title: Effectiveness of clinical guidelines for the presumptive treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis in Egyptian children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary prevention of acute rheumatic fever requires antibiotic treatment of acute streptococcal pharyngitis. In developing countries, clinicians must rely on clinical guidelines for presumptive treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis since bacterial culture and rapid diagnostic tests are not feasible. We evaluated the WHO Acute Respiratory Infection guideline in a large urban paediatric clinic in Egypt.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children between 2 and 13 years of age who had a sore throat and pharyngeal erythema were enrolled in the study. Clinical, historical, and demographic information was recorded and a throat culture for group A beta-haemolytic streptococci was done. Sensitivity (% of true-positive throat cultures) and specificity (% of true-negative throat cultures) were calculated for each clinical feature. The effect of various guidelines on correct presumptive treatment for throat-culture status was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 451 children with pharyngitis, 107 (24%) had group A beta-haemolytic streptococci on throat culture. A purulent exudate was seen in 22% (99/450) of these children and this sign was 31% sensitive and 81% specific for a positive culture. The WHO Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) guidelines, which suggest treatment for pharyngeal exudate plus enlarged and tender cervical node, were 12% sensitive and 94% specific; 13/107 children with a positive throat culture would correctly receive antibiotics and 323/344 with a negative throat culture would, correctly, not receive antibiotics. Based on our data we propose a modified guideline whereby exudate or large cervical nodes would indicate antibiotic treatment, and this guideline would be 84% sensitive and 40% specific; 90/107 children with a positive throat culture would correctly receive antibiotics and 138/344 with a negative throat culture would, correctly, not receive antibiotics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The WHO ARI clinical guideline has a high specificity but low sensitivity that limits the unnecessary use of antibiotics, but does not treat 88% of children with a positive streptococcal throat culture who are at risk of acute rheumatic fever. A modified guideline may be more useful in this population. Prospective studies of treatment guidelines from many regions are needed to assess their use since the frequency of pharyngitis varies.
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore MD, USA. MSTEINHO@JHSPH.EDU
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Steinhoff
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Abd el Khalek
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khallaf
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Hamza
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: el Ayadi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orabi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fouad
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000667:Ampicillin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004534:Egypt; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010401:Penicillin G Benzathine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010406:Penicillins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010612:Pharyngitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010614:Pharynx / Q000382:microbiology; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010406:Penicillins; D000667:Ampicillin; D010401:Penicillin G Benzathine