title: Humoral injury in porcine livers perfused with human whole blood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We investigated the influence of humoral injury during xenoperfusion of porcine livers by human blood.
  
  
  METHODS
  The porcine livers were perfused under physiological conditions for 9 hr. The perfusates consisted of porcine whole blood in group 1, human whole blood in group 2, and human whole blood with soluble complement receptor type 1 (300 microg/ml) in group 3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Liver enzyme release and serum hemoglobin in group 2 increased significantly after 3 hr of xenoperfusion, compared with those in group 1 and group 3 (P<0.05). Severe histological damage with minimal cellular infiltration was observed in group 2 after 6 hr of xenoperfusion, but was present only at trace levels in group 1 and group 3. In group 2, von Willebrand factor, a possible target of natural antibodies, was induced on sinusoidal endothelial cells after 3 hr of xenoperfusion, correlating with diffuse deposition of human IgM and membrane attack complex. In group 3, von Willebrand factor, human IgM, and membrane attack complex staining in the intralobular region were present at trace levels. In group 3, the indocyanine green removal capacity, representing hepatocyte function, was significantly higher than in group 2 (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on these results, we suggest that humoral injury is a major cause of liver damage during liver xenoperfusion. The pattern of humoral injury in xenoperfused livers may be attributed to anatomical features of the liver and unique responses of sinusoidal endothelial cells to xenoperfusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Satoh
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Terajima
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yagi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kanazawa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shinohara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gomi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uesugi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoneyama
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ikai
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamaoka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D001646:Bile / Q000378:metabolism; D015938:Complement Membrane Attack Complex / Q000032:analysis; D005112:Extracorporeal Circulation; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000737:chemistry; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000473:pathology; D011951:Receptors, Complement / Q000032:analysis; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000097:blood*; D013552:Swine / Q000235:genetics; D009927:Tissue and Organ Procurement; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D015938:Complement Membrane Attack Complex; D011951:Receptors, Complement