title: Congenital absence of the vas deferens: incomplete penetrance of cystic fibrosis gene mutations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the penetrance of cystic fibrosis gene mutations for the clinical phenotype of congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the fertility status of 244 brothers of 105 men with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens. Testing for the most common cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene mutations and for haplotype analysis of the intron 8/polythymidine segment was recommended for all men with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 244 brothers of men with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens 131 were eligible for assessment of fertility. Of the 131 evaluable brothers only 7 (5%) were found to have congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens. This prevalence is 5 times lower than that predicted for congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (25%) based on the autosomal recessive inheritance pattern seen in classical cystic fibrosis. For couples in which the man has congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens and the female partner tests negative for standard CFTR gene mutations including 5T analysis, the maximum risk of having a child with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens is less than 1.0%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data are consistent with incomplete penetrance for the congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens phenotype after inheritance of cystic fibrosis gene mutations, even after adjusting for environmental factors and wolffian anomalies. Incomplete penetrance may account for a low prevalence of congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens in the population and may lower the risk of having a child with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens for couples undergoing sperm retrieval and assisted reproductive techniques.
authors.affiliation: James Buchanan Brady Foundation, Department of Urology, New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Schlegel
mesh_terms: D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000235:genetics; D019005:Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D010375:Pedigree; D019683:Penetrance; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014649:Vas Deferens / Q000002:abnormalities*
chemical_list: C505032:CFTR protein, human; D019005:Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator