title: Effects of resuscitation fluids on nonadaptive immune responses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Colloidal plasma-expander fluids are commonly used as an alternative to blood components in the resuscitation of patients suffering from hemorrhagic shock and trauma. Of these, hydroxyethyl starch is also used as a cryopreservative, and these dual properties have been utilized in the development of a blood storage system that allows the direct transfusion of red cells. The prolonged intravascular persistence of hydroxyethyl starch suggests that phagocytic clearance may be impaired and that the presence of hydroxyethyl starch could exacerbate transfusion-induced immunomodulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of colloidal resuscitation fluids on the activation response and phagocytic function of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) and monocytes in normal peripheral blood were examined. To mimic the hemolysis associated with cryopreservation, the effects of 1- and 5- percent red cell lysate were studied. Flow cytometric assays were used in all cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of phagocytic monocytes and PMNs was not altered; nor were the rates of phagocytosis impaired after incubation with resuscitation fluids. Upregulation of cell surface integrin during activation was similarly unmodified by the fluids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hydroxyethyl starch and other resuscitation fluids do not affect some important antimicrobial functions of the nonadaptive arm of the immune response. This suggests that posttrauma or transfusion-induced immunomodulation is not exacerbated by inhibition at this level.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Medicine Research Unit, Research School of Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Sillett
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Whicher
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Trejdosiewicz
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000276:immunology*; D000328:Adult; D002469:Cell Separation; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006461:Hemolysis; D006801:Humans; D006895:Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D016177:Macrophage-1 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine / Q000494:pharmacology; D018375:Neutrophil Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D010952:Plasma Substitutes / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000628:therapy; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D006895:Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives; D016177:Macrophage-1 Antigen; D010952:Plasma Substitutes; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine