title: Glucoregulatory disorders in school refusal students.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our previous studies demonstrated autonomic nervous system disorders and cerebral blood hypoperfusion in school refusal students with underlying emotional distress due to fear or anxiety associated with school attendance. Because severe stress is known to affect glucoregulatory metabolism, this study used the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to measure glucose metabolism in school refusal students.
  
  
  METHODS
  A three-hour OGTT was performed. In preparation for the test, students fasted overnight. After a fasting blood sample was drawn, students were given solutions containing a predetermined amount of glucose based on their body weight (1.75 g/kg to a maximum 75 g). After glucose ingestion, blood samples were drawn at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 mm to measure blood glucose (BG), immunoreactive insulin (IRI), pancreatic glucagon (IRG) and growth hormone (GH) levels. BG levels, IRI response, cumulative BG (sigma BG), cumulative IRI (sigma IRI), insulin/glucose ratio (delta IRI/delta BG), and insulinogenic index (sigma IRI/sigma BG) were then compared to previously reported normal control data. As an index of emotional difficulties, the self-rating depressive scale (SDS) was carried out.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-one school refusal students (40 males and 41 females), 11-19 years of age (14.8 +/- 2.1), were studied. Their school refusal periods ranged from one month to eight years. All students were within -15 to +20% (-0.04 +/- 8.6) of ideal body weight.
  
  
  METHODS
  BG levels were determined using a glucose oxidase reaction method. Serum hormones were measured by radioimmunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BG levels at all OGTT time intervals and sigma BG were significantly higher in school refusal students than the normal control data (sigma BG: 39.5 +/- 4.4 vs 33.3 +/- 3.4 mmol/l P < 0.001). Although the insulin response was abnormally low relative to the prevailing hyperglycaemia (sigma IRI/ sigma BG: subjects vs control = 232 +/- 129 vs 375 +/- 271, P < 0.01), normal beta cell secretory ability was speculated (sigma IRI: subjects vs controls = 2805 +/- 1274 vs 2523 +/- 1219 pmol/l). This suggests a relative suppression of insulin secretion. A paradoxical increase of GH was observed in 19 students after glucose ingestion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glucoregulatory disorders observed in school refusal students may be caused by emotional distress. Multiple factors including autonomic nervous system disorders, derangement of neuropeptides in the hypothalamus, and hormonal imbalances may also affect glucoregulatory metabolism, predisposing these students to hyperglycaemia. We speculate that the glucoregulatory system compensates for decreased blood flow to the brain by increasing blood glucose concentrations, thereby providing sufficient glucose as the primary energy source used during normal brain metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Development, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Iwatani
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miike
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kai
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kodama
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mabe
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tomoda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jyodoi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000378:metabolism*; D013332:Student Dropouts / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D013006:Growth Hormone; D005947:Glucose