title: Brain cooling efficiency with pH-stat and alpha-stat cardiopulmonary bypass in newborn pigs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For infant cardiac surgery, recent studies suggest improved neurological outcome after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest when pH-stat cardiopulmonary bypass is used compared with alpha-stat cardiopulmonary bypass. The pH-stat method is hypothesized to protect the brain through improved cooling and/or rewarming. We examined brain cooling and rewarming during pH-stat and alpha-stat cardiopulmonary bypass in 12 newborn pigs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microthermistors were inserted into the caudate and cortical gray and white matter, and a cranial window was created to map neocortical temperature gradients by using infrared imaging. Piglets were cooled with pH-stat or alpha-stat cardiopulmonary bypass until all brain regions were less than 20 degrees C; then they were subjected to 60 minutes of circulatory arrest, and afterward, rewarmed with cardiopulmonary bypass. During cardiopulmonary bypass cooling, cortical gray and white matter and caudate temperatures were up to 5 degrees C less in pH-stat than in alpha-stat (P<.05), although after 10 minutes of cooling, only cortical white matter temperature remained significantly less in pH-stat. Neocortical thermal gradients during cardiopulmonary bypass cooling were greater in pH-stat versus alpha-stat during the initial 8 minutes (4 degrees C to 5 degrees C versus 2 degrees C to 3 degrees C, P<.01) but were less by 18 to 20 minutes (0.9 degrees C versus 1.7 degrees C, P<.01). Cardiopulmonary bypass cooling time to less than 20 degrees C was shorter for pH-stat than for alpha-stat in cortical gray matter (14 versus 17 minutes, P<.05) and cortical white matter (17 versus 23 minutes, P<.001) but not in caudate (13 versus 16 minutes, P=NS). Cooling time to less than 1 degrees C neocortical thermal gradient was shorter in pH-stat than in alpha-stat (15 versus 23 minutes, P<.001). During rewarming, regional brain temperatures and neocortical thermal gradients were not different between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  pH-stat improves brain cooling efficiency during cardiopulmonary bypass because all regions cooled more rapidly, especially cortical white matter, and less time was required to achieve uniform cerebral deep hypothermia. pH-stat and alpha-stat cardiopulmonary bypass rewarm the brain similarly after deep hypothermic arrest.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pa 19104, USA. Kurth@email.chop.edu
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Kurth
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: O'Rourke
authors.forename: I B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: O'Hara
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Uher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D003080:Cold Temperature; D013552:Swine