title: Methods used to decrease lithium absorption or enhance elimination.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review current methods, well documented and investigational, being used to decrease lithium absorption or enhance lithium elimination.
  
  
  METHODS
  The basic science and clinical literature on lithium were reviewed by a comprehensive Medline search from 1984 to 1996. Additional references were identified by reviewing the reference citations from the results of the Medline search.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevention of Absorption: Whole bowel irrigation has been demonstrated to be an effective means of enhancing lithium removal from the gastrointestinal tract. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate resin administration has been shown to be effective in binding lithium elimination in animal and human models. However, the lower limits of effective sodium polystyrene sulfonate dosing and the extent of potassium lowering in humans are questions that need to be answered before sodium polystyrene sulfonate resin can be recommended for routine, use. Enhancement of Elimination: Saline or forced diuresis is not effective in enhancing lithium elimination unless the patient is volume or sodium depleted. The use of continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration or low dose dopamine to enhance lithium elimination has only been documented in case reports. Intravenous aminophylline (theophylline) is not consistently effective and its risks outweigh possible benefits. The literature supports hemodialysis as a well documented and effective means of enhancing lithium elimination. Controversy exists over the appropriate indications for its initiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the wide interpatient variability in lithium pharmacokinetics, single case reports do not provide sufficient evidence of the effectiveness of a given method to enhance
authors.affiliation: West Virginia Poison Center, Charleston 25304, USA. escharman@citynet.net
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Scharman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000506:poisoning; D004064:Digestive System / Q000378:metabolism*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D016651:Lithium Carbonate / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000506:poisoning; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012117:Resins, Synthetic / Q000494:pharmacology; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013806:Theophylline / Q000494:pharmacology; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation
chemical_list: D018692:Antimanic Agents; D011137:Polystyrenes; D012117:Resins, Synthetic; D016651:Lithium Carbonate; D012965:Sodium Chloride; C003321:polystyrene sulfonic acid; D013806:Theophylline; D004298:Dopamine