title: 4-hydroxy-5,6-dihydropyrones. 2. Potent non-peptide inhibitors of HIV protease.
abstract: The 4-hydroxy-5,6-dihydropyrone template was utilized as a flexible scaffolding from which to build potent active site inhibitors of HIV protease. Dihydropyrone 1c (5,6-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6-phenyl-3-[(2-phenylethyl)thio]-2H-pyran-2-one) was modeled in the active site of HIV protease utilizing a similar binding mode found for the previously reported 4-hydroxybenzopyran-2-ones. Our model led us to pursue the synthesis of 6,6-disubstituted dihydropyrones with the aim of filling S1 and S2 and thereby increasing the potency of the parent dihydropyrone 1c which did not fill S2. Toward this end we attached various hydrophobic and hydrophilic side chains at the 6-position of the dihydropyrone to mimic the natural and unnatural amino acids known to be effective substrates at P2 and P2'. Parent dihydropyrone 1c (IC50 = 2100 nM) was elaborated into compounds with greater than a 100-fold increase in potency [18c, IC50 = 5 nM, 5-(3,6-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2-phenyl-5-[2-phenylethyl)thio] -2H-pyran-2-yl)pentanoic acid and 12c, IC50 = 51 nM, 5,6-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6-phenyl-6-(2-phenylethyl)-3- [(2-phenyl-ethyl)thio]-2H-pyran-2-one]. Optimization of the 3-position fragment to fill S1' and S2' afforded potent HIV protease inhibitor 49 [IC50 = 10 nM, 3-[(2-tert-butyl-5-methylphenyl)sulfanyl]-5,6-dihydro-4 -hydroxy-6-phenyl-6-(2-phenylethyl)-2H-pyran-2-one]. The resulting low molecular weight compounds (< 475) have one or no chiral centers and are readily synthesized.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research Division, Warner-Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA.
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Tait
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hagen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Domagala
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Ellsworth
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gajda
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hupe
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nouhan
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Tummino
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Humblet
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Lunney
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pavlovsky
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Gracheck
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.forename: T N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Bhat
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Gulnik
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology; D001665:Binding Sites; D003374:Coumarins / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D015195:Drug Design; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000378:metabolism; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000201:enzymology; D011753:Pyrones / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D003374:Coumarins; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D011753:Pyrones; D016333:HIV Protease