title: Chronopharmacological aspects of PK/PD modelling.
abstract: Nearly all physiological functions as well as pathophysiological events display reproducible rhythmic changes within 24 hours of a day, including the cardiovascular system. Clinical chronopharmacological studies with antihypertensive drugs gave evidence that effects on the rhythms in blood pressure and heart rate are also dependent on the time of day. Chronopharmacokinetic studies with propranolol, oxprenolol, nifedipine, verapamil, etc. also revealed daily variations in the drugs' kinetics. In general, Cmax was higher and/or tmax shorter after morning than evening dosing of these rather lipophilic drugs. However, independently of whether or not daily variations in the kinetics were found the dose-response relationship was always dependent on the time of day. These data demonstrate that PK/PD modelling has to take into account reproducible rhythmic variations both in the kinetics and/or effects of cardiovascular active drugs.
authors.affiliation: Institut fur Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Fakultät für Klinische Medizin, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lemmer
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D019454:Chronotherapy; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D008954:Models, Biological
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers