title: Systemic adverse effects of topical ophthalmic agents. Implications for older patients.
abstract: Topical ophthalmic medications are widely prescribed by growing numbers of eye-care professionals. Increasingly, these agents are being prescribed by optometrists and ophthalmic-trained nurses in addition to ophthalmologists and general practitioners. As the number and variety of topical agents on the market rises, and as the number of clinicians involved in prescribing those agents increases; the risk of systemic adverse effects will also increase. Thus, professionals involved in the care of these patients must be aware of the risks associated with these drugs in order to minimise the likelihood of complications. Moreover, inadequate training may result in the clinician failing to associate a topical medication with a systemic condition, allowing an adverse effect to pass unrecognised. It is therefore in the interest of the ophthalmic and pharmaceutical communities to improve awareness of the potential dangers intrinsic in the use of topical eye medications. It is the elderly population who are at greatest risk of experiencing systemic adverse effects of topical agents. Chronic ophthalmic diseases, and hence long term ophthalmic drop treatments, are more prevalent among older people. Such individuals are also likely to have other medical conditions (e.g. cardiac, respiratory or neurological disease) that may be induced or exacerbated by topical ophthalmic agents. Moreover, polypharmacy is common in elderly people, and this is associated with an increased risk of drug interactions.
authors.affiliation: Bristol Eye Hospital, England. J.P.Diamond@Bris.ac.uk
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Diamond
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005853:Geriatrics; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D009184:Mydriatics / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D010276:Parasympatholytics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D009184:Mydriatics; D010276:Parasympatholytics