title: Safety and immunogenicity of tetravalent pneumococcal vaccines containing 6B, 14, 19F and 23F polysaccharides conjugated to either tetanus toxoid or diphtheria toxoid in young infants and their boosterability by native polysaccharide antigens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  New vaccines against pneumococcal infections in infancy are needed. We assessed in young infants the safety and immunogenicity of two tetravalent vaccines containing pneumococcal 6B, 14, 19F and 23F polysaccharides conjugated to either tetanus toxoid (Pnc-T) or diphtheria toxoid (Pnc-D).
  
  
  METHODS
  Pnc-T or Pnc-D containing 3 microg of polysaccharide of each of the four pneumococcal polysaccharides or placebo were given intramuscularly in a double blinded fashion (25 infants per group) at 2, 4 and 6 months of age. At 12 months of age all 75 children were boosted with a 23-valent nonconjugate polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine. Serum type-specific anticapsular antibody concentrations were measured at 2, 4, 6, 7, 12 and 13 months of age. Adverse events occurring within 72 h after each injection were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both Pnc-T and Pnc-D were well-tolerated. Pnc-T and Pnc-D had higher antibody concentrations compared with placebo after primary immunity (type 6B, 1.66, 1.40 and 0.60 microg/ml, respectively; type 14, 4.81, 2.65 and 2.22 microg/ml, respectively; type 19F, 2.40, 3.48 and 0.83 microg/ml, respectively; type 23F, 0.96, 0.44 and 0.35 microg/ml, respectively). Proportions of infants with concentrations above 1.0 microg/ml were also higher in the vaccine recipients than in those given placebo. After booster with the nonconjugate polysaccharide vaccine, both geometric antibody concentration and proportion with concentrations > or =1.0 microg/ml were significantly higher among either Pnc-T or Pnc-D recipients than among placebo recipients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both Pnc-T and Pnc-D were well-tolerated, induced serotype-specific anticapsular antibodies and induced immunologic memory.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel. rdagan@bgumail.bgu.ac.il
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dagan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Melamed
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zamir
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Leroy
mesh_terms: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D004168:Diphtheria Toxoid / Q000276:immunology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007117:Immunization, Secondary; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000276:immunology*; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid / Q000276:immunology*; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D004168:Diphtheria Toxoid; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate