title: Surgical treatment of spastic conditions of the esophagus.
abstract: Primary esophageal motility disorders include achalasia, diffuse and segmental esophageal spasm, nutcracker esophagus and hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter. Failed medical therapy frequently precedes the presentation of these patients for surgical intervention. Both laparoscopic and thoracoscopic techniques have been developed to successfully treat these spastic disorders of the esophagus. Laparoscopic and thoracoscopic operative techniques are described.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68131, USA.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: McBride
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hinder
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Filipi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Raiser
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Katada
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lund
mesh_terms: D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D004931:Esophageal Achalasia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D015154:Esophageal Motility Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D015155:Esophageal Spasm, Diffuse / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods; D008365:Manometry; D013906:Thoracoscopy / Q000379:methods