title: Moxonidine and cognitive function: interactions with moclobemide and lorazepam.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Moxonidine represents a new generation of centrally acting antihypertensive drugs. It binds to I1-imidazoline receptors and exerts its antihypertensive activity through a reduction in systemic vascular resistance, while cardiac output remains unchanged or even increases slightly. Moxonidine is prescribed for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension. Typical doses are 0.4 to 2.0 mg given as one dose in the morning or as divided doses in the morning and evening.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of moxonidine 0.4 mg once daily in combination with moclobemide or lorazepam were investigated in two, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, two-way crossover studies in a total of 48 healthy volunteers. Safety assessments were made in each study and included pre- and post-study measurement of blood pressure, heart rate, ECG, haematology, blood biochemistry, and urinalysis, and recording of adverse events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first study, moxonidine alone was found to produce small but statistically significant impairments of vigilance detection speed at 4 h and 6 h. Lowering of subjective alertness was also observed. Repeat dosing with moxonidine produced an impairment of memory scanning performance. These findings were not reproduced in the second study, in which moxonidine alone produced an improvement in immediate word recall at 4 h and 6 h. No interactions were observed when moxonidine was co-administered with moclobemide. Moxonidine, when co-administered with lorazepam, produced interactions with three tasks requiring high levels of attention: choice, simple reaction time and digit vigilance performance; memory tasks; immediate word recall, delayed word recall accuracy; and visual tracking. A total of 47 adverse events were reported in study 1. Moxonidine produced a slight decrease of systolic and diastolic blood pressure. In study 2, a total of 55 adverse events were reported. In both trials, the most frequently reported events were tiredness and dryness of mouth, the latter occurring only under the moxonidine treatment. There were no clinically relevant changes observed in blood pressure, pulse rate, and laboratory tests in either study, nor was there any evidence of any interaction between moxonidine and either moclobemide or lorazepam.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moxonidine was found to be safe and well tolerated in healthy volunteers. However, the impairments on attentional tasks were greater when moxonidine was co-administered with lorazepam 1 mg. These effects should be considered when moxonidine is codosed with lorazepam, although they were smaller than would have been produced by a single dose of lorazepam 2 mg.
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Drug Research Limited, Reading, UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wesnes
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jansson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grahnén
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Weimann
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Küppers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects; D001549:Benzamides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008140:Lorazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020912:Moclobemide
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001549:Benzamides; D007093:Imidazoles; C043482:moxonidine; D008140:Lorazepam; D020912:Moclobemide