title: Influence of physician confidentiality assurances on adolescents' willingness to disclose information and seek future health care. A randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adolescents' concerns about privacy in clinical settings decrease their willingness to seek health care for sensitive problems and may inhibit their communication with physicians.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the influence of physicians' assurances of confidentiality on adolescents' willingness to disclose information and seek future health care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three suburban public high schools in California.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 562 participating adolescents represented 92% of students in mandatory classes.
  
  
  METHODS
  After random assignment to 1 of 3 groups, the adolescents listened to a standardized audiotape depiction of an office visit during which they heard a physician who assured unconditional confidentiality, a physician who assured conditional confidentiality, or a physician who did not mention confidentiality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescents' willingness to disclose general information, willingness to disclose information about sensitive topics, intended honesty, and likelihood of return visits to the physician depicted in the scenario were assessed by anonymous written questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Assurances of confidentiality increased the number of adolescents willing to disclose sensitive information about sexuality, substance use, and mental health from 39% (68/175) to 46.5% (178/383) (beta=.10, P=.02) and increased the number willing to seek future health care from 53% (93/175) to 67% (259/386) (beta=.17, P<.001). When comparing the unconditional with the conditional groups, assurances of unconditional confidentiality increased the number of adolescents willing to return for a future visit by 10 percentage points, from 62% (122/196) to 72% (137/190) (beta=.14, P=.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adolescents are more willing to communicate with and seek health care from physicians who assure confidentiality. Further investigation is needed to identify a confidentiality assurance statement that explains the legal and ethical limitations of confidentiality without decreasing adolescents' likelihood of seeking future health care for routine and nonreportable sensitive health concerns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Millstein
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Halpern-Felsher
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Irwin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016497:Adolescent Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002140:California; D003219:Confidentiality; D030881:Disclosure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014342:Truth Disclosure