title: Clinical assessment of periodontal conditions in patients treated with nifedipine.
abstract: Calcium antagonists are widely used in treating acute and chronic coronary insufficiency disorders. A major side effect of long-term treatment is gingival hyperplasia. In the present study, 70 patients taking nifedipine for at least six months and 70 controls similar in age, gender, approximal hygiene and systemic disease with at least 6 anterior teeth in upper and lower arches were examined. Their periodontal conditions were determined by modified Sulcus-Bleeding-Index (mSBI), modified Approximal-Plaque-Index (mAPI), Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN), a hyperplasia index quantifying the extent of gingival overgrowth, probing depths, clinical attachment loss and the modified Phenytoin-Gingival-Inflammation-Index (mPGI). A mild to moderate gingival hyperplasia was diagnosed in 21 of 70 patients resulting in a prevalence of 30% compared to 8.5% in controls. The hyperplastic changes were situated mainly in the anterior region of the dentition. Significant differences between both groups could be found comparing the severity of the gingival hyperplasia, the CPITN, mSBI, probing depths and the part of mPGI evaluating colour and turgor of the gingiva (p < 0.05). The severity of gingival overgrowth was strongly correlated with the inflammatory gingival changes, probing depths, the periodontal treatment need and the approximal hygiene of the patients. No statistically significant correlation could be found between the severity of gingival hyperplasia and the age and gender of the patient, or the dose or duration of nifedipine therapy. Gingival changes seemed to be more pronounced in patients with cardiovascular disorders than in patients under hemodialysis. The high incidence of gingival hyperplasia in patients receiving nifedipine on a long-term basis emphasises the role of the dentist and general practitioner in the early detection and prophylaxis of gingival changes and requires a thorough information to the patient concerning periodontal side effects.
authors.affiliation: Poliklinik f-ur Zahnerhaltungskunde und Parodontologie, Augustusplatz 2, Mainz D-55131, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Willershausen-Zönnchen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Klug
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Darius
mesh_terms: D001641:Bicuspid; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003481:Cuspid; D004487:Edema; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D005882:Gingival Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia; D015994:Incidence; D007180:Incisor; D007249:Inflammation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008963:Molar; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D009543:Nifedipine