title: Transsternal closure of bronchopleural fistula after pneumonectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bronchopeural fistula after pneumonectomy, with associated empyema, has no standard therapy. The transsternal, transpericardial approach was used in all patients presenting with a large fistula.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1974 through 1995, 55 patients underwent transsternal, transpericardial closure of a bronchopleural fistula. Mean age was 62.7 years (range, 33 to 78 years). Malignant disease had been the indication for pneumonectomy in 50 patients and benign lesions in 5 patients. The fistula was right-sided in 41 patients (74.5%), and the bronchial stump was less than 2 cm in 25 (45.5%). Treatment of the concomitant empyema was by closed drainage in 2 patients, by repeated needle aspiration in 17, and by open thoracostomy in 36 patients. Reamputation and closure of the stump was possible in 51 patients; in 4 a primary carinal resection was done.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three patients died within 30 days after operation (5.4%, 70% confidence interval 2.4%-10.7%). Ten patients died late during hospitalization, total hospital mortality, 23.6% (70% confidence interval 17.3% to 31.0%). Recurrent fistula symptoms were caused by a large recurrency in 6 patients (all died), by a small one in 7 (one death due to pulmonary embolism). Mean duration of hospital stay was 56 days (range, 2 to 174 days). At follow-up of 42 patients, there were no recurrent fistulas. All patients with benign lesions are alive and well. Of 37 cancer patients, 29 died, more than half due to malignancy. Risk factors for death included recurrent fistula, short interval between pneumonectomy and onset of fistula, and closing technique. Risk factors for recurrent fistula were a short bronchial stump and the nonuse of an open thoracostomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term results of transsternal closure are good, but hospital mortality is high. The present treatment of patients with large postpneumonectomy bronchopleural fistula includes early open thoracostomy, improvement of nutritional status, transsternal closure using resorbable sutures, and closure of the pleural space 3 weeks later.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: de la Riviere
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Defauw
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Knaepen
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: van Swieten
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Vanderschueren
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: van den Bosch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001983:Bronchial Fistula / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016724:Empyema, Pleural / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010995:Pleural Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D011013:Pneumonectomy; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D013510:Pulmonary Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D012008:Recurrence; D016156:Respiratory Tract Fistula / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013249:Sternum