title: Modifications of the conditioning regimen for achieving mixed chimerism and donor-specific tolerance in cynomolgus monkeys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We demonstrated previously that a nonmyeloablative preparative regimen can induce mixed chimerism and allograft tolerance in cynomolgus monkeys.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current studies were designed to clarify the importance and toxicity of various elements of the allotolerance conditioning regimen by: fractionating or reducing the whole-body irradiation (WBI) dosage; adding deoxyspergualine; or deleting donor bone marrow, cyclosporine, irradiation, or splenectomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Monkeys treated without donor bone marrow, cyclosporine, or irradiation did not develop chimerism or long-term allograft survival. One of three monkeys treated without splenectomy developed chimerism but died of a surgical complication. The other two did not develop chimerism and rejected by day 117. Six of six monkeys treated with 300 cGy of fractionated WBI developed chimerism. Five of these recipients had long-term graft survival. Only two of four monkeys treated with 250 cGy developed chimerism, so a 2-week course of deoxyspergualine was added. This led to chimerism in two monkeys, but one died of ureteral stenosis and the other died of allograft rejection. An unanticipated high incidence of ureteral complications felt to be secondary to rejection episodes and ischemic injury was observed in the long-term surviving animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All parameters of the original preparative regimen seem to be essential for consistent success. The degree of lymphocyte depletion was proportional to the WBI dose. Long-term graft survival was observed only in recipients achieving lymphocyte chimerism of > 1.5%. In this model, lymphocyte depletion seems to be the best predictor of chimerism, and significant lymphocyte chimerism seems to be important in achieving tolerance.
authors.affiliation: Transplantation Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kimikawa
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Colvin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bartholomew
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Cosimi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000517:prevention & control; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D006146:Guanidines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology; D007958:Leukocyte Count / Q000528:radiation effects; D008212:Lymphocyte Depletion; D008252:Macaca fascicularis / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D010198:Pancytopenia / Q000209:etiology; D018183:Transplantation Chimera / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D019172:Transplantation Conditioning / Q000379:methods*; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D006146:Guanidines; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; C037258:gusperimus