Psychoactive drug use in evolutionary perspective.
Pure psychoactive drugs and direct routes of administration are evolutionarily novel features of our environment. They are inherently pathogenic because they bypass adaptive information processing systems and act directly on ancient brain mechanisms that control emotion and behavior. Drugs that induce positive emotions give a false signal of a fitness benefit. This signal hijacks incentive mechanisms of "liking" and "wanting," and can result in continued use of drugs that no longer bring pleasure. Drugs that block negative emotions can impair useful defenses, although there are several reasons why their use is often safe nonetheless. A deeper understanding of the evolutionary origins and functions of the emotions and their neural mechanisms is needed as a basis for decisions about the use of psychoactive drugs.
Nesse
R M
RM
Department of Psychiatry and Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 5057 ISR, Post Office Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248, USA. nesse@umich.edu
Berridge
K C
KC
D016739:Behavior, Addictive; D005075:Biological Evolution; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D004644:Emotions / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000494:pharmacology; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy
D013287:Illicit Drugs; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D004298:Dopamine