title: Behavioral effects and pharmacokinetics of low-dose intravenous alcohol in humans.
abstract: Alcohol has physiological effects on the human central nervous system at blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) as low as 9 mg/dl. It is unknown, however, if humans can perceive the effects of such low doses of alcohol. Furthermore, low BACs can be difficult to measure. The purpose of this experiment was to: (1) assess the ability of humans to perceive subjective effects of low BACs; (2) measure behavioral effects of low BACs on a psychomotor performance task; and (3) test the sensitivity and accuracy of the transdermal alcohol sensor (TAS) for measuring low BACs from skin. Five men and seven women were administered single-blind intravenous infusions of ethyl alcohol in 5% dextrose/water to achieve peak BACs of 0, 10, 20, and 40 mg/dl. Subjective intoxication scales and a computer administered continuous performance task (CPT) were used to assess alcohol effects. BACs were estimated from skin, blood, and breath. The only alcohol-induced sensation significantly increased during the alcohol infusions was anesthesia measured by the Alcohol Sensation Scale on the descending limb of the BAC curve. The subjective positive-reinforcing stimulant and mood effects of alcohol were not reported until subjects were administered the 40 mg/dl alcohol infusion. Other measures of subjective intoxication and sedation, and the CPT were unaffected by the alcohol infusions. The TAS provided a noninvasive method for estimating BACs that was comparable with estimates obtained from blood and breath, although delayed in time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Camara
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Swift
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects*; D001364:Awareness / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects*; D016037:Single-Blind Method
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol