title: High glutaraldehyde concentrations reduce rather than increase the calcification of aortic wall tissue.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was performed in order to: (i) determine whether a similar reduction of tissue calcification as seen after prolonged storage can be achieved through higher concentrations of glutaraldehyde (GA); and (ii) verify that well-preserved tissue integrity can suppress calcification.
  
  
  METHODS
  Before fixation in 0.2% GA (PBS, 4 degrees C, seven days) porcine aortas were kept on ice for 48 h. Alternatively, tissue was immediately fixed at the abattoir in 0.2%, 1.0% or 3% glutaraldehyde (PBS, 4 degrees C, seven days). A second group of immediately fixed tissue (0.2%, 1.0%, 3.0% GA) (PBS, 4 degrees C, two days) had an interim step of L-lysine treatment (0.1M, 37 degrees C, acetic acid buffer, two days) in order to enhance cross-linking followed by warm-temperature fixation (PBS, 37 degrees C, five days). Two animal models were compared: subcutaneous implantation in rats (12 weeks) and vascular implantation in non-human primates, Chacma baboons (six weeks).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both animal models the highest level of calcification was found in the group with delayed fixation in 0.2% GA. In the rat model there was an inverse correlation between tissue calcification and the GA concentration used, with 3% GA-fixed tissue showing the lowest level of tissue calcium. Overall, increasing GA concentration had a significant benefit on calcification (p < 0.0001; two-factor analysis of variance). Enhancement of cross-linking with L-lysine further abrogated tissue calcium levels at all GA concentrations (p < 0.0001; two- factor analysis of variance). Although the short-term baboon model showed lower tissue calcium levels, the trend seen in the rat model was confirmed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate the detrimental effect of delayed fixation and further suggest that, against previous beliefs, fixation at higher glutaraldehyde concentrations reduces the calcification tendency of cross-linked aortic tissue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zilla
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weissenstein
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bracher
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Koen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Human
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: von Oppell
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles; D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000637:transplantation / Q000648:ultrastructure; D001705:Bioprosthesis; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005404:Fixatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005976:Glutaral / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007083:Iliac Artery; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D010215:Papio; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013552:Swine; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D016042:Transplantation, Heterotopic
chemical_list: D005404:Fixatives; D005976:Glutaral