title: Nummular nipple hypertrophy and repair as part of an aesthetic nipple-areola unit.
abstract: The author suggests that an aesthetically pleasing ratio between nipple and areola diameter exists which should always be taken in consideration during nipple and areola reconstruction. In a study of 40 nipple-areola complexes of 20 healthy, nulliparous, Caucasian female volunteers with a mean age of 25.5 years, the average nipple diameter measured 28% of the areola diameter, that is, a ratio of 1:3.6. A hitherto undescribed form of macrothelia is presented in which the nipple width rather than the projection (length) is increased. A successful technique for reconstruction is described, based on the new method of assessing the aesthetic relations within the nipple-areola complex and known anatomy.
authors.affiliation: Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van Wingerden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000379:methods; D009558:Nipples / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery*