title: Photographic detection of retinopathy in insulin-treated diabetes. A population study in the city of Tartu, Estonia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To perform a cross-sectional baseline investigation of diabetic retinopathy prevalence and metabolic control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a register of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Tartu (pop. 104,791), 175 patients were invited to fundus photography; 149 (89%) participated, 99 of them diagnosed with diabetes before the age of thirty. Four Kodachrome 64 photographs per eye were taken with a Canon CR4 - 45NM camera through tropicamide-dilated pupils; slides were projected and systematically graded. Capillary blood samples (n = 132) for HbA1c determination were mailed on filter paper. Following cysteine buffer elution, Mono S ion exchange chromatography was performed (reference range 3.7 to 5.3%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Any diabetic retinopathy was found in 114 patients (76.5%; 95% confidence interval, CI, 70 to 83%); mild to moderate non-proliferative retinopathy in 59 (40%; 95% CI 32 to 48%); severe non-proliferative retinopathy in 29 (19.5%; 95% CI 13 to 26%); proliferative retinopathy in 26 (17%; 95% CI 11 to 24%); 47 patients (32%) needed laser photocoagulation. Vitreous haemorrhage was observed in 9 (6%) of subjects. In patients diagnosed with diabetes before the age of 30 years, prevalence of any retinopathy was 82% (95% CI 73 to 89%) and of proliferative retinopathy 23% (95% CI 15 to 33%). Median HbA1c was 9.7% for women and 8.6% for men (95% CI for difference 0.7 to 2.1%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retinopathy prevalences (76-82%) are the highest reported from population-based studies. Glycaemia levels were very high and should be gradually lowered. Methods capable of validation can be successfully introduced for population-based assessment of hyperglycaemia and retinopathy prevalences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tartu, Republic of Estonia.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kuiv
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tein
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Algvere
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Bäcklund
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Holm
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017075:Laser Coagulation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010781:Photography; D015995:Prevalence; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology; D014823:Vitreous Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin