title: HIV infection among victims of accidental fatal drug overdoses in New York City.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the factors associated with HIV seroprevalence rates for victims of drug overdoses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive epidemiologic survey of a complete 3-year sample of accidental fatal drug overdoses.
  
  
  METHODS
  New York City (population 7,322,564).
  
  
  METHODS
  All people over 15 years of age (n = 2159) who died of accidental fatal drug overdoses during 1991-93.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using medical examiner data and logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between HIV seroprevalence and gender, race, age and type of drug overdose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 646 (29.9%) victims who were HIV positive. Women (37.5%) were more likely than men (27.9%) to be HIV positive. African-Americans (39.4%) had a higher rate of HIV infection than Latinos (27.5%), whites (19.2%) or Asians (8.3%). Victims residing in communities with higher levels of poverty had higher rates of HIV infection but poverty did not account for the high rates of HIV infection among African-Americans. The highest rates of HIV infection were found among victims aged 35-44 years (38.8%) and 45-54 years (33.7%). Dying from an opiate overdose was associated with a 2.4 times increase in the likelihood of being HIV positive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If opiate abuse continues to rise in the United States, HIV infection will increase in the next few years. Women who abuse drugs participate in risky sexual practices and are more likely than men to develop HIV infection from receptive sex as well as sharing of needles. Harm reduction programs should address risky sex as well as needle programs. There should be further study of why African-Americans who died of drug overdoses have the highest rates of HIV infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Cornell University Medical College, New York 10021, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tardiff
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Marzuk
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Leon
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Portera
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hartwell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003042:Cocaine / Q000506:poisoning; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009294:Narcotics / Q000506:poisoning*; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000401:mortality; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D003042:Cocaine