title: Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Funnel plots (plots of effect estimates against sample size) may be useful to detect bias in meta-analyses that were later contradicted by large trials. We examined whether a simple test of asymmetry of funnel plots predicts discordance of results when meta-analyses are compared to large trials, and we assessed the prevalence of bias in published meta-analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline search to identify pairs consisting of a meta-analysis and a single large trial (concordance of results was assumed if effects were in the same direction and the meta-analytic estimate was within 30% of the trial); analysis of funnel plots from 37 meta-analyses identified from a hand search of four leading general medicine journals 1993-6 and 38 meta-analyses from the second 1996 issue of the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  Degree of funnel plot asymmetry as measured by the intercept from regression of standard normal deviates against precision.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the eight pairs of meta-analysis and large trial that were identified (five from cardiovascular medicine, one from diabetic medicine, one from geriatric medicine, one from perinatal medicine) there were four concordant and four discordant pairs. In all cases discordance was due to meta-analyses showing larger effects. Funnel plot asymmetry was present in three out of four discordant pairs but in none of concordant pairs. In 14 (38%) journal meta-analyses and 5 (13%) Cochrane reviews, funnel plot asymmetry indicated that there was bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A simple analysis of funnel plots provides a useful test for the likely presence of bias in meta-analyses, but as the capacity to detect bias will be limited when meta-analyses are based on a limited number of small trials the results from such analyses should be treated with considerable caution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol. m.egger@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Egger
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Davey Smith
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Minder
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome