The active sites of the eukaryotic 20 S proteasome and their involvement in subunit precursor processing.
The 26 S proteasome is the central protease involved in ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation and fulfills vital regulatory functions in eukaryotes. The proteolytic core of the complex is the 20 S proteasome, a cylindrical particle with two outer rings each made of 7 different alpha-type subunits and two inner rings made of 7 different beta-type subunits. In the archaebacterial 20 S proteasome ancestor proteolytically active sites reside in the 14 uniform beta-subunits. Their N-terminal threonine residues, released by precursor processing, perform the nucleophilic attack for peptide bond hydrolysis. By directed mutational analysis of 20 S proteasomal beta-type proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we identified three active site-carrying subunits responsible for different peptidolytic activities as follows: Pre3 for post-glutamyl hydrolyzing, Pup1 for trypsin-like, and Pre2 for chymotrypsin-like activity. Double mutants harboring only trypsin-like or chymotrypsin-like activity were viable. Mutation of two potentially active site threonine residues in the Pre4 subunit excluded its catalytic involvement in any of the three peptidase activities. The generation of different, incompletely processed forms of the Pre4 precursor in active site mutants suggested that maturation of non-active proteasomal beta-type subunits is exerted by active subunits and occurs in the fully assembled particle. This trans-acting proteolytic activity might also account for processing intermediates of the active site mutated Pre2 subunit, which was unable to undergo autocatalytic maturation.
Heinemeyer
W
W
Institut für Biochemie der Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany.
Fischer
M
M
Krimmer
T
T
Stachon
U
U
Wolf
D H
DH
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001105:Archaea / Q000201:enzymology; D001665:Binding Sites; D002918:Chymotrypsin / Q000378:metabolism; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D017931:DNA Primers; D004792:Enzyme Precursors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005838:Genotype; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D008322:Mammals; D008961:Models, Structural; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000201:enzymology*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013912:Threonine
D017931:DNA Primers; D004792:Enzyme Precursors; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013912:Threonine; D002918:Chymotrypsin; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex