title: G-protein-coupled receptors and their regulation: activation of the MAP kinase signaling pathway by G-protein-coupled receptors.
abstract: G-protein-coupled receptors that mediate cellular responses to a variety of humoral, endothelial-, or platelet-derived substances are able to stimulate MAP kinase activity. In transfected model systems, G-protein-coupled receptors that couple to pertussis toxin-insensitive G proteins of the Gq/11 family mediate this activation predominantly via a PKC-dependent mechanism. In contrast, activation of MAP kinase by receptors that couple to pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi proteins is PKC-independent and requires downstream activation of the low-molecular-weight G protein, Ras. This pathway can be inhibited by coexpression of peptides that sequester Gbetagamma subunits, and is mimicked by overexpression of Gbetagamma subunits. This Ras-dependent MAP kinase activation requires tyrosine phosphorylation of "docking proteins," including the shc adapter protein, and depends upon recruitment of Grb2/Sos1 complexes to the plasma membrane, thus resembling the pathway of MAP kinase activation employed by the receptor tyrosine kinases. Other molecules, including PI-3-kinases and phosphotyrosine phosphatases, probably also contribute to Gbetagamma-subunit-mediated assembly of a mitogenic signaling complex. Identification of the G-protein-coupled, receptor-regulated tyrosine kinase(s), and the means by which the mitogenic signaling complex is assembled at the plasma membrane, remain subjects of further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Luttrell
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van Biesen
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Hawes
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Krueger
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Touhara
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lefkowitz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C039077:platelet protein P47; D014443:Tyrosine; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D018631:ras Proteins