title: Modulation of the renin-angiotensin pathway through enzyme inhibition and specific receptor blockade in pacing-induced heart failure: I. Effects on left ventricular performance and neurohormonal systems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The goal of this study was to determine the effects of ACE inhibition (ACEI) alone, AT1 angiotensin (Ang) II receptor blockade alone, and combined ACEI and AT1 Ang II receptor blockade on LV function, systemic hemodynamics, and neurohormonal system activity in a model of congestive heart failure (CHF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pigs were randomly assigned to each of 5 groups: (1) rapid atrial pacing (240 bpm) for 3 weeks (n=9), (2) ACEI (benazeprilat, 0.187 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) and rapid pacing (n=9), (3) AT1 Ang II receptor blockade (valsartan, 3 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) and rapid pacing (n=9), (4) ACEI and AT1 Ang II receptor blockade (benazeprilat/valsartan, 0.05/3 mg x kg(-1) d(-1)) and rapid pacing (n=9), and (5) sham controls (n=10). In the pacing group, LV fractional shortening (LVFS) fell (13.4+/-1.4% versus 39.1+/-1.0%) and end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD) increased (5.61+/-0.11 versus 3.45+/-0.07 cm) compared with control (P<.05). With AT1 Ang II blockade and rapid pacing, LVEDD and LVFS were unchanged from pacing-only values. ACEI reduced LVEDD (4.95+/-0.11 cm) and increased LVFS (20.9+/-1.9%) from pacing-only values (P<.05). ACEI and AT1 Ang II blockade reduced LVEDD (4.68+/-0.07 cm) and increased LVFS (25.2+/-0.9%) from pacing only (P<.05). Plasma norepinephrine and endothelin increased by more than fivefold with chronic pacing and remained elevated with AT1 Ang II blockade. Plasma norepinephrine was reduced from pacing-only values by more than twofold in the ACEI group and the combination group. ACEI and AT1 Ang II receptor blockade reduced plasma endothelin levels by >50% from rapid-pacing values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the effects of ACEI in the setting of CHF are not solely due to modulation of Ang II levels but rather to alternative enzymatic pathways and that combined ACEI and AT1 Ang II receptor blockade may provide unique benefits for LV pump function and neurohormonal systems in the setting of CHF.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA.
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Spinale
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Gasparo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Whitebread
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hebbar
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Clair
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Melton
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Krombach
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Iannini
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: O
mesh_terms: D000450:Aldosterone / Q000097:blood; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D003971:Diastole / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016232:Endothelins / Q000097:blood; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2; D011945:Receptors, Angiotensin / Q000502:physiology; D012083:Renin / Q000097:blood; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013552:Swine; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014633:Valine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000068756:Valsartan; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001552:Benzazepines; D016232:Endothelins; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2; D011945:Receptors, Angiotensin; D013777:Tetrazoles; D000450:Aldosterone; D000068756:Valsartan; D012083:Renin; D014633:Valine; C052133:benazeprilat; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine