title: Effect of laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection on the natural history of D1 (T1-3, N1-3, M0) prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reports of abdominal wall tumor implantation after laparoscopic procedures have raised questions regarding the safety of laparoscopic surgery when applied to patients with malignancies. Our objective was to determine if laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection (LPLND) had a negative effect on tumor behavior and clinical outcome in men with Stage T1-3, N1-3, M0 (D1) prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two men were retrospectively identified at four institutions who had pelvic nodes positive for metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma at LPLND and at least 1 year of follow-up. Operative and clinical records were reviewed to determine morbidity, adjuvant treatment, onset of hormone-resistant disease, and survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a mean follow-up of 3.1 years, there were no cases of trocar site tumor implantation. There were four perioperative complications, including enterotomy, epigastric vessel injury, abscess, and symptomatic lymphocele formation. There were three deaths from prostate cancer (5.8%) occurring 3 to 4 years after LPLND. For the 45 men treated with early androgen ablation, the 5-year biochemical prostate-specific antigen and clinical progression free rates were 45% and 55%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abdominal wall tumor implantation after LPLND for prostate cancer was not demonstrated, even in patients who developed hormone-resistant disease. LPLND in men with Stage D1 disease did not alter short-term disease progression. Longer follow-up in a larger cohort is necessary to determine if LPLND will have an impact on the 5 and 10-year disease progression and survival rates for patients with Stage D1 prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cadeddu
authors.forename: O M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Elashry
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schulam
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Loughlin
authors.forename: H N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Winfield
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Clayman
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Kavoussi
mesh_terms: D018450:Disease Progression; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010388:Pelvis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies