title: Improved resolution for PET volume imaging through three-dimensional iterative reconstruction.
abstract: It has been demonstrated that in two-dimensional iterative reconstruction, a resolution model can improve image resolution while controlling noise. With the lower noise levels of three-dimensional PET volume imaging, these iterative reconstruction advantages may be extended to three dimensions to further improve the reconstructed image resolution.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have implemented three-dimensional versions of iterative filtered backprojection (IFBP) and the maximum likelihood by expectation maximization (ML-EM) reconstruction algorithms and applied them to three-dimensional PET volume datasets. The results were compared to images obtained using the standard three-dimensional reprojection reconstruction (3DRP) algorithm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For IFBP with 15 iterations and no regularization compared to 3DRP, both using a ramp filter, the transaxial resolution improved 52%, and the axial resolution improved 39%. With a strong regularization, the transaxial and axial resolution improvements were reduced to 6% and 5%, respectively. If a Hanning roll-off is applied to the ramp filter in the transaxial direction, the transaxial resolution for IFBP without regularization improved 35% compared to 3DRP; with regularization the improvement dropped to 19%. The axial resolution for IFBP and 3DRP was unaffected by this transaxial smoothing in the reconstruction filter. With the same Hanning roll-off, the noise for IFBP without regularization increased by a factor of 6 compared to 3DRP; with regularization the noise was increased only by a factor of 3. Compared to IFBP, the three-dimensional ML-EM reconstruction produced similar resolution improvements with a much smaller increase in noise and slower convergence. Resolution improvements from both IFBP and ML-EM reconstructions are visually apparent in three-dimensional FDG brain images and result in increased activation signals in a three-dimensional [15O]water functional activation study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that resolution improvement is possible for IFBP and ML-EM compared to 3DRP with or without noise increase.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Administration Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55147, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Liow
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Strother
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rehm
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Rottenberg
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D010104:Oxygen Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013997:Time Factors; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D010104:Oxygen Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D014867:Water; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18