title: An evaluation of empiric vs. nomogram-based dosing of heparin in an intensive care unit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the time to achieve therapeutic anticoagulation with heparin using two dosing methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective before and after time series.
  
  
  METHODS
  An 11-bed medical-surgical intensive care unit of a tertiary, teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Critically ill patients who required full dose anticoagulation as part of treatment of hemodynamic or respiratory failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The use of a weight-based dosing nomogram with independent adjustment of infusion rates by nursing staff utilizing the nomogram dosing directions. This nomogram was compared with prior empiric heparin dosing by physicians.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The time to achieve a therapeutic activated partial thromboplastin time (PTT) (> 60 secs) was significantly less during use of the nomogram than during use of the empiric dosing method. The number of adjustments required to achieve the therapeutic PTT was less during use of the nomogram. Heparin dosing using the nomogram resulted in larger initial heparin infusion rates (unit/kg) and significantly higher initial PTT results. There was no difference in the initial bolus dose, time to first measured PTT, number of PTT measurements outside the therapeutic range, or signs of toxicity from subtherapeutic or supratherapeutic anticoagulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of a weight-based heparin dosing nomogram by intensive care unit nursing staff can shorten the time to achieve therapeutic anticoagulation compared with empiric dosing by physicians.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dodek
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001835:Body Weight; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003422:Critical Care; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D019348:Empiricism; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D010314:Partial Thromboplastin Time; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006493:Heparin