title: Reception of Morse code through motional, vibrotactile, and auditory stimulation.
abstract: The potential for communication through the kinesthetic aspect of the tactual sense was examined in a series of experiments employing Morse code signals. Experienced and inexperienced Morse code operators were trained to identify Morse code signals that were delivered as sequences of motional stimulation through up-down displacements (roughly 10 mm) of the fingertip. Performance on this task was compared with that obtained for both vibrotactile and acoustic presentation of Morse code using a 200-Hz tone delivered either to the fingertip through a minishaker or diotically to the two ears under headphones. For all three modalities, the ability to receive Morse code was examined as a function of presentation rate for tasks including identification of single letters, random three-letter sequences, common words, and sentences. Equivalent word-rate measures (i.e., product of percent correct scores and stimulus presentation rate) were nearly twice as high for auditory presentation as for vibrotactile stimulation, which in turn was about 1.3 times that for motional stimulation. The experienced subjects outperformed the inexperienced subjects by amounts that increased with task complexity. For example, the former were able to receive sentences at 18 words/min with motional stimulation, whereas the latter, following 75 h of training, were unable to perform this task. The present results and those of other research with tactual communication systems are compared, particularly regarding estimates of information-transfer rates.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Media Laboratory, Cambridge 02139, USA. hongtan@media.mit.edu
authors.forename: H Z
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: N I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Durlach
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Rabinowitz
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Santos
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D013685:Telecommunications / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014110:Touch; D014732:Vibration