title: Intraoperative radiotherapy in resected pancreatic cancer: feasibility and results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the impact of intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) combined with postoperative external beam irradiation in patients with pancreatic cancer treated with curative surgical resection.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1986 to April 1995 25 patients (11 male and 14 female, median age 61 years) underwent a curative resection with IORT for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The tumour was located in the head of the pancreatic gland in 22 patients, in the body in two patients and in the tail in one patient. The pathological stage was pT1 in nine patients, pT2 in nine patients, pT3 in seven patients, pN0 in 14 patients and pN1 in 11 patients. All the patients were pM0. A pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed in 22 patients, a distal pancreatectomy was performed in two patients and a total pancreatectomy was performed in one patient. The resection was considered to be complete in 20 patients. One patient had microscopic residual disease and gross residual disease was present in four patients. IORT using electrons with a median energy of 12 MeV was performed in all the patients with doses ranging from 12 to 25 Gy. Postoperative EBRT was delivered to 20 patients (median dose 44 Gy). Concurrent chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil was given to seven patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall survival was 56% at 1 year, 20% at 2 years and 10% at 5 years. Nine local failures were observed. Twelve patients developed metastases without local recurrence. Twenty patients died from tumour progression and two patients died from early postoperative complications. Three patients are still alive; two patients in complete response at 17 and 94 months and one patient with hepatic metastases at 13 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IORT after complete resection combined with postoperative external beam irradiation is feasible and well tolerated in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Service de Radiothérapie-Oncologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Coquard
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ayzac
authors.forename: F N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Gilly
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Romestaing
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ardiet
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sondaz
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Sotton
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sentenac
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Braillon
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gerard
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003536:Cystadenocarcinoma / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*