title: A mechanistic study of griseofulvin dissolution into surfactant solutions under laminar flow conditions.
abstract: The in vivo dissolution of many poorly soluble drugs is enhanced by the action of surfactants secreted into the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These substances may act by solubilizing individual drug molecules into two separate liquid phases: the free aqueous phase and a micellar phase in which the drug is incorporated into a complex of two or more surfactant molecules. This complex process, micellar solubilization, was the subject of this in vitro study, wherein griseofulvin (gris) dissolution was observed in flowing surfactant solutions. Aqueous solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), an anionic surfactant, were pumped over a gris tablet embedded in a laminar flow device to simulate flow in the human upper GI tract. SDS solutions were well above the critical micellar concentration (cmc approximately 6-7 mM), and flow rates ranged from 4 to 7 mL/min. Gris solubility in premicellar (4 mM), near-micellar (6 mM), and micellar (>6 mM) SDS solutions was also determined. The measured solubility of gris increased linearly with SDS concentrations above the cmc. Drug solubility in SDS concentrations below the cmc was also higher than that in water. Gris diffusion coefficients were measured using pulsed-field gradient NMR spectroscopy. To determine the controlling mechanism for surfactant-enhanced dissolution, a mathematical model was developed. The model solution, an equation for drug dissolution rate, was compared with experimental data to demonstrate that drug transport away from the solid surface is the slow step in the process. Measured gris diffusion coefficients and solubility values were used as constants in the mathematical model solution and were combined to calculate an effective gris diffusion coefficient. Using these experimentally determined properties, model-calculated dissolution rates were within 7% of the measured values. As hypothesized, dissolution rates were found to be directly proportional to the transport properties of the system (effective drug diffusion coefficient and fluid flow rate) as well as to the drug solubility. To further verify transport-limited dissolution, the measured dissolution rates were found to be proportional to the surrounding medium flow rate to the 1/3 power, as predicted by the model dissolution rate equation.
authors.affiliation: Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department, The University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045, USA.
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Larive
authors.forename: M Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Southard
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D004058:Diffusion; D006118:Griseofulvin / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D008432:Mathematical Computing; D019563:Mechanics; D008823:Micelles; D008954:Models, Biological; D008956:Models, Chemical; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry*; D012995:Solubility; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D008823:Micelles; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D006118:Griseofulvin; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate