title: [Beta thalassemia in Germany: molecular genetics and clinical phenotype in immigrant and in the native population].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Germany there are about 300-400 patients with homozygous beta-thalassaemia who immigrated from endemic regions mostly in the Mediterranean. In the non-immigrant population beta-thalassaemia is rare with only single case reports of homozygous patients. Heterozygous beta-thalassaemia, however, is more common and must be considered in the differential diagnosis of hypochromic anemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here, clinical and molecular data of 221 homozygous patients from immigrant families and 256 non-immigrant German heterozygous individuals are presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinically, 87% (n = 192) of the homozygotes are regularly transfused and classified as thalassaemia major (TM). The other 13% (n = 29) are not (regularly) transfused and thus classified as thalassaemia intermedia (TI). There is a wide spectrum of 39 beta-globin gene mutations and even the most common three, IVSI-110G-A, NS 39, and IVSI-6 T-C occur with relatively low frequencies of 28%, 22%, and 9%, respectively. In 17/29 (58%) TI patients "mild" mutations are found that inactivate the affected gene incompletely. In 16/29 (55%) there are mutations that are associated with increased gamma-globin gene activity. alpha-Thalassaemia is rare and only found in 3/29 TI-patients. In the 256 Germans with heterozygous beta-thalassaemia there are 27 different beta-globin gene mutations. The 3 most common are Mediterranean mutations together accounting for 61%. Also-relatively common (5%; n = 13) is an otherwise rare frameshift mutation of codon 83 (FS83 delta G). The other mutations occur in < 10 individuals only. Two mutations described here are novel. One of them affects position-2 of the intron 1 splice acceptor site (IVSI-129 A-G) and the other is a deletion of a single G in codon 15/16 (FS 15/16 delta G).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, a plausible molecular pathogenesis for the observed phenotype (TM vs. TI) can be identified in most homozygous patients thus allowing for rational counselling of the affected families. In heterozygous Germans beta-thalassaemia has probably been imported from the Mediterranean in about 2/3 of the cases whereas in the remaining 1/3 it has probably originated locally.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung Allgemeine Pädiatrie, Charité-Virchow-Klinikum, Humboldt-Universität Berlin.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vetter
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kohne
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kulozik
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006580:Genetic Carrier Screening; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005858:Germany; D005914:Globins / Q000235:genetics; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008967:Molecular Biology; D010641:Phenotype; D017086:beta-Thalassemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D005914:Globins