title: Cerebral protection using retrograde cerebral perfusion during hypothermic circulatory arrest.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Retrograde cerebral perfusion through the superior vena cava (SVC) has been proposed to protect the brain from ischaemic injury during profound hypothermic circulatory arrest (PHCA). Its contribution to cerebral protection is unclear. Furthermore, the addition of anaesthetic or vasodilating agents to the SVC perfusate to enhance brain protection, has never been described.
  
  
  METHODS
  In three patients undergoing repair of the ascending aorta utilizing PHCA, the upper body was retrogradely perfused with cold (16 degrees C) blood through the SVC by the cardiopulmonary bypass pump. Electroencephalographic activity was monitored using a computerized electroencephalographic monitor (Cerebro Trac 2500, SRD). Perfusion pressure was measured at a port in the cannula connector. Etomidate or thiopentone was injected into the SVC perfusate to arrest reappearing electroencephalographic activity. Nitroglycerin or nitroprusside was injected into the perfusate to increase retrograde flow and maintain a constant perfusion pressure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During PHCA periods of up to 61 min, recurrent electroencephalographic activity was abolished by the retrograde administration of small boluses of etomidate (total 50 mg) or thiopentone (total 500 mg). Nitroprusside (100 micrograms) and nitroglycerin (2 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) increased retrograde flow from 220 to 550 and 660 ml.min-1, respectively, while maintaining perfusion pressure (25-26 mmHg). Recovery from anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful, with no adverse neurological sequelae.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Injection of anaesthetic agents into the retrograde SVC perfusate during PHCA, can suppress reoccurring electroencephalographic activity and retrograde injection of vasodilators can facilitate an increase in perfusion. It is suggested that both may augment brain protection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology & CCM, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shenkman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elami
authors.forename: Y G
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Glantz
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Milgalter
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Drenger
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Burrows
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shir
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005045:Etomidate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010477:Perfusion; D013874:Thiopental / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009599:Nitroprusside; D005996:Nitroglycerin; D013874:Thiopental; D005045:Etomidate