title: Midazolam reverses histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Midazolam has been used clinically as a sedative and as an anaesthetic induction agent. However, the bronchodilating effects of midazolam have not been comprehensively evaluated. We sought to determine relaxant effects of midazolam on the airway.
  
  
  METHODS
  After our Animal Care Committee approved the study, eight mongrel dogs were anaesthetized with 30 mg.kg-1 pentobarbitone iv, and were paralysed with 200 micrograms.kg-1.hr-1 pancuronium. The trachea was intubated with an endotracheal tube (ID 7 mm) that had a second lumen for insertion of a superfine fibreoptic bronchoscope (OD 2.2 mm) to measure the bronchial cross-sectional area (BCA) continuously. The tip of the bronchoscope was placed at the level of the second or third bronchial bifurcation of the right bronchus. A videoprinter printed the BCA which was then measured with a NIH image program. Bronchoconstriction was produced with histamine (H) 10 micrograms.kg-1 followed by 500 micrograms.kg-1.hr-1. Thirty minutes later, 0 [saline], 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg.kg-1 midazolam and 25 micrograms.kg-1 flumazenil were given. The BCA was assessed before (basal area) and 30 min after the start of H infusion, and was also measured five minutes after each midazolam and flumazenil iv. At the same time, arterial blood was sampled for plasma catecholamine measurement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histamine infusion decreased BCA to 49.7 +/- 17.3% of basal BCA. More than 0.1 mg.kg-1 midazolam increased BCA up to 71.7 +/- 15.3% of the basal (1.0 mg.kg-1) (P < 0.01). Plasma adrenaline concentration was decreased from 6.9 +/- 3.8 to 3.7 +/- 1.9 ng.ml-1 by 1.0 mg.kg-1 midazolam (P < 0.05). Flumazenil did not antagonize the relaxant effect of midazolam but reversed the inhibitory effect of midazolam on histamine-induced adrenaline release.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Midazolam has a spasmolytic effect on constricted airways but this bronchodilatation was not reversed by flumazenil.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Hirosaki School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirota
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohtomo
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kudo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishihara
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matsuki
mesh_terms: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001980:Bronchi / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D016084:Bronchoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects*; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D004285:Dogs; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D005442:Flumazenil / Q000494:pharmacology; D018757:GABA Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology; D006632:Histamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006633:Histamine Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008874:Midazolam / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D018757:GABA Modulators; D006633:Histamine Antagonists; D005442:Flumazenil; D006632:Histamine; D008874:Midazolam; D004837:Epinephrine