title: Ketorolac tromethamine in the maintenance of intraoperative mydriasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mydriatics and antiprostaglandins are routinely applied preoperatively to facilitate the aspiration of cortical material during extracapsular cataract surgery and to prevent intraoperative miosis. Unfortunately, the ideal antiprostaglandin has yet to be introduced. This study represents the first prospective, case-controlled, randomized, masked, clinical trial comparing the efficacy of oral ketorolac tromethamine (KT) with the efficacy of topical flurbiprofen sodium (FS) and a placebo (normal saline) in maintaining intraoperative mydriasis without adrenaline in the irrigation solution.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-three patients, undergoing extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation, were randomly divided into three equal groups. Group 1 received 20 mg of oral KT 2 hours prior to surgery, group 2 received 0.03% FS topical solution at the recommended dosage, and group 3 received topical normal saline in a regimen identical to that of group 2. Identical mydriatics were used in both groups. The patients' pupils were measured at five stages of surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean pupillary diameters at each surgical stage were greater in group 1 than in group 2; however, the difference was not statistically significant. The pupils in group 3 were significantly smaller than those of group 1 or group 2 (P < .05). No systemic toxicity to KT was observed. Moreover, the need for additional postoperative analgesics was significantly greater in groups 2 and 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral KT is safe, convenient, and as effective as topical FS, and has the added advantage of reducing postoperative pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University College of Medical Sciences, Shahdara, Delhi, India.
authors.forename: V P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Dhaliwal
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Prasad
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002387:Cataract Extraction / Q000379:methods; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005480:Flurbiprofen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine; D007910:Lenses, Intraocular; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011680:Pupil / Q000187:drug effects*; D014046:Tolmetin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014325:Tromethamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D014325:Tromethamine; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine; D005480:Flurbiprofen; D014046:Tolmetin