title: The preparticipation sports examination for high school and college athletes.
abstract: The PSE can be used as a tool to allow athletes to participate safely in sports. The goal of the PSE is not to disqualify athletes but to ensure that their participation in sports does not unnecessarily increase their risk of injury. The PSE is most effectively conducted by the station method with multiple examiners, one of whom should have specialty training in musculoskeletal disorders. The examination should be conducted 6 weeks prior to the beginning of the season and at the beginning of each new level of competition, unless directed differently by local laws. The correct use of the PSE should screen for signs and symptoms of pathological states that may lead to a nontraumatic death while participating in sports. An effective musculoskeletal examination should detect any postinjury deficits that may lead to subsequent reinjury later in the season. It is our hope that a PSE, based on the literature, can be used to prevent some of the nontraumatic deaths and musculoskeletal injury associated with sports participation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Grafe
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000293:injuries; D002648:Child; D003645:Death, Sudden / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000293:injuries; D009135:Muscular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000145:classification / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D012449:Safety; D012574:Schools; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014495:Universities