title: Direct vascular effects of furosemide in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In humans, hemodynamic changes observed within minutes after systemic administration of furosemide are often referred to as direct vasoactivity. However, these immediate changes do not per se imply a direct vascular effect. We examined the genuine direct vascular effects of furosemide on the human forearm vascular bed and dorsal hand vein.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forearm blood flow in response to infusion of increasing dosages of furosemide into the brachial artery was recorded by venous occlusion plethysmography. Local plasma concentrations of furosemide reached a maximum of 234+/-40 microg/mL during the highest infused dose but did not significantly affect the ratio of flow in the infused/noninfused arms. Venous distensibility of a dorsal hand vein was measured with a linear variable differential transformer. During precontraction with norepinephrine, five increasing dosages of furosemide (1 to 100 microg/min) were administered locally. Additional experiments using local administration of indomethacin or N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) were carried out to determine whether effects were dependent on local prostaglandin or nitric oxide synthesis, respectively. Also, the effects of systemic administration of furosemide were examined. Local administration of furosemide led to a dose-dependent venorelaxation of 18+/-6% at the first to 72+/-16% at the last dose. Indomethacin almost completely abolished furosemide-induced venorelaxation, whereas L-NMMA had no effect. Systemic administration of furosemide resulted in a time-dependent increase of hand vein distensibility, reaching 45+/-11% after 8 minutes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Furosemide does not exert any direct arterial vasoactivity in the human forearm, even at supratherapeutic concentrations. In contrast, at concentrations estimated to be in the therapeutic range, we observed a dose-dependent direct venodilator effect on the dorsal hand vein that appears to be mediated by local vascular prostaglandin synthesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Nijmegen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pickkers
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Dormans
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Russel
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thien
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schaper
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Smits
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004232:Diuretics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply; D005665:Furosemide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006225:Hand / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010953:Plasma Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D012079:Renal Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects*; D014680:Veins / Q000187:drug effects; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D004232:Diuretics; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011453:Prostaglandins; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D005665:Furosemide; D009638:Norepinephrine