title: Development and evaluation of evidence based risk assessment tool (STRATIFY) to predict which elderly inpatients will fall: case-control and cohort studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify clinical characteristics of elderly inpatients that predict their chance of falling (phase 1) and to use these characteristics to derive a risk assessment tool and to evaluate its power in predicting falls (phases 2 and 3).
  
  
  METHODS
  Phase 1: a prospective case-control study. Phases 2 and 3: prospective evaluations of the derived risk assessment tool in predicting falls in two cohorts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Elderly care units of St Thomas's Hospital (phase 1 and 2) and Kent and Canterbury Hospital (phase 3).
  
  
  METHODS
  Elderly hospital inpatients (aged > or = 65 years): 116 cases and 116 controls in phase 1,217 patients in phase 2, and 331 in phase 3.
  
  
  METHODS
  21 separate clinical characteristics were assessed in phase 1, including the abbreviated mental test score, modified Barthel index, a transfer and mobility score obtained by combining the transfer and mobility sections of the Barthel index, and several nursing judgements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In phase 1 five factors were independently associated with a higher risk of falls: fall as a presenting complaint (odds ratio 4.64 (95% confidence interval 2.59 to 8.33); a transfer and mobility score of 3 or 4 (2.10 (1.22 to 3.61)); and primary nurses' judgment that a patient was agitated (20.9 (9.62 to 45.62)), needed frequent toileting (2.48 (1.08 to 5.70)), and was visually impaired (3.56 (1.26 to 10.05)). A risk assessment score (range 0-5) was derived by scoring one point for each of these five factors. In phases 2 and 3 a risk assessment score > 2 was used to define high risk: the sensitivity and specificity of the score to predict falls during the following week was 93% and 88% respectively in phase 2 and 92% and 68% respectively in phase 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This simple risk assessment tool predicted with clinically useful sensitivity and specificity a high percentage of falls among elderly hospital inpatients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Elderly Care (Division of Medicine), United Medical School, St Thomas's Hospital, London.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Britton
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Seed
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Hopper
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006786:Hospitals, Urban; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients / Q000145:classification*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008131:London; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013222:State Medicine