title: Defibrillation threshold and electrode configurations: an experimental study testing three configurations in twelve pigs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The choice between epicardial or subcutaneous patches remains unclear and depends essentially on the team's habits. This study tested how much an additional patch can decrease defibrillation threshold (DFT), and compared a Subcutaneous Array and an epicardial patch. Today most implantable automatic defibrillators have a transvenous endocardial configuration alone but when the DFT remains high an additional patch is necessary.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three different configurations were tested with biphasic shocks in 12 pigs: Endovenous lead (Endo), Endovenous lead + subcutaneous patch (Endo + SQ) and Endovenous lead + epicardial patch (Endo + Epi). For each animal DFTs were determined in a balanced random order for the 3 configurations. Ventricular fibrillation was induced by pacing (30 Hz, 8 V, for 5 seconds). DFT was accurately measured with the up/down procedure until 3 reversal of defibrillation success or failure occurred. DFTs (mean +/- SD) were extracted and compared using paired t test and analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DFTs were 14.6 +/- 11.0 J for Endo and significantly decreased (p < 0.01) when an additional SQ (9.4 +/- 7.2 J) or epicardial patch (8.9 +/- 6.5 J) was added to endovenous lead, without significant difference between Endo + SC and Endo + Epi configurations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regarding this important decrease of DFT (respectively -35% for Endo + SC and -39% for Endo + Epi), additional patches should be more often recommended in patients with low safety margin of DFT. In those cases subcutaneous patches should be preferred instead of epicardial patches. Moreover, an additional reason to recommend this attitude could be the possible generator batteries saving.
authors.affiliation: Cardiologic Hospital Louis Pradel, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Obadia
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Janier
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chevalier
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bazillais
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Chassignolle
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kirkorian
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Touboul
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D013552:Swine; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000628:therapy