title: Apolipoprotein E phenotype and cognitive decline in a prospective study of elderly community women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether apolipoprotein E (Apo E) phenotype is associated with cognitive decline in community-dwelling nondemented elderly women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university-affiliated clinic near Pittsburgh, Pa.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1750 nondemented community-dwelling women, aged 65 years and older, who were enrolled in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The women completed a baseline interview and performed 3 cognitive tests: the modified Mini-Mental State Examination, Trials B, and Digit Symbol. Serum samples were obtained for Apo E typing. Baseline cognitive scores and repeated scores approximately 6 years after study enrollment were compared in women with and without Apo E epsilon 4. Cognitive decline, defined as the worst 10th percentile change scores, was assessed for each test and by phenotype group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for age, education, presence of severe tremor, and depression, baseline scores did not differ by Apo E epsilon 4 status except for lower scores on Trails B in the homozygous epsilon 4 group (mean score, 159.7 compared with 127.7 for the heterozygous epsilon 4 group and 125.4 for the no epsilon 4 group; P = .01). However, repeated test performance on follow-up examination was worse on all tests in those women with 1 or more epsilon 4. Reduction on the modified Mini-Mental State Examination was 0% for no epsilon 4 allele, 1.9% for 1 epsilon 4 allele, and 3.7% for 2 epsilon 4 alleles (P < .001); reduction on Digit Symbol was 6.2% for no epsilon 4 allele, 9.0% for 1 epsilon 4 allele, and 17.5% for 2 epsilon 4 alleles (P = .04); and reduction on Trials B was 5.9% for no epsilon 4 allele, 25.0% for 1 epsilon 4 allele, and 10.9% for 2 epsilon 4 alleles (P = .002). Women with at least 1 epsilon 4 had an odds ratio of 1.6 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.3) of having cognitive decline during the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 is associated with cognitive decline in community-dwelling nondemented women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yaffe
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cauley
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sands
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Browner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003154:Community Medicine; D005260:Female; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010641:Phenotype; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D053327:Apolipoprotein E4; D001057:Apolipoproteins E