title: Influenza virus vaccination of patients with chronic lung disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the safety of, and mucosal and systemic immune responses induced by two influenza virus vaccine regimens in subjects with COPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single-center, blinded, randomized, prospective clinical trial evaluating two vaccine regimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient clinics of St. Louis Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Volunteers (age range, 42 to 88 years) had preexisting COPD with severe obstruction to airflow on average, were male, and were not receiving immunosuppressive medication.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine volunteers were randomly assigned to receive either bivalent live attenuated influenza A virus vaccine (CAV) or saline solution placebo intranasally. All subjects also received an i.m. injection of trivalent inactivated influenza virus vaccine (TVV) simultaneously.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical status and pulmonary function measured by spirometry did not change significantly after vaccination. Using hemagglutinins (H1 and H3 HA) which more closely resembled those in CAV, mean levels of anti-HA immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies in nasal washings increased significantly after vaccination with CAV and TVV compared to prevaccination, but they did not increase significantly after TVV and intranasal placebo. Mean levels of influenza A virus-stimulated interleukin-2 and -4 produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro increased significantly after administration of the combination vaccine regimen and to a lesser extent after TVV and intranasal placebo compared to respective prevaccination levels. The timing of the cytokine response appeared different following CAV and TVV compared to TVV and intranasal placebo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intranasally administered CAV was safe when given with i.m. administered TVV and there may be an immunologic advantage to administration of the combination vaccine regimen compared to TVV with intranasal placebo.
authors.affiliation: Section of Infectious Diseases, St. Louis Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Gorse
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Daughaday
authors.forename: F K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Eickhoff
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Lusk
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000032:analysis; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008173:Lung Diseases, Obstructive / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012449:Safety; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014611:Vaccination; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D016207:Cytokines; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated