title: Intraoperative radiofrequency microbipolar coagulation to replace incisions of maze III procedure for correcting atrial fibrillation in patients with rheumatic valvular disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial tachycardias and flutter is an established technique. The same modality in the microbipolar mode is effective in producing full thickness coagulation injury. Cox's maze procedure is highly successful in curing atrial fibrillation (AF) surgically. However, it consumes relatively long cross clamp time and cardiopulmonary bypass time. In this study, radiofrequency microbipolar coagulation was used as an adjunct to corrective valve surgery, as an intraoperative ablative modality to replace Cox's maze III incisions, thus remarkably shortening the procedure. The results of this procedure are compared historically with those of 26 patients who underwent corrective valve surgery alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radiofrequency microbipolar coagulation was used to produce conduction blocks along the Cox's maze III incision lines as an adjunct to valve surgery in 18 patients in atrial fibrillation undergoing surgery for rheumatic valvular disease. A bayonet type bipolar forceps with an active tip length of 7 mm drawing current from a microbipolar port of Valleylab Force 4 electrosurgical unit (Valleylab, Boulder, CO) was used for microbipolar coagulation. A 3-mm retinal handheld cryoprobe working on nitrous oxide gas was used for cryoablation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 15 survivors in the coagulation maze group were followed from 43 to 224 days (149.7 +/- 73.1 mean +/- S.D.). Twelve of the 15 survivors (80%) converted to normal sinus rhythm (70% confidence limit: 64.7-90.6%). Atrial transport function studies with pulsed wave doppler, showed presence of a wave in all the 12 (100%) patients in tricuspid valve flow and in nine (75%) patients in mitral valve flow. The procedure took 11.62 +/- 3.86 min of elective cardioplegic arrest time for the left atrial portion and 18.71 +/- 4.25 min of cardiopulmonary bypass time during reperfusion for the right atrial portion. Of the 23 survivors out of 26 patients who underwent the valve procedure alone, only one patient (4.3%) converted to normal sinus rhythm (70% confidence limit: 0.6-14%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, our modification considerably shortened the time taken for creating the maze in comparison to the Cox's maze procedure and was effective in restoring normal sinus rhythm in 80% of the patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, LTMM College and LTMG Hospital, Sion, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Patwardhan
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Dave
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Tamhane
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Pandit
authors.forename: B V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Dalvi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Golam
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaul
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Chaukar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000601:surgery; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000601:surgery*; D012214:Rheumatic Heart Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors