title: Symbolic expression of feelings and depressive symptoms in high-risk pregnant women.
abstract: Pregnant women using rural health departments for prenatal care often experience chronic stressors (minority status, poor education, low income, young age, and single parenting of young children) that contribute to depression. Yet these same women may be reluctant to express their feelings. Because depression has been related to negative patterns of motherchild interaction and even newborn irritability, it is important to identify symptoms in high-risk mothers. For years, symbolic methods of expression have been used to reveal psychological traits or to identify clinical diagnoses, but few have been used to evaluate pregnant women. Women attending a rural health department were administered a comprehensive health and psychosocial questionnaire, including the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D). They were then asked to complete a drawing expressing their feelings regarding their pregnancy. The relationship between CES-D scores and drawing ratings determined by two different methods of interpretation (expert, non-expert) was then examined. Non-expert art analysis was able to distinguish those women with the highest scores on the depression index, while expert analysis was able to discern racial differences consistent with risk status. Suggestions for the use of this drawing measure in the clinical setting are discussed. Alternative (non-verbal) methods of assessment that may improve communication with pregnant women are important for optimizing maternal and infant health and well-being and child development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wobie
authors.forename: F D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Eyler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Behnke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Conlon
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology; D000367:Age Factors; D001154:Art; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D004522:Educational Status; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018730:Infant Behavior; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D007508:Irritable Mood; D008913:Minority Groups; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009633:Nonverbal Communication; D011203:Poverty; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000523:psychology*; D018566:Pregnancy, High-Risk / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012423:Rural Health; D015406:Single Parent; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013561:Symbolism; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology