title: Referred pain elicited by palpation and by needling of myofascial trigger points: a comparison.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the occurrence of referred pain (ReP) elicited by palpation (Pal-ReP) or by needle injection (Inj-ReP) of myofascial trigger point (MTrP), and to assess the correlated factors, including the pain intensity of an active MTrP and the occurrence of local twitch response (LTR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Correlational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-five patients who were treated with MTrP injections.
  
  
  METHODS
  MTrP injections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pain intensity of MTrP and occurrence of Pal-ReP, Inj-ReP, and LTR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both Pal-ReP and Inj-ReP were elicited in 53.9% of MTrPs, Inj-ReP, but not Pal-ReP, was elicited in 33.7% of MTrPs. Both Pal-ReP and Inj-ReP were unobtainable in 12.3% of MTrPs. The occurrence of ReP was significantly correlated to the pain intensity of active MTrP and the occurrence of LTR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ReP could be elicited more frequently by needling than by palpation. The frequency of occurrence in ReP mainly depends on pain intensity of an active MTrP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: C Z
authors.initials: CZ
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Kuan
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009209:Myofascial Pain Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010173:Palpation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine