title: Dynamic cardiomyoplasty: its chronic and acute effects on the failing heart.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dynamic cardiomyoplasty is an alternative therapy for end-stage heart failure. We investigated the mechanisms, both acute and chronic, by which a synchronously stimulated conditioned muscle wrap affects left ventricular function in a chronic canine model of dilated cardiomyopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen dogs underwent rapid ventricular pacing at a rate of 215 beats/min for 4 weeks to create a model of heart failure. Eight dogs were then randomly selected to undergo cardiomyoplasty, and all dogs received 6 additional weeks of rapid ventricular pacing. The cardiomyoplasty group also received a graded muscle conditioning protocol of synchronized burst stimulation to transform the muscle wrap. All dogs were studied with pressure-volume analysis and echocardiography at baseline and after 4 and 10 weeks of rapid ventricular pacing. Data in the cardiomyoplasty group were analyzed with the stimulator off, with it augmenting every beat (1:1), and with it augmenting only every other beat (1:2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stimulator "of" data at 10 weeks of rapid pacing demonstrated chronic effects by enhanced ventricular function (end-systolic elastance = 1.80 after myoplasty vs 1.17 for controls, p = 0.005) and a stabilization of volumes and composite end-systolic and end-diastolic pressure-volume relations in the cardiomyoplasty group when compared with controls. Myoplasty stimulation increased apparent contractility (preload recruitable stroke work = 31.3 for stimulator "of" vs 40.6 for stimulator 1:2 assisted beats [p < 0.05] and vs 45.4 for stimulator 1:1 [p < 0.05]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Benefits from dynamic cardiomyoplasty are by at least two mechanisms: (1) the girdling effects of a conditioned muscle wrap, which halts the chronic remodeling of heart failure, and (2) active systolic assistance, which augments the apparent contractility of the failing heart.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Lankford
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Polidori
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Pilla
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Plappert
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: St John Sutton
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Acker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D018421:Cardiomyoplasty; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D006439:Hemodynamics; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left