title: Dietary restriction reduces insulin-like growth factor I levels, which modulates apoptosis, cell proliferation, and tumor progression in p53-deficient mice.
abstract: Diet contributes to over one-third of cancer deaths in the Western world, yet the factors in the diet that influence cancer are not elucidated. A reduction in caloric intake dramatically slows cancer progression in rodents, and this may be a major contribution to dietary effects on cancer. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is lowered during dietary restriction (DR) in both humans and rats. Because IGF-I modulates cell proliferation, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis, the mechanisms behind the protective effects of DR may depend on the reduction of this multifaceted growth factor. To test this hypothesis, IGF-I was restored during DR to ascertain if lowering of IGF-I was central to slowing bladder cancer progression during DR. Heterozygous p53-deficient mice received a bladder carcinogen, p-cresidine, to induce preneoplasia. After confirmation of bladder urothelial preneoplasia, the mice were divided into three groups: (a) ad libitum; (b) 20% DR; and (c) 20% DR plus IGF-I (IGF-I/DR). Serum IGF-I was lowered 24% by DR but was completely restored in the IGF-I/DR-treated mice using recombinant IGF-I administered via osmotic minipumps. Although tumor progression was decreased by DR, restoration of IGF-I serum levels in DR-treated mice increased the stage of the cancers. Furthermore, IGF-I modulated tumor progression independent of changes in body weight. Rates of apoptosis in the preneoplastic lesions were 10 times higher in DR-treated mice compared to those in IGF/DR- and ad libitum-treated mice. Administration of IGF-I to DR-treated mice also stimulated cell proliferation 6-fold in hyperplastic foci. In conclusion, DR lowered IGF-I levels, thereby favoring apoptosis over cell proliferation and ultimately slowing tumor progression. This is the first mechanistic study demonstrating that IGF-I supplementation abrogates the protective effect of DR on neoplastic progression.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Kari
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: French
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Leininger
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Travlos
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Barrett
mesh_terms: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002273:Carcinogens; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D018450:Disease Progression; D006965:Hyperplasia / Q000139:chemically induced; D015994:Incidence; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic / Q000235:genetics; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D019459:Urothelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D002273:Carcinogens; C013453:cresidine; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I