title: Underrecognition of cervical Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infections in the emergency department.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  1) To quantify the frequency of underrecognized Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis cervical infections in women tested in the ED, 2) to describe and compare the characteristics of those treated and not treated during the initial visit, and 3) to quantify the delay interval until treatment was provided.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 2-year, retrospective consecutive case series was performed from June 1, 1992, to May 31, 1994. There were 148 women with > or = 1 discrete occurrence of culture-proven cervical N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis infection studied. All the patients were evaluated in a university-affiliated, tertiary care hospital-based ED with a large rural referral area. The main outcome measures were the proportions of patients with positive cultures both treated and not treated in the ED, the clinical characteristics of each group, and the proportion remaining untreated or experiencing treatment delays of > 2 weeks after attempted phone, mail, and public health follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 157 occurrences of positive cultures for N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis, 86 (53%) were treated with a regimen suggested by the CDC prior to ED release. The proportion of women with isolated C. trachomatis infections that were underrecognized and untreated initially was larger than the proportions with isolated N. gonorrhoeae or combined infections (79% vs 27% and 53%, respectively, p < 0.0001). Women with findings suggestive of advanced disease (history of fever or chills, or examination evidence of temperature > 38 degrees C, purulent vaginal discharge, or any uterine/salpinx/ovarian tenderness) were more often recognized and treated with appropriate antibiotics initially (p = 0.02 to < 0.00001 for all). After phone, mail, and public health follow-up, treatment could not be documented for 25% of the occurrences, in all cases due to an inability to locate the patient. An additional 20% of the women did not receive treatment for 14-60 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this population, both N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis cervical infections are frequently underrecognized in the ED, with isolated C. trachomatis infections associated with significantly higher proportions of underrecognition. Many affected women remain untreated for extended intervals, creating public and individual health risks. Improved point of contact detection, follow-up, and treatment policies are needed to limit these risks.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Medical Center, PA, USA. dmy+@pitt.edu
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Yealy
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Hobbs
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000382:microbiology; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008219:Lymphogranuloma Venereum / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009344:Neisseria gonorrhoeae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013781:Texas; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents