title: Cigarette smoking and thyroid hormone levels in males.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cigarette smoking has been linked to thyroid disease, although studies of this problem have not shown consistent affects, with some studies linking smoking to increased thyroid hormone levels, and others to decreased thyroid hormone levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a secondary analysis of information collected from 4462 Vietnam-era male US Army veterans aged 31-49 years who participated in the Vietnam Experience Study in 1985-1986. The study group consisted of 1962 current smokers and 2406 current non-smokers who had no thyroid abnormalities on physical examination, no current use of thyroid medicine, and no history of thyroid disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that current smokers have higher thyroxine levels and lower thyroid stimulating hormone levels than never smokers and former smokers. The higher thyroxine levels that we detected in smokers, compared to non-smokers, diminished when we controlled for thyroxine-binding globulin and testosterone. We also found that heavy smokers had a smaller increase in thyroxine levels than did light smokers, when compared to non-smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest at least two distinct mechanisms for the effect of tobacco smoke on thyroid function; one related to higher levels of thyroxine-binding globulin and testosterone among smokers compared to non-smokers and another related to higher levels of thyrotoxins in tobacco smoke in heavy smokers compared to light and moderate smokers.
authors.affiliation: Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Mannino
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Frumkin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D013960:Thyroid Function Tests; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood*; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014728:Veterans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D013972:Thyrotropin; D013974:Thyroxine