title: Inverse correlation of cell proliferation and expression of progesterone receptors in tumor spheroids and monolayer cultures of human meningiomas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The progesterone receptor (PgR) can be detected in 60 to 70% of meningiomas using immunohistochemistry] in situ. Whereas in monolayer tissue cultures the PgR is only rarely expressed, we were able recently to demonstrate the preservation of the PgR in fragment spheroid cultures of meningiomas. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the stability of PgR expression in meningioma spheroids in vitro and the correlation of PgR expression and cell proliferation in spheroids and whether meningioma cells reaggregated to spheroids from monolayer cultures to reexpress the PgR again.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tumor fragment spheroids (Weeks 1-6) and cell monolayers (Passages 1 and 3) of 15 PgR-positive meningiomas were investigated by immunohistochemistry for the expression of PgRs and their proliferative activity, as demonstrated by positivity for the proliferation-related antigen Ki-67. To study PgR reexpression in reaggregated spheroids, Northern blots were performed. In addition, a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction technique was established and evaluated in combination with immunohistochemistry. Growth of meningioma spheroids was quantified in the presence of progesterone and the specific antagonist onapristone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PgR remained stable in spheroids for 6 weeks in 9 of 13 cases that were able to be evaluated. All tumor fragment spheroids exhibited a proliferation index of 5 to 40% Ki-67-positive cells. Monolayer cell cultures, on the other hand, failed to express PgRs but revealed higher proliferation indices (40-90%) to a significant extent. The detection of PgR messenger ribonucleic acid in reaggregated spheroids by means of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction correlated to the nuclear expression of PgR in immunohistochemistry. Neither progesterone nor its antagonist onapristone altered spheroid growth in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expression of the PgR in meningiomas is preserved in spheroid cultures with low proliferation indices for at least 6 weeks, whereas monolayer cell cultures with a high proliferative activity lack PgR expression. The inverse pattern of Ki-67-positive cells in the outer regions of the spheroids and PgR-expressing tumor cells in the spheroid centers leads us to the conclusion that proliferating meningioma tumor cells do not express PgRs. This might also explain why tumor cell growth in vitro was neither affected by progesterone nor by onapristone. Monolayer cell cultures can be reaggregated to spheroids, the consequence being a reexpression of PgRs and, therefore, a down-regulation of proliferation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Tonn
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ott
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bouterfa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kerkau
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kapp
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Müller-Hermelink
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Roosen
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D006067:Gonanes / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008577:Meningeal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008579:Meningioma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011374:Progesterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D006067:Gonanes; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D011374:Progesterone; C053238:onapristone