title: Risk factors for HIV-1 transmission from HIV-seropositive male blood donors to their regular female partners in northern Thailand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe risks for HIV transmission from male blood donors to their regular female sex partners in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  From March 1992 through September 1995, 405 HIV-seropositive male blood donors (index cases) and their regular female partners were enrolled in the study. Women with risk factors for HIV infection other than sexual contact with the index male were excluded. Couples were interviewed and examined; specimens were collected for laboratory analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 46% of the 405 women enrolled were HIV-positive. Ninety-eight per cent of male index cases had a history of sex with a female prostitute; 1.5% reported always using condoms with their regular partner. History of sexually transmitted disease (STD) and swollen inguinal lymph nodes in the female partner were associated with an increased risk of HIV infection in the female. History in the female of genital herpes [odds ratio (OR), 3.46; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.50-8.78], gonorrhea or chlamydia infection (OR, 2.71; 95% CI, 1.39-5.53), and stable relationship of longer than 24 months (OR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.02-5.09) were associated with an increased risk of HIV infection in the female. Consistent condom use in the past 2 years (OR, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.01-0.79) was associated with a decreased risk of HIV infection in the female.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Married women in northern Thailand who appear otherwise to be at low risk for HIV infection may be exposed to this virus by their husbands. High rates of sex with commercial sex workers among men and low use of condoms within stable relationships may be important factors promoting the transmission of HIV in married couples. Programs to increase the regular use of condoms among married couples could be an important public health intervention to prevent transmission of HIV and other types of STD in northern Thailand.
authors.affiliation: Contraceptive Research and Development Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagachinta
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duerr
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Suriyanon
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nantachit
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rugpao
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wanapirak
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Srisomboon
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kamtorn
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tovanabutra
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mundee
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yutrabutr
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaewvichit
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rungruèngthanakit
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tansuhaj
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Flowers
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Khamboonruang
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Celentano
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001782:Blood Donors; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012747:Sexual Partners; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology