title: Evolving costs of long-term left ventricular assist device implantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To examine the long-term costs of implanting a left ventricular assist device, we reviewed the initial hospitalization and outpatient costs for 12 patients who received a vented electric left ventricular assist device, and projected the first-year costs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the ratio-of-cost-to-charges method to measure hospital costs and payments for physician time. We examined time trends in the resource use of 50 pneumatic left ventricular assist device recipients, using actuarial techniques and regression modeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average actual cost of left ventricular assist device support is $221,313 over an average of 9.5 months. If there had been no Food and Drug Administration regulatory policy precluding hospital discharge before 30 days, this value would have been $201,148. Based on this latter figure, the average predicted first-year cost is $219,139. The length of the intensive care unit stay, one of the most costly components of care, decreased significantly over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high costs of left ventricular assist device implantation are similar to those reported for cardiac transplantation. Given their success in supporting survival, we anticipate that these devices will be similarly cost-effective. However, further research is imperative to determine the cost-effectiveness of these devices beyond the introductory phase, when costs, benefits, and Food and Drug Administration requirements have stabilized.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA. acp10@columbia.edu
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Gelijns
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Oz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Moskowitz
mesh_terms: D000206:Actuarial Analysis; D000328:Adult; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices / Q000191:economics*; D017722:Hospital Charges; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged