title: Retrograde embolization and causes of failure in the primary treatment of varicocele.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess retrograde embolization for the treatment of varicocele and to examine the causes of surgical and radiological treatment failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 154 patients with clinical varicocele associated with subfertility or symptoms who were treated, 100 underwent surgical high ligation, retrograde embolization under fluoroscopic control was attempted in 84 and 30 had both forms of treatment. Venographic findings were defined in those patients for whom embolization proved impossible and in those in whom prior high ligation had failed. Among subfertile patients, 64 had semen analyses before and at least 3 months after the procedure available for comparison. Those patients undergoing both radiological and surgical procedures were sent questionnaires to evaluate their experience.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Retrograde embolization was technically successful in 68 (81%) of the 84 patients. Two early failures were associated with venous spasm provoked by technical inexperience, while difficulties in the remainder were caused by anomalous venous anatomy. In patients who had recurrent varicocele after previous ligation, venography showed incomplete ligation of collateral channels; 14 of 18 patients were successfully re-treated by embolization. The sperm concentration improved significantly in 83% of patients undergoing embolization and in 63% of those surgically ligated. Patients who underwent both procedures expressed a strong preference for embolization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In centres where there is a skilled interventional radiologist, embolization is an effective alternative to surgical ligation of varicocele. Carried out under local anaesthesia as an out-patient procedure, it is cost-effective, associated with minimal morbidity and most patients are able to return to normal daily activities immediately.
authors.affiliation: St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Feneley
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Pal
authors.forename: I B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Nockler
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Hendry
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000209:etiology; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012008:Recurrence; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014646:Varicocele / Q000628:therapy*