title: Carcinoma of the tonsil: prognostic factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to provide a review of the prognostic factors of tonsillar carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil, treated in Northern Alberta, at the Cross Cancer Institute from 1975 to 1995 were analyzed using a population-based, head and neck cancer registry. There were 102 patients, 73 male and 29 female, ranging in age from 35 years to 83 years, with a mean of 60 years. The clinical stages were T1: 5 patients; T2: 27 patients, T3: 33 patients; T4: 11 patients; and Tx: 3 patients. The nodal stages were N0: 33 patients, N1: 26 patients; N2: 34 patients, N3: 7 patients; Nx: 2 patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patients were treated with various modalities: surgery alone: 2 patients; surgery plus radiation: 26 patients; radiation treatment alone: 61 patients; and others: 13 patients. Patients were classified according to the UICC TNM 1992 criteria. The overall 5-year Kaplan-Meier survival in our series was 39%. The cause-specific 4-year survival was 57%. Various prognostic factors and their impact on survival were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On univariate analysis, the following factors were found to be significant. Age < 50 vs. > 50 (p = .02); endophytic growth pattern vs. exophytic growth of the primary (p = .01); ulcerated lesions vs. nonulcerated lesions (p = .000); various T stages (p = .003); clinical extension vs. no extension of primary disease (p = .02); combined modality of treatment (surgery and radiation treatment) had the best chance of survival compared to radiation treatment alone (p = .03). Nodal stages N0 vs. N+ disease (p = .2); sex of the patient, female vs. male (p = .83); and dose of radiation treatment < 5000 cGy vs. > 5000 cGy (p = .41) were found not to be significant. When the above significant factors were stratified according to the stage of the disease, only two were significant; ulcerated lesions vs. nonulcerated lesions (p = .04), and the modality of treatment chosen (e.g., radiation alone vs. radiation plus surgery) (p = .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this series of patients, combined-modity approach using surgery and radiation treatment was found to be the best way to treat carcinoma of the tonsil. However, each treatment strategy should be individualized taking into account various prognostic factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: al-Abdulwahed
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kudryk
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: al-Rajhi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gaedke
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jha
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D015996:Survival Rate; D014067:Tonsillar Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*