Infection with hepatitis B and C viruses, social class and cancer.
The hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV) are major etiological factors in the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide, but most especially in developing countries where the majority of liver cancer cases can be found. In parallel with the geographic distribution of HCC, high levels of HBV endemicity are concentrated in the developing world. The association between chronic infection with HBV and low social class is quite strong; socioeconomic factors such as low educational attainment, lower social stratum, and crowded urban residence have been reported to predict higher HBV chronic carrier prevalence in both developed and developing countries. More importantly, the effect of poverty on HBV endemicity is clearly evident among younger age groups, and earlier chronic HBV infection seems to increase the risk of development of HCC. As assays for detecting HCV antibodies have only recently become available, the data on the relationship between HCV infection and socioeconomic status are much fewer. However, the limited number of studies that have investigated the seroepidemiology of HCV report an association between higher prevalence of antibodies to HCV and indicators of low social class. It would appear that the striking correlation between HCC and low socioeconomic status is largely related to the impact of poverty on the spread of HBV and probably HCV.
Stuver
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Center for Cancer Prevention, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Boschi-Pinto
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Trichopoulos
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D000367:Age Factors; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003441:Crowding; D019049:Developed Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004522:Educational Status; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D005544:Forecasting; D014943:Global Health; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies