title: Role of echocardiography in evaluation of patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: experience in 103 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this prospective study was to examine the role of echocardiography in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The reported incidence of infective endocarditis (IE) among patients with SAB varies widely. Distinguishing patients with uncomplicated bacteremia from those with IE is therapeutically and prognostically important, but often difficult.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred-three consecutive patients undergoing both transthoracic (TTE) echocardiography and transesophageal (TEE) echocardiography were prospectively evaluated. All patients presented with fever and > or = 1 positive blood culture and were followed up for 12 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although predisposing heart disease was present in 42 patients (41%), clinical evidence of infective endocarditis (IE) was rare (7%). TTE revealed anatomic abnormalities in 33 patients, but vegetations in only 7 (7%), and was considered indeterminate in 19 (18%). TEE identified vegetations in 22 patients (aortic valve in 5, mitral valve in 9, tricuspid valve in 4, catheter in 2 and pacemaker in 2, abscesses in 2, valve perforation in 1 and new severe regurgitation in 1; 26 total [25%]). Using Duke criteria for the diagnosis of IE, definite IE was present in 26 patients (25%). Clinical findings and predisposing heart disease did not distinguish between patients with and without IE. The sensitivity of TTE for detecting IE was 32%, and the specificity was 100%. The addition of TEE increased the sensitivity to 100%, but resulted in one false positive result (specificity 99%). TEE detected evidence of IE in 19% of patients with a negative TTE and 21% of patients with an indeterminate TTE. At follow-up, cure of staphylococcal infection occurred in a similar percentage of patients with and without IE (77% and 75%, respectively). However, death due to sepsis was significantly more likely among patients with IE (4 of 26 [15%]) than among those without IE (2 of 77 [3%]) (p = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that IE is common among patients admitted to the hospital with SAB and is associated with an increased risk of death due to sepsis. TEE is essential to establish the diagnosis and to detect associated complications. Therefore, the test should be considered part of the early evaluation of patients with SAB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. fowle007@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: V G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Corey
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boley
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Marr
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Gopal
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Donovan
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sexton
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ryan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D015984:Causality; D002423:Cause of Death; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color / Q000592:standards*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000592:standards*; D004697:Endocarditis, Bacterial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus