title: Alcohol, smoking, and caffeine use among headache patients.
abstract: We reviewed the charts of 151 headache patients, seen initially in a specialty headache center between 1988 and 1994, to collect information regarding reported alcohol consumption, smoking, daily number of caffeinated beverages, and medications. Charts of 50 patients in a general medicine clinic were reviewed for the same information. No significant differences between headache patients and general medicine patients were found in consumption of alcohol, smoking, or caffeinated beverages. Thirty headache patients (20%) used caffeine-containing medications more frequently than recommended; 24 of these patients used the products daily; 18 of those had a greater caffeine intake from medications than from beverages. Over-the-counter caffeine-containing analgesics were overused by 12 of the patients compared to 21 patients who overused prescription caffeine-containing preparations. Headache patients consume minimal amounts of alcohol, tobacco, and caffeinated beverages. However, headache patients often use caffeine-containing analgesics more frequently than recommended, which may lead to rebound and withdrawal headache.
authors.affiliation: Headache Center, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Mannix
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Frame
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Solomon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D000700:Analgesics / Q000032:analysis; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis; D002110:Caffeine / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D002110:Caffeine