title: Expression of human intestinal trefoil factor in malignant cells and its regulation by oestrogen in breast cancer cells.
abstract: Human intestinal trefoil factor (hITF) is a small cysteine-rich protein expressed in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Its sequence is related to that of other trefoil peptides including the pNR-2/pS2 protein, which is regulated by oestrogen in breast cancer. This study was designed to investigate whether hITF is expressed in human carcinoma cells. cDNA was obtained by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of gastric mucosal RNA and sequenced, establishing that this mRNA is expressed in the stomach. Expression of hITF was detected in a proportion of cell lines derived from malignancies of the GI tract, in hepatocellular carcinoma cells, and at highest levels in a small cell lung carcinoma cell line. Amongst breast cancer cell lines, it was expressed in all the oestrogen-responsive but in none of the oestrogen-nonresponsive breast cancer cell lines. The possibility that hITF expression in breast cells is controlled by oestradiol was then tested. Oestradiol treatment increased hITF expression between three- and ten-fold in the oestrogen-responsive breast cancer cell lines, demonstrating that, like pNR-2/pS2, hITF is regulated by oestrogen in breast cancer cells. Tamoxifen inhibited the induction of hITF expression by oestradiol but tamoxifen alone was a partial oestrogen agonist for hITF expression. These results show that hITF is expressed, sometimes ectopically, in several human malignancies, which suggests that trefoil peptides may have a more general role in tumourigenesis than hitherto appreciated. That the expression of hITF is regulated by oestrogen in breast cancer cells suggests that hITF expression may provide a novel marker for oestrogen responsiveness in breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K.
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Westley
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000378:metabolism; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007414:Intestinal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009077:Mucins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D010455:Peptides / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis*; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000494:pharmacology; D000071163:Trefoil Factor-1; D000071164:Trefoil Factor-2; D000071165:Trefoil Factor-3; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
chemical_list: D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D006133:Growth Substances; D009077:Mucins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D010455:Peptides; D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C051838:TFF1 protein, human; C099037:TFF3 protein, rat; D000071163:Trefoil Factor-1; D000071164:Trefoil Factor-2; D000071165:Trefoil Factor-3; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D013629:Tamoxifen; D004958:Estradiol