title: Cerebral amyloid angiopathy in the elderly: the clinicopathological features, pathogenesis, and risk factors.
abstract: Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is known to be associated with intracerebral hemorrhage in the elderly. In this study we demonstrated that, among 101 cases with intracerebral hemorrhages found in 1000 consecutive autopsied cases (average age, 82.9 years) at a geriatric hospital, CAA accounted for 10.9% of them (31.0% of lobar and 14.3% of cerebellar hemorrhages). Immunohistochemically, the cerebrovascular amyloid was positive for beta/A4 peptide, and less intensely for cystatin C. The CAA-related hemorrhages were characteristically located near the cortical surface and ruptured into the subarachnoid space. No mutation of the amyloid precursor protein gene or the cystatin C gene was detected in these cases. From the observation of 500 serial sections containing amyloid-laden vessels of a patient with CAA-related hemorrhage, it was suggested that the hemorrhage occurred at microaneurysms with fibrinoid necrosis, which were found in small arteries in the cerebral cortex. The spatial distribution of CAA was closely associated with that of subpial beta/A4 peptide deposits in the brain, raising the possibility that the cerebrovascular amyloid originates from the brain parenchyma. Finally, the severity of CAA did not seem to be influenced by the inheritance of the epsilon 4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene, which is known as a risk factor for dementia of the Alzheimer type.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamada
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000483:Alleles; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000032:analysis; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor / Q000235:genetics; D017542:Aneurysm, Ruptured / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics; D002526:Cerebellar Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D016657:Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000473:pathology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D002556:Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D055316:Cystatin C; D015891:Cystatins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D005337:Fibrin; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009336:Necrosis; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000032:analysis; D010841:Pia Mater / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013346:Subarachnoid Space / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; C525030:CST3 protein, human; D002556:Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins; D055316:Cystatin C; D015891:Cystatins; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C084358:amyloid beta-protein (1-28); D005337:Fibrin