title: Assessment of bromhexine as a treatment regimen in Sjögren's syndrome-like disease in the NOD (non-obese diabetic) mouse.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bromhexine has been reported to alleviate the xerostomia and xerophthalmia associated with secondary Sjögren's syndrome. The aim of this study was to determine if it might prove useful in the treatment of Sjögren's syndrome-like disease of the NOD mouse model for autoimmune sialoadenitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Groups of mice were divided into sets receiving 60 mg/kg bromhexine in drinking water and control pair-fed animals. The efficacy of drug treatment was assessed by weekly measurement of stimulated saliva volumes, protein concentration, and amylase activity. At termination (20 weeks) submandibular and lacrimal glands were removed to assess the levels of lymphocytic infiltration by histological evaluation under light microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Control and bromhexine-treated groups of mice showed no difference in the loss or rate of reduction in stimulated saliva flow over the 12 weeks of treatment. No differences were noted in the protein concentration and amylase loss with increasing age of the animals. Similar temporal changes in total protein profiles and aberrant expression of the 20 kDa parotid secretory protein isoform were observed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel profiles and Western bolt analysis. Histological evaluation of exocrine gland sections failed to detect any reduction in focal lymphocyte infiltration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bromhexine therapy did not alter the development or severity of Sjögren's syndrome-like disease in the NOD mouse model for autoimmune sialoadenitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Nanni
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Alford
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Humphreys-Beher
mesh_terms: D000681:Amylases / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001964:Bromhexine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005100:Expectorants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007765:Lacrimal Apparatus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008214:Lymphocytes; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: C511597:Bpifa2 protein, mouse; D005100:Expectorants; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides; D000681:Amylases; D001964:Bromhexine