title: Photodynamic effects of sulfonated aluminum chlorophthalocyanine in human urinary bladder carcinoma cells in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Topically applied photosensitizers are particularly suited for use in the photodynamic therapy of urinary bladder tumors. The objective of the present study was to investigate the photodynamic effects of sulfonated aluminum chlorophthalocyanine on human bladder carcinoma cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  The photodynamic efficiency and the morphologic changes induced by sulfonated aluminum chlorophthalocyanine on human bladder carcinoma cells and normal bladder wall cells were investigated in vitro using light microscopy and in order to determine the subcellular target organelles using electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Examination of tumor cells with light microscopy after previous photodynamic therapy initially showed distension of the cells and, depending on the duration, a significant blistering of the cell membrane, leading, in some cases, to rupture of the cells. Electron microscopy revealed destruction of the mitochondria. No changes in other cell organelles or structures were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sulfonated aluminum chlorophthalocyanine exhibits good photodynamic activity in bladder tumor cells with relative tumor selectivity. The primary cellular target of photodynamic therapy seems to be the mitochondria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Universitätsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany. m.mueller@ukbf.fu-berlin.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reich
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heicappell
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; C044797:chloroaluminum phthalocyanine; D000535:Aluminum