title: Prevalence, density, and manifestations of oral Candida albicans in patients with Sjögren's syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Various investigators have reported a high prevalence of oral Candida species in patients with salivary gland dysfunction (SGD). The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of oral Candida albicans, its oral manifestations, and to compare the number of colony-forming units of Candida albicans in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome and secondary Sjögren's syndrome with the whole unstimulated salivary flow rate in each group.
  
  
  METHODS
  An age-sex-matched group of control subjects was selected for comparison. Oropharyngeal collection of samples and culturing was performed on each subject. Quantitative cultures specific for Candida albicans were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency distribution indicated that > 80% of all SS subjects were positive for Candida albicans vs. none of the controls. The most common lesion was angular cheilitis followed by chronic atrophic candidiasis. The subjects with Sjögren's syndrome also demonstrated significantly high numbers of Candida albicans colony-forming units.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates significantly higher Candida albicans colonization in patients with primary or secondary Sjögren's syndrome as compared to a control population. Candida albicans colonization was higher in patients with secondary Sjögren's syndrome than in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome; however, the amount of Candida albicans was not universally relative to salivary flow.
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral Medicine, Minnesota Clinical Dental Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Rhodus
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bloomquist
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liljemark
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bereuter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D012472:Salivation / Q000502:physiology; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology