title: Itraconazole solution: higher serum drug concentrations and better clinical response rates than the capsule formulation in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients with candidosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the serum concentrations of itraconazole and hydroxyitraconazole after treatment with itraconazole cyclodextrin solution and itraconazole capsules in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patients with oral candidosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The pharmacokinetics of itraconazole and its active metabolite hydroxy-itraconazole were assessed on days 1 and 7 of therapy in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients with oral candidosis taking either itraconazole solution or capsules and the serum concentrations (measured by high performance liquid chromatography) correlated with the clinical response to therapy. In addition, the in vitro susceptibility of Candida spp isolates taken from patients at the start of the therapy was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine of 16 patients treated with itraconazole capsules and eight of 15 treated with the solution responded to treatment. Three of the non-responders in each treatment group were infected with isolates resistant to itraconazole in vitro. Although with both preparations there was considerable inter-patient variability in the maximum recorded serum concentrations of itraconazole, they were significantly lower on day 1 and day 7 in those receiving capsules compared with those taking the solution. Patients unresponsive to therapy, but infected with susceptible isolates, had significantly lower concentrations of itraconazole and hydroxyitraconazole levels on days 1 and 7 than patients responding to treatment. However, patients infected with itraconazole resistant isolates (tested in vitro) failed to respond to treatment despite achieving similar serum concentrations of itraconazole and hydroxy-itraconazole to the responsive patients. For patients with in vitro susceptible isolates a serum itraconazole concentration of < 1000 ng/ml on day 7 was predictive of therapeutic failure (specificity 71%, sensitivity 100%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Itraconazole cyclodextrin solution achieves higher serum itraconazole and hydroxy-itraconazole concentrations than the capsule formulation in AIDS patients, and this is associated with improved efficacy.
authors.affiliation: St Stephen's Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cartledge
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Midgely
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Gazzard
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002214:Capsules; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D012996:Solutions
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D002214:Capsules; D012996:Solutions; C084794:hydroxyitraconazole; D017964:Itraconazole