title: Economic impact of angioplasty salvage techniques, with an emphasis on coronary stents: a method incorporating costs, revenues, clinical effectiveness and payer mix.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to broaden assessment of the economic impact of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) revascularization salvage strategies by taking into account costs, revenues, the off-setting effects of prevented clinical complications and the effects of payer mix.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previous economic analyses of PTCA have focused on the direct costs of treatment but have not accounted either for associated revenues or for the ability of costly salvage techniques such as coronary stenting to reduce even costlier complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Procedural costs, revenues and contribution margins (i.e., "profit") were measured for 765 consecutive PTCA cases to assess the economic impact of salvage techniques (prolonged heparin administration, thrombolysis, intracoronary stenting or use of perfusion balloon catheters) and clinical complications (myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass graft surgery [CABG] or acute vessel closure with repeat PTCA). To assess the economic impact of various salvage techniques for failed PTCA, we used actual 1995 financial data as well as models of various mixes of fee-for-service, diagnosis-related group (DRG) and capitated payers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under fee-for-service arrangements, most salvage techniques were profitable for the hospital. Stents were profitable at almost any level of clinical effectiveness. Under DRG-based systems, most salvage techniques such as stenting produced a financial loss to the hospital because one complication (CABG) remained profitable. Under capitated arrangements, stenting and other salvage modalities were profitable only if they were clinically effective in preventing complications in > 50% of cases in which they were used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The economic impact of PTCA salvage techniques depends on their clinical effectiveness, costs and revenues. In reimbursement systems dominated by DRG payers, salvage techniques are not rewarded, whereas complications are. Under capitated systems, the level of clinical effectiveness needed to achieve cost savings is probably not achievable in current practice. Further studies are needed to define equitable reimbursement schedules that will promote clinically effective practice.
authors.affiliation: University of Vermont College of Medicine, USA.
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Vaitkus
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Witmer
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Brandenburg
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Zehnacker
mesh_terms: D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards; D002204:Capitation Fee; D017046:Cost Savings; D003953:Diagnosis-Related Groups / Q000191:economics*; D018588:Fee-for-Service Plans / Q000191:economics*; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008389:Marketing of Health Services; D016879:Salvage Therapy / Q000191:economics*; D015607:Stents / Q000191:economics*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014707:Vermont