title: Hydrophilicity of polymers and soft tissue responses: a quantitative analysis.
abstract: This study investigates the effect of changing the hydrophilicity of polyurethane on the soft tissue inflammatory response after implantation into rats. A series of five polyurethanes were made from the macrodiols poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO), poly (hexamethylene oxide) (PHMO), poly(octamethylene oxide) (POMO), and poly(decamethylene oxide) (PDMO). In the sequence the macrodiols become less polar and phase separation in the polymer increases, creating a range of hydrophilicity. These five polyurethanes were studied along with commercial Pellethane 2363-80A. The materials were implanted intramuscularly into rats for 7 days, 1 month, and 3 months. The inflammatory response was analyzed using a combination of immunohistochemistry, enzyme histochemistry, and image analysis to determine the specific cell types involved in the response and to quantify these cellular responses. The presence of three cytokines also was investigated. The cell types targeted were neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and T and B lymphocytes. The cytokines target were tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1). All samples were positive for macrophages and activated macrophages, TNF alpha, and MCP-1, and negative for all other antibodies. The response was sustained throughout the implantation period with no significant difference among the samples except at the 7-day time point. The study demonstrated an absence of lymphocytes and neutrophils in a response that was sustained in terms of macrophages with the presence of TNF alpha and MCP-1 and the absence of IL-6. The position of subsets of macrophages with respect to increasing distance from the implants was demonstrated to be significant and consistent within this series of polyurethanes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Engineering, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Meijs
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D008422:Materials Testing; D011140:Polyurethanes / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D011140:Polyurethanes