title: Energy intake and net weight gain in pregnant women according to body mass index (BMI) status.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether body mass index (BMI) is related to energy intake during pregnancy, and whether BMI, energy intake and other factors are related to net weight gain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal, duration of pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  156 healthy pregnant women residing in Quedlinburg county, Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  Weighed 7 d food records and standardized anthropometric measures in the first, second and third trimester. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical technique was used to analyze differences in energy intake, net weight gain and birthweight across BMI groups, and the Cochran-Mantel Haenszel test was used to analyze food group intake by BMI group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women at the highest level of BMI were significantly less often in the high energy intake category than women at the medium or low level of BMI (15% vs 36% and 48%). Net weight gain during pregnancy was independently influenced by BMI status and energy intake. Women at the highest level of BMI gained significantly less weight (4.2 kg) from first to third trimester than women at the medium or low levels of BMI (weight gains of 6.2 kg and 5.9 kg, respectively). Women with a low daily energy intake gained 4.6 kg during pregnancy, while women with medium and high energy intakes gained 6.0 kg and 6.1 kg, respectively. Examination of net weight gain simultaneously across BMI and parity groups revealed a much lower net weight gain among multigravid women at the highest BMI level (3.3 kg). Primigravid high BMI women, in contrast, gained 6.9 kg, whereas multigravid and primigravid women at medium and low BMI levels gained average of 4.8 kg and 6.5 kg, respectively. The mean birth weight in the three BMI groups did not differ and was not influenced by age, marital status, education, parity or smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because other studies have shown that weight gain during pregnancy increases the risk of subsequent overweight, multigravid high BMI women may prevent an increased weight retention after pregnancy due to lower weight gain in the current gestation. A lower caloric diet may help to accomplish a lower weight gain during pregnancy in overweight women without increased risk of low birth weight infants. These findings indicate further investigation of the associations between BMI, parity and caloric intake during pregnancy are needed to increase understanding of factors affecting subsequent weight gain.
authors.affiliation: German Institute of Human Nutrition, Unit Medical Epidemiology, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Bergmann
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Flagg
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Miracle-McMahill
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boeing
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004522:Educational Status; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D017533:Marital Status; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000502:physiology*; D012907:Smoking; D015430:Weight Gain