title: Solid phase microextraction as a tool to determine membrane/water partition coefficients and bioavailable concentrations in in vitro systems.
abstract: Solid phase microextraction (SPME) is an extraction technique that uses a polymer-coated fiber as the extraction device. After extraction, the compound of interest can be desorbed from the fiber and subsequently analyzed by GC or HPLC. One of the properties of SPME is that only the freely dissolved fraction of a chemical is available for partitioning to the extraction device. The method can be applied in a way that small amounts are extracted from the sample, which allows negligible depletion extraction. These two properties make SPME devices particularly suitable for measurements of free concentrations. In toxicological studies the free concentration is considered to be a more relevant parameter, concerning toxic effects, than the nominal concentration that is used most frequently. In the current study, the usefulness of this method to measure phospholipid/water partition coefficients and free concentrations in three different in vitro test systems (rat hepatocytes in primary culture, 9000 g and 100,000 g homogenate fractions of rainbow trout liver) was demonstrated. Results show separate relationships between phospholipid/water and n-octanol/water partition coefficients for a set of polar and nonpolar organic chemicals, respectively. These observations suggest that phospholipid/water partition coefficients may be a more suitable parameter in modeling the kinetic behavior of organic chemicals. Additionally, differences between the nominal and the actual free concentration in in vitro systems are more pronounced for more hydrophobic compounds, as was expected based on theoretical considerations. To our knowledge, the approach presented here is the first analytical method to measure toxicologically relevant concentrations in in vitro test systems in a fast and efficient way.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Toxicology (RITOX), Utrecht University, The Netherlands. w.vaes@ritox.dgk.ruu.nl
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Vaes
authors.forename: E U
authors.initials: EU
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hamwijk
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: van Holsteijn
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Blaauboer
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Seinen
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Verhaar
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hermens
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004134:Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D004134:Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine