title: CT simulation in stereotactic brain radiotherapy--analysis of isocenter reproducibility with mask fixation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  CT verification and measurement of isocenter deviation using repeated mask fixation in linac-based stereotactic high dose radiotherapy of brain metastases were performed in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  For stereotactic radiotherapy of brain metastases a commercial head mask fixation device based on thermoplastic materials (BrainLAB) was used. A two-step planning-treatment procedure was performed. Immediately before treatment the patient was relocated in the mask and a verification CT scan of the radiopaque marked isocenter was performed and if necessary its position was corrected. The verification procedure is described in detail. Twenty-two CT verifications in 16 patients were analyzed. Deviations were measured separately for each direction. A 3D-deviation vector was calculated. Additionally the average amount of deviation in each of the three dimensions was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean deviation and standard deviation (SD) of the isocenter was 0.4 mm (SD 1.5 mm) in the longitudinal direction, -0.1 mm (SD 1.8 mm) in the lateral direction and 0.1 mm (SD 1.2 mm) in the anterior-posterior direction. The mean three-dimensional distance (3D-vector) between the verified and the corrected isocenter was 2.4 mm (SD 1.3 mm). The average deviation (without consideration of direction) was 1.1 mm (SD 1.1 mm), 1.3 mm (SD 1.3 mm) and 0.8 mm (SD 0.9 mm) in the longitudinal, lateral and sagittal directions, respectively. No correlation was found between 3D-deviation and the distance of the isocenter from the reference plane nor between deviation and the position of metastases in the brain (central versus peripheral or between different lobes), or the date of treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reproducibility of the isocenter using the presented mask fixation is in the range of positioning reproducibility reported for other non-invasive fixation devices for stereotactic brain treatment. Our results underline the importance of CT verification as a quality assurance method in stereotactic radiotherapy. Under the condition of a preceding CT verification the mask can be used for single dose stereotactic radiotherapy. For fractionated stereotactic irradiation of small target volumes we recommend repeated CT verifications to assure reproducibility.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Strahlentherapie der Universität, Department of Radiotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Willner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Flentje
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bratengeier
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008397:Masks; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed