title: Amino acid and energy interrelationships in growing beef steers: I. The effect of level of feed intake on ruminal characteristics and intestinal amino acid flows.
abstract: Five cannulated Holstein steers (538 +/- 35 kg) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design experiment with extra observations to examine the influence of level of feed intake on postruminal flow and intestinal disappearance of N and amino acids (AA). Treatments consisted of a single diet fed at four levels of energy intake (1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 times NEm requirement). The diet was formulated on a DM basis to contain 13.25% CP using cracked corn (56.1%), soybean hulls (18%), cottonseed hulls (15%), soybean oil (4.25%), and corn gluten meal (5.6%). Increasing feed intake linearly increased (P < .0001) the quantity of OM truly digested in the stomach but tended to decrease (P = .11) OM digestion as a percentage of intake. Level of feed intake had no effect (P > .10) on ruminal pH, NH3 N, or peptide concentration or on particulate and fluid passage rates. However, total VFA concentration increased linearly (P < .0001) and the acetate: propionate ratio decreased linearly (P < .0001) as feed intake increased. Flows of microbial and nonmicrobial N at the duodenum linearly increased (P < .002) with increasing intake but did not differ (P > .10) as a percentage of intake. Level of feed intake did not affect (P > .10) microbial efficiency, N disappearance from the small intestine, or total tract N digestibility. With the exception of tryptophan, flows of all individual AA increased linearly (P < .01) with increasing intake. As a percentage of duodenal flow, AA digestion in the small intestine did not differ (P > .10), leading to a linear increase (P < .10) in the net quantity of individual (with the exception of tryptophan) and total AA disappearing from the small intestine as feed intake increased. Likewise, the profile of AA (except tryptophan) disappearing from the small intestine was unaffected (P > .10) by level of feed intake. When compared with predicted requirements for a 227-kg growing beef steer, Arg, Met, His, and Lys were suggested to be the most limiting AA for growth when this diet is fed. We conclude that altering energy intake by restricting intake of a single diet has only minor effects on the profile of digestible AA or other nutrients presented to the animal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, USA.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Ludden
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kerley
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D000641:Ammonia / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D003369:Cottonseed Oil / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D004063:Digestion / Q000502:physiology; D004386:Duodenum / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005285:Fermentation; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000502:physiology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007082:Ileum / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D012417:Rumen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology*; D013025:Glycine max / Q000378:metabolism; D003313:Zea mays / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D003369:Cottonseed Oil; D000641:Ammonia; D009584:Nitrogen