title: Increasing antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis in Finland.
abstract: Respiratory and otitis isolates of 807 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 816 Haemophilus influenzae and 446 Moraxella catarrhalis were collected from 21 clinical microbiology laboratories for antimicrobial susceptibility testing in 1995. After a period of relative stability in 1981 and 1987-1990, beta-lactamase production increased in H. influenzae. Among middle ear isolates from children under 6 years, beta-lactamase production increased from 8% to 24% in H. influenzae and from 81% to 96% in M. catarrhalis since the survey in 1987-1990. 1.2% of S. pneumoniae were penicillin-resistant and 4.2% intermediately resistant; 5 years earlier among otitis isolates of children only 1.7% intermediate resistance was found. Ampicillin resistance was seen among 1.9% of non-beta-lactamase-producing strains of H. influenzae. Resistance to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole occurred in 9.4% of S. pneumoniae, 7.4% of H. influenzae and 0.7% of M. catarrhalis. Frequencies of azithromycin resistance were 3.0% in S. pneumoniae and 1.6% in H. influenzae, and those of tetracycline resistance were 6.7% in S. pneumoniae and 1.2% in H. influenzae.
authors.affiliation: Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, National Public Health Institute, Turku, Finland. raija.manninen@utu.fi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Manninen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Huovinen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nissinen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018550:Cephalosporin Resistance; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D005387:Finland; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007769:Lactams; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D001936:Moraxella catarrhalis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D010031:Otitis / Q000382:microbiology; D010403:Penicillin Resistance; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D014296:Trimethoprim Resistance
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D007769:Lactams