title: Bronchial carcinoid--twenty years' experience defines a selective surgical approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to look at the clinical behavior of bronchial carcinoids and clarify a surgical approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-four patients resected for bronchial carcinoids were retrospectively reviewed for clinicopathologic variables, surgical management, and outcome. Tumors were considered "typical" or "atypical" based on histologic features. "Conservative" surgery signified lung parenchyma-sparing procedures. Survival analysis was performed using standard statistical methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most patients presented with an abnormal routine chest x-ray. One patient had the carcinoid syndrome. Computed tomography scan reliably predicted lymph node status and bronchoscopic biopsy diagnosed carcinoids with 70% success. Fifteen "conservative" procedures were performed. Fifteen percent of patients had atypical carcinoids, 12% presented with lymph node metastases, and 6 patients had tumorlets associated with the primary tumor. Overall survival rates were 93% and 82% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Significantly decreased disease-free survival was found with atypical histology (p < 0.0001) and the presence of tumorlets (p = 0.02); lymph node involvement strongly tended toward poorer outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bronchial carcinoids have a definite malignant potential predicted by atypical histology, presence of tumorlets, and lymph node involvement. These features can be identified with routine bronchoscopic biopsy, computed tomography scanning, and intraoperative assessment including frozen section. In the select group of patients without negative features, strong consideration should be given to performing a conservative resection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Chughtai
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Morin
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Sheiner
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Mulder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed