title: Cardiovascular changes during deep breath-hold dives in a pressure chamber.
abstract: Electrocardiogram, cardiac output, and blood lactate accumulation were recorded in three elite breath-hold divers diving to 40-55 m in a pressure chamber in thermoneutral (35 degrees C) or cool (25 degrees C) water. In two of the divers, invasive recordings of arterial blood pressure were also obtained during dives to 50 m in cool water. Bradycardia during the dives was more pronounced and developed more rapidly in the cool water, with heart rates dropping to 20-30 beats/min. Arrhythmias occurred, particularly during the dives in cool water, when they were often more frequent than sinus beats. Because of bradycardia, cardiac output decreased during the dives, especially in cool water (to <3 l/min in 2 of the divers). Arterial blood pressure increased dramatically, reaching values as high as 280/200 and 290/150 mmHg in the two divers, respectively. This hypertension was secondary to peripheral vasoconstriction, which also led to anaerobic metabolism, reflected in increased blood lactate concentration. The diving response of these divers resembles the one described for diving animals, although the presence of arrhythmias and large increases in blood pressure indicate a less perfect adaptation in humans.
authors.affiliation: Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA. mferrigno@bics.bwh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrigno
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ferretti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Warkander
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cerretelli
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Lundgren
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001273:Atmosphere Exposure Chambers; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology; D004242:Diving / Q000502:physiology*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid