title: Polytetrafluoroethylene giant granuloma and adenopathy: long-term complications following subureteral polytetrafluoroethylene injection for the treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of polytetrafluoroethylene as bulking agent for the endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in children has raised many concerns about the implant histocompatibility and the risk of migration of polytetrafluoroethylene particles. We report on 3 cases of long-term complications following subureteral polytetrafluoroethylene injection (STING) and an extensive review of the literature is presented.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1993 and December 1995, 3 children (2 males, 1 female; 4, 7 and 6 years old), previously submitted to STING, underwent open surgery for recurrent vesicoureteral reflux.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 1 case a hard nodular mass, strictly adherent to the ureteral wall, was a foreign body giant granuloma. All patients demonstrated a heavy multinucleated foreign body reaction around polytetrafluoroethylene particles in the pelvic nodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many experimental studies and some clinical observations have demonstrated that polytetrafluoroethylene particles elicit a foreign body granulomatous reaction and have the tendency to migrate. Until the long-term effects of their presence are well known, STING should be carefully evaluated in children and young patients.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Urology, University of Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aragona
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: D'Urso
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Scremin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salmaso
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Glazel
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D015745:Granuloma, Foreign-Body / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008206:Lymphatic Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene