title: Effects of pulsed laser systems on stapes footplate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to investigate the tissue ablation capacity of various pulsed lasers at the stapes footplate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isolated human stapes and bovine compact-bone platelets were used to determine the effective laser parameters and appropriate application technique for achieving a perforation measuring 500-600 microns in diameter. Of interest were also the shape and quality of the perforations, the reproducibility of the perforation effect, and the thermically altered marginal zones occurring at the footplate. Three pulsed laser systems were used: excimer, holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG), and erbium:YSGG (Er:YSGG) lasers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The tissue-ablating effect of pulsed laser systems permits a precise and controlled management of the stapes footplate through low and readily reproducible ablation rates. The extent of thermic side effects at the footplate is lower in comparison to the purely thermically acting cw and superpulse laser systems. The Er:YSGG laser exhibits the highest ablation rate at the stapes and is thus the most effective laser for perforation of the stapes footplate. Though somewhat less effective, the Ho:YAG laser also appears to be suitable for stapedotomy. On the other hand, we do not consider the applied excimer laser (308 nm) to be particularly appropriate at the stapes because of its low ablation rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, the erbium laser could represent an alternative to the argon, KTP 532, and CO2 lasers, already clinically successful in stapes surgery. However, further studies are necessary to examine the transmission of thermic energy into the vestibule and the acoustic stress to the inner ear during laser stapedotomy, to be able to make a definitive statement about the safest and most effective laser system for stapes surgery.
authors.affiliation: ENT Department Benjamin Franklin Medical Center, Free University of Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jovanovic
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schonfeld
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Prapavat
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berghaus
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Scherer
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Muller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013199:Stapes / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013201:Stapes Surgery / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*