title: Vigorous HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cell responses associated with control of viremia.
abstract: Virus-specific CD4+ T helper lymphocytes are critical to the maintenance of effective immunity in a number of chronic viral infections, but are characteristically undetectable in chronic human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) infection. In individuals who control viremia in the absence of antiviral therapy, polyclonal, persistent, and vigorous HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cell proliferative responses were present, resulting in the elaboration of interferon-gamma and antiviral beta chemokines. In persons with chronic infection, HIV-1-specific proliferative responses to p24 were inversely related to viral load. Strong HIV-1-specific proliferative responses were also detected following treatment of acutely infected persons with potent antiviral therapy. The HIV-1-specific helper cells are likely to be important in immunotherapeutic interventions and vaccine development.
authors.affiliation: Partners AIDS Research Center and Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Billingsley
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Caliendo
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Boswell
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Sax
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kalams
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018925:Chemokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; D018450:Disease Progression; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24 / Q000276:immunology; D019302:HIV Envelope Protein gp160 / Q000276:immunology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000276:immunology; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000276:immunology*; D019562:Viral Load; D014766:Viremia / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D018925:Chemokines; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24; D019302:HIV Envelope Protein gp160; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D007371:Interferon-gamma