title: Extradural sensory rhizotomy in the management of chronic lumbar radiculopathy: a minimum 2-year follow-up study.
abstract: METHODS
  Fifty-one consecutive patients who underwent extradural sensory rhizotomy for chronic radiculopathy after lumbar surgery were reviewed retrospectively.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness of sensory rhizotomy in the management of chronic radiculopathy in patients selected by extensive imaging techniques and selective nerve root sheath injections.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Results of more central ablative procedures for chronic benign pain problems have been disappointing, with variable reports of pain relief.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-one patients were reviewed. All patients underwent extensive evaluation to exclude reversible structural lesions, and all had the diagnosis of chronic radiculopathy confirmed by results of clinical and electrophysiologic examination. Selective nerve root sheath injections under fluoroscopic guidance confirmed the symptomatic nature of the segments. All blocks were repeated at least once. All patients underwent selective sensory rhizotomy or, in some cases, complete rhizotomy. After rhizotomy, 37 patients were available to be observed at selected time intervals for a minimum of 2 years. Clinical results were determined by the presence or absence of pain relief (visual analog scale), sensory and motor deficits, narcotic analgesic usage, and the patient's estimation of the effectiveness of the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 6 months after surgery, all 51 patients and the outcomes of their surgery were available for review. Fifty-five percent of patients rated were believed to have good or excellent outcomes, whereas the remainder had poor or failed outcomes. For the minimum 2-year follow-up period (range, 2-4.2 years), 37 patients were available for review. At final follow-up examination only 19% of the patients maintained good or excellent outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the rhizotomy procedures deteriorated over time. Possible reasons for the failure, other than temporal deterioration, were anatomic factors and lack of specificity of diagnostic techniques, specifically selective nerve root sheath injection. At this point rhizotomy cannot be recommended with any confidence whatsoever in the setting of chronic lumbar radiculopathy after lumbar surgery.
authors.affiliation: Section of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, The University of Chicago Spine Center, Illinois 60640, USA.
authors.forename: F T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Wetzel
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Aprill
authors.forename: T N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: LaRocca
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004824:Epidural Space / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000294:innervation / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019051:Rhizotomy; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D017211:Treatment Failure