title: Long-term survival after retransplantation of the liver.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors determined the long-term outcome of patients undergoing hepatic retransplantation at their institution. Donor, operative, and recipient factors impacting on outcome as well as parameters of patient resource utilization were examined.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Hepatic retransplantation provides the only available option for liver transplant recipients in whom an existing graft has failed. However, such patients are known to exhibit patient and graft survival after retransplantation that is inferior to that expected using the same organs in naiive recipients. The critical shortage of donor organs and resultant prolonged patient waiting periods before transplantation prompted the authors to evaluate the results of a liberal policy of retransplantation and to examine the factors contributing to the inferior outcome observed in retransplanted patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2053 liver transplants were performed at the UCLA Medical Center during a 13-year period from February 1, 1984, to October 1, 1996. A total of 356 retransplants were performed in 299 patients (retransplant rate = 17%). Multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify variables associated with survival. Additionally, a case-control comparison was performed between the last 150 retransplanted patients and 150 primarily transplanted patients who were matched for age and United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS) status. Differences between these groups in donor, operative, and recipient variables were studied for their correlation with patient survival. Days of hospital and intensive care unit stay, and hospital charges incurred during the transplant admissions were compared for retransplanted patients and control patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Survival of retransplanted patients at 1, 5, and 10 years was 62%, 47%, and 45%, respectively. This survival is significantly less than that seen in patients undergoing primary hepatic transplantation at the authors' center during the same period (83%, 74%, and 68%). A number of variables proved to have a significant impact on outcome including recipient age group, interval to retransplantation, total number of grafts, and recipient UNOS status. Recipient primary diagnosis, cause for retransplantation, and whether the patient was retransplanted before or after June 1, 1992, did not reach statistical significance as factors influencing survival. In the case-control comparison, the authors found that of the more than 25 variables studied, only preoperative ventilator status showed both a significant difference between control patients and retransplanted patients and also was a factor predictive of survival in retransplanted patients. Retransplant patients had significantly longer hospital and intensive care unit stays and accumulated total hospitalization charges more than 170% of those by control patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hepatic retransplantation, although life-saving in almost 50% of patients with a failing liver allograft, is costly and uses scarce donor organs inefficiently. The data presented define patient characteristics and preoperative variables that impact patient outcome and should assist in the rational application of retransplantation.
authors.affiliation: Dumont-UCLA Liver Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-7054, USA.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Markmann
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Markowitz
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yersiz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morrisey
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Farmer
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Farmer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goss
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ghobrial
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: McDiarmid
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stribling
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: L I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Seu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shackleton
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Busuttil
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002423:Cause of Death; D006801:Humans; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D010359:Patient Readmission; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012086:Reoperation; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014019:Tissue Donors; D016896:Treatment Outcome