title: Extreme variation in X-linked agammaglobulinemia phenotype in a three-generation family.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  X-linked agammaglobulinemia is typically a severe life-threatening disease characterized by the failure of B-cell differentiation and antibody production, which manifests in infancy and early childhood. Recently, we reported a novel mutation (Cys145-->STOP) in Bruton's tyrosine kinase in a 51-year-old man who was referred for evaluation because of chronic nasal congestion, recurrent sinusitis, sporadic pneumonia, and a family history suggestive of an X-linked immunodeficiency disease. He had not been treated with gammaglobulin.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was performed to investigate the clinical and immunologic phenotypes of this patient's other affected male family members.
  
  
  METHODS
  A detailed family history and comprehensive review of medical records was carried out. Genetic mutation analysis of the gene encoding Bruton's tyrosine kinase was carried out in the proband's brother and nephew.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinically affected male family members exhibit marked phenotypic variation with manifestations ranging from extremely mild to severe recurrent infections. Immunologic evaluation revealed extreme variation in immunoglobulin levels, B-cell numbers, and functional antibody titers. Genetic analysis documented a novel mutation in the gene encoding Bruton's tyrosine kinase in the proband, his brother, and his nephew.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite their sharing the same genetic abnormality, extreme variation was noted in the immunologic findings and phenotypic expression of affected family members. This family study is extraordinary in that clinically affected male members who did not receive aggressive medical treatment died of the disease in childhood or survived into late adulthood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida College of Medicine, All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg 33701, USA.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kornfeld
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Haire
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Strong
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Brigino
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Litman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000077329:Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase; D000361:Agammaglobulinemia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D014960:X Chromosome
chemical_list: D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D000077329:Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase