title: The tetramerization region of the retinoid X receptor is important for transcriptional activation by the receptor.
abstract: The retinoid X receptor (RXR), a member of the superfamily of hormone nuclear receptors, is a ligand-inducible transcription factor that is activated by the vitamin A derivative 9-cis-retinoic acid. We previously showed that RXR self-associates into tetramers with a high affinity and that ligand binding induces rapid dissociation of receptor tetramers to smaller species. Here, the RXR region that is responsible for mediating tetramer formation is identified. It is shown that this interface, which we term the "tetramerization domain," critically contains two consecutive phenylalanine residues located at the C-terminal region of the receptor. Mutation of these residues is sufficient to disrupt RXR tetramers without affecting the overall fold of the protein or interfering with ligand binding, dimer formation, or DNA binding by the receptor. Nevertheless, the tetramer-impaired mutant was found to be transcriptionally defective. The newly characterized tetramerization domain and the previously identified main dimerization interface of RXR act autonomously to affect separate intersubunit interactions that, overall, lead to formation of tetramers. Protein-protein interactions mediated by the tetramerization domain, but not those that involve the dimerization interface, are disrupted following ligand binding by RXR. Overall, these data attest to the specificity of the interaction and implicate the tetramerization interface in playing a direct role in regulating transcriptional activation by RXR.
authors.affiliation: Cornell University, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Savage Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853-6301, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kersten
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Reczek
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Noy
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D001665:Binding Sites; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D011487:Protein Conformation; D017510:Protein Folding; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014508:Urea
chemical_list: D008024:Ligands; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014508:Urea; D004247:DNA