title: Observed social interaction patterns in adolescents with and without craniofacial conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined social interactions of adolescents in a natural environment (school lunch room) to determine if there were identifiable differences in social behavior between children with and without craniofacial conditions (CFC).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was an observational study comparing social interaction skills of children with CFC to peers without craniofacial conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The observations were conducted in the respective school lunch rooms of the adolescents with CFC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical subjects were 13 adolescents (4 male) with various craniofacial conditions (5 cleft lip and palate) and 12 (4 male) peers without CFC present in the same lunch room.
  
  
  METHODS
  An unknown observer obtained 45 minutes of structured observational data on subject initiations, responses, nondirected comments, and extended conversations over two to three lunch room periods. Data was coded on the Epson HX-20 for type, frequency, and duration of social contact. Specific measures included: subject initiations and responses, peer initiations and responses, conversations events, and nondirected comments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistically significant differences were found between CFC and comparison subjects (CS) on each social interaction variable measured. CS initiated more contacts, received positive responses more frequently, and engaged in longer conversations than CFC subjects ([F (1,24) = 14.1, p < .01; F (1,24) = 67.2, p < .001; F (1,24) = 5.50, p < .05]. CS were approached by and responded appropriately to peers more often [F (1,24) = 28.1, p < .001; F (1,24) = 43.2, p < .001]. Subjects with CFC were more likely to produce nondirected comments (N = 7, x = 0, p < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significant number of children with CFC behaved differently than their peers in a natural, daily occurring situation. They were often at the periphery of the group, observers rather than participants in conversation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Craniofacial Center, University of Illinois at Chicago 60612-7308, USA.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kapp-Simon
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: McGuire
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000523:psychology; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000523:psychology; D003142:Communication; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D010379:Peer Group; D012929:Psychological Distance; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012919:Social Behavior; D012931:Social Environment; D013997:Time Factors