title: Constant detection of CD2, CD3, CD4, and CD5 in fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue using the peroxidase-mediated deposition of biotin-tyramide.
abstract: Immunohistochemical methods are widely used for diagnostic purposes in histopathology. However, the use of most monoclonal anti-leukocyte antibodies is limited to frozen tissues. Initially, it was believed that formalin fixation in particular, which is the gold standard for morphological tissue preservation, destroys most of the antigen binding sites. In recent years, protease digestion and the introduction of microwave techniques have significantly enhanced the sensitivity of immunohistochemical techniques, and a variety of hidden antigen sites in formalin-fixed tissue have been retrieved for initially unreactive antibodies. It therefore became clear that many of the leukocyte antigens are not irreversibly destroyed but are most probably masked during the fixation process. We developed a technique combining optimized pretreatment of formalin-fixed tissue with a dramatic enhancement of the immunohistochemical sensitivity and named it the ImmunoMax method. The ImmunoMax method proves that by optimizing the technique at the following three levels it is possible to detect formalin-sensitive leukocyte antigens: (a) standard fixation of the tissue; (b) sufficient antigen unmasking; and (c) increasing the substrate turnover by multiplication of binding sites with subsequent enhancement of the immunohistochemical reaction. Using this optimized ImmunoMax method, we were able to detect CD2, CD3, CD4, and CD5 with conventional monoclonal antibodies in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens of various lymphoid tissues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malisius
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Merz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Heinz
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gafumbegete
authors.forename: B U
authors.initials: BU
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Feller
mesh_terms: D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000032:analysis*; D001710:Biotin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D018801:CD2 Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D017252:CD3 Complex / Q000032:analysis; D015704:CD4 Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D018956:CD5 Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D005557:Formaldehyde; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000737:chemistry; D008221:Lymphoid Tissue / Q000737:chemistry*; D014066:Palatine Tonsil / Q000737:chemistry; D016612:Paraffin Embedding; D010581:Peyer's Patches / Q000737:chemistry; D013154:Spleen / Q000737:chemistry; D016707:Tissue Fixation; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D018801:CD2 Antigens; D017252:CD3 Complex; D015704:CD4 Antigens; D018956:CD5 Antigens; D005557:Formaldehyde; D014443:Tyrosine; D001710:Biotin