title: Evaluation of a menstrual cup to collect shed endometrium for in vitro studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether a menstrual cup is a suitable instrument to collect antegradely shed endometrium for in vitro studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, descriptive, cell biological and immunohistochemical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care university medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine female volunteers with regular cycles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Menstrual effluent was collected with a menstrual cup. Experience with the menstrual cup was described. Cytospin specimens, frozen sections, and cultures were prepared from the obtained menstrual tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  The acceptability of the menstrual cup. The presence and viability of endometrial tissue was evaluated using immunohistochemical staining and culture outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All women except one described the menstrual cup as acceptable. Menstrual effluent contained single cells, clumps of cells, and glandlike structures. After 5 days of culture, the endometrial tissue appeared to be viable. Immunohistochemistry showed positive staining for vimentin in most cytospin specimens, in all cryostat specimens, and in 10 of 17 cultures. Cytokeratin 18 stained most cytospin specimens, all cryostat specimens, and 10 of 17 cultures. Positive staining for BW495/36 was observed in most cytospin specimens, all cryostat specimens, and 11 of 17 cultures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A menstrual cup in an acceptable instrument to collect antegradely shed menstrual tissue. Menstruum contains viable endometrial tissue that can be used for in vitro studies of endometrium and endometriosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Academisch Ziekenhuis Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Koks
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Dunselman
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: de Goeij
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Arends
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Evers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D004715:Endometriosis / Q000209:etiology*; D004717:Endometrium / Q000166:cytology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008598:Menstruation; D051379:Mice; D011446:Prospective Studies