title: Impact of new treatments for neonatal pulmonary hypertension on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use and outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the impact of new treatment modalities, including high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) and inhaled nitric oxide (INO), on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) use and outcome of neonatal patients with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the medical records of neonatal patients meeting established ECMO criteria from 1988 to 1995. Clinical data were gathered from this retrospective chart review. Comparison of ECMO experiences were made between the 1988-90 period (pre-HFOV and INO, or period 1) and the 1993-95 period (HFOV and INO fully established as treatment modalities, or period 2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred three patients were treated with ECMO during the 8-year study period. After HFOV and INO were introduced in 1991 and 1992 respectively, the number of patients meeting established ECMO criteria who subsequently required ECMO therapy progressively declined, from 22.3 +/- 2.3 (mean +/- SD) patients per year during period 1 to 12 patients in 1991 when HFOV was introduced, 8 patients in 1992 when INO was introduced, and 5.3 +/- 2.9 patients per year in period 2. The number of patients referred for ECMO over time did not change. Survival after ECMO dropped from 84% during period 1 to 56% in period 2. Introduction of new pre-ECMO therapies has not delayed institution of ECMO, significantly increased the length of ECMO runs, or lengthened the hospital course of ECMO survivors. A comparison of the eight infants treated with ECMO in 1992 with the 10 infants treated with INO in 1993 showed a longer hospital stay and a larger average patient bill for the patients treated with ECMO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New treatment approaches for severe persistent pulmonary hypertension have reduced ECMO use, shortened the duration of hospitalization, and reduced costs for those infants responding to HFOV and INO. However, survival of patients requiring ECMO therapy has decreased.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kennaugh
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kinsella
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Abman
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Moreland
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006612:High-Frequency Ventilation; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010547:Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide