title: Rectal bleeding after conformal 3D treatment of prostate cancer: time to occurrence, response to treatment and duration of morbidity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rectal bleeding is the most common late sequelae of high-dose 3D conformal treatment (3DCRT) for prostate cancer and may limit attempts to improve local control by dose escalation. The clinical course of this complication is reported including time to onset, response to treatment, duration of morbidity, and multivariate analysis for predictors.
  
  
  METHODS
  From March 1989 to June 1995, 670 patients with prostate cancer were treated with 3DCRT at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Eighty-nine patients developed Grade 2 or Grade 3 complications due to rectal bleeding and are analyzed. Multivariate analysis results for predictors of Grade 2 and 3 rectal bleeding are reported as well as time to development, response to initial and retreatment, and duration of morbidity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median time to occurrence is not significantly different (p = 0.09) for Grade 2 (13 months, range 4-41 months) compared to Grade 3 rectal bleeding (18 months, range 4-40 months), while the corresponding median duration of symptoms was significantly different (p < 0.0001) being 1 month (range 1-12) vs. 10 months (1-34) for Grade 2 and Grade 3 bleeding, respectively. For Grade 2 bleeding, medication or coagulation was highly effective as initial or retreatment resolving 66 of 73 patients. For Grade 3 bleeding, three patients responded without medication following blood transfusion only, while with multiple coagulations and medication 12 of 16 patients improved to < or = Grade 1. Multivariate analysis demonstrates that dose is the only significant factor associated with Grade 2 (p = 0.01) or Grade 3 (p = 0.01) rectal bleeding. Of seven nonresponders to treatment for Grade 2 bleeding, three have died of intercurrent disease at 10, 19, and 26 months, while four are alive with continuing Grade 2 bleeding at 12, 14, 15, and 30 months after onset. The four nonresponders to treatment for Grade 3 bleeding continue to bleed 1, 9, 32, and 35 months after the third coagulation despite continuing care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic rectal bleeding is a sequelae of high-dose conformal treatment of prostate cancer. Grade 2 morbidity responds to medication or limited coagulation (< or = 2) in 90% of patients. Grade 3 morbidity responds to medication and multiple coagulations (> or = 3) in 75% of patients. The chronicity of Grade 3 morbidity is illustrated by a 10-month median duration for response to treatment, with a range of response extending to 34 months. Nonresponders to treatment have continued to bleed up to 35 months after the third coagulation. Appropriate shielding of the rectal mucosa limiting dose to < 72 Gy is required to avoid a high incidence of these complications, as dose is the only significant variable associated with rectal bleeding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Teshima
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Hanks
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hanlon
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Peter
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Schultheiss
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000636:Aminosalicylic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019804:Mesalamine; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011881:Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted; D012002:Rectal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D012008:Recurrence; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000636:Aminosalicylic Acids; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D019804:Mesalamine