title: Opioid-induced delay in gastric emptying: a peripheral mechanism in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Opioids delay gastric emptying, which in turn may increase the risk of vomiting and pulmonary aspiration. Naloxone reverses this opiate action on gastric emptying, but it is not known whether this effect in humans is mediated by central or peripheral opiate antagonism. The importance of peripheral opioid receptor antagonism in modulating opioid-induced delay in gastric emptying was evaluated using methylnaltrexone, a quaternary derivative of the opiate antagonist naltrexone, which does not cross the blood-brain barrier.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized, double-blind, crossover placebo-controlled study, 11 healthy volunteers were given either placebo (saline), 0.09 mg/kg morphine, or 0.09 mg/kg morphine plus 0.3 mg/kg methylnaltrexone on three separate occasions before ingesting 500 ml deionized water. The rate of gastric emptying was measured by two methods: a noninvasive epigastric bioimpedance technique and the acetaminophen absorption test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The epigastric bioimpedance technique was sufficiently sensitive to detect opioid-induced changes in the rate of gastric emptying. The mean +/- SD time taken for the gastric volume to decrease to 50% (t0.5) after placebo was 5.5 +/- 2.1 min. Morphine prolonged gastric emptying to (t0.5) of 21 +/- 9.0 min (P < 0.03). Methylnaltrexone given concomitantly with morphine reversed the morphine-induced delay in gastric emptying to a t0.5 of 7.4 +/- 3.0 (P < 0.04). Maximum concentrations and area under the concentration curve from 0 to 90 min of serum acetaminophen concentrations after morphine were significantly different from placebo and morphine administered concomitantly with methylnaltrexone (P < 0.05). No difference in maximum concentration or area under the concentration curve from 0 to 90 min was noted between placebo and methylnaltrexone coadministered with morphine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The attenuation of morphine-induced delay in gastric emptying by methylnaltrexone suggests that the opioid effect is mediated outside the central nervous system. Methylnaltrexone may have the potential to decrease the side effects of opioid medications, which are mediated peripherally, while maintaining the central analgesia effect of the opioid.
authors.affiliation: Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork City, Ireland.
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Prescott
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Murphy
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009294:Narcotics / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009294:Narcotics; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; C032257:methylnaltrexone; D000082:Acetaminophen; D009271:Naltrexone