title: Interactions between nicardipine and enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During nicardipine induced hypotension, different inhalational anaesthetics may have different effects on haemodynamic variables, sympathetic function and drug metabolism. Therefore, the haemodynamic effects and pharmacokinetics of nicardipine were studied in the presence of the three inhalation anaesthetics enflurane, isoflurane and sevoflurane.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients scheduled for neurosurgery were randomly assigned to one of three anaesthetic techniques: enflurane, isoflurane or sevoflurane. Nicardipine (0.017 mg.kg-1) was administered during stable anaesthesia and the following measurements made for 30 min: blood pressure, heart rate, and plasma concentration of norepinephrine, epinephrine and nicardipine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With sevoflurane, plasma concentrations of nicardipine, five minutes after administration, (39.8 +/- 3.5 ng.ml-1, mean +/- SEM) were higher (P < 0.05) than in the other two groups (28.3 +/- 2.9 ng.ml-1, 32.6 +/- 4.3 ng.ml-1, enflurane and isoflurane, respectively). With isoflurane, the approximated half-life of nicardipine (14 +/- 4 min) was shorter and clearance (2.1 +/- 0.3 l.min-1) more rapid. Peak heart rates were similar in all groups but elevated rates continued longer with isoflurane (> 30 min). Nicardipine-induced reduction in blood pressure was greater with sevoflurane but low pressures persisted for longer with isoflurane. Plasma catecholamine concentrations increased with isoflurane and enflurane, but not with sevoflurane: considerably higher epinephrine concentrations were seen with isoflurane.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that the action of nicardipine is modified by different inhalational anaesthetic agents. Nicardipine has a prolonged duration of action in the presence of isoflurane and produces greater initial hypotension with sevoflurane.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego 92093-0818, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishiyama
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsukawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hanaoka
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Conway
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004737:Enflurane / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004987:Ethers / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D009529:Nicardipine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000077149:Sevoflurane
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D004987:Ethers; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D004737:Enflurane; D007530:Isoflurane; D009529:Nicardipine