title: Cardiac release and kinetics of endothelin after severe short-lasting myocardial ischemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the release kinetics of endothelin after induced short-lasting myocardial ischemia.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Endothelin is an endothelium-derived vasoactive peptide. Unequivocal proof of its cardiac release in ischemic syndromes has not yet been demonstrated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A coronary sinus study with atrial pacing was performed in 23 patients with coronary artery disease. Endothelin (ET), cardiac troponin-T (TnT), myoglobin (Mb) and creatine kinase (CK) samples were withdrawn from the coronary sinus and a peripheral vein before and 1, 5, 10, 30 and 45 min and 1, 2, 3 and 6 h after pacing. The appearance of angina pectoris, abnormal cardiac lactate metabolism and ST segment depression were further criteria for myocardial ischemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the study group, pacing stress induced severe ischemia (mean duration +/- SD 6.1 +/- 1.2 min), with a maximum of 0.34 +/- 0.12-mV ST segment depression in 21 of 23 patients and angina pectoris in 22 of 23. The maximal cardiac lactate production was 42.8 +/- 17.3% (p < 0.03). TnT and CK levels in the total group were normal; in 14 of 23 patients a transient elevation of Mb with a maximum after 3 h was detected (86.4 +/- 27.1 micrograms/liter, p < 0.03). The ET concentrations increased significantly (p < 0.001) in the coronary sinus (from 4.6 +/- 0.8 [baseline] to 12.9 +/- 2.7 pg/ml at 1 min after cessation of pacing) and the peripheral vein, respectively (from 4.7 +/- 0.7 [baseline] to 8.3 +/- 2.1 pg/ml at 1 min). ET further remained elevated for 1 h with persisting higher coronary sinus than peripheral venous concentrations, indicating cardiac ET release. In a control group of 18 patients without heart disease, all variables were unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short-lasting severe myocardial ischemia was associated with significant ET release of cardiac origin that lasted up to 1 h.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Krüger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sheikhzadeh
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giannitsis
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Stierle
mesh_terms: D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D004562:Electrocardiography; D016232:Endothelins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D009206:Myocardium; D009211:Myoglobin / Q000097:blood; D013997:Time Factors; D014336:Troponin / Q000097:blood; D020107:Troponin T
chemical_list: D016232:Endothelins; D009211:Myoglobin; D014336:Troponin; D020107:Troponin T; D019344:Lactic Acid; D003402:Creatine Kinase