title: Evaluation of atherosclerosis in patients with central retinal vein occlusion by carotid artery duplex scanning and echocardiography: a prospective case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is a common cause of retinal vascular visual loss second to diabetic retinopathy. Atherosclerotic risk factors are thought to affect vascular flow or cause retinal vascular wall abnormalities, thereby contributing to development of CRVO. Previous studies did not fully evaluate the degree of atherosclerotic disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of atherosclerosis of the carotid artery by duplex scanning and to investigate cardiac manifestations of atherosclerotic risk factors by echocardiography in patients with CRVO.
  
  
  METHODS
  39 patients (age 63.1 years [50-84 years], 21 men, 18 women) with CRVO were compared with a control group consisting of 39 individuals (age 59.3 years [49-81 years], 19 men, 20 women) in whom echocardiography was performed to rule out endocarditis. Clinical examination, laboratory testing, carotid artery duplex scanning and echocardiography were performed in all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Echocardiography revealed significantly increased prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy (30.8% in CRVO patients, 5.1% in controls) as a typical sign of hypertensive heart disease in CRVO patients, which is consistent with the increased prevalence of hypertension (HTN) (46.2% in CRVO patients, 15.4% in controls). The prevalence of atherosclerosis of carotid artery and ascending aorta, and all other echocardiographic findings were comparable in CRVO patients and controls: regional wall motion abnormality, left ventricular dilatation, aortic valve calcification, and mitral valve calcification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates that CRVO is not associated with atherosclerosis of large arteries, such as the carotid artery and the ascending aorta. We propose that the retinal artery atherosclerosis seen in most CRVO patients is caused by HTN.
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rauh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fischereder
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nasemann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grüterich
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spannagl
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Spengel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006470:Hemorrhage; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D012016:Reference Values; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D012169:Retinal Vein; D012307:Risk Factors; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex