title: Human immunodeficiency virus infection and stroke in young patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and stroke among young persons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Large, inner-city public hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients aged 19 to 44 years with a diagnosis of stroke, whose HIV status was determined, admitted from January 1990 through June 1994. Controls matched for age and sex were selected from patients who were admitted during the same period for status asthmaticus whose HIV status was known.
  
  
  METHODS
  The associations of HIV infection with all strokes and with cerebral infarction, after adjustment for other cerebrovascular risk factors, were evaluated by Mantel-Haenszel stratified analyses. The subtypes and causes of stroke in HIV-infected patients were compared with HIV-seronegative patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HIV infection was associated with stroke (odds ratio [OR], 2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-5.3) and cerebral infarction (OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.1-8.9), after adjustment for other cerebrovascular risk factors. Among patients with stroke, cerebral infarction was more frequent in HIV-infected patients than in HIV-seronegative patients (20 [80%] of 25 vs 48 [56%] of 88, P = .04). The frequency of cerebral infarctions associated with meningitis (P < .001) and protein S deficiency (P = .06) was higher in HIV-infected patients than in seronegative patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that HIV infection is associated with an increased risk of stroke, particularly cerebral infarction in young patients. This risk is probably mediated by increased susceptibility of HIV-infected patients to meningitis and protein S deficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga., USA.
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Qureshi
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Karon
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Weissman
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Akbar
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Safdar
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Frankel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D018023:HIV Seronegativity / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008581:Meningitis / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D018455:Protein S Deficiency / Q000150:complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies