title: The AHCPR clinical practice guideline for heart failure revisited.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) clinical practice guideline for heart failure and comment on the guideline regarding pharmacotherapy from the perspective of the latest clinical trial data and the authors' clinical experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search (1966 to June 1997) of English-language literature pertaining to the pharmacotherapy of heart failure was performed. Special emphasis was placed on literature published in the last 5 years. Additional literature was obtained from reference lists of key articles identified through the search.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pertinent clinical trials were reviewed and considered along with information from the authors' database of over 800 patients with heart failure. Evidence concerning the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors at appropriate dosages in all New York Heart Association classes of heart failure and the inclusion of digoxin as part of triple therapy in all symptomatic patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction are reviewed. Strategies to circumvent clinical problems that may limit the proper application of standard therapeutic agents are considered, and the possible future role of beta-blockers as the therapeutic agents in patients with heart failure is discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The AHCPR guideline provides the clinician with an excellent framework for treating the patient with heart failure. Building on the fundamentals of the guideline, the clinician can carefully apply current therapy at appropriate dosages and in the best combinations to individualize and thereby optimize pharmacologic therapy for this patient population.
authors.affiliation: Heart Failure Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599, USA.
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Patterson
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low; D004077:Digoxin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006830:Hydralazine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007548:Isosorbide Dinitrate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000925:Anticoagulants; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D004232:Diuretics; D006830:Hydralazine; D004077:Digoxin; D007548:Isosorbide Dinitrate