title: Switching yeast from meiosis to mitosis: double-strand break repair, recombination and synaptonemal complex.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  When Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells that have begun meiosis are transferred to mitotic growth conditions ('return-to-growth', RTG), they can complete recombination at high meiotic frequencies, but undergo mitotic cell division and remain diploid. It was not known how meiotic recombination intermediates are repaired following RTG. Using molecular and cytological methods, we investigated whether the usual meiotic apparatus could repair meiotically induced DSBs during RTG, or whether other mechanisms are invoked when the developmental context changes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Upon RTG, the rapid disappearance of meiotic features--double-strand breaks in DNA (DSBs), synaptonemal complex (SC), and SC related structures-was striking. In wild-type diploids, the repair of meiotic DSBs during RTG was quick and efficient, resulting in homologous recombination. Kinetic analysis of double-strand breakage and recombination indicated that meiotic DSB formation precedes the commitment to meiotic levels of recombination. DSBs were repaired in RTG in dmc1, but not rad51 mutants, hence repair did not occur by the usual meiotic mechanism which requires the Dmc1 gene product. In haploids, DSBs were also repaired quickly and efficiently upon RTG, showing that DSB repair did not require the presence of a homologous chromosome. In all strains examined, SC and related structures were not required for DSB repair or recombination following RTG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At least two pathways of DSB repair, which differ from the primary meiotic pathway(s), can occur during RTG: One involving interhomologue recombination, and another involving sister-chromatid exchange. DSB formation precedes commitment to recombination. SC elements appear to prevent sister chromatid exchange in meiosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zenvirth
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Loidl
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arbel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shemesh
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Simchen
mesh_terms: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002455:Cell Division / Q000235:genetics; D004247:DNA; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006238:Haploidy; D008540:Meiosis; D008938:Mitosis; D009154:Mutation; D051135:Rad51 Recombinase; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics*; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D012854:Sister Chromatid Exchange; D013573:Synaptonemal Complex / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; C513033:DMC1 protein, S cerevisiae; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005656:Fungal Proteins; C086930:RAD50 protein, S cerevisiae; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D004247:DNA; C495151:RAD51 protein, S cerevisiae; D051135:Rad51 Recombinase