title: Local anesthesia for infrainguinal arterial reconstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Perioperative cardiac complications occur in 4% to 6% of patients undergoing infrainguinal revascularization under general, spinal, or epidural anesthesia. The risk may be even greater in patients whose cardiac disease cannot be fully evaluated or treated before urgent limb salvage operations. Prompted by these considerations, we investigated the feasibility and results of using local anesthesia in these high-risk patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1, 1994, through August 30, 1996, 86 infrainguinal reconstructions were performed under local infiltration anesthesia (0.5% or 1.0% lidocaine). Supplementary intravenous sedation with propofol or other agents was given as needed for patients comfort. Most patients had arterial lines but Swan Ganz catheters were used infrequently. Postoperatively, continuous electrocardiographic monitoring was continued in the intermediate or intensive care units. Patients ranged in age from 37 to 86 years (mean 68 +/- 12); 47% were diabetic, 69% had severe coronary artery disease, and 14% had end-stage renal disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Operations included 7 femoral-femoral, 21 femoral-popliteal, 16 femoral-tibial and 13 popliteal-tibial bypass grafts, 9 pseudoaneurysms, and 20 distal graft revisions (+/- thrombectomy). Autogenous vein was used in eight of the femoral-popliteal and all of the femoral-tibial and popliteal-tibial bypass grafts. There were two postoperative deaths. One patient died of a stroke (1.2%) on postoperative day (POD) 2 and one died on POD 27 of unknown cause. Two other (2%) patients had nonfatal subendocardial myocardial infarctions. Conversion to general anesthesia was required in four (5%) operations, three because patients became agitated and one because a long segment of vein had to be harvested from the opposite leg. Otherwise, patients tolerated the procedures well and postanesthetic recovery problems were minimized.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limb salvage operations can be done under local anesthesia with acceptable complication rates. In selected patients with high-risk coronary artery disease, local anesthesia has theoretic and practical advantages and should be considered an alternative to general or regional anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield 62794-1312, USA.
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Barkmeier
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hood
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Sumner
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mansour
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Hodgson
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mattos
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ramsey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011150:Popliteal Artery / Q000601:surgery*; D016909:Tibial Arteries / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome