title: Hemorrhagic shock induces G-CSF expression in bronchial epithelium.
abstract: Hemorrhagic shock (HS) initiates a series of inflammatory processes that includes the activation of polymorphonuclear granulocytic neutrophils (PMN). We tested the hypothesis that HS induces granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), a cytokine that augments PMN effector functions, in the lungs of rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to compensated or decompensated HS followed by resuscitation and death at 4 or 8 h. Animals subjected to HS demonstrated acute lung injury with PMN infiltration, edema, and hypoxia. Using semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, we detected a 1.9- to 7.1-fold increase in G-CSF mRNA levels in the lung of animals subjected to HS compared with sham controls. Levels of G-CSF mRNA increased with increased duration of the ischemic phase of resuscitated shock. In situ hybridization revealed that bronchoepithelial cells were the major cellular site of G-CSF mRNA. Thus production of G-CSF mRNA by bronchoepithelial cells is dramatically increased in a rat model of HS that also demonstrated lung injury. Increased local G-CSF levels may contribute to PMN recruitment and activation and resultant lung injury in HS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hierholzer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsukada
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Loeffert
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Billiar
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Tweardy
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001980:Bronchi / Q000378:metabolism*; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017931:DNA Primers; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007511:Ischemia; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000502:physiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012151:Resuscitation; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor