title: Cardiac operations in solid-organ transplant recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The success of solid organ transplantation has resulted in an increasing pool of patients that subsequently require cardiac surgical procedures, yet the perioperative management of these patients is not well documented. We report a single institutional experience with the management techniques used and the outcomes of the cardiac surgical procedures performed in solid organ transplant recipients with functioning allografts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-four patients underwent 66 cardiac procedures broken down as follows: coronary artery bypass grafting, 30; single or combined valve replacement-repair, 24; combined coronary artery bypass grafting and valve repair, 3; aortic repair, 4; pericardiectomy, 3; transmyocardial laser revascularization, 1; and native cardiectomy, 1. Patients consisted of 40 kidney, 16 liver, 5 heart, 2 lung, and 1 liver and kidney transplant recipients. The mean interval from the time of transplantation to the cardiac operation was 53 months (range, 1 day to 220 months). Forty-six male and 18 female patients in New York Heart Association functional class III or IV had a mean age of 53 years (range, 19 to 77 years); 50% (32/64) were diabetic, and 97% (62/64) were hypertensive. Immunosuppressive therapy, cardiopulmonary bypass, and medical management were similar in all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were two (3%) perioperative deaths, one of which was caused by an arrhythmia-induced cardiac arrest, and there were seven (11%) late deaths from non-cardiac-related causes. Major complications included 12 infections (19%), ten mediastinal reexplorations for the control of bleeding (16%), and nine others (15%). Sixteen of the 64 (25%) transplant recipients had chronic renal failure (serum creatinine levels, > 3 mg/dL), including 13 of 40 (33%) kidney transplant patients. Acute renal failure developed postoperatively in 7 (54%) of these 13 patients; the grafts failed permanently in 3 (23%). Three patients (5%), 2 kidney transplant recipients and 1 lung transplant recipient, experienced transient acute rejection. Fifty of the 55 surviving patients are alive and well (New York Heart Association functional class I or II) without recurrent cardiac disease at a mean follow-up period of 22 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the short-term morbidity was significant, the low mortality and low incidence of permanent graft dysfunction indicate that solid organ transplant recipients can safely and effectively undergo subsequent cardiac surgical procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Mitruka
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Griffith
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Kormos
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Hattler
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Pigula
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Pham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D016040:Lung Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016377:Organ Transplantation; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents