title: Efficacy and safety of the neuraminidase inhibitor zanamivir in the treatment of influenzavirus infections. GG167 Influenza Study Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The sialic acid analogue zanamivir (GG167) is a selective inhibitor of influenza A and B virus neuraminidases. These viral enzymes are essential for the release of virus from infected cells, and they may also reduce the inactivation of virus by respiratory secretions. When administered experimentally directly to the respiratory tract, zanamivir has potent antiviral effects. We assessed the therapeutic activity of zanamivir in adults with acute influenza.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted separate randomized, double-blind studies in 38 centers in North America and 32 centers in Europe during the influenza season of 1994-1995. A total of 417 adults with influenza-like illness of < or =48 hours' duration were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: 6.4 mg of zanamivir by intranasal spray plus 10 mg by inhalation, 10 mg of zanamivir by inhalation plus placebo spray, or placebo by both routes. Treatments were self-administered twice daily for five days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 262 patients with confirmed influenza-virus infection (63 percent of all patients), the median length of time to the alleviation of all major symptoms was one day shorter (four days vs. five days) in the 88 patients given inhaled and intranasal zanamivir (P=0.02) and the 85 patients given inhaled zanamivir alone (P=0.05) than in the 89 patients given placebo. Among the infected patients who were febrile at enrollment and among those who began treatment within 30 hours after the onset of symptoms, the median time to the alleviation of major symptoms was four days in both zanamivir groups and seven days in the placebo group (P< or =0.01). Viral titers of nasal washings in the group given inhaled and intranasal zanamivir were significantly lower than those in the placebo group. The topically administered zanamivir was well tolerated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In adults with influenza A or B virus infections, direct administration of a selective neuraminidase inhibitor, zanamivir, to the respiratory tract is safe and reduces symptoms if begun early.
authors.affiliation: University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908, USA.
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Hayden
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Osterhaus
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Treanor
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.forename: F Y
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bohnen
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Hirst
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Keene
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wightman
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006146:Guanidines; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009981:Influenza B virus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D009666:Nose / Q000821:virology; D011714:Pyrans; D012794:Sialic Acids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D053243:Zanamivir
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006146:Guanidines; D011714:Pyrans; D012794:Sialic Acids; D009439:Neuraminidase; D053243:Zanamivir