title: Oral hygiene habits of 11-year-old schoolchildren in 22 European countries and Canada in 1993/1994.
abstract: This study is part of the Cross-National Survey on Health Behaviour in School-aged Children--a WHO Collaborative Study, which started in 1982. The aim of the study was to describe the oral hygiene habits (toothbrushing and flossing) of 11-year-old schoolchildren in 22 European countries (Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, FInland, France, Germany, Greenland, Hungary, Israel, Latvia, Lithuania, Northern Ireland, Norway, Poland, Russia, Scotland, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, and Wales) and Canada. The data were collected from standardized anonymous questionnaires in school classrooms during the 1993-1994 school year. At least 1300 school children, representing the whole country, participated in the study in each country. Oral hygiene habits were analyzed according to gender, age, country, school performance, and family economy. The children brushed most favorably in Sweden, Denmark, German, Austria, and Norway (83-73% brushed twice a day). More-than-once-a-day toothbrushing was especially uncommon (from 26 to 33%) among boys in Finland, Lithuania, Russia, Estonia, and Latvia. Toothbrushing frequency differed significantly according to school performance in Canada, the Czech Republic, Scotland, Poland, Northern Ireland, and Wales and between different socio-economic groups in Northern Ireland, Wales, the Czech Republic, Scotland, Poland, and Russia. Use of dental floss was rare. In general, flossing was less frequent among boys than among girls. Daily flossing was most common among Canadian adolescents (25%). In conclusion, there are considerable differences in toothbrushing frequency among children in European countries.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuusela
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Honkala
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kannas
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tynjälä
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wold
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000367:Age Factors; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D003742:Dental Devices, Home Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003753:Dental Health Surveys; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors; D012923:Social Class; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014944:World Health Organization