title: Legal issues of computer imaging in plastic surgery: a primer.
abstract: Although plastic surgeons are increasingly incorporating computer imaging techniques into their practices, many fear the possibility of legally binding themselves to achieve surgical results identical to those reflected in computer images. Computer imaging allows surgeons to manipulate digital photographs of patients to project possible surgical outcomes. Some of the many benefits imaging techniques pose include improving doctor-patient communication, facilitating the education and training of residents, and reducing administrative and storage costs. Despite the many advantages computer imaging systems offer, however, surgeons understandably worry that imaging systems expose them to immense legal liability. The possible exploitation of computer imaging by novice surgeons as a marketing tool, coupled with the lack of consensus regarding the treatment of computer images, adds to the concern of surgeons. A careful analysis of the law, however, reveals that surgeons who use computer imaging carefully and conservatively, and adopt a few simple precautions, substantially reduce their vulnerability to legal claims. In particular, surgeons face possible claims of implied contract, failure to instruct, and malpractice from their use or failure to use computer imaging. Nevertheless, legal and practical obstacles frustrate each of those causes of actions. Moreover, surgeons who incorporate a few simple safeguards into their practice may further reduce their legal susceptibility.
authors.affiliation: Stanford Law School, Stanford University, Calif., USA.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Chávez
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dagum
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Newman
mesh_terms: D003142:Communication; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D007256:Information Systems / Q000191:economics; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D007396:Internship and Residency; D016365:Liability, Legal; D008318:Malpractice / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D008389:Marketing of Health Services / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D010347:Patient Care Planning / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D010781:Photography; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011216:Practice Management, Medical / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000193:education / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014342:Truth Disclosure