title: A study of photobactericidal activity in the phenothiazinium series.
abstract: The photodynamic antibacterial properties of a closely related series of commercially available phenothiazinium dyes were tested against a range of pathogenic strains of Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus) and Gram-negative organisms (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The photosensitisers were illuminated using a non-laser light source at a fluence of 1.75 mW cm-2 and this resulted in the enhancement of antibacterial activity in liquid culture. In several cases, illumination resulted in considerable decreases in the minimum lethal concentrations required, giving up to 100-fold increases in bactericidal activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK. M.Wainwright@UCLAN.ac.uk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wainwright
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Phoenix
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marland
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Wareing
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Bolton
mesh_terms: D000165:Acridine Orange / Q000494:pharmacology; D001409:Bacillus cereus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017484:Dermatitis, Phototoxic / Q000382:microbiology*; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D008027:Light / Q000009:adverse effects; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011370:Proflavine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D014048:Tolonium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D014048:Tolonium Chloride; D011370:Proflavine; C028673:methylene green; D000165:Acridine Orange; D010100:Oxygen; D008751:Methylene Blue