title: Screening dipstick urinalysis: a time to change.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study attempted to determine the minimal cost of screening dipstick urinalyses in a hypothetical cohort of 2000 asymptomatic pediatric patients in a primary care setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  The minimal cost utilizing a private practitioner in an urban or suburban group pediatric setting was calculated. Costs were determined by using current charges for supplies ordered to perform tests in the office, charges for tests performed by a commercial laboratory, and the cost of an initial evaluation by a pediatric nephrologist. Data from published studies were also utilized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine percent (179/2000) of patients were calculated to have an initial abnormal urinalysis. Upon retesting only 1.5% (29/2000) of patients were calculated to have a persistent abnormality. The calculated rate of a false positive/transient abnormality for all patients in the hypothetical cohort of 2000 asymptomatic pediatric patients was 84% (150/179). The calculated minimal cost for the outpatient evaluation of 2000 asymptomatic pediatric patients by dipstick urinalyses ranged between $5022 to $6475. The range depends on whether 50% versus 100% of patients with a repeat abnormal dipstick urinalysis were referred to a pediatric nephrologist for further evaluation. The calculated cost was $1290 to initially screen all 2000 patients with a dipstick urinalysis or 65 cents per patient. The calculated cost to evaluate the 29 patients with any persistent abnormality on repeat dipstick urinalysis was $3732 to $5185 or $129 to $179 per patient. This is the calculated cost for a single screening of 2000 asymptomatic pediatric patients. The calculated cost for four multiple screening urinalyses as currently recommended is $20 088 to $25 900. Additionally, these are only minimal initial calculated costs. Costs of any renal imagining or function studies ordered by the pediatric nephrologist or the pediatrician pursuing a further evaluation on his/her own were not included.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple screening dipstick urinalyses in asymptomatic pediatric patients are costly and should be discontinued. In their place, we propose that a single screening dipstick urinalysis be obtained at school entry age, between 5 and 6 years old, in all asymptomatic children. The sample should be a first morning void.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, SUNY at Buffalo School of Medicine, and Biomedical Sciences and Children's Hospital, Buffalo, New York, USA.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Springate
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Feld
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004180:Direct Service Costs; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D011934:Reagent Strips / Q000191:economics; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D011934:Reagent Strips