title: Hyperfractionated accelerated radiation therapy for non-small cell lung cancer: clinical phase I/II trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In an attempt to improve local control and survival of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), hyperfractionated accelerated radiation therapy (HART) was carried out as a clinical phase I/II trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  HART was delivered by 1.1 Gy/fraction, three fractions per day with intervals of 4 h and five treatment days per week. The clinical tumors were irradiated to 74.3 Gy (72.6-75.9)/66-69 fx, 33 days (29-40) (not corrected for lung density), and the subclinical lesions, to 50.0 Gy (48.4-50.6)/44-46 fx, 33 days (29-40). Sixty-nine patients with NSCLC were enrolled in this study. Nine patients were withdrawn from the study during HART due to different reasons. Sixty patients formed the study for outcome analyses. They were 57 males and 3 females with median age of 61 years (21-77). There were 41 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, 15 cases of adenocarcinoma, and 4 cases of large cell carcinoma. Overall, favorable patients (KPS > or = 70, weight loss < 5% and Stages I, II, IIIa) accounted for 73% (44 of 60) of all patients. Forty-four patients (73%) received adjuvant chemotherapy (DDP + VP16) with median cycles of 1.8 before and/or after HART. In order to compare the outcome of HART with conventional irradiation, 50 NSCLC patients treated by conventional fractionated irradiation (CFI) during the same period were chosen as the basis to evaluate relative effects of HART. They derived from the control group of another clinical trial of hyperfractionated irradiation for NSCLC in the same department. They received median tumor dose of 63.9 Gy (62.8-65.0)/34 fx (32-36), 48 days (45-53).
  
  
  RESULTS
  1. Acute and late complications: (a) In HART, 87% of patients (52 cases) developed acute radiation esophagitis: Grade 1-2, 46 cases (77%) and Grade 3, 6 cases (10%), at 2.5 weeks (2-3.5 weeks) after HART began. Five patients with Grade 3 esophagitis had their HART interrupted for <7 days. In CFI, esophagitis was much less (44%,p < 0.05) with 38% of Grade 1-2 and 6% of Grade 3. (b) In HART, acute pulmonary symptoms (RTOG Grade 1-2) occurred in 17% (10 cases), and acute radiation pneumonitis (Grade 3), in 8% (5 cases), while in CFI, they were 24% and 2% (p > 0.05), respectively. Late lung fibrosis (RTOG Grade 1-2) appeared in 20% (12 cases), whereas 18% in CFI (p > 0.05). (c), No other severe acute or late complications have been observed so far in HART. 2. Immediate response. In HART, 20% of patients (12 cases) achieved CR, 60% (36 cases), PR and 20% (12 cases), NR or PD. In CFI, the above three percentages were 10, 28, and 62%, respectively (p < 0.001). 3. Follow-up. The 1-, 2-, and 3-year actuarial survivals were 72, 47, and 28% for HART, and 60, 18, and 6% for CFI, respectively (p < 0.001). Better local control was seen in HART than in CFI with 1-, 2-, and 3-year local control rates being 71, 44, 29%, and 60, 20, and 5%, respectively (p = 0.001). Distant metastases developed less in HART than in CFI. The 1-, 2-, and 3-year distant metastasis rates were 23, 36, and 50% in HART, but 30, 48, and 80% in CFI (p = 0.021).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  1. HART could be tolerated by most of the favorable NSCLC patients. The predominant complication was acute esophagitis. No other severe acute or late complications have been observed so far. 2. HART resulted in better survivals and local controls, and less distant metastases than CFI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Shanghai Medical University, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: X L
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yie
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: S Q
authors.initials: SQ
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000556:secondary; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018287:Carcinoma, Large Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000556:secondary; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000556:secondary; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome