title: Improvement in staging of esophageal cancer with the addition of positron emission tomography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Positron emission tomography with the glucose analogue 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) has been used to detect and stage a variety of malignancies. We hypothesized that FDG-positron emission tomography would improve staging of patients with esophageal cancer and thereby facilitate selection of candidates for resection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-eight patients (42 men and 16 women) with biopsy-proven esophageal cancer were evaluated with both FDG-positron emission tomography and computed tomography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all but 2 patients, increased FDG uptake was identified at the site of the primary tumor. Six patients were not operative candidates. Seventeen patients were not candidates for resection because of metastatic disease. Positron emission tomography identified the metastatic disease in all 17 (12 of whom underwent confirmatory biopsy), whereas computed tomography was positive for metastases in only 5. The remaining 35 patients underwent surgical exploration, were judged to have resectable disease and had esophagectomy. Pathologic examination of resected specimens identified lymph node metastases in 21 patients. These nodes were detected by positron emission tomography in 11 patients and by computed tomography in 6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Positron emission tomography improved staging and facilitated selection of patients for operation by detecting distant disease not identified by computed tomography alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Edward Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Block
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Sundaresan
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Flanagan
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dehdashti
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Siegel
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D003287:Contrast Media; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D016629:Esophagectomy; D005260:Female; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018579:Patient Selection; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D003847:Deoxyglucose