title: Innervation pattern of malformative cortical vessels in Sturge-Weber disease: an histochemical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to elucidate the pattern of vascular innervation in areas of pial angiomatosis in Sturge-Weber disease (SWD) and eventually correlating it with the pathophysiology of the disease, namely its chronic ischemic changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We processed part of a surgical specimen resected from a 3-year-old female patient who underwent functional hemispherectomy for SWD and characterized the pattern of innervation of the malformative cortical vessels using histochemical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cortical vessels were observed to be supplied with numerous varicose nerve fibers containing immunoreactivity for neuropeptide tyrosine and the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine, tyrosine hydroxylase. In contrast, no nerve fibers containing acetylcholinesterase activity and immunoreactivity for Substance P, a calcitonin gene-related peptide and vasoactive intestinal peptide, were detected. Ultrastructural studies revealed the presence of numerous axon varicosities at the adventitial-medial border. Neuropeptide tyrosine immunoreactivity was localized in large granular vesicles in nerve varicosities that also contained numerous small granular vesicles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that nerve supplying cortical vessels in SWD are arranged in a distribution pattern similar to the one observed in human normal cortical veins and suggest that these abnormal vessels are innervated only with noradrenergic sympathetic nerve fibers. This represents a clear difference from the pattern of innervation observed in both normal cortical arteries and veins, and is the consequence of the anatomic and functional dysangiogenic process characteristic of the affected cortical areas in SWD.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Cell Morphology and Image Processing, Gulbenkian Institute of Science, Oeiras, Portugal.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cunha e Sá
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Barroso
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Caldas
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Edvinsson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gulbenkian
mesh_terms: D001369:Axons / Q000473:pathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000473:pathology*; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000294:innervation*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000098:blood supply*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000473:pathology*; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000473:pathology*; D009478:Neuropeptide Y / Q000378:metabolism; D013341:Sturge-Weber Syndrome / Q000473:pathology*; D013572:Synaptic Vesicles / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009478:Neuropeptide Y; D014443:Tyrosine; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase