title: Randomized trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy with or without warfarin for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies by the Veterans Administration Cooperative Studies Program and Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) suggested that the addition of warfarin to chemotherapy might enhance response and/or survival in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). This randomized study evaluated the effect of warfarin with chemotherapy and radiation therapy in limited-stage SCLC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomized to receive warfarin or no warfarin. All patients received three cycles of doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and etoposide (ACE). Cycles 4 and 5 (cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, and etoposide [PCE]) were given concurrently with radiation therapy. Three cycles of ACE were given after chemoradiation therapy, but were discontinued due to a high rate of pulmonary toxicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in response rates, survival, failure-free survival, disease-free survival, or patterns of relapse between the warfarin-treated and control groups. In patients treated according to the initial design, an increase in failure-free survival seen with warfarin treatment approached significance (P = .07). Preamendment results, while not significant, did not have superimposable treatment survival curves. A landmark analysis at 8 months showed a median survival time after the landmark for complete responders of 33 months with warfarin treatment compared with < or = 13.75 months for complete or partial responders not treated with warfarin (P = .05). Differences between the complete responders in this preamendment population were not significant (P = .103).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Warfarin does not appear to improve outcome significantly in limited-stage SCLC. However, the differences in some variables between populations before the protocol amendment correspond to the favorable effects of anticoagulants observed in previous studies.
authors.affiliation: Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA. L.Herbert.Maurer@Hitchcock.ORG
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Herndon
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hollis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aisner
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Skarin
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Eaton
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Zacharski
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000677:Amsacrine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D000677:Amsacrine; D003561:Cytarabine; D014859:Warfarin; D005047:Etoposide; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D002945:Cisplatin