title: Antioxidant activity of guaiazulene and protection against paracetamol hepatotoxicity in rats.
abstract: The effect of guaiazulene, a lipophilic azulene derivative widely found in nature, on radical-mediated processes is examined. The ability of guaizulene to inhibit rat hepatic microsomal membrane lipid peroxidation and to scavenge hydroxyl radicals, as well as to interact with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), was estimated. It was found that guaiazulene can inhibit lipid peroxidation very significantly, having an IC50 value of 9.8 microM. It can also scavenge hydroxyl radicals and interact with DPPH. The protection afforded by guaiazulene to rats with paracetamol-induced liver injury was also investigated. Paracetamol hepatotoxicity is caused by the reactive metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), which causes oxidative stress and glutathione (GSH) depletion. Hepatic cytosolic protein, GSH, glutathione transferase and glutathione reductase levels are determined as indices of hepatic injury with or without the administration of guaiazulene. It was found that all parameters affected by paracetamol are restored to normal by guaiazulene treatment, while the administration of guaiazulene alone has no effect on the performed tests compared with the control values. It was concluded that the significant protection against paracetamol-induced GSH depletion and hepatic damage afforded by guaiazulene is probably connected with its antioxidant activity. A molecular mechanism of action of guaiazulene is suggested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kourounakis
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Rekka
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Kourounakis
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D052176:Azulenes; D015764:Bepridil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D003600:Cytosol / Q000201:enzymology; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects*; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D010851:Picrates; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D045789:Sesquiterpenes, Guaiane
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D052176:Azulenes; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010851:Picrates; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D045789:Sesquiterpenes, Guaiane; C004451:guaiazulene; D000082:Acetaminophen; D015764:Bepridil; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide