title: Mucosal injury and disruption of intestinal barrier function in HIV-infected individuals with and without diarrhea and cryptosporidiosis in northeast Brazil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relative effects of AIDS-related diarrhea with or without cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis on intestinal function and injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 40 HIV-infected patients (20 with and 20 without diarrhea) and 13 healthy volunteers, using the differential urinary excretion of ingested lactulose and mannitol as respective markers of barrier disruption and overall villous surface area. We also examined them for fecal leukocytes, lactoferrin, and alpha 1-antitrypsin. Fasting subjects drank test solution containing lactulose (5 g) and mannitol (1 g). Urine was collected for 5 h and tested for sugars by high-performance liquid chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HIV-positive patients with diarrhea had a 2.8-fold higher lactulose:mannitol excretion ratio (L:M) than HIV-positive patients without diarrhea (p = 0.01) and 10.4-fold higher than healthy volunteers (p = 0.004). This was accounted for by a 1.5- to 3.1-fold higher rate of lactulose excretion by HIV patients with diarrhea than by those without diarrhea or by healthy volunteers. Mannitol excretion was 32-55% less in patients with diarrhea than in those without diarrhea or in healthy volunteers. Patients with cryptosporidial diarrhea had a nearly 6-fold higher L:M ratio than those without diarrhea (p < 0.001) and nearly 3-fold higher than those with non-cryptosporidial diarrhea (p = 0.02). One patient with microsporidial infection had a nearly 3-fold higher L:M ratio than controls without diarrhea. Alpha 1-Antitrypsin was positive in 40% of HIV-positive patients with cryptosporidial infections and none of 12 HIV-positive patients with non-cryptosporidial diarrhea. Fecal lactoferrin or leukocytes were increased in all HIV patients with diarrhea.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV infection is associated with intestinal dysfunction and injury, even in patients who do not have diarrhea. However, those with diarrhea, especially with cryptosporidiosis or microsporidiosis, have even greater disruption of intestinal barrier function with potentially important nutritional consequences.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Unit, University Hospital, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gifoni
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: I T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: McAuliffe
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Fedorko
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Guerrant
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003457:Cryptosporidiosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007411:Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D007792:Lactulose / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008353:Mannitol / Q000378:metabolism; D010539:Permeability; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D008353:Mannitol; D007792:Lactulose