title: Heterotopic ossification in the setting of neuromuscular blockade.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a disorder characterized by the formation of new bone in tissue that does not ossify under normal conditions. We report a series of 6 cases in which HO occurred in the setting of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We wished to show that HO can occur after neuromuscular blockade and that these cases might provide additional evidence that HO is influenced by neural mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases of HO were selected from the consultation services at the Massachusetts General Hospital and the Brigham and Women's Hospital. Affected patients all had ARDS and had been treated with a neuromuscular blocking agent. Patients with a history of stroke, burn, head trauma, spinal cord injury, or joint replacement were excluded from this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heterotopic bone appeared around large joints in a pattern identical to that seen in patients with paralysis, traumatic brain injury, severe burns, or trauma. New bone formation was self-limited over a period of 1-2 years. Alkaline phosphatase and technetium bone scan were sensitive ways of detecting early disease and monitoring disease activity. Medical therapies had limited benefit. Surgical excision of mature new bone appeared to be the only definitive therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neuromuscular blockade in the setting of ARDS appears to be an important risk factor for the development of HO. The similarity of these cases of HO occurring in patients with brain or spinal cord injury raises the possibility that neural mechanisms may be important in the pathogenesis of this disease. Whether the type of neuromuscular blocking agent and the duration of use are important determinants of disease severity remains to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA.
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Merkel
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perlmutter
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Krane
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Polisson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D004550:Elbow / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019148:Neuromuscular Blockade; D009999:Ossification, Heterotopic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation; D011859:Radiography; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000628:therapy; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013667:Technetium
chemical_list: D013667:Technetium; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D002118:Calcium