title: Carbon dioxide, an important messenger molecule for small cell lung cancer.
abstract: Chronic nonneoplastic lung diseases that impair pulmonary oxygenation while increasing the levels of intrapulmonary carbon dioxide (CO2) are a documented risk factor for the development of lung cancer in smokers and nonsmokers. Using established cell lines derived from human small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung carcinoma, our experiments demonstrated that elevated CO2 concentrations in the range of those found in the diseased lung selectively stimulated the proliferation of SCLC but not adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma. The proliferative response of SCLC cells involved activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK-1 and ERK-2, as well as the p70 ribosomal S6 kinase and the stimulation of an autocrine serotonergic loop. Kinase activation was unrelated to changes in intracellular pH. We concluded that CO2 is an important messenger molecule for SCLC which may contribute significantly to the high lung cancer burden observed in individuals with chronic lung disease, by the activation of kinases which play a central role as downstream effectors of many growth factor-stimulated mitogenic pathways.
authors.affiliation: Carcinogenesis and Developmental Therapeutics Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996-4500, USA.
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Merryman
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Schuller
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000187:drug effects; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000473:pathology; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000378:metabolism; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D008934:Mitogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000187:drug effects; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000187:drug effects; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000187:drug effects; D011985:Receptors, Serotonin / Q000187:drug effects; D019893:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases; D012307:Risk Factors; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D006133:Growth Substances; D008934:Mitogens; D011985:Receptors, Serotonin; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D012701:Serotonin; D011494:Protein Kinases; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D019893:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases