title: Effective postponement of diabetic nephropathy with enalapril in normotensive type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study determines the long-term efficacy of the ACE inhibitor, enalapril, in reducing the progression of microalbuminuria to clinical albuminuria in normotensive patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 103 normotensive type 2 diabetic patients with persistent albumin excretion rate (AER) 20-200 micrograms/min and normal renal function followed for 5 years in a prospective randomized single-blind placebo-controlled trial. AER, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and HbA1 were measured very 3-4 months and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF), and urinary urea every 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the patients treated with enalapril, AER decreased from 55 +/- 33 to 20 +/- 59 micrograms/min (geometric mean +/- SD), whereas in the placebo group, AER increased from 53 +/- 31 to 85 +/- 90 micrograms/min after 5 years. Within 5 years, 7.7% (4/52) of enalapril-treated subjects and 23.5% (12/51) of placebo-treated subjects progressed to clinical albuminuria defined as AER > 200 micrograms/min and at least 34% above baseline (risk reduction = 66.7%, P < 0.001). AER increased at an annual rate of 12.3% (95% CI 9.8-14.9) in the placebo group, while it declined by 16.7% (95% CI -18.3 to -15.2) in the enalapril group (P < 0.001). In addition, 8 of the 12 placebo-treated patients had evidence of coronary artery disease. The rest of the parameters remained practically unchanged in the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After 5 years of therapy with enalapril, compared with placebo, normotensive subjects with type 2 diabetes experienced significantly less progression of microalbuminuria to clinical albuminuria, reduced AER, and preserved GFR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, India.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ahmad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D018450:Disease Progression; D004656:Enalapril / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010919:Placebos; D012307:Risk Factors; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D010919:Placebos; D004656:Enalapril