Drinking water contaminants (arsenic, cadmium, lead, benzene, and trichloroethylene). 1. Interaction of contaminants with nutritional status on general performance and immune function in broiler chickens.
The objective of this study was to examine possible interactions between drinking water contaminants and suboptimal nutritional status for performance and immune function in male broiler chickens. Experimental drinking water contained a mixture of arsenic, benzene, cadmium, lead, and trichloroethylene (TCE) at low concentrations (0.80, 1.3, 5.0, 6.7, and 0.65 ppm) and high concentrations (8.6, 13, 50, 67, and 6.5 ppm). These chemicals were selected because they are among the most common contaminants found in ground water near hazardous waste sites. The experimental diets included feed containing 50% added vitamins and minerals (V&M) and feed without added V&M. Increasing levels of drinking water contaminants and decreasing levels of V&M in diet resulted in significantly (P < or = 0.05) decreased water and feed intake, decreased weight gain, and suppression of natural, humoral, and cell-mediated immune response. In a paired-water study, feed consumption, body weight, and immune function were decreased in chickens provided low and high concentrations of the chemical mixture in drinking water compared with chickens given control drinking water equal to the volumes consumed by the chickens given the low and high concentration of mixture, respectively. A deficiency of dietary V&M caused increased sensitivity to adverse effects of drinking water contaminants.
Vodela
J K
JK
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Alabama 36849, USA.
Renden
J A
JA
Lenz
S D
SD
McElhenney
W H
WH
Kemppainen
B W
BW
D000818:Animals; D001151:Arsenic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D001554:Benzene / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002060:Bursa of Fabricius / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002104:Cadmium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D002645:Chickens / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004326:Drinking / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005895:Gizzard, Avian / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D007854:Lead / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D008099:Liver / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010179:Pancreas / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D011897:Random Allocation; D013950:Thymus Gland / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014241:Trichloroethylene / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D014481:United States; D014484:United States Environmental Protection Agency; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
D002104:Cadmium; D014867:Water; D014241:Trichloroethylene; D007854:Lead; D001554:Benzene; D001151:Arsenic