title: Hyperkalemia in the elderly: drugs exacerbate impaired potassium homeostasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the pathophysiology underlying the predisposition to hyperkalemia in the elderly; the medications that disrupt potassium balance and promote the development of hyperkalemia in the elderly; the prevention of hyperkalemia in elderly patients treated with potassium-altering medications; and the appropriate management of hyperkalemia when it develops.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A MEDLINE search of the literature (1966-1996) using the terms hyperkalemia, drugs, elderly, and treatment was conducted and pertinent review articles, textbooks, and personal files were consulted. Elderly subjects appear to be predisposed to the development of hyperkalemia on the basis of both innate disturbances in potassium homeostasis and comorbid disease processes that impair potassium handling. Hyperkalemia in the elderly is most often precipitated by medications that impair cellular uptake or renal disposal of potassium. This electrolyte disorder is best prevented by recognition of at-risk physiology in the aged, avoidance of therapy with certain high-risk medications, and monitoring of plasma potassium concentration and renal function at intervals appropriate for the medication prescribed. Management of hyperkalemia entails identification of the clinical manifestations of severe hyperkalemia, stabilization of cardiac tissue, promotion of cellular potassium uptake, and ultimately removal of potassium from the body.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Geriatric patients should be considered at risk of developing hyperkalemia, especially when they are prescribed certain medications. Potassium levels should be monitored at appropriate intervals when these patients are treated with potassium-altering medications. Appropriate management of hyperkalemia in the elderly can avoid life-threatening neuromuscular and cardiac complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. 06520-8029, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Perazella
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Mahnensmith
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D006947:Hyperkalemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006994:Hypoaldosteronism / Q000139:chemically induced; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D011188:Potassium