title: Effects of subinguinal varicocele ligation on sperm concentration, motility and Kruger morphology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the effects of varicocelectomy on semen parameters in 30 subfertile men, with emphasis on potential changes in sperm count, motility and morphology as measured by Kruger's strict morphologic criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 30 patients underwent subinguinal varicocelectomy (25 bilateral and 5 unilateral). Preoperative and postoperative sperm density, motility and morphology were analyzed. Preoperative follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and testosterone levels were measured and compared to those of fertile volunteers enrolled in our sperm donation program. Pregnancy rates after varicocelectomy were also examined: The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to measure levels of statistical significance in all analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that sperm density and motility improved significantly (p < 0.05) without concomitant changes in strict morphology (p > 0.05) only in men with clinical bilateral varicoceles. No differences were observed in values among testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels of the fertile control group and preoperative varicocele patients. Of 30 patients 12 (40%) had successful, full-term pregnancies, including 6 via natural cycle intercourse, 5 (43%) by in vitro fertilization embryo transfer and 1 by intracytoplasmic sperm injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although sperm morphology as measured by strict morphologic criteria does not improve after varicocelectomy, there were highly significant changes in motility and concentration. Hormonal differences are not likely to have a role in or be reflective of pathophysiology of varicocele induced male infertility. The recent observation that sperm motility may be an independent or additive predictive factor for fertilization and pregnancy supports the need for continued varicocele repair independent of the lack of varicocelectomy effect on Kruger morphology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Seftel
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Rutchik
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stovsky
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goldfarb
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Desai
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D008026:Ligation / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013076:Sperm Count; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology*; D014646:Varicocele / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*