title: Measurement of cyclic variation in ultrasonic integrated backscatter in conscious, unsedated, clinically normal dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the feasibility and repeatability of measuring ultrasonic integrated backscatter in unsedated conscious dogs, using a protocol previously validated in pigs with open thorax.
  
  
  METHODS
  11 clinically normal conscious unsedated German Shorthair Pointers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A modified commercially available echocardiography system was used to record long-axis views of the heart. The radiofrequency data from 15 consecutive frames were digitized and analyzed. Regions of interest were chosen within the myocardium, and the ultrasonic integrated backscatter within each region was calculated in the time domain for each frame.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cyclic variation in integrated backscatter values was observed, with maximal values at end-diastole and minimal values at end-systole. Mean +/-SD amplitude of cyclic variation was 5.81 +/- 3.86 dB over all the regions chosen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results agreed with those obtained by other investigators working with dogs with open thorax and those with closed thorax while under general anesthesia. The analysis of the components of variance indicates that this is a consistent, reliable technique in conscious unsedated dogs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Integrated ultrasonic backscatter measurement provides a noninvasive means of tissue characterization. Use of this protocol reliably yields cyclic variation in integrated backscatter and could be applied clinically to dogs with myocardial disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Fuentes
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schober
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: McEwan
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.forename: W N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: McDicken
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000662:veterinary; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002138:Calibration; D003243:Consciousness / Q000502:physiology*; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D019616:Thoracic Surgical Procedures / Q000662:veterinary