title: Direct surgery of carotid cavernous fistulae and dural arteriovenous malformations of the cavernous sinus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To save the patency of the internal carotid artery (ICA) during the treatment of carotid cavernous fistulae or cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous malformations, direct surgery of the cavernous sinus after failure of endovascular treatment was attempted in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 78 patients with carotid cavernous fistulae or cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous malformations were treated. Obliteration of the fistulous rent and preservation of the ICA were the therapeutic goals. All patients, except one in whom acute bleeding occurred, received endovascular treatment as the first treatment. In 18 (23.4%) of these 77 patients, it was not possible to obliterate the fistulous rents without sacrificing the ICAs. The 18 patients and the 1 patient with acute bleeding underwent direct surgery to open the cavernous sinus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Various methods, including suturing or clipping the fistulae, sealing the fistulae with fascia and acrylate glue, and packing the cavernous sinus were applied. In each of three complicated cases, the cavernous segment of the ICA was trapped and an intracranial bypass from the petrous segment to the supraclinoid segment was performed. There was nor mortality, and the most common morbidity was transient oculomotor palsy, which occurred in eight patients. Follow-up angiography revealed that the ICAs or bypass grafts were thrombosed in 5 of the 19 patients who had undergone surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this series, the overall ICA patency rate of patients who underwent embolization and surgery was 94%, and the obliteration rate of the fistulae was 100%. Direct surgery of the cavernous sinus as a complimentary treatment of embolization can increase the preservation rate of the ICA.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei.
authors.forename: Y K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002426:Cavernous Sinus / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000379:methods; D004388:Dura Mater / Q000098:blood supply*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D019233:Retreatment; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome