title: Modulated beam conformal therapy for head and neck tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of modulated-beam conformal therapy is to reduce the dose to healthy tissue and sensitive structures around a uniformly irradiated target volume. Multiple intensity-modulated fields offer improved tissue-sparing dose distributions. New computer-based systems for planning and delivering such treatments may soon be available from different commercial sources that will make the formulation of an intensity-modulated treatment plan and its execution widely available at any treatment facility that has the resources to acquire the necessary equipment. This work reports on a study of the integration of two such systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Treatment planning was done using a commercially available inverse planning algorithm based on simulated annealing. The plans arbitrarily assumed nine coplanar x-ray beams at nonopposed gantry angles. Intensity modulation was computed for each beam. The modulated field at each gantry angle was broken down into a series of uniform (nonmodulated) subfields, which could be delivered as a sequence to produce the desired dose distribution. Because a large number of subfields was delivered, a multileaf collimator (MLC) was used for field shaping. This allowed rapid and accurate field shaping for treatments made up of several hundred subfields. Computer control of the MLC and linear accelerator allowed delivery of doses less than .01 Gy per subfield. Treatment was delivered on a prototype, computer-controlled accelerator and MLC system. Resulting dose distributions were analyzed using film and an anatomically specific, homogeneous phantom.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The treatment plans were evaluated using dose-volume histogram analysis. The plans provided acceptably uniform irradiation of the target volume without exceeding dose tolerances for nearby critical structures. The plans were successfully delivered by a prototype dynamic MLC. The time needed to deliver a sequence of subfields at one gantry angle ranged from 0.7 to 2.0 min. Isodoses from film agreed reasonably well with planned isodose distributions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is feasible to plan and deliver fixed gantry, modulated-beam conformal therapy for head and neck tumors with systems being developed commercially. The planned dose distributions exhibit significant potential for sparing closely spaced normal tissue structures in the head and neck.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University Hospital, CA 94305-5105, USA.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Boyer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Geis
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carol
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed