title: Viral dynamics of primary viremia and antiretroviral therapy in simian immunodeficiency virus infection.
abstract: Mathematical modeling of viral replication dynamics, based on sequential measurements of levels of virion-associated RNA in plasma during antiretroviral treatment, has led to fundamental new insights into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 pathogenesis. We took advantage of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaque model to perform detailed measurements and mathematical modeling during primary infection and during treatment of established infection with the antiretroviral drug (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine (PMPA). The calculated clearance half-life for productively infected cells during resolution of the peak viremia of primary infection was on the order of 1 day, with slightly shorter clearance half-lives calculated during PMPA treatment. Viral reproduction rates upon discontinuation of PMPA treatment after 2 weeks were approximately twofold greater than those obtained just prior to initiation of treatment in the same animals, likely reflecting accumulation of susceptible target cells during treatment. The basic reproductive ratio (R0) for the spread of SIV infection in vivo, which represents the number of productively infected cells derived from each productively infected cell at the beginning of infection, was also estimated. This parameter quantifies the extent to which antiviral therapy or vaccination must limit the initial spread of virus to prevent establishment of chronic disseminated infection. The results thus provide an important guide for efforts to develop vaccines against SIV and, by extension, human immunodeficiency virus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, England.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Vasquez
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Wiltrout
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Wahl
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bischofberger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kinter
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Fauci
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lifson
mesh_terms: D016915:AIDS Vaccines; D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D008254:Macaca nemestrina; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D063065:Organophosphonates; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014765:Viral Vaccines; D014766:Viremia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D016915:AIDS Vaccines; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D063065:Organophosphonates; D012367:RNA, Viral; D014765:Viral Vaccines; C053001:adefovir; D000225:Adenine