title: Macromolecular substructure in nuclear pore complexes by in-lens field-emission scanning electron microscopy.
abstract: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has produced a wealth of novel images that have significantly complemented our perception of biological structure and function, derived initially from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) information. SEM is a surface imaging technology, and its impact at the subcellular level has been restricted by reduced resolution in comparison with TEM. Recently, SEM resolution has been considerably improved by the advent of high-brightness sources used in field-emission instruments (FEISEM) which have produced resolution of around 1 nm, virtually equivalent to TEM "working resolution." Here we review our findings in the use of FEISEM in the imaging of nuclear envelopes and their associated structures, such as nuclear pore complexes, and the relationships of structure and function. FEISEM allows the structurally orientated cell biologist to visualise, directly and in three dimensions, subcellular structure and its modulation with a view to understanding its functional significance.
authors.affiliation: CRC Department of Structural Cell Biology, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, U.K.
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Bennion
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rutherpord
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reipert
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramalho
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kiseleva
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Goldberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002683:Chironomidae; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003902:Detergents; D010450:Endopeptidases; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods*; D009685:Nuclear Envelope / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D009865:Oocytes / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012116:Resins, Plant; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014867:Water; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D003902:Detergents; D012116:Resins, Plant; D014867:Water; D010450:Endopeptidases