title: Treatment of high-risk medulloblastoma and other primitive neuroectodermal tumors with reduced dose craniospinal radiation therapy and multi-agent nitrosourea-based chemotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate toxicity, and progression-free survival (PFS) of children and adults with newly diagnosed medulloblastoma, pineoblastoma, and other primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) with a combined modality regimen of radiation therapy and adjuvant nitrosourea-based chemotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1984 and 1992, 34 evaluable patients with newly diagnosed tumors were treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy according to a single-arm phase II study. One cycle of chemotherapy was given prior to and for 6 cycles following craniospinal radiotherapy (CSA). Procarbazine, 6-thioguanine, and dibromodulcitol were given before lomustine (CCNU) to enhance CCNU-induced tumor cell kill and to reduce alkyltransferase repair of ethylated DNA. Vincristine was given 1 and 3 weeks after CCNU to kill cells that began to cycle after the challenge of the first four drugs. Chemotherapy was given in the outpatient setting. CSA radiation was planned to deliver a dose of 54 Gy to the primary tumor site and 24 Gy to the rest of the neuroaxis. Additional radiation was given to bulky disease outside the primary site if present. Hydroxyurea was used during radiotherapy as a radiosensitizer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients treated included 27 with medulloblastoma, 5 with pineoblastoma, and 2 with supratentorial PNET. All but 3 medulloblastoma cases were considered high risk either because of bulky residual disease remaining after surgery and/or metastatic disease detected during staging. For the 34 patients, 24 have progressed, 20 have died. Overall estimated PFS was 55% at 3 years and 35% at 5 years. The 5-year survival estimate is 56%. One patient had inadequate staging to determine M stage. Of the remaining 33 patients, there were 19 patients who had metastatic disease at diagnosis (M1 or higher stage) who had a 3- and 5-year PFS of 42 and 21% respectively and 5-year survival of 42%. There were 14 patients who had negative staging (M0 stage) who had a 3- and 5-year PFS of 69 and 52% respectively and 5-year survival of 71%. Of the 27 patients with medulloblastoma, 15 had M1 or higher stage. These 15 patients had a 5-year PFS and overall survival of only 20 and 40% respectively. Medulloblastoma patients with M0 staging had a 5-year PFS and overall survival of 52 and 73% respectively. Overall toxicity was primarily due to mild hematological toxicity and related to the use of the chemotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results using this therapy in high-risk groups of patients does not offer any improvement over results reported in other recent studies. The reason for these results may be due to the lowered craniospinal radiation dose.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA. pradosm@neuro.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Prados
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wara
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ater
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rabbit
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lamborn
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Levin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008527:Medulloblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008936:Mitolactol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018242:Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009607:Nitrosourea Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011344:Procarbazine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013866:Thioguanine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014750:Vincristine / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D009607:Nitrosourea Compounds; D011344:Procarbazine; D014750:Vincristine; D013866:Thioguanine; D008936:Mitolactol