title: Reducing pain after inguinal hernia repair in children: caudal anesthesia versus ketorolac tromethamine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The optimal method to achieve analgesia after inguinal hernia repair in children is unknown. This study compared the analgesic efficacy, adverse events, and the costs associated with supplementation of local anesthesia (infiltration of the wound) with either intravenous ketorolac or caudal analgesia in children having inguinal hernia repair.
  
  
  METHODS
  With parental consent and institutional review board approval, children aged 2-6 yr having elective, outpatient inguinal hernia repair were studied in this randomized, single-blinded investigation. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation with nitrous oxide and halothane or intravenously with propofol. Anesthesia was maintained with nitrous oxide and halothane. Patients were randomly assigned to receive caudal analgesia (1 ml/kg 0.20% bupivacaine with 1/200,000 epinephrine) or intravenous ketorolac (1 mg/kg) immediately after induction of anesthesia. Both groups received field blocks with 0.25% bupivacaine administered by the surgeon under direct vision during operation. Patients were assessed for 24 h. In-hospital pain was assessed using a behavior-based pain score. Parents assessed pain with a visual linear analog pain scale with anchors of 0 (no pain) and 100 (worst pain imaginable).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors studied 164 children, with 84 patients in the ketorolac group. The groups had similar demographic data. In-hospital analgesic requirements and pain scores were almost identical in both groups. Pain at home was significantly less in the ketorolac group, with visual linear analog pain scale scores of 10 (0-80) compared with 20 (0-80) (median [range]) for ketorolac versus caudal (P = 0.002 by the Mann-Whitney U test). The ketorolac group also had a lower incidence of vomiting, ambulated more rapidly, and micturated earlier (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of intravenous ketorolac to supplement local anesthesia infiltrated by the surgeon during pediatric inguinal hernia repair is superior to supplementation with caudal analgesia.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, and the University of Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Splinter
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bass
mesh_terms: D000763:Anesthesia, Caudal; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014046:Tolmetin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014325:Tromethamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D014325:Tromethamine; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine; D014046:Tolmetin