title: Inhibition of CYP2C9 by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in vitro: studies of phenytoin p-hydroxylation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) has frequently been reported with regard to pathways mediated by CYP2D6, CYP3A4/5, and CYP1A2. Little data exist on the capability of SSRIs to inhibit CYP2C9.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the effect of SSRIs on p-hydroxylation of phenytoin (PPH), an established index reaction reflecting CYP2C9 activity, in an in vitro assay using liver tissue from six different human donors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In control incubations (without inhibitor), 5-(p-hydroxy-phenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (HPPH) formation rates were: Vmax 0.023 nmol min(-1) mg(-1); Km 14.3 microM. Average inhibition constants (Ki) differed significantly among the SSRIs, with fluvoxamine having the lowest Ki (6 microM) followed by R-fluoxetine (13 microM), norfluoxetine (17 microM), RS-fluoxetine (19 microM), sertraline (33 microM), paroxetine (35 microM), S-fluoxetine (62 microM), and desmethylsertraline (66 microM). Thus, assuming comparable molar concentrations at the site of inhibition, fluvoxamine can be expected to have the highest probability of interfering with the metabolism of CYP2C9 substrates. S-fluoxetine is on average a 5 fold weaker CYP2C9 inhibitor than either R-fluoxetine or the racemic mixture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are consistent with published case reports describing SSRI-related increments in plasma phenytoin levels. Because phenytoin has a narrow therapeutic index, plasma levels should be closely monitored when SSRIs are coadministered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schmider
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Greenblatt
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: von Moltke
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Karsov
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Shader
mesh_terms: D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006900:Hydroxylation / Q000187:drug effects; D007700:Kinetics; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D010672:Phenytoin / Q000378:metabolism*; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D039181:Steroid 16-alpha-Hydroxylase; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010672:Phenytoin; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D039181:Steroid 16-alpha-Hydroxylase; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases; C450260:CYP2C9 protein, human; C504573:CYP1A2 protein, human