title: Differential scanning calorimetry studies on the cysts of the potato-cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis during freezing and melting
abstract: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine the thermal events associated with freezing and melting of the cysts of the potato-cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis. There were no thermal events during the cooling of dry cysts from 5 to -60 &deg;C and warming back to 5 &deg;C, indicating the absence of water freezing in the dry cysts. During heating of dry cysts from 5 to 80 &deg;C, two overlapping endothermic events were observed at 55 &deg;C, indicating the irreversible destruction of the permeability barrier of the eggshell by the melting of the lipids which constitute the lipid layer. The first exothermic event (T=-9 &deg;C) during the cooling of hydrated cysts indicates the presence of an ice-nucleating agent. A broad exotherm at -38 &deg;C is due to the freezing of eggs. DSC thus confirms that the eggshell prevents exogenous ice nucleation and allows the eggs to supercool in the presence of external ice. The enthalpy of the egg exotherm increased during hydration of the cysts. The temperature of the egg exotherm was elevated after heating of the sample to 70 &deg;C. This is thought to be due to the loss of trehalose from the eggs following the destruction of the permeability barrier of the eggshell. During melting, three endothermic events were observed. These became merged after the destruction of the permeability barrier of the eggshell by heating, and only two peaks were observed in isolated eggs. The sample is thus considered to consist of three freezable compartments: (1) the water surrounding the cyst, (2) the solution between the cyst wall and the eggs and (3) the egg contents.
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wharton
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Raml&Oslash;V