title: Ocular-specific chemical delivery systems of betaxolol for safe local treatment of glaucoma.
abstract: Novel ketomethoxime (BMO) and oxime (BO) analogs of betaxolol (B) were prepared through the oxidation of betaxolol, followed by quenching of the ketone with the appropriate oxyamine. The Z isomers were kinetically favored and thermodynamically more stable. Isomerization to reach an equilibrium mixture of Z/E was observed for all pure isomers in buffers. Equilibration is much faster, however in biological fluids. Ocular administration of any of the oxime derivatives, delivers betaxolol specifically to the eye tissues, with the highest concentration in the iris ciliary body. Both BMO and BO, when applied topically, showed marked reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) in normotensive rabbits. No effect on isoproterenol-induced tachycardia in rabbits and rats were observed, even after iv. administration. Very mild eye irritation, which was less than that of betaxolol hydrochloride, was observed particularly with BMO maleate, which is an excellent candidate for safe treatment of glaucoma.
authors.affiliation: Center For Drug Discovery, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0497, USA.
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Farag
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Somogyi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Prokai
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bodor
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015784:Betaxolol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005123:Eye / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000188:drug therapy; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D011355:Prodrugs; D015784:Betaxolol