title: Guidance of radiofrequency endocardial ablation with real-time three-dimensional magnetic navigation system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ablation therapy for certain arrhythmias requires the formation of complex lesions based on electrical and anatomic mapping. We tested the accuracy and reproducibility of a nonfluoroscopic mapping and navigation (NFM) system to guide delivery of radiofrequency (RF) energy in the right atrium (RA) of swine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The NFM system uses an ultralow magnetic field to measure the real-time three-dimensional (3D) location of the tip of the locatable catheter. While in stable contact with the endocardium, between 30 and 40 consecutive tip locations were sampled and used for the 3D reconstruction of the RA geometry. The location of the catheter tip was presented in real time, superimposed over the RA geometry. We selected a point on the 3D reconstruction and delivered RF energy to that site via the tip of the locatable catheter. The catheter was then completely withdrawn and renavigated twice to the same point, at which RF energy was delivered again. At autopsy, the distance between the centers of the three ablation points (mean+/-SEM) was 2.3+/-0.5 mm (n=27). Similarly, we used the NFM system to guide the generation of linear lesions. The measured length of the linear lesions on the NFM 3D view was close to the actual lesion length measured at autopsy (correlation coefficient, .96; P=.002; n=6). Furthermore, the location, shape, and continuity of the linear lesions corresponded to the autopsy findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the NFM system can guide the application of RF energy without the use of fluoroscopy in a highly accurate and reproducible manner.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular System Laboratory, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shpun
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gepstein
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hayam
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ben-Haim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000601:surgery; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D004594:Electrophysiology; D004699:Endocardium / Q000601:surgery*; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000601:surgery; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D008280:Magnetics; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013552:Swine