title: Combined spinal-epidural technique.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For the past 16 years the combined spinal-epidural (CSE) technique has been extensively researched and developed to the point where it is now in widespread use. Along with the use of low-dose mixtures of local anesthetics and opioids, and the introduction of fine-gauge pencil-point needles, CSE is being increasingly recognized as another important addition to the armamentarium of the anesthesiologist.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and forty-two publications focusing on the CSE technique, or on questions concerning CSE-related issues, were reviewed. Out of 33 double-blind or controlled studies, 23 directly investigated the CSE technique. Fifty-four prospective studies and letters made directly relevant points on advantages or problems with CSE. Twenty-one book chapters, reviews and editorials were included, 11 of them concerning the use of CSE technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All CSE techniques which may be used for surgical anesthesia, for analgesia in labor or for postoperative pain management are described. Indications, advantages, disadvantages, and the various methods for performing CSE procedures, including sequential CSE block, are described and reviewed, along with the equipment currently available for their administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CSE technique offers many potential advantages over continuous epidural or subarachnoid methods alone, including a reduction in drug dosage, the ability to eliminate motor blockade and to achieve highly selective sensory blockade and optimize analgesia. These features hold great promise for minimizing the hazards and side effects of traditional epidural and subarachnoid techniques. Controversial fears, risks, and pitfalls of the CSE technique and of continuous epidural and subarachnoid methods are debated and discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Orebro Medical Center Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rawal
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van Zundert
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Holmström
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Crowhurst
mesh_terms: D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans