title: Densities of nitric oxide synthesizing nerves in smooth muscles of human gut during fetal development.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in inhibitory neurotransmission in the sphincteric and nonsphincteric smooth muscles. However, the relative contribution of NO synthesizing innervation to these functionally diverse parts of the gut, particularly during development, is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gastrointestinal sphincters and adjoining nonsphincteric bowel segments were obtained from 14 human fetuses (gestation, 12 to 23 weeks). NO synthesizing nerves were examined by nicotinamide adenine deoxinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase histochemistry. The densities of NADPH-positive nerves in the smooth muscles were quantified using a computerized image analyzing system on random sections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The NO synthesizing nerve density in intestinal smooth muscles decreased during fetal development as a result of increased interspacing between myenteric ganglia and a disproportionately larger increase in smooth muscle area than neuronal area. The nerve densities were lower in sphincteric regions than the adjoining nonsphincteric regions at the same gestation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings may have relevance to the occurrence of congenital dysmotility disorders of the sphincteric regions.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Surgery Directorate, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, England.
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Tam
mesh_terms: D004064:Digestive System / Q000196:embryology* / Q000294:innervation*; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology*; D015154:Esophageal Motility Disorders / Q000151:congenital / Q000196:embryology; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000502:physiology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000196:embryology* / Q000294:innervation*; D009197:Myenteric Plexus / Q000196:embryology; D009252:NADPH Dehydrogenase / Q000032:analysis; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D009252:NADPH Dehydrogenase