title: Additional luminal area gain by intravascular ultrasound guidance after coronary stent implantation with high inflation pressure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies by intravascular ultrasound demonstrated inadequate expansion in a large number of stents, which lead to the increase of inflation pressure for stenting. The present study examined whether routine use of high-pressure inflation would be sufficient for an optimum stent expansion without sonographic guidance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two types of single coronary stents (Palmaz-Schatz in 54, and Wiktor in 25) were implanted with inflation pressures of 16-20 atm in 79 nonocclusive coronary lesions. IVUS before stenting was used in 78% to select the adequate stent size. Intravascular ultrasound after stenting was used to asses the minimum stent are and diameter, the reference areas, and the strut apposition to the vessel wall. The difference between the area of the expanding balloon and the stent area was calculated as the luminal deficit of the stent. Completeness of stent expansion required full strut apposition and lesion coverage, and a minimum stent area that was larger than the distal reference, and larger than 60% of the proximal reference. Intravascular ultrasound before stenting lead to an increase of the stent size in 47%. After high-pressure expansion, even with the optimized balloon size, 8% of stents had struts protruding into the lumen. The stent area (6.87 +/- 1.93 mm2) was significantly smaller than both the proximal (9.59 +/- 2.91 mm2; p < 0.001) and distal reference area (8.23 +/- 3.03 mm2; p < 0.001). The criteria for complete expansion were met in 48%. The expansion with a larger high-pressure balloon in 28 stents lead to an increase of the stent area by 19% (8.19 +/- 2.24; p < 0.001), and full stent apposition in all cases. The criteria of stent expansion were met in 82%. A wide range of the luminal deficit upto 48% was observed, which was not related to sonographic lesion characteristics, except in lesions with complete circumferential calcifications. The different stent designs were characterized by a slightly lower luminal deficit in slotted-tube stents (23 +/- 13% vs. 28 +/- 12%; p = 0.11) and a better index of stent symmetry as compared with the coil stent (0.87 +/- 0.08 vs. 0.82 +/- 0.09; p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Routine use of high-pressure stent expansion did not lead to a sufficient stent expansion, even when the initial stent size had been guided by intravascular ultrasound. Further stent dilatation with larger balloons under ultrasound guidance would be required to optimize the luminal area gain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Diedrich
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schünemann
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gastmann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Buchwald
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Figulla
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kreuzer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011312:Pressure; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015607:Stents; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional