title: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for radiation-induced brain injury in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Radiation-induced necrosis (RIN) of the brain is a complication associated with the use of aggressive focal treatments such as radioactive implants and stereotactic radiosurgery. In an attempt to treat patients with central nervous system (CNS) RIN, ten patients received hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients presented with new or increasing neurologic deficits associated with imaging changes after radiotherapy. Necrosis was proven by biopsy in eight cases. HBOT was comprised of 20-30 sessions at 2.0 to 2.4 atmospheres, for 90 minutes-2 hours. Sites of RIN included the brain stem (n = 2), posterior fossa (n = 1), and supratentorial fossa (n 7). Histologic types included brain stem glioma (n = 2), ependymoma (n = 2), germinoma (n = 2), low grade astrocytoma (n = 1), oligodendroglioma (n = 1), glioblastoma multiforme (n = 1), and arteriovenous malformation (n = 1).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial improvement or stabilization of symptoms and/or imaging findings were documented in all ten patients studied and no severe HBOT toxicity was observed. Four patients died, with the cause of death attributed to tumor progression. Five of six surviving patients were improved by clinical and imaging criteria; one patient was alive with tumor present at last follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HBOT may prove to be an important adjunct to surgery and steroid therapy for CNS RIN.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48236, USA.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Chuba
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aronin
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bhambhani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eichenhorn
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zamarano
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cianci
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muhlbauer
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fontanesi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006931:Hyperbaric Oxygenation; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009336:Necrosis; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000628:therapy*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*