title: The arterioportal fistula syndrome: clinicopathologic features, diagnosis, and therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Arterioportal fistulas (APFs) are rare vascular disorders of the mesenteric circulation. The aim of this study was to determine the etiology, anatomical location, and main symptom at presentation of APFs, and analyze the various modes of treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The etiology, clinical presentation, radiographs, and treatment of 12 patients with APFs are reported in detail, and another 76 cases published since 1980 are reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  APFs result from trauma (n = 25, 28%), iatrogenic procedures (n = 14, 16%), congenital vascular malformations (n = 13, 15%), tumor (n = 13, 15%), aneurysm (n = 12, 14%), and other causes (n = 11, 12%). The origin of APFs is the hepatic artery in the majority of patients (n = 56, 65%). The main symptoms at presentation are lower or upper gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 29, 33%), ascites (n = 23, 26%), heart failure (n = 4.5%), or diarrhea (n = 4.5%). Radiological intervention provides definitive treatment in 42% (n = 33) of patients, whereas the remainder are treated by surgery alone (n = 27, 31%) or a combination of radiological intervention and surgery (n = 8, 9%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  APFs result in a protean syndrome variously combining portal hypertension and other hemodynamic imbalances (heart failure, intestinal ischemia). Single or multiple interventional radiological procedures using arterial and/or venous approaches allow definitive treatment of most APFs. With increasing technological advances, it is anticipated that surgery will only be indicated in rare instances after failure of radiological intervention(s).
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA.
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Vauthey
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Tomczak
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Helmberger
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gertsch
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Forsmark
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Caridi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Langham
authors.forename: G Y
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Lauwers
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Goffette
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lerut
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006499:Hepatic Artery / Q000002:abnormalities*; D006801:Humans; D016239:MEDLINE; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011169:Portal Vein / Q000002:abnormalities*; D013577:Syndrome; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating