title: Reversal of antagonists: effect of elbow extension strength and endurance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the reversal of elbow antagonists designed to facilitate the extensors relative to agonist-only contractions of the extensors, while using a protocol previously demonstrated to result in an increase in strength through motor learning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-group convenience sample composed of healthy subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinic research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight healthy women without a history of upper extremity injury or neurologic disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Elbow extension strength and endurance were measured during maximal effort isometric reversal of the elbow antagonists (experimental group) and elbow extension only (control group) resistance exercise. Biceps brachii short head (BBS), triceps brachii lateral head (TLAT), and triceps brachii long head (TLNG) electromyographic (EMG) activity was measured concurrently.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences between groups for either elbow extension strength, BBS, TLAT, or TLNG EMG activity. The experimental and control groups exhibited a significant linear (p < .01) and quadratic (p < .01) increase in baseline strength of 5.2N.m (30.5%). EMG activity from each muscle group increased linearly (p < .01) across all test sessions. Similar results were observed for elbow extension strength and biceps and triceps EMG activity during fatigue testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reversal of antagonists technique was not superior to agonist-only resistance exercise, nor did it interfere with the acquisition of muscular strength or endurance through motor learning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Gabriel
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Basford
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: An
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology; D011187:Posture; D012016:Reference Values; D013718:Tensile Strength / Q000502:physiology*