title: Concordance of patients' and family members' ratings of neurobehavioral functioning after traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine differences in family and patient evaluation of neurobehavioral functioning in adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Differences were examined by conducting 70 paired sample t tests on scale items and 6 paired sample t tests on scale scores from a neurobehavioral inventory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical center outpatient clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred one consecutive adult patients with TBI and 301 informants, primarily family members, completed the neurobehavioral inventory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neurobehavioral Functioning Inventory (NFI) comprised of six scales with items describing symptoms and daily living problems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Paired t test analyses of the six scales indicated that patients reported a significantly greater level of communication problems than did their matched family members. No differences were found for the other five scales. Paired t test analyses of the 70 scale items revealed significant differences in patient and family ratings for only 13 items. In all 13 instances, patients reported greater levels of dysfunction than were reported by their family members. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated a main effect of injury severity for only the Communication and Memory/Attention scales.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings indicate general agreement between family members and patients regarding patients' everyday problems. Results do not support contentions that patients tend to underestimate difficulties. Agreement levels appear related to injury severity, item specificity, and item content. More research is needed to identify other variables relating to agreement levels, including age, injury severity, and amount of contact between patients and family members.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA.
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Seel
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kreutzer
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sander
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001526:Behavioral Symptoms / Q000145:classification*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000145:classification* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005190:Family; D006801:Humans; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000145:classification; D008875:Middle Aged; D010358:Patient Participation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires