title: Influences of gender and social class on adolescents' perceptions of health.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore how gender and social class affect perceptions of health status among 16-year-old adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  University psychology laboratory. PARTICIPANS: Fifty upper-middle-class and 48 working-class adolescents stratified by gender.
  
  
  METHODS
  The general health perceptions (GHP) scale of the Medical Outcomes Survey 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). The other self-reported health status domains and 3 measures of different aspects of psychological well-being were included as covariates in analysis of variance models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Upper-middle-class females reported the lowest and upper-middle-class males the highest GHP (76.7 vs 88.4, P=.003). A multivariate regression model (adjusted R2=0.08) revealed significant gender (P=.03) differences in GHP, but not a social class effect, and an interaction effect between gender and class (P=.01). With addition of psychological well-being covariates (P<.001), gender remained significant (P=.04) and a significant portion of the interaction effect (P=.13) was explained. When the self-reported physical health status scales (P<.001) were added to the model (adjusted R2=0.51), gender remained significant (P=.03) and the interaction effect was partially explained (P=.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gender is a crucial factor in understanding the complex relationships between sociostructural inequalities and health differentials. These data suggest that psychological well-being and self-reported physical health status mediate the effects of gender and the gender and social class interaction in explaining variation in GHP. Contrary to the social class gradient hypothesis, upper-middle-class females reported the lowest GHP. These results suggest that the paradigms applicable to early childhood and adulthood may not be appropriate to understand the complex dynamics of adolescence.
authors.affiliation: Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Amick
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Rezendes
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Tarlov
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kagan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012723:Sex; D012923:Social Class; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires