title: Neoral compared to Sandimmune is associated with a decrease in histologic severity of rejection in patients undergoing primary liver transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In a randomized, controlled study we investigated the clinical efficacy of the microemulsion formulation of cyclosporine (Neoral) in comparison with Sandimmune (SIM) in the treatment of patients who underwent primary orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT).
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 33 patients were randomized in a double-blind fashion before undergoing primary OLT to receive either Neoral or SIM. All 33 patients initially received intravenous cyclosporine, but as soon as it was tolerated, the oral study drug was initiated (median time, 3.6 days) and 17 patients received Neoral and 16 SIM (for both drugs, 10 mg/kg/day). Both groups were comparable with regard to age, sex, etiology of chronic liver disease, and hepatic biochemical profile. Episodes of rejection were diagnosed histologically and characterized as mild, moderate, or severe using criteria from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were followed for 1 year. Four patients in each group were discontinued prematurely. The reason for discontinuation of cyclosporine was drug-related complications in two of the NEO patients and in three of the SIM group; the other three were non-drug-related. Rejection episodes occurred in 9 of 17 patients (52.90%) in the Neoral group and in 9 of 16 patients (56.3%) in the SIM group. The total number of rejection episodes in each group was 14. However, in evaluating the severity of rejection histologically, nine episodes of rejection were characterized as moderate/ severe in the SIM group compared with only three in the Neoral group (P=0.027). Five of the nine moderate/severe rejection episodes in the SIM group occurred within the first 2 weeks after transplant. In contrast, moderate/severe rejection did not occur in the Neoral group in this early period. Two patients in the SIM group and no patients in the Neoral group required treatment with OKT3 for steroid-resistant rejection. There were no differences in mean doses or trough levels when comparing the two study groups. The incidence of adverse effects was similar in the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neoral is a safe and efficacious drug in the treatment of primary OLT patients. Given comparable doses of cyclosporine in each group over 1 year, there was no significant difference in the total number of rejection episodes between study groups. However, patients treated with Neoral had a lower incidence of moderate/severe histologic rejection and were free of steroid-resistant rejection when compared with SIM-treated patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Liver Transplantation, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: I W
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Graziadei
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Wiesner
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Marotta
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Porayko
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Dahlke
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Steers
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Krom
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015994:Incidence; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine