title: Dietary modification of human macular pigment density.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The retinal carotenoids lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) that form the macular pigment (MP) may help to prevent neovascular age-related macular degeneration. The purpose of this study was to determine whether MP density in the retina could be raised by increasing dietary intake of L and Z from foods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Macular pigment was measured psychophysically for 13 subjects. Serum concentrations of L, Z, and beta-carotene were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Eleven subjects modified their usual daily diets by adding 60 g of spinach (10.8 mg L, 0.3 mg Z, 5 mg beta-carotene) and ten also added 150 g of corn (0.3 mg Z, 0.4 mg L); two other subjects were given only corn. Dietary modification lasted up to 15 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the subjects fed spinach or spinach and corn, three types of responses to dietary modification were identified: Eight "retinal responders" had increases in serum L (mean, 33%; SD, 22%) and in MP density (mean, 19%; SD, 11%); two "retinal nonresponders" showed substantial increases in serum L (mean, 31%) but not in MP density (mean, -11%); one "serum and retinal nonresponder" showed no changes in serum L, Z, or beta-carotene and no change in MP density. For the two subjects given only corn, serum L changed little (+11%, -6%), but in one subject serum Z increased (70%) and MP density increased (25%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increases in MP density were obtained within 4 weeks of dietary modification for most, but not all, subjects. When MP density increased with dietary modification, it remained elevated for at least several months after resuming an unmodified diet. Augmentation of MP for both experimental and clinical investigation appears to be feasible for many persons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University West, Phoenix 85069-7100, USA.
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: N I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Krinsky
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Yeum
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Snodderly
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D014975:Lutein / Q000097:blood; D008266:Macula Lutea / Q000378:metabolism*; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism*; D012168:Retinal Pigments / Q000378:metabolism*; D018724:Spinacia oleracea; D024341:Xanthophylls; D003313:Zea mays; D065146:Zeaxanthins; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D012168:Retinal Pigments; D024341:Xanthophylls; D065146:Zeaxanthins; D019207:beta Carotene; D014975:Lutein