title: Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 in breast cancer.
abstract: The serine protease urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is causally involved in cancer invasion and metastasis. Activity of this protease in vivo is controlled principally by two inhibitors, one of which is plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 (PAI-2). In this study, we show that PAI-2 levels were significantly higher in primary breast carcinomas (n = 152) than benign breast tumours (n = 18). In the primary cancers, PAI-2 levels correlated weakly but significantly with those of uPA and PAI-1, but not with tissue type plasminogen activator (tPA) or uPA receptor (uPAR) levels. Using Northern blotting, mRNA for PAI-2 was found in 28.6% of 49 primary breast cancers. In contrast to findings at the protein level, PAI-2 mRNA levels failed to correlate with those for uPA or PAI-1. After immunocytochemistry with primary cancers, PAI-2 was detected predominantly in the malignant cells of primary carcinomas but was also present in stromal cells. Using the median value as a cut-off point, PAI-2 showed no significant relationship with either disease-free interval or overall survival. However, using an optimum cut-off value, patients with low levels of PAI-2 had a worse outcome than those with a high level. We conclude that, unlike PAI-1, high levels of PAI-2 may be a favourable prognostic marker in breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Duggan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Elvin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: O'Higgins
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Duffy
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D017396:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 2 / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D011379:Prognosis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000032:analysis; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes; C524898:PLAUR protein, human; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D017396:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 2; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator