title: Early systole in the healthy kidney: variability of Doppler US waveform parameters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the sampling variability of intrarenal Doppler ultrasound (US) indexes of early systole in a screened population of healthy individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Doppler US measurements were obtained in the superior, middle, and inferior regions of 132 kidneys in 66 healthy, potential kidney donors. All individuals subsequently underwent angiography. Systematic measurement differences and random effects were estimated for sampling from a particular parenchymal region, from a kidney in a subject, from an individual in a population, and from a vascular territory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coefficients of variations ranged from 20% to 30%. Most (55%-66%) of the observed variation was attributable to random differences between repeated measurements in the same kidney. No systematic variations attributable to kidney region, vascular territory, right versus left kidney, or subject age were found for acceleration time, acceleration, or waveform shape. Some evidence of fixed variation between kidneys and between regions was found for peak systolic velocity, but the magnitude of this variation was small. Averages of repeated measurements may decrease the probability of exceeding the normal threshold for acceleration but not for acceleration time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measurements of Doppler parameters of the early systole have substantial intrinsic variability. Thus, caution is needed when interpreting small changes in these measurements within a kidney or between individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kliewer
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Hertzberg
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Keogan
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Paulson
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Freed
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: DeLong
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Carroll
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000792:Angiography; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D012079:Renal Circulation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013599:Systole; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler