title: Cytology of germ cell tumors: extragonadal, extracranial masses and intraoperative problems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Germ cell tumors (GCTs) and their metastases may be found in numerous sites that are accessible to cytologic sampling, and many are responsive to chemotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors reviewed 20 examples of GCT cytology from 16 males and 3 females ranging in age from 1.5 to 61 years (median, 34 years). With two exceptions, one benign cystic ovarian teratoma in which intraoperative cytology was used to diagnose an associated adult-type carcinoma and one undescended testis in which seminoma presented as an abdominal mass, the material reviewed included no examples of primary gonadal GCT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors studied 7 primary and 13 metastatic GCTs; these studies were based on 13 in vivo aspirations, 4 intraoperative preparations, and 3 samples of body cavity fluids. All samples were correctly interpreted as malignant, and only one was incorrectly classified as a non-GCT malignancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical and cytologic findings are useful in the diagnosis of GCTs and their metastases. Incorrect interpretation of these neoplasms as poorly differentiated malignancies of other types may deprive the patient of effective chemotherapy. Air-dried, Romanowsky-stained smear material and cell block sections may contribute to the resolution of diagnostic dilemmas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA.
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Pitman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Korourian
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Bardales
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khurana
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D018240:Endodermal Sinus Tumor / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D018237:Germinoma / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D018239:Seminoma / Q000473:pathology; D013724:Teratoma / Q000473:pathology