title: Refolding simulations of an isolated fragment of barnase into a native-like beta hairpin: evidence for compactness and hydrogen bonding as concurrent stabilizing factors.
abstract: Experimental evidence and theoretical models both suggest that protein folding is initiated within specific fragments intermittently adopting conformations close to that found in the protein native structure. These folding initiation sites encompassing short portions of the protein are ideally suited for study in isolation by computational methods aimed at peering into the very early events of folding. We have used Molecular Dynamics (MD) technique to investigate the behavior of an isolated protein fragment formed by residues 85 to 102 of barnase that folds into a beta hairpin in the protein native structure. Three independent MD simulations of 1.3 to 1.8 ns starting from unfolded conformations of the peptide portrayed with an all-atom model in water were carried out at gradually decreasing temperature. A detailed analysis of the conformational preferences adopted by this peptide in the course of the simulations is presented. Two of the unfolded peptides conformations fold into a hairpin characterized by native and a larger bulk of nonnative interactions. Both refolding simulations substantiate the close relationship between interstrand compactness and hydrogen bonding network involving backbone atoms. Persistent compactness witnessed by side-chain interactions always occurs concomitantly with the formation of backbone hydrogen bonds. No highly populated conformations generated in a third simulation starting from the remotest unfolded conformer relative to the native structure are observed. However, nonnative long-range and medium-range contacts with the aromatic moiety of Trp94 are spotted, which are in fair agreement with a former nuclear magnetic resonance study of a denaturing solution of an isolated barnase fragment encompassing the beta hairpin. All this lends reason to believe that the 85-102 barnase fragment is a strong initiation site for folding.
authors.affiliation: Unité de Conformation de Macromolécules Biologiques, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium. martine@ucmb.ulb.ac.be
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prévost
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ortmans
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D017510:Protein Folding; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D012260:Ribonucleases / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D012260:Ribonucleases; C019760:Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ribonuclease