title: Postoperative radiotherapy in radically resected non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the value of adjuvant postoperative external-beam radiation (EBR) in patients with radically resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) pT1-3 pN0-2 compared to patients with resected NSCLC without adjuvant EBR.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 155 patients (121 male, 34 female; mean age, 59 years) 105 lobectomies, 12 bilobectomies, and 38 pneumonectomies with radical lymph node dissection of the contralateral [corrected] side were performed. Postoperative staging was done according to the TNM system and was as follows: pT1 (n=38), pT2 (n=89), pT3 (n=28); pN0 (n=39), pN1 (n=67) and pN2 (n=49). Histopathologic study revealed 68 squamous cell carcinomas, 53 adenocarcinomas, 21 large cell carcinomas, 6 adenosquamous cell carcinomas, and 7 bronchioloalveolar cell carcinomas. All patients were randomly assigned into two treatment groups: 72 patients with no further treatment (control group), and 83 patients (EBR group) with adjuvant postoperative EBR of the bronchial stump and mediastinum (50 to 56 Gy, 8 or 23 MV photons, 2 Gy/d, 5 d/wk) beginning 4 to 6 weeks after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall 5-year survival rate (median observation time, 43 months) of all patients was 24.1% (EBR group, 29.7%; control group, 20.4%; p>0.05, not significant). The relative risk of the EBR group was 0.85 with a two-sided confidence interval of 0.66 to 1.09. The overall 5-year recurrence-free survival was 20.6% (EBR, 27.1%; control group, 15.6%; p=0.07). The relative risk of the EBR group was 0.80 with a confidence interval of 0.63 to 1.01. The rate of local recurrences at the bronchial stump and/or mediastinum was significantly smaller in the EBR group (n=5) than in the control group (n=17) (p<0.01). Multivariate analysis (chi2 test) demonstrated an independent influence of postoperative EBR on the incidence of local recurrences. The incidence of distant metastases was slightly but not significantly higher in patients without EBR (38 patients) compared to those who had EBR (32 patients).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-dose postoperative EBR to the mediastinum significantly reduces the risk of local recurrence at the bronchial stump and/or mediastinum. Age, sex, histologic subtype, tumor size, surgical approach, or extent of lymph node involvement had no prognostic value--only postoperative EBR had an independent influence on the risk of local recurrence. The effect of postoperative EBR was on the verge of significance with respect to recurrence-free survival and showed the same tendency in overall survival, however with an attenuated relative risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, University Medical School of Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Smolle-Juettner
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Szolar
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Stuecklschweiger
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Quehenberger
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Friehs
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hackl
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D002282:Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018196:Carcinoma, Adenosquamous / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D018287:Carcinoma, Large Cell / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011013:Pneumonectomy / Q000379:methods; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate