title: Effect of freezing rate on the stability of liposomes during freeze-drying and rehydration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the present study we examined the effect of the freezing protocol on carboxyfluorescein (CF) retention in liposomes after freeze-drying and rehydration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Liposomes were frozen slowly at 0.5 degree C/min, or quickly by submerging the samples in boiling nitrogen before freeze-drying. The thermal behaviour of the frozen dispersions was analysed by Modulated Temperature Differential Scanning Calorimetry (MTDSC). The dried cakes were analysed by SEM, MTDSC and FTIR. The % encapsulated CF of the (re)hydrated liposomes was determined by fluorimetry after GPC, their vesicle size was measured by the Dynamic Light scattering Technique and their bilayer transition was studied by DSC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Slow freezing resulted in a markedly higher CF retention after freeze-drying and rehydration as compared to quick freezing. The effect of the freezing rate depended on the lipid composition and was most pronounced for rigid liposomes. The damage caused by quick freezing did not occur after a freezing/thawing cycle. The freezing protocol did not influence the interaction between the phospholipids and the lyoprotectants (sucrose, trehalose or glucose) in the freeze-dried state. However, analysis by DSC of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC): dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) = 10:1 and DPPC liposome dispersions showed that the freezing protocol affected the bilayer melting characteristics of these liposomes after freeze-drying and rehydration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A proper design of the freezing protocol is essential to achieve optimal stability of rigid liposomes during a freeze-drying and rehydration cycle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Drug Exploration, Utrecht University, The Netherlands. octoplus@pi.net
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: van Winden
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Crommelin
mesh_terms: D005440:Fluid Therapy; D005612:Freeze Drying; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D008081:Liposomes