title: The development of a refined measure of dysfunctional parenting and assessment of its relevance in patients with affective disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) measures fundamental parenting dimensions (care and over-protection), but does not directly assess abusive parenting.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe the development of the Measure of Parenting Style (the MOPS), comprising refined PBI scales assessing parental indifference and over-control, as well as a scale assessing parental abuse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examine psychometric properties of the MOPS, while several analyses build to the concurrent validity of the abuse scale as an experimental measure. We examine the extent to which both the PBI and the MOPS scales showed specificity of dysfunctional parenting to the non-melancholic depressive subtype, and across a range of anxiety disorders. Non-melancholic depressed patients returned anomalous parenting scale scores (compared to melancholic subjects), but only when such subtyping decisions were clinician-generated. Those receiving DSM-III-R lifetime anxiety diagnoses of panic disorder and of social phobia returned higher PBI protection and MOPS over-control scores than non-anxious subjects, while differences were not established for those with generalized anxiety disorder or obsessive compulsive disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We consider the likely utility of the MOPS scale and note the module capacity of separate MOPS and PBI scales, which allow a set of options for assessing perceived parenting characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Mood Disorders Unit, Prince Henry Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roussos
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hadzi-Pavlovic
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Austin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000523:psychology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012494:Sampling Studies