title: Health care costs for volunteers and non-volunteers in an intervention for people with osteoarthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether older people who volunteered for a health intervention study used the health care system differently from a randomly selected group of eligible non-volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred sixty-three volunteers and 92 non-volunteers were compared; both groups were members of a large health maintenance organization (HMO).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Volunteers were more educated and had been members of the HMO longer. Volunteers used the health care system significantly more at all time periods, but their cost per contact was significantly lower than that for non-volunteers. Non-volunteers were more likely to have a comorbid condition and had fewer arthritis-related health care contacts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There will always be problems in generalizing results of studies with volunteers, but volunteers are, nevertheless, the most appropriate controls if the experimental participants are also volunteers. Designs should ideally include both volunteer and non-volunteer controls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, CA 92182-4611, USA.
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Cronan
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Durkin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Groessl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tomita
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy*; D014838:Volunteers