title: Hypothyroidism after external radiotherapy for head and neck cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the development of thyroid hypofunction in patients with head and neck cancers admitted for external radiotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between November 1990 and July 1996, thyroid function was measured in 264 consecutive patients, where the entire thyroid gland or part of it was included in the target volume. The time to development of hypothyroidism (HT) was calculated from the start of the radiotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median follow-up period was 19 months. Seventeen patients (6%) developed elevated serum thyroid-stimulating hormone levels with depressed (free) thyroxine levels (i.e., clinical HT). Elevated serum thyroid-stimulating hormone level with normal (free) thyroxine levels (i.e., chemical HT) developed in 57 (22%). The median time to clinical HT was 15 months (range: 7 to 32). The median time to chemical HT was also 15 months (range: 2 to 28). The actuarial risk of developing clinical or chemical HT 3 years after treatment was 15 and 40%, respectively. The incidence of chemical HT was significantly higher (p = 0.041) when the whole thyroid was included in the target volume compared to patients where only part of the thyroid was irradiated. The same trend was seen as regards clinical HT (p = 0.063). For those 20 patients who underwent laryngectomy, there was an increased risk of both chemical and clinical HT (p = 0.011 and 0.019, respectively). Increasing age was associated with an increased risk of chemical HT (p = 0.001), but not of clinical HT (p = 0.553). Sex, tumor site, radiation dose, and combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy were not significant factors for thyroid hypofunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depressed thyroid function is common after external radiotherapy for cancers of the head and neck. Routine testing for possible thyroid hypofunction should be included in the follow-up procedures, even many years after end of radiotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Radiumhemmet, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tell
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sjödin
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lundell
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lewin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lewensohn
mesh_terms: D000206:Actuarial Analysis; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000601:surgery