title: Written language production and neuropsychological function in children with traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish the early consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on spontaneous written language production in children by examining writing deficits as a function of injury severity and correlating written performance with neuropsychological data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two regional medical centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-six children, aged 8 to 15 years, with mild, moderate, or severe closed head injury were compared with controls who were individually matched on the premorbid characteristics of age, gender, school grade, behavior, and academic performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Assessment of written language production and neuropsychological function was undertaken approximately 1 month following resolution of posttraumatic amnesia. Case-control differences on 16 measures of spontaneous written narratives were computed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Factor analysis and conceptual similarities suggested that the measures of written language fell into five domains: Efficiency, Completeness, General Readability, Error, and Vocabulary. A highly significant, moderate correlation between these measures and severity of injury was found. The highest correlations were found for the written language domains of Efficiency and Completeness and the lowest for the Vocabulary domain. Moderate correlations were also found between measures of written language and neuropsychological function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At 1 month after resolution of posttraumatic amnesia, written language production in children with TBI is negatively correlated with severity of injury. Some aspects of written language production are affected to a greater extent than others. Considerable common ground was found between written language production and neuropsychological function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Yorkston
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Jaffe
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Polissar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Fay
mesh_terms: D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011340:Problem Solving; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D014956:Writing