title: Reflections on the evolution of cardiopulmonary bypass.
abstract: The concept of cardiopulmonary bypass is more than a century old. Although the first clinical application occurred in 1953, there were great deficits in knowledge and materials that had to be overcome before we could achieve the outcomes of cardiac surgery that we have today.
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville 22908, USA.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zacour
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Dammann
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000266:history; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000266:history*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans