title: Pearls and perils in the management of prolonged, peculiar, penetrating esophageal foreign bodies in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most retained esophageal foreign bodies (FB) are identified soon after ingestion and are easily extracted. A minority of FB ingestions are not identified for weeks to years and present significant problems for retrieval. The purpose of this study was to describe the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies needed to care for children who have chronic esophageal FBs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five children were identified as having retained esophageal FBs 2 months to 2 years after ingestion. During the same 3-year period, 100 children who had acute FBs were identified and had their foreign bodies removed endoscopically. The average age of the children was 3 years (range, 2.4 to 3.5).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average age of the five children identified in this study was 3 years. The items ingested included coins, a heart pendant, a clothespin spring, and a toy soldier. Complications from chronically retained foreign bodies were bronchoesophageal fistula, mediastinitis, esophageal diverticulum, and lobar atelectasis. One patient died from an aortoesophageal fistula. In all children, endoscopic removal was attempted. Barium esophagram was then performed, and foreign bodies were eventually removed via right thoracotomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-retained esophageal FBs are extremely morbid and life threatening. History most often identifies excess salivation, new onset asthma, and/or recurrent upper respiratory infections. Three diagnostic adjuncts are helpful in identifying the presence of a long retained FB: (1) Chest x-ray (PA and lateral), (2) barium swallow, and (3) esophagoscopy. Indications for thoracotomy for removal of foreign body include (1) Poor endoscopic visualization of FB because of inflammatory tissue and (2) Herald bleeding during endoscopy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, State University of New York-Health Science Center at Brooklyn, 11201, USA.
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Gilchrist
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Valerie
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Coren
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Klotz
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ramenofsky
mesh_terms: D001013:Aorta, Thoracic; D001980:Bronchi; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004724:Endoscopy; D004947:Esophagus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D005402:Fistula / Q000209:etiology; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D005548:Foreign-Body Migration; D006801:Humans; D008480:Mediastinitis / Q000209:etiology; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013908:Thoracotomy