title: Halothane attenuates endothelium-dependent pulmonary vasorelaxant response to lemakalim, an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium channel agonist.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lemakalim, an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium (K+(ATP)) channel agonist, causes profound pulmonary vasodilation in conscious dogs, which is attenuated during halothane anesthesia. The goal of the present study was to investigate the mechanism responsible for this attenuating effect of halothane.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isolated canine pulmonary arterial rings were suspended for isometric tension recording in 25 ml organ baths. Rings with and without endothelium were contracted to 50% of their maximal response to phenylephrine, followed by the cumulative administration of lemakalim with or without exposure to halothane (0.5-1.5 minimum alveolar concentration [MAC] in dogs). Lemakalim dose-response curves were also generated in rings pretreated with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, Nw-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME); the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin; or the K+(ATP) channel antagonist, glybenclamide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with intact rings, the pulmonary vasorelaxant response to lemakalim was attenuated (P < 0.05) in endothelium-denuded rings. Halothane at 0.5 MAC had no effect on the vasorelaxant response to lemakalim. Halothane at 1 MAC attenuated (P < 0.05) the vasorelaxant response to lemakalim in intact rings, but not in endothelium-denuded rings. Halothane at 1.5 MAC attenuated (P < 0.05) the vasorelaxant response to lemakalim in both intact and endothelium-denuded rings. In endothelium-intact rings, indomethacin attenuated (P < 0.05) the vasorelaxant response to lemakalim, whereas L-NAME had no effect. Further, indomethacin, but not L-NAME, abolished the endothelium-dependent, halothane-induced attenuation of the lemakalim vasorelaxation response. Glybenclamide markedly attenuated (P < 0.05) lemakalim vasorelaxation at lemakalim doses less than 10(-6) M.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lemakalim-induced pulmonary vasorelaxation involves an endothelium-dependent and vascular smooth muscle component. Further, halothane attenuates the endothelium-dependent pulmonary vasorelaxant response to lemakalim via an inhibitory effect on vasodilator metabolites of the cyclooxygenase pathway.
authors.affiliation: Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horibe
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Murray
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001578:Benzopyrans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019806:Cromakalim; D004285:Dogs; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000502:physiology*; D005905:Glyburide / Q000494:pharmacology; D006221:Halothane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects*; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D001578:Benzopyrans; D015221:Potassium Channels; D011758:Pyrroles; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D019806:Cromakalim; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D005905:Glyburide; D006221:Halothane; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; D007213:Indomethacin