title: The complete genome sequence of the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis.
abstract: Bacillus subtilis is the best-characterized member of the Gram-positive bacteria. Its genome of 4,214,810 base pairs comprises 4,100 protein-coding genes. Of these protein-coding genes, 53% are represented once, while a quarter of the genome corresponds to several gene families that have been greatly expanded by gene duplication, the largest family containing 77 putative ATP-binding transport proteins. In addition, a large proportion of the genetic capacity is devoted to the utilization of a variety of carbon sources, including many plant-derived molecules. The identification of five signal peptidase genes, as well as several genes for components of the secretion apparatus, is important given the capacity of Bacillus strains to secrete large amounts of industrially important enzymes. Many of the genes are involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites, including antibiotics, that are more typically associated with Streptomyces species. The genome contains at least ten prophages or remnants of prophages, indicating that bacteriophage infection has played an important evolutionary role in horizontal gene transfer, in particular in the propagation of bacterial pathogenesis.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kunst
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ogasawara
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Moszer
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Albertini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alloni
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Azevedo
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Bertero
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bessières
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bolotin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Borchert
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Borriss
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boursier
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brans
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Brignell
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bron
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brouillet
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Bruschi
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Caldwell
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Capuano
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Codani
authors.forename: I F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Connerton
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Denizot
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Devine
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Düsterhöft
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Ehrlich
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Emmerson
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Entian
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Errington
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fabret
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Foulger
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fritz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fuma
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galizzi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Galleron
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Ghim
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Glaser
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goffeau
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Golightly
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grandi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guiseppi
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Guy
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Haga
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haiech
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Harwood
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hènaut
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hilbert
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Holsappel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hosono
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Hullo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Itaya
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Joris
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Karamata
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kasahara
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klaerr-Blanchard
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koetter
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Koningstein
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krogh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumano
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kurita
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lapidus
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lardinois
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lauber
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lazarevic
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mauël
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Médigue
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Mellado
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mizuno
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moestl
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakai
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noback
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Noone
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Reilly
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ogiwara
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Oudega
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Parro
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Pohl
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Portetelle
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Porwollik
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Prescott
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Presecan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pujic
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Purnelle
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rapoport
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rey
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rieger
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rivolta
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roche
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sadaie
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Scanlan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schleich
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schroeter
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Scoffone
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sekiguchi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sekowska
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Seror
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Serror
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Soldo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sorokin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tacconi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takemaru
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tamakoshi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Terpstra
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tognoni
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tosato
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uchiyama
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vandenbol
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vannier
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vassarotti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viari
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wambutt
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wedler
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wedler
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Weitzenegger
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Winters
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wipat
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamane
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasumoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yata
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zumstein
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Danchin
mesh_terms: D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D019976:Cloning, Organism; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial