title: Evaluation of abdominal lymphadenopathy in children by ultrasonography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There may be uncertainty as to whether enlarged abdominal lymph nodes (LNs) in children are normal or abnormal.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare, by ultrasonography (US), enlarged abdominal LNs in healthy children with those in children with acute abdominal pain or acute gastroenteritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and twenty-two asymptomatic children were selected by questionnaire and compared with 44 children with acute abdominal pain of unknown origin and 27 children with acute gastroenteritis. The number of LNs, their location, their shape and the presence of tenderness as detected by finger compression of each LN were evaluated. The children were divided into four groups according to age: 0-2, 3-6, 7-10, and 11-15 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LNs were detected in the ileo-caecal and/or para-aortic areas in almost all of the asymptomatic children. The number of large LNs ( > 10 mm) in the para-aortic areas was higher in the older children (>/= 7 years of age) than in the younger children ( </= 6 years of age) (P < 0.05). The number of spindle-shaped LNs (ratio of long- to short-axis diameter >/= 2.0) was increased in the older children. The number of LNs was not increased in the children with acute abdominal pain. The size of the LNs was largest in the children with acute gastroenteritis, followed by the children with acute abdominal pain and the asymptomatic children (P < 0.001). Although the shape of the LNs was no different among the three groups of children, the frequency of round-shaped LNs (ratio of long- to short-axis diameter < 2.0) was greater in the older children with acute abdominal pain or acute gastroenteritis than in the asymptomatic children (P < 0.01). The number of LNs with tenderness detected by finger compression was significantly greater in the children with acute abdominal pain and acute gastroenteritis than in the asymptomatic children (P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The number of large and round-shaped LNs with tenderness tended to be increased in the children with acute gastroenteritis and acute abdominal pain. There is no clear specificity of LN enlargement in the children with acute abdominal pain, and the main challenge is to diagnose or estimate the organic pathology by US, regardless of the presence of lymphadenopathy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatrics, Saga Prefectural Hospital Koseikan, Saga, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hirowatari
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayashida
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koga
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akazawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008206:Lymphatic Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography