title: Precise gaussian distribution functions of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein and free beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin for trisomy 21 screening: improved accuracy for patient counseling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gaussian equation curves are used to generate baseline curves against which a priori maternal age Down syndrome risks are adjusted to develop likelihood ratios for individual patients. We sought to evaluate the accuracy of these calculations, minimize the affects of outliers, and to make improvements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gaussian distribution functions were used to investigate the best model for alpha-fetoprotein and free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin multiples of the median with use of nonlinear regressions. Parameters from distribution functions can be used to compute a more precise likelihood ratio for the decision logic for trisomy 21. A total of 58,297 normal cases and 348 cases of trisomy 21 were computed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Log normal distribution functions generated by nonlinear regression produced excellent but exaggerated goodness of fit R2 to the frequency distributions of the data. For normal cases values were as follows (in mean, SD, and R2, respectively): log alpha-fetoprotein -0.07199, 0.15681, and 0.9970; log beta-human chorionic gonadotropin -0.15203, 0.24284, and 0.9987. For trisomy 21 cases the values were (in mean, SD, and R2, respectively) for log alpha-fetoprotein -0.19303, 0.15802, and 0.9828 and for log beta-human chorionic gonadotropin 0.19996, 0.29760, and 0.9669. Distributions reconstructed with use of statistical means and SDs generated goodness of fit R2 from 0.585 to 0.914. Use of means and SDs derived from distribution functions increased the R2 to 0.855 and 0.999. The change in the model produces, at a 5% false-positive rate, a sensitivity of 57.18% (199/348). A 1 in 113 cutoff point risk is obtained and is tighter than the 1 in 251 without the distribution functions, as versus 1 in 270 by age calculations alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that (1) normality of log transforms of alpha-fetoprotein and normality of log transforms of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin are reasonable models, (2) distribution functions can minimize the effect of outliers, which produces more realistic risk estimates, and (3) the effect of distribution functions versus standard mean and SDs cannot automatically be extrapolated to other parameters, which must be tested individually.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chik
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ayoub
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Krivchenia
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Dombrowski
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sokol
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human / Q000097:blood*; D003376:Counseling; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016011:Normal Distribution; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins