title: Plasma fibrinogen levels in healthy postmenopausal women: physical activity and hormone replacement status.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fibrinogen is a major component of the coagulation system and a powerful independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women. Regular physical activity has been recommended as an effective clinical approach to lowering plasma fibrinogen levels; currently, however, there are little or no data to support a relationship between habitual exercise status and plasma fibrinogen levels in healthy postmenopausal women who either use or do not use hormone replacement therapy (HRT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma fibrinogen levels were measured in 20 physically active (56 +/- 1 yr) and 31 sedentary (58 +/- 1 yr) healthy postmenopausal women. Nine (45%) physically active and 15 (48%) sedentary women had been using HRT for > 1 year; the others were nonusers of HRT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma fibrinogen levels were approximately 15% lower (p = .001) in the physically active women (2.48 +/- .08 g/L) than the sedentary controls (2.92 +/- .06 g/L) and approximately 7% lower (p = .04) in the users (2.65 +/- .08 g/L) versus nonusers (2.84 +/- .08 g/L) of HRT. Moreover, the lower (0.4 g/L) plasma fibrinogen levels associated with regular physical activity were evident in both the users (2.39 +/- .11 vs 2.80 +/- .08 g/L, p = .001) and nonusers (2.56 +/- .11 vs 3.03 +/- .08 g/L, p = .006) of HRT. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that percent body fat was the primary determinant of plasma fibrinogen levels, accounting for 30% of the variability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regular physical activity is associated with lower plasma fibrinogen levels in postmenopausal women; the lower plasma fibrinogen levels associated with regular physical activity are evident in both users and nonusers of HRT; and plasma fibrinogen levels are positively related to percent body fat in postmenopausal women differing in physical activity and HRT status. Lower plasma fibrinogen levels in physically active postmenopausal women may contribute to their lower risk of cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA. desouzac@stripe.Colorado.EDU
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: DeSouza
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Davy
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Seals
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000209:etiology; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D005340:Fibrinogen