title: A short-term clinical study design to investigate the chemical plaque inhibitory properties of mouthrinses when used as adjuncts to toothpastes: applied to chlorhexidine.
abstract: The removal of plaque by toothbrushing with toothpaste is the most common form of plaque control in the developed world. However, the use of chemical adjuncts such as mouthrinses is increasing. In practice mouthrinses and toothpaste are used together, however, in many clinical trials, employed to assess mouthrinse activity, toothpaste use is suspended. This fails to measure the effect of chemical interactions which are known to occur between toothpaste ingredients and mouthrinses. The objective of this trial was to develop a methodology which would assess the adjunctive chemical plaque inhibitory action of mouthrinses, when used with toothpaste but without the indeterminate variable of toothbrushing. The study was a single blind, randomised, 7-way crossover design, based on a variation of a 4 day plaque regrowth model. The 2 x daily rinsing regimens produced increasing plaque scores in the following order: (1) water/chlorhexidine, (2) chlorhexidine/water, (3) chlorhexidine/toothpaste slurry, (4) toothpaste slurry/chlorhexidine, (5) water/toothpaste slurry, (6) toothpaste slurry/water, (7) water/water. Chlorhexidine and water or chlorhexidine and toothpaste slurry combinations produced significantly lower plaque scores than water alone. Slurry and water combinations resulted in less plaque than water alone, but differences were not significant. Toothpaste slurry and chlorhexidine produced significantly increased plaque scores compared to chlorhexidine and water. The study suggests that, outside the Hawthorne effect, chlorhexidine rinses would be less effective in reducing plaque when used with toothpaste than when used alone. The methodology could be employed as a screening tool for the evaluation of mouthrinses expected to be used as adjuncts to normal oral hygiene methods. The same could be used to optimise oral hygiene regimens which include the use of mouthrinses.
authors.affiliation: Division of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School, Bristol, England.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Addy
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Faulkner
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lockwood
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Adair
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018890:Chemoprevention; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D003802:Dentifrices / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004347:Drug Interactions; D015987:Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010919:Placebos; D012824:Silicic Acid; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D014099:Toothbrushing; D014100:Toothpastes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D003802:Dentifrices; D009067:Mouthwashes; D010919:Placebos; D014100:Toothpastes; C546060:hydrated silica gel-based toothpaste; D014867:Water; D012824:Silicic Acid; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; C010882:chlorhexidine gluconate; D002710:Chlorhexidine