title: Thoracoscopic staging of IIIB non-small cell lung cancer before neoadjuvant therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bronchoscopy and imaging techniques are the most valuable tools for noninvasive staging of patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer but their overall accuracy is not satisfactory. Neoadjuvant therapy protocols require strict criteria for patient selection and invasive staging should be carried out to establish standardized inclusion criteria and to homogenize posttreatment results. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the role of thoracoscopy in the assessment of the real extent of lung cancer in patients with the clinical suspicion of stage IIIB disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1993 to March 1996, we observed 64 patients with suspected IIIB non-small cell lung cancer. Forty-three patients were considered eligible for this study and were divided into three groups: group I, cytologically negative pleural effusion (n = 10); group II, computed tomographic suspicion of mediastinal infiltration (n = 30); and group III, contralateral lymphadenopathy not accessible by mediastinoscopy (n = 3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No complications related to thoracoscopy occurred. Of 10 patients in group I, thoracoscopy up-staged the disease to IIIB in 6 (60%). Of 30 patients with suspicion of T4 (group II), thoracoscopy confirmed T4 in 15 patients (50%). Nine (30%) were downstaged to stage IIIA and 2 (6.6%) to stage II. In 4 patients (13.4%) thoracoscopy failed to yield definitive staging. In all 3 patients of group III, thoracoscopy confirmed stage IIIB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thoracoscopy proved adequate for correct staging in 39 of 43 patients (91%); therefore, it should be considered in the staging work-up of suspected stage IIIB patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: De Giacomo
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Rendina
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Venuta
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Della Rocca
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ricci
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016066:Pleural Effusion, Malignant / Q000175:diagnosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013906:Thoracoscopy