title: Excretion and distribution of ammonia and the influence of boundary layer acidification in embryonic rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
abstract: This study examined ammonia excretion by embryos of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The distribution of ammonia in relation to the H+ distribution and electrical potential was determined. The influence of the pH of the unstirred layer (USL) of water next to the external surface of the embryo was also assessed. Eyed-up embryos (35&shy;40 days post-fertilization) were exposed to various external water conditions [pH 6.0, pH 10.0, 1.6 mmol l-1 NaCl, 0.0 mmol l-1 NaCl, 0.2 mmol l-1 NH4Cl, 2.5 mmol l-1 borax buffer (Na2B4O7.10H2O), 2.5 mmol l-1 Hepes, 0.1 mmol l-1 amiloride] for 30 min and ammonia excretion rates, ammonia concentration in the perivitelline fluid (PVF) and yolk, and the pH of the PVF, yolk and USL were measured. The rate of ammonia excretion was dependent, in part, on the partial pressure gradient of NH3 ( PNH3) from the PVF to the USL. Exposure to water of pH 6 increased, whereas NH4Cl or pH 10 exposure decreased, ammonia excretion rates. Elevated external Na+ levels also influenced the rate of ammonia excretion, but neither Na+-free water nor amiloride had any effect. The distribution of ammonia between the PVF and USL was dependent on the H+ distribution, but ammonia was distributed according to the electrical potential between the PVF and yolk. The USL was 0.32 pH units more acidic than the bulk water. Addition of buffer to the external water eliminated the acid USL and decreased ammonia excretion rates. We conclude that rainbow trout embryos excrete ammonia primarily as NH3, but when external Na+ levels are elevated, ammonia excretion may be independent of the PNH3 gradient. The acidic USL next to the chorion probably facilitates NH3 diffusion by maintaining the PNH3 through the conversion of NH3 to NH4+ upon entry into the USL.
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rahaman-Noronha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Donnell
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pilley
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wright