title: Peer review of the quality of care. Reliability and sources of variability for outcome and process assessments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peer assessments have traditionally been used to judge the quality of care, but a major drawback has been poor interrater reliability.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the interrater reliability for outcome and process assessments in a population of frail older adults and to identify systematic sources of variability that contribute to poor reliability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight sites participating in a managed care program that integrates acute and long-term care for frail older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 313 frail older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of the medical record with 180 charts randomly assigned to 2 geriatricians, 2 geriatric nurse practitioners, or 1 geriatrician and 1 geriatric nurse practitioner and 133 charts randomly assigned to either a geriatrician or a geriatric nurse practitioner.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interrater reliabilities for structured implicit judgments about process and outcomes for overall care and care for each of 8 tracer conditions (eg, arthritis).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Outcome measures had higher interrater reliability than process measures. Five outcome measures achieved fair to good reliability (more than 0.40), while none of the process measures achieved reliabilities more than 0.40. Three factors contributed to poorer reliabilities for process measures: (1) an inability of reviewers to differentiate among cases with respect to the quality of management, (2) systematic bias from individual reviewers, and (3) systematic bias related to the professional training of the reviewer (ie, physician or nurse practitioner).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Peer assessments can play an important role in characterizing the quality of care for complex patients with multiple interrelated chronic conditions, but reliability can be poor. Strategies to achieve adequate reliability for these assessments should be applied. These strategies include emphasizing outcomes measurement, providing more structured assessments to identify true differences in patient management, adjusting systematic bias resulting from the individual reviewer and their professional background, and averaging scores from multiple reviewers. Future research on the reliability of peer assessments should focus on improving the ability of process measures to differentiate among cases with respect to the quality of management and on identifying additional sources of systematic bias for both process and outcome measures. Explicit recognition of factors influencing reliability will strengthen efforts to develop sound measures for quality assurance.
authors.affiliation: Division of Health Services Research, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55454-1015, USA. smit0286@gold.tc.umn.edu
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Atherly
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Kane
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Pacala
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003625:Data Collection; D016330:Frail Elderly; D005853:Geriatrics / Q000592:standards*; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000592:standards*; D008910:Minnesota; D009722:Nurse Practitioners; D015588:Observer Variation; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D018024:Peer Review, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D010820:Physicians; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014481:United States