title: Three-dimensional computer-reconstructed image for studying cancer extension within the hypopharynx.
abstract: Hypopharyngeal cancer is one of the head and neck cancers with poor prognosis. This is due to the unpredictable extension of the local disease and the high ratio of distant metastasis. To verify the morphological behavior of hypopharyngeal cancer, whole-mount horizontal serial sections were developed using the larynges obtained from total pharyngolaryngoesophagotomy. The technique of processing high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) images of the larynges using Nikon Cosmozone 2SA software is presented. Two representative surgical specimens were used and 3D images reconstructed. In these two particular cases, the cancer infiltrated superiorly through submucosal lymphatic ducts and formed separate daughter nests under the intact mucosal epithelium far above the main tumor. 3D images enhanced the morphological features of these cases. These cases also suggested the difficulty of defining the upper resecting limit in the operation of hypopharyngeal cancer. 3D reconstruction is and will be a crucial modality for studying the morphological behavior of hypopharyngeal cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Makoshi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007012:Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness