title: The selective muscarinic agonist xanomeline improves both the cognitive deficits and behavioral symptoms of Alzheimer disease.
abstract: The therapeutic effects of selective cholinergic replacement using oral xanomeline, an m1/m4 receptor agonist, were assessed in a multicenter study of 343 patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). Patients were randomized to parallel treatment arms (placebo, 25, 50, and 75 mg t.i.d. xanomeline) and followed through 6 months of double-blind therapy and 1 month of single-blind placebo washout. Completer analysis, using the cognitive subscale of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-Cog), revealed a significant treatment effect (75 mg t.i.d. vs. placebo; p = 0.045). Similar assessment of global status, using the Clinician's Interview-Based Impression of Change, was also significant (75 mg t.i.d. vs. placebo; p = 0.022). Treatment Emergent Signs and Symptoms analysis of the Alzheimer's Disease Symptomatology Scale, revealed highly significant (p < or = 0.002) dose-dependent reductions in vocal outbursts, suspiciousness, delusions, agitation, and hallucinations. On end-point analysis, the Nurses' Observational Scale for Geriatric Patients also showed a significant dose-response relationship (p = 0.018). The improvement in ADAS-Cog provides the first clinical evidence of involvement of the m1 muscarinic receptor in cognition. Furthermore, the favorable effects of xanomeline on disturbing behaviors suggest a novel approach for treatment of the noncognitive symptoms of AD. Although adverse effects (mainly gastrointestinal) associated with the oral formulation appear to limit its use, a large-scale study investigating the safety and efficacy of transdermal xanomeline is under way.
authors.affiliation: Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Bodick
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Offen
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Shannon
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Satterwhite
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Lier
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Paul
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D001526:Behavioral Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019954:Neurobehavioral Manifestations / Q000187:drug effects*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013830:Thiadiazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018721:Muscarinic Agonists; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D011725:Pyridines; D013830:Thiadiazoles; C075257:xanomeline