title: Botulinum A toxin as a treatment of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia in patients with spinal cord injury: MRI controlled transperineal injections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To correlate clinical and urodynamic findings with MRI in patients with spinal cord injury and detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia who were consecutively treated with transperineal injections of botulinum-A toxin (BTX-A) under EMG control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six patients with spinal cord injury and upper motor neuron bladder dysfunction associated with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia were prospectively analysed. One hundred international units (IU) BTX-A (Botox in 1 ml normal saline without preservative) diluted 1 to 1 with 1 ml gadopentetate were injected transperineally under EMG control. MRI was started immediately after needle withdrawal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all six patients gadopentetate was located in the external urethral sphincter on MRI. In no patient did traces of gadopentetate appear in the perineal musculature located in the vicinity of the external urethral sphincter. No patient developed resistance to BTX-A. All patients showed an (ongoing) improvement of their voiding function after BTX-A injections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transperineal injections of BTX-A under EMG control are efficient in the release or amelioration of lower urinary tract obstruction due to detrusor sphincter dyssynergia in patients with spinal cord injury. Despite well described methods, EMG of the external urethral sphincter is difficult and it is not possible to definitively exclude false recordings of the surrounding perineal musculature. By the use of MRI it was shown that both the EMG recordings and transperineal injection method are precise.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Paraplegic Centre, University Hospital Balgrist, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schurch
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hodler
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rodic
mesh_terms: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000473:pathology; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D014521:Urethra / Q000294:innervation*; D014524:Urethral Obstruction / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A