title: Regression of established mouse leukemia by GM-CSF-transduced tumor vaccine: implications for cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses and tumor burdens.
abstract: This study investigated the therapeutic effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on a mouse leukemia model. By using a retroviral vector, mouse GM-CSF cDNA was transduced into a highly tumorigenic T leukemia cell line, RL male 1. Injection of GM-CSF-secreting RL male 1 cells into syngeneic BALB/c mice elicited protective immunity in the animals, which could regress preestablished tumors introduced either by a subcutaneous or in an intravenous route. However, the therapeutic effects were less prominent in the mice inoculated with a large tumor load or in mice treated later. Winn tests further demonstrated that the splenocytes from the late-treated group conferred poorer protective effects in terms of reducing the growth of parental RL male 1 cells in naive mice than the splenocytes from the early-treated group. Nonetheless, upon stimulation in vitro, the activity of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) was comparable in the splenocytes of both groups of mice. Histological analysis also indicated that the CD8+ T cells appeared as early as 3 days following vaccination at the vaccine sites and at the tumor sites in both groups of mice. Above observations implied that the T cells in the animals bearing large tumors appeared to be in a state of suppression or anergy. Systematic histological analyses for 2 weeks provided further insight into various infiltrates at the vaccine sites and at the tumor sites in response to the inoculation of GM-CSF-secreting tumor vaccine.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: V F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Hwang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002470:Cell Survival; D017931:DNA Primers; D015870:Gene Expression; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007114:Immunization; D015458:Leukemia, T-Cell / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012190:Retroviridae / Q000235:genetics; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D017931:DNA Primers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor