title: Systemic and pulmonary hemodynamic responses to normal and obstructed breathing during sleep.
abstract: We examined the hemodynamic responses to normal breathing and induced upper airway obstructions during sleep in a canine model of obstructive sleep apnea. During normal breathing, cardiac output decreased (12.9 +/- 3.5%, P < 0.025) from wakefulness to non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREM) but did not change from NREM to rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. There was a decrease (P < 0.05) in systemic (7.2 +/- 2.1 mmHg) and pulmonary (2.0 +/- 0.6 mmHg) arterial pressures from wakefulness to NREM sleep. In contrast, systemic (8.1 +/- 1.0 mmHg, P < 0.025), but not pulmonary, arterial pressures decreased from NREM to REM sleep. During repetitive airway obstructions (56.0 +/- 4.7 events/h) in NREM sleep, cardiac output (17.9 +/- 3.1%) and heart rate (16.2 +/- 2.5%) increased (P < 0.05), without a change in stroke volume, compared with normal breathing during NREM sleep. During single obstructive events, left (7.8 +/- 3.0%, P < 0.05) and right (7.1 +/- 0.7%, P < 0.01) ventricular outputs decreased during the apneic period. However, left (20.7 +/- 1.6%, P < 0.01) and right (24.0 +/- 4.2%, P < 0.05) ventricular outputs increased in the post-apneic period because of an increase in heart rate. Thus 1) the systemic, but not the pulmonary, circulation vasodilates during REM sleep with normal breathing; 2) heart rate, rather than stroke volume, is the dominant factor modulating ventricular output in response to apnea; and 3) left and right ventricular outputs oscillate markedly and in phase throughout the apnea cycle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Schaub
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Andreoni
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Robotham
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
mesh_terms: D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D010994:Pleura / Q000503:physiopathology; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000503:physiopathology; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology