title: Association of mutations in grlA and gyrA topoisomerase genes with resistance to ciprofloxacin in epidemic and sporadic isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
abstract: The types of topoisomerase alterations in genomically diverse epidemic and sporadic strains of methicillin- and fluoroquinolone-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from European hospitals between 1984 and 1994 were characterized. Convergent dual mutations in gyrA (codon 83, 84, or 88) and grlA (codon 79 and/or 80) were found in all strains exhibiting high-level resistance to ciprofloxacin (MIC, 16 to > or = 128 microg/ml). In some epidemic strains, the resistant phenotype and genotype appeared in the 1990s and persisted thereafter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deplano
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zekhnini
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Allali
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Couturier
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Struelens
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D027081:DNA Gyrase; D027101:DNA Topoisomerase IV; D004250:DNA Topoisomerases, Type II / Q000235:genetics*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D016106:Methicillin Resistance; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009154:Mutation; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D027101:DNA Topoisomerase IV; D027081:DNA Gyrase; D004250:DNA Topoisomerases, Type II