title: Results of biofeedback in constipated patients: a prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to assess the results of biofeedback treatment in constipated patients and to identify variables that might be used to predict the outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight patients (5 men; median age, 46 (range, 22-72) years) with any degree of paradoxical activation measured with thin hook needle electromyography in the external sphincter or puborectalis muscle were included. The symptom duration varied between 1 and 30 (median, 9) years. The patients had eight outpatient training sessions with electromyography-based audiovisual feedback. All patients were followed up prospectively with a validated bowel function questionnaire from which a symptom index was created.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At three months, nine patients had no improvement and underwent other treatments. The remaining 19 patients were followed up for a median of 14 (range, 12-34) months. Twelve patients (43 percent) stated they had improved rectal emptying. A good result was associated with increased stool frequency (P < 0.05), improved symptom index (P < 0.01), and reduction of laxative use (P < 0.05). A long symptom duration, a high pretreatment symptom index, and laxative use were related to a poor result (P < 0.01-0.05). The improved group had less perineal descent (P < 0.05), and a prominent puborectalis impression on defecography tended to be more common (P = 0.06).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the use of wide inclusion criteria, biofeedback was successful in 43 percent of patients, with a treatment effect lasting at least one year. The results suggest that biofeedback should be used as the initial treatment of constipated patients with a paradoxical puborectalis contraction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Karlbom
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hållden
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Eeg-Olofsson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Påhlman
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Graf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D003248:Constipation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D003672:Defecation; D019841:Defecography; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies