title: Longitudinal changes in cardiovascular risk from childhood to young adulthood in offspring of parents with coronary artery disease: the Bogalusa Heart Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the association between parental coronary artery disease (CAD) and its risk factors in the offspring is known, the timing and the course of development of risk factors from childhood to adulthood in the offspring is not known.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between parental CAD and longitudinal changes in risk factor profile from childhood to young adulthood in offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bogalusa, La, a semirural, biracial community.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals with clinically verified parental history of CAD (n=271) vs those without such a history (n = 1253) Mean age at first CAD event was 50 years for fathers and 52 years for mothers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Body mass index, subscapular skinfolds, blood pressure, and triglyceride, cholesterol (total, very low-density lipoprotein [VLDL-C], low-density lipoprotein [LDL-C], and high-density lipoprotein [HDL-C] cholesterols), glucose, and insulin levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The offspring of parents with CAD were consistently overweight beginning in childhood. Their levels of total serum cholesterol, LDL-C, plasma glucose, and insulin became significantly higher at older ages, because of a higher rate of increase in these risk factors over time. In adulthood, the offspring with a positive parental history had a higher prevalence of obesity (body mass index >85th percentile in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I, 35% vs 26%, P=.01), elevated total cholesterol (>6.2 mmol/L [240 mg/dL], 8.4% vs 4.8%, P=.05) and LDL-C levels (>4.1 mmol/L [160 mg/dL], 12.4% vs 4.7%, P=.05), and hyperglycemia (glucose, >6.6 mmol/L, 2.7% vs 0.4%, P<.001), as well as a higher coexistence of these conditions (P=.01). Further, the prevalence of dyslipidemia, either involving only LDL-C or LDL-C in combination with HDL-C or triglycerides or both, was significantly higher in the adult offspring with parental CAD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Offspring of parents with early CAD were overweight beginning in childhood and developed an adverse cardiovascular risk factor profile at an increased rate. These observations have important implications for prevention and intervention.
authors.affiliation: Tulane Center for Cardiovascular Health, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112-2824, USA.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Valdez
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Greenlund
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Wattigney
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Berenson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D017668:Age of Onset; D044383:Black People; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia; D006949:Hyperlipidemias; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity; D012307:Risk Factors; D044465:White People