title: Prolactin gene expression and prolactin protein in premenopausal and postmenopausal human ovaries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate intraovarian prolactin and prolactin-receptor gene expression and to assess local prolactin synthesis with emphasis on possible differences between premenopausal and postmenopausal status.
  
  
  METHODS
  The RNA extracted from human premenopausal and postmenopausal tissues was subjected to reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction by using prolactin-specific intron- and exon-spanning primers. Prolactin-receptor expression was investigated accordingly. The amplified complementary DNA fragments were analyzed by gel electrophoresis and restriction enzyme mapping. Local prolactin hormone synthesis was verified by a time-resolved immunofluorometric assay based on our monoclonal antibodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prolactin and prolactin-receptor gene expression was observed in all analyzed human ovaries (n = 18). Several other human tissue specimens, such as lung and kidney, served as negative control tissues. Significantly elevated concentrations of prolactin were detected in cytosolic extracts of premenopausal (n = 6; mean +/- SD; 20.6 +/- 3.3 ng/g tissue wet weight) versus postmenopausal (n = 6; 3.6 +/- 3.0 ng/g tissue wet weight) ovaries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The human ovary not only serves as a target for endocrine prolactin action but also as a site of local prolactin hormone production. In agreement with previous reports on extrapituitary sources of prolactin, we consider prolactin as a hormone as well as an autocrine or paracrine growth or regulatory factor. Significantly increased concentrations of prolactin in premenopausal ovarian tissue verifies its role in human reproduction.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schwärzler
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Untergasser
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hermann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dirnhofer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Abendstein
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Berger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010053:Ovary / Q000378:metabolism*; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000378:metabolism*; D017697:Premenopause / Q000378:metabolism*; D011388:Prolactin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011981:Receptors, Prolactin / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D011981:Receptors, Prolactin; D011388:Prolactin