title: Nutritional factors and colon carcinoma: a case-control study involving French Canadians in Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In a population-based case-control study of colon carcinoma and nutrition involving the francophone community in Greater Montreal, a total of 402 cases (200 males and 202 females) and 668 controls (239 males and 429 females) were interviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases from 1989-1993 were identified through the admission offices of 5 major francophone teaching hospitals in Montreal and were ages 35-79 years. Controls matched by age, place of residence, and language were selected by a modified random digit dialing method. Information on dietary intake was collected with a quantitative food frequency questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No associations were evident between colon carcinoma and total energy, protein, or carbohydrate consumption, whereas a suggestive inverse association was found with total fat intake, with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.78 (P = 0.0637), and with saturated fat intake as well (OR = 0.71, P = 0.0893). A strongly significant inverse association was found with dietary fiber (OR = 0.50, P = 0.0018). The strongest inverse association concerning fiber was found with fiber from vegetable sources (OR = 0.57, P = 0.0096), and a suggestive (although nonsignificant) inverse association (OR = 0.74, P = 0.0687) was found with fiber from fruits. Calcium was inversely associated with risk (OR = 0.69, P = 0.0411), as was dietary intake of vitamin A (OR = 0.67, P = 0.0162), retinol, (OR = 0.069, P = 0.0409), vitamin E (OR = 0.53, P = 0.0028), and alphatocopherol (OR = 0.63, P = 0.0256). Although there was no association demonstrated between dietary beta-carotene intake and risk, a suggestive (although nonsignificant) inverse association with intake of other types of carotene was observed (OR = 0.76, P = 0.0740). No association was found between intake of other nutrients investigated in this study and risk of colon carcinoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is strong evidence from epidemiologic studies that high intake of fat and meat are risk factors for colorectal carcinoma in humans, whereas high intake of vegetable and fruit are inversely associated with risk of colon carcinoma. The findings from this study are in agreement with this observation.
authors.affiliation: Research Centre, Hotel-Dieu of Montréal, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ghadirian
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lacroix
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maisonneuve
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Perret
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Potvin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gravel
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boyle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000009:adverse effects; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008461:Meat Products / Q000009:adverse effects; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011792:Quebec / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012494:Sampling Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D018977:Micronutrients