title: Different mechanisms of ischemic adaptation to repeated coronary occlusion in patients with and without recruitable collateral circulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between ischemic preconditioning (IP) and collateral recruitment (CR) during ischemic adaptation in patients.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The mechanism of ischemic adaptation still remains controversial in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical, electrocardiographic, hemodynamic and echocardiographic responses to three 150-s occlusions of the left anterior descending coronary artery were assessed in relation to CR in 18 patients with effort angina undergoing elective percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the first occlusion, recruitable collateral circulation (RCC) to the occluded myocardium was detected by myocardial contrast echocardiography in 6 patients (Group C) and was not seen in 12 (Group N). In Group N, all patients manifested signs of severe ischemia during each inflation. However, their symptoms and ST segment shift significantly decreased from the first to the third occlusions, suggesting the occurrence of IP. The elevation of mean pulmonary artery pressure and deterioration of anterior wall motion were comparable between the first and the third occlusions in Group N. In contrast, myocardial ischemia was significantly less marked during occlusion in Group C than in Group N, and no preconditioning effect was observed. The extent of RCC did not differ between the first and the third occlusions in each group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both IP and CR may play independent roles in ischemic adaptation in humans. With RCC, myocardial ischemia was greatly reduced. Without RCC, preconditioning clinically and electrocardiographically lessened myocardial ischemia but failed to preserve left ventricular function.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Osaka Police Hospital, Suita, Japan. sakatah@medone.med.osaka-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakata
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kodama
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kitakaze
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Masuyama
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hirayama
authors.forename: Y J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ishikura
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hori
mesh_terms: D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003097:Collateral Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D004452:Echocardiography; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged