Aspects of autonomic and neuroendocrine function.
This article provides a brief review of aspects of autonomic and neuroendocrine function studied initially in collaboration with the late Marian Silver. The importance of the sympathetic innervation to the liver in the control of glycogenolysis was established in anaesthetised animals of various species. Otherwise the work has been carried out mainly in conscious animals under strictly physiological conditions and below behavioural threshold. Investigations of the role of the autonomic innervation to the endocrine pancreas in controlling the release of pancreatic hormones, led to the realisation that the parasympathetic innervation mediates responses to glycaemic stimuli while the sympathetic innervation mediates responses to any form of stress. Studies of adrenal medullary function have confirmed that its threshold for many forms of stress is much higher than that of other components of the sympathetic system and revealed the importance of the pattern of electrical stimulation in determining the rates of release of catecholamines, enkephalins, corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and adrendocorticotrophin (ACTH). The splanchnic sympathetic innervation to the adrenal cortex also plays an important role in determining glucocorticoid output by sensitising the cells to ACTH, probably mainly by the release of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) from cortical nerve terminals. Finally studies of feeding in milk-fed calves have shown that suckling is associated with a remarkable hypertension and tachycardia. These cardiovascular effects are due to a selective sympathetic discharge, which does not involve the adrenal medullae, or the release of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and, at least in the calf, can be attributed to activation of adrenoceptors.
Edwards
A V
AV
The Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, UK.
D000302:Adrenal Cortex / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D000313:Adrenal Medulla / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002417:Cattle / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D008099:Liver / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D008112:Liver Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism; D009478:Neuropeptide Y / Q000378:metabolism; D009490:Neurosecretory Systems / Q000502:physiology*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000378:metabolism
D008112:Liver Glycogen; D009478:Neuropeptide Y; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D005947:Glucose; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine