title: Outcomes of pregnancy in insulin dependent diabetic women: results of a five year population cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To monitor pregnancies in women with pre-existent insulin dependent diabetes for pregnancy loss, congenital malformations, and fetal growth in a geographically defined area of north west England.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  10 maternity units in Cheshire, Lancashire, and Merseyside which had no regional guidelines for the management of pregnancy in diabetic women.
  
  
  METHODS
  462 pregnancies in 355 women with insulin dependent diabetes from the 10 centres over five years (1990-4 inclusive).
  
  
  METHODS
  Numbers and rates of miscarriages, stillbirths, and neonatal and postneonatal deaths; prevalence of congenital malformations; birth weight in relation to gestational age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 462 pregnancies, 351 (76%) resulted in a liveborn infant, 78 (17%) aborted spontaneously, nine (2%) resulted in stillbirth, and 24 (5%) were terminated. Of the terminations, nine were for congenital malformation. The stillbirth rate was 25.0/1000 total births (95% confidence interval 8.9 to 41.1) compared with a population rate of 5.0/1000, and infant mortality was 19.9/1000 live births (5.3 to 34.6) compared with 6.8/1000. The prevalence of congenital malformations was 94.0/1000 live births (63.5 to 124.5) compared with 9.7/1000 in the general population. When corrected for gestational age, mean birth weight in the sample was 1.3 standard deviations greater than that of infants of non-diabetic mothers. Infants with congenital malformations weighed less than those without.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In an unselected population the infants of women with pre-existent insulin dependent diabetes mellitus have a 10-fold greater risk of a congenital malformation and a fivefold greater risk of being stillborn than infants in the general population. Further improvements in the management of pregnancy in diabetic women are needed if target of the St Vincent declaration of 1989 is to be met.
authors.affiliation: Broadgreen Hospital, Liverpool.
authors.forename: I F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Casson
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: McKendrick
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pennycook
authors.forename: P O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Pharoah
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Platt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stanisstreet
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van Velszen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walkinshaw
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000453:epidemiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D015331:Cohort Studies; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000453:epidemiology; D005320:Fetal Macrosomia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000453:epidemiology