title: Valve excrescences: prevalence, evolution and risk for cardioembolism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine prospectively the prevalence, evolution and embolic risk of valve excrescences in normal subjects and patients with and without suspected cardioembolism.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Valve excrescences detected by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) have been considered a cardioembolic substrate in selected patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety healthy volunteers (Group I) and 88 patients without suspected cardioembolism and a normal TEE (Group II) were studied and followed up clinically for 58 +/- 21 and 48 +/- 20 months, respectively. To assess the evolution of valve excrescences, 45 of these subjects underwent repeat TEE at 31 +/- 13 months. The findings in Groups I and II were compared with those of Group III--49 patients referred for TEE for suspected cardioembolism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Valve excrescences were detected in 34 subjects (38%) in Group I and in 41 patients (47%) in Group II. In Group III, 20 patients (41%) had excrescences, but 85% of them had other potential cardiac or vascular sources of embolism. In all groups, mitral valve excrescences were predominant (68% to 76%), followed by aortic (38% to 50%) and right-sided valves (<10%). Excrescences were equally frequent in men and women and between all age groups studied. During follow-up in Groups I and II, excrescences persisted unchanged, and 1 (1.4%) of 74 patients with and 2 (2%) of 99 subjects without excrescences had cerebral ischemic events (80% power to detect a clinically meaningful difference of 4%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Valve excrescences are common on the left-sided heart valves of normal subjects and patients regardless of gender and age; they persist unchanged over time and do not appear to be a primary source of cardioembolism.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque 87108, USA.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Roldan
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Shively
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Crawford
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid / Q000032:analysis; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D004617:Embolism / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D006351:Heart Valves / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid