title: Oral naltrexone treatment for cholestatic pruritus: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The efficacy of currently available therapeutic agents for cholestatic pruritus is often disappointing. The aim of this study was to assess the antipruritic effect of naltrexone, an oral opiate receptor antagonist.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen patients with pruritus of chronic cholestasis were randomized to receive naltrexone (4-week course of 50 mg naltrexone daily) or placebo. Pruritus, quality of sleep, fatigue (using visual analogue scales), side effects, and liver function were assessed every 2 weeks. Serum naltrexone and 6 beta-naltrexol concentrations in all patients and 5 healthy controls were measured during the first day of naltrexone treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean changes with respect to baseline were significantly different, in favor of the naltrexone group, for daytime itching (-54% vs. 8%; P < 0.001) and nighttime itching (-44% vs. 7%, P = 0.003). In 4 naltrexone-treated patients, side effects (transient in 3 cases) consistent with an opiate withdrawal syndrome were noted. No deterioration of the underlying disease was observed. Naltrexone and 6 beta-naltrexol levels did not differ between patients and controls, and there was no significant association with treatment response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For patients with cholestatic liver disease and itching, refractory to regular antipruritic therapy, oral naltrexone may be an effective and well-tolerated alternative.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatogastroenterology, University Hospital Rotterdam-Dijkzigt, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Wolfhagen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sternieri
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Hop
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vitale
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bertolotti
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Van Buuren
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015209:Cholangitis, Sclerosing / Q000150:complications; D002779:Cholestasis / Q000150:complications*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005221:Fatigue; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008105:Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010919:Placebos; D011537:Pruritus / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D010919:Placebos; D009271:Naltrexone