title: Cell death suggestive of apoptosis after spinal cord ischemia in rabbits.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  After spinal cord ischemia, some neurons remain viable after an ischemic insult but may be at risk of dying during reperfusion. We searched for morphological and biochemical features of apoptosis, which is a mechanism of delayed neuronal death, in a rabbit model of spinal cord ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The infrarenal aorta of White New Zealand rabbits (n = 24) was occluded for 40 minutes using a loop tourniquet. Rabbits were killed after 12, 24, or 48 hours (n = 8 per group). The loop was placed but never tightened in sham-operated rabbits (n = 6). The lumbar segment of the spinal cord (L5 to L7) was used for morphological studies, including hematoxylin and eosin staining and a modified terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) staining method. Electron microscopy was used to examine ultrastructural morphology. In addition, lumbar tissue was used for biochemical investigation of DNA laddering by agarose gel electrophoresis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After ischemia, the affected areas contained neurons with positive TUNEL staining. Positive neurons were located in laminae III to IX, although most were concentrated in the intermediate and ventral areas. Adjacent sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin exhibited ischemic cell changes (red and ghost neurons), while apoptotic bodies were also apparent. In addition, electron microscopy of ischemic tissue samples exhibited ultrastructural characteristics of apoptosis, including nuclear condensation and relatively normal organelle morphology. Finally, isolated DNA revealed a ladder on agarose gel electrophoresis, indicating DNA fragmentation into approximately 180 multiples of base pairs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spinal cord ischemia in rabbits induces morphological and biochemical changes suggestive of apoptosis. These data raise the possibility that apoptosis contributes to neuronal cell death after spinal cord ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo., USA.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Mackey
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: DeMaro
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Jacquin
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Kanellopoulos
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: N T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Kouchoukos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D005821:Genetic Techniques; D007511:Ischemia / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D011817:Rabbits; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology