title: Transluminal radiofrequency tissue ablation with use of metallic stents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if transluminal coagulative necrosis can be induced by applying radiofrequency (RF) energy to indwelling metallic stents.
  
  
  METHODS
  RF energy was applied to metallic alloy stents (20-68 mm length, 5-16 mm diameter) in tissue phantom (n = 31), ex vivo bovine liver (n = 10), and in vivo porcine hepatic veins (n = 4). For ex vivo and in vivo liver experiments, RF was applied for 5-6 minutes, titrating generator output to produce 85 degrees-95 degrees C temperatures at the stent surface. Local and remote temperature sensing was performed. Imaging and pathologic studies documented the extent of coagulation necrosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phantom studies demonstrated uniform temperature distribution along the entire stent length for all Elgiloy stents powered for 2 minutes with a minimum of 120 watts. Shorter stents required less power or reduced time to achieve uniform temperature. In ex vivo liver, 25-mm stents (n = 5) showed 8-10 mm of uniform circumferential coagulation necrosis along the entire stent length. Fifty-millimeter stents showed less uniform coagulation necrosis. For the in vivo stents (20 mm), 8-10 mm of uniform circumferential coagulation necrosis surrounded the stent along its entire length.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metallic stents can be used to deliver transluminal RF energy from an external source, inducing heat deposition with resultant circumferential tissue coagulation. Clinical applications might include reduction of intimal proliferation in vascular diseases and/or treatment of periluminal tumors compressing the bile ducts, the urethra, or other luminal structures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, USA.
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schima
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Lawes
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Gazelle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D002417:Cattle; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006503:Hepatic Veins / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008670:Metals; D009336:Necrosis; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D015607:Stents; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D008670:Metals