title: The lack of effects of nonthermal RF electromagnetic fields on the development of rat embryos grown in culture.
abstract: Rat embryos (9.5 days old) were exposed for up to 36 h to various radio frequency (RF) electric and magnetic fields (modulation frequency: 16, 60, 120 Hz; electric field strength: 60, 600 V/m; magnetic induction: 0.2, 2.0 microT). A resonator technique was used to generate standing waves thus fulfilling three conditions: The site of maximum electric and magnetic oscillations could be separated, the field strengths were known exactly and a high homogeneity over the sample volume was achieved. In each frequency region the transmitter power levels were set to give specific absorption rate (SAR) values spreading from far below to far above the values met in the field of telecommunication (0.2, 1.0 and 5.0 W/kg). The criteria used to examine the embryos on day 11.5 for possible structural effects consisted of a scoring system, photographs, histology using both light and electron microscopy and determination of the protein content. All these data have been taken as sets of different intermediate frequency (IF) amplitude modulation of the RF carriers. Neither the electric nor the magnetic fields tested interfered significantly with the normal growth and differentiation of the embryos in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Benjamin Franklin Medical Center, Free University Berlin, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klug
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hetscher
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giles
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kohlsmann
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kramer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000528:radiation effects; D046508:Culture Techniques; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar