title: Extrapyramidal symptoms associated with cyclic antidepressant treatment: a review of the literature and consolidating hypotheses.
abstract: Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) including parkinsonism, akathisia, dystonia, and tardive dyskinesia have commonly been associated with acute or chronic administration of neuroleptic drugs. A review of the medical literature reveals a substantial number of cases with similar clinical characteristics associated with the tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Although the data are not sufficient to make definitive pharmacoepidemiologic conclusions, the available number of case reports suggests the SSRIs may be more common offenders in producing these adverse drug effects. The exact mechanism is elusive but likely involves complex interactions of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine between cortical structures and the basal ganglia. The final common pathway for production of EPS seems to be indirect modulation of dopaminergic function. Predictors of patients at risk for antidepressant-induced EPS are not established, but a greater awareness of the potential for these drug side effects to occur may increase their recognition and decrease antidepressant-induced morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425-0742, USA.
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: DeVane
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Risch
mesh_terms: D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000187:drug effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors