title: Predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms in childhood cancer survivors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The diagnosis and treatment of childhood cancer are extremely stressful experiences, with psychological sequelae which can persist many years after the end of treatment. This study investigated the relative contributions of general anxiety, treatment intensity, medical sequelae of treatment, and the subjective appraisal of life threat and treatment intensity to later posttraumatic stress symptoms, such as intrusive memories, avoidance, and hypervigilance.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred eighty-six childhood cancer survivors ages 8 through 20 years, off of treatment for more than 1 year, and their parents completed questionnaires. Medical sequelae of treatment and intensity of treatment were rated by a pediatric oncologist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant, independent predictors of persistent posttraumatic stress symptoms included: 1) the survivor's retrospective subjective appraisal of life threat at the time of treatment, and the degree to which the survivor experienced the treatment as "hard" or "scary"; 2) the child's general level of anxiety; 3) history of other stressful experiences; 4) time since the termination of treatment (negative association); 5) female gender; and 6) family and social support. Mother's perception of treatment and life threat contributed to anxiety and subjective appraisal for the survivor, but did not independently contribute to posttraumatic stress symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Symptoms of posttraumatic stress seem to decrease with time, but are persistent in a subset of childhood cancer survivors. Other than time and gender, the predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms are primarily subjective factors (ie, anxiety and subjective appraisal) rather than objective stressors of treatment and medical sequelae.
authors.affiliation: UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90024-1759, USA.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Stuber
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kazak
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Meeske
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barakat
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Guthrie
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Garnier
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pynoos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meadows
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000209:etiology*; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors