title: Cost-minimization analysis of intravenous adenosine and dipyridamole in thallous chloride TI 201 SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a cost-minimization analysis of intravenous adenosine and intravenous dipyridamole in thallous chloride TI 201 single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective, open-label, cost-minimization analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital, outpatient nuclear medicine department.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-three patients undergoing dipyridamole TI 201 SPECT and 166 patients undergoing adenosine TI 201 SPECT.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cost-minimization analysis was conducted using a direct cost accounting approach estimating institutional costs. For the purpose of this study, sensitivity and specificity between adenosine SPECT and dipyridamole SPECT were assumed to be identical. Key costs evaluated included acquisition, administration, monitoring, treatment of adverse effects, follow-up care, and repeat tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adenosine increased heart rate and lowered blood pressure to a significantly greater extent than dipyridamole. The frequency of adverse reactions was not significantly different (p = 0.103) between adenosine (1.64 +/- 1.32 per patient) and dipyridamole (1.36 +/- 1.23 per patient). The frequency of prolonged and late-onset adverse effects was significantly greater for dipyridamole than for adenosine (p < 0.001). The frequency of adverse events requiring medical intervention was statistically greater for dipyridamole (24%) compared with adenosine (5%) (p < 0.00001). Total cost was significantly less for adenosine ($378.50 +/- $128.20 per patient) compared with dipyridamole ($485.60 +/- $230.40). Although adenosine had a significantly greater acquisition cost than dipyridamole (p < 0.0001), administration, monitoring, and adverse reaction costs were significantly less for adenosine than for dipyridamole.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cost of using dipyridamole is significantly greater than the cost of using adenosine despite adenosine's high acquisition cost. Adenosine is less expensive to use because of lower administration costs, monitoring costs, and adverse effect costs. Adenosine should be the agent of choice for pharmacologic vasodilation in the setting of myocardial perfusion imaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Hilleman
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Mohiuddin
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Holmberg
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000191:economics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000368:Aged; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004176:Dipyridamole / Q000191:economics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004180:Direct Service Costs; D016527:Drug Costs; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013793:Thallium; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000191:economics; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; C027549:thallium chloride; D004176:Dipyridamole; D013793:Thallium; D000241:Adenosine