title: Paracrine regulation of colony-stimulating factor-1 in medulloblastoma: implications for pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-1, a chemotactic and mitogenic factor for macrophages and microglia, is expressed in a variety of nervous system tumors and when present in nonneural malignancies, is associated with marked inflammatory infiltrates, dissemination, and poorer prognosis. This study investigated the paracrine effects of CSF-1 production by medulloblastoma cells on the macrophage/microglial lineage.
  
  
  METHODS
  A recurrent metastatic desmoplastic medulloblastoma was isolated from a 26-year-old man and propagated in tissue culture. Cellular phenotype and proliferation were assessed by immunocytochemical techniques; transcript expression for CSF-1, granulocyte macrophage-CSF, interleukin-3, and c-fms (the receptor for CSF-1) was examined with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction; and conditioned media and coculture paradigms were used to study cytokine effects on cellular proliferation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serially passaged cells were uniformly immunoreactive for two lineage-independent neuroepithelial markers, nestin and vimentin. A subpopulation of cells with morphological characteristics of early differentiation stained for neurofilament 66 (7%) and microtubule-associated protein (5%) (markers of early neuronal precursors and postmitotic neurons, respectively) and for the Yp subunit of glutathione-S-transferase (3%) (a marker of early oligodendroglial progenitors). Tumor cells expressed transcripts for CSF-1, but not for granulocyte macrophage-CSF, interleukin-3, or c-fms. Treatment of microglia with serum-free medulloblastoma-conditioned media significantly increased proliferation (P < 0.001), suggesting the secretion of CSF-1. Coculture of medulloblastoma cells and microglia significantly increased proliferation of both cell types (each condition, P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations suggest that CSF-1 mediates important paracrine interactions between transformed cells and the immune system, resulting in increased growth rate and metastatic potential. Future therapeutic goals need to include immunotherapeutic protocols to modulate this interaction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research in Mental Retardation and Human Development, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Papavasiliou
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Mehler
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Mabie
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marmur
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Qingbin
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Keating
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kessler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000276:immunology; D002528:Cerebellar Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000502:physiology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008527:Medulloblastoma / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D051379:Mice; D017628:Microglia / Q000502:physiology*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D019899:Paracrine Communication / Q000502:physiology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D016207:Cytokines; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor