title: Iontophoresis of poly-L-lysines: the role of molecular weight?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (1) To determine the extent of iontophoretic transport as a function of molecular weight (MW) of the penetrant; and (2) to visually and quantitatively characterize the iontophoretic transport pathways (follicular (F) versus nonfollicular (NF) of the fluorescently-labeled poly-L-lysines employed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of fluorescently-labeled poly-L-lysines (FITC-PLLs) [4 KDa, 7 KDa and 26 KDa] were used to study the extent and distribution of iontophoretic skin penetration as a function of MW using laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was found that, relative to the passive controls, and under the electrical conditions considered, iontophoresis greatly enhanced the penetration of the 4 KDa analog, slightly elevated the delivery of the 7 KDa FITC-PLL, but had no effect on the transport of the larger 26 KDa FITC-PLL. Quantitative analyses of LSCM images revealed that iontophoresis increased transport via F pathways only slightly more than that through NF pathways for the 4 KDa and 7 KDa FITC-PLL molecules.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is visually apparent that the iontophoretic transport pathways taken are importantly determined by the physicochemical properties (including size and charge) of the penetrant. The results presented here demonstrate an inverse dependence of iontophoretic delivery upon the MW of the penetrant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Francisco 94143-0446, USA.
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferry
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cullander
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Guy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000502:physiology; D004355:Drug Stability; D005260:Female; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007478:Iontophoresis; D051379:Mice; D008812:Mice, Hairless; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008970:Molecular Weight; D011107:Polylysine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000502:physiology*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D011107:Polylysine; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate