title: Comparative disinfection of secondary-treated sewage with chlorine dioxide and bromine chloride.
abstract: A comparison was made of the inactivation rates of Arcobacter butzleri, coliphages, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci and heterotrophic plate count in secondary sewage effluent using chlorine dioxide (2 and 4 ppm) and bromine chloride (4 or 8 and 12 ppm) as disinfecting agents. Using these doses the ClO2 gave higher reduction percentages (on average more than 99% at 4 ppm) than those obtained with BrCl. The average values of the fecal indicators are well within the legal limits. Arcobacter butzleri was more sensitive to the disinfectants than other bacteria while fecal streptococci were seen to be more resistant. From the chemical point of view no differences were seen between the two disinfectants except that the action of ClO2 was stronger regarding BOD5 than that of BrCl. With the exception of dichloromethane, the concentration of volatile halogenated compounds showed little variation and values were often lower than detection limits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Public Health, University of Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zanetti
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stampi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Luca
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Varoli
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tonelli
mesh_terms: D001965:Bromides; D002712:Chlorides; D017606:Chlorine Compounds; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004202:Disinfectants; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010087:Oxides; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology*; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D001965:Bromides; D002712:Chlorides; D017606:Chlorine Compounds; D004202:Disinfectants; D010087:Oxides; D012722:Sewage; C016271:bromine chloride; C025109:chlorine dioxide