title: Development of an optimal protocol for the ultrastructural examination of skin by transmission electron microscopy.
abstract: The intercellular lipid bilayers of the stratum corneum provide the permeability barrier of the skin. To perform an electron microscopical examination of the ultrastructure of these bilayers, ruthenium tetroxide fixation is required. In this study an optimal fixation protocol was developed and selected upon comparing seven different fixation procedures, using glutaraldehyde (GA) and the postfixatives ruthenium red, osmium tetroxide (OsO4) and ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4) in combination with potassium ferrocyanide (K4Fe(CN)6) and potassium ferricyanide (K3Fe(CN)6). Instead of fixing skin with either OsO4 or RuO4, these two fixatives were combined in one protocol. In addition, the use of RuRed was introduced and the influence of both K4Fe(CN)6 and K3Fe(CN)6 in combination with RuO4 were examined. Furthermore, we compared two dehydration solvents, methanol and acetone. The most satisfying results were obtained when the skin was prefixed in GA and postfixed in OsO4 and RuO4 with K3Fe(CN)6, i.e. with Fe in its highest oxidation state (Fe3+). No differences were observed between dehydration in methanol and acetone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Leiden-Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, University of Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Van den Bergh
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Swartzendruber
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bos-Van der Geest
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hoogstraate
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Schrijvers
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Boddé
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Junginger
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bouwstra
mesh_terms: D004817:Epidermis / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D008051:Lipid Bilayers; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D012867:Skin / Q000648:ultrastructure*
chemical_list: D008051:Lipid Bilayers