title: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha contributes to obesity-related hyperleptinemia by regulating leptin release from adipocytes.
abstract: Cytokines, in particular tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), have significant effects on energy metabolism and appetite although their mechanisms of action are largely unknown. Here, we examined whether TNF-alpha modulates the production of leptin, the recently identified fat-specific energy balance hormone, in cultured adipocytes and in mice. TNF-alpha treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes resulted in rapid stimulation of leptin accumulation in the media, with a maximum effect at 6 h. This stimulation was insensitive to cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, but was completely inhibited by the secretion inhibitor brefeldin A, indicating a posttranslational effect. Treatment of mice with TNF-alpha also caused a similar increase in plasma leptin levels. Finally, in obese TNF-alpha-deficient mice, circulating leptin levels were significantly lower, whereas adipose tissue leptin was higher compared with obese wild-type animals. These data provide evidence that TNF-alpha can act directly on adipocytes to regulate the release of a preformed pool of leptin. Furthermore, they suggest that the elevated adipose tissue expression of TNF-alpha that occurs in obesity may contribute to obesity-related hyperleptinemia.
authors.affiliation: Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA.
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Kirchgessner
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Uysal
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wiesbrock
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Marino
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Hotamisligil
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020738:Leptin; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008820:Mice, Obese; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism*; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D020738:Leptin; D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha