title: Analgesic effects of amlodipine and its interaction with morphine and ketorolac-induced analgesia.
abstract: 1. The antinociceptive effects of amlodipine, administered subcutaneously (s.c.), intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) and intrathecally (i.t.) were examined with the acetic acid writhing and tail-flick tests in mice. Amlodipine was also tested in combination with morphine and ketorolac. Isobolographic analyses were used to define the nature of functional interactions between amlodipine and morphine or ketorolac. 2. The s.c. (0.1, 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg), i.c.v. (2.5, 5, 10 and 20 micrograms/mice) and i.t. (2.5, 5, 10 and 20 micrograms/mice) administration of amlodipine exhibited a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect in the writhing test but had no effect on the tail-flick latency. Isobolographic analyses revealed an additive interaction between amlodipine and morphine or ketorolac in the writhing test. 3. These results suggest that amlodipine induces antinociception and increases antinociceptive action of morphine and ketorolac, possibly through a decrease in cellular calcium availability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gülhane Medical Military Academy, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Doğrul
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yeşilyurt
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Deniz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Işimer
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D017311:Amlodipine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D020910:Ketorolac; D051379:Mice; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000187:drug effects; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D011930:Reaction Time; D014046:Tolmetin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D017311:Amlodipine; D009020:Morphine; D014046:Tolmetin; D019342:Acetic Acid; D020910:Ketorolac