title: Cognitive and motor development in preschool and school-aged children after neonatal arterial switch operation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The developmental status of children beyond 3 years of age after the neonatal arterial switch operation has not yet been systematically evaluated and is the topic of the present work.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-seven unselected children operated on as neonates with combined deep hypothermic circulatory arrest and low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass were examined at an age of 3.2 to 9.4 years (5.4 +/- 1.6 years, mean +/- standard deviation). Clinical neurologic status, standard scores of intelligence, acquired abilities and vocabulary, and standardized tests on gross motor and fine motor functions were carried out, and the results were related to preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative status and management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neurologic impairment was more frequent (9.1%) than in the normal population. Intelligence was not different in these patients compared with normal children (p = 0.11), but motor function, vocabulary, and acquired abilities were poorer. Reduced intelligence was found in 9.1%, fine motor dysfunction in 22.1%, and gross motor dysfunction in 23.4% of the children. Intelligence was weakly but significantly inversely related to the duration of bypass (Spearman correlation coefficient -0.25, p = 0.03) and tended to be inversely related to the duration of circulatory arrest (-0.21, p = 0.07), but not to core cooling time on bypass or degree of hypothermia. Gross motor function, vocabulary, and acquired abilities were not significantly related to any of the perioperative parameters considered. No correlation was found between the test results and the variables perinatal asphyxia, perioperative and postoperative cardiocirculatory insufficiency, resuscitation events, and plexal or intraventricular cerebral hemorrhage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The neonatal arterial switch operation with combined circulatory arrest and low-flow bypass in our experience is associated with neurologic as well as fine and gross motor impairment but appears to be well tolerated concerning cognitive functions as based on formal intelligence testing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, RWTH Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Hövels-Gürich
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Seghaye
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Däbritz
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Messmer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: von Bernuth
mesh_terms: D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D013997:Time Factors; D014188:Transposition of Great Vessels / Q000601:surgery*