title: Assessment of pediatric hydronephrosis using output efficiency.
abstract: Diagnosing obstruction in pediatric patients with hydronephrosis, and renal impairment is often difficult. Renal output efficiency (OE) is a parameter that may improve diagnostic accuracy by allowing normalization of washout according to renal function. The aims of this study were to define a normal range for OE in infants and children and to evaluate its diagnostic accuracy in cases with hydronephrosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-four children (91 hydronephrotic kidneys; median age, 4 mo; 22 girls and 52 boys) underwent 99mTc-labeled mercaptoacetyl-triglycine scintigraphy using intravenous volume expansion (15 ml/kg normal saline), furosemide diuresis and urethral catheterization, if vesicoureteric reflux was present. Images were interpreted by consensus of two or more experienced observers using visual assessment of the images, differential function and clearance half-time after furosemide (T(1/2)), as well as OE. The final diagnosis was based on surgical findings (n = 23 kidneys) or follow-up for >12 mo (n = 68).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Final diagnosis in 22 of the 91 hydronephrotic kidneys was obstruction at the pelviureteric (n = 21) or vesicoureteric (n = 1) junction and no obstruction in the remaining 69. The overall diagnostic accuracy of OE was 89%. Using exhaustive search multivariate logistic regression analysis, only reduced OE (p < 0.001) and decreased renal uptake by visual assessment (p = 0.058) were independently predictive of obstruction (R2 = 0.726). In dilated but unobstructed kidneys, mean OE was 93% +/- 7.1%. In the normal kidneys, mean OE was 96% +/- 3.1%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OE improves the diagnostic accuracy of diuretic renography in children and neonates with hydronephrosis and suspected obstruction. Output efficiency should exceed 89% in normal kidneys and 79% in unobstructed, hydronephrotic kidneys.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine and Ultrasound, Westmead Hospital, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Choong
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Larcos
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Farlow
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Gruenewald
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006869:Hydronephrosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007668:Kidney / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011866:Radioisotope Renography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017263:Technetium Tc 99m Mertiatide; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D017263:Technetium Tc 99m Mertiatide