title: Detection of congenital müllerian duct anomalies using three-dimensional ultrasound.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the value of 3-dimensional sonography in the diagnosis of congenital müllerian duct anomalies, which cause infertility, preterm labor, and first trimester abortion.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study was undertaken in which 40 patients with histories of repeated spontaneous abortions or infertility were first examined using conventional 2-dimensional sonography or hysterosalpingography. Three-dimensional transvaginal sonography was then performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-eight women had müllerian duct abnormalities, and 12 women had normal uterine anatomy. Müllerian duct defects detected in this study were unicornuate uterus (3), bicornuate uterus (3), complete or partial septate uterus (12), arcuate uterus (9), and didelphic uterus (1). The diagnosis of müllerian duct anomalies in these patients was confirmed by laparoscopic and/or hysteroscopic examinations. Three-dimensional sonography demonstrated all congenital uterine abnormalities with a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. Separate uterus and bicornuate uterus could be correctly diagnosed using 3-dimensional sonography in 11 (92%) of 12 cases and 3 (100%) of 3 cases, respectively. These 2 abnormalities were commonly confused with each other using hysterosalpingography and conventional sonography.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-dimensional sonography with image reconstruction is less expensive and less invasive than hysterosalpingography for the assessment of uterine anatomy and diagnosis of müllerian duct abnormalities. The ability to visualize both the uterine cavity and the myometrium on a 3-dimensional scan facilitates the diagnosis of uterine anomalies and enables the differentiation of septate from bicornuate uteri for preoperative surgical planning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng-Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019160:Endosonography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007047:Hysterosalpingography; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D009095:Mullerian Ducts / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014599:Uterus / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014621:Vagina / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*