title: Temperature dependency of the release and bioavailability of nicotine from a nicotine vapour inhaler; in vitro/in vivo correlation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the temperature dependency of the dose released and the plasma levels of nicotine from a vapour inhaler.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an open, randomised, three-way cross-over pharmacokinetic study 18 healthy subjects inhaled nicotine for 20 min (80 inhalations) every hour for 10 h (11 administrations) at three different environmental temperatures: 20 degrees, 30 degrees and 40 degrees C. In the in vitro experiment, 5, 10, 15 and 20 l air were forced through the inhaler. With a 15 l air volume, the average amount of nicotine released was 1.44, 3.49, 4.80 and 6.99 mg at 10 degrees C, 22 degrees C, 29 degrees C and 40 degrees C, respectively. The maximum dose released at the highest temperature (40 degrees C) and the largest air volume investigated (20 l) was approximately 7.5 mg.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vivo peak plasma levels obtained at 30 degrees and 40 degrees C were 29.7 and 34.0 ng.ml-1, compared with 22.5 ng.ml-1 at ambient room temperature (20 degrees C). At 20 degrees C, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of the last dosing interval was 20.5 ng.ml-1.h. At 30 degrees C and 40 degrees C, the AUCs were 26.5 and 30.3 ng.ml-1.h, respectively. The results thus showed a mean increase of the in vivo AUC by 29% at 30 degrees C and by 48% at 40 degrees C compared with the AUC at 20 degrees C. These increases should be compared to the in vitro results, showing a mean increase of 59% and 122% respectively, at 30 degrees and 40 degrees C. The in vitro results also showed that a relatively larger fraction of the dose was released into the first 5 l of air at the higher temperatures, at 40 degrees C, about 50% of the total amount released into 20 l.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was concluded that the in vitro/in vivo discrepancy was most probably due to increased aversive effects at elevated temperatures, causing the subjects to inhale smaller puff volumes. Further, the inhaler would not produce nicotine plasma levels exceeding those achieved following cigarette smoking, even in a hot climate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lunell
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Molander
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Andersson
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D003371:Cough / Q000139:chemically induced; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010612:Pharyngitis / Q000139:chemically induced; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D009538:Nicotine