title: GS-164, a small synthetic compound, stimulates tubulin polymerization by a similar mechanism to that of Taxol.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During our search for new microtubule effectors as anticancer agents, we have found that a small synthetic molecule designated GS-164 interferes with the assembly of porcine microtubule proteins and has cytotoxic activity against a wide range of human tumor cell lines. In this study, we investigated mode of action of the compound in comparison with Taxol and colcemid.
  
  
  METHODS
  To gain an insight into the mode of action of GS-164, we used an in vitro microtubule polymerization assay and a flow-cytometric measurement technique. Microtubule organization and the level of tubulin polymerization in HeLa cells were also examined by immunofluorescence microscopy and cytoskeletal protein analyses, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GS-164 stimulated assembly of microtubule proteins in vitro in a concentration-dependent and a GTP-independent manner. Furthermore, as with Taxol, the microtubule polymerization induced by GS-164 was antagonized by podophyllotoxin, a tubulin polymerization inhibitor, and microtubules formed by GS-164 were resistant to disassembly by calcium or low temperatures. GS-164 in the micromolar range arrested the cell cycle of HeLa cells in the mitotic phase leading to cell death. GS-164 also increased the amounts of cellular microtubules in HeLa cells, resulting in the formation of microtubule bundles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that GS-164 stimulates microtubule assembly by a similar mechanism to that of Taxol. A comparative conformational analysis of GS-164 and Taxol suggested that the structure of the former mimics the minimum essential sites of Taxol required to exert the Taxol-like activities described above. Although the cytotoxicity of GS-164 against human tumor cells was 1000-fold lower than that of Taxol and GS-164 was one-tenth as active as Taxol in vitro, these findings pave the way for synthesizing clinically useful anticancer agents using GS-164 as a lead compound.
authors.affiliation: Discovery Research Laboratories II, Takeda Chemical Industries Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shintani
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nozaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001704:Biopolymers; D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D010080:Oxazoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013552:Swine; D014404:Tubulin / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001704:Biopolymers; D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; C108733:GS 164; D010080:Oxazoles; D014404:Tubulin; D017239:Paclitaxel