title: Lipid-dependent modulation of Ca2+ availability in isolated mossy fiber nerve endings.
abstract: An enhancement of glutamate release from hippocampal neurons has been implicated in long-term potentiation, which is thought to be a cellular correlate of learning and memory. This phenomenom appears to be involved the activation of protein kinase C and lipid second messengers have been implicated in this process. The purpose of this study was to examine how lipid-derived second messengers, which are known to potentiate glutamate release, influence the accumulation of intraterminal free Ca2+, since exocytosis requires Ca2+ and a potentiation of Ca2+ accumulation may provide a molecular mechanism for enhancing glutamate release. The activation of protein kinase C with phorbol esters potentiates the depolarization-evoked release of glutamate from mossy fiber and other hippocampal nerve terminals. Here we show that the activation of protein kinase C also enhances evoked presynaptic Ca2+ accumulation and this effect is attenuated by the protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine. In addition, the protein kinase C-dependent increase in evoked Ca2+ accumulation was reduced by inhibitors of phospholipase A2 and voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels, as well as by a lipoxygenase product of arachidonic acid metabolism. That some of the effects of protein kinase C activation were mediated through phospholipase A2 was also indicated by the ability of staurosporine to reduce the Ca2+ accumulation induced by arachidonic acid or the phospholipase A2 activator melittin. Similarly, the synergistic facilitation of evoked Ca2+ accumulation induced by a combination of arachidonic acid and diacylglycerol analogs was attenuated by staurosporine. We suggest, therefore, that the protein kinase C-dependent potentiation of evoked glutamate release is reflected by increases in presynaptic Ca2+ and that the lipid second messengers play a central role in this enhancement of chemical transmission processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Ohio 44242, USA.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ruehr
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Dorman
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000001:Calcimycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D004075:Diglycerides / Q000494:pharmacology; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019599:Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015240:Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate / Q000494:pharmacology; D010741:Phospholipases A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D054467:Phospholipases A2; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015290:Second Messenger Systems; D019311:Staurosporine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004075:Diglycerides; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008055:Lipids; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D015240:Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate; D000001:Calcimycin; D018698:Glutamic Acid; C038237:1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D010741:Phospholipases A; D054467:Phospholipases A2; D019311:Staurosporine; D000109:Acetylcholine; D002118:Calcium; D009638:Norepinephrine