title: A newly identified pattern of K-ras mutations at codons 12 and 13 is associated with long-term survival in colorectal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although K-ras mutations reportedly occur in 40% to 60% of all colorectal carcinomas, the relationship between specific mutations and clinical outcome is unclear. The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency and types of K-ras mutations in 89 colorectal cancer patients, comparing groups with short-term (less than 5 years) and long-term (more than 10 years) survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  The group was divided into four cohorts by survival and modified Dukes classification (Dukes B2 and C2). DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded archival material. Mutational status was analyzed using a modification of allele-specific-polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mutations in codon 12 were found in 11.2% of tumors, and 83% of tumors had mutations in codon 13. Gly > Asp accounted for 85.2% of the mutations. Tumors with mutations in both codon 12 and codon 13 occurred significantly more frequently in the long-term (21.3%) versus the short-term (2.4%) survival group. Gly > Asp mutations in either codon were related to long-term survival, and 80% of long-term survivors with mutations in both codons had Gly > Asp mutations in both.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simultaneous mutation in codons 12 and 13 of the K-ras gene appears to be a positive prognostic indicator in colorectal cancer.
authors.affiliation: Ferguson-Blodgett Digestive Disease Institute, Grand Rapids, Mich. 49503, USA.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Senagore
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Biener
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001483:Base Sequence; D003062:Codon; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D011905:Genes, ras; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D017354:Point Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012811:Sigmoid Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D003062:Codon