title: Albinism: an update and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Albinism can be a diagnostic challenge to the optometrist, with ocular albinism the entity most likely to be overlooked or misdiagnosed. Albinism should be suspect in a child with nystagmus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Albinism is best diagnosed by electron microscopy of skin or hair bulbs. Measuring the flash visually evoked response (VER) is the best way to confirm the abnormal decussation of the optic nerve fibers. Transillumination of the iris can be performed to see if it lacks pigment on its posterior surface. Optometrists should also be alert for nystagmus, strabismus, lack of stereopsis, and poor fusional capacity. Most people with albinism have photophobia and reduced acuity, and many have defective hearing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This review describes the various kinds of albinism and summarizes associated ocular manifestations with pertinent forms of the disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Optometrists are responsible for detection of albinism and provision of optical aids and related advice to afflicted patients. These patients also need appropriate counselling and genetic studies of family members.
authors.affiliation: University of Waterloo, School of Optometry, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Lyle
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Sangster
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D016115:Albinism, Oculocutaneous / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy; D001766:Blindness / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009907:Optometry / Q000379:methods; D010375:Pedigree