title: Termination of nontraumatic cardiac arrest resuscitative efforts in the field: a national survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  1) To describe elements of adult nontraumatic cardiac arrest protocols in those U.S. cities in which resuscitative efforts are being terminated in the out-of-hospital setting. 2) To determine the prevalence and methods of on-scene family grief counseling delivered in this setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Emergency medical services (EMS) systems in each of the 200 largest cities in the United States were surveyed by telephone regarding the content of their adult cardiac arrest protocols. Type of arrest (medical vs trauma), final dysrhythmia, termination policies, and presence or absence of a grief counseling protocol were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All of the target population responded to the telephone survey. Most (135; 68%) EMS systems currently have written protocols that allow in-field termination of resuscitative efforts for adult nontraumatic cardiac arrest patients who remain asystolic. Only 47 (24%) EMS systems allow cessation of efforts for patients without return of spontaneous circulation regardless of the dysrhythmia. Base station contact is required for authorization to end resuscitative efforts in 120/135 (89%) EMS systems. Only 26/135 (19%) EMS systems that cease efforts in the field have written policies concerning on-scene family grief counseling. This counseling is most likely to be conducted by the out-of-hospital providers themselves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many U.S. urban EMS systems are terminating efforts for selected adult nontraumatic cardiac arrest patients, although few have written policies to address grief intervention for family members at the scene.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jaslow
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Barbera
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002985:Clinical Protocols / Q000592:standards*; D003376:Counseling / Q000379:methods; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003625:Data Collection; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006117:Grief; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016414:Resuscitation Orders; D014481:United States; D014505:Urban Population