title: Vasectomy and prostate cancer: a case-control study in India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of vasectomy in the development of prostate cancer remains controversial. In particular, there has been concern about detection bias and confounding in the previously published epidemiological studies examining this hypothesis. With the goal of minimizing detection bias, we have evaluated the relation between vasectomy and prostate cancer in a population without routine prostate cancer screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study consisting of 175 prostate cancer cases and 978 controls with cancer diagnoses other than prostate cancer was conducted at hospitals covered by the Bombay Cancer Registry in Bombay, India. History of vasectomy, demographic, and lifestyle factors were obtained by structured interview. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Standardizing by age, 8.7% of cases and 8.3% of controls had had a vasectomy. The OR for prostate cancer comparing men who had had a vasectomy to those who did not was 1.48 (95% CI: 0.80-2.72) controlling for age at diagnosis, smoking status, alcohol drinking, and other demographic and lifestyle factors. Risk of prostate cancer associated with vasectomy appeared to be higher among men who underwent vasectomy at least two decades prior to cancer diagnosis or who were at least 40 years old at vasectomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although not statistically significant, the results of this hospital-based case-control study are consistent with the hypothesis of a positive association between vasectomy and prostate cancer. Because routine prostate cancer screening is not common in this population, detection bias was unlikely to account for this association.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Platz
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Yeole
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Jussawalla
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giovannucci
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ascherio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D014659:Vasectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*