title: Prolonged hypothermic cardiac storage with histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solution: comparison with glucose-insulin-potassium and University of Wisconsin solutions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) solution after prolonged cold storage with that of the conventional glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) and University of Wisconsin (UW) solutions in experimental heart preservation. GIK solution was chosen as a control to mimic current clinical regimens. Variables of cardiac function, myocardial tissue water, and adenine nucleotide pool metabolites were used to assess prolonged myocardial preservation in the isolated rat heart model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hearts isolated from male Wistar rats were mounted on a Langendorff apparatus to estimate baseline cardiac function. The hearts were divided into three groups (n=6 per group) according to each preservation solution used: group 1, GIK solution; group 2, UW solution; and group 3, HTK solution. The hearts were then arrested and stored in each solution for 6, 8, and 12 hr at 4 degrees C. After storage, the hearts were reperfused and recovery of cardiac function and myocardial tissue water content were evaluated. Myocardial adenylate contents just after storage in each group (n=5 hearts/group) were also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hearts stored in HTK solution showed maintenance of cardiac function at up to 8 hr of almost 80% of prepreservative baseline function; however, recovery of cardiac function of the hearts stored in UW solution revealed an initial loss of function at 6 hr of almost 60% and a decline to 50% at 8 hr. Furthermore, recovery of cardiac function of the hearts stored in GIK solution revealed a progressive loss of function at 6 hr of storage of almost 50% and a decline to 30% at 8 hr of storage. The myocardial ATP/ADP ratios after 6 hr of storage in HTK and UW solutions were significantly higher than the ratio found in GIK solution. Although the myocardial ATP/ADP ratio after 8 hr of storage in HTK solution was maintained above 50%, the ratios in GIK and UW solutions declined to 15%. In addition, the myocardial energy charge values of the hearts stored in HTK solution were sufficiently maintained until 8 hr of storage, whereas the values in UW and GIK solutions declined to below 50% at 6 hr of storage and 20% at 8 hr of storage. Although there were no significant differences in tissue water contents after 6 and 8 hr of storage among the three groups, the water contents of the hearts after 12 hr of storage in HTK and UW solutions were significantly lower than that of the hearts stored in GIK solution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that HTK solution is much more effective than UW and GIK solutions for isolated rat heart preservation; however, successful cold storage of the heart is highly energy-dependent, and a dramatic breakdown of myocardial energy level, which causes a crucial decline in cardiac function, occurs between 8 and 12 hr of storage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ku
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oku
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saitoh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nosaka
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakayama
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000493:Allopurinol; D000818:Animals; D001834:Body Water / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose; D005978:Glutathione; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007328:Insulin; D008297:Male; D008353:Mannitol; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D009926:Organ Preservation / Q000379:methods*; D019188:Organ Preservation Solutions; D011188:Potassium; D011189:Potassium Chloride; D011343:Procaine; D011887:Raffinose; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C039984:Bretschneider cardioplegic solution; D007328:Insulin; D019188:Organ Preservation Solutions; C055206:University of Wisconsin-lactobionate solution; C030396:glucose-insulin-potassium cardioplegic solution; D008353:Mannitol; D011343:Procaine; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D000493:Allopurinol; D011189:Potassium Chloride; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D005978:Glutathione; D005947:Glucose; D000241:Adenosine; D011887:Raffinose; D011188:Potassium