title: Elevated ferritin production, iron containment, and oxidant resistance in hemin-treated leukemia cells.
abstract: Hemin (ferriprotoporphyrin IX), the oxidized prosthetic group of hemoglobin, is a source of potentially cytotoxic iron, but in chronic low doses can induce cytoprotection against iron-stimulated oxidative stress. The latter property of hemin has been examined, using murine L1210 cells and three different oxidant generating systems: (i) glucose/glucose oxidase, (ii) near-ultraviolet irradiation, and (iii) dye-mediated photodynamic action. Cells treated with the lipophilic iron donor ferric-8-hydroxyquinoline, Fe(HQ)2 (1 microM, 30 min) were found to be more sensitive to oxidative killing than nontreated controls. However, cells challenged after long-term (20-24 h) exposure to hemin (10 microM) were substantially more resistant than controls and were sensitized far less by Fe(HQ)2. Immunoblot analyses of 24-h hemin-treated cells indicated that the ferritin heavy (H) subunit was elevated 12- to 15-fold, whereas the light (L) subunit was essentially unchanged. Experiments carried out with 55Fe(HQ)2 showed that iron uptake capacity of cells was greatly enhanced after hemin treatment. More specifically, hemin-stimulated cells were found to contain approximately 9 times more immunoprecipitable ferritin iron after incubation with saturating levels (4-5 microM) of 55Fe(HQ)2 and approximately 3 times more iron per ferritin molecule compared with nonstimulated controls. The nonferritin iron content of the latter was estimated to be approximately 40 times greater than that of the former following low-level (0.5 microM) 55Fe(HQ)2 treatment. These results are consistent with the idea that induced ferritin, enriched in H-chain, sequesters redox active iron rapidly and copiously, thereby enhancing cellular resistance to oxidants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Girotti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001692:Biological Transport; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D005293:Ferritins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006427:Hemin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006912:Hydroxyquinolines / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D007945:Leukemia, Lymphoid / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000528:radiation effects; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D006912:Hydroxyquinolines; C097920:ferric 8-hydroxyquinoline; D006427:Hemin; D005293:Ferritins; D007501:Iron