title: Conserved anterior boundaries of Hox gene expression in the central nervous system of the leech Helobdella.
abstract: Molecular developmental studies of fly and mouse embryos have shown that the identity of individual body segments is controlled by a suite of homeobox-containing genes called the Hox cluster. To examine the conservation of this patterning mechanism in other segmented phyla, we here describe four Hox gene homologs isolated from glossiphoniid leeches of the genus Helobdella. Based on sequence similarity and phylogenetic analysis, the leech genes Lox7, Lox6, Lox20, and Lox5 are deemed to be orthologs of the Drosophila genes lab, Dfd, Scr, and Antp, respectively. Sequence similarities between Lox5 and Antp outside the homeodomain and phylogenetic reconstructions suggest that the Antennapedia family of Hox genes (as defined by Bürglin, 1994) had already expanded to include at least two discrete Antp and Ubx/abdA precursors prior to the annelid/arthropod divergence. In situ hybridization reveals that the four Lox genes described in this study are all expressed at high levels within the segmented portion of the central nervous system (CNS), with variable levels of expression in the segmental mesoderm. Little or no expression was seen in peripheral ectoderm or endoderm, or in the unsegmented head region (prostomium). Each Lox gene has a distinct anterior expression boundary within one of the four rostral segments, and the anterior-posterior (AP) order of these expression boundaries is identical to that reported for the orthologous Hox gene products in fly and mouse. This finding supports the idea that the process of AP axis differentiation is conserved among the higher metazoan phyla with respect to the regional expression of individual Hox genes along that axis. One unusual feature of leech Hox genes is the observation that some genes are only expressed during later development -- beginning at the time of terminal cell differentiation -- whereas others begin expression at a much earlier stage, and their RNA ceases to be detectable shortly after the onset of expression of the 'late' Hox genes. The functional significance of this temporal disparity is unknown, but it is noteworthy that only the two 'early' Hox genes display high levels of mesodermal expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kourakis
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Master
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Lokhorst
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nardelli-Haefliger
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wedeen
authors.forename: M Q
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Martindale
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shankland
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000845:Annelida / Q000235:genetics; D051943:Antennapedia Homeodomain Protein; D001181:Arthropods / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D019521:Body Patterning; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D004330:Drosophila / Q000235:genetics; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D015870:Gene Expression; D005801:Genes, Homeobox; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D007865:Leeches / Q000235:genetics*; D008084:Lipoxygenase / Q000235:genetics; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009420:Nervous System / Q000196:embryology*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010802:Phylogeny; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D051943:Antennapedia Homeodomain Protein; C497974:Antp protein, Drosophila; C066676:Dfd protein, Drosophila; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D019476:Insect Proteins; C108884:Lox20 protein, Helobdella triserialis; C108885:Lox6 protein, Helobdella; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C059843:lab protein, Drosophila; C096141:scrt protein, Drosophila; C098244:LOX7 protein, soybean; D008084:Lipoxygenase