title: Acute liver failure: results of a 5-year clinical protocol.
abstract: This investigation summarizes and evaluates the results of a clinical protocol that we designed to care for patients with acute liver failure (ALF). Adult patients with ALF were enrolled in the protocol. Grade II portal-systemic encephalopathy prompted admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). Patients who met the clinical criterion were activated for liver transplantation. Intracranial pressure (ICP) was monitored in patients with grade III encephalopathy. An increase in ICP was treated with hyperventilation, diuretics, barbiturates, or a combination thereof. Survival was considered to have occurred if the patient left the hospital alive. Our series included 25 patients. Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) was performed on 19 patients, 12 of whom survived. Only 2 of 6 patients who did not undergo transplantation survived. Ten of 11 patients who underwent transplantation before reaching grade IV encephalopathy survived. Only 2 of 8 patients who underwent transplantation after reaching grade IV survived (P = .006). The causes of death included cerebral edema (3 patients), disseminated aspergillosis (3 patients), and other (5 patients). ICP was monitored in 11 patients. Increased pressure was documented by seven of the monitors placed. There was one focal hemorrhage secondary to a subdural monitor. Outcome is improved if transplantation occurs before grade IV encephalopathy. ICP monitoring can be accomplished without significant risk of hemorrhage. In our series, infection with aspergillus occurred frequently and with fatal outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Daas
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Plevak
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Wijdicks
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rakela
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Wiesner
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Piepgras
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Steers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001463:Barbiturates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D002423:Cause of Death; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D007427:Intracranial Pressure; D007902:Length of Stay; D017114:Liver Failure, Acute / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D001463:Barbiturates; D004232:Diuretics