title: Quantitation of the changes in splenic architecture during the rejection of cardiac allografts or xenografts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The spleen plays a central role in the generation of both cellular and antibody responses during graft rejection. Although changes in lymphocyte function have been extensively analyzed in vitro, there have been limited attempts at quantitating the structural changes in the lymphoid compartments within the spleen during graft rejection.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe here a means of quantitating the histological changes in the spleen using immunohistochemical techniques and computerized image analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Allograft rejection at 6 days after transplant is characterized by a threefold increase in the T cell-rich areas of the periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths (PALs). The follicular areas are enlarged and germinal centers appear in 55% of the white pulp regions. Acute xenograft rejection, 4 days after transplant, is specifically accompanied by a 2.3-fold increase in the marginal zone (MZ) and an increase in the numbers of B cells in the red pulp of the spleen. The expansion of both PALs and follicular/germinal centers during xenograft rejection is comparable to that observed during allograft rejection. We also investigated the effect of two immunosuppressants, leflunomide and cyclosporine, on the spleen of rats with hamster hearts. Leflunomide, which prevents acute xenograft rejection, prevented the increase in PALs and significantly reduced the areas comprising the MZ and follicles. Cyclosporine, which does not alter the tempo of xenograft rejection and only partially inhibited xenospecific antibody production, inhibited the increase in PALs and the appearance of germinal centers, while permitting a modest increase in the area of MZ and follicles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations collectively suggest that both T cell-dependent and T cell-independent responses are stimulated by the transplanted xenograft. However, the T cell-independent responses that initiate xenograft rejection are characterized by very modest increases in the area of MZ and follicles within the white pulp of the spleen.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Rush Medical College and Rush Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Short
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Blinder
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karademir
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sankary
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Chong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D006224:Cricetinae; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077339:Leflunomide; D008647:Mesocricetus; D051381:Rats; D011912:Rats, Inbred ACI; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007555:Isoxazoles; D016572:Cyclosporine; D000077339:Leflunomide