title: African-American and Puerto Rican drug use: a longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the interrelationship of acculturation, family, personality, ecology, and peer domains measured in adolescence as they impact drug use 5 years later and to assess the role of family variables as buffers against personality risks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Youths completed questionnaires in classrooms at T1 and were individually interviewed at T2 (mean age = 20 years). Data were analyzed separately for African-Americans and Puerto Ricans using correlations, hierarchical multiple regressions, and two-way interactions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most results were similar for both ethnic groups. Eighty percent of the T1 variables significantly related to T2 stage of drug use. A mediational model of the path to drug use was supported. Acculturative influences were associated with family relations, which in turn were related to personality attributes. A reciprocal relationship emerged between the personality and peer domains in their impact on drug use. Family variables primarily enhanced the effect of protective personality traits on drug use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stability of drug use alone cannot explain the relationship between the earlier domains and later drug use. Specific adolescent risks have long-lasting effects. The personality domain has a direct effect on later drug use despite a benign picture in the acculturation, family, and peer domains.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Brook
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Whiteman
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Balka
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Win
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Gursen
mesh_terms: D000069:Acculturation; D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005192:Family Health / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010379:Peer Group; D010553:Personality Development; D011647:Puerto Rico / Q000208:ethnology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012925:Social Conformity; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000208:ethnology*; D014504:Urban Health