title: Hypericin and pseudohypericin: pharmacokinetics and effects on photosensitivity in humans.
abstract: Extracts of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) are used in treatment of depression. They contain various substances with the naphthodianthrones hypericin and pseudohypericin as characteristic ingredients. These compounds were shown to cause phototoxicity in cell culture and in animals. A placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial with monitoring of hypericin and pseudohypericin plasma concentration was performed to evaluate the increase in dermal photosensitivity in humans after application of high dose hypericum extracts. The study was divided into a single dose and a multiple dose part. In the single dose period, each of 13 volunteers received in a double blind fourfold complete crossover design, either placebo, or 900, 1800 or 3600 mg of a standardized hypericum extract (LI 160) containing zero, 2.81, 5.62 and 11.25 mg of total hypericin (total hypericin is the sum of hypericin and pseudohypericin). Maximum total hypericin plasma concentrations were observed about 4 h after dosage and were 0, 0.028, 0.061 and 0.159 mg/L, respectively. Before and 4 h after drug intake, the subjects were exposed at small areas of their back to increasing doses of solar simulated irradiation (SSI, with combined ultraviolet A, UV-A, and UV-B light) and another part was exposed to selective UV-A light irradiation. Minimal erythema dose was determined 5, 20 and 68 h after irradiation. Comparison of SSI sensitivity without and with hypericum extract did not show and difference and there was no dose-related trend in light sensitivity. Sensitivity to selective UV-A light was increased only after the highest dose from a minimal tanning dose of 10.8 J/ cm2 (mean) after placebo to 8.7 J/cm2 after 3600 mg extract with marginal statistical significance (p = 0.03 by one sided paired t-test). There was no correlation between total hypericin plasma concentrations and photosensitivity. In the multiple dose part, 50 volunteers received 600 mg hypericum extract t.i.d. with a daily dose of 5.6 mg of total hypericin. Comparison of UV light sensitivity before dosing with day 15 of treatment showed a slightly increased SSI sensitivity expressed by decrease of the MED from 0.17 to 0.16 J/cm2 (p = 0.005 by Wilcoxon test), and similarly, sensitivity to UV-A light increased (the mean tanning dose decreased from 9.9 to 7.8 J/cm2, p < 0.0001). This increase in cutaneous light sensitivity could be compensated by reducing irradiation time by 21%. Doses used in this study were higher than typical doses in current commercial preparations. In spite of these high doses in the double blind single dose part, frequency of side effects was equal to placebo medication and UV light sensitivity was not or only marginally increased. The study does not, however, exclude phototoxic reactions with doses above 11.25 mg of total hypericin and plasma levels above 100 micrograms/L. Furthermore, phototoxicity may be different after application of pure hypericin, since some constituents in the plant extract may exhibit protective effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology of the Charité, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brockmöller
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reum
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kerb
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Hübner
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Roots
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000873:Anthracenes; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004890:Erythema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010569:Perylene / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010787:Photosensitivity Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D000873:Anthracenes; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010569:Perylene; C004965:hypericin; C056602:pseudohypericin