title: Psychological sequelae of facial trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Facial trauma is common in accidents and assaults and can be accompanied by distressing psychological sequelae.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of case notes followed by a prospective assessment of consecutive facial trauma victims was performed to determine the prevalence and detection rate of psychological sequelae.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 8 of 47 case notes (17%) contained any reference to mental state. Forty-three patients completed initial assessment and 7-week questionnaires. Twelve (27%) were suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder at 7 weeks. Factors significantly associated with poorer outcome were higher initial Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Impact of Event Scale scores, assault injury fractures, and prediction of psychological sequelae by junior oral surgeons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More than one-quarter of victims of facial trauma in this study developed posttraumatic stress disorder, documentation of which was poor. The study suggests that psychological sequelae can be predicted using simple measures such as a basic initial assessment by nonmedically qualified personnel.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom. 101454.3011@compuserve.com
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Bisson
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dhutia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires