title: Noncognitive disturbances in Alzheimer's disease: frequency, longitudinal course, and relationship to cognitive symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the frequency and longitudinal course of symptoms of depression, agitation, and psychosis in a longitudinally studied sample of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal study of AD patients with follow-up assessments at 6-month intervals for an average of more than 3 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Alzheimer's Disease Research Center of the Mount Sinai Medical Center and the Bronx VA Medical Center, New York.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 153 AD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blessed Test of Information, Memory and Concentration (BIMC) and the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale cognitive (ADAS-Cog) and noncognitive (ADAS-NC) subscales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At entry into the study, more than 90% of patients had a behavioral disturbance that was rated as mild or worse on one of the 10 ADAS noncognitive items; and 40% had at least one rating that was moderate or severe. Correlational analyses indicated that, with the exception of the two mood-related items, noncognitive symptoms on the ADAS were not highly correlated with one another. Only one of the noncognitive items, concentration, was strongly correlated with the severity of cognitive impairment. On average, patients showed progressively worse cognitive functioning over time as measured both by the ADAS-Cog and the BIMC. The mean severity of noncognitive symptoms did not change during the course of a 5-year follow up. The severity of behavioral disturbance at any one evaluation was negatively correlated with change in behavior during the next 6 months and was not correlated with cognitive decline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mild behavioral disturbances are common, whereas moderate to severe behavioral symptoms are less frequent in this population of AD patients. Disturbances in mood and manifestations of agitation and psychotic symptoms are not closely related to one another and show little progressive worsening over time. Rather, they tend to be episodic such that increasing severity at one time is usually followed by improvement later. Concentration problems are a manifestation of cognitive dysfunction rather than behavioral disturbance in AD. Implications of these results for treatment of noncognitive disturbances in AD are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Marin
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schmeidler
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Lawlor
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aryan
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Mohs
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D009518:New York / Q000453:epidemiology; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology