title: An electromyographic technique for small animals.
abstract: An improved technique is proposed to record electromyographic (EMG) signals. The technique includes anesthesia with isofluothane and twisted bipolar electrodes that are glued with a sugar solution to longitudinally grinded hypodermic needles. The advantages of the technique are (1) minimal damage to the muscles; (2) removal of the injection needle with ease after insertion into the muscle; (3) the electrodes can be soldered onto the connector prior to the experiment; and (4) quick recovery of the animal. The technique is especially advantageous for EMG experiments with small animals.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Evolutionary and Ecological Sciences, Leiden, Netherlands. nuijens@rulsfb.leidenuniv.nl
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Nuijens
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Snelderwaard
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Bout
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D007530:Isoflurane; D008297:Male; D008839:Microelectrodes; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D007530:Isoflurane