title: Acute elevation of coronary venous pressure does not affect left ventricular contractility in the normal and stressed swine heart: implications for the Fontan operation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  After the Fontan operation the right atrium and, thus, the coronary sinus are connected to the pulmonary arterial system, which causes the coronary venous pressure to increase. We investigated the acute effects of elevation of coronary venous pressure on baseline hemodynamics, coronary venous flow, and left ventricular contractility.
  
  
  METHODS
  In acutely instrumented pigs, during complete right heart bypass and during constant cardiac output, pressure in the right atrium, right ventricle, and coronary sinus was altered by a height-adjustable reservoir. At various levels of coronary venous pressure (up to 4 kPa or up to 30 mm Hg), flow from the reservoir was measured and left ventricular hemodynamics and contractility were measured from catheter-derived left ventricular pressure and (conductance) volume data. Contractility of the left ventricle was assessed by the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship derived during an unloading intervention by adjusting the bypass pump speed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure increased slightly (about 5%) with each kilopascal increase in coronary venous pressure, most likely related to diastolic ventricular interaction. No other changes in hemodynamic parameters occurred. Neither coronary venous flow nor left ventricular contractility was influenced by changes in coronary venous pressure. Imposing myocardial stress with dobutamine, 10 microg/kg per minute, did not change these findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing coronary venous pressure to 4 kPa in the intact circulation with intact autoregulation does not affect coronary flow or left ventricular contractility. We found no experimental evidence for the usefulness of diversion of the coronary sinus to the left atrium during Fontan-type operations
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Klautz
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: van Rijk-Zwikker
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Steendijk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilde
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Teitel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baan
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000502:physiology*; D004280:Dobutamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D018729:Fontan Procedure; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D011182:Postoperative Care; D013552:Swine; D014690:Venous Pressure; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D017725:Ventricular Pressure / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D004280:Dobutamine