title: Interaction between the amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions of the rat androgen receptor modulates transcriptional activity and is influenced by nuclear receptor coactivators.
abstract: Identical N-terminal deletions in the wild-type rat androgen receptor (rAR) and a constitutively active rAR (ARDelta641-902) devoid of the ligand-binding domain (LBD) resulted in dissimilar consequences in transcriptional activation: deletion of residues 149-295 abolished wild-type AR activity, but did not influence that of ARDelta641-902. The activity of the N-terminal transactivation domain is thus controlled by the hormone-occupied LBD, suggesting that the N- and C-terminal regions of rAR communicate. Consistent with this idea, a strong androgen-dependent interaction between the N-terminal region and LBD was demonstrated in a mammalian two-hybrid system using GAL4 and VP16 fusion proteins. This interaction can be direct or indirect. Several nuclear receptor coactivators (CBP, F-SRC-1, SRC-1, and RIP140) that interact with other steroid receptors were tested as potential mediators of the N- and C-terminal interaction of rAR using the mammalian two-hybrid system. CBP or F-SRC-1 not only enhanced AR-mediated transactivation, but also facilitated the androgen-dependent interaction between the N- and C-terminal domains, implying that part of the coactivator-dependent transcriptional activation occurs via this mechanism. In contrast, SRC-1, a coactivator for the progesterone receptor, inhibited both AR-mediated transactivation and interaction between the N and C termini. Recruitment of coregulators may involve AR domains other than the LBD, as F-SRC-1 and CBP enhanced, but SRC-1 repressed, the transcriptional activity of ARDelta641-902. Collectively, interplay between the N-terminal region and LBD of rAR results in the formation of a transactivation complex that includes coregulators and that is mandatory for optimal activation of androgen-induced promoters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikonen
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Palvimo
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Jänne
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D056920:Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1; D056921:Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 3; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D051381:Rats; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000378:metabolism; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C052130:GAL4 protein, S cerevisiae; D008024:Ligands; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases; C538859:NCOA1 protein, human; C538866:NCOA3 protein, human; D056920:Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1; D056921:Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 3