title: A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial of an extract of Ginkgo biloba for dementia. North American EGb Study Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  EGb 761 is a particular extract of Ginkgo biloba used in Europe to alleviate symptoms associated with numerous cognitive disorders. Its use in dementias is based on positive results from only a few controlled clinical trials, most of which did not include standard assessments of cognition and behavior.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy and safety of EGb in Alzheimer disease and multi-infarct dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 52-week, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mildly to severely demented outpatients with Alzheimer disease or multi-infarct dementia, without other significant medical conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients assigned randomly to treatment with EGb (120 mg/d) or placebo. Safety, compliance, and drug dispensation were monitored every 3 months with complete outcome evaluation at 12, 26, and 52 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog), Geriatric Evaluation by Relative's Rating Instrument (GERRI), and Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 309 patients included in an intent-to-treat analysis, 202 provided evaluable data for the 52-week end point analysis. In the intent-to-treat analysis, the EGbgroup had an ADAS-Cog score 1.4 points better than the placebo group (P=.04) and a GERRI score 0.14 points better than the placebo group (P=.004). The same patterns were observed with the evaluable data set in which 27% of patients treated with EGb achieved at least a 4-point improvement on the ADAS-Cog, compared with 14% taking placebo (P=.005); on the GERRI, 37% were considered improved with EGb, compared with 23% taking placebo (P=.003). No difference was seen in the CGIC. Regarding the safety profile of EGb, no significant differences compared with placebo were observed in the number of patients reporting adverse events or in the incidence and severity of these events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EGb was safe and appears capable of stabilizing and, in a substantial number of cases, improving the cognitive performance and the social functioning of demented patients for 6 months to 1 year. Although modest, the changes induced by EGb were objectively measured by the ADAS-Cog and were of sufficient magnitude to be recognized by the caregivers in the GERRI.
authors.affiliation: New York Institute for Medical Research, Tarrytown 10591, USA. NYI@HZI.com
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Le Bars
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Berman
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Itil
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Schatzberg
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003071:Cognition; D015161:Dementia, Multi-Infarct / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020441:Ginkgo biloba; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011599:Psychopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000096983:Ginkgo Extract
chemical_list: D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010936:Plant Extracts; C063170:Ginkgo biloba extract; D000096983:Ginkgo Extract