title: Human facial muscles: dimensions, motor endplate distribution, and presence of muscle fibers with multiple motor endplates.
abstract: Extrafusal muscle fibers of human striated skeletal muscles are known to have a uniform innervation pattern. Motor endplates (MEP) of the "en plaque" type are located near the center of muscle fibers and distributed within the muscles in a narrow band. The aim of this study was to evaluate the innervation pattern of human facial muscles and compare it with that of skeletal muscles.
  
  
  
  Ten facial muscles from 11 human cadavers were dissected, the nerve entrance points located, and the dimensions measured. All muscles were stained in toto for MEPs using Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and examined under the microscope to determine their location. Single muscle fibers were teased to evaluate the stained MEPs.
  
  
  
  The length of the different facial muscles varied from 29 to 65 mm, which correlated to the length of the corresponding muscle fibers. MEP zones were found on the muscles in the immediate vicinity of the nerves' entrance points and located eccentrically. Numbers and locations varied from muscle to muscle. Three MEP zone distribution patterns were differentiated: numerous small MEP zones were evenly spread over the muscle, a predominant MEP zone and two to three small zones were spread at random, and two to four MEP zones of equal size were randomly scattered. One MEP of the "en plaque" type was found in 73.8% of the muscle fibers and two to five MEPs were found in 26.2%. The distances between the multiple MEPs on one muscle fiber varied from 10 to 500 microm.
  
  
  
  This study suggests that facial muscles differ from skeletal muscles regarding distribution and number of MEPs. The eccentric location of MEP zones and multiple MEPs suggests there is an independent mechanism of neural regulation in the facial muscle system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Happak
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Burggasser
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flowers
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Freilinger
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000032:analysis; D000368:Aged; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000166:cytology / Q000294:innervation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009045:Motor Endplate / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000201:enzymology; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000294:innervation*; D015050:Zygoma / Q000033:anatomy & histology
chemical_list: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase