title: Glutamate receptors in the postmortem striatum of schizophrenic, suicide, and control brains.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous postmortem studies of glutamate receptors and uptake sites have shown decreased D-aspartate (D-Asp) (a marker for the high affinity glutamate uptake site) and elevated (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo [a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate (MK-801) binding in the putamen in schizophrenia and elevated alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor binding in the caudate nucleus of schizophrenics who committed suicide. The relative effects of schizophrenia, suicide, and neuroleptic treatment in these findings is unclear. This study further explores binding to glutamate receptors (NMDA, kainic acid, and AMPA) and uptake sites in postmortem striatal structures in schizophrenics relative to three control groups (normal controls, neuroleptic-treated controls, and nonpsychotic suicides).
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the binding densities of tritium-labeled ligands 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), kainic acid (KA), MK-801, and D-Asp, which target the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA), KA, and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) ionotropic receptor sites and the glutamate uptake site, respectively, in postmortem striatal/accumbens tissue from six DSM-III-R schizophrenics, eight normal controls, eight neuroleptic-treated controls, and eight suicide victims using standard receptor autoradiographic methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Binding of [3H] CNQX (AMPA receptors) was significantly different among the four groups across the subdivisions of the striatum: caudate, putamen, and nucleus accumbens (ANOVA P = .0007, .002, and .004, respectively). The schizophrenia group had higher mean CNQX binding in the caudate nucleus than normal (P = .005) and neuroleptic controls (P = .006) but not suicides (P = .6), who were also higher than normals and neuroleptic-treated controls (P = .05). The binding densities of tritiated MK-801, KA, and D-Asp were not significantly different among the four groups of subjects in any of the striatal regions examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest there may be an increased density of AMPA receptor sites in the caudate nucleus in schizophrenia that is not apparently due to neuroleptic treatment. A similar increase was also seen the suicide group. Although these data do not confirm previous reports of an increase in [3H]MK-801 or a decrease in [3H]D-Asp binding in the basal ganglia in schizophrenia, the increased caudate AMPA binding observed here could reflect decreased cortical glutamatergic innervation of the caudate. Its implication for suicide is unclear.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Noga
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Hyde
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Spurney
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Bigelow
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Weinberger
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kleinman
mesh_terms: D018750:6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione / Q000494:pharmacology; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D001345:Autoradiography; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000378:metabolism; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007608:Kainic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017072:Neostriatum / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018091:Receptors, AMPA / Q000378:metabolism; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate / Q000378:metabolism*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D013405:Suicide
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D018091:Receptors, AMPA; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; D018750:6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; D007608:Kainic Acid