title: Correlation between semen parameters and retrograde flow into the pampiniform plexus before and after varicocelectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare, before and after repair of varicocele, the semen parameters (SP) in relation to the persistence of retrograde vein flow.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the correlation between semen characteristics and retrograde flow (RF) into the pampiniform plexus in 158 patients with varicocele, before and after low inguinal spermatic vein ligation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of the investigation before surgery showed that all patients had RF and also a decrease in quantitative and qualitative SP. After surgery an improvement was observed in SP and there was a decrease in RF as a function of time elapsing from surgery. One year after surgery, an improvement in SP in 136 (86.1%) patients was observed. In 14 (8.8%) no change was noted and in 8 (5.1%) there was a deterioration in SP. Comparison between increased SP and persistence of RF 1 year after surgery revealed that of the 136 patients who showed improvement in SP, 124 (91.1%) did not have RF. Of the 14 patients with no improvement in SP, 12 (85.7%) were free of RF and 9 patients with deteriorated SP and bilateral RF. Amongst 132 infertile men, the wives of 55 (41.6%) became pregnant. None of these 55 men demonstrate RF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results revealed a significant correlation between the improvement of SP, pregnancy in patients' wives and disappearance of RF. These results may be considered as a parameter of successful varicocelectomy.
authors.affiliation: Andrological Unit, Institute or Urology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tiqva, Israel.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Segenreich
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Israilov
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shmueli
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Niv
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Servadio
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000209:etiology; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D012661:Semen / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D013076:Sperm Count; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013085:Spermatic Cord / Q000098:blood supply*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014646:Varicocele / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D014680:Veins