title: Markers of vascular damage in lupus pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study serum levels of von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF:Ag) and anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECA) in pregnancies with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) compared to healthy pregnancies and to evaluate their correlation with disease activity and fetal outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four patients with SLE were compared with 26 healthy pregnancies. vWF:Ag and AECA levels were measured by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In lupus pregnancies vWF:Ag and AECA levels were significantly elevated compared to healthy pregnancies (vWF:Ag: 255 +/- 160%, 10/24 positive vs 135 +/- 59%, 1/26 positive, p = 0.006; AECA Binding Index: 36 +/- 29%, 5/24 positive vs 17 +/- 16%, 1/26 positive, p = 0.002). When samples taken during follow-up were evaluated, vWF:Ag was positive in 21/27 (78%) of the samples during exacerbations compared to 4/25 (16%) in remission. Only 5/27 (19%) of the samples during exacerbations and none during remission were positive for AECA. Samples during three pregnancy failures were positive for vWF:Ag, but not for AECA. Of the 13 samples taken from the mothers of 4 babies with neo-natal lupus, 10 were positive for vWF:Ag and three for AECA. No correlations of anti-cardiolipin antibodies (aCL) were seen either with vWF:Ag or AECA titres.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to healthy pregnancies, vWF:Ag and AECA levels are increased in lupus pregnancies. vWF:Ag levels also correlated with active disease.
authors.affiliation: Lupus Arthritis Research Unit, Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Direskeneli
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Buchanan
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khamashta
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Keser
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: D'Cruz
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Hughes
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D000328:Adult; D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin / Q000097:blood; D000941:Antigens / Q000097:blood; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000276:immunology; D015415:Biomarkers; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications*; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*; D014657:Vasculitis / Q000209:etiology*; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin; D000941:Antigens; D001323:Autoantibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; C029417:Von Willebrand antigen; C087589:anti-endothelial cell antibody; D014841:von Willebrand Factor