title: The Aer protein and the serine chemoreceptor Tsr independently sense intracellular energy levels and transduce oxygen, redox, and energy signals for Escherichia coli behavior.
abstract: We identified a protein, Aer, as a signal transducer that senses intracellular energy levels rather than the external environment and that transduces signals for aerotaxis (taxis to oxygen) and other energy-dependent behavioral responses in Escherichia coli. Domains in Aer are similar to the signaling domain in chemotaxis receptors and the putative oxygen-sensing domain of some transcriptional activators. A putative FAD-binding site in the N-terminal domain of Aer shares a consensus sequence with the NifL, Bat, and Wc-1 signal-transducing proteins that regulate gene expression in response to redox changes, oxygen, and blue light, respectively. A double mutant deficient in aer and tsr, which codes for the serine chemoreceptor, was negative for aerotaxis, redox taxis, and glycerol taxis, each of which requires the proton motive force and/or electron transport system for signaling. We propose that Aer and Tsr sense the proton motive force or cellular redox state and thereby integrate diverse signals that guide E. coli to environments where maximal energy is available for growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rebbapragada
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Harding
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Zuccarelli
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: I B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Zhulin
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002633:Chemotaxis; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: C108679:Aer protein, E coli; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C057635:Tsr protein, Bacteria; D010100:Oxygen