title: Pharmacological extension of the sensitive period for imprinting in Gallus domesticus.
abstract: Precocial animals, such as the chick, exhibit a form of learning termed filial imprinting. The chick's sensitive period for filial imprinting is restricted to the first few days after hatching. The neural mechanism that terminates the sensitive period is not fully understood. It is thought to be an experience-dependent event because once a chick has imprinted, it will not readily imprint on another stimulus. However, even dark-reared chicks eventually lose the ability to imprint, which suggests that the ending of the sensitive period may not be entirely experience-dependent. The present study investigates factors that may contribute to the ending of the sensitive period. In our experiments, dark-reared chicks were unable to imprint after Day 2 posthatching, but chicks treated 10 h after hatching with an intramuscular injection of the noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine (55 mg/kg) and the alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist xylazine (6 mg/kg) (KX) imprinted on a stuffed hen 8 days after hatching. Similarly treated chicks did not imprint on a red and black box, although the box was an effective imprinting stimulus for Day 2 chicks. Chicks treated with KX at 20 or 40 h posthatching or on Day 4 or 7 as well as controls treated with pyrogen-free saline were unable to imprint on Day 8.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia. carl.parsons@physiol.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Rogers
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002645:Chickens / Q000502:physiology*; D003624:Darkness; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D007173:Imprinting, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects*; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014991:Xylazine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D014991:Xylazine; D007649:Ketamine