title: Intracerebral tumor-associated hemorrhage caused by overexpression of the vascular endothelial growth factor isoforms VEGF121 and VEGF165 but not VEGF189.
abstract: The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been shown to be a significant mediator of angiogenesis during a variety of normal and pathological processes, including tumor development. Human U87MG glioblastoma cells express the three VEGF isoforms: VEGF121, VEGF165, and VEGF189. Here, we have investigated whether these three isoforms have distinct roles in glioblastoma angiogenesis. Clones that overexpressed each isoform were derived and inoculated into mouse brains. Mice that received VEGF121- and VEGF165-overexpressing cells developed intracerebral hemorrhages after 60-90 hr. In contrast, mice implanted with VEGF189-overexpressing cells had only slightly larger tumors than those caused by parental cells and little evidence of hemorrhage at these early times after implantation, whereas, after longer periods of growth, enhanced angiogenicity and tumorigenicity were apparent. There was rapid blood vessel growth and breakdown around the tumors caused by cells overexpressing VEGF121 and VEGF165, whereas there was similar vascularization but no eruption in the vicinity of those tumors caused by cells overexpressing VEGF189, and none on the border of the tumors caused by the parental cells. Thus, by introducing VEGF-overexpressing glioblastoma cells into the brain, we have established a reproducible and predictable in vivo model of tumor-associated intracerebral hemorrhage caused by the enhanced expression of single molecular species. Such a model should be useful for uncovering the role of VEGF isoforms in the mechanisms of angiogenesis and for investigating intracerebral hemorrhage due to ischemic stroke or congenital malformations.
authors.affiliation: Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0660, USA.
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagane
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Cavenee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017398:Alternative Splicing; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D002465:Cell Movement; D017690:Cell Transplantation; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors