title: Role of tyrosine phosphorylation of a cellular protein in adeno-associated virus 2-mediated transgene expression.
abstract: The adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV), a single-stranded DNA-containing, nonpathogenic human parvovirus, has gained attention as a potentially useful vector for human gene therapy. However, the single-stranded nature of the viral genome significantly impacts upon the transduction efficiency, because the second-strand viral DNA synthesis is the rate-limiting step. We hypothesized that a host-cell protein interacts with the single-stranded D sequence within the inverted terminal repeat structure of the AAV genome and prevents the viral second-strand DNA synthesis. Indeed, a cellular protein has been identified that interacts specifically and preferentially with the D sequence at the 3' end of the AAV genome. This protein, designated the single-stranded D-sequence-binding protein (ssD-BP), is phosphorylated at tyrosine residues and blocks AAV-mediated transgene expression in infected cells by inhibiting the leading strand viral DNA synthesis. Inhibition of cellular protein tyrosine kinases by genistein results in dephosphorylation of the ssD-BP, leading not only to significant augmentation of transgene expression from recombinant AAV but also to autonomous replication of the wild-type AAV genome. Dephosphorylation of the ssD-BP also correlates with adenovirus infection, or expression of the adenovirus E4orf6 protein, which is known to induce AAV DNA replication and gene expression. Thus, phosphorylation state of the ssD-BP appears to play a crucial role in the life cycle of AAV and may prove to be an important determinant in the successful use of AAV-based vectors in human gene therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Qing
authors.forename: X S
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Kube
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ponnazhagan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bajpai
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Srivastava
mesh_terms: D004261:DNA Replication; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000229:Dependovirus / Q000235:genetics*; D016679:Genome, Viral; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011485:Protein Binding; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D014161:Transduction, Genetic; D019076:Transgenes; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D011506:Proteins; D014443:Tyrosine