title: Radiation therapy for retinoblastoma: a retrospective review of 120 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the patient population and treatment outcomes in patients with Retinoblastoma (RB) referred for External Beam Orbital Radiotherapy (EBORT) to King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre (KFSH&RC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from 1976 to 1993.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of 120 patients with RB affecting a total of 192 eyes. Patients were divided into three groups. Group A are 60 patients (64 eyes) treated with EBORT to the intact eye to preserve vision. Reese-Ellsworth (RE) Staging was: 1: 12%; 2: 10%; 3: 12%; 4: 23%; and 5: 43%. Twenty-eight patients (47%) also received Vincristine, Adriamycin, and Cyclophosphamide chemotherapy (C/T). Mean follow-up, per patient, was 48.5 months. Standard treatment until 1992 was 45 Gy in 12 fractions of 3.75 Gy, three times weekly over 18 days. Assuming the alpha/beta ratio for early effects and tumor control at 10, Tk = 21 days, Tpot = 5 days, then the Biological Equivalent Dose (BED) was 62 Gy10 for early effects, and 101 Gy3 for late effects. Group B are 28 patients (28 eyes) treated for curative intent with EBORT to the orbit for locally advanced disease, usually after enucleation (24 eyes). Nineteen patients (83%) also had C/T. Mean follow-up was 22.6 months. Group C are 37 patients with advanced disease treated with radiotherapy for palliation. Seventeen (46%) also received C/T. Mean follow-up was 11.7 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group A-following EBORT useful vision was retained in RE Stage 1 to 5: 7 of 7, 6 of 6, 4 of 8, 10 of 15, and 7 of 28 eyes, respectively. There was no significant difference between patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy and those who did not. Complications included cataract (27%), retinopathy (25%), vitreous hemorrhage (19%), and orbital deformities (11%). In Group B the local control rate was 71%. In Group C, 10 (27%) of the 37 patients were alive at last contact, and 27 (73%) were either terminal or dead of disease. None of Group A or B patients had positive CSF cytology, bone scan, or bone marrow examination. In Group C 19% had positive CSF cytology, and bone marrow, and 14% had a positive bone scan.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  1) EBORT preserved useful vision in a significant proportion of patients even in eyes with advanced RE Stage RB, but longer follow-up is likely to reveal an even higher complication rate with this regime. 2) High dose per fraction probably contributed to the increased complications. 3) Chemotherapy did not demonstrate any effect on retaining vision in this study. 4) For disease that is confined to within the eye clinically and radiologically, invasive procedures for CSF cytology, bone marrow examination, and bone scan do not seem warranted. 5) The optimum technique, fractionation, and dosage for RB is still not well defined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Pradhan
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Sandridge
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mullaney
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abboud
authors.forename: Z A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Karcioglu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kandil
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mustafa
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Gray
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015353:Eye Enucleation; D005134:Eye Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis