title: Angina-induced protection against myocardial infarction in adult and elderly patients: a loss of preconditioning mechanism in the aging heart?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study examined whether angina 48 h before myocardial infarction provides protection in adult and elderly patients.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The mortality rate for coronary artery disease is greater in elderly than in young patients. In experimental studies, ischemic preconditioning affords an endogenous form of protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury in adult but not in senescent hearts. Angina before myocardial infarction, a clinical equivalent of experimental ischemic preconditioning, has a protective effect in adult patients. It is not known whether angina before myocardial infarction is also protective in aged patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively verified whether antecedent angina within 48 h of myocardial infarction exerts a beneficial effect on in-hospital outcomes in adult (< 65 years old, n = 293) and elderly (> or = 65 years old, n = 210) patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In-hospital death was more frequent in adult patients without than in those with previous angina (10% vs. 2.6%, p < 0.01), as were congestive heart failure or shock (10.7% vs. 3.3%, p < 0.02) and the combined end points (in-hospital death and congestive heart failure or shock) (20.7% vs. 5.9%, p < 0.0003). In contrast, the presence or absence of previous angina before acute myocardial infarction in elderly patients seems not to influence the incidence of in-hospital death (14.4% vs. 15.2%, p = 0.97), congestive heart failure or shock (11.0% vs. 11.9%, p = 0.99) and the combined end points (25.4% vs. 27.1%, p = 0.89). Logistic regression analysis models for in-hospital end points show that previous angina is a positive predictor in adult but not in elderly patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of angina before acute myocardial infarction seems to confer protection against in-hospital outcomes in adults; this effect seemed to be less obvious in elderly patients. This study suggests that the protection afforded by angina in adult patients may involve the occurrence of ischemic preconditioning, which seems to be lost in senescent patients.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Medicina Interna, Cardiologia e Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abete
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ferrara
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cacciatore
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Madrid
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bianco
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Calabrese
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Napoli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scognamiglio
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bollella
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cioppa
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Longobardi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rengo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012770:Shock, Cardiogenic / Q000209:etiology; D013997:Time Factors