title: An excess of testicular germ cell tumors in Down's syndrome: three case reports and a review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of specific solid tumors in Down's syndrome (DS) is not well established. Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) might be increased in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The presence of TGCT among male subjects from the French department of Corrèze was recorded and literature on the subject reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 120 living children and adults with DS and 17 pregnancies (12 births and 5 therapeutic abortions) were examined over an 8-year period (1987-1994). Three TGCT were diagnosed. A seminoma and an embryonal carcinoma were observed in two young adults and an intratubular germ cell neoplasm in a 22-week-old fetus. Because testicular tumors occur at an incidence rate of 4 cases per 100,000 person-years in the general population, these observations suggest a clearly increased risk of developing TGCT in the DS population. In addition, a review of the literature also shows an excess of TGCT in this population. Cryptorchidism alone, which is prevalent in individuals with DS, cannot explain this significantly increased incidence of TCGT. The authors hypothesize that an excess of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone gonadotropins and overexpression of the Ets-2 gene through gene dosage effect could predispose patients with DS to the development of TGCT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surveillance of the gonads of male patients with DS is recommended. A better understanding of the factors involved could also help to identify risk factors in the general population.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Hospitalier, Tulle, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Satgé
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Sasco
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Curé
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Leduc
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sommelet
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Vekemans
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000150:complications; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D018628:Gene Dosage; D018237:Germinoma / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D018239:Seminoma / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone; D004958:Estradiol; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone