title: Evaluation of a pulsatile pediatric ventricular assist device in an acute right heart failure model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The development of pulsatile ventricular assist devices for children has been limited mainly by size constraints. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the MEDOS trileaflet-valved, pulsatile, pediatric right ventricular assist device (stroke volume = 9 mL) in a neonatal lamb model of acute right ventricular failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Right ventricular failure was induced in ten 3-week-old lambs (8.6 kg) by right ventriculotomy and disruption of the tricuspid valve. Control group 1 (n = 5) had no mechanical support whereas experimental group 2 (n = 5) had right ventricular assist device support for 6 hours. The following hemodynamic parameters were measured in all animals: heart rate and right atrial, pulmonary arterial, left atrial, and systemic arterial pressures. Cardiac output was measured by an electromagnetic flow probe placed on the pulmonary artery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All results are expressed as mean +/- standard deviation and analyzed by Student's t test. A p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Base-line measurements were not significantly different between groups and included systemic arterial pressure, 80.6 +/- 12.7 mm Hg; right atrial pressure, 4.6 +/- 1.6 mm Hg; mean pulmonary arterial pressure, 15.6 +/- 4.2 mm Hg; left atrial pressure, 4.8 +/- 0.8 mm Hg; and cardiac output, 1.4 +/- 0.2 L/min. Right ventricular injury produced hemodynamics compatible with right ventricular failure in both groups: mean systemic arterial pressure, 38.8 +/- 10.4 mm Hg; right atrial pressure, 16.8 +/- 2.3 mm Hg; left atrial pressure, 1.4 +/- 0.5 mm Hg; and cardiac output, 0.6 +/- 0.1 L/min. All group 1 animals died at a mean of 71.4 +/- 9.4 minutes after the operation. All group 2 animals survived the duration of study. Hemodynamic parameters were recorded at 2, 4, and 6 hours on and off pump, and were significantly improved at all time points: mean systemic arterial pressure, 68.0 +/- 13.0 mm Hg; right atrial pressure, 8.2 +/- 2.3 mm Hg; left atrial pressure, 6.4 +/- 2.1 mm Hg; and cardiac output, 1.0 +/- 0.2 L/min.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate the successful creation of a right ventricular failure model and its salvage by a miniaturized, pulsatile right ventricular assist device. The small size of this device makes its use possible even in small neonates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shum-Tim
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hraska
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Friehs
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shin'oka
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Jonas
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002302:Cardiac Output; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D004867:Equipment Design; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006339:Heart Rate; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D012756:Sheep; D018497:Ventricular Dysfunction, Right / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*