title: Chlamydial and gonococcal cervicitis in HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative pregnant women in Bangkok: prevalence, risk factors, and relation to perinatal HIV transmission.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with cervicitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1-seropositive and HIV-seronegative pregnant women in Bangkok, and the relation to perinatal HIV transmission.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of a multicenter perinatal HIV transmission study in an antenatal population with 2% HIV seroprevalence, endocervical swabs obtained at mid-pregnancy from a consecutive sample of 222 HIV-seropositive and 219 HIV-seronegative pregnant women at two large hospitals in Bangkok were tested for the presence of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae by DNA hybridization probe (Gen-Probe). Clinical risk factors and DNA probe results were analyzed in relation to the women's and newborns' HIV infection status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of C. trachomatis was 16.2% in HIV-seropositive pregnant women and 9.1% in HIV-seronegative pregnant women (P = 0.03). The prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae was 2.7% in HIV-seropositive pregnant women and 1.4% in HIV-seronegative pregnant women (P = 0.5). The overall population prevalence estimate was 9.2% for C. trachomatis and 1.4% for N. gonorrhoeae. Women with gonococcal infection were more likely to be positive for C. trachomatis (RR(MH) = 5.2, P < 0.01). Young age (<21 years) and primigravid status were associated with C. trachomatis infection among HIV-seropositive women; history of multiple sex partners (>1) were associated with C. trachomatis infection among HIV-seronegative women. For HIV-seropositive women, primigravida status also was associated with C. trachomatis infection. The perinatal HIV transmission rates were similar for those with and without C. trachomatis (24.1% and 23.2%, P = 0.9) and among those with and without N. gonorrhoeae (20% and 23.5%, P = 1.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among pregnant women in Bangkok, C. trachomatis infection was considerably more common than N. gonorrhoeae infection and was associated with HIV infection, young age and first pregnancy (HIV-seropositive women), and multiple partners (HIV-seronegative women). Our data do not suggest an association between perinatal HIV transmission and maternal C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae infection identified and treated during pregnancy. The high prevalence of C. trachomatis found using a test not readily available in Thailand emphasizes the need for improved, inexpensive ways to screen for and diagnose these sexually transmitted infections in developing countries.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chaisilwattana
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chuachoowong
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Siriwasin
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bhadrakom
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mangclaviraj
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chearskul
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chotpitayasunondh
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Mastro
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shaffer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000635:transmission; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis; D005260:Female; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000150:complications* / Q000635:transmission; D018023:HIV Seronegativity; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000150:complications* / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000382:microbiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013785:Thailand; D014504:Urban Health; D002575:Uterine Cervicitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology