title: Inhibition of pink color development in cooked, uncured ground turkey through the binding of non-pink generating ligands to muscle pigments.
abstract: The pink color defect in cooked, uncured turkey is a sporadic problem that can result in economic loss and consumer dissatisfaction. Fourteen ligands were tested in ground turkey samples for their ability to reduce pink color development in control samples and in the presence of 150 ppm sodium nitrite or 1.0% nicotinamide (pink color producing agents). The 14 ligands evaluated were: 3-amino pyridine (AP), 4-benzoylpyridine (BP), diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DA), ethylenedinitrilo-tetraacetic acid disodium salt (EA), 2,3 dihydroxybenzoic acid (DB), 3-ethyl pyridine (EP), trans 1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N',N' tetraacetic acid monohydrate (HA), calcium reduced nonfat dried milk (NM), 2,3 phthalic acid (PA), 3-picoline (PC), pyrrole (PY), pyridazine (PZ), pyridinedicarboxcylic acid (YA), and pyrazinedicarboxcylic acid (ZA). All ligands were incorporated into ground turkey at 0.20 mg/g (meat weight basis) except for NM (30 mg/g). Color was evaluated using a reflectance spectrophotometer to measure pigment changes (nicotinamide hemochrome, nitrosohemochrome) and with a chroma meter to determine CIE L* a* b* values. Reduction in pink color development was apparent with the addition of the ligand alone and in the presence of sodium nitrite and especially nicotinamide. The four most effective ligands tested were DA, EA, HA, and NM. In general, pink color reduction was highest in the ligand only and the ligand plus nicotinamide samples as was observed by CIE a* and nicotinamide hemochrome value reductions.
authors.affiliation: W. R. Grace & Co., Duncan, South Carolina 29334, USA.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Claus
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Marriott
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Fernandes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003296:Cooking; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D005524:Food Technology / Q000379:methods*; D008024:Ligands; D016014:Linear Models; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000378:metabolism*; D013053:Spectrophotometry / Q000662:veterinary; D014422:Turkeys
chemical_list: D008024:Ligands; D009566:Nitrates; D010860:Pigments, Biological; D009536:Niacinamide; C031618:sodium nitrate