title: Muscle transformation of the sartorius muscle in a canine model: clinical impact for electrodynamic graciloplasty as a "neosphincter".
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transformation of fast-twitching skeletal muscles to slow-twitching, slowly fatigable muscles has become of clinical interest in the recent past. Transposition and transformation of the gracilis muscle to use it as a substitute for a resected or defected anal sphincter (graciloplasty) have been reported as achieving promising results in the treatment of fecal incontinence caused by sphincter defects or following abdominoperineal anorectal excision for cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  This experimental study used a canine model and the sartorius muscle to evaluate the functional efficiency of two different configurations of the muscle loop to compare the presently applied transformation program (8 weeks) with a shorter (5 weeks) protocol. In six beagle dogs, both sartorius muscles were wrapped around two stomas, either in an alpha fashion or in the so-called split-sling technique. Muscle transformation was achieved by controlled neuromuscular stimulation either during eight (Program A) or five weeks (Program B). After completion of the transformation period, the function of the muscle slings was evaluated by manometry, and histomorphologic evaluation of the sartorius muscles was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was shown that muscle transformation led to a slowly fatigable muscle that made it possible to perform continuos (tetanic) contraction, regardless of the configuration or the duration of the transformation. Median pressures created by these muscles also did not differ significantly. In accordance with these functional findings, the histologic evaluation showed the typical, significant increase of Type I fibers in both muscle slings and following both transformation protocols. Although the decrease of fast-twitching Type II fibers was more pronounced following the conventional (8 weeks) program, this finding did not influence the functional results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of our experiment indicate the possibility for using a shorter transformation protocol for transformation of the gracilis muscle during graciloplasty in the clinical setting. Furthermore, the efficacy and safety of the modified (split-sling) wrap technique was demonstrated.
authors.affiliation: Ludwig Boltzmann Research Institute for Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Danube Hospital/SMZ-Ost, Vienna Medical School, Austria.
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dorner
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Feil
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zöch
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Renner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bittner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schiessel
mesh_terms: D001003:Anal Canal / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000601:surgery; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000601:surgery; D008365:Manometry; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors