title: The qualitative effects of various types of hygiene instrumentation on commercially pure titanium and titanium alloy implant abutments: an in vitro and scanning electron microscope study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Implant survival depends on proper and timely oral hygiene maintenance, and a wide variety of oral prophylaxis procedures have been recommended and used on implant abutments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This in vitro study compared the surface quality of both commercially pure titanium and titanium-alloy implant abutments, subjected to various hygiene methods and instruments with a standardized, clinically applicable scaling force.
  
  
  METHODS
  Commercially pure titanium and titanium-alloy abutments were exposed to five oral hygiene methods; a gold-alloy-tipped scaler, a high-grade resin scaler, a graphite-reinforced scaler, an air-powder abrasive system, and a rubber cup with tin oxide slurry. A customized test device that simulated the scaling motion and allowed the application of a standard load at the tip of the scaler was used. Scanning electron photomicrographs (x200) of the pretreatment and treated surfaces were obtained and compared qualitatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No significant surface alteration was produced by the air abrasive system. All other hygiene methods either created significant surface alterations, left residual particles on the abutment surfaces, or both.
authors.affiliation: Marquette University, School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA.
authors.forename: F V
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Brookshire
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.forename: V B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Dhuru
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Ziebert
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chada
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D000399:Air Pressure; D000044:Dental Abutments; D003722:Dental Alloys; D015921:Dental Implants; D003777:Dental Prophylaxis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012534:Dental Scaling / Q000295:instrumentation; D006047:Gold Alloys; D006108:Graphite; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate; D013499:Surface Properties; D017971:Tin Compounds; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D003722:Dental Alloys; D015921:Dental Implants; D006047:Gold Alloys; D017971:Tin Compounds; D006108:Graphite; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate; D014025:Titanium; C045358:stannic oxide