title: [Imaging networks, surgical simulation, computer-assisted neurosurgery].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In 1988, the neurosurgeons and neuroradiologists at the Val-de-Grâce hospital decided to create a stereotaxis site using advanced medical imaging date (CT-scan or MRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two MRI machines and on CT unit were linked to a network (ETHERNET) available for radiologists in 1989. Neurosurgeons adapted stereotaxis sites using Leksell, Fisher and CRW software for MRI. A data processing program recognizing these sites was developed for stereotaxic biopsies based on MRI data. The network was extended in 1992 to the radiotherapy unit for multiple beam stereotaxic irradiations. Finally from 1994, when a computer-guided microscope (Zeiss MKM) was installed, nearly all neurosurgical procedures were conducted under stereotaxic conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Since 1989, approximately 900 computer-guided stereotaxic biopsies have been performed with precision in the millimeter range. Since 1994, the Zeiss MKM microscope has been used for 120 computer-guided procedures with the frameless stereotaxic technique guided from landmarks on the outer cranium or attached to the scalp. Mean precision obtained with landmarks was 1.2 mm and 2.8 mm with scalp markers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These techniques of computer-assisted neurosurgery based on advanced medical imaging techniques has been revolutionary for surgical approach to intracranial and intracerebral diseases. Smaller assess routes and precise pathways allow an approach to formerly inoperable lesions with minimal risk.
authors.affiliation: Service de neurochirurgie, H.I.A. Val-de-Grâce, Paris.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Desgeorges
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Derosier
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hor
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Cordoliani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Traina
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Soultrait
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khadiri
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Debono
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D001921:Brain / Q000601:surgery*; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D003195:Computer Communication Networks; D003198:Computer Simulation; D001330:Electronic Data Processing; D005910:Glioma / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008579:Meningioma / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D008853:Microscopy; D009493:Neurosurgery; D011873:Radiology Information Systems; D015642:Radiology, Interventional; D011881:Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted; D012984:Software; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed