title: Effect of growth hormone, glutamine, and diet on adaptation in short-bowel syndrome: a randomized, controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effects of parenteral growth hormone, glutamine supplementation, and a high carbohydrate-low fat (HCLF) diet on gut adaptation in short-bowel syndrome are unclear. The aim of this study was to compare effects of this treatment regimen and placebo in patients with short-bowel syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, 6-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study in 8 patients with short-bowel syndrome (average small bowel length, 71 cm; mean duration, 12.9 years) was performed. Active treatment was growth hormone (0.14 mg.kg-1.day-1), oral glutamine (0.63 g.kg-1.day-1), and the HCLF diet for 21 days. The weight, basal metabolic rate, nutrient and electrolyte balance, serum insulin-like growth factor I levels, D-xylose absorption, morphology and DNA proliferation of small intestinal mucosa, and gastrointestinal transit were evaluated. Treatments were compared by paired t test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Active treatment transiently increased body weight, significantly but modestly increased the absorption of sodium and potassium, and decreased gastric emptying. The assimilation of macronutrients, stool volumes, and morphometry of small bowel mucosa were not statistically different in the two treatment arms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although treatment with growth hormone, glutamine, and HCLF diet for 3 weeks resulted in modest improvements in electrolyte absorption and delayed gastric emptying, there were no improvements in small bowel morphology, stool losses, or macronutrient absorption.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Scolapio
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Camilleri
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.forename: L V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Oenning
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Sebo
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Batts
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Kelly
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization; D000328:Adult; D001481:Basal Metabolism; D001835:Body Weight; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D005746:Gastric Emptying; D005772:Gastrointestinal Transit; D005973:Glutamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007081:Ileostomy; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010919:Placebos; D012778:Short Bowel Syndrome / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance; D014994:Xylose / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D010919:Placebos; D005973:Glutamine; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D004247:DNA; D014994:Xylose