title: Acute renal failure after coronary intervention: incidence, risk factors, and relationship to mortality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study set out to define the incidence, predictors, and mortality related to acute renal failure (ARF) and acute renal failure requiring dialysis (ARFD) after coronary intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Derivation-validation set methods were used in 1,826 consecutive patients undergoing coronary intervention with evaluation of baseline creatinine clearance (CrCl), diabetic status, contrast exposure, postprocedure creatinine, ARF, ARFD, in-hospital mortality, and long-term survival (derivation set). Multiple logistic regression was used to derive the prior probability of ARFD in a second set of 1,869 consecutive patients (validation set).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of ARF and ARFD was 144.6/1,000 and 7.7/1,000 cases respectively. The cutoff dose of contrast below which there was no ARFD was 100 mL. No patient with a CrCl > 47 mL/min developed ARFD. These thresholds were confirmed in the validation set. Multivariate analysis found CrCl [odds ratio (OR) = 0.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.77 to 0.89, P <0.00001], diabetes (OR = 5.47, 95% CI 1.40 to 21.32, P = 0.01), and contrast dose (OR = 1.008, 95% CI 1.002 to 1.013, P = 0.01) to be independent predictors of ARFD. Patients in the validation set who underwent dialysis had a predicted prior probability of ARFD of between 0.07 and 0.73. The in-hospital mortality for those who developed ARFD was 35.7% and the 2-year survival was 18.8%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The occurrence of ARFD after coronary intervention is rare (<1%) but is associated with high in-hospital mortality and poor long-term survival. Individual patient risk can be estimated from calculated CrCl, diabetic status, and expected contrast dose prior to a proposed coronary intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: McCullough
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wolyn
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Rocher
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: O'Neill
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D013318:Stroke Volume
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D003404:Creatinine