title: Brief cognitive-behavioral group treatment for children's headache.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Using a randomized design with a waiting list control condition, we assessed the effectiveness of an abbreviated cognitive therapy group program for headaches in children 7 to 12 years of age. In the treatment condition, small groups of five to eight children were taught relaxation, distraction, visualization, and stress management skills in two 90-minute sessions. Parent groups, seen concurrently, reviewed the children's program and addressed parenting strategies. The waiting list control groups were treated 5 weeks later. Thirty-six children meeting inclusion criteria were included in the study; complete data were available for 29 participants (mean age, 9.4 years; 66% female).
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained children's ratings of headache frequency, intensity, duration, and five other variables in a diary kept for 3 weeks before and 3 weeks after treatment. Parent measures were collected once before treatment and once at 3-month follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CHILD RATINGS: The control condition showed a significant reduction in children's self-rated headache frequency, while the treatment condition did not. On all other self-reported variables, there were no significant differences between the control and treatment conditions. Two participants in each condition achieved a 50% or greater reduction in a self-rating headache index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PARENT RATINGS: Follow-up ratings, obtained over the telephone from parents after the children in both conditions had been treated, indicated that the children in both conditions had experienced reduced intensity, frequency, and duration of headaches and that 82% of the children were using the techniques taught in the program. Fourteen children achieved a 50% or greater reduction in a headache index based on parent ratings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although parents were very positive about the effectiveness of the program, the results for children's self-ratings do not support the use of this highly abbreviated treatment method.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: von Baeyer
mesh_terms: D001521:Behavior Therapy; D002648:Child; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006261:Headache / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011614:Psychotherapy, Brief; D011615:Psychotherapy, Group; D012064:Relaxation Therapy; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy