title: Photochemical reactions and phototoxicity of sterols: novel self-perpetuating mechanisms for lipid photooxidation.
abstract: Sterols are important lipid components that may contribute to phototoxicity. We have found that phototoxic response in earthworms is related to sterols extractable with lipophilic solvents. The photochemically active compounds in worm lipids are 5,7,9(11),22-ergostatetraen-3 beta-ol (9-DHE) and 5,7,9(11)-cholestartien-3 beta-ol (9-DDHC), respectively. Human skin lipids are known to contain 9-DHE. We have also found 9-DDHC in human skin, which is reported here for the first time. In the presence of an excess of the corresponding 5,7-dienes (ergosterol of 7-dehydrocholesterol), these photoactive sterols constitute a self-regenerating source of singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) during irradiation in vivo or in vitro with UVA (315-400 nm). The quantum yield for photosensitization of 1O2 by 9-DHE was estimated to be 0.09. The 1O2 is scavenged by the dienes and the rate constant for 1O2 quenching by ergosterol was found to be 1.2 x 10(7) M-1 s-1 in methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE). This scavenging ultimately leads to the production of 5,8-endoperoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Photochemically induced superoxide radical was also produced on irradiation of sterol 5,7,9-trienes and trapped with the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO). The production of singlet oxygen, peroxides and radicals by the sterols may be significant in the cell damaging and tumor promoting action of UVA light on skin.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular BIophysics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Albro
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bilski
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Corbett
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Chignell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D002782:Cholestenes / Q000378:metabolism; D003684:Dehydrocholesterols / Q000378:metabolism; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D004875:Ergosterol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D009835:Oligochaeta; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D010777:Photochemistry; D026082:Singlet Oxygen; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry; D013261:Sterols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D002782:Cholestenes; D003684:Dehydrocholesterols; D008055:Lipids; D013261:Sterols; D013481:Superoxides; C010905:dehydroergosterol; D026082:Singlet Oxygen; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; C025498:cholesta-5,7,9-trien-3 beta-ol; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; C016705:7-dehydrocholesterol; D010100:Oxygen; D004875:Ergosterol