title: Cytokines as an adjuvant to tumor vaccines: efficacy of local methods of delivery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We examined alternative methods of delivering cytokines as an adjunct for priming lymph node (LN) cells draining sites of vaccine inoculation for the purpose of generating immune cells for adoptive immunotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using syngeneic murine tumors we examined the ability of IL-2, IL-4, or GM-CSF delivered locally to a site of tumor inoculum to induce antitumor reactive draining LN cells. Mice were inoculated subcutaneously with tumor cells transduced to secrete cytokine; tumor cells admixed with fibroblasts transduced to secrete cytokine; or intralesional inoculation of cytokine in established tumor to induce sensitized LN cells capable of mediating tumor regression in adoptive transfer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both IL-4 and GM-CSF cytokines were effective in enhancing the antitumor reactivity of vaccine-primed LN cells compared to IL-2, which was ineffective. The local delivery of GM-CSF by autocrine or paracrine secretion of genetically engineered cells, as well as direct intratumoral delivery was capable of upregulating LN sensitization compared to systemic administration, which did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The local delivery of GM-CSF as an adjuvant for tumor vaccination can be accomplished by various methods, including direct injection, which avoids the need for gene transfer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kurane
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Arca
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aruga
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Krinock
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Krauss
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019264:Adoptive Transfer; D000818:Animals; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D005260:Female; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000628:therapy; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D015847:Interleukin-4; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor