title: A trial of three regimens to prevent tuberculosis in Ugandan adults infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Uganda-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) greatly increases the risk of reactivation tuberculosis. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of three preventive-therapy regimens in a setting where exposure to tuberculosis is common.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 2736 HIV-infected adults recruited in Kampala, Uganda. Subjects with positive tuberculin skin tests (induration, > or =5 mm) with purified protein derivative (PPD) were randomly assigned to one of four regimens: placebo (464 subjects), isoniazid daily for six months (536), isoniazid and rifampin daily for three months (556), or isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide daily for three months (462). Subjects with anergy (0 mm induration in reaction to PPD and candida antigens) were randomly assigned to receive either placebo (323 subjects) or six months of isoniazid (395). The medications were dispensed monthly and were self-administered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the PPD-positive subjects, the incidence of tuberculosis in the three groups that received preventive therapy was lower than the rate in the placebo group (P=0.002 by the log-rank test). The relative risk of tuberculosis with isoniazid alone, as compared with placebo, was 0.33 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.14 to 0.77); with isoniazid and rifampin, 0.40 (0.18 to 0.86); and with isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide, 0.51 (0.24 to 1.08). Among the subjects with anergy, the relative risk of tuberculosis was 0.83 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.34 to 2.04) with isoniazid as compared with placebo. Side effects were more common with the multidrug regimens, and particularly with the regimen containing pyrazinamide. Survival did not differ among the groups, but the subjects with anergy had a higher mortality rate than the PPD-positive subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A six-month course of isoniazid confers short-term protection against tuberculosis among PPD-positive, HIV-infected adults. Multidrug regimens with isoniazid and rifampin taken for three months also reduce the risk of tuberculosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, OH 44106-4945, USA.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Whalen
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okwera
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Hom
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huebner
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mugyenyi
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Mugerwa
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ellner
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000328:Adult; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007538:Isoniazid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D011718:Pyrazinamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012293:Rifampin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012306:Risk; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014374:Tuberculin Test; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D011718:Pyrazinamide; D007538:Isoniazid; D012293:Rifampin