title: The sleep inducing factor oleamide is produced by mouse neuroblastoma cells.
abstract: Cis-9,10-octadecenoamide (oleamide) was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of sleep-deprived mammals and shown to induce sleep in rats. The enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of the amide bond of oleamide as well as of anandamide, the putative endogenous ligand of cannabinoid receptors, was purified from rat liver, cloned, shown to be expressed also in brain and named fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). The enzymatic synthesis of oleamide from oleic acid and ammonia by rat brain microsomes has been also described. However, no evidence has been reported so far on the neuronal origin of oleamide, necessary in order to postulate for this compound a role as a neuromodulator. Here we show for the first time that oleamide is produced by a neuronal cell type and that its biosynthesis in intact neurons is not likely to occur through the direct condensation of oleic acid and ammonia. A lipid metabolite was extracted and purified from mouse neuroblastoma N18TG2 cells through a sequence of chromatographic steps and characterized as oleamide by means of gas chromatography/electron impact mass spectrometry (GC/EIMS). The amount of oleamide, as estimated by GC analyses carried out in comparison with known amounts of synthetic oleamide, was 55.0+/-09.5 pmols/10(7) cells, compared to less than 0.7 pmol/10(7) cells for anandamide in the same cells. When N18TG2 cells were prelabeled with [14C]oleic acid and the lipids extracted and purified, a radioactive component with the same chromatographic behavior as oleamide was found whose levels: (1) were not significantly influenced by stimulation with ionomycin; (2) were slightly increased by incubation with FAAH inhibitor phenyl-methyl-sulphonyl-fluoride (PMSF); (3) appeared to correlate with [14C]oleic acid incorporation into phospholipids but not with free [14C]oleic acid levels. N18TG2 cell membranes were shown to contain an enzymatic activity catalyzing the synthesis of oleamide from oleic acid and ammonia. This activity was inhibited by FAAH selective inhibitors arachidonoyltrifluoromethylketone and methylarachidonoylfluorophosphonate, as well as by an excess of anandamide, and by PMSF at the same concentration which increased oleamide formation in intact cells. These data suggest that a FAAH-like enzyme working "in reverse" may be responsible for the formation of oleamide in cell-free preparations but not in whole cells.
authors.affiliation: Istituto per la Chimica di Molecole di Interesse Biologico, Istituto di Cibernetica, Arco Felice, Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bisogno
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sepe
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Petrocellis
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mechoulam
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Di Marzo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D051379:Mice; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D009829:Oleic Acids / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D002186:Cannabinoids; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D009829:Oleic Acids; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; C029407:oleylamide; C078814:anandamide