title: Ischemic preconditioning at a distance: reduction of myocardial infarct size by partial reduction of blood supply combined with rapid stimulation of the gastrocnemius muscle in the rabbit.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Limitation of myocardial infarct size by an earlier brief complete occlusion of a coronary artery is defined as ischemic preconditioning. However, myocardial protection also can be achieved by partial reduction of coronary flow, rapid cardiac pacing, or brief ischemia-reperfusion of a remote region of the heart. Our study assesses the effect on myocardial infarct size of preconditioning at a distance induced by partial reduction of blood flow to a hind limb with or without increase of demand by electrical stimulation of a skeletal muscle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anesthetized rabbits were randomized to 30 minutes of waiting period (controls), 55% to 65% reduction of femoral artery blood flow (stenosis), electrical stimulation of the gastrocnemius muscle at a rate of one per second (stimulation), or stenosis+stimulation. Thereafter, rabbits underwent 30 minutes of coronary artery occlusion and 4 hours of reperfusion. Each group included 8 rabbits. Risk zones were comparable among groups. However, the ratio of infarct size to risk zone was smaller in the stenosis+stimulation group (0.09+/-0.02) compared with the control (0.26+/-0.03), stenosis (0.36+/-0.05), and stimulation (0.30+/-0.05) groups (P=.0006). ANCOVA performed on the fraction of infarction (infarct size/left ventricular weight) and the fraction of risk zone revealed a significant group effect (P=.0004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Remote ischemia of a skeletal muscle induced by muscle stimulation combined with restriction of blood flow preconditioned the myocardium. The combination of muscle stimulation with reduction of femoral arterial blood flow but not muscle stimulation without blood flow restriction or of flow restriction without muscle stimulation reduced myocardial infarct size considerably.
authors.affiliation: Heart Institute, Good Samaritan Hospital, and the University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90017, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Birnbaum
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hale
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kloner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000503:physiopathology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000098:blood supply*; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000473:pathology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D011817:Rabbits; D012039:Regional Blood Flow