title: Tract-tracing in the nervous system of vertebrates using horseradish peroxidase and its conjugates: tracers, chromogens and stabilization for light and electron microscopy.
abstract: Surprisingly the first generation of tract-tracing techniques based on intra-axonal transport, that is the methods utilizing the uptake and transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), still rank among the most widely used neuroanatomical tracing techniques. The success of these methods can be ascribed to several characteristics. They are fast and easy to implement. Complicated injection apparatus is unnecessary. The reaction products are visualized through simple histochemical reactions, and they are permanent or can be stabilized into permanency. Most usefully, the reaction products are visible in the light and electron microscopes. HRP (mol. wt. 44 kDa) is extracted from the roots of the horseradish plant (Cochlearia armoracia L.). Uptake of HRP into cells occurs via a passive process of endocytosis. Since lectins like wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and bacterial toxin fragments (subunit B of cholera toxin (CTB)) strongly induce active, receptor-mediated uptake mechanisms, conjugates of these substances with HRP have been successfully applied in sensitive tract-tracing HRP and its conjugates are transported both in anterograde and retrograde direction. Retrograde transport occurs in small vesicles that are incorporated in lysosome-like vacuoles and in the Golgi apparatus. These vesicles differ in membrane properties from the anterogradely transported HRP vesicles. The retrogradely transported vesicles tend to fuse and thus accumulate HRP at high densities, facilitating the visibility of the final reaction product. The anterogradely transported HRP does not accumulate directly in lysosome-like bodies and is distributed diffusely and therefore often requires specific visualization methods. HRP and WGA-HRP may therefore be used in anterograde and retrograde transneuronal (multineuron) transport studies. Even in fixed material, labeling through diffusion of HRP can provide details on neural connections. Visualization of transported HRP is achieved by means of using the oxidative enzymatic activity of HRP to precipitate a chromogen according to the following reaction: [symbol: see text] The final reaction product may be soluble in buffer or ethanol and may require stabilization to prevent fading. In this protocol we discuss the widely used chromogens 3,3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB), 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), benzidine dihydrochloride (BDHC) and p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride with pyrocatechol (PPD-PC). Other possible chromogens, not discussed here, are 4-chloro-1-naphthol (4C1N), 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole (AEC) and o-phenylenediamine (OPD). The visualization of the reaction product can be further improved by intensification with metal salts. At the light microscopic level (LM) this intensification enables color differentiation between distinct markers. In the present protocol we provide an up-to-date guideline for the application of HRP and its conjugates in tracing with special emphasis on electron microscopic (EM) visualization. Some modifications for stabilization and of metal intensification to enhance visibility are incorporated in conjunction with specific methods for multiple labeling in combined tract-tracing experiments.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, Graduate School for Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Groningen, The Netherlands. j.j.l.van.der.want@med.rug.nl
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van der Want
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klooster
authors.forename: B N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Cardozo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: de Weerd
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Liem
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001560:Benzidines; D002863:Chromogenic Compounds; D004396:Coloring Agents; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009424:Nervous System Physiological Phenomena; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D009488:Neurosciences / Q000379:methods*; D014714:Vertebrates; D004124:p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
chemical_list: D001560:Benzidines; D002863:Chromogenic Compounds; D004396:Coloring Agents; C021758:3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine; D004124:p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase