title: Supraspinal administration of opioids with selectivity for mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptors produces analgesia in amphibians.
abstract: Previous results using an amphibian model showed that systemic and spinal administration of opioids selective for mu, delta and kappa-opioid receptors produce analgesia. It is not known whether non-mammalian vertebrates also contain supraspinal sites mediating opioid analgesia. Thus, opioid agonists selective for mu (morphine; fentanyl), delta (DADLE, [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin; DPDPE, [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]-enkephalin) and kappa (U50488, trans-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl] benzeneacetamide methanesulfonate; CI977, (5R)-(544alpha,744alpha,845beta)-N-methyl-N-[7-(1-p yrr olidinyl)-1-oxaspiro[4,5]dec-8yl]-4-benzofuranaceta  mide++ + monohydrochloride) opioid receptors were tested for analgesia following i.c.v. administration in the Northern grass frog, Rana pipiens. Morphine, administered at 0.3, 1, 3 and 10 nmol/frog, produced a dose-dependent and long-lasting analgesic effect. Concurrent naltrexone (10 nmol) significantly blocked analgesia produced by i.c.v. morphine (10 nmol). ED50 values for the six opioids ranged from 2.0 for morphine to 63.9 nmol for U50488. The rank order of analgesic potency was morphine > DADLE > DPDPE > CI977 > fentanyl > U50488. These results show that supraspinal sites mediate opioid analgesia in amphibians and suggest that mechanisms of supraspinal opioid analgesia may be common to all vertebrates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oklahoma State University, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Tulsa 74107, USA. scraig@okway.okstate.edu
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Rothe
mesh_terms: D019900:3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D020881:Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-; D016308:Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004745:Enkephalins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009294:Narcotics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011894:Rana pipiens; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta / Q000187:drug effects*; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa / Q000187:drug effects*; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D001572:Benzofurans; D004745:Enkephalins; D009294:Narcotics; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D009271:Naltrexone; D016308:Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine; D019900:3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer; D009020:Morphine; D020881:Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-; C067110:enadoline; D005283:Fentanyl