title: Rational design of selective ligands for trypanothione reductase from Trypanosoma cruzi. Structural effects on the inhibition by dibenzazepines based on imipramine.
abstract: Trypanothione reductase, the enzyme which in trypanosomal and leishmanial parasites catalyses the reduction of trypanothione disulphide to the redox-protective dithiol and has been identified as a potential target for rational antiparasite drug design, has been found to be strongly inhibited by tricyclic compounds containing the saturated dibenzazepine (imipramine) nucleus, with Ki values in the low micromolar range. This drug lead structure was designed by molecular graphics analysis of a three-dimensional homology model, focussing on the active-site. Inhibition studies were carried out to determine the effect of inhibitor structure on the inhibitory strength towards recombinant trypanothione reductase from Trypanosoma cruzi. Hansch analysis showed that inhibitory strength depended on terms in pi, pi 2 and sigma m indicating dependence on both lipophilicity and inductive effect for ring-substituted analogues of imipramine. The side-chain omega-aminoalkyl chain had to be longer than 2-carbon units for inhibition. The effect on inhibition strength of the substituent at the omega-amino position on the side-chain of the central ring nitrogen atom depended markedly on the detailed substitution pattern of the rest of the molecule. This provides kinetic evidence studies of multiple binding modes within a single, blanket binding site for the inhibitor with the tricyclic ring system in the general region of the hydrophobic pocket lined by Trp21, Tyr110, Met113 and Phe114. This aspect of the structural sensitivity of the precise active-site triangulation adopted by the inhibitor is probably a function of the use of hydrophobic interactions of low directional specificity in this pocket combined with an electrostatic anchoring by the omega-N+ HMe2 function of the inhibitor, presumably with a glutamate side-chain, such as Glu-18, Glu-466' and/or Glu-467'.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garforth
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: McKie
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Fairlamb
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000737:chemistry*; D003196:Computer Graphics; D003984:Dibenzazepines / Q000737:chemistry*; D015195:Drug Design; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology; D007099:Imipramine / Q000737:chemistry*; D008024:Ligands; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D003984:Dibenzazepines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008024:Ligands; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; C049608:trypanothione reductase; D007099:Imipramine