title: A case-control study of HIV seroconversion in health care workers after percutaneous exposure. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Needlestick Surveillance Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The average risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection after percutaneous exposure to HIV-infected blood is 0.3 percent, but the factors that influence this risk are not well understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a case-control study of health care workers with occupational, percutaneous exposure to HIV-infected blood. The case patients were those who became seropositive after exposure to HIV, as reported by national surveillance systems in France, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The controls were health care workers in a prospective surveillance project who were exposed to HIV but did not seroconvert.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Logistic-regression analysis based on 33 case patients and 665 controls showed that significant risk factors for seroconversion were deep injury (odds ratio= 15; 95 percent confidence interval, 6.0 to 41), injury with a device that was visibly contaminated with the source patient's blood (odds ratio= 6.2; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.2 to 21), a procedure involving a needle placed in the source patient's artery or vein (odds ratio=4.3; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.7 to 12), and exposure to a source patient who died of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome within two months afterward (odds ratio=5.6; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.0 to 16). The case patients were significantly less likely than the controls to have taken zidovudine after the exposure (odds ratio=0.19; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.06 to 0.52).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of HIV infection after percutaneous exposure increases with a larger volume of blood and, probably, a higher titer of HIV in the source patient's blood. Postexposure prophylaxis with zidovudine appears to be protective.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Cardo
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Culver
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Ciesielski
authors.forename: P U
authors.initials: PU
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Abiteboul
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heptonstall
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ippolito
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lot
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: McKibben
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Bell
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017848:Blood-Borne Pathogens; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D017758:Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016602:Needlestick Injuries / Q000150:complications; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012307:Risk Factors; D014951:Wounds, Stab / Q000150:complications; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015215:Zidovudine