title: David R. Boyd Lecture in Trauma Care and Emergency Medical Systems: upper extremity injuries--past, present, and future.
abstract: Since its recognition as a subspeciality soon after World War I, hand surgery has evolved into a highly specialized and sophisticated field of medicine. Enormous advances have been made in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the upper limb; primary tenorrhaphy and the application of microsurgical techniques for revascularization, replantation, and free tissue transfer are among the most important innovations. This article reviews the history of flexor tendon surgery and reconstructive microsurgery up to the present time, and makes some predictions for the future direction of these, and other, areas of hand surgery.
authors.affiliation: University of Louisville School of Medicine, Kentucky, USA.
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Kleinert
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pickford
mesh_terms: D005544:Forecasting; D013502:General Surgery / Q000266:history / Q000639:trends; D006225:Hand / Q000601:surgery*; D049668:History, 15th Century; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000266:history / Q000639:trends; D013536:Suture Techniques / Q000266:history* / Q000639:trends; D013710:Tendons / Q000601:surgery*