title: Mapping of punctuate hyperalgesia around a surgical incision demonstrates that ketamine is a powerful suppressor of central sensitization to pain following surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tissue injury induces central sensitization in the spinal cord dorsal horn neurons via mechanisms involving N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, leading to secondary hyperalgesia. Using punctuate mechanical hyperalgesia as a measure of central sensitization, we examined whether induction and maintenance of central sensitization after surgery could be prevented by a low-dose infusion of the NMDA-receptor antagonist ketamine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty living kidney donors were included in a randomized, double-blind, parallel, two-group study. Before start of surgery 10 patients received an i.v. bolus of racemic ketamine 0.5 mg.kg-1, followed by a continuous i.v. infusion of ketamine 2 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 for 24 h, thereafter 1 microgram.kg-1.min-1 for another 48 h. The control group received placebo bolus and infusion. A standard general anaesthesia including fentanyl was used. Patient-controlled (PCA) i.v. morphine was used for postoperative analgesia. Punctuate mechanical hyperalgesia and temporal summation of mechanical stimuli causing "wind-up pain" were measured using von Frey filaments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The area of punctuate mechanical hyperalgesia was significantly reduced in the ketamine group 1, 3 and 7 d after the operation (P < 0.01-0.001). "Wind-up pain" was also reduced by ketamine (P < 0.05). PCA morphine consumption and pain intensity (visual analogue scale) differed between groups only during the first hours after surgery, in favour of ketamine. The ketamine patients scored significantly higher on a global satisfaction score. Side-effects were most frequent in the placebo group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-dose i.v. infusion of ketamine during and after surgery reduces mechanical punctuate hyperalgesia surrounding the surgical incision. These results indicate that blockade of NMDA receptors prevents the central sensitization caused by nociceptive input during and after surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, National Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stubhaug
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Breivik
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Eide
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kreunen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Foss
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000758:Anesthesia; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007649:Ketamine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000819:agonists
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D007649:Ketamine; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate