title: Treatment of intrathecal morphine-induced pruritus following caesarean section.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare both the efficacy and cost of nalbuphine and diphenhydramine in the treatment of intrathecal morphine-induced pruritus following Caesarean section.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty patients, undergoing elective Caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia, were randomized, in a prospective, double-blind trial, to receive either nalbuphine (Group NAL) or diphenhydramine (Group DIP) for the treatment of SAB morphine-induced pruritus. All patients received an intrathecal injection of 10-12 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.75% and 200 micrograms preservative free morphine. Postoperative pruritus was assessed, using a visual analogue scale (VAS), for 24 hr. Pruritus treatment was administered upon patient request and by a nurse blinded to the treatment given. Patients who failed to respond to three doses of the study drug were deemed treatment failures. Patient satisfaction was assessed with a questionnaire given 24 to 48 hr after surgery. Direct drug costs were calculated based on the pharmacy provision costs as of April 1996.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty patients were enrolled and 45 requested treatment for pruritus. Patients treated with NAL (n = 24) were more likely to achieve a VAS score of zero with treatment (83% vs 43%, P < 0.01), had a higher delta VAS following treatment (4 +/- 2 vs 2 +/- 2, P < 0.003), and experienced fewer treatment failures (4% vs 29%, P < 0.04), than those treated with DIP (n = 21). Group NAL patients were also more likely to rate their pruritus treatment as being good to excellent (96% vs 57%, P < 0.004). Direct drug costs were higher for NAL than for DIP ($6.4 +/- 3.1 vs $1.7 +/- 0.7, respectively, P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nalbuphine is more effective than diphenhydramine in relieving pruritus caused by intrathecal morphine and the cost differences are small.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Ottawa General Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ontario.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Alhashemi
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Crosby
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Grodecki
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hull
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gallant
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics; D000982:Antipruritics / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002585:Cesarean Section; D004155:Diphenhydramine / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics; D009266:Nalbuphine / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000191:economics; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011537:Pruritus / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000191:economics
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000982:Antipruritics; D009020:Morphine; D004155:Diphenhydramine; D009266:Nalbuphine