title: Participation of tissue factor and thrombin in posttraumatic systemic inflammatory syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the roles of tissue factor and thrombin on the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in posttrauma patients, as well as to investigate the relationship between SIRS and sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  General intensive care unit of a tertiary care emergency department.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty trauma patients were classified into subgroups, according to the duration of SIRS: non-SIRS patients (n = 9); patients with SIRS for < 2 days (n = 15); and patients with SIRS for > 3 days (n = 16).
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tissue factor antigen concentration, prothrombin fragment F1+2, thrombin antithrombin complex, fibrinopeptide A, and cross-linked fibrin degradation products (D-dimer) were measured on the day of admission, and on days 1 through 4 after admission. Simultaneously, the number of SIRS criteria that the patients met and the disseminated intravascular coagulation score were determined. The results of these measurements, frequency of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, sepsis, and outcome were compared among the groups. The values of all five hemostatic molecular markers in the patients with SIRS for > 3 days were significantly more increased than those molecular marker values measured in the other groups on the day of admission. These values continued to be markedly high up to day 4 of admission. The occurrence rates of disseminated intravascular coagulation in these patient groups were significantly higher than those rates in the other two groups (p = .0001), and the disseminated intravascular coagulation scores did not improve during the study period. The occurrence rates of ARDS (p < .05) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (p < .01) were higher in patients with SIRS for > 3 days compared with those rates in the other groups, and the patients with SIRS for > 3 days had a poor outcome. No significant difference was noted in the frequency of sepsis among the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sustained SIRS is the main determinant for ARDS, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, and outcome in posttrauma patients. Disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with massive thrombin generation and its activation is involved in the pathogenesis of sustained SIRS. Sepsis has a small role in early posttrauma multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Sapporo City General Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gando
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kameue
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nanzaki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
mesh_terms: D015998:Abbreviated Injury Scale; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D004211:Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000209:etiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000209:etiology; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications; D013917:Thrombin / Q000378:metabolism*; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000378:metabolism*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors; D013925:Thromboplastin; D013917:Thrombin