title: GRAVITY AND LIGHT INFLUENCE THE COUNTERSHADING REFLEXES OF THE CUTTLEFISH SEPIA OFFICINALIS
abstract: Rotation (roll or pitch) of a cuttlefish away from its normal orientation produces countershading reflexes (CSRs) that consist of chromatophore expansion on the ventral body surface. When rotation is in the roll plane, the CSR has two components on each side of the body. The first (component A) consists of a unilateral expansion of chromatophores on the uppermost latero-ventral edge of the mantle, the underside of the upper fin and the uppermost side of the head; it occurs when the angle of rotation is less than 90&deg;. Further rotation (from approximately 90&deg; to approximately 180&deg;) adds the second component (component B): a unilateral expansion of the chromatophores on the upper half of the ventral surface of the mantle, funnel, head and arms. When rotation is in the pitch plane, chromatophores expand on the posterior part of the ventral mantle and fins when the head is down; when the head is up, chromatophores expand on the ventral surface of the arms, head and funnel and on the anterior part of the ventral mantle and fins. The pitch CSR is always bilateral. Destruction of the gravity or the angular acceleration receptor systems of the statocysts demonstrates that it is the gravity receptor systems that drive the CSRs. Unilateral destruction of the gravity receptor systems shows that the pitch CSR is driven bilaterally, whereas the roll CSR is driven unilaterally. Components A and B of the roll CSR are driven by input from the ipsilateral statocyst, but component A is additionally driven by light. Brain lesions provide evidence that the pathways for the CSRs run through the lateral basal lobes in the supraoesophageal part of the brain.
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Messenger
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Budelmann