title: Ulnaless (Ul), a regulatory mutation inducing both loss-of-function and gain-of-function of posterior Hoxd genes.
abstract: Ulnaless (Ul), an X-ray-induced dominant mutation in mice, severely disrupts development of forearms and forelegs. The mutation maps on chromosome 2, tightly linked to the HoxD complex, a cluster of regulatory genes required for proper morphogenesis. In particular, 5'-located (posterior) Hoxd genes are involved in limb development and combined mutations within these genes result in severe alterations in appendicular skeleton. We have used several engineered alleles of the HoxD complex to genetically assess the potential linkage between these two loci. We present evidence indicating that Ulnaless is allelic to Hoxd genes. Important modifications in the expression patterns of the posterior Hoxd-12 and Hoxd-13 genes at the Ul locus suggest that Ul is a regulatory mutation that interferes with a control mechanism shared by multiple genes to coordinate Hoxd function during limb morphogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, University of Geneva, Sciences III, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hérault
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fraudeau
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zákány
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Duboule
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005801:Genes, Homeobox; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D017880:Limb Deformities, Congenital / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D009024:Morphogenesis; D005810:Multigene Family; D009154:Mutation; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D014457:Ulna / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology*
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C490943:Hoxd12 protein, mouse; C084118:Hoxd13 protein, mouse; D014157:Transcription Factors