title: Epidural epinephrine and clonidine: segmental analgesia and effects on different pain modalities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is not known whether epidural epinephrine has an analgesic effect per se. The segmental distribution of clonidine epidural analgesia and its effects on temporal summation and different types of noxious stimuli are unknown. The aim of this study was to clarify these issues.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen healthy volunteers received epidurally (L2-L3 or L3-L4) 20 ml of either epinephrine, 100 microg, in saline; clonidine, 8 microg/kg, in saline; or saline, 0.9%, alone, on three different days in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over fashion. Pain rating after electrical stimulation, pinprick, and cold perception were recorded on the dermatomes S1, L4, L1, T9, T6, T1, and forehead. Pressure pain tolerance threshold was recorded at S1, T6, and ear. Pain thresholds to single and repeated (temporal summation) electrical stimulation of the sural nerve were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Epinephrine significantly reduced sensitivity to pinprick at L1-L4-S1. Clonidine significantly decreased pain rating after electrical stimulation at L1-L4 and sensitivity to pinprick and cold at L1-L4-S1, increased pressure pain tolerance threshold at S1, and increased thresholds after single and repeated stimulation of the sural nerve.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epidural epinephrine and clonidine produce segmental hypoalgesia. Clonidine bolus should be administered at a spinal level corresponding to the painful area. Clonidine inhibits temporal summation elicited by repeated electrical stimulation and may therefore attenuate spinal cord hyperexcitability.
authors.affiliation: University of Bern, Inselspital, Switzerland. 100765.3020@compuserve.com
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Curatolo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Petersen-Felix
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arendt-Nielsen
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Zbinden
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000328:Adult; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D003000:Clonidine; D004837:Epinephrine