title: Cerebral normoxia in the rhesus monkey during isoflurane- or propofol-induced hypotension and hypocapnia, despite disparate blood-flow patterns. A positron emission tomography study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Due to a few reports of cerebral dysfunction in connection with isoflurane-induced hypotension and concomitant hypocapnia, positron emission tomography (PET) was used to measure cerebral oxygenation and blood flow during similar conditions with isoflurane or propofol.
  
  
  METHODS
  The short-lived radionuclide 15O was used for measurement of cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2), cerebral blood flow (CBF) and oxygen extraction ratio (OER) regionally in rhesus monkeys during normotensive/normocapnic and hypotensive/hypocapnic conditions, mean arterial pressure 100-110 and 50-65 mmHg and PaCO2 4.4-5.4 and 3.4-4.4 kPa, respectively. Isoflurane or propofol anaesthesia was given (n = 4 in both groups), supported with 70% nitrous oxide and preceded by ketamine anaesthesia (baseline).
  
  
  RESULTS
  PET revealed wide variations in CBF between regions during isoflurane anaesthesia, particularly in comparison with propofol anaesthesia, while rCMRO2 decreased globally in a dose-dependent manner during both isoflurane and propofol anaesthesia. The metabolism-flow coupling was intact during propofol but not during isoflurane anaesthesia. Hypotension reduced rCBF, and rOER increased globally with both study drugs when changing from normo- to hypotension. However, this rOER increase was not significant when using PaCO2 as a covariate, and rOER was never above an arbitrary limit for hypoxia of 70%. Thus, hypocapnia, rather than hypotension, was responsible for the somewhat higher rOER measured.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PET indicated adequate cerebral oxygenation during isoflurane and propofol anaesthesia, despite disparate blood-flow patterns. Hypotension and concomitant moderate hyperventilation reduced rCBF, but did not result in hypoxia.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Central Hospital, Västerås, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Enlund
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hartvig
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valtysson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wiklund
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000494:pharmacology; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D016857:Hypocapnia; D007023:Hypotension, Controlled; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D007649:Ketamine; D007530:Isoflurane; D010100:Oxygen; D015742:Propofol