title: Are the clinical effects of homeopathy placebo effects? A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Homeopathy seems scientifically implausible, but has widespread use. We aimed to assess whether the clinical effect reported in randomised controlled trials of homeopathic remedies is equivalent to that reported for placebo.
  
  
  METHODS
  We sought studies from computerised bibliographies and contracts with researchers, institutions, manufacturers, individual collectors, homeopathic conference proceedings, and books. We included all languages. Double-blind and/or randomised placebo-controlled trials of clinical conditions were considered. Our review of 185 trials identified 119 that met the inclusion criteria. 89 had adequate data for meta-analysis, and two sets of trial were used to assess reproducibility. Two reviewers assessed study quality with two scales and extracted data for information on clinical condition, homeopathy type, dilution, "remedy", population, and outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The combined odds ratio for the 89 studies entered into the main meta-analysis was 2.45 (95% CI 2.05, 2.93) in favour of homeopathy. The odds ratio for the 26 good-quality studies was 1.66 (1.33, 2.08), and that corrected for publication bias was 1.78 (1.03, 3.10). Four studies on the effects of a single remedy on seasonal allergies had a pooled odds ratio for ocular symptoms at 4 weeks of 2.03 (1.51, 2.74). Five studies on postoperative ileus had a pooled mean effect-size-difference of -0.22 standard deviations (95% CI -0.36, -0.09) for flatus, and -0.18 SDs (-0.33, -0.03) for stool (both p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our meta-analysis are not compatible with the hypothesis that the clinical effects of homeopathy are completely due to placebo. However, we found insufficient evidence from these studies that homeopathy is clearly efficacious for any single clinical condition. Further research on homeopathy is warranted provided it is rigorous and systematic.
authors.affiliation: Münchener Modell, Centre for Complementary Medicine Research, Technische Universität/Ludwig-Maximillans-Universität, München, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Linde
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Clausius
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Melchart
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Eitel
authors.forename: L V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Hedges
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Jonas
mesh_terms: D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006705:Homeopathy; D006801:Humans; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015990:Placebo Effect; D017594:Publication Bias; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design