title: CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) in the locus coeruleus: biochemical, physiological, and behavioral evidence for a role in opiate dependence.
abstract: Chronic morphine administration increases levels of adenylyl cyclase and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) activity in the locus coeruleus (LC), which contributes to the severalfold activation of LC neurons that occurs during opiate withdrawal. A role for the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in mediating the opiate-induced upregulation of the cAMP pathway has been suggested, but direct evidence is lacking. In the present study, we first demonstrated that the morphine-induced increases in adenylyl cyclase and PKA activity in the LC are associated with selective increases in levels of immunoreactivity of types I and VIII adenylyl cyclase and of the catalytic and type II regulatory subunits of PKA. We next used antisense oligonucleotides directed against CREB to study the role of this transcription factor in mediating these effects. Infusion (5 d) of CREB antisense oligonucleotide directly into the LC significantly reduced levels of CREB immunoreactivity. This effect was sequence-specific and not associated with detectable toxicity. CREB antisense oligonucleotide infusions completely blocked the morphine-induced upregulation of type VIII adenylyl cyclase but not of PKA. The infusions also blocked the morphine-induced upregulation of tyrosine hydroxylase but not of Gialpha, two other proteins induced in the LC by chronic morphine treatment. Electrophysiological studies revealed that intra-LC antisense oligonucleotide infusions completely prevented the morphine-induced increase in spontaneous firing rates of LC neurons in brain slices. This blockade was completely reversed by addition of 8-bromo-cAMP (which activates PKA) but not by addition of forskolin (which activates adenylyl cyclase). Intra-LC infusions of CREB antisense oligonucleotide also reduced the development of physical dependence to opiates, based on attenuation of opiate withdrawal. Together, these findings provide the first direct evidence that CREB mediates the morphine-induced upregulation of specific components of the cAMP pathway in the LC that contribute to physical opiate dependence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine and Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, Connecticut 06508, USA.
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Lane-Ladd
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pineda
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Boundy
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pfeuffer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krupinski
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Aghajanian
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Nestler
mesh_terms: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000201:enzymology; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D054746:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type II; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007267:Injections; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008125:Locus Coeruleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000494:pharmacology; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D007527:Isoenzymes; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D009020:Morphine; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D054746:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type II; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases