title: Disruption of barrier function in neonatal skin associated with adhesive removal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients in the neonatal intensive care unit require life support and monitoring equipment that must be securely attached to the skin; removal or replacement often causes skin trauma. In this study, we compared the effects of application and removal of three different adhesives on the skin barrier function of premature neonates. The effects were measured by transepidermal water loss (TEWL), colorimetric measurements, and visual inspection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty neonates, between 26 and 40 weeks of gestational age and with birth weights ranging from 690 to 3000 gm, were enrolled in the study during the first week of life. Pieces of plastic tape (1 cm2), pectin barrier, and hydrophilic gel were applied to previously undisturbed sites on the back. A fourth site was used as a control. We measured TEWL, colorimetric readings, and visual inspection scores of skin irritation and stripping at each of the four sites serially: before adhesive application, 30 minutes after adhesive removal, and 24 hours later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty minutes after adhesive removal, TEWL, colorimetric measurements, and visual inspection scores were all significantly higher at the sites of plastic tape and pectin barrier removal than at the control and gel adhesive sites (p < 0.01), demonstrating greater disruption of skin barrier function with removal of the plastic tape and pectin barrier. When the neonates were divided into three groups on the basis of birth weight (< 1000 gm [n = 10], 1000 to 1500 gm [n = 11], and > 1500 gm [n = 9], the same pattern of greater disruption in skin barrier function, as measured by TEWL, was observed in each birth weight group. Twenty-four hours after adhesive removal, TEWL of the plastic tape and pectin barrier sites were not significantly different from the control site, indicating recovery of skin barrier function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that a single application and removal of two commonly used adhesives, plastic tape and pectin barrier, disrupts skin barrier function in neonates of varying gestational ages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Children's Hospital Oakland 94609, USA.
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Nonato
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kuller
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Franck
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cullander
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Durand
mesh_terms: D000269:Adhesives / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000145:classification; D001724:Birth Weight; D003124:Colorimetry; D004890:Erythema / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005782:Gels; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D015931:Intensive Care, Neonatal; D010368:Pectins; D012867:Skin / Q000293:injuries*; D013997:Time Factors; D014870:Water Loss, Insensible
chemical_list: D000269:Adhesives; D005782:Gels; D010368:Pectins