffering from different clinical manifestations of diabetic foot lesions due to peripheral vascular disease and/or diabetic neuropathy. 1025 non-insulin-dependent (Type 2) diabetics (NIDDM) of both sexes were investigated. Patients were classified in Type II diabetes without peripheral vascular disease and foot lesions (group 0, controls), with macroangiopathic related foot lesions (group 2), with neuropathic foot lesions (group 3), and with mixed neuropathic-ischemic foot lesions (group 4). Apart from urinary albumin excretion rate (UAE), the following micro- and macroangiopathic risk factors and diseases were taken into account: Hypertension, degree of metabolic control (HbA1c), lipid concentrations, duration of diabetes, retinopathy, clinical nephropathy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the total population the UAE was significantly (p < 0.01) correlated with duration of diabetes, serum creatinine, hypertension, age, lipid concentrations, HbA1c and insulin requirement. In comparison to Type II diabetic patients without peripheral vascular disease (group 0) and with neuropathic foot lesions (group 3), subjects with ischemic (group 2) and mixed neuropathic-ischemic foot lesions demonstrated an increased prevalence of pathological UAE, which was associated with a higher frequency of clinical nephropathy, retinopathy, an older age and longer duration of diabetes. It is concluded that microalbuminuria in Type 2 diabetes reflects both the existence of diabetic nephropathy and peripheral vascular disease which is often associated with the insulin resistance syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Clinic Karlsburg, Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Germany.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zander
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Heinke
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gottschling
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zander
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Strese
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Herfurth
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Michaelis
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000652:urine; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000145:classification / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000652:urine; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin