title: Applying radiobiological principles to combined modality treatment of head and neck cancer--the time factor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Combined modality treatment is indicated for most advanced stage head and neck cancers. It is postulated that the efficacy of combined modality regimens could be enhanced by applying principles derived from radiotherapy fractionation studies to optimize the time factor in treatment scheduling.
  
  
  METHODS
  The premise that tumor clonogens surviving a therapeutic intervention undergo accelerated repopulation in a time-dependent fashion as their numbers are depleted is used as a model to interpret the results of various chemoradiotherapy and postsurgical radiotherapy protocols and to suggest ways in which future combined modality regimens can be more rationally designed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Meta-analyses of chemoradiotherapy trials show the general superiority of concomitant vs. neoadjuvant sequential protocols. There is also emerging evidence that both the duration of postoperative radiotherapy and the delay in its instigation affect treatment outcome. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that the overall duration of the "package deal" of combined modality treatment is an important determinant of outcome. However, a large decrease in duration of the "package deal" does not necessarily translate into a therapeutic gain because the total dose has to be lowered to prevent intolerable acute reactions. In these circumstances tumor control will improve only if the reduced treatment time circumvents more tumor cell regeneration than the cytoreduction that could be achieved by the extra dose tolerable in a longer time period. More modest reductions in treatment time can be accomplished without dose reduction and so avoid this risk. The design of new protocols should take account of the fact that regeneration of tumor clonogens can be predicted to be nonuniform with time. Thus, the greatest therapeutic gain should be achieved by targeting periods of maximal regenerative capacity for shortening or, alternatively, for intensification of treatment. These periods are the latter part of a course of radiotherapy or chemotherapy and the early postoperative phase after surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rational design of combined modality protocols should include principles concerning the time factor derived from radiotherapy fractionation studies. Periods of maximal tumor cell regeneration should be targeted for shortening or for treatment intensification. Any dose sacrifice necessitated by reducing treatment duration must be less than the dose equivalent of regeneration during the same time period.
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiation Oncology, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Withers
mesh_terms: D002455:Cell Division / Q000528:radiation effects; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage