title: Metastasis of rectal cancer to lymph nodes and tissues around the autonomic nerves spared for urinary and sexual function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the indications for autonomic nerve-sparing operations for rectal cancer, the presence of lymph nodes and metastasis in the tissue around the autonomic nerve were examined in 28 rectal cancer patients. These were staged as pT2 in 8 patients, pT3 in 19 patients, and pT4 in 1 patient histopathologically.
  
  
  METHODS
  The specimens of the autonomic nerve including the inferior mesenteric plexus, preaortic plexus, superior hypogastric plexus, hypogastric nerve, and pelvic plexus were removed with radical abdominopelvic lymphadenectomy after the autonomic nerve-sparing rectal cancer operation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the tissue around the autonomic nerve, lymph nodes were 11.2 +/- 9.6 in number and 2.6 +/- 2.4 mm in size (mean +/- standard deviation). The frequency of presence of lymph nodes was higher and the number of lymph nodes was larger in the inferior mesenteric plexus (70.4 percent; 3.6) and the preaortic plexus (66.7 percent; 2.1) than in the left and right pelvic plexuses (39.1 percent, 1; 36 percent, 1). Metastasis to the lymph nodes or lymphatic permeation in the tissue around the autonomic nerve were observed in four cases (14.3 percent) of lower rectal cancer, consisting of three with Stage III cancer (pT3, pN1-3, and M0) and one with Stage IV cancer (pT4, pN1, and pM1 (HEP)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radical rectal excision that includes lymph nodes and adjacent tissue around the autonomic nerves may result in metastatic tumor removal that would otherwise be left in situ with nerve-sparing techniques for advanced rectal cancer in Stage III.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamakoshi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ike
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimada
mesh_terms: D017776:Autonomic Pathways; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012007:Rectum / Q000294:innervation*; D014566:Urogenital System