title: Effect of increased fruit and vegetable intake on the susceptibility of lipoprotein to oxidation in smokers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of an increased dietary intake of fruit and vegetables on susceptibility of LDL to oxidation in smokers and nonsmokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A descriptive and prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble.
  
  
  METHODS
  Volunteers were age and sex matched in the smoking and nonsmoking groups and were recruited by announcement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Increased intake of fruits and vegetables for two weeks providing 30 mg/day of carotenoids.
  
  
  METHODS
  Circulating levels of beta-carotene, lutein, lycopene, alpha-tocopherol; susceptibility of LDL to oxidation. Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD), and Se glutathione peroxidase (Se-GSH-Px) activities and reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At entry (week 0: W0) smokers exhibited a lower plasma carotene level but the plasma parameters of oxidative stress and LDL oxidizability were not different from nonsmokers. After two weeks of increased intake of fruits and vegetables the circulating levels of carotenoids increased in smokers 23% and 11% in nonsmokers. At the same time the resistance of LDL to oxidation increased by 14% in smokers (P < or = 0.05) and by 28% in nonsmokers (P < or = 0.025). The mean whole blood GSH level was higher in smokers at entry but returned to a concentration similar to nonsmokers at the end of the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This pilot study indicates that an increased, carotenoid rich food intake through its inhibitory effect on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation may be an interesting approach to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis both in smokers and nonsmokers.
authors.affiliation: GREPO, Université Joseph Fourier, La Tronche, France.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hininger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chopra
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Thurnham
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Laporte
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Richard
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Favier
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Roussel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D065366:Cryptoxanthins; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood; D014975:Lutein / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood*; D014675:Vegetables; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood; D024341:Xanthophylls; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D065366:Cryptoxanthins; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D024341:Xanthophylls; D019207:beta Carotene; D014801:Vitamin A; D002338:Carotenoids; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D005978:Glutathione; D014975:Lutein