title: Evaluation of a training program for persons with SCI paraplegia using the Parastep 1 ambulation system: part 3. Lack of effect on bone mineral density.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if the bone mineral density loss seen after spinal cord injury (SCI) is reversed by a walking program using the Parastep 1 system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Before-after trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human SCI applied research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen men and 3 women with thoracic motor- and sensory-complete SCI, mean age 28.8yrs, mean duration postinjury 3.8yrs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) ambulation training sessions using a commercially available system (Parastep 1). This system consists of a microprocessor-controlled stimulator and a modified walking frame with finger-operated switches that permit the user to control the stimulation parameters and activate the stepping.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bone mineral density at the femoral head, neck, and Ward's triangle measured using a Lunar DP3 dual-photon densitometer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant change in bone mineral density was found using repeated measures analyses of variance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Axial loading combined with muscle stimulation and resistive exercise does not result in significant changes in bone mineral density in persons with complete paraplegia.
authors.affiliation: The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL 33136, USA.
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Needham-Shropshire
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Broton
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Klose
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lebwohl
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Guest
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Jacobs
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D015519:Bone Density; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008838:Microcomputers; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000592:standards*; D016138:Walking; D016474:Weight-Bearing