title: Combined effects of sleeping position and prenatal risk factors in sudden infant death syndrome: the Nordic Epidemiological SIDS Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prone sleeping is a strong risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). We investigated whether the combined effect of prone sleeping position and prenatal risk factors further increased the SIDS risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the Nordic Epidemiological SIDS Study, parents of SIDS victims in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden completed a questionnaire on potential risk factors for SIDS. Forensic pathologists verified the SIDS diagnosis. Four controls of the same gender, age, and place of birth were selected. This matched case-control study, which included 244 SIDS cases and 869 controls from 1992 to 1995, was analyzed by conditional logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Odds ratios (ORs) for prone and side sleeping compared with supine sleeping for the last sleep were 13.9 (95% confidence interval 8.2-24) and 3.5 (2.1-5.7). Infants 13 to 24 weeks old had particularly high risk in prone and side sleeping, at 28.5 (7.9-107) and 5.9 (1.6-22). OR for prone sleeping was higher in girls, at 30.4 (11-88), than in boys, 10.3 (5.5-19). We found strong combined effects of sleeping position and prenatal risk factors (more than multiplicative). The OR for prone and side sleeping was increased for infants with birth weight <2500 g, at 83 (25-276) and 36.6 (13-107); for preterm infants, at 48.8 (19-128) and 40.5 (14-115); and for intrauterine growth retarded, at 38.8 (14-108) and 9.6 (4.3-22), compared with supine position in infants without these prenatal factors. The combined effect of nonsupine positions and intrauterine growth retarded was highest among 13- to 24-week-old infants. Effects of combined presence of nonsupine sleeping positions and each of the factors of smoking in pregnancy, young maternal age, higher parity, low level of maternal education, and single motherhood were more than additive. Attributable fractions in the population for prone and side sleeping were 18.5% and 26.0%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both prone and side sleeping increased the risk of SIDS. The risk was increased further in low birth weight infants, preterm infants, and infants at the age of 13 to 24 weeks, suggesting that SIDS may be triggered by nonsupine sleeping in infants with prenatal risk factors during a vulnerable period of postnatal development.
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Oyen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Markestad
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Skaerven
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Irgens
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Helweg-Larsen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Alm
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Norvenius
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wennergren
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011187:Posture; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D016684:Prone Position; D012307:Risk Factors; D012537:Scandinavian and Nordic Countries; D012890:Sleep; D013398:Sudden Infant Death / Q000453:epidemiology*