title: Gallstone prevalence in relation to smoking, alcohol, coffee consumption, and nutrition. The Ulm Gallstone Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Besides considering well-known risk factors for the development of gallbladder stones, such as age, sex, fecundity, and hereditary predisposition, efforts at prevention have focused increasingly on other factors, such as nicotine, alcohol, and caffeine consumption, as well as general nutrition, which may be modified.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1116 blood donors were examined between April 1994 and February 1995 in the central blood bank of the German Red Cross in Ulm, Germany. Each subject received a questionnaire and underwent to an upper abdominal ultrasound examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gallbladder stone disease (current cholecystolithiasis and history of cholecystectomy) was detailed in 5.8% of the men and 6.3% of the women. Neither regularity nor number of daily meals correlated with the frequency of gallstone disease. Vegetarians (n = 48), as a group, were not found to have gallstones. In relation to the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, or caffeine higher prevalence of cholecystolithiasis was found only in heavy drinkers of coffee (P = 0.051; odds ratio (OR), 1.083; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.999, 1.174).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of the present study do not show a definite relationship between nutritional factors and the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, or caffeine and an increased prevalence of gallbladder stone disease.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Internal Medicine, University of Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kratzer
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kächele
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Muche
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hay
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wiesneth
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Beckh
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Adler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003069:Coffee; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee