title: Protein aggregates seem to play a key role among the parameters influencing the antigenicity of interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) in normal and transgenic mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During long-term treatment of various malignant or viral diseases with IFN-alpha up to 20% of patients develop anti-IFN-alpha antibodies for as yet unknown reasons.
  
  
  METHODS
  To address this issue, a mouse model using Balb/C mice was established and the relevance of several potentially anti-IFN-alpha antibodies inducing factors was studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The model revealed that both a higher frequency of injections and a higher dosage of IFN-alpha were more immunogenic and that the route of administration affected the antibody response to IFN-alpha. The intrinsic immunostimulatory activity of IFN-alpha itself also enhanced the immune response. IFN-alpha protein aggregates (IFN-alpha-IFN-alpha and human serum albumin (HSA)-IFN-alpha aggregates), which were recently identified in all marketed IFN-alpha products, were significantly more immunogenic than IFN-alpha monomers. These aggregates broke the tolerance against human IFN-alpha monomers in human IFN-alpha transgenic mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on these animal studies it is proposed that the immune response to IFN-alpha in humans is most probably elicited by a combination of several factors among which IFN-alpha protein aggregates seem to play a key role.
authors.affiliation: Preclinical Research Department, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kwee
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Labow
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alsenz
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007370:Interferon Type I / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D011070:Poly I-C / Q000494:pharmacology; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D007370:Interferon Type I; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012709:Serum Albumin; D011070:Poly I-C