title: Prospective seroepidemiologic study of human papillomavirus infection as a risk factor for invasive cervical cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Major risk factors for invasive cervical cancer include infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), infection with other sexually transmitted pathogens (e.g., Chlamydia trachomatis), and smoking. Since exposures to these risk factors can be related, the contribution of any single factor to cervical carcinogenesis has been difficult to assess. We conducted a prospective study to define the role of HPV infection in cervical carcinogenesis, with invasive cancer as an end point.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nested case-control study within a joint cohort of 700,000 Nordic subjects was performed. The 182 women who developed invasive cervical cancer during a mean follow-up of 5 years were matched with 538 control women on the basis of age and time of enrollment. Serum samples taken at enrollment were analyzed for evidence of tobacco use (i.e., cotinine levels); for antibodies against HPV types 16, 18, and 33; and for antibodies against C. trachomatis. Relative risks (RRs) were estimated by use of conditional logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Presence of antibodies against HPV in serum (seropositivity) was associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer, and adjustment for smoking and for C. trachomatis seropositivity did not affect this finding (RR = 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.6-3.7). HPV16 seropositivity was associated primarily with an increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma (RR = 3.2; 95% CI = 1.7-6.2). In contrast, risk associated with HPV18 seropositivity tended to be higher for cervical adenocarcinoma (RR = 3.4; 95% CI = 0.8-14.9). In populations with a low prevalence of antibodies against C. trachomatis, the HPV16-associated risk of cervical cancer was very high (RR = 11.8; 95% CI = 3.7-37.0); in contrast, in populations with a high prevalence of antibodies against C. trachomatis, no excess risk was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Past infection with HPV16 increases the risk of invasive cervical squamous cell carcinoma, most clearly seen in populations with a low prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases.
authors.affiliation: The Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. joakim.dillner@mtc.ki.se
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dillner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lehtinen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Björge
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Luostarinen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Youngman
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jellum
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koskela
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gislefoss
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hallmans
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paavonen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sapp
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Schiller
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hakulinen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thoresen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hakama
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000821:virology; D000328:Adult; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000821:virology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D027383:Papillomaviridae; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000150:complications*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*