title: What happens to depressed men? Application of the Stirling County criteria.
abstract: In a recent issue of the Harvard Review of Psychiatry, results from the Stirling County Study showed that the prevalence and incidence rates of depression were similar in men and women when "gender-fair" criteria were used and help-seeking was not required. We attempted to replicate these findings by applying the criteria for depression from the Stirling County Study to two national and six international epidemiologic surveys conducted in the 1980s and 1990s. Depression was defined as dysphoric mood and disturbances of sleep, appetite, and energy, with at least a mild degree of impairment. The rates of depression were computed using this algorithm with data from the US Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study, conducted in the 1980s, the US National Comorbidity Survey, conducted in the 1990s, and independent community surveys from Canada, Puerto Rico, France, Taiwan, Korea, and New Zealand. For the US studies, these rates were recalculated after persons seeking treatment were removed from the analyses, where such data were available. Using Stirling County Study criteria, the lifetime prevalence rate of depression remains approximately twice as high in women as in men cross-nationally, except in Puerto Rico. Excluding help-seeking as a criterion and controlling for birth cohort do not change the findings. The Stirling County findings on absence of a sex difference in rates of depression using "gender-fair" criteria may be due to methodological variance in the collection of data, sample size, or the social and/or genetic uniqueness of the Atlantic Canadian community.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, N.Y., USA.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Weissman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Greenwald
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wickramaratne
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bland
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Canino
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rubio-Stipec
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lépine
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lellouch
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Hwu
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Joyce
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Wells
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D014481:United States