title: Six hundred fifty consecutive pancreaticoduodenectomies in the 1990s: pathology, complications, and outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors reviewed the pathology, complications, and outcomes in a consecutive group of 650 patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy in the 1990s.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Pancreaticoduodenectomy has been used increasingly in recent years to resect a variety of malignant and benign diseases of the pancreas and periampullary region.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1990 and July 1996, inclusive, 650 patients underwent pancreaticoduodenal resection at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. Data were recorded prospectively on all patients. All pathology specimens were reviewed and categorized. Statistical analyses were performed using both univariate and multivariate models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients had a mean age of 63 +/- 12.8 years, with 54% male and 91% white. The number of resections per year rose from 60 in 1990 to 161 in 1995. Pathologic examination results showed pancreatic cancer (n = 282; 43%), ampullary cancer (n = 70; 11%), distal common bile duct cancer (n = 65; 10%), duodenal cancer (n = 26; 4%), chronic pancreatitis (n = 71; 11%), neuroendocrine tumor (n = 31; 5%), periampullary adenoma (n = 21; 3%), cystadenocarcinoma (n = 14; 2%), cystadenoma (n = 25; 4%), and other (n = 45; 7%). The surgical procedure involved pylorus preservation in 82%, partial pancreatectomy in 95%, and portal or superior mesenteric venous resection in 4%. Pancreatic-enteric reconstruction, when appropriate, was via pancreaticojejunostomy in 71% and pancreaticogastrostomy in 29%. The median intraoperative blood loss was 625 mL, median units of red cells transfused was zero, and the median operative time was 7 hours. During this period, 190 consecutive pancreaticoduodenectomies were performed without a mortality. Nine deaths occurred in-hospital or within 30 days of operation (1.4% operative mortality). The postoperative complication rate was 41%, with the most common complications being early delayed gastric emptying (19%), pancreatic fistula (14%), and wound infection (10%). Twenty-three patients required reoperation in the immediate postoperative period (3.5%), most commonly for bleeding, abscess, or dehiscence. The median postoperative length of stay was 13 days. A multivariate analysis of the 443 patients with periampullary adenocarcinoma indicated that the most powerful independent predictors favoring long-term survival included a pathologic diagnosis of duodenal adenocarcinoma, tumor diameter <3 cm, negative resection margins, absence of lymph node metastases, well-differentiated histology, and no reoperation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This single institution, high-volume experience indicates that pancreaticoduodenectomy can be performed safely for a variety of malignant and benign disorders of the pancreas and periampullary region. Overall survival is determined largely by the pathology within the resection specimen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-4606, USA.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Lillemoe
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Pitt
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Talamini
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Hruban
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Ord
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Sauter
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Zahurak
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Grochow
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Abrams
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000556:secondary; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects; D001706:Biopsy; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004067:Digestive System Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016577:Pancreaticoduodenectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012086:Reoperation; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome