title: Intravesical therapy for the treatment of neurogenic bladder in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oral pharmacotherapy has been commonly used as an adjunct to clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) in the treatment of neurogenic bladder in order to achieve continence, but may be associated with unacceptable side effects. The authors' experience with sterile intravesical preparations of oxybutynin hydrochloride and ephedrine in children is reported here.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients requiring CIC for neurogenic bladder but with incontinence that was unresponsive to standard oral therapy or that was associated with severe systemic side effects were studied over a 1-year period. Clinical, radiological and urodynamic assessments were made prior to commencing treatment with intravesical oxybutynin hydrochloride. Patients who remained incontinent with poor internal sphincter muscle tone had intravesical ephedrine added.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven patients were involved in the study over a 1-year period. Two patients became continent and one patient had an improvement in upper tract dilatation. One patient had a limited improvement with oxybutynin alone but became continent with the addition of ephedrine. Three patients had no response to treatment. There were few side effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravesical agents have a role in the management of paediatric neurogenic bladder for those children with significant adverse sequelae from oral pharmacotherapy who would otherwise require surgical intervention. Intravesical therapy is a safe technique in children with sterile preparations. Further investigation of this modality should be pursued.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Subiaco, Australia.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Chauvel
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: McKnight
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Barker
mesh_terms: D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D008333:Mandelic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D008333:Mandelic Acids; D004809:Ephedrine; C005419:oxybutynin