title: Prognostic value of the clinical examination of the diabetic foot ulcer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the value of the history, physical examination, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in predicting successful primary healing of a foot ulcer in a diabetic patient.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Durham (NC) Veterans Affairs Medical Center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-four consecutive diabetic patients with 78 dermal ulcers through the full thickness of the skin and at or distal to the malleoli of the ankle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A structured clinical history and physical examination were performed by two examiners, a physician participating in the study and the referring physician. Fifty of these patients with 63 ulcers underwent MRI. Patients were followed prospectively for 6 months after enrollment to ascertain healing of the ulcer, amputation, and death. During the 6-month follow-up period, 8 (13%) of the patients died. Seventeen (22%) of the ulcers were amputated, 17 (22%) of the ulcers failed to heal, and 36 (47%) healed primarily. Univariate predictors of healing at 6 months included age less than 65 years, diagnosis of diabetes within the last 15 years, painless ulcer, palpable ankle pulse, anklebrachial index greater than 0.5, and the physician's assessment of the overall likelihood of osteomyelitis. In a multivariable logistic regression model, predictors of healing included the presence of an audible pulse on Doppler examination (p = .01) and a painless ulcer (p = .04). The diagnosis of osteomyelitis on MRI did not predict healing in these patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Foot ulcers in patients with diabetes frequently have poor outcomes; fewer than half the patients in this study healed their ulcers within 6 months. The vascular components of the clinical examination are the best predictors of healing in patients with a diabetic foot ulcer.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Services Research in Primary Care, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, NC 27705, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Edelman
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hough
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Glazebrook
authors.forename: E Z
authors.initials: EZ
authors.lastname: Oddone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010808:Physical Examination; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014945:Wound Healing