title: Shock-induced dispersion of ventricular repolarization: implications for the induction of ventricular fibrillation and the upper limit of vulnerability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Shock-induced dispersion of ventricular repolarization (SIDR) caused by an electrical field stimulus has been suggested as a mechanism of ventricular fibrillation (VF) induction; however, this hypothesis has not been studied systematically in the intact heart. Likewise, the mechanism underlying the upper (ULV) and lower (LLV) limit of vulnerability remains unclear.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In eight Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts, monophasic action potentials were recorded simultaneously from ten different sites of both ventricles. Truncated biphasic T wave shocks were randomly delivered at various coupling intervals and strengths, exceeding the vulnerable window, ULV, and LLV, SIDR, defined as the difference between the longest and shortest postshock repolarization times, was 64 +/- 15 msec for shocks inducing VF. SIDR was 41 +/- 17 msec for shocks delivered above the ULV, and 33 +/- 14 and 27 +/- 8 msec for shocks delivered 10 msec before and after the vulnerable window, respectively (all P < 0.01 vs VF-inducing shocks). Although SIDR was larger for shocks delivered below the LLV (93 +/- 24 msec, P < 0.01 vs VF-inducing shocks), the repolarization extension was significantly smaller for shocks below the LLV (10.3% +/- 3.9% vs 16.3% +/- 4.9%, P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SIDR is influenced by the shock timing and intensity. Large SIDR within the vulnerable window and an SIDR decrease toward its borders suggest that SIDR is essential for VF induction. The decrease in SIDR toward greater shock strengths may explain the ULV. Small repolarization extension for shocks below the LLV may explain why these shocks, despite producing large SIDR, fail to induce VF.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Behrens
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Fabritz
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Kirchhof
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Franz
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000379:methods; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000503:physiopathology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D011817:Rabbits; D013997:Time Factors; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*