title: Treatment of major depression with psychotherapy or psychotherapy-pharmacotherapy combinations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few reliable correlates of treatment response in depression have emerged despite nearly 40 years of research. We examined the correlates of recovery in a "mega-analysis," or meta-analysis of original data, of 595 patients with major depressive disorder enrolled in 6 standardized treatment protocols.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients (mean age, 44 years; 31% male and 69% female) met criteria for nonbipolar, nonpsychotic primary major depressive disorder and were treated for 16 weeks with either cognitive behavior therapy or interpersonal psychotherapy alone (psychotherapy alone; n = 243) or interpersonal psychotherapy plus antidepressant pharmacotherapy (combined therapy; n = 352). The impact of treatment type, severity, study, and other covariates on recovery rates or time to recovery were examined by means of chi 2, log-rank tests, the Cox proportional hazards model, and sensitivity analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whereas combined therapy was not significantly more effective than psychotherapy alone in milder depressions, a highly significant advantage was observed in more severe recurrent depressions. Poorer outcomes were also observed in women and older patients, although these effects were dependent on inclusion of particular studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mega-analysis is a powerful method for comparing the efficacy of treatments and examining correlates of response. Using this method, we found new evidence in support of the widespread clinical impression that combined therapy is superior to psychotherapy alone for treatment of more severe, recurrent depressions.
authors.affiliation: Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pa., USA.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Thase
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Greenhouse
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Pilkonis
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hurley
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Grochocinski
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kupfer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011613:Psychotherapy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012044:Regression Analysis; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents