title: Depressive and anxiety disorders in patients presenting with physical complaints: clinical predictors and outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the predictors of depressive and anxiety disorders in general medical patients presenting with physical complaints and to determine the effect of these mental disorders on patient outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cohort study, 500 adults presenting to a general medicine clinic with a chief complaint of a physical symptom were interviewed with PRIME-MD to diagnose DSM-IV depressive and anxiety disorders. Clinical predictors were identified by logistic regression analysis. Outcomes were assessed immediately postvisit and at 2 weeks and 3 months. These included symptomatic improvement, functional status, unmet expectations, satisfaction with care, clinician-perceived patient difficulty, and health care utilization and costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A depressive or anxiety disorder was present in 146 (29%) of the patients. Independent predictors of a mental disorder included recent stress, multiple physical symptoms (ie, 6 or more), higher patient ratings of symptom severity, lower patient ratings of their overall health, physician perception of the encounter as difficult, and patient age less than 50. Patients with depressive or anxiety disorders were more likely to have unmet expectations postvisit (20% versus 8%, P < 0.001), be considered difficult (26% versus 11%, P < 0.0001), and report persistent psychiatric symptoms and ongoing stress even 3 months following the initial visit. Psychiatric status was not associated with symptomatic improvement, health care utilization, or costs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simple clinical clues in patients with physical complaints identify a subgroup who may warrant further evaluation for a depressive or anxiety disorder. Such disorders are associated with unmet patient expectations and increased provider frustration.
authors.affiliation: Regenstrief Institute for Health Care and Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202-2859, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kroenke
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chamberlin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005639:Frustration; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D016896:Treatment Outcome