title: Cell cycle-mediated regulation of hepatic regeneration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatic regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH) is characterized by a synchronous induction of normally quiescent hepatocytes to reenter the cell cycle, leading to a complete restoration of hepatic mass. Cell cycle progression requires activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) that are regulated by cyclins and Cdk inhibitors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Protein expression of the cyclins (D-type and E), Cdks (Cdk2 and 4), and Cdk inhibitors (p21 and p27) was measured by Western blot after SHAM operation or PH in F344 rats. In addition, Cdk2-associated kinase activity was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rapid induction of D-type and E cyclins, as well as their catalytic partners, Cdk2 and Cdk4, occurred after PH in rats. Complexes containing cyclin E and Cdk2 assembled in the regenerating liver, leading to increased Cdk2-associated kinase activity. The regenerating liver returned to preresection weight by day 7, at which time the Cdk2 activity also returned to SHAM levels. Biphasic induction of the Cdk inhibitor p21 was observed; the first peak occurred as early as 6 hours after PH, with a subsequent peak in expression occurring at 24 to 72 hours after PH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, these data support the concept that cyclins, Cdks, and Cdk inhibitors regulate cell cycle progression in the regenerating liver. In addition, the induction of p21 at two time points suggests that this protein may regulate both early proliferation and subsequent inhibition of hepatocyte regeneration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0533, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ehrenfried
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Evers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D056741:Cyclin D; D019927:Cyclin E / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016213:Cyclins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D006498:Hepatectomy; D006706:Homeostasis; D007700:Kinetics; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D008115:Liver Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D013997:Time Factors; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
chemical_list: C493958:Cdkn1a protein, rat; C493962:Cdkn1b protein, rat; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D056741:Cyclin D; D019927:Cyclin E; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; C495892:Cdk2 protein, rat; C495903:Cdk4 protein, rat; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases