title: Decreased motor inhibition in Tourette's disorder: evidence from transcranial magnetic stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fluctuating motor and vocal tics are the diagnostic feature of Tourette's disorder. The pathophysiology of tics is still unclear. One major hypothesis is a deficient inhibitory control through the cortical-striatal-thalamic-cortical motor loop. The authors tested this hypothesis by investigating motor cortex excitability through use of the technique of transcranial magnetic stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients with Tourette's disorder and a comparison group of 21 healthy subjects were studied. Focal transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied to the left motor cortex, and surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded from the right abductor digiti minimi muscle. As measures of motor cortex excitability, motor threshold, cortical silent period, and intracortical inhibition and facilitation were studied. The peripheral silent period and the maximum M wave after supramaximal electrical stimulation of the ulnar nerve at the wrist were also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Motor threshold and peripheral motor excitability were normal in the Tourette's disorder group, but the cortical silent period was shortened and the intracortical inhibition reduced. A subgroup analysis of the patients with Tourette's disorder revealed that these abnormalities were seen mainly when tics were present in the EMG target muscle or in patients without neuroleptic treatment. Age, sex, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and sensory urges had no significant effect on motor excitability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings are consistent with the hypothesis that tics in Tourette's disorder originate either from a primarily subcortical disorder affecting the motor cortex through disinhibited afferent signals or from impaired inhibition directly at the level of the motor cortex or both.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ziemann
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Paulus
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rothenberger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000503:physiopathology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009132:Muscles / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000502:physiology; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D013788:Thalamus / Q000503:physiopathology; D013981:Tic Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; D014459:Ulnar Nerve / Q000502:physiology