title: Arotinoid mofarotene (RO40-8757) up-regulates p21 and p27 during growth inhibition of pancreatic cancer cell lines.
abstract: Effective chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer is urgently needed. The anti-proliferative activity of a new retinoid, mofarotene (RO40-8757), was compared with that of other retinoids, such as all trans-retinoic acid, 13-cis retinoic acid and 9-cis retinoic acid, on 9 pancreatic cancer cell lines in relation to the effects on various cell cycle-regulating factors. After treatment with each retinoid, anti-proliferative effect was determined by the MTT method and expression of cell cycle-regulating factors, such as cyclins (D1, E and A), cyclin-dependent kinases (2 and 4), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (p21 and p27) and retinoblastoma protein, was analyzed by Western blotting. Mofarotene showed half-maximal inhibition of cell proliferation at concentrations between 0.14 x 10(-6) and 3.8 x 10(-6) mol/l with little cytotoxicity. In contrast, the other retinoids did not inhibit the growth of all cell lines by over 50% compared to controls. A marked increase in the fraction of cells in G1 phase of the cell cycle was observed after mofarotene treatment; this was associated with marked up-regulation of p21/p27 and a shift of retinoblastoma protein into the hypophosphorylated form. In conclusion, mofarotene inhibits the growth of pancreatic cancer cells by inducing G1-phase cell cycle-inhibitory factors (p21, p27 and hypophosphorylated form of Rb protein) and is considered to be a useful agent for pancreatic cancer treatment.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Internal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan. skawapc@gipac.shinshu-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nikaido
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kumagaya
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Furihata
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kiyosawa
mesh_terms: D000077556:Alitretinoin; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016213:Cyclins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D015474:Isotretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D012176:Retinoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D009025:Morpholines; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D016160:Retinoblastoma Protein; D012176:Retinoids; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D000077556:Alitretinoin; D014212:Tretinoin; C081137:mofarotene; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; C495894:CDK2 protein, human; C495900:CDK4 protein, human; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases; D015474:Isotretinoin