title: The inactivation of doxorubicin by long ultraviolet light.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Irradiation of doxorubicin (DOX) dissolved in RPMI medium 1640 by long ultraviolet (UVA) light results in a rapid decline in the cytotoxic activity of the drug. The present study was designed to sort out which component(s) of this medium are associated with the UVA inactivation of DOX.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of UVA irradiation of DOX in solutions of various compositions were evaluated by measuring the changes in the drug growth inhibitory activity in P388 cells and in the DOX absorbance spectrum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Riboflavin seemed to be the major photosensitizing component in the medium and the effect was enhanced by the presence of histidine, methionine, tryptophan and tyrosine but not by other amino acids. The changes in DOX resulting from UVA irradiation in the presence of riboflavin, were not blocked by 1,4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2]octane (5 mM), superoxide dismutase (300 units/ml), catalase (150 units/ml) or sodium benzoate (50 mM). The effects of UVA light on doxorubicin could be prevented by excess ascorbic acid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effects of UVA on DOX are mediated by riboflavin. The photoexcited riboflavin apparently interacts directly with DOX rather than by first forming reactive oxygen species. The results suggest that the photoinactivation of DOX may involve an oxidation step. The mechanism by which certain amino acids facilitate the photoinactivation of DOX is not known. It is suggested that patient intake of riboflavin and exposure to the sun and fluorescent light could affect the outcome of anthracycline treatment.
authors.affiliation: Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bomgaars
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gunawardena
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kelley
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000528:radiation effects*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D001565:Benzoates / Q000494:pharmacology; D019817:Benzoic Acid; D002374:Catalase / Q000494:pharmacology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D051379:Mice; D012256:Riboflavin / Q000494:pharmacology; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D001565:Benzoates; D004317:Doxorubicin; D019817:Benzoic Acid; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D012256:Riboflavin