title: Radiation dose to technicians per nuclear medicine procedure: comparison between technetium-99m, gallium-67, and iodine-131 radiotracers and fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the non-extremity gamma dose received by a technician while performing an ordinary nuclear medicine procedure or a static (i.e. without blood sampling) fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) study. The dose per patient was measured by means of a commercial electronic pocket Geiger Mueller dosimeter, worn in the upper left pocket of the overalls. This was previously tested by exposure to known point sources of technetium-99m, gallium-67, iodine-131 and fluorine-18 in the air. A further test was performed with 99mTc, 131I and 18F sources inserted in a water phantom to simulate the condition of high scattering degradation of the primary radiation due to the patient's tissues. Subsequently, the dose was measured by two technicians for a total of 314 clinical cases, covering the most common nuclear medicine procedures, including 44 static, two-level FDG PET studies with repositioning of the patient on the couch between the transmission and the emission scan and seven whole-body PET studies. The dose read by the dosimeter was corrected for environmental background and for detector efficiency measured with sources in the air. For a limited subset of cases, the time spent close to patients was also measured. Doses were then estimated by a crude non-absorbing point source approximation and by using experimental dose rates. A comparison between experimental and estimated doses, as well as with previously published data, completed the work. For most of the conventional procedures, the measured dose per procedure proved to be within the range 0.2-0.4 microSv, except for equilibrium angiocardioscintigraphy (1.0+/-0.5 microSv) and 99mTc-sestamibi single-photon emission tomography (1. 7+/-1.0 microSv). Comparison with data published in the last 20 years shows that our values are generally lower. The current more favourable working conditions are a result of technological improvements (for instance two-head gamma cameras capable of whole-body studies), and safer shielding and distance from patients. Two-level PET gave 11.5+/-4.4 microSv and whole-body PET 5.9+/-1.2 microSv. In a subset of patients these values could be subdivided into the separate contributions from each phase of the procedure. They were: 0.11+/-0.04 microSv for daily quality assurance, 2.9+/-3.0 microSv for two transmission scans, 0.3+/-0.1 microSv for syringe preparation, 2.8+/-1.8 microSv for injection and escorting the patient to the waiting room, 1.7+/-1.5 microSv for a whole-body emission scan, 7.7+/-5.2 microSv for two emission scans, and 0.8+/-0. 2 microSv for patient departure. The higher value from PET by comparison with conventional procedures is attributable to the higher specific gamma constant of 18F, as well as the longer time required for accurate positioning.
authors.affiliation: Unita' PET, Divisione Medicina Nucleare, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chiesa
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: De Sanctis
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Crippa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schiavini
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Fraigola
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bogni
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pascali
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Decise
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marchesini
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bombardieri
mesh_terms: D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D005710:Gallium Radioisotopes; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D013667:Technetium; D013679:Technology, Radiologic; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
chemical_list: D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D005710:Gallium Radioisotopes; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D013667:Technetium