title: Modified Damus-Kaye-Stansel procedure for single ventricle, subaortic stenosis, and arch obstruction in neonates and infants: midterm results and techniques for avoiding circulatory arrest.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A modified Damus-Kaye-Stansel procedure is one of several options for palliation of single ventricle with subaortic obstruction, but results in neonates have been disappointing. In the presence of arch obstruction, this procedure is typically performed with circulatory arrest, which may contribute to neurologic insult.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since 1990, a modified Damus-Kaye-Stansel procedure has been performed in 14 neonates and seven infants with single ventricle and subaortic stenosis, including 15 with arch obstruction. Diagnoses were double-inlet left ventricle (n = 12), tricuspid atresia (n = 2), and other forms of hypoplastic ventricle with subaortic obstruction (n = 7). Three patients underwent concurrent bidirectional Glenn shunt. In the most recent seven patients with arch obstruction, arch repair was achieved with an end-to-side anastomosis of the descending aorta to the ascending aorta with continuous upper body perfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One early death occurred among the 14 neonates (7%) and three among the infants, for an early mortality of 19%. At a median follow-up of 33 months, there were no late deaths or neurologic complications. Nine patients underwent subsequent bidirectional Glenn anastomosis, including three who had Fontan completion and one who later underwent conversion to a partial biventricular repair. One patient required a transplant for cardiomyopathy of unknown etiology. The remaining 12 patients are considered good candidates for Fontan completion. No patient has recurrent arch obstruction. Four patients have mild (n = 1) or trivial (n = 3) semilunar valvular regurgitation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The modified Damus-Kaye-Stansel procedure is an effective primary palliation for single ventricle and subaortic stenosis, with or without arch obstruction. Results are especially encouraging in neonates. Arch repair can be achieved without circulatory arrest to the brain.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: McElhinney
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Hanley
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000379:methods; D001011:Aorta / Q000601:surgery; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D001017:Aortic Coarctation / Q000601:surgery; D001020:Aortic Stenosis, Subvalvular / Q000601:surgery*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods*; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome