title: Validation of multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis in detecting changes in fluid balance of geriatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Multi-Frequency Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (MFBIA) is a quick, simple, and inexpensive method to assess body fluid compartments. This study aimed at determining the validity of MFBIA in detecting clinically relevant changes of fluid balance in geriatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 22-bed Geriatric Department of the University Hospital Nijmegen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospitalized patients were eligible if they did not have a pacemaker, were not suffering from terminal illnesses, and did not have psychogeriatric diseases likely to interfere with capacity to consent or comply. During a 16-months period, 218 patients were admitted, of whom 78 patients were eligible and 53 consented to participate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each subject's fluid balance was diagnosed twice a week as dehydrated, overhydrated, or euvolemic, based on standardized physical examination, laboratory tests, and weight evaluation. Changes in fluid balance were quantified by measuring total body water (TBW) and extracellular fluid (ECF) applying deuterium- and bromide-dilution techniques. Impedance at 1, 5, 50, and 100 kHz and body weight were measured daily. Sensitivity and Guyatt's responsiveness indexes of MFBIA in detecting dehydration and overhydration were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 1071 MFBIA measurements were performed, during which 14 transitions from dehydration to euvolemia and 13 transitions from overhydration to euvolemia were monitored. Rehydration of dehydrated patients caused an increase in TBW and ECF of 3.4 +/- 1.8 L and 1.9 +/- 1.9 L, respectively, which resulted in significant decreases in impedance of 133 +/- 67 omega at 1 kHz and 93 +/- 61 omega at 100 kHz (P = .001). Treatment of overhydrated patients caused a TBW and ECF loss of 3.8 +/- 4.2 L and 3.1 +/- 3.8 L, respectively, which resulted in significant increases in impedance of 104 +/- 72 omega at 1 kHz and 81 +/- 68 omega at 100 kHz (P < .001). Sensitivity of a single MFBIA in diagnosing dehydration and overhydration was 14% and 17%, respectively. Responsiveness indexes of weighing and MFBIA for dehydration and overhydration were similar at all frequencies and greater than one.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sensitivity of a single impedance measurement in detecting dehydration and overhydration was low. However, responsiveness of serial measurements to intra-individual changes in fluid balance was good. Therefore, this noninvasive technique may be used in clinical practice to improve monitoring fluid balance in geriatric patients, especially when daily weighing is difficult.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Olde Rikkert
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deurenberg
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van't Hof
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Hoefnagels
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged / Q000502:physiology*; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001823:Body Composition; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D003681:Dehydration / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D017097:Electric Impedance; D005260:Female; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000502:physiology*