title: The effect of omeprazole on the pharmacokinetics of metronidazole and hydroxymetronidazole in human plasma, saliva and gastric juice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of omeprazole on the pharmacokinetics of metronidazole and hydroxymetronidazole in plasma, gastric juice and saliva following intravenous infusion or oral dosing of metronidazole.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight volunteers received single doses of metronidazole (400 mg) intravenously and orally, whilst taking placebo or omeprazole (40 mg, twice daily for 5 days) in a randomized 4-way crossover study. Metronidazole and hydroxymetronidazole concentrations in plasma, saliva and gastric juice samples were determined by h.p.l.c. Pharmacokinetic parameters for metronidazole and hydroxymetronidazole were calculated, and the significance of the mean differences in parameters between omeprazole and placebo co-administration was assessed using a two-tailed, paired t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences (P < 0.05) in any of the plasma or saliva pharmacokinetic parameter values for metronidazole between volunteers receiving omeprazole or placebo when metronidazole was administered either as an intravenous infusion or orally. Following intravenous administration of metronidazole to the placebo group and omeprazole treated group respectively, the gastric transfer of metronidazole was significantly reduced from 15.5 +/- 10.4% to 2.6 +/- 1.0% of the dose (P = 0.007; 95% CI of difference 4.8 to 21.0) with concomitant changes in the metronidazole AUC (from 77.5 +/- 18.0 mumol l-1 h to 352.6 +/- 182.1 mumol l-1 h; P = 0.0003; 95% CI of difference 127.6 to 422.7), Cmax (from 61.4 +/- 26.5 mumol l-1 to 271.8 +/- 104.3 mumol l-1; p = 0.0001; 95% CI of difference 118.6 to 302.1). Similarly, the gastric juice AUC of hydroxymetronidazole was significantly reduced from 3.2 +/- 1.9 mumol l-1 h to 1.5 +/- 0.8 mumol l-1 h of the dose (P = 0.0043; 95% CI of difference 0.4 to 3.0) with a concomitant change in Cmax (from 5.0 +/- 2.5 mumol l-1 to 3.0 +/- 1.2 mumol l-1; P = 0.0007; 95% CI of difference 0.7 to 3.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Omeprazole had little effect on the plasma and salivary pharmacokinetics of metronidazole (or its hydroxymetabolite) after intravenous or oral administration, but it did have a substantial effect on the pharmacokinetics of metronidazole and hydroxymetronidazole in gastric juice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Jessa
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Goddard
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Spiller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000994:Antitrichomonal Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005750:Gastric Juice / Q000378:metabolism*; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D009853:Omeprazole / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D000994:Antitrichomonal Agents; D008795:Metronidazole; C020910:1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-hydroxymethyl-5-nitroimidazole; D009853:Omeprazole