title: Executive function in children with Tourette syndrome and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: Tourette Syndrome (TS) in children is associated with various neurobehavioral disorders including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Children with TS and ADHD show some difficulties with neuropsychological tasks, but we do not know if children with TS alone have neuropsychological deficits. To assess specific cognitive differences among children with TS and/or ADHD, we administered a battery of neuropsychological tests, including 10 tasks related to executive function (EF), to 10 children with TS-only, 48 with ADHD-only, and 32 with TS + ADHD. Children in all groups could not efficiently produce output on a timed continuous performance task [Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) mean reaction time and reaction time variability]. Children with TS-only appeared to have fewer EF impairments and significantly higher perceptual organization scores than children with TS + ADHD or ADHD-only. These findings suggest that deficiencies in choice reaction time and consistency of timed responses are common to all three groups, but children with TS-only have relatively less EF impairment than children with TS + ADHD or ADHD-only.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Schuerholz
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Reader
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mohr
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Chase
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Denckla
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001288:Attention; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002755:Choice Behavior; D015897:Comorbidity; D004193:Discrimination Learning; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011340:Problem Solving; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D011930:Reaction Time; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology