title: Pharmacokinetics of saquinavir, zidovudine, and zalcitabine in combination therapy.
abstract: We investigated the pharmacokinetics of zidovudine, zalcitabine, and saquinavir in AIDS Clinical Trial Group protocol 229. Patients received either saquinavir, zalcitabine, or a combination of both, together with zidovudine three times a day. Approximately 100 patients were enrolled in each treatment arm, and intensive pharmacokinetic studies were performed on about 25 patients per arm at weeks 1 and 12. We estimated the pharmacokinetic parameters of all three drugs by using parametric and nonparametric methods. The mean values of the pharmacokinetic parameters of zidovudine (clearance [CL]/bioavailability [F], 168 liters/h; volume of distribution [V]/F, 185 liters; half-life, 0.76 h) and zalcitabine (CL/F, 25 liters/h; V/F, 92.2 liters; half-life, 2.7 h) were similar to those reported previously. For saquinavir, the mean pharmacokinetic parameter estimates using parametric methods were as follows: maximum concentration of drug in serum [Cmax], 70.8 ng/ml; time to Cmax, 3.11 h; area under the curve, 809 ng x h/ml; CL/F, 989 liters/h; V/F, 1,503 liters; half-life, 1.38 h. For all three drugs, clearance decreased with age. Weight did not influence the clearance of zidovudine, but the clearance of zalcitabine and saquinavir increased with weight. There were no differences in pharmacokinetic parameters between study weeks and arms, suggesting that there is no change in kinetics with chronic administration and that there are no significant pharmacokinetic interactions among these three drugs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Stanford University, California, USA.
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Vanhove
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kastrissios
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gries
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Verotta
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Collier
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Squires
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Sheiner
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Blaschke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008875:Middle Aged; D019258:Saquinavir / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D016047:Zalcitabine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015215:Zidovudine; D016047:Zalcitabine; D019258:Saquinavir