title: Heme from Alzheimer's brain inhibits muscarinic receptor binding via thiyl radical generation.
abstract: An endogenous inhibitor (< 3500 Da) of antagonist binding to the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) has been reported to be elevated 3-fold in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. This endogenous inhibitor was found to require the presence of reducing agents such as reduced glutathione (GSH) for optimal activity. In the presence of GSH, the inhibitor was shown to generate thiyl radicals which irreversibly inhibited the mAChR. We now report that the inhibitor contains free heme, a well-established source of oxidative stress capable of generating free radicals and causing neurotoxicity. While FeSO4, microperoxidase and hemin all inhibited antagonist binding to the mAChR, only hemin shared the inhibitor's requirement for GSH. Both the free radical scavengers Trolox and Mn2+, and the metal chelator, EDTA, blocked the activity of the endogenous AD inhibitor and of hemin. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) markedly reduced the activity of both the endogenous AD inhibitor and hemin, indicating that the endogenous inhibitor contains heme. Mass spectrometric analysis confirmed the presence of free heme and heme fragments in fractions of the endogenous AD inhibitor. The antioxidants estrogen, vitamin E and vitamin C all protected the mAChR from irreversible inhibition by the endogenous inhibitor or hemin. These antioxidants may function to protect the integrity of the mAChR in vivo and may have therapeutic potential in AD where free heme could be a source of oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The Alzheimer's Treatment and Research Center, Health Partners/St. Paul Ramsey Medical Center, MN 55101-2595, USA.
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Venters
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Bonilla
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Garner
authors.forename: E Z
authors.initials: EZ
authors.lastname: Bordayo
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Najarian
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Ala
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Frey
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000378:metabolism*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005609:Free Radicals; D006418:Heme / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008566:Membranes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005609:Free Radicals; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D014810:Vitamin E; D006418:Heme; D004958:Estradiol; D001205:Ascorbic Acid