title: Pregnancy after liver transplantation under tacrolimus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The maternal and fetal risk of pregnancy after organ transplantation under tacrolimus has not been reported. This was prospectively studied in 27 pregnancies by 21 female liver recipients who were treated with tacrolimus before and throughout gestation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven babies were born between October 1990 and April 1996. In 15 cases, samples were obtained at or after delivery and stored (-40 degrees C) for comparison of tacrolimus concentration in the maternal blood with different combinations of cord and infant venous blood, breast milk, or a section of the placenta.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 21 mothers had surprisingly few serious complications of pregnancy and no mortality. Two infants with 23 and 24 weeks gestation died shortly after birth. The mean birth weight of the other 25 was 2638+/-781 g after a gestational period of 36.6+/-3.3 weeks. Mean birth weight percentile for gestational age was 50.2+/-26.2 (median 40). On the day of delivery, the mean tacrolimus concentrations (ng/ml) were 4.3 in placenta versus 1.5, 0.7, and 0.5 in maternal, cord, and child plasma, and 0.6 in the first breast milk specimens. The infants had a 36% incidence of transient perinatal hyperkalemia (K+>7.0 meq/L) and a mild reversible renal impairment, which were thought to reflect in part maternal homeostasis. One newborn had unilateral polycystic renal disease (the only anomaly). All 25 babies have had satisfactory postnatal growth and development with a current mean weight percentile of 62+/-37 (median 80).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pregnancy by postliver transplant mothers under tacrolimus was possible with a surprisingly low incidence of the hypertension, preeclampsia, and other maternal complications historically associated with such gestations. As in previous experience with other immunosuppressive regimens, preterm deliveries were common. However, prenatal growth for gestational age and postnatal infant growth for postpartum age were normal.
authors.affiliation: The Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Venkataramanan
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gartner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lever
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Balan
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Warty
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Starzl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry; D010920:Placenta / Q000737:chemistry; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016559:Tacrolimus