title: Cost of assisted reproductive technologies for a health maintenance organization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To calculate the cost of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) for a health maintenance organization (HMO), assess factors that contribute to the cost per delivery and to analyze how utilization rates can be controlled by the use of clinical criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnancy outcome and a cost analysis of all ART cycles at an HMO in a state with mandated coverage for these procedures was performed. All patients (n = 148) undergoing ART cycles insured by the HMO performed at one in vitro fertilization (IVF) center during 1990-1995 were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ART cycle outcomes and a cost analysis, including global cycle and cancellation charges, medication costs, obstetric costs and neonatal care costs, were assessed. ART cycles (n = 375) included IVF (n = 278), gamete intrafallopian transfer (n = 46), cryopreserved embryo transfer (ET) (n = 42), zygote intrafallopian transfer/tubal embryo transfer (n = 7) and donor oocyte (n = 2). Pregnancy outcome with IVF was 18.3% deliveries per retrieval, for gamete intrafallopian transfer 27.8% deliveries per retrieval and for frozen ET 19% per procedure. Overall, 62/148 (41.9%) of the patients delivered. There were 35 singletons, 22 twin sets and 5 triplet sets. This resulted in an average cycle cost per delivery of $36,417. The mean obstetric and neonatal charges were $9,329 for a singleton delivery, $20,318 for twins and $153,335 for triplets. If these charges are expressed in terms of the number of infants born, a twin pregnancy would cost $10,159 per infant and a triplet pregnancy, $51,112. The ART cycle cost per HMO plan member was $2.49 per annum. Our IVF utilization was 295 cycles per million population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An HMO can control the cost of ART services by establishing preauthorization clinical criteria. Our utilization rates might be used as a benchmark for other insurers considering ART coverage. The cost of ART ($2.49 per annum) would be only a small fraction of the typical annual insurance premium.
authors.affiliation: Fallon Community Health Plan, Worcester, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hidlebaugh
authors.forename: I E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Berger
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000191:economics; D004624:Embryo Transfer / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000191:economics; D015181:Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer / Q000191:economics; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018587:Oocyte Donation / Q000191:economics; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011272:Pregnancy, Multiple; D012099:Reproductive Techniques / Q000191:economics*; D017388:Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer / Q000191:economics