title: Tilted amides in amino acid and peptide derivatives.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Amide bonds in peptides and proteins typically adopt planar cis or trans conformations. Conversions between cis and trans amide conformations are necessary for protein folding and for many other processes, but are difficult to achieve since they involve disruption of the planarity of the bond. As a first step to understanding cis-trans isomerization, we set out to synthesize and characterize peptides that mimic the tilted or twisted amide structures that are postulated to form the intermediate states in this process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have synthesized a model amino acid and four dipeptide derivatives containing a methyl-substituted aziridine residue. Single crystals of phenacyl (2R, 3R)-benzyloxycarbonyl-3-methyl-2-aziridinecarboxylate and phenacyl (2R, 3R)-acetyl-glycyl-3-methyl-2-aziridine-carboxylate were obtained. Using X-ray diffraction analysis, we determined that the amide nitrogens of the aziridine rings have tetrahedral sp3-like geometry with tilt angles in the range of 37-38 degrees. The 13C-NMR spectra indicate that the amide carbonyl is dramatically shifted downfield as a consequence of the tilt.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In peptides containing a substituted aziridine ring, the orbitals of the amide nitrogen are constrained into a tilted configuration. These peptides may mimic the transition state between cis and trans amide conformations. This technique thus provides a novel strategy for the study of isomerization and other biorecognition processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gantzel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goodman
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000737:chemistry*; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000596:Amino Acids; D010455:Peptides