title: Abnormalities of the external genitalia.
abstract: This article discusses the general nuances of hypospadias, exstrophy/epispadias, and ambiguous genitalia. Embryologic considerations, etiologic factors, anatomy, associated anomalies, and timing of referrals and surgery are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School at Camden, USA.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Zaontz
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Packer
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple; D001746:Bladder Exstrophy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development / Q000235:genetics / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006059:Gonadal Dysgenesis; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000196:embryology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D010413:Penis / Q000601:surgery; D014621:Vagina / Q000002:abnormalities