title: Retrograde cerebral perfusion provides limited distribution of blood to the brain: a study in pigs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to investigate flow distribution during retrograde and antegrade cerebral perfusion with India ink as a marker.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten pigs received cerebral perfusion with a solution containing 50% filtered India ink for 5 minutes either antegradely through both internal carotid arteries at a flow of 180 to 200 ml/min (n = 5) or retrogradely via the superior vena cava at a flow of 300 to 500 ml/min (n = 5). The brains were then fixed for quantitative measurement of the density of ink-filled capillaries (reported as a percentage of the total selected area). The assessment was done with the use of an in-house software program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the antegrade cerebral perfusion group, the intracranial arterial and venous systems were completely filled with ink. The gray matter was colored uniformly black, and light coloring was observed in the white matter. During retrograde cerebral perfusion, the majority of ink was returned to the inferior vena cava, and only a small amount of ink was found in the innominate artery draining from the brain. Massive ink filling was observed in the sagittal sinus and other venous sinuses in all the pigs. Vessels on the surface of the brain and large vessels in the brain were also well filled with ink. However, only 10% of capillaries were filled with ink during retrograde cerebral perfusion relative to the number observed with antegrade cerebral perfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retrograde cerebral perfusion supplies a limited amount of blood to brain tissue, which flows mainly through superficial and large deep cerebral vessels.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biodiagnostics, National Research Council of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Del Bigio
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Summers
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Somorjai
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Salerno
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Deslauriers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply*; D002244:Carbon; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008297:Male; D010477:Perfusion / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; C028433:chinese ink; D002244:Carbon