title: Surgery of chest wall deformities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the medium-term results of 77 surgical corrections in patients with chest wall deformities, 53 (68.8%) with pectus excavatum and 24 with pectus carinatum, operated upon from 1985 to 1994.
  
  
  METHODS
  The mean age of the patients was 14.7 years (4-39 years) and 77% were younger than 15 years of age. There were 59 male (76.7%) and 18 female patients. Only four had a family history of the malformation. Seven patients (9.1%) presented with asthma-like symptoms, and 13 (16.9%) referred dyspnea and tiredness for small efforts. The remainder (74.2%) were asymptomatic, but most were psychologically disturbed by the deformity and postural abnormality. Two patients had other skeletal abnormalities. The modified surgical technique used in all cases consisted of subperichondrial resection of the abnormal costal cartilages, transverse and longitudinal osteotomies of the sternum and internal stabilization with a steel rod which was generally removed between 6 and 12 months postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was neither early nor late mortality. One patient had a pneumothorax which required chest tube drainage. The mean admission time was 10.5 days (8-14 days). Follow-up was complete, and 90% of the patients had increased effort tolerance. Five of the seven patients (72%) with 'asthmatic' symptoms showed a decrease in the frequency of the crises. Two patients had recurrence of the depression by 3 and 8 months, respectively. The remaining 75 patients (97.3%) were satisfied with the cosmetic result of the surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgical treatment of chest wall deformities using this technique leads to good cosmetic, orthopedic and psychological results. We believe that the operations should be performed at any age in patients who have at least a moderate deformity.
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Cirurgia Cardiotorácica, Hospitais da Universidade, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: de Matos
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bernardo
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Antunes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000209:etiology; D005221:Fatigue / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005660:Funnel Chest / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019616:Thoracic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014939:Work of Breathing