title: Spontaneous eye blinking, a measure of dopaminergic function, in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate possible alterations in dopaminergic function in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome by evaluating spontaneous eye blink rate, a putative measure of central dopaminergic function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Evaluation of previously videotaped test sessions of a consecutive case series of 50 children (mean age, 5.2 years; range, 2-12 years) with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Government medical research center.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intrarater reliability was high, expected co-variation of blink rate with age and concurrent mental activity were confirmed, and obtained rates were similar to published data. Higher blink rates, suggestive of increased dopaminergic function, were associated with more severe cortical atrophy (P < .05) and white matter abnormality (P < .05) on computed tomographic brain scans. The presence or severity of basal ganglia calcifications did not seem to influence blink rate. In addition, higher blink rates were associated with higher ratings of depressed affect (P < .05) and lower ratings of hyperactive behaviors (P < .05) during other test activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The higher blink rates in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children with more severe cortical abnormalities suggest increased central dopamine activity compared with that in children without cortical computed tomographic brain scan abnormalities. Thus, as a result of structural brain abnormalities, neurotransmitter levels in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome may vary and this may be reflected in their socioemotional functioning.
authors.affiliation: HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md., USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vreugdenhil
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brouwers
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wolters
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moss
mesh_terms: D015526:AIDS Dementia Complex / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D001767:Blinking / Q000502:physiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000821:virology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000821:virology; D004298:Dopamine / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014743:Videotape Recording
chemical_list: D004298:Dopamine