title: The importance of sputum cytology in the diagnosis of lung cancer: a cost-effectiveness analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the potential health and cost effects of initial testing with sputum cytology to diagnose lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost-effectiveness analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program; cost data from Northern California Kaiser Permanente Hospitals and Universities of Stanford and Iowa; National Center for Health Statistics; and a MEDLINE search.
  
  
  METHODS
  The use of sputum cytologies preceding other tests (ie, fine-needle aspiration, bronchoscopy, thoracoscopy) in patients with suspected lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mortality associated with testing and initial surgical treatment (eg, performance of thoracoscopy to remove a local-stage, centrally located cancer), cost of testing and initial treatment, life expectancy, lifetime cost of medical care, and cost-effectiveness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In central lesions, sputum cytology as the first test was the dominant strategy because it both lowers medical-care costs ($2,516 per patient) and lowers the mortality risk (19 deaths in 100,000 patients) of the evaluation without adversely affecting long-term survival. In peripheral lesions, sputum cytology costs less then $25,000 per year of life saved if the pretest probability of cancer exceeds 50%. The estimated annual savings of adopting sputum cytology as the first test for diagnosing lung cancer in the United States is at least $30 million.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Experience in regional centers indicates that sputum cytologic testing is infrequently ordered before implementing invasive diagnostic techniques, even in patients with central lung masses. The study findings suggest that sputum cytology as the first test in suspected lung cancer is likely to be cost saving without adversely affecting patient outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City 92242-1049, USA.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Raab
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hornberger
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Raffin
mesh_terms: D001707:Biopsy, Needle / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017046:Cost Savings; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003581:Cytodiagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011336:Probability; D012307:Risk Factors; D018426:SEER Program; D013183:Sputum / Q000166:cytology*; D013906:Thoracoscopy / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D026712:Value of Life