title: Molecular damage in the bronchial epithelium of current and former smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most lung cancers are attributed to smoking. These cancers have been associated with multiple genetic alterations and with the presence of preneoplastic bronchial lesions. In view of such associations, we evaluated the status of specific chromosomal loci in histologically normal and abnormal bronchial biopsy specimens from current and former smokers and specimens from nonsmokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multiple biopsy specimens were obtained from 18 current smokers, 24 former smokers, and 21 nonsmokers. Polymerase chain reaction-based assays involving 15 polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers were used to examine eight chromosomal regions for genetic changes (loss of heterozygosity [LOH] and microsatellite alterations).
  
  
  RESULTS
  LOH and microsatellite alterations were observed in biopsy specimens from both current and former smokers, but no statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups. Among individuals with a history of smoking, 86% demonstrated LOH in one or more biopsy specimens, and 24% showed LOH in all biopsy specimens. About half of the histologically normal specimens from smokers showed LOH, but the frequency of LOH and the severity of histologic change did not correspond until the carcinoma in situ stage. A subset of biopsy specimens from smokers that exhibited either normal or preneoplastic histology showed LOH at multiple chromosomal sites, a phenomenon frequently observed in carcinoma in situ and invasive cancer. LOH on chromosomes 3p and 9p was more frequent than LOH on chromosomes 5q, 17p (17p13; TP53 gene), and 13q (13q14; retinoblastoma gene). Microsatellite alterations were detected in 64% of the smokers. No genetic alterations were detected in nonsmokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genetic changes similar to those found in lung cancers can be detected in the nonmalignant bronchial epithelium of current and former smokers and may persist for many years after smoking cessation.
authors.affiliation: Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-8593, USA.
authors.forename: I I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Wistuba
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Behrens
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Virmani
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: LeRiche
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Samet
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Minna
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Gazdar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001345:Autoradiography; D001980:Bronchi / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D004249:DNA Damage; D004848:Epithelium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D013997:Time Factors