title: Vascular endothelial growth factor and severity of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy mediate retinal hemodynamics in vivo: a potential role for vascular endothelial growth factor in the progression of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor and retinopathy level on retinal hemodynamics in nondiabetic and diabetic rats and to evaluate retinal hemodynamics in nondiabetic and diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight diabetic and 22 nondiabetic patients had their diabetic retinopathy levels determined from fundus photographs according to Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS). Fluorescein angiograms were recorded from the left eye by video fluorescein angiography. Retinal blood flow was calculated from the digitized angiograms. Human recombinant vascular endothelial growth factor or vehicle alone was injected intravitreally into 13 nondiabetic and 11 diabetic rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Retinal blood flow decreased 33% in patients with ETDRS retinopathy level 10 compared with control patients (P = .001) and increased sequentially in more advanced stages of retinopathy, with a strong correlation between retinal blood flow and retinopathy level (r2 = 0.434, P = .001). In the diabetic rats, retinal blood flow was decreased 35.6% (P = .01). Vascular endothelial growth factor maximally increased retinal blood flow by 36.1% in nondiabetic rats after 25 minutes (P = .001) and by 73.7% in diabetic rats after only 5 minutes (P = .01) and caused a greater response in diabetic than in nondiabetic rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retinal blood flow increases with advancing nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy in humans, and diabetes accentuates the vascular endothelial growth factor-induced increase in retinal blood flow and venous dilation in rats. Vascular endothelial growth factor may contribute to the changes in retinal hemodynamics and morphology observed in early diabetic retinopathy.
authors.affiliation: Beetham Eye Institute, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Clermont
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Aiello
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Aiello
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Bursell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D014822:Vitreous Body
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors