title: Patterns of psoriatic arthritis in Orientals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the clinical features of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in a multiethnic Oriental population and to study the effect of ethnicity on disease patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of 80 patients with PsA seen at either a rheumatology or dermatology referral center. Patients and case records were reviewed and data abstracted according to a standard protocol. Eighty consecutive patients with psoriasis without PsA seen at the dermatology center were recruited as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Asymmetric polyarthritis developing in the 4th decade with an equal male to female ratio was the commonest pattern of arthritis among Chinese, Indians, and Malays. Clinically apparent lumbar spondylitis was significantly more common in Indians than Chinese (10/11 vs 11/20, respectively; p = 0.046), although the prevalence of lumbar spondylitis was similar in all ethnic groups. Eighty-nine percent of subjects required nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and 51% required disease modifying antirheumatic drugs at some time for control of joint disease. PsA was significantly more common among Indians compared to the ethnic distribution of the Singapore population (p < 0.000001). Multiple logistic regression identified Indian ethnicity as a risk factor for the development of PsA (OR 2.39, 95% confidence interval 1.02 to 5.60).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The commonest pattern of PsA in all ethnic groups was asymmetric polyarthritis. Ethnicity affected the development and presentation of PsA in our series: Indians with psoriasis had double the risk of developing PsA compared to Chinese with psoriasis, and lumbar spondylitis when present in Chinese subjects was asymptomatic in 45%, being detectable only on radiological examination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thumboo
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Tham
authors.forename: Y K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Tay
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chee
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mow
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Chia
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Boey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015535:Arthritis, Psoriatic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology*; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000208:ethnology; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology; D008296:Malaysia / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D011565:Psoriasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D013166:Spondylitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology