title: Loss of the maternal H19 gene induces changes in Igf2 methylation in both cis and trans.
abstract: Recent investigations have shown that the maintenance of genomic imprinting of the murine insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) gene involves at least two factors: the DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase activity, which is required to preserve the paternal specific expression of Igf2, and the H19 gene (lying 90 kb downstream of Igf2 gene), which upon inactivation leads to relaxation of the Igf2 imprint. It is not yet clear how these two factors are related to each other in the process of maintenance of Igf2 imprinting and, in particular, whether the latter is acting through cis elements or whether the H19 RNA itself is involved. By using Southern blots and the bisulfite genomic-sequencing technique, we have investigated the allelic methylation patterns (epigenotypes) of the Igf2 gene in two strains of mouse with distinct deletions of the H19 gene. The results show that maternal transmission of H19 gene deletions leads the maternal allele of Igf2 to adopt the epigenotype of the paternal allele and indicate that this phenomenon is influenced directly or indirectly by the H19 gene expression. More importantly, the bisulfite genomic-sequencing allowed us to show that the methylation pattern of the paternal allele of the Igf2 gene is affected in trans by deletions of the active maternal allele of the H19 gene. Selection during development for the appropriate expression of Igf2, dosage-dependent factors that bind to the Igf2 gene, or methylation transfer between the parental alleles could be involved in this trans effect.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Developmental Genetics and Imprinting, Department of Development and Genetics, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB2 4AT, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Forné
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oswald
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Saam
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bailleul
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dandolo
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Tilghman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Reik
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D019175:DNA Methylation; D005260:Female; D005784:Gene Amplification; D018392:Genomic Imprinting; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D009035:Mothers; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D022661:RNA, Untranslated; D017384:Sequence Deletion
chemical_list: C094335:H19 long non-coding RNA; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D022661:RNA, Untranslated; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II