title: [Dural carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas: clinical aspects, diagnosis and therapeutic intervention].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carotid cavernous fistulas are cerebral artenovenous shunts which may present with ocular or orbital signs. Direct fistulas are distinguished from dural shunts with respect to the anatomical situation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report on two patients with spontaneous dural carotid cavernous fistulas with multiple feeding vessels. Both patients required endovascular embolization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Therapy was successful in both patients. We present an overview of the clinical picture, the diagnostic procedure, the differential diagnosis and the therapeutic possibilities in this clinical entity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both patients prove the importance of an immediate differential diagnostical classification so that a specific neuroradiological diagnostic can be ensured. Today's advanced endovascular technology offers therapeutic options with less risk for the patient than in recent years.
authors.affiliation: Augenklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), München.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hoops
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rudolph
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schriever
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Nasemann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bien
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Küffer
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Schworm
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kampik
mesh_terms: D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D002426:Cavernous Sinus / Q000473:pathology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D004388:Dura Mater / Q000098:blood supply*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology