title: Coronary artery calcium in acute coronary syndromes: a comparative study of electron-beam computed tomography, coronary angiography, and intracoronary ultrasound in survivors of acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Quantification of coronary artery calcified plaques by electron-beam CT (EBCT) may predict cardiovascular events. However, whereas advanced coronary atherosclerotic plaques can be identified, mildly stenotic lipid-rich (soft) plaques may be difficult to detect. The value of EBCT in a subgroup of patients has therefore been questioned. To investigate this, we evaluated patients with acute coronary syndromes by EBCT and compared the results with coronary angiography and, in patients with an indeterminate angiogram, intracoronary ultrasound (ICUS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  EBCT was performed in 118 consecutive patients (57+/-11 years of age) with previous myocardial infarction (n=101) or unstable angina (n=17). A standard protocol requiring a CT density >130 Hounsfield units in an area > or =1.03 mm2 was used for the definition of coronary artery calcium. We found that 110 patients had moderate to severe coronary artery disease by coronary angiography, and 8 had either mildly stenotic plaques at a single site (4 patients, confirmed by ICUS) or nonatherosclerotic causes of the unstable coronary syndrome (4 patients). One hundred and five of the 110 patients (96%) with moderate to severe angiographic disease but only 1 of the 8 other patients (13%) had a positive EBCT. Patients with acute coronary syndromes and negative EBCTs were significantly younger than patients with positive EBCTs (46+/-12 versus 58+/-10 years, P<.001), and a higher percentage was actively smoking (100% of the smokers versus 46%, P<.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The vast majority of patients with acute coronary syndromes and at least moderate angiographic disease have identifiable coronary calcium by EBCT. Those patients with negative EBCTs have minimal or no atherosclerotic plaque formation. They are younger and tend to be active cigarette smokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Clinic Essen, Germany. schmermund.axel@mayo.edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmermund
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baumgart
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Görge
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Seibel
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grönemeyer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haude
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rumberger
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Erbel
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D000789:Angina, Unstable / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D001158:Arteries / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000378:metabolism*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000378:metabolism*; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D013577:Syndrome; D014054:Tomography / Q000379:methods; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium