title: Actions of C-type natriuretic peptide and sodium nitroprusside on carbachol-stimulated inositol phosphate formation and contraction in ciliary and iris sphincter smooth muscles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) accumulation and on carbachol (CCh)-stimulated inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) production and contraction in ciliary muscle (CM) and iris sphincter (Sph) isolated from bovine and other mammalian species.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ciliary muscle and sphincter isolated from cows, cats, dogs, rabbits, monkeys, and humans were used. Bovine specimens were used in the present work. Accumulation of cGMP and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in tissue extracts was measured by radioimmunoassay, IP3 production was measured by ion-exchange chromatography, and changes in tension were recorded isometrically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In general, CNP and SNP exerted differential inhibitory effects on muscarinic-receptor-induced responses in CM and Sph isolated from the various species. Thus in bovine CM, SNP stimulated cGMP formation in a time- and concentration-dependent manner and dose dependently inhibited CCh-induced IP3 production and contraction. These effects were inhibited by LY 83583, a soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, and mimicked by 8-Br-cGMP, a cell-membrane permeable analogue of cGMP. The inhibitory effects of the soluble cGMP analogue are tissue and species specific. Sodium nitroprusside had no effect on the muscarinic responses in bovine Sph, but it attenuated CCh-induced contractions in Sph isolated from cats, dogs, and rabbits. In bovine Sph, CNP increased cGMP accumulation in a time- and dose-dependent manner and dose dependently inhibited CCh-induced IP3 production and contraction. LY 83583 had no effect on the muscarinic responses. C-type natriuretic peptide attenuated CCh-induced contraction in CM isolated from monkey and human, but it had no influence on this response in CM isolated from cows, cats, and dogs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In bovine CM, SNP effects are probably mediated through soluble guanylyl cyclase, whereas in Sph the CNP effects are mediated through membrane-bound guanylyl cyclase, which is associated with the type-B natriuretic peptide receptor. Agents that strongly increase intracellular cGMP levels, including SNP and CNP, produce significant inhibition of CCh-induced IP3 production and contraction. These effects are tissue and species specific. The results indicate that the cGMP signaling system, similar to the cAMP system, has a major inhibitory influence on the muscarinic responses in smooth muscles of the iris-ciliary body. The agents CNP and SNP, which stimulate cGMP accumulation in the ocular smooth muscles, could reduce intraocular pressure, presumably by increasing uveoscleral outflow induced by relaxation of the CM. However, the relationships between the CNP- and SNP-induced inhibition of the muscarinic stimulation and the reported intraocular pressure-lowering effects of the cGMP-elevating agents remain to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912-2100, USA.
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Abdel-Latif
mesh_terms: D000634:Aminoquinolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D002217:Carbachol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002415:Cats; D002417:Cattle; D002924:Ciliary Body / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000494:pharmacology; D004285:Dogs; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D015544:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007498:Iris / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D020098:Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011506:Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011817:Rabbits; D011863:Radioimmunoassay
chemical_list: D000634:Aminoquinolines; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists; D011506:Proteins; D020098:Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type; D009599:Nitroprusside; C016276:8-bromocyclic GMP; D015544:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor; D002217:Carbachol; C041715:6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase; D006152:Cyclic GMP