title: Pattern of malformations in the axial skeleton in human triploid fetuses.
abstract: We examined the axial skeleton in 15 human triploid fetuses (10 with XXX and 5 with XXY sex chromosomes). All fetuses 14-29 weeks of gestational age (GA), underwent whole-body radiography, permitting analysis of the nasal bone and the spine. From 9 of these, detailed radiographs were taken of midsagittal blocks of the cranial base and the spine, permitting detailed analysis of the cranial base.
  Of 14 fetuses, where the nasal bone was seen on lateral projection, it appeared short in 10 cases.
  The spine was normal in 7 of 15 fetuses; malformations occurred in 8. These were osseous fusions between 2 or more vertebral bodies, most frequently in the cervical and thoracic regions, and disproportions in the sizes of the cervical bodies. Fusions occurred in 5 cases alone, and in one case in combination with disproportions of vertebral size. Disproportions alone occurred in 2 cases.
  Malformation of the basilar part of the occipital bone was found in 5 of the 9 fetuses investigated. Of 9 fetuses, bilateral ossification centers of the postsphenoid bone occurred in 7, and shell-like ossification centers in 2. There was no difference in the type of malformations in the different axial fields related to genotype (XXX and XXY).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most remarkable findings in the axial skeleton of triploid fetuses are vertebral fusions in 6 of 15 cases; clefts of vertebral bodies, previously reported as common findings in trisomy fetuses, are not demonstrated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kjaer
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Keeling
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Hansen
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000196:embryology; D005333:Fetus / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D011123:Polyploidy; D011859:Radiography