title: Pharmacokinetics of azithromycin after single- and multiple-doses in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the disposition and tolerance of azithromycin after single and multiple oral doses of 12 mg/kg in children with and without cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Open-label, nonrandomized pharmacokinetic study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two pediatric hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve children with cancer admitted to the inpatient unit for empiric antibiotic treatment of febrile neutropenia, and 16 hospitalized patients receiving antibiotic therapy
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients received azithromycin suspension either as a single dose or daily dose every morning for 5 consecutive days. Serial blood samples were collected up to 120 hours after a single dose or during and after multiple doses to characterize the pharmacokinetic parameters estimated for a two-compartment absorption model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 28 patients were evaluable for safety. Azithromycin was well tolerated except in one patient with cancer who experienced abdominal cramps and withdrew from the study. Pharmacokinetic results were not determined in five patients because of insufficient concentration-time data. The mean +/- SD estimates of oral clearance, terminal half-life, maximum concentration in serum (Cmax), and time to achieve Cmax in the 23 evaluable patients were 4.83 +/- 3.59 L/hour/kg, 54.5 +/- 36.4 hours, 318.2 +/- 174.5 microg/L, and 2.4 +/- 1.1 hours, respectively. These estimates did not differ between single-dose (14 patients) and multiple-dose (9 patients) groups. Pharmacokinetic parameters were not different between the 11 children with cancer and the 12 without cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Azithromycin 12 mg/kg results in proportionately higher serum concentrations than previously published results for lower doses (5 mg/kg). Variability in concentration profiles among patients is substantial, and age or other yet unidentified clinical factors may explain some of the differences observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38015-2794, USA.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Shenep
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Foulds
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Luke
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Blumer
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Rodman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D017963:Azithromycin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D017963:Azithromycin