title: Shewanella gelidimarina sp. nov. and Shewanella frigidimarina sp. nov., novel Antarctic species with the ability to produce eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 omega 3) and grow anaerobically by dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction.
abstract: A polyphasic taxonomic study was performed to characterize dissimilatory iron-reducing strains mostly isolated from Antarctic sea ice. The strains were isolated from samples of congelated (land-fast) sea ice, grease ice, and ice algal biomass collected from the coastal areas of the Vestfold Hills in eastern Antarctica (68 degrees S 78 degrees E). The strains were facultatively anaerobic, motile, and rod shaped, were capable of anaerobic growth either by fermentation of carbohydrates or by anaerobic respiration, and utilized a variety of electron acceptors, including nitrate, ferric compounds, and trimethylamine N-oxide. A phylogenetic analysis performed with 16S rRNA sequences showed that the isolates formed two groups representing novel lineages in the genus Shewanella. The first novel group included seawater-requiring, psychrophilic, chitinolytic strains which had DNA G + C contents of 48 mol%. The members of the second strain group were psychrotrophic and did not require seawater but could tolerate up to 9% NaCl. The strains of this group were also unable to degrade polysaccharides but could utilize a number of monosaccharides and disaccharides and had G + C contents of 40 to 43 mol%. The whole-cell-derived fatty acid profiles of the sea ice isolates were found to be similar to the profiles obtained for other Shewanella species. The omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (20:5 omega 3) was detected in all of the sea ice isolates at levels ranging from 2 to 16% of the total fatty acids. EPA was also found at high levels in Shewanella hanedai (19 to 22%) and Shewanella benthica (16 to 18%) but was absent in Shewanella alga and Shewanella putrefaciens. On the basis of polyphasic taxonomic data, the Antarctic iron-reducing strains are placed in two new species, Shewanella frigidimarina sp. nov. (type strain, ACAM 591) and Shewanella gelidimarina sp. nov. (type strain, ACAM 456).
authors.affiliation: Antarctic CRC, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia. john.bowman@antcrc.utas.edu.au
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: McCammon
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Skerratt
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rea
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: McMeekin
mesh_terms: D000864:Antarctic Regions; D001482:Base Composition; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis*; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D006092:Gram-Negative Facultatively Anaerobic Rods / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000032:analysis*; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D005227:Fatty Acids; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid; D007501:Iron