Opportunities for psychiatry from genetic findings.
BACKGROUND
The opportunities for psychiatry deriving from available or likely genetic advances are reviewed.


METHODS
Clinical implications are considered in the context of both the misconceptions and benefits associated with relevant genetic findings.


RESULTS
Misconceptions include that: heritability estimates have a 'true' fixed value; a high heritability means that environmental interventions will be ineffective; a high heritability within groups means that differences between groups will also be due to genes; genetic effects are determinative; 'genetic' means single abnormal genes; genes associated with disease must be bad and justify eugenic measures; gene therapy will be widely applicable; and genetic screening of the general population will be useful. The benefits include demonstrations that: both genes and environment have an ubiquitous influence; some prevailing diagnostic assumptions are mistaken; genes influence development; the effects of nature and nurture are not separate; and environmental effects tend to be person-specific. The potential value of molecular genetics lies in elucidation of causal processes as they apply to both brain systems and nature-nurture interplay; improving diagnosis and genetic counselling; and the development of improved pharmacological interventions.


CONCLUSIONS
Advances in genetics will make a major impact on clinical psychiatry, and should bring practical benefits for both prevention and treatment.
Rutter
M
M
MRC Child Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, London.
Plomin
R
R
D015984:Causality; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005544:Forecasting; D005817:Genetic Counseling; D005820:Genetic Testing; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D005823:Genetics / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy; D008967:Molecular Biology; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000639:trends*