title: In vivo studies of an implantable energy convertor for skeletal muscle powered cardiac assist.
abstract: A device that harnesses the mechanical energy of skeletal muscle contracting in a linear configuration has been implanted in goats. This energy convertor transforms muscle work to hydraulic energy that could drive a variety of cardiac assist devices. The device is mounted with a rib clamp and plate affixed to the sternum by cortical bone screws. A transcutaneous hydraulic line carries a silicon based working fluid to an external system that controls the muscle load. In 60 to 70 kg goats, the latissimus dorsi insertion was reattached to the energy convertor. A Telectronics myostimulator with intramuscular electrodes stimulated the latissimus dorsi. In acute implants, hydraulic pressures in excess of 150 psi were obtained. Chronic implantation of the device allowed system evaluation in the conscious unanesthetized animal. Two weeks after implant, hydraulic pressures in excess of 200 psi were obtained and energy transferred to the external loading system exceeded 1 J per contraction. Six weeks after implant, the device continued to cycle freely. These initial results are very promising and suggest an implantable energy convertor is feasible. Development of an energy convertor is an important step toward tether-free skeletal muscle powered cardiac assist devices.
authors.affiliation: California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Reichenbach
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Farrar
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Diao
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001674:Bioelectric Energy Sources; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001698:Biomedical Engineering; D004582:Electronics, Medical / Q000295:instrumentation; D004867:Equipment Design; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006041:Goats; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D019739:Skeletal Muscle Ventricle