title: Urinary continence after radical retropubic prostatectomy. Analysis and synthesis of contributing factors: a unified concept.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of three types of apical dissection on urinary continence after radical retropubic prostatectomy and to evaluate possible contributing factors, e.g. preservation of the bladder neck and preprostatic sphincter, age, anastomotic strictures, previous transurethral resection and nerve-sparing surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Having undergone one of three types of apical dissection, 280 patients were evaluated: in Group 1 (sphincter-damaging) 134 patients underwent the original technique of ligating and transecting the venous complex; in Group 2 (sphincter-repairing), 76 patients had the venous complex with part of striated sphincter incorporated within anastomotic suture(s); and in Group 3 (sphincter-preserving), 70 patients had the venous complex alone ligated using the 'bunching' technique of Myers. The outcome was analysed for the number becoming continent and the time to continence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Continence was achieved in 93% overall, with 90%, 93% and 99% achieving continence in Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The mean time to continence was 68 days overall, taking 100, 52 and 30 days for the respective groups. Twenty patients (7%) did not achieve full continence; 15 had minor incontinence and five severe, with none of the latter being in Group 3. The group (preservation of external sphincter), age and freedom from development of anastomotic strictures were the most important factors both in regaining continence and decreasing the time to continence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preservation of as much as possible of the normal anatomy of the sphincter mechanisms and their nerve supplies results in an excellent return to continence after radical retropubic prostatectomy.
authors.affiliation: Urological Research Centre of Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Kaye
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Creed
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: D'Antuono
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Dawkins
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004210:Dissection; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*