title: [Electron microscopy studies of vascular innervation of nasal mucosa in the human].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The distribution of neural structures in human nasal vasculature is still not completely understood. To date, immunocytochemical and histochemical studies of the innervation pattern and neurotransmitter distribution have only been performed using light microscopy. The aim of this study was to verify these results by electron microscopy and to obtain new knowledge of the innervation of the individual vessel types. The target was to determine the role of the different vessels in the swelling mechanism in human nasal mucosa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Specimens were prefixed in glutaraldehyde and postfixed in osmium tetroxide. After dehydration they were embedded in araldite. Ultrathin sections were cut, contrasted with uranylacetate and lead citrate, and studied under EM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nasal vasculature is controlled by a dense innervation. Amyelinated longitudinal nerve bundles and smaller axon conglomerates are detected in the arterial adventitia. Capacitance vessels (veins) in general show few nerve structures, which, in contrast to arteries, are also located between the smooth muscle cells. Cushion veins, however, reveal a stronger innervation pattern especially in their muscular swelling. In contrast to smaller arterioles, no axons can de demonstrated in capillaries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The density of innervation in arteries and cushion veins seems to indicate that these vessel types are the central neural control point for the swelling mechanism in human nasal mucosa. Capillary function, however, does not seem to be directly influenced by the autonomic nervous system.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für HNO-Kranke, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Riederer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grevers
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Welsch
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Herzmann
mesh_terms: D001158:Arteries / Q000294:innervation; D001369:Axons / Q000473:pathology*; D002196:Capillaries / Q000294:innervation; D006801:Humans; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000294:innervation*; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000294:innervation; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000473:pathology*; D013569:Synapses / Q000473:pathology; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000502:physiology; D014666:Vasomotor System / Q000473:pathology*; D014680:Veins / Q000294:innervation