title: Developing curricula to promote preventive medicine skills. The Teaching Immunization for Medical Education (TIME) Project. TIME Development Committee.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vaccines are underused in the United States, resulting in needless morbidity. Many experts have concluded that clinician education is critical to increasing the nation's vaccination rates.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop and evaluate case-based curricular materials on immunizations that promote preventive medicine skills.
  
  
  METHODS
  Before-and-after trial of an educational intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical schools and primary care residency programs from 20 institutions across the United States participated in the Teaching Immunization for Medical Education (TIME) project.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multidisciplinary team developed learning objectives, abstracted clinical cases, and created case-based modules that use contextual learning and small-group interaction to solve clinical and public health problems. The case-based methods are multistation clinical teaching scenarios (MCTS) and problem-based learning (PBL).
  
  
  METHODS
  Knowledge gained by learners from pretest to posttest and the overall ratings of the sessions by learners and facilitators based on evaluation questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pretest and posttest results were obtained on a total of 1122 learners for all modules combined. For the MCTS method, mean scores increased from the 10-item pretest to the posttest by 3.1 items for measles, 3.8 for influenza, 1.8 for hepatitis B, 3.9 for pertussis, 1.9 for adult vaccination, 1.9 for childhood vaccination, and 2.6 for Haemophilus influenzae type b (P<.01 for each). For the PBL method, mean scores increased by 3.4 items for measles, 3.3 for influenza, 2.6 for hepatitis B, and 2.5 for pertussis (P<.01 for each). Most learners (MCTS, 98%; PBL, 89%) and most facilitators (MCTS, 97%; PBL, 100%) rated the sessions overall as very good or good.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of TIME modules increases knowledge about immunizations, an essential step to improving vaccination practices of future clinicians. Given the realities of decreased faculty time and budgets, educators face major challenges in developing case-based curricula that prepare learners for the 21st century. Nationally tested libraries of cases such as the TIME modules address this dilemma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pa 15261, USA. zimmer+@pitt.edu
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Strikas
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Ahwesh
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Mieczkowski
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Janosky
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kanter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003479:Curriculum; D005194:Family Practice / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007396:Internship and Residency; D011634:Public Health / Q000193:education*; D013337:Students, Medical; D014481:United States