title: A role for the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in myocardial cell growth, sarcomeric organization, and cardiac-specific gene expression.
abstract: Three hallmark features of the cardiac hypertrophic growth program are increases in cell size, sarcomeric organization, and the induction of certain cardiac-specific genes. All three features of hypertrophy are induced in cultured myocardial cells by alpha1- adrenergic receptor agonists, such as phenylephrine (PE) and other growth factors that activate mitogen- activated protein kinases (MAPKs). In this study the MAPK family members extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 were activated by transfecting cultured cardiac myocytes with constructs encoding the appropriate kinases possessing gain-of-function mutations. Transfected cells were then analyzed for changes in cell size, sarcomeric organization, and induction of the genes for the A- and B-type natriuretic peptides (NPs), as well as the alpha-skeletal actin (alpha-SkA) gene. While activation of JNK and/or ERK with MEKK1COOH or Raf-1 BXB, respectively, augmented cell size and effected relatively modest increases in NP and alpha-SkA promoter activities, neither upstream kinase conferred sarcomeric organization. However, transfection with MKK6 (Glu), which specifically activated p38, augmented cell size, induced NP and alpha-Ska promoter activities by up to 130-fold, and elicited sarcomeric organization in a manner similar to PE. Moreover, all three growth features induced by MKK6 (Glu) or PE were blocked with the p38-specific inhibitor, SB 203580. These results demonstrate novel and potentially central roles for MKK6 and p38 in the regulation of myocardial cell hypertrophy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Molecular Biology Institute, San Diego State University, California 92182, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zechner
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Thuerauf
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Hanford
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: McDonough
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Glembotski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D048429:Cell Size / Q000235:genetics; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D048669:MAP Kinase Kinase 6; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D012518:Sarcomeres / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007093:Imidazoles; D011725:Pyridines; D010656:Phenylephrine; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048669:MAP Kinase Kinase 6; C093642:SB 203580