title: The induction and maintenance of flowering in Impatiens.
abstract: The mechanisms that establish the floral meristem are now becoming clearer, but the way in which flowering is maintained is less well understood. Impatiens balsamina provides a unique opportunity to address this question because reversion to vegetative growth can be obtained in a predictable way by transferring plants from inductive to non-inductive conditions. Following increasing amounts of induction, reversion takes place at progressively later stages of flower development. Partial flower induction and defoliation experiments show that a floral signal is produced in the cotyledon in response to inductive conditions and that this signal progressively diminishes after transfer to non-inductive conditions, during reversion. Therefore reversion in Impatiens is most likely due to the failure of leaves to become permanent sources of inductive signal in addition to the lack of meristem commitment to flowering. Analysis of the expression of the Impatiens homologues of the meristem identity genes floricaula and squamosa indicates that a change in floricaula transcription is not associated with the establishment or maintenance of the floral meristem in this species. Squamosa transcription is associated with floral development and petal initiation, and is maintained in existing petal or petaloid primordia even after the meristem has reverted. However, it is not expressed in the reverted meristem, in which leaves are initiated in whorled phyllotaxis and without axillary meristems, both characteristics usually associated with the floral meristem. These observations show that squamosa expression is not needed for the maintenance of these floral characters. The requirement for the production of the floral signal in the leaf during the process of flower development may reflect an additional function separate to that of squamosa activation; alternatively the signal may be required to ensure continued transcriptional activation in the meristem.
authors.affiliation: Plant Science Laboratories, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pouteau
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nicholls
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tooke
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Coen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Battey
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010641:Phenotype; D017440:Photoperiod; D063245:Plant Development; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000254:growth & development; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D010944:Plants / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C083654:FLO protein, Antirrhinum majus; D010940:Plant Proteins; C074081:SQUA protein, Antirrhinum majus