title: Preliminary assessment of potential health hazards associated with barium leached from glazed ceramicware.
abstract: Ceramic glazes contain several elements which have the potential to leach into food or beverages that are held or stored in ceramicware. Recently, barium salts have been investigated as one of the alternatives to lead in frit formulations for glazes. This preliminary evaluation addresses the potential health hazards associated with barium at levels that might leach from glazed ceramicware. A set of specialty ceramicware, consisting of five teacups and a pitcher, was examined for extractable barium. Exposure to barium that adults (18-44 years) might encounter using the vessels for coffee, tea, or orange juice was estimated. The exposure estimate was derived from values for intakes of the beverages and for the barium migration from glazed ceramicware test samples. An established reference dose (RfD) for barium exposure for the critical effect of hypertension was identified. The potential hazard associated with the leaching of barium from glazed ceramicware varied with the level of use. Consuming beverages in amounts up to the 95th percentile would not result in total barium intake in amounts that exceed the RfD; consuming large quantities (> 95th percentile) of beverages such as tea or coffee from glazed vessels might. This suggests that for a small portion of the population of users, intake of barium may be in quantities that warrant further consideration as a potential health hazard. Analyses of a broad sample of ceramicware and study of barium leaching behaviour under actual use conditions are needed to assess further the significance of these findings.
authors.affiliation: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC 20204, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Assimon
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Bolger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001464:Barium / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D001628:Beverages; D003297:Cooking and Eating Utensils; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000139:chemically induced; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D001464:Barium