title: Chlamydia pneumoniae in acute otitis media.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aerobic bacterial pathogens are recovered from 65 to 85% of patients with acute otitis media (AOM). Although Chlamydia pneumoniae is a common pathogen of pediatric pneumonia, it has rarely been cultured from children with chronic otitis media and its role in AOM is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We cultured for C. pneumoniae in tympanocentesis aspirates and nasopharyngeal swabs from 101 consecutive, otherwise healthy children with AOM or refractory AOM. A control group of 50 similarly aged, healthy children was evaluated for nasopharyngeal carriage of C. pneumoniae. Specimens were also evaluated by PCR for C. pneumoniae.
  
  
  RESULTS
  C. pneumoniae was recovered by tympanocentesis in 8 (8%) of 101 children with AOM. Among the 8 children with C. pneumoniae-positive-AOM, 5 had C. pneumoniae detected by PCR in middle ear fluid, none had C. pneumoniae recovered by nasopharyngeal culture or PCR and 5 were younger than 16 months. C. pneumoniae was the sole pathogen isolated in 2 patients. Copathogens included beta-lactamase-positive positive Haemophilus influenzae (2), beta-lactamase positive Moraxella catarrhalis (1), penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (2) and penicillin-susceptible S. pneumoniae (1). C. pneumoniae was recovered from nasopharyngeal culture in 2 additional patients with C. pneumoniae-negative AOM and in none of 50 healthy control children, although 2 controls were positive by PCR from the nasopharynx.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to report the isolation of C. pneumoniae in middle ear fluid of children with AOM.
authors.affiliation: Kentucky Pediatric Research Inc., Bardstown, USA.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Block
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hammerschlag
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hedrick
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tyler
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Roblin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gaydos
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McCarty
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000382:microbiology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D016993:Chlamydophila pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D010034:Otitis Media with Effusion / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents