title: The anthropometric assessment of dysmorphic features in schizophrenia as an index of its developmental origins.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence suggests that schizophrenia may be a disorder with origins in early intrauterine mal-development. We have constructed a comprehensive anthropometric scale for the evaluation of dysmorphic features as an index of the nature and timing of developmental disturbance.
  
  
  METHODS
  A detailed set of craniofacial and bodily measures was compiled and applied to 174 patients with schizophrenia and 80 matched control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients had significantly higher scores on this scale and displayed multiple anomalies of the craniofacial region with an overall narrowing and elongation of the mid-face and lower face. Twelve craniofacial anomalies independently distinguished patients from controls and these variables correctly classified 95% of patients and 80% of control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This new scale, while procedurally more exacting than the Waldrop scale, more clearly defines the topography of anomalies previously suspected in individuals with schizophrenia. These findings constitute direct evidence for disturbed craniofacial development in schizophrenia and indicate origins in the foetal period during which the characteristic human facial pattern evolves in close association with brain differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Cluain Mhuire Family Centre, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kinsella
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Keenan
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Colgan
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cassidy
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sheppard
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Horgan
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Waddington
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Larkin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: O'Callaghan
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000473:pathology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007494:Ireland; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D012737:Sex Factors