title: The worldwide epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is common and increasing in prevalence in North America and other industrialized areas. The worldwide epidemiology is multifactorial and complex. Smoking is by far the most important and correctable risk factor. Heredity and environmental risks also relate to the pathogenesis of COPD. Early stages of COPD can only be identified by spirometry. Smoking cessation can retard the progress of the disease and improve prognosis. Reduction or elimination of environmental risks may also be helpful.
authors.affiliation: St. Luke's Medical Center, Denver, CO 80218, USA.
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Petty
mesh_terms: D019049:Developed Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018450:Disease Progression; D004777:Environment; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D008173:Lung Diseases, Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D009656:North America / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D013147:Spirometry