title: Psychological and physiological responses during an exam and their relation to personality characteristics.
abstract: The aim of the study was to compare emotional and physiological responses to real and control examinations and to assess their relation to personality characteristics. Emotional responses were assessed by state anxiety and perceived stress. The assessment of physiological responses included the activity of the cardiac system (heart periods, vagal tone), the adrenocortical system (cortisol) and the immune system (immune globulin A, sIgA). Emotional and physiological responses of 23 students (12 males, 11 females) were assessed during an oral exam at the end of a basic course in psychology which was a prerequisite for the students' final exams. For the control condition physiological responses were assessed one week before the examination during a memory test. The findings of the study demonstrate different emotional and physiological response patterns to examinations as compared to the control condition. Heightened anxiety was observed only before the exam. Whereas within-situation physiological responses (higher heart periods, cortisol, and sIgA; lower vagal tone) were observed both under the exam and control condition, responses to exam condition indicated pre-exam anticipatory activation and post-exam restricted recovery responses. With regard to personality characteristics subjects with high ego-resiliency showed more flexible adaptation than subjects with low ego-resiliency both on the emotional level (anxiety down-regulation after exam) and on the physiological level (situation-specific responses, quick recovery). Subjects with high ego-control exhibited a lower physiological reactivity under both conditions, i.e. they seemed to maintain longer their control also on a physiological level independent of the type of situation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Federal Republic of Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spangler
mesh_terms: D000302:Adrenal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D004532:Ego; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000032:analysis; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D010551:Personality / Q000502:physiology*; D012463:Saliva / Q000276:immunology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D006854:Hydrocortisone