title: Dosimetric analysis of intact breast irradiation in off-axis planes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this investigation is to quantify dose inhomogeneity of intact breast irradiation in off-axis planes, and determine how dose inhomogeneity varies according to patient breast size and anatomical region of the breast.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven patients treated with intact breast radiation underwent a treatment-planning computer tomography (CT) scan with 1-cm slices through the entire breast. The area of breast tissue was defined on each CT slice. Treatment planning with lung correction factors was performed using a two-dimensional treatment-planning system that calculates off-axis dose distributions on a slice-by-slice basis. Each plan utilized tangential beams with matched nondivergent posterior borders and with collimator rotation to match the chest wall slope. Dose inhomogeneity within the central plane was minimized during treatment planning by the use of a wedge on the lateral tangent field and by the differential weighting of fields. Dose was normalized at the breast and pectoralis major interface at midseparation in the central plane. Off-axis dose inhomogeneity was not considered in the optimization of the treatment plan. Dose distributions were plotted for each 1-cm slice, and the area of each isodose curve within the breast on each CT slice was calculated. The results of each slice were summed to give an approximation of dose-volume relationships.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the entire population, an average of 10% of the breast volume (range 1-40%) received 110% or greater of the prescribed dose. Increasing dose inhomogeneity was positively correlated with increasing breast sizes (r = 0.72, p = 0.01--Spearmen rank test). Analysis of dose as a function of location within the breast, revealed that the greatest dose inhomogeneity occurred in the lower anatomical quadrants of the breast (p = 0.003-Kruskal-Wallis test). For the group, the mean breast volume that received a 110% or greater dose was: 30% at 6 cm below central axis, 14% at 4 cm below central axis, 6% at central axis, 5% at 4 cm above central axis, and 7% at 6 cm above central axis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates that a significant volume of breast tissue receives 110% or greater of the prescribed dose. This inhomogeneity is greatest in women with larger breast sizes, providing a possible explanation for the poorer cosmetic result seen in this subset of patients compared to women with small breast sizes. In addition, our results show the greatest dose inhomogeneity in the lower quadrants of the breast. Off-axis dose inhomogeneity should be considered in the planning of tumor bed boosts in women with lower quadrant tumors.
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiation Oncology, Wilford Hall Medical Center, Lackland AFB, TX 78236, USA.
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Buchholz
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gurgoze
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Bice
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Prestidge
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001940:Breast / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed