title: Staging of carcinoma of the gallbladder--an ultrasonographic evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Preoperative staging of carcinoma of the gallbladder is important in choosing the most appropriate treatment modality. Ultrasonography is commonly used for the diagnosis of carcinoma of the gallbladder, but its role in staging of the disease has not been adequately evaluated. The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the role of ultrasonography performed by a single operator in the staging of carcinoma of the gallbladder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six patients with carcinoma of the gallbladder were evaluated in this study. Ultrasonographic staging was done by a single senior radiologist and compared with surgical staging using the AJCC TNM staging system. A retrospective evaluation was done of 122 operated patients with carcinoma of the gallbladder, and the findings were compared to the results of the prospective study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the prospective study, the overall accuracy of ultrasonogaphy in correctly staging the disease was 38% (10/26). Only 1 patient was overstaged, while the majority of patients were understaged (15) due to missed distant metastasis (10) and missed advanced local infiltration (5). The sensitivity in detecting liver infiltration was 50%; lymph node metastasis, 50%; and liver metastasis, 8%. In the retrospective study, the similar detection rates were 27%, 25% and 10%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Real time ultrasonography has been found to have inherent limitations in staging carcinoma of the gallbladder. Its accuracy, though improved in a prospective study, is inadequate in staging the disease accurately. More accurate imaging modalities are therefore required to accurately stage the disease preoperatively, so as to avoid unnecessary laparotomies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Haribhakti
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Kapoor
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Gujral
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Kaushik
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000473:pathology; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography