title: A substitute for facial replica in mannequin procedures.
abstract: The use of mannequin exercises has been a teaching tool in the education of dental students. Various commercially available materials to simulate extraoral facial structure form part of this apparatus, also called a "phantom head." It is not always practical, with cost considerations, to replace this external component when unavoidable wear and tear occurs. An alternative that uses a recycled milk carton is presented as an inexpensive substitute.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, USA.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design / Q000295:instrumentation; D004867:Equipment Design; D005145:Face; D006801:Humans; D008348:Manikins; D010969:Plastics; D011476:Prosthodontics / Q000193:education; D013664:Teaching Materials
chemical_list: D010969:Plastics