title: Urine flow cytometry as a tool to differentiate acute allograft rejection from other causes of acute renal graft dysfunction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, urine flow cytometry (UFC) was introduced as a useful noninvasive tool for the immunological monitoring of renal allograft recipients. The presence of an active urine sediment as determined by UFC was found to be associated with acute rejection (AR) episodes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study we assess the value of UFC in the setting of acute graft dysfunction. UFC was performed in 30 patients (32 events) at the time of admission to the hospital for the evaluation of rising creatinine (serum creatinine increment > or =0.6 mg/dl above baseline). UFC analysis was done blinded to the clinical diagnosis, and results were compared with the discharge diagnosis: AR, n=15; chronic rejection (CR), n=8; drug toxicity, n=4; urinary leak, n=2; recurrence of primary disease, n=1; lymphocele, n=1; and unknown, n=1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The presence of at least 5% of HLA-DR-positive cells and intercellular adhesion molecule-1-positive cells was detected in 100% and 53%, respectively, of the samples associated with AR (P<0.01 vs. others). The specificity value for the diagnosis of AR was: 100% for the presence of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 or CD3-positive cells and 88% for the presence of interleukin-2 receptor-positive or HLA-DR-positive cells. Half of the samples associated with CR had CD14-positive cells (P=0.03 vs. others) with a specificity value of 87.3%. The samples associated with drug toxicity, urological problems, or recurrence of primary disease were remarkable for the lack of expression of the antigens studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  UFC can clearly differentiate AR from other causes of acute renal allograft dysfunction. HLA-DR is revealed to be the most sensitive and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 the most specific marker for AR. The presence of CD14-positive cells was highly suggestive of CR. Due to its objective nature, UFC should be considered in the evaluation of graft dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, New Jersey 07034, USA.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Roberti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Panico
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Reisman
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000652:urine; D017252:CD3 Complex / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods*; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000652:urine; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000652:urine; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2 / Q000032:analysis; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous / Q000473:pathology; D014556:Urine / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D017252:CD3 Complex; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1