title: Correction factors for water-proofing sleeves in kilovoltage x-ray beams.
abstract: This paper investigates the effect of the waterproofing sleeve on the calibration of kilovoltage photon beams (50-300 kV). The sleeve effect correction factor, ps has been calculated using the Monte Carlo method as the ratios of the air kerma in an air cavity of a cylindrical chamber without the waterproofing sleeve to that with a sleeve. Three sleeve materials have been studied, PMMA, nylon and polystyrene. The calculations were carried out using the EGS4 (Electron Gamma Shower version 4) code system with the application of a correlated-sampling variance-reduction technique. The results show that the sleeve correction factor for 1-mm thick nylon and polystyrene sleeves, ps varies from 0.992 to 1.000 and from 0.981 to 1.000, respectively, for the same beam quality range. The ps factor varies with sleeve thickness, beam quality and phantom depth. No significant dependence of the ps factor on field size and source-surface distance has been found. Measurements for PMMA, nylon and polystyrene sleeves of various thicknesses have also been carried out and show excellent agreement with Monte Carlo calculations.
authors.affiliation: Institute for National Measurement Standards, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada. cma@reyes.stanford.edu
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Seuntjens
mesh_terms: D055592:Biophysical Phenomena; D001703:Biophysics; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011108:Polymers; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013679:Technology, Radiologic / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers; D014867:Water