title: Women's perception of pain and distress during intravenous catheterization and urethral mini-catheterization.
abstract: A study was done to prospectively compare the pain and distress of urethral mini-catheterization (MC) with the pain and distress of intravenous (IV) catheterization in women. Ten-centimeter visual analog scales were used on which the left end represented "no pain" or "no distress" and the right "the worst pain imaginable" or "extreme distress." Distress was defined to include embarrassment, anxiety, or fear. A convenience sample of 40 adult women who presented to a university emergency department and were undergoing both procedures as part of their management appraised pain and distress after IV placement and urethral MC. The mean IV pain score was 4.2 cm, whereas the mean MC score was only 2.6 cm (P = .02). The IV and MC distress score means were similar (2.3 v 2.6 cm, P = .55). These results suggest that patients perceive urethral MC as less painful than IV placement. The distress scores of these two procedures did not differ and were low in both instances.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque 87131-5246, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kelley
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Sklar
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tandberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012752:Shame; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology*