title: [Role of nitric oxide in warm ischemia of the transplanted kidney].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nitric oxide (NO) is a gas considered to have two roles: cytoprotective, derived from its vasodilating and anti-platelet aggregation effects, and cytotoxic, due to its free oxygen radical. It is produced by NO synthase; nitrites and nitrates are its end products. We investigated the role of NO in ischemia-perfusion injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  For the study, we utilized dogs weighing 15 to 25 kg. Autotransplantation of the left kidney and right nephrectomy were performed. Group I comprised 9 dogs submitted to renal autotransplantation; group II comprised 6 dogs submitted to renal autotransplantation after 24 h cold ischemia; group III comprised 6 dogs submitted to renal autotransplantation after 24 h cold ischemia and subsequent warm ischemia of 30 min; group IV comprised 9 dogs submitted to renal autotransplantation after 24 h cold ischemia and 60 min warm ischemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant fall in nitrite levels was observed in dogs that had some type of surgical injury. Nitrate levels increased significantly in dogs that had warm ischemia. At 30 min reperfusion, a significant increase in the production of constitutive enzyme was observed in all groups. A significant increase in inducible enzyme at 30 min reperfusion was observed in the first three groups and no inducible enzyme was produced in the group that had more injury from ischemia (group IV).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nitrites are markers of the injury produced by surgery. Nitrates clearly express the injury to the organs caused by warm ischemia-reperfusion. The cNOS enzyme increases after surgery in response to surgical insult or stress. The iNOS enzyme increases in the kidneys that have suffered ischemia and are viable. Non-viable kidneys express no enzymatic activity (cNOS, iNOS).
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, España.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Correas Gómez
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Martín García
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Antolín Juárez
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hernández Rodríguez
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Portillo Martín
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez Baños
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: del Valle Schaan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roca Edreira
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vega Vega
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Villanueva Peña
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez García
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: de Diego Rodríguez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D003404:Creatinine / Q000032:analysis; D004285:Dogs; D006085:Graft Survival; D007511:Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000201:enzymology; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D009392:Nephrectomy; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000032:analysis; D009573:Nitrites / Q000032:analysis; D010477:Perfusion; D015424:Reperfusion; D013696:Temperature; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D003404:Creatinine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase