title: Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. The Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Investigators.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Isolated systolic hypertension occurs in about 15% of people aged 60 years or older. In 1989, the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly investigated whether active treatment could reduce cardiovascular complications of isolated systolic hypertension. Fatal and non-fatal stroke combined was the primary endpoint.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients (> 60 years) were initially started on masked placebo. At three run-in visits 1 month apart, their average sitting systolic blood pressure was 160-219 mm Hg with a diastolic blood pressure lower than 95 mm Hg. After stratification for centre, sex, and previous cardiovascular complications, 4695 patients were randomly assigned to nitrendipine 10-40 mg daily, with the possible addition of enalapril 5-20 mg daily and hydrochlorothiazide 12.5-25.0 mg daily, or matching placebos. Patients withdrawing from double-blind treatment were still followed up. We compared occurrence of major endpoints by intention to treat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At a median of 2 years' follow-up, sitting systolic and diastolic blood pressures had fallen by 13 mm Hg and 2 mm Hg in the placebo group (n = 2297) and by 23 mm Hg and 7 mm Hg in the active treatment group (n = 2398). The between-group differences were systolic 10.1 mm Hg (95% CI 8.8-11.4) and diastolic, 4.5 mm Hg (3.9-5.1). Active treatment reduced the total rate of stroke from 13.7 to 7.9 endpoints per 1000 patient-years (42% reduction; p = 0.003). Non-fatal stroke decreased by 44% (p = 0.007). In the active treatment group, all fatal and non-fatal cardiac endpoints, including sudden death, declined by 26% (p = 0.03). Non-fatal cardiac endpoints decreased by 33% (p = 0.03) and all fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular endpoints by 31% (p < 0.001). Cardiovascular mortality was slightly lower on active treatment (-27%, p = 0.07), but all-cause mortality was not influenced (-14%; p = 0.22).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension, antihypertensive drug treatment starting with nitrendipine reduces the rate of cardiovascular complications. Treatment of 1000 patients for 5 years with this type of regimen may prevent 29 strokes or 53 major cardiovascular endpoints.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cardiovascular Research, University of Leuvan, Belgium.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Staessen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fagard
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thijs
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Celis
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Arabidze
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Birkenhäger
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Bulpitt
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: de Leeuw
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Dollery
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Forette
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leonetti
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nachev
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosenfeld
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rodicio
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tuomilehto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zanchetti
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004656:Enalapril / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D009017:Morbidity; D009568:Nitrendipine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide; D004656:Enalapril; D009568:Nitrendipine