title: Method of Medicare reimbursement and the rate of potentially ineffective care of critically ill patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The worst outcome of critical care may not be death itself; rather, the worst may be an extended death process in which a patient's and his or her family's suffering has been prolonged by services that are ultimately impotent. We have previously used potentially ineffective care (PIC) as a proxy measure for this type of care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if PIC is delivered less often to Medicare patients enrolled in health maintenance organizations (HMOs) than those in traditional fee-for-service health plans.
  
  
  METHODS
  All Medicare patients hospitalized in intensive care units in California during fiscal year 1994.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Potentially ineffective care was defined as the concurrence of in-hospital death or death within 100 days of hospital discharge and resource use (total hospital costs) above the 90th percentile.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital costs were adjusted for institution-specific cost-to-charge ratios and local wage indices derived from Health Care Financing Administration cost reports. A multivariate regression model adjusted PIC rates for age, sex, race, elective admission to the hospital, Charlson index diseases, the 15 most common diagnosis related groups for death by 100 days, intensive care unit size, and number of residents at the hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 3914 (4.8%) of 81 494 patients experienced PIC and used 21.6% of total intensive care unit resources. The occurrence of PIC was less common among HMO members (adjusted odds ratio, 0.75; 95% confidence interval, 0.65-0.87). However, HMO members were not more likely to experience in-hospital death (adjusted odds ratio, 0.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.91-1.07) and only slightly more likely to experience death by 100 days after hospital discharge (adjusted odds ratio, 1.08; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.15).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients who experience PIC outcomes are not uncommon in the Medicare population, and patients experiencing this outcome consume a disproportionate amount of medical resources. Medicare beneficiaries in HMO practice settings had a lower risk of experiencing PIC outcomes after adjusting for age, sex, diagnosis, comorbid conditions, and characteristics of the treating hospital. This suggests that HMO practices may be better at limiting or avoiding injudicious use of critical care near the end of life.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care System, CA, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cher
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Lenert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002140:California; D018588:Fee-for-Service Plans / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017721:Hospital Costs; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D018447:Medical Futility; D006278:Medicare / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D018579:Patient Selection; D012051:Reimbursement Mechanisms; D040841:Resource Allocation; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States; D028761:Withholding Treatment