title: Antimutagenic activity of natural xanthophylls against aflatoxin B1 in Salmonella typhimurium.
abstract: Carotenoids (carotenes and xanthophylls) are excellent antioxidants with antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic properties. They occur naturally in some foods such as carrots, red tomatoes, butter, cheese, paprika, palm oil, corn kernels, Marigold petals, annatto, and red salmon. In the present study, we used the Salmonella plate incorporation test to examine the effect of xanthophylls extracted from Aztec Marigold (Tagetes erecta) on the AFB1 mutagenicity, using tester strain YG1024. The effect of lutein on the DNA-repair system in YG1024 was investigated by a pre-incubation test. In a dose-response curve of AFB1, the mutagenic potency was 1,031 revertants/nmol. The dose of 0.5 microgram AFB1/ plate was chosen for the antimutagenicity studies. Pure lutein and xanthophylls from Aztec Marigold flower (oleoresin and xanthophyll plus) inhibited the mutagenicity of AFB1 in a dose-dependent manner. The pigments were more efficient at inhibiting the AFB1 mutagenicity than pure lutein. The percentages of inhibition on AFB1 mutagenicity were 37, 66, and 76% for lutein, oleoresin, and xanthophyll plus at the dose of 2 micrograms/plate, respectively. Lutein had a modest effect on the DNA-repair system of YG1024. In spectrophotometric studies, a new absorption peak was detected at 378 nm when lutein and AFB1 were incubated together, and lutein reacted with AFB1 metabolites. The results suggest that the inhibitory mechanism of lutein against AFB1 mutagenicity is most probably the result of a combination of the following events: formation of a complex between lutein and AFB1, direct interaction between lutein and AFB1 metabolites, and finally that the lutein may also affect the metabolic activation of AFB1 by S9 and the expression of AFB1-modified Salmonella DNA.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, México.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: González de Mejía
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramos-Gómez
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Loarca-Piña
mesh_terms: D016604:Aflatoxin B1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D016587:Antimutagenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001711:Biotransformation / Q000187:drug effects; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D014975:Lutein / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D016587:Antimutagenic Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D016604:Aflatoxin B1; D014975:Lutein