title: Role of positron emission tomography in staging esophageal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conventional noninvasive staging of esophageal cancer is inaccurate. This study investigated the role of positron emission tomography (PET) in staging esophageal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with potentially resectable esophageal cancer were included. A whole-body PET scan was acquired after injection of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and was evaluated for areas of increased focal uptake. Accuracy was determined by comparing PET with surgical staging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Potentially resectable esophageal cancer was identified in 35 patients. Positron emission tomography detected nine sites of distant metastases missed by conventional scanning, but one false-negative PET scan occurred in a patient with a 2-mm liver lesion. There were 11 false-negative PET scans for small, intracapsular local-regional nodal metastases (mean diameter 5.2 mm; range 2 to 10 mm). For distant metastases, the sensitivity was 88%, the specificity was 93%, and the accuracy was 91%. For local-regional nodal metastases, the sensitivity was 45%, the specificity was 100%, and the accuracy was 48%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Positron emission tomography improved our ability to detect distant metastases missed by conventional noninvasive staging of esophageal cancer. Small local-regional nodal metastases are not identified by current PET technology. Early use of PET in the staging of patients with esophageal cancer could facilitate treatment planning and identifying unsuspected distant metastases in up to 20% of patients with a negative metastatic survey by conventional staging.
authors.affiliation: Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. luketich@pittsurg.nb.upmc.edu
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Luketich
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Schauer
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Meltzer
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Landreneau
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Urso
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Townsend
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Ferson
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Keenan
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Belani
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000556:secondary; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000556:secondary; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000556:secondary; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013906:Thoracoscopy; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed / Q000379:methods; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014741:Video Recording
chemical_list: D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D003847:Deoxyglucose