title: Cardiac risk of noncardiac surgery: influence of coronary disease and type of surgery in 3368 operations. CASS Investigators and University of Michigan Heart Care Program. Coronary Artery Surgery Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The influence of prior coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) versus medical therapy for reducing the risk of postoperative cardiac complications after noncardiac surgery continues to be debated. To further clarify this controversy we studied 24,959 participants in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) database with suspected coronary disease by identifying those who required noncardiac surgery during more than 10 years of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CASS registry enrollees were either treated with CABG or medical therapy after initial entry. During follow-up, patients who required noncardiac operations were evaluated for hospital death or out-of-hospital death within 30 days of noncardiac surgery and nonfatal postoperative myocardial infarction (MI). At a mean follow-up of 4.1 years, 3368 patients underwent noncardiac surgery, with abdominal (36%), urologic (21%), orthopedic (15%), and vascular being most common. Abdominal, vascular, thoracic, and head and neck surgery each had a combined MI/death rate among patients with nonrevascularized coronary disease >4%. Among 1961 patients undergoing higher-risk surgery, prior CABG was associated with fewer postoperative deaths (1.7% versus 3.3%, P=.03) and MIs (0.8% versus 2.7%, P=.002) compared with medically managed coronary disease. Contrariwise, 1297 patients undergoing urologic, orthopedic, breast, and skin operations had mortality of <1% regardless of prior coronary treatment. Prior CABG was most protective in patients with advanced angina and/or multivessel coronary artery disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with known coronary artery disease, noncardiac surgeries involving the thorax, abdomen, vasculature, and head and neck are associated with the highest cardiac risk, which is reduced among patients with prior CABG.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan Heart Care Program, Ann Arbor, Mich, USA.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Eagle
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Rihal
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Mickel
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Gersh
mesh_terms: D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009204:Myocardial Revascularization; D012042:Registries; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery