title: Factors predictive of early complications of endoscopic treatment of bile duct calculi.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Factors associated with an increased early complication rate of the endoscopic sphincterotomy procedure have been identified. Precut or needle knife papillotomy has been shown to improve the success rate of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and endoscopic sphincterotomy, but has often been reported to be hazardous. In order to identify patients with bile duct stones at risk for a complicated course in connection with endoscopic clearance of the calculi, factors predictive of early complications were sought.
  
  
  METHODS
  417 consecutive patients with bile duct calculi at endoscopic retrograde cholangiography were considered for endoscopic treatment in our department from 1981 to 1992. Endoscopic sphincterotomy was performed in 246 patients with intact gallbladders and in 147 with prior cholecystectomy, 55 of whom had retained calculi.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a 9.4% overall and 7.1% major early complication rate of the EST procedure and a 30-day mortality of 0.5% (2 patients, non-procedure related). In 22% (6/27) of the patients with major complications, surgery was required or preferred to additional endoscopic measures. Complete stone removal failed in 35/393 patients (8.9%). The immediate and early complication rate of standard sphincterotomy was not found to be increased in patients with prior or present biliopancreatic complications, failed bile duct clearance at first attempt, or juxtapapillary diverticula. It was the same after standard sphincterotomy as after precut papillotomy followed by immediate or delayed sphincterotomy. No increased morbidity was found after failed therapy as compared to failed diagnostic precut papillotomy. There was neither a greater need for, nor an increased complication rate following, precut papillotomy in patients with, as compared to those without, juxtapapillary diverticula. Endoscopic experience did not influence the complication rate. There were no significant differences regarding outcome or risk factors associated morbidity between patients with and without intact gallbladder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings confirm that endoscopic treatment is safe and that precut papillotomy can be performed without increased morbidity. Furthermore, none of the commonly identified factors associated with increased morbidity were found to be risk factors in this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Hammarström
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stridbeck
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ihse
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001649:Bile Duct Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D002763:Cholecystectomy; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009017:Morbidity; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016717:Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors