title: RNA dependent DNA replication fidelity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase: evidence of discrimination between DNA and RNA substrates.
abstract: The RNA dependent DNA replication fidelity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase has been investigated using pre-steady-state kinetics under single turnover conditions. In contrast to previous estimates of low replication fidelity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the present study finds the enzyme to be more highly discriminating when an RNA/DNA template-primer is employed as compared with the corresponding DNA/DNA template-primer. The basis of this selectivity is due to extremely slow polymerization kinetics for incorporation of an incorrect deoxynucleotide. The maximum rates for misincorporation (kpol) of dGTP, dCTP, and dTTP opposite a template uridine were 0.2, 0.03, and 0.003 s-1, respectively. The equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd) for the incorrect nucleotide opposite a template uridine were 1.0, 1.1, and 0.7 mM for dGTP, dCTP, and dTTP, respectively. These kinetic values provide fidelity estimates of 26 000 for discrimination against dGTP, 176 000 for dCTP, and 1 x 10(6) for dTTP misincorporation at this position. Similar observations were obtained when incorrect nucleotide misincorporation was examined opposite a template adenine. Thus in a direct comparison of RNA/DNA and DNA/DNA template-primer substrates, HIV-1 RT exhibits approximately a 10-60-fold increase in fidelity. This study augments our current understanding of the similarities and differences of catalytic activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase using RNA and DNA substrates. Moreover, these studies lend further support for a model for nucleotide incorporation by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase involving a two-step binding mechanism governed by a rate-limiting conformational change for correct incorporation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, 333 Cedar Street, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, USA.
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D017931:DNA Primers; D004261:DNA Replication; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D003845:Deoxycytosine Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D003848:Deoxyguanine Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000201:enzymology*; D007700:Kinetics; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D013942:Thymine Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004279:DNA, Viral; D003845:Deoxycytosine Nucleotides; D003848:Deoxyguanine Nucleotides; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013942:Thymine Nucleotides; C024107:2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate; C029603:deoxyguanosine triphosphate; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; C024157:thymidine 5'-triphosphate