title: The influence of infection on survival and successful transplantation in patients with left ventricular assist devices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mechanical cardiac assistance has recently emerged as a tenable option in the treatment of end-stage heart failure. In spite of recent technical improvements that have reduced the incidence of life-threatening complications, the reported frequency of infections in these patients has remained high.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a 5-year period, 60 patients underwent insertion of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) at our institution. Detailed medical records were kept prospectively for all patients, and a variety of endpoints were analyzed, including the incidence, nature, and sequelae of infections before and after LVAD implantation and after transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-nine of 60 patients (48%) undergoing LVAD insertion subsequently had development of infections. The most frequent sites of infection were blood, LVAD drivelines, and central venous catheters, representing 61% of all infections. At the time of LVAD implantation, 13 of 60 patients (22%) had culture-proven infections. In spite of an increased incidence of subsequent infection (77% vs 40%), there were no differences in rates of mortality (31% vs 26%), LVAD endocarditis, (23% vs 11%) and eventual transplantation (62% vs 57%) between these patients and those without periimplantation infections. Although the overall mortality rate was not influenced by infections during LVAD support (28% vs 26%), the development of LVAD endocarditis was associated with a high mortality rate. Finally, although patients with infections during LVAD support had significantly longer median support times than those who remained infection free (101 vs 49 days, respectively), there was no difference in the rate of successful transplantation (59% vs 58%) or in the rate of infection after transplantation (35% vs 28%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infections are common in patients undergoing LVAD support, but they do not adversely affect survival, the rate of successful transplantation, or the incidence of posttransplantation infection. Periimplantation infections may increase the risk of subsequent infections, but they also do not influence survival or transplantability. Patients with development of LVAD endocarditis are at increased risk for morbidity and death and require early and aggressive therapy, potentially including device explantation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, N.Y., USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Argenziano
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Catanese
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Moazami
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Gardocki
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Clavenna
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Scully
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Oz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002423:Cause of Death; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D004697:Endocarditis, Bacterial / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000401:mortality*; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate