title: The origin of bone formed by heterotopic periosteal autografts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study tested the hypothesis that a significant amount of the new bone produced by heterotopic periosteal autografts is derived osteoinductively because proliferating periosteal cells express the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Rabbit ulnar and radial periosteum were autografted as free grafts (FGs) to the forelimb musculature, and as millipore diffusion chambers grafts (MDCGs) to the rectus abdominus muscle. The grafts were recovered at 3, 5, 7, 14, and 28 days postoperation, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, demineralized in 0.6N HCL, and 4.0 microns paraffin-embedded sections were immunostained with monoclonal antibody against recombinant human (rh) BMP-2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sections from FGs recovered 5 to 28 days postoperatively exhibited cartilage and bone; fibrous tissue, cartilage, bone, and osteochondroid differentiated within MDCGs. Although BMP-2 was expressed by mesenchymal cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts, none of the MDCGs produced the osteoinductive signature of transmembrane bone formation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations indicated that the larger fraction of the new bone produced by heterotopic periosteal autografts is derived from the graft cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Mainous
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000473:pathology; D002356:Cartilage / Q000473:pathology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002455:Cell Division; D004396:Coloring Agents; D015194:Diffusion Chambers, Culture; D005404:Fixatives; D005552:Forelimb / Q000601:surgery; D005557:Formaldehyde; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology; D008851:Micropore Filters; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000601:surgery; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology; D010011:Osteocytes / Q000166:cytology; D010012:Osteogenesis; D016612:Paraffin Embedding; D010521:Periosteum / Q000166:cytology / Q000637:transplantation*; D011108:Polymers; D011817:Rabbits; D011884:Radius / Q000166:cytology; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D017568:Rectus Abdominis / Q000601:surgery; D016707:Tissue Fixation; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D016042:Transplantation, Heterotopic; D014457:Ulna / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; C525718:BMP2 protein, human; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005404:Fixatives; D011108:Polymers; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C499469:recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2; D005557:Formaldehyde; C003043:paraform