title: Increased cytotoxicity and phototoxicity in the methylene blue series via chromophore methylation.
abstract: The cytotoxic and photodynamic activities of the commercially-available biological stains methylene blue (MB), 1,9-dimethyl MB (Taylor's Blue) and a newly synthesised compound, 1-methyl MB, were measured against the murine mammary tumour cell line, EMT-6. Both 1-methyl MB and 1,9-dimethyl MB exhibited increased dark toxicity with concomitant higher phototoxicity compared to MB at a light dose of 7.2 J cm-2. While increasing the light dose as a function of the fluence rate increased the photocytotoxicity of MB, this had little effect on the methylated derivatives. In vitro chemical testing proved that successive methylation rendered the phenothiazinium chromophore both more resistant to reduction to its inactive leuco form, and also led to increased levels of singlet-oxygen production, thus providing a possible explanation for the increased toxicities of the methylated derivatives. Comparisons are made with the benzo[a]phenothiazinium photosensitizer, EtNBS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK. M.Wainwright@UCLAN.ac.uk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wainwright
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Phoenix
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Burrow
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Waring
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003624:Darkness; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D008027:Light; D008745:Methylation; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D015394:Molecular Structure; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: C110039:1-methylmethylene blue; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D008751:Methylene Blue; C016401:1,9-dimethylmethylene blue