title: Olfactory dysfunction in patients with head trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ability to smell is commonly altered by head trauma (HT). However, the nature, prevalence, prognosis, and etiology of such alterations are poorly understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantitatively determine the degree of olfactory function in patients with HT-related chemosensory complaints and to examine the influences of age, sex, HT severity, time since HT, and other variables on such function. Also, to use quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to establish whether and to what degree damage to the olfactory bulbs and tracts, frontal lobes, and temporal lobes occurs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred sixty-eight patients with HT from the University of Pennsylvania Smell and Taste Center, Philadelphia, were administered a quantitative odor identification test, a depression inventory, and a medical history questionnaire; 66 were retested after individual test-retest periods ranging from 1 month to 13 years. The volume of olfactory-related brain structures was determined in 15 patients and 15 controls using MRI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred seventy-nine patients (66.8%) had anosmia, 55 (20.5%) had microsmia, and 34 (12.7%) had normosmia. Frontal impacts produced less dysfunction than back or side impacts. Of the 66 retested patients, 24 (36%) improved slightly, 30 (45%) had no change, and 12 (18%) worsened; only 3 patients, none of whom initially had anosmia, regained normal olfactory function. Trauma severity was related to olfactory test scores in patients with microsmia. Parosmia prevalence decreased from 41.1% to 15.4% over an 8-year posttrauma period. Olfactory bulb and tract volumes of male, but not female, patients with HT were greatly reduced relative to volumes of controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients complaining of HT-related olfactory dysfunction typically have anosmia and rarely regain normal olfactory ability, parosmia prevalence decreases over time in such patients, and damage to olfaction-related brain structures can be observed in most such patients using an appropriate MRI protocol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Doty
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Yousem
authors.forename: L T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kreshak
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Geckle
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D009833:Olfactory Pathways / Q000473:pathology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012678:Sensation Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012903:Smell / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices