title: Stress management and exercise training in cardiac patients with myocardial ischemia. Effects on prognosis and evaluation of mechanisms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have demonstrated that myocardial ischemia can be elicited by mental stress in the laboratory and during daily life and that ischemia induced by mental stress is associated with an increased risk for future cardiac events in patients with coronary artery disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the extent to which ischemia induced by mental stress can be modified by exercise stress management, and to evaluate the impact of these interventions on clinical outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred seven patients with coronary artery disease and ischemia documented during mental stress testing or ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring were randomly assigned to a 4-month program of exercise or stress management training. Patients living at a distance from the facility formed a nonrandom, usual care comparison group. Myocardial ischemia was reassessed following treatment, and patients were contacted annually for as long as 5 years to document cardiac events, including death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and cardiac revascularization procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two patients (21%) experienced at least 1 cardiac event during a mean (+/- SD) follow-up period of 38 +/- 17 months. Stress management was associated with a relative risk of 0.26 compared with controls. The relative risk for the exercise group also was lower than that of controls, but the effect did not reach statistical significance. Stress management also was associated with reduced ischemia induced by mental stress and ambulatory ischemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that behavioral interventions offer additional benefit over and above usual medical care in cardiac patients with evidence of myocardial ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Blumenthal
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Babyak
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Krantz
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Frid
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Waugh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Appelbaum
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Morris
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids