title: Tacrolimus (FK506) down-regulates free radical tissue levels, serum cytokines, and neutrophil infiltration after severe liver ischemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Liver ischemia and reperfusion injury is associated with activation of multiple inflammatory pathways, including free radicals, cytokines, and neutrophil-mediated tissue damage among others. Tacrolimus (FK506) has shown important regulatory effects on some inflammatory pathways, such as cytokines, neutrophils, and adhesion molecules. In this study, we explored a new potential protective mechanism for tacrolimus in the liver inflammatory response after ischemia and reperfusion, specifically its effect on liver tissue free radicals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total hepatic ischemia was produced in the rat for 90 min with an extracorporeal portosystemic shunt. Animals (n=96) were divided into four groups: group 1 comprised normal rats for reference values; group 2 comprised sham operated rats; in group 3, ischemic control rats received only the vehicle; and the experimental treatment group, group 4, received tacrolimus at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg, 4 hr before ischemia. Animal survival was followed up to 7 days. Liver function tests were performed and liver tissue free radicals and myeloperoxidase, serum cytokines (interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha), and liver histology were measured 4 hr after reperfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven-day survival was significantly improved from only 20% in the control group to 55% in the tacrolimus group (P<0.01). Liver function tests, histology, and myeloperoxidase tissue values were significantly improved (P<0.05) with tacrolimus pretreatment. Furthermore, a significant (P<0.05) down-regulation of serum cytokines and liver tissue free radicals was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate a new and different protective mechanism for FK506 in regard to its ability to down-regulate free radical levels in livers subjected to severe ischemia and reperfusion. Tacrolimus, also confirmed to be a potent suppressor of the cytokine response, specifically interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis, decreased neutrophil tissue migration as well.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, University of Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Garcia-Criado
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Palma-Vargas
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Valdunciel-Garcia
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Toledo
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Misawa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gomez-Alonso
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Toledo-Pereyra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000032:analysis; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects*; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005609:Free Radicals; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007375:Interleukin-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009195:Peroxidase; D016559:Tacrolimus