title: Geographic variation in the utilization of esophagoscopy and bronchoscopy in head and neck cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the extent to which esophagoscopy and bronchoscopy are being used in various regions of the United States in the initial examination of patients with head and neck cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based study derived from Medicare claims data and information from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five SEER areas (San Francisco, Calif; Connecticut; Seattle, Wash; Iowa; and Detroit, Mich).
  
  
  METHODS
  The cohort included 1410 Medicare patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, or larynx diagnosed between March 1, 1991, and December 31, 1993, in the 5 SEER areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rates of esophagoscopy and bronchoscopy according to SEER area.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of patients who underwent esophagoscopy ranged from 12.9% (San Francisco) to 39.8% (Detroit) for patients with local cancer and from 22.2% (San Francisco) to 59.7% (Detroit) for patients with regional cancer. The proportion of patients who underwent bronchoscopy ranged from 6.9% (San Francisco) to 32.6% (Detroit) for patients with local cancer and from 12.8% (San Francisco) to 50.7% (Detroit) for patients with regional cancer. After controlling for differences in age, sex, race, tumor site, tumor grade, comorbidity, and socioeconomic status, SEER area remained independently associated with esophagoscopy and bronchoscopy (both P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is substantial geographic variation in the use of esophagoscopy and bronchoscopy as part of the initial examination of patients diagnosed as having head and neck cancer that cannot be explained by differences in patient or tumor characteristics. This variation likely underscores uncertainty and disagreement about the value of endoscopic screening for synchronous tumors. Additional research is required to determine whether routine endoscopic screening increases survival rates or improves quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, USA. FDeleyiannis@msn.com
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Deleyiannis
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Weymuller
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Potosky
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D004945:Esophagoscopy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009378:Neoplasms, Multiple Primary; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018426:SEER Program; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors