title: Symptomatic carotid artery occlusion. A reappraisal of hemodynamic factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over the last several years evidence has accumulated that in addition to embolism, a compromised cerebral blood flow may play an important role in causing transient ischemic attacks and ischemic stroke in patients with occlusion of the internal carotid artery. This evidence is found in both clinical features and ancillary investigations, particularly measurements of cerebral blood flow.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the basis of 20 follow-up studies in patients with transient ischemic attacks or minor ischemic stroke associated with an occluded carotid artery, the annual risk of stroke was 5.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.0% to 6.0%), and that of ipsilateral stroke (distinguished in 11 of the 20 studies) was 2.1% (95% CI, 1.6% to 2.8%). Patients with a compromised cerebral blood flow as measured by positron emission tomography, single-photon emission CT, transcranial Doppler, or stable xenon CT (six studies) have an even higher annual risk of stroke (all strokes: 12.5%; 95% CI, 8.9% to 17.6%; ipsilateral stroke: 9.5%; 95% CI, 6.4% to 14.0%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because a compromised cerebral blood flow may be an important causal factor in patients with symptomatic carotid artery occlusion, medical and surgical options for treatment are reviewed in this light.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Neurology, University Hospital Utrecht, Netherlands. cklijn@neuro.azu.nl
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Klijn
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Kappelle
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Tulleken
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Gijn
mesh_terms: D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000209:etiology; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000209:etiology; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology