title: Increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in human hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Angiogenesis is critical for the development and progression of solid tumors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible role of vascular endothelial growth factor (which is considered to be one of the most important factors involved in tumor-associated angiogenesis), in human hepatocellular carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vascular endothelial growth factor gene and protein expression were analyzed by means of Northern hybridization and immunohistochemical methods in 5 hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor was evaluated by immunoblotting of conditioned medium of these hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Further, we compared the level of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues along with that in surrounding tumor-free tissues obtained from 20 patients. We also analyzed mRNA expression of Flt-1, one of the vascular endothelial growth factor specific high-affinity receptors, in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Northern hybridization analysis and immunohistochemistry revealed that all cultured hepatocellular carcinoma cells exhibited a high level of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA. In addition, vascular endothelial growth factor secretion by Hep G2, one of the hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines, was shown by Western blot. In vivo, we observed vascular endothelial growth factor expression in both hepatocellular carcinoma and non-hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. However, in 12 of 20 cases, vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA levels were significantly up-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. In the majority of cases (10 out of 12 cases) with abundant tumor vascularity, vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA up-regulation in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues was observed. We failed to detect Flt-1 mRNA expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that the possibility that hepatocellular carcinoma cells overexpress the vascular endothelial growth factor gene and protein. These findings support the hypothesis that vascular endothelial growth factor is one of the important factors involved in the angiogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma, and may even be involved in the development and/or progression of hepatocellular carcinoma itself.
authors.affiliation: Third Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oka
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Machinami
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kodama
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shibuya
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makuuchi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yazaki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohnishi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D011975:Receptors, Mitogen / Q000378:metabolism; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
chemical_list: D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D008222:Lymphokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor; D011975:Receptors, Mitogen; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor