title: Amniotic fluid cytokines (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-8) and the risk for the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to test the hypothesis that neonates who develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia have higher amniotic fluid concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines than those who do not develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The relationship between amniotic fluid concentrations of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-8 and the occurrence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the neonate was examined in 69 patients who were delivered of preterm neonates (< or = 33 weeks) within 5 days of amniocentesis. Cytokines were measured by specific immunoassays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bronchopulmonary dysplasia was diagnosed in 19% (13/69) of newborns. Median amniotic fluid concentrations of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-8 concentrations were significantly higher in mothers whose infants had bronchopulmonary dysplasia than in mothers whose infants did not have bronchopulmonary dysplasia (p < 0.05 for each). Neonates who had bronchopulmonary dysplasia were delivered at earlier gestational ages and had lower birth weights than those without bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The differences in median amniotic fluid interleukin-6, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-8 between these two groups remained significant after we adjusted for the effect of gestational age at birth (p < 0.05 for each).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) Antenatal exposure to proinflammatory cytokines is a risk factor for the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia; (2) the injury responsible for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in a subset of neonates may begin before birth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Korea.
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Jun
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ghezzi
authors.forename: B I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001997:Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism*; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha