title: Laparoscopic cryosurgery for hepatic tumors. Experimental observations and a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatic cryosurgery has been shown to be a safe technique that may be well suited to a laparoscopic approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  The technical feasibility and safety of laparoscopic cryosurgery was explored first in a pig model. Thereafter we performed the first successful case of laparoscopic hepatic cryosurgery at our institution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the animal model, we found that it is possible to safely identify, target, and cryoablate specific lesions in the liver. Temperature in the peritoneal cavity remained above 35 degrees C, and pathologic examination of the abdominal wall around the cryoprobe site revealed no damage. We also successfully treated a 62-year-old man with a metastatic colorectal carcinoma deep in the right lobe of the liver with laparoscopic cryosurgery using a transpleural approach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that laparoscopic cryosurgery is feasible for lesions anywhere in the liver. For lesions high on the dome of the liver, a transpleural approach may provide better access.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Hospital, Room G815, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 4A6, Canada.
authors.forename: V R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Tandan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Litwin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Margolis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gallinger
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000556:secondary; D000818:Animals; D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000379:methods; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D013552:Swine