Craniofacial morphology in patients with Kallmann's syndrome with and without cleft lip and palate.
OBJECTIVE
Kallmann's syndrome is characterized by the association of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia or hyposmia. The principal endocrine defect of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is a failure to secrete luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), resulting in underdevelopment of the pituitary gonadotropes and an inability to synthesize and release luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. The purpose of the present investigation was to describe the dentition and the craniofacial morphology in patients diagnosed with Kallmann's syndrome.


METHODS
The sample consisted of 11 patients, 2 of whom also had bilateral cleft lip and palate. Radiographic investigations, including cephalometry, were performed. Comparisons were made to normal individuals and to cleft lip individuals without Kallmann's syndrome.


RESULTS
Dentition: tooth agenesis occurred more frequently in patients with Kallmann's syndrome. Craniofacial morphology: Increased mandibular inclination and mandibular angulation were seen in Kallmann patients. When clefting also occurred, extreme retrognathism of both maxilla and mandible was seen, a deviation which seemingly worsened during growth. The anterior cranial base and the sphenoid bone showed an altered morphology in one of the patients with Kallman's syndrome.


CONCLUSIONS
An early diagnosis of Kallmann's syndrome is very important because the prognosis for endocrine treatment thereby improves, and therefore, it is recommended that the sense of smell be evaluated in patients with the craniofacial morphology described.
Mølsted
K
K
Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Denmark.
Kjaer
I
I
Giwercman
A
A
Vesterhauge
S
S
Skakkebaek
N E
NE
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000848:Anodontia / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002508:Cephalometry; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000473:pathology*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000473:pathology*; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D017436:Kallmann Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000473:pathology; D008334:Mandible / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D011379:Prognosis; D063173:Retrognathia / Q000473:pathology; D012886:Skull / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology*; D019291:Skull Base / Q000473:pathology; D013100:Sphenoid Bone / Q000473:pathology; D013739:Testosterone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014070:Tooth / Q000473:pathology
D013739:Testosterone