title: Influence of gender on cardiovascular mortality in acute myocardial infarction patients with high indication for coronary angiography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was undertaken to study gender differences in the use of coronary angiography (CA), revascularization (RV), and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in patient with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) who were assigned to "High Indication for CA" per the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/ AHA) practice guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This is a historical prospective study based on a stratified random sample of 1165 AMI patients from January 1990 to December 1992 at seven health maintenance organization hospitals. CA was highly indicated in 286 women and 564 men. In a Cox hazard ratio (HR), women received significantly (P<.05) fewer CAs (HR, .78) and RVs (HR, .62) than men after adjusting for age, Charlson index, and congestive heart failure. Crude CVD mortality for women was higher than men (HR, 1.7). After adjustments for age, Charlson index, and congestive heart failure, the HR was reduced to 1.19 for women. Further adjustment for CA and RV lowered CVD mortality in women slightly (HR, 1.14). RV is associated with lowered CVD (HR, .41).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with high indication for CA, use of CA and RV was significantly lower in women. After adjustments were made for risk profile and treatment modalities, women did not have a significantly increased risk for CVD compared with men. However, the apparent protective effect of RV in patients with a high indication for CA suggests that practices in line with ACC/AHA guidelines may reduce CVD in both women and men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Nursing, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0610, USA.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Froelicher
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bacchetti
authors.forename: H V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Barron
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gee
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Selby
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lundstrom
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Swain
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Truman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery; D009204:Myocardial Revascularization; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors