title: Variation in the use of do-not-resuscitate orders in patients with stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify sociodemographic and clinical characteristics associated with the use of do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders in hospitalized patients with stroke. To examine whether the use of DNR orders varies across hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  This observational cohort study used data collected for 13337 consecutive eligible patients with a primary diagnosis of stroke. These patients were discharged in 1991 through 1994 from 30 hospitals in a large metropolitan area. Study data were abstracted from patients' hospital records using standard forms. Admission severity of illness was measured using a validated multivariable model. Sociodemographic and clinical factors independently associated with the use of DNR orders were identified using stepwise logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Do-not-resuscitate orders were written for 2898 patients (22%). Patient characteristics independently (P < .01) associated with increased use of DNR orders included increasing age (odds ratio [OR], 1.06 per year); admission from a skilled nursing facility (OR, 2.44) or through the emergency department (OR, 1.49); cancer (OR, 2.73), intracerebral hemorrhage (OR, 2.12), coma (OR, 7.47), or lethargy or stupor on admission neurological assessment (OR, 3.38); and increasing admission severity (OR; 1.29 per decile). In contrast, African American race was associated with lower use of DNR orders (OR, 0.54). Although substantial variation in the use of DNR orders was observed across hospitals, with rates ranging from 12% to 32%, adjusting for the above patient characteristics eliminated much of this variation, including differences between major teaching and other hospitals and between hospitals with and without religious affiliations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our community-based analysis of patients with stroke, the use of DNR orders was common and was strongly related to several patient characteristics. These factors explained much of the variation across hospitals. While our analysis did not account for differences in patient preferences for treatment, the differences we observed in the use of DNR orders across sociodemographic groups are suggestive of variations in care and may have important implications for the cost and quality of hospital care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Shepardson
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Youngner
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Speroff
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Smyth
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001927:Brain Diseases; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016414:Resuscitation Orders