title: Inotropic effects of sodium nitroprusside: a clinical study on coronary surgery patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) induces release of nitric oxide and is widely used as a vasoactive drug. Recent research analyzed effects of SNP on cardiac muscle and described variable inotropic effects. The present study evaluated effects of SNP on left ventricular (LV) function in patients undergoing coronary artery surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed in 100 patients with a preoperative ejection fraction > 40%. LV pressures were measured with a fluid-filled catheter in the LV cavity. Hearts were placed in AV sequential mode at a rate of 90 beats/min. Measurements were obtained at end-expiration and consisted of a control tracing and a tracing obtained after a 5 min infusion of SNP 0.5 microgram.kg-1.min-1. These measurements were obtained before and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). An average of 5 consecutive beats was obtained for analysis. Ventricular function was assessed with LV pressure and dP/dt. Data were analyzed using two factor analysis of variance for repeated measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1. Baseline patient data (n = 80). Before CPB, a variable inotropic response to SNP was observed. The direction of the inotropic response was related to preoperative beta-blocking medication. LVP and dP/dtmax increased with SNP in patients without preoperative beta-blocking medication. In patients on preoperative beta-blocking medication, SNP did not alter LVP and dP/dtmax. After CPB, a positive inotropic response was not observed in any of the patients. 2. Postoperative patient data under dobutamine (n = 20). Data of these separate observations were similar to baseline data before CPB. After CPB and under dobutamine administration (5 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) all 20 patients developed a positive inotropic response to SNP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In coronary surgery patients, SNP induced variable inotropic effect. The direction of the inotropic response appeared to be modulated by the beta-adrenergic drive.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Antwerp, University of Antwerp (U.I.A.), Edegem, Belgium.
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: De Hert
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: De Mulder
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Gillebert
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Boeckxstaens
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Haenen
authors.forename: I E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Rodrigus
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Moulijn
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004280:Dobutamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007478:Iontophoresis; D008297:Male; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D017725:Ventricular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009599:Nitroprusside; D004280:Dobutamine