title: Functional components of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signal transduction in pituitary cells. Identification of FGF response elements in the prolactin gene.
abstract: Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) have been implicated in pituitary lactotroph tumorigenesis; however, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of FGF signal transduction. We used a transient transfection approach, in GH4 cells, to identify components of the FGF signaling pathway leading to activation of the rat prolactin (rPRL) promoter. Using dominant-negative constructs of p21(Ras), Raf-1 kinase, and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, we show that FGF activation of the rPRL promoter is independent of Ras and Raf-1 but requires MAP kinase. Furthermore, MAP kinase but not Raf-1 kinase catalytic activity is stimulated by FGFs. The rPRL promoter FGF response maps to two Ets binding sites, centered at -212 (FRE1) and -96 (FRE2), and co-transfection of dominant-negative Ets inhibits FGF activation. FRE1 co-localizes with a composite, Ets/GHF-1, Ras response element. However, overexpression of Ets-1 and GHF-1, which potentiate the Ras response, inhibits FGF stimulation of the rPRL promoter, implying that Ras and FGF signaling pathways target distinct factors to elicit their effects. These data suggest that Ets factors serve to sort and integrate MAP kinase-dependent growth factor signals, allowing highly specific transcriptional responses to be mediated via the interaction of distinct Ets proteins and cofactors at common response elements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Program in Molecular Biology, and the Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Schweppe
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Frazer-Abel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gutierrez-Hartmann
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Bradford
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D002384:Catalysis; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000502:physiology*; D051519:Fibroblast Growth Factor 4; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000502:physiology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010903:Pituitary Gland, Anterior / Q000166:cytology*; D011388:Prolactin / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D050784:Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-1; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D050783:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf / Q000378:metabolism; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction; D050817:Transcription Factor Pit-1; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C494043:Ets1 protein, rat; C496447:Fgf4 protein, rat; D051519:Fibroblast Growth Factor 4; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C494186:Pou1f1 protein, rat; D050784:Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-1; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D050783:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets; D050817:Transcription Factor Pit-1; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; D011388:Prolactin; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)