title: Pre-AIDS mortality from natural causes associated with HIV disease progression: evidence from the European Seroconverter Study among injecting drug users.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study differences in pre-AIDS mortality between European cohorts of injecting drug users (IDU) and to evaluate whether pre-AIDS mortality increased with time since HIV seroconversion and decreasing CD4 count.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of 664 IDU with documented intervals of HIV seroconversion from eight cohort studies. Differences in pre-AIDS mortality were studied between European sites; an evaluation of whether pre-AIDS mortality increased with time since HIV seroconversion and decreasing CD4 count was carried out using Poisson regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and seven IDU died, of whom 57 did not have AIDS. Pre-AIDS causes of death were overdose/suicide (49%), natural causes such as bacterial infections/cirrhosis (40%), and unintentional injuries/unknown (11%). Considering pre-AIDS death and AIDS as competing risks, 14.7% were expected to have died without AIDS and 17.3% to have developed AIDS at 7 years from seroconversion. No statistically significant differences in pre-AIDS mortality were found between European regions, men and women, age categories and calendar time periods. Overall pre-AIDS mortality did not increase with time since seroconversion, but did increase with decreasing CD4 count. Evaluating cause-specific mortality, only pre-AIDS mortality from natural causes appeared to be associated with time since seroconversion as well as immunosuppression. For natural causes, the death rate per 100 person-years was 0.13 the first 2 years after seroconversion, 0.73 in years 2-4 [risk relative (RR) to years 0-2, 5.6], 1.83 in years 4-6 (RR, 14.0) and 1.54 for > or = 6 years (RR, 11.7). This rate was 0 for a CD4 cell count > or = 500 x 10(6)/l, 1.06 for 200-500 x 10(6)/l and 4.06 for < 200 x 10(6)/l (RR versus > or = 200 x 10(6)/l, 7.0). In multivariate analysis, both CD4 count and time since seroconversion appeared to be independently associated with death from natural causes; CD4 count appeared to be the strongest predictor (adjusted RR, 5.9).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high pre-AIDS mortality rate was observed among IDU. No significant differences were observed across European sites. Pre-AIDS mortality from natural causes but not from overdose and suicide was associated with HIV disease progression.
authors.affiliation: Municipal Health Service, Division of Public Health and Environment, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prins
authors.forename: I H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Hernández Aguado
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Brettle
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Broers
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Carré
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zangerle
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Coutinho
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van den Hoek
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications*