title: Flow cytometric analysis of platelet activation throughout normal gestation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure platelet activation in normal pregnancy, before and after stimulation with agonists, with a whole blood flow cytometric technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional study, 5 mL of whole blood was collected from healthy volunteers (nine in the first trimester, ten in the second trimester, 35 in the third trimester, and 32 nonpregnant controls). Platelets were treated with an agonist (thrombin or U-46619, a thromboxane A2 analogue) or buffer and were exposed to saturating concentrations of monoclonal antibodies directed against platelet membrane glycoproteins (GPs): 7E3 (fibrinogen receptor GPIIb/IIIa), S12 (alpha granule marker P-selectin), and 6D1 (von Willebrand factor receptor GPIb). Mean fluorescence intensity was determined for 5000 platelets per sample by using a flow cytometer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the absence of agonist, no significant difference between groups was found in antibody binding. At no stage of pregnancy were circulating activated platelets detected. Platelets from third-trimester subjects bound significantly less 7E3 than platelets of controls or of first- or second-trimester subjects after stimulation with high-dose thrombin (P < .05 for all comparisons). Down-regulation of 6D1 on platelets after stimulation with high-dose U-46619 was significantly greater in third-trimester gravidas than in controls or first-trimester subjects (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pregnancy does not increase the percentage of activated platelets in the circulation. Platelet reactivity is altered in the third trimester, as evidenced by decreased antibody binding to fibrinogen receptor epitope and enhanced down-regulation of a von Willebrand factor receptor epitope.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brown University School of Medicine, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Star
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rosene
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ferland
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: DiLeone
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kestin
mesh_terms: D019796:15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D015539:Platelet Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood* / Q000502:physiology; D013917:Thrombin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D006490:Hemostatics; D019796:15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid; D013917:Thrombin