title: [Interscalene brachial plexus catheter for anesthesia and postoperative pain therapy. Experience with a modified technique].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to evaluate a modified technique of interskalene brachial plexus anaesthesia (ISB) and postoperative catheter analgesia for shoulder surgery. The original method described by Winnie bears some rare but life-threatening complications (inadvertent subarachnoid or intra-arterial injection, pneumothorax).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-one patients with chronic rheumatoid arthritis who were scheduled for open or closed shoulder surgery received a modified ISB with catheter insertion. The injection site was more cephalad than that described by Winnie and the cannula was directed towards the junction between the medial and lateral third of the clavicle. Intra- and postoperative management, complications, and patients' satisfaction were recorded and evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Implementation of ISB was possible in all cases, however, 3% of these presented technical problems. Anaesthesia with 300 mg mepivacaine 1% was successful in 94% of patients without and in 96% with augmentation after an average of 32 min; 10% of the patients suffered a drop in blood pressure after being placed in the beach-chair position for surgery. Postoperatively, all patients received 20 ml bupivacaine 0.25% for pain management via the catheter; 11% needed an additional analgesic drug. The catheter was removed after an average of 5 days. Signs of superficial local infection were noticed in 8 cases. Side effects occurred in 13% as Horner's syndrome, in 6.5% as recurrent laryngeal nerve block, and in 3.3% as phrenic nerve block. The acceptance of this anaesthetic technique among the patients was very high (96.7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We consider the modified ISB with catheter a safe and effective procedure for anaesthesia and postoperative pain management of open and closed shoulder surgery.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Anästhesie, Rheumaklinik Oberammergau.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bauereis
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heinrich
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000601:surgery; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000502:physiology*; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012782:Shoulder / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics