title: Calcium and the anionic polypeptide fraction (APF) have opposing effects on cholesterol crystallization in model bile.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cholesterol gallstones contain both calcium and biliary proteins, but their respective roles in gallstone pathogenesis are unknown. We have studied the effects of calcium and a major biliary protein, anionic polypeptide fraction, on the process of cholesterol crystallization in bile.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anionic polypeptide fraction was purified from human bile. Model bile composed of cholesterol, egg yolk lecithin and sodium taurocholate was prepared in a lipid concentration (18 mM, 37 mM, and 120 mM, respectively) simulating lithogenic human gallbladder bile. The crystallization process was observed by phase contrast light microscopy, and sequential separation of precipitable cholesterol structures by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Addition of calcium, or anionic polypeptide fraction alone, or both together did not influence the crystal observation time of bile (the time which elapsed from initiation of supersaturation to the first appearance of crystals). However, the rate and quantity of cholesterol precipitation and crystal formation were affected by both. Calcium increased in a dose-dependent manner the cholesterol monohydrate crystal mass before apparent equilibrium was reached. This effect was inhibited by anionic polypeptide fraction, which increased the amount of cholesterol within precipitable phospholipid vesicles, and decreased the rate of crystal formation. Fluorescence-labeled anionic polypeptide fraction revealed that anionic polypeptide fraction (with and without calcium) was primarily associated with vesicle aggregates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate that calcium and anionic polypeptide fraction have opposing effects on the process of cholesterol crystallization and the resultant crystal mass without influencing the crystal observation time of bile. These findings suggest that biliary proteins, in addition to being crystallization effectors by themselves, may further influence cholesterol crystallization and gallstone formation by interacting with calcium and possibly other elements that coexist in bile.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Sourasky Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Israel. konikoff@post.tau.ac.il
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Konikoff
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lechene de la Porte
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Laufer
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Domingo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lafont
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gilat
mesh_terms: D001059:Apoproteins / Q000502:physiology*; D001646:Bile / Q000737:chemistry*; D015415:Biomarkers; D002118:Calcium / Q000502:physiology*; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000737:chemistry*; D003460:Crystallization; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological
chemical_list: D001059:Apoproteins; D015415:Biomarkers; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; C489588:anionic polypeptide fraction, human; D002784:Cholesterol; D002118:Calcium