Water soluble free radicals as biologically responsive agents in electron paramagnetic resonance imaging.
Electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI) is currently being developed at frequencies between 200 MHz and 2 GHz. EPRI can map the in vivo distribution of paramagnetic species, such as water soluble free radicals; nitroxide free radicals are commonly used. EPR images reflect the complexity of metabolic actions on the exogenous delivered nitroxides. Their reduction rate in vivo is affected by parameters such as oxygen concentration, pH and biodistribution. This paper illustrates the main features of low frequency EPRI and reconstruction techniques. Examples of EPR imaging, such as two-dimensional (2D) spatial mapping of the distribution of a nitroxide free radical in phantoms and in whole rat, are given.
Sotgiu
A
A
INFM, c/o Department of Science and Biomedical Technology, University of L'Aquila, Italy.
Colacicchi
S
S
Placidi
G
G
Alecci
M
M
D000818:Animals; D015764:Bepridil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008081:Liposomes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010851:Picrates; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012995:Solubility; D013113:Spin Labels; D014867:Water
D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D005609:Free Radicals; D008081:Liposomes; D010851:Picrates; D013113:Spin Labels; D014867:Water; C032289:2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy-3-carboxylic acid; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D015764:Bepridil; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl