title: Influence of the pH of cardioplegic solutions on cellular energy metabolism and hydrogen ion flux during neonatal hypothermic circulatory arrest and reperfusion: a dynamic 31P nuclear magnetic resonance study in a pig model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The pH of cardioplegic solutions is postulated to affect myocardial protection during neonatal hypothermic circulatory arrest. Neither optimization of cardioplegic pH nor its influence on intracellular pH during hypothermic circulatory arrest has been previously studied in vivo. Thus we examined the effects of the pH of cardioplegic solutions on postischemic cardiac function in vivo, including two possible operative mechanisms: (1) reduction in adenosine triphosphate use and depletion of high-energy phosphate stores or (2) reduction of H+ flux during reperfusion, or both.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dynamic 31P spectroscopy was used to measure rates of adenosine triphosphate use, high-energy phosphate depletion, cytosolic acidification during hypothermic circulatory arrest, and phosphocreatine repletion and realkalinization during reperfusion. Neonatal pigs in three groups (n = 8 each)--group A, acidic cardioplegia (pH = 6.8); group B, basic cardioplegia (pH = 7.8); and group N, no cardioplegia--underwent hypothermia at 20 degrees C with 60 minutes of hypothermic cardioplegia followed by reperfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recoveries of peak elastance, stroke work, and diastolic stiffness were superior in group B. Indices of ischemic adenosine triphosphate use, initial phosphocreatine depletion rate, and tau, the exponential decay half-time, were not different among groups. Peak [H+] in group A (end-ischemia) was significantly elevated over that of group B. The realkalinization rate was reduced in group B compared with that in groups A (p = 0.015) and N (p = 0.035), with no difference between groups A and N (p = 0.3). Cytosolic realkalinization rate was markedly reduced and the half-time of [H+] decay was increased during reperfusion in group B.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Superior postischemic cardiac function in group B is not related to alterations in ischemic adenosine triphosphate use or high-energy store depletion, but may be due to slowing in H+ efflux during reperfusion, which should reduce Ca++ and Na+ influx.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine and Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Seattle 98195-6320, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Portman
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Panos
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Alfieris
authors.forename: X H
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Ning
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Lupinetti
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D010725:Phosphocreatine / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D007473:Ion Channels; D010725:Phosphocreatine; D006859:Hydrogen; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate