title: The effect of violin playing on the bony facial structures in adolescents.
abstract: Holding a violin between shoulder and chin needs a special kind of muscle function. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether this kind of muscular activity is a modifying factor for facial growth in adolescence. The bony facial dimensions of 24 adolescent violin students attending colleges of music with a playing history of 5-11 years were measured from lateral and posteroanterior cephalograms and panoramic tomograms of the jaws. The dimensions were compared with those of sex- and age-matched controls. Significant differences were found between violin players and controls. The players had higher faces, especially on the right side of the lower face and in the right mandibular ramus. The players also had more proclined upper and lower incisors than the controls. It is concluded that the overall greater facial height in violinists reflects the increased face muscle activity and the higher bony dimensions of the right side of the face are due to the muscular activity produced on that side to balance the load caused by the violin on the left. The greater proclination of the incisors is the result of an altered balance of muscular activity between tongue and lip, and the pressure of the violin to the chin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Radiology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kovero
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Könönen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pirinen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D005146:Facial Asymmetry / Q000209:etiology*; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D009146:Music; D014716:Vertical Dimension