title: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: histologic and immunohistochemical study of autopsy cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the histologic findings associated with stenosed and occluded transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) tracts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four TIPS tracts within three autopsy livers were histologically studied for vascular components by routine staining and immunohistochemical staining. TIPS had been performed for bleeding from esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis of the liver.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two TIPS, examined on days 4 and 53, showed occlusion by fibrin thrombus. In the former, no endothelial cells were detected, but coagulative necrosis of hepatocytes was found in the surrounding liver. In the latter, bile pigments were seen on the luminal surface. In the two other TIPS without tract occlusion, examined on days 49 and 293, a layer of endothelial cells, proliferation of smooth muscle cells, and deposition of an extracellular matrix such as collagen were confirmed. In the tract examined on day 293, there was protrusion of hepatocytes into the lumen through the stent wires.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short- and midterm TIPS occlusions were caused by thrombus forming after necrosis of hepatocytes and bile leakage, respectively. Long-term TIPS stenosis was associated with a combination of pseudointimal hyperplasia and ingrowth of hepatocytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University, School of Medicine, 13-1 Takara machi, Kanazawa 920, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Terayama
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kadoya
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gabata
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyayama
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takashima
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakanuma
mesh_terms: D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology; D004868:Equipment Failure; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000473:pathology; D011169:Portal Vein / Q000473:pathology; D019168:Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015607:Stents; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000473:pathology*