title: Stress and psychiatric disorder in rural Punjab. A community survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in rural Punjab is unknown. Previous studies in rural areas elsewhere in the Indian subcontinent have yielded widely differing estimates.
  
  
  METHODS
  First-stage screening of a village near Gujar Khan used the Bradford Somatic Inventory and Self Reporting Questionnaire. Psychiatric interviews were conducted with stratified samples using the ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria for Research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It is estimated that 66% of women and 25% of men suffered from anxiety and depressive disorders. Levels of emotional distress increased with age in both genders. Women living in unitary households reported more distress than those living in extended or joint families. With younger men and women, lower levels of education were associated with greater risk of psychiatric disorders. Social disadvantage was associated with more emotional distress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study in rural Punjab confirms that findings of a previous study in Chitral, northern Pakistan, of high levels of emotional distress and psychiatric morbidity among women in rural areas of Pakistan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, University of Bristol.
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Mumford
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saeed
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Latif
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Mubbashar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012423:Rural Health; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology