title: Outcome of survivors of accidental deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest treated with extracorporeal blood warming.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiopulmonary bypass has been used to rewarm victims of accidental deep hypothermia. Unlike other rewarming techniques, it restores organ perfusion immediately in patients with inadequate circulation. This study evaluated the long-term outcome of survivors of accidental deep hypothermia with circulatory arrest who had been rewarmed with cardiopulmonary bypass.
  
  
  METHODS
  Deep hypothermia (core temperature, <28 degrees C) with circulatory arrest was found in 46 of 234 patients with accidental hypothermia. In 32 of the 46 patients, rewarming with cardiopulmonary bypass was attempted, resulting in 15 long-term survivors. In most of these patients, deep hypothermia developed after mountaineering accidents or suicide at tempts. After an average (+/-SD) of 6.7+/-4.0 years of follow-up, we obtained the patients' medical histories and performed neurologic and neuropsychological examinations, neurovascular ultrasound studies, electroencephalography, and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average age of the patients was 25.2+/-9.9 years; seven were female and eight were male. The mean interval from discovery of the patient to rewarming with cardiopulmonary bypass was 141+/-50 minutes (range, 30 to 240). At follow-up there were no hypothermia-related sequelae that impaired quality of life. Neurologic and neuropsychological deficits observed in the early period after rewarming had fully or almost completely disappeared. One patent had cerebellar atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging with mild clinical signs, a condition that may have been caused by hypothermia. Other clinical abnormalities were either preexisting or due to injuries not related to hypothermia
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This clinical experience demonstrates that young, otherwise healthy people can survive accidental deep hypothermia with no or minimal cerebral impairment, even with prolonged circulatory arrest. Cardiopulmonary bypass appears to be an efficacious rewarming technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Bern, Inselspital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Walpoth
authors.forename: B N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Walpoth-Aslan
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Mattle
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Radanov
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schroth
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schaeffler
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: von Segesser
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Althaus
mesh_terms: D000059:Accidents; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009051:Mountaineering; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017694:Rewarming / Q000379:methods; D013406:Suicide, Attempted; D017741:Survivors; D016896:Treatment Outcome