title: Vision-threatening complications of surgery for full-thickness macular holes. Vitrectomy for Macular Hole Study Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study complications of vitrectomy surgery for full-thickness macular holes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multicentered, randomized, controlled clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community and university-based ophthalmology clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standardized macular hole surgery versus observation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Assessment of anatomic and visual outcomes and determination of postoperative complications at 12 months after randomization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Posterior segment complications were noted in 39 eyes (41%). The incidence of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) alteration and retinal detachment (RD) were 33% and 11%, respectively. One RD due to a giant retinal tear resulted in a visual acuity of light perception. Other complications included a reopening of the macular hole in 2 eyes (2%), cystoid macular edema in 1 eye (1%), a choroidal neovascular membrane in 1 eye (1%) and endophthalmitis in 1 eye (1%). Eyes with complications had significantly worse visual acuity outcomes as determined by the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study, Word Reading, and Potential Acuity Meter charts (P < 0.01 for all comparisons). Eyes with macular holes greater than 475 microns were more than twice as likely to have complications than eyes with holes less than 475 microns (odds ratio [OR] = 2.2, P = 0.07). Before surgery, the stage of the hole was related to postoperative RPE changes (P < 0.0001) and the occurrence of postoperative RD (P = 0.0002). Intraoperative trauma was related to the occurrence of these complications (P < 0.0001 for RPE changes, P = 0.02 for RDs). Epiretinal membrane removal was related to RPE changes (P = 0.02) but not RDs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The RPE alterations and RDs are common after macular hole surgery and result in significantly reduced postoperative visual acuity. The RPE changes may be related to surgical trauma or light toxicity. Further efforts to reduce complications associated with macular hole surgery are indicated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0946, USA.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Banker
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Munguia
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Azen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012163:Retinal Detachment / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012167:Retinal Perforations / Q000601:surgery*; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D014821:Vitrectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*