title: Bioelectrical impedance changes in regional extracellular fluid alterations.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine whether changes in bioelectrical impedance (BI) can reveal regional extracellular fluid (ECF) alterations. ECF changes were induced by holding various arm positions for ten minutes, and they were evaluated through the measurement of BI in eight normal adult subjects. A low frequency current (100 Hz, 0.50 mA) was applied using an electromyography machine through two current electrodes, and the voltage signals were recorded by two amplitude electrodes. The corresponding BI was calculated by Ohm's law, resistance = voltage/current (R = V/I). There was no significant difference between BI and time interval, but between BI and arm position (two-way ANOVA with replicate, p = 0.954, p < 0.001). BI has a negative correlation with wrist circumference. These results show that this experimental method can be used as reflection of ECF changes and that both position and wrist circumference are major factors for BI in the upper extremity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Newark, Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation, USA.
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Findley
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Reisman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation; D001810:Blood Volume / Q000502:physiology; D004566:Electrodes; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation*; D012016:Reference Values; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology*; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation