title: Percutaneous transthoracic duct catheterization to the neck and esophagus: a feasibility study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the feasibility of inserting a drain catheter percutaneously from the cisterna chyli (CC) through the thoracic duct (TD) wall to the neck or esophagus for potential long-term T-cell sampling or drainage in acute or short-term experiments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Percutaneous transabdominal catheterization of the TD from the CC was performed in four animals to insert a 65-cm, 21-gauge needle over a microguidewire. In two dogs, the distal TD was perforated into the neck to connect the TD drain to an access port. In acute experiments on two swine, the esophagus was accessed by puncturing an intraluminal Foley-catheter balloon through the mid TD wall. In one animal, the TD catheter tip was left to drain in the distal esophagus; in the other animal, the catheter distal tip was pulled back through a gastrostomy until the proximal end had retracted into the proximal TD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TD-to-neck port connection was well tolerated short-term. One dog developed dehiscence over the port at 10 days necessitating its removal; in the other dog, the whole drain retracted into the neck from the proximal TD. The technique for TD-to-esophagus catheterization in swine was feasible with no acute complications or mediastinal leakage of contrast medium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transabdominal percutaneous inside-out TD puncture for drainage to a neck port or to the esophagus is feasible in dogs and swine, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cope
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Timms
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pavcnik
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D004285:Dogs; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods*; D004947:Esophagus; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D008208:Lymphatic System; D009333:Neck; D011677:Punctures; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D013897:Thoracic Duct