title: Modulation of rod photoreceptor cyclic nucleotide-gated channels by tyrosine phosphorylation.
abstract: Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels in vertebrate photoreceptors are crucial for transducing light-induced changes in cGMP concentration into electrical signals. In this study, we show that both native and exogenously expressed CNG channels from rods are modulated by tyrosine phosphorylation. The cGMP sensitivity of CNG channels, composed of rod alpha-subunits expressed in Xenopus oocytes, gradually increases after excision of inside-out patches from the oocyte membrane. This increase in sensitivity is inhibited by a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) inhibitor and is unaffected by three different Ser/Thr phosphatase inhibitors. Moreover, it is suppressed or reversed by application of ATP but not by a nonhydrolyzable ATP analog. Application of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitors causes an increase in cGMP sensitivity, but only in the presence of ATP. Taken together, these results suggest that CNG channels expressed in oocytes are associated with active PTK(s) and PTP(s) that regulate their cGMP sensitivity by changing phosphorylation state. The cGMP sensitivity of native CNG channels from salamander rod outer segments also increases and decreases after incubation with inhibitors of PTP(s) and PTK(s), respectively. These results suggest that rod CNG channels are modulated by tyrosine phosphorylation, which may function as a novel mechanism for regulating the sensitivity of rods to light.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Molokanova
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Trivedi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Savchenko
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Kramer
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000502:physiology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D006873:Hydroquinones / Q000494:pharmacology; D015640:Ion Channel Gating / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008387:Marine Toxins; D052998:Microcystins; D019319:Okadaic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D009865:Oocytes; D010080:Oxazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000494:pharmacology; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000187:drug effects; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D012374:Rod Cell Outer Segment / Q000502:physiology*; D019311:Staurosporine / Q000494:pharmacology; D014638:Vanadates / Q000494:pharmacology; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005136:Eye Proteins; D006873:Hydroquinones; D008387:Marine Toxins; D052998:Microcystins; D010080:Oxazoles; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; D010636:Phenols; C076715:pervanadate; D019319:Okadaic Acid; D014638:Vanadates; C062898:lavendustin A; C059041:calyculin A; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; C057862:cyanoginosin LR; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D019311:Staurosporine; C048212:erbstatin