title: Nicotine abstinence syndrome precipitated by central but not peripheral hexamethonium.
abstract: A rodent model of nicotine dependence has been developed based on continuous subcutaneous (s.c.) infusion of nicotine tartrate. Nicotine abstinence syndrome was precipitated by s.c. injection of the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine, which freely crosses the blood-brain barrier. In contrast, the nicotinic antagonist hexamethonium crosses the blood-brain barrier very poorly. This study determined whether central or peripheral administration of hexamethonium could precipitate nicotine abstinence. In the first experiment, 26 nicotine-dependent rats were injected s.c. with 0.5, 5 or 10 mg/kg hexamethonium dichloride or saline alone and observed for 20 min. Few abstinence signs were observed in any group; there was no significant drug effect. In the second experiment, 18 rats were cannulated in the third ventricle and rendered nicotine dependent. One week later, rats were injected through the cannula with 12 or 18 ng hexamethonium or saline alone and observed for 20 min. Both dose groups differed significantly from the saline-injected group, and there was a significant positive linear trend of signs as a function of dose. The high dose had no significant effect in 14 nondependent rats. We conclude that hexamethonium is much more potent by the central route, and there is a major central nervous system component in nicotine dependence.
authors.affiliation: University of Houston-Clear Lake, TX 77058, USA.
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Malin
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lake
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Schopen
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Sailer
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Lawless
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Upchurch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shenoi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rajan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D018738:Hexamethonium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017933:Peripheral Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists; D018738:Hexamethonium; D009538:Nicotine