title: Hyperpolarized cardioplegic arrest with nicorandil: advantages over other potassium channel openers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our laboratory has demonstrated that the potassium channel openers (PCOs) aprikalim and pinacidil are effective cardioplegic agents but exhibit toxicity at high doses. In this study, the effectiveness of another PCO, nicorandil, was investigated for several reasons. The chemical structure of nicorandil is distinct from other PCOs, in part because of a nitrate moiety, which may confer additional cardioprotection. Moreover, nicorandil has been approved for human use and has not been shown to exhibit significant toxicity in clinical trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a blood-perfused, parabiotic, isolated rabbit heart model, 45 hearts underwent 30 minutes of global normothermic ischemia after infusion of 50 mL of cardioplegia, followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion. Cardioplegia consisted of Krebs-Henseleit solution either alone (control) or with nicorandil (100 micromol/L, 300 micromol/L, or 1 mmol/L), 20 mmol/L KCl, or nicorandil (100 micromol/L) plus glibenclamide (10 micromol/L), a potassium channel blocker. Over a wide range of volumes, left ventricular systolic function and diastolic compliance were measured at baseline and after reperfusion. The percentage of recovery of developed pressure (mean+/-SEM) for control, glibenclamide plus nicorandil, 100 micromol/L nicorandil, 1 mmol/L nicorandil, and 20 mmol/L KCl was 44.1+/-3.4%, 44.9+/-2.9%, 61.1+/-4.7%, 58.4+/-3.0%, and 63.2+/-1.5%, respectively. Postreperfusion end-diastolic pressures were significantly increased in control, 300 micromol/L nicorandil, and nicorandil plus glibenclamide groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nicorandil (100 micromol/L and 1 mmol/L) significantly improved functional recovery compared with control and was as effective as KCl cardioplegia. The protective effect of nicorandil was eliminated by glibenclamide, indicating that nicorandil is cardioprotective primarily through its capability as a PCO. In contrast to other PCOs, nicorandil produced mechanical arrest as quickly as KCl and did not show toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Jayawant
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lawton
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Hsia
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Damiano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003971:Diastole; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D008297:Male; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D020108:Nicorandil; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects*; D011817:Rabbits; D013599:Systole
chemical_list: D015221:Potassium Channels; D009536:Niacinamide; D020108:Nicorandil