title: Development of a pediatric burn pain and anxiety management program.
abstract: To facilitate effective management of pain and anxiety, and to permit more objective assessment of changes in this management, a pain and anxiety guideline was developed and has been followed uniformly for 3 years. The guideline describes four patient care categories: (1) ventilated acute, (2) nonventilated acute, (3) chronic acute, and (4) reconstructive. A small and consistent formulary was emphasized. A specific guideline for background, procedural, and transition pain and anxiety management was developed for each patient care category. All pain and anxiety medications given to all acutely burned children admitted to the Institute for 12 consecutive months were recorded, and daily pain and anxiety discomfort scores were noted using a 5-level action-based bedside scoring system. Doses of individual pain and anxiety medications were calculated as mg per kg per patient-day in each category, and all doses were found to be within guideline specifications. The efficacy of the guideline was judged by four discomfort scores: (1) background pain, (2) procedural pain, (3) background anxiety, and (4) procedural anxiety, and were adequate in all patient categories. There were no complications related to overmedication experienced during the interval. Our objective was to develop a guideline for pain and anxiety management that: (1) was safe and effective over a broad range of ages and injury acuities seen in the unit, (2) was explicit in its recommendations, (3) had a limited formulary to optimize staff familiarity with agents used, and (4) took advantage of the presence of a bedside nurse to continuously evaluate efficacy and intervene when needed through dose-ranging. Although many drugs are appropriate, our choices were based on institutional familiarity and simplicity. This process of developing a clear and consistent guideline can be duplicated in any unit.
authors.affiliation: Shriners Burns Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sheridan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hinson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nackel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blaquiere
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Daley
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Querzoli
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spezzafaro
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lybarger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martyn
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Szyfelbein
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tompkins
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D002056:Burns / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology; D059408:Pain Management; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents