title: Time dependence of endothelium-mediated vasodilation by intermittent antegrade warm blood cardioplegia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The technique of intermittent antegrade warm blood cardioplegia (IAWBC) exposes the heart to brief periods of normothermic ischemia. This may impair endothelial function in coronary arteries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three cardioplegic technique were tested in porcine hearts arrested for 32 to 36 minutes and reperfused for 30 minutes: IAWBC, antegrade cold blood cardioplegia (ACBC), and antegrade cold crystalloid cardioplegia (ACCC). In the hearts arrested with IAWBC, three different intervals of ischemia were used: three 10-minute intervals (IAWBC1), two 15-minute intervals (IAWBC2), and one 30-minute interval (IAWBC3). Rings from the coronary arteries were used to evaluate in vitro the contractile responses to U46619 and the relaxant responses to bradykinin, A23187, and sodium nitroprusside.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All six groups (treatment groups and control group) displayed similar responses to U46619 (30 nmol/L) and nitroprusside. In the IAWBC1, IAWBC2, AND ACBC groups, endothelium-dependent relaxations to bradykinin and A23187 were preserved compared with controls, whereas those of the ACCC and IAWBC3 groups were significantly impaired (bradykinin: control, 8.72 +/- 0.07; IAWBC1, 8.73 +/- 0.03; IAWBC2, 8.65 +/- 0.05; IAWBC3, 8.30 +/- 0.07 [p < 0.05]; ACBC, 8.50 +/- 0.03; ACCC, 8.25 +/- 0.09 [p < 0.05]; A23187: control, 7.07 +/- 0.08; IAWBC1, 7.07 +/- 0.06; IAWBC2, 7.04 +/- 0.03; IAWBC3, 6.64 +/- 0.01 [p < 0.05]; ACBC, 6.80 +/- 0.05; ACCC, 6.60 +/- 0.08 [p < 0.05]; nitroprusside: control, 6.19 +/- 0.1; IAWBC1, 6.19 +/- 0.07; IAWBC2, 6.03 +/- 0.03; IAWBC3, 6.08 +/- 0.05; ACBC, 6.04 +/- 0.2; ACCC, 6.05 +/- 0.03; all values are expressed as the negative logarithm of the concentration producing 50% of the maximal response).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Myocardial preservation with IAWBC with ischemic intervals of 15 minutes or shorter does not alter the endothelium-dependent relaxation to bradykinin or A23187 in porcine coronary arteries, but these responses are significantly impaired by ACCC and IAWBC with an ischemic interval of 30 minutes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Curro
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bombardieri
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barilaro
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Di Francesco
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Varano
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Possati
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pragliola
mesh_terms: D019796:15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001769:Blood; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000001:Calcimycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000502:physiology*; D000077324:Crystalloid Solutions; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D010952:Plasma Substitutes; D013552:Swine; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D000077324:Crystalloid Solutions; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D010952:Plasma Substitutes; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009599:Nitroprusside; D000001:Calcimycin; D019796:15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid; D001920:Bradykinin