title: The HIV epidemic associated with injecting drug use in Europe: geographic and time trends.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the magnitude and trends of the HIV epidemic associated with injecting drug use in Europe.
  
  
  METHODS
  AIDS cases associated with injecting drug users (IDU) diagnosed through 1995 were analysed, including IDU, homo-/bisexual IDU, heterosexual partners of IDU and children whose mothers were IDU. HIV seroprevalence studies among IDU were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 171,932 cumulative AIDS cases, 73,119 (43%) were IDU-associated (IDU, 89.0%; homo-/bisexual IDU, 3.5%: heterosexual partners of IDU, 6.2%; children with IDU mothers, 1.4%). Over 90% of IDU-associated cases were concentrated in south-western European countries with considerably higher rates in Spain (124 cases per million in 1995) than elsewhere (Italy, 68 per million; Portugal, 42 per million; France, 38 per million). During 1990-1995, incidence increased at an average annual rate of 11% overall and > 23% in central and eastern Europe; overall, incidence increased in older persons (12%) while decreasing in those aged 13-24 years (by 6%). HIV prevalence in IDU showed considerable geographic variation across and within countries. In several countries of western Europe, prevalence decreased. In the former Soviet Union, large HIV outbreaks have recently been detected among IDU through systematic HIV testing (e.g., in Ukraine, 6750 HIV infections were diagnosed in IDU tested during 1995-1996).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IDU have played a major role in the spread of HIV in Europe. In several western European countries, the incidence of HIV acquired through drug use has declined following high rates in mid-1980s. Studies to assess current transmission are needed and prevention efforts must be maintained. In eastern Europe, emerging epidemics reinforce the urgency for prevention.
authors.affiliation: European Centre for the Epidemiological Monitoring of AIDS, Saint-Maurice, France.
authors.forename: F F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Hamers
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Batter
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Downs
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alix
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cazein
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Brunet
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001727:Bisexuality; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D015528:HIV Seroprevalence; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012747:Sexual Partners; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D014944:World Health Organization