title: Epidemiology and clinical management of meningococcal disease in west Gloucestershire: retrospective, population based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study changes in the epidemiology and management of meningococcal disease in one health district during a period of high local incidence of disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective case ascertainment and data collection over 14 years, with retrospective analysis of cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  West Gloucestershire (population 320,000).
  
  
  METHODS
  Residents developing meningococcal disease between 1 January 1982 and 31 December 1995.
  
  
  RESULTS
  252 cases of invasive meningococcal disease were identified, of which 102 (40%) were officially notified and 191 (76%) were confirmed by culture from a deep site. The observed disease incidence of 5.6/100,000/year was about 2.7 times the national incidence (as measured by either statutory notifications or reference laboratory reports). The period 1983-90 was characterised by a prolonged localised outbreak due to serogroup B serotype 15 sulphonamide resistant (B15R) strains. General practitioners gave benzylpenicillin before hospital admission to 18% of patients who presented with meningococcal disease in the first half of the study period and to 40% who presented in the second half. The overall case fatality rate was 6.7% (17/252). Four deaths were directly or indirectly related to lumbar puncture. Of 120 patients whose lumbar puncture yielded meningococci, nine (8%) showed no abnormality on initial examination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neither laboratory records nor formal notifications alone can give an accurate estimate of the incidence of meningococcal disease. Because of the dangers of lumbar puncture, the frequency of misleading negative initial findings, and the advent of new diagnostic techniques, the need for samples of cerebrospinal fluid should be critically questioned in each case of suspected meningococcal disease.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Department, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Wylie
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stuart
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cartwright
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008589:Meningococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010400:Penicillin G / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010406:Penicillins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D010406:Penicillins; D010400:Penicillin G