title: Facial and speech relationships to behavior of children with clefts across three age levels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to examine relationships of facial and speech ratings to behavior at three ages.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multiple correlations to control for gender, IQ, and socioeconomic status (SES). Partial correlations between speech or facial ratings and behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university hospital interdisciplinary cleft/craniofacial center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-five children with CP or CLP and no other anomalies seen at ages 6, 9, and 12 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Speech ratings, facial ratings, hearing assessment, and SES ratings, were collected at ages 6, 9, and 12.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Behavior Problem Checklist was used and internalizing problems were expected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Less severe speech problems associated with behavioral inhibition were noted at age 9 years (p < .01). Greater facial disfigurement was correlated with greater inhibition at age 12 (p < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Longitudinal data indicates different associations of speech and facial variables were made to behavior at different ages (9 and 12). No significant relationships were identified at age 6.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242-1083, USA.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Richman
mesh_terms: D000184:Acting Out; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006309:Hearing; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D007360:Intelligence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors; D012923:Social Class; D013060:Speech; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000523:psychology