title: Is this patient pregnant? Can you reliably rule in or rule out early pregnancy by clinical examination? .
abstract: This review addresses a common problem facing the clinician: "When treating or evaluating a woman of childbearing years, what is the value of historical or physical examination features in determining the probability of early pregnancy?" We focus on the clinical examination findings that may help the clinician rule in or rule out early pregnancy. Generally accepted indicators of pregnancy include amenorrhea, morning sickness, tender or tingling breasts, and, after 8 weeks' gestational age, an enlarged uterus with a soft cervix. We reviewed the value (ie, sensitivity and specificity) of these indicators, as well as home pregnancy test results, as predictors of the diagnosis of early pregnancy. The available evidence suggests that some historical features, when absent, are fair but not reliable for ruling out pregnancy. When diagnosing early pregnancy, the clinician should not rely on the clinical examination or a home pregnancy test-a laboratory test should be requested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. lbastian@acpub.duke.edu
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Bastian
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Piscitelli
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010808:Physical Examination; D011247:Pregnancy; D011258:Pregnancy Tests; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First