title: Activation of a caspase 3-related cysteine protease is required for glutamate-mediated apoptosis of cultured cerebellar granule neurons.
abstract: Neurotoxicity induced by overstimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors is due, in part, to a sustained rise in intracellular Ca2+; however, little is known about the ensuing intracellular events that ultimately result in cell death. Here we show that overstimulation of NMDA receptors by relatively low concentrations of glutamate induces apoptosis of cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) and that CGNs do not require new RNA or protein synthesis. Glutamate-induced apoptosis of CGNs is, however, associated with a concentration- and time-dependent activation of the interleukin 1beta-converting enzyme (ICE)/CED-3-related protease, CPP32/Yama/apopain (now designated caspase 3). Further, the time course of caspase 3 activation after glutamate exposure of CGNs parallels the development of apoptosis. Moreover, glutamate-induced apoptosis of CGNs is almost completely blocked by the selective cell permeable tetrapeptide inhibitor of caspase 3, Ac-DEVD-CHO but not by the ICE (caspase 1) inhibitor, Ac-YVAD-CHO. Western blots of cytosolic extracts from glutamate-exposed CGNs reveal both cleavage of the caspase 3 substrate, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, as well as proteolytic processing of pro-caspase 3 to active subunits. Our data demonstrate that glutamate-induced apoptosis of CGNs is mediated by a posttranslational activation of the ICE/CED-3-related cysteine protease caspase 3.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Bales
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Dodel
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hamilton-Byrd
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Horn
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Czilli
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Paul
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D003600:Cytosol / Q000502:physiology; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004792:Enzyme Precursors / Q000378:metabolism; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D007700:Kinetics; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D009498:Neurotoxins; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D004792:Enzyme Precursors; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009498:Neurotoxins; D009842:Oligopeptides; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate; C099158:acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal; D018698:Glutamic Acid; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3; D020169:Caspases; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases