title: Decrease in birth weight in relation to maternal bone-lead burden.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Birth weight predicts infant survival, growth, and development. Previous research suggests that low levels of fetal lead exposure, as estimated by umbilical cord blood-lead levels at birth, may have an adverse effect on birth weight. This report examines the relationship of lead levels in cord blood and maternal bone to birth weight.
  
  
  METHODS
  Umbilical cord and maternal venous blood samples and anthropometric and sociodemographic data were obtained at delivery and 1-month postpartum. Blood-lead levels were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Maternal tibia and patella lead levels were determined at 1-month postpartum with use of a spot-source 109Cd K-X-ray fluorescence instrument. The relationship between birth weight and lead burden was evaluated by multiple regression with control of known determinants of size at birth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data on all variables of interest were obtained for 272 mother-infant pairs. After adjustment for other determinants of birth weight, tibia lead was the only lead biomarker clearly related to birth weight. The decline in birth weight associated to increments in tibia lead was nonlinear and accelerated at the highest tibia lead quartile. In the upper quartile, neonates were on average, 156 grams lighter than those in the lowest quartile. Other significant birth weight predictors included maternal nutritional status, parity, education, gestational age, and smoking during pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that bone-lead burden is inversely related to birth weight. Taken together with other research indicating that lead can mobilize from bone into plasma without detectable changes in whole blood lead, these findings suggest that bone lead might be a better biomarker than blood lead. Because lead remains in bone for years to decades, mobilization of bone lead during pregnancy may pose a significant fetal exposure with health consequences, long after maternal external lead exposure has declined.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Púcblica, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: González-Cossío
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Sanín
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fishbein
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Palazuelos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aro
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hernández-Avila
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight / Q000187:drug effects*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D007854:Lead