title: Laparoscopic nephropexy: 3-year experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Operative treatment of nephroptosis is rarely performed and is indicated only in select patients. Postoperatively approach related symptoms and morbidity often limit therapeutic success. We evaluated the technique and outcome of laparoscopic nephropexy in patients with symptomatic nephroptosis. For comparison the records of patients who underwent open nephropexy were reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since 1993, 22 women and 1 man 16 to 56 years old (mean age 29) underwent laparoscopic nephropexy at our hospital. Preoperatively excretory urography and radioisotope renography were performed with the patient supine and erect, and careful pain evaluation was also done. For laparoscopic nephropexy the transperitoneal approach was used in all patients. The kidney was completely mobilized by dissection of the perirenal fat. The upper pole and convexity of the kidney were fixed to the muscle using single nonabsorbable sutures and an extracorporeal technique for tying. Between 1984 and 1994, 12 patients underwent open nephropexy at our hospital. The results of this group were reviewed and compared with those treated by laparoscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean operative time in the laparoscopy and control groups was 61 (range 40 to 85) and 49 minutes (range 28 to 70), respectively. In patients who underwent laparoscopic nephropexy mean analgesic use was 15 mg. morphine equivalent intravenously and 550 mg. ibuprofen orally. Postoperatively 3 minor complications (13%) were noted. Hospital stay was 3.7 days (range 2 to 9) and patients returned to work after 19 days (range 4 to 30). Six weeks after nephropexy excretory urography showed a correctly positioned kidney. At a mean 13-month followup pain intensity had improved in 21 patients (91%). According to these parameters laparoscopic nephropexy was superior to the open approach except for operative time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic nephropexy is safe and effective in the select group of patients in whom nephropexy is indicated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Medical University of Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fornara
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Doehn
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jocham
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged