title: Sequential endoscopic/laparoscopic management of cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis in children who have sickle cell disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis are common complications of sickle cell disease (SCD). With the recent advances in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), which has been used successfully for the management of cholelithiasis in children who have SCD, exclusion of choledocholithiasis before LC is of great importance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen children who had SCD, cholelithiasis, and choledocholithiasis were treated at our hospital. Seven were treated with open cholecystectomy (OC) and common bile duct (CBD) exploration, and two were treated with transduodenal sphincteroplasty. The remaining 11 patients underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), sphincterotomy, and stone extraction followed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A dilated CBD noted on ultrasound, elevated alkaline phosphatase, elevated total bilirubin of more than 5 mg/dL, history of pancreatitis, either singly or in combination, should raise suspicion of choledocholithiasis, and these patients together with those who have choledocholithiasis detected on ultrasound should undergo ERCP to confirm and extract the stones before LC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This sequential approach of endoscopic sphincterotomy and stone extraction followed by LC is a safe and effective approach for the management of cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis in children who have SCD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Qatif Central Hospital, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Al-Salem
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nourallah
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D003135:Common Bile Duct / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D042882:Gallstones / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies