title: Testing for interaction between maternal smoking and TGFA genotype among oral cleft cases born in Maryland 1992-1996.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Infants born in Maryland between June 1992 and June 1996 were used in a case-control study of nonsyndromic oral clefts to test for effects of maternal smoking and a polymorphic genetic marker at the transforming growth factor alpha (TGFA) locus, both of which have been reported to be risk factors for these common birth defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases were infants with an oral cleft ascertained through three comprehensive treatment centers, with additional ascertainment through a registry of birth defects maintained by the Maryland Health Department. Controls were healthy infants. Medical history information on infants and mothers were collected, along with DNA samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among 286 cases contacted (72% ascertainment), there were 192 nonsyndromic isolated oral clefts (106 M; 86 F) available for this case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The largest group of 149 Caucasian nonsyndromic cases and 86 controls was used to test for association with maternal smoking and genotype at the Taq1 polymorphism in TGFA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While this modest sample had limited statistical power to detect gene-environment interaction, there was a significant marginal increase in risk of having an oral cleft if the mother smoked (odds ratio = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.01 to 3.02). We could not demonstrate statistical interaction between maternal smoking and TGFA genotype in this study, however, and the observed increase in the C2 allele among cases was not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We could not confirm either the reported association between oral clefts and TGFA genotype or its interaction with maternal smoking. However, these data do show an increased risk if the mother smoked during pregnancy, and this effect was greatest among infants with a bilateral cleft and no close family history of clefts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Hygiene & Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. Tbeaty@phnet.sph.jhu.edu
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Beaty
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Maestri
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Hetmanski
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Wyszynski
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Vanderkolk
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: McIntosh
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Zeiger
authors.forename: G V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Raymond
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Panny
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Tifft
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Lewanda
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Cristion
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Wulfsberg
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005819:Genetic Markers; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008396:Maryland; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019914:Taq Polymerase / Q000235:genetics; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha; D004247:DNA; D019914:Taq Polymerase