title: A new classification and diagnostic criteria for invasive fungal sinusitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop criteria for the diagnosis of invasive fungal sinusitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of the literature on invasive fungal sinusitis in the context of a population of 30 patients with fungal sinusitis and 24 patients with chronic bacterial sinusitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care medical center.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our review revealed no consensus in the literature on the classification of the syndromes of invasive fungal sinusitis and no criteria for their diagnosis. Moreover, the existing syndromes of invasive fungal sinusitis lacked specificity and one of the more commonly cited syndromes, primary aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses, is a granulomatous disease that occurs rarely outside Africa. Two of our 30 patients with fungal sinusitis had a previously unrecognized form of invasive disease. Both were middle-aged adults with well-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus, apical orbital syndrome, and a similar course: proptosis resulting from fungal expansion out of an ethmoid sinus, a protracted illness of 6 months or longer, visual changes, late neurological symptoms reflecting cavernous sinus invasion, and death. The syndrome in these 2 patients is distinct from the syndrome of fulminant invasive fungal sinusitis, (eg, mucormycosis) with nasal eschar, intracerebral fungal dissemination by vascular invasion, and death in days, and the granulomatous form.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that there are 3 forms of invasive fungal sinusitis and propose that they be termed (1) granulomatous, (2) acute fulminant, and (3) chronic invasive. The latter category reflects the syndrome seen in our 2 patients. Furthermore, the following 2 diagnostic criteria for invasive fungal sinusitis are proposed: (1) sinusitis confirmed by radiological imaging and (2) histopathological evidence of hyphal forms within sinus mucosa, submucosa, blood vessels, or bone. The specificity of hyphae within sinus mucosa for tissue invasion was supported by the absence of stainable hyphae in the mucosa of patients with chronic bacterial sinusitis or in the mucosa of our described patients with allergic fungal sinusitis and mycetoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, Mobile, USA. rdeshazo@usamail.usouthal.edu
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: deShazo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chapin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soto-Aguilar
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Swain
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D001232:Aspergillus fumigatus; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009091:Mucormycosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D013172:Spores, Fungal; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed