title: Increased intracellular cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate inhibits release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha from human vascular tissue and cultured smooth muscle cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We recently reported that bacterial lipopolysaccharide stimulates release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha from both human vascular tissue and cultured smooth muscle cells. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that increased intracellular cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) could inhibit TNF-alpha release.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, repeated-measures analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Segments of internal mammary artery and saphenous vein from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Segments of saphenous vein and internal mammary artery and confluent smooth muscle cells cultured from these vessels were incubated in the presence of 20 micrograms/mL bacterial lipopolysaccharide, alone or with the addition of forskolin or 8-Br-cAMP. At 0, 1, 3, 6, 18, and 24 hrs, the incubation medium was removed from vessel segments or cells and was analyzed for biologically active TNF-alpha, using the L929 cell cytotoxicity assay. cAMP was extracted from tissue and cells with 0.1 N HCl and was analyzed by radioimmunoassay. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide stimulated the release of TNF-alpha from internal mammary smooth muscle cells at all time points. For example, at 6 hrs, TNF-alpha concentration in the medium from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cells was 20 +/- 1.6 U/mg of cell protein, compared with 0.9 +/- 0.5 U/mg of cell protein in control cell medium (p < .05). Forskolin-inhibited bacterial lipopolysaccharide stimulated TNF-alpha release. In the presence of lipopolysaccharide and forskolin, TNF-alpha release at 6 hrs was 8.6 +/- 1.5 U/mg of cell protein (p < .05 vs. in the presence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide alone). Bacterial lipopolysaccharide, alone, had no effect on intracellular cAMP. Forskolin increased intracellular cAMP levels to 74.0 +/- 12 pmol/mg of cell protein at 6 hrs from a control level of 7.7 +/- 0.4 pmol/mg (p < .05). The 8-Br-cAMP, an agent that mimics the action of intracellular cAMP, also inhibited TNF-alpha release stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. Similar inhibition by forskolin and 8-Br-cAMP on TNF-alpha release was obtained with smooth muscle cells from saphenous vein. Finally, in tissue segments from either internal mammary artery or saphenous vein, both forskolin and 8-Br-cAMP inhibited lipopolysaccharide-stimulated TNF-alpha release.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results are consistent with the conclusion that vascular tissue, particularly the smooth muscle cell, is a source of TNF-alpha. Further, bacterial lipopolysaccharide-stimulated tumor TNF-alpha release can be inhibited by increased intracellular cAMP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Castresana
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Shaker
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Dalton
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Leeper-Woodford
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Newman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D005576:Colforsin; D000242:Cyclic AMP