title: Conflict of interest in the debate over calcium-channel antagonists.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physicians' financial relationships with the pharmaceutical industry are controversial because such relationships may pose a conflict of interest. It is unknown to what extent industry support of medical education and research influences the opinions and behavior of clinicians and researchers. The recent debate over the safety of calcium-channel antagonists provided an opportunity to examine the effect of financial conflicts of interest.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the English-language medical literature published from March 1995 through September 1996 for articles examining the controversy about the safety of calcium-channel antagonists. Articles were reviewed and classified as being supportive, neutral, or critical with respect to the use of calcium-channel antagonists. The authors of the articles were asked about their financial relationships with both manufacturers of calcium-channel antagonists and manufacturers of competing products (i.e., beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, diuretics, and nitrates). We examined the authors' published positions on the safety of calcium-channel antagonists according to their financial relationships with pharmaceutical companies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Authors who supported the use of calcium-channel antagonists were significantly more likely than neutral or critical authors to have financial relationships with manufacturers of calcium-channel antagonists (96 percent, vs. 60 percent and 37 percent, respectively; P<0.001). Supportive authors were also more likely than neutral or critical authors to have financial relationships with any pharmaceutical manufacturer, irrespective of the product (100 percent, vs. 67 percent and 43 percent, respectively; P< 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate a strong association between authors' published positions on the safety of calcium-channel antagonists and their financial relationships with pharmaceutical manufacturers. The medical profession needs to develop a more effective policy on conflict of interest. We support complete disclosure of relationships with pharmaceutical manufacturers for clinicians and researchers who write articles examining pharmaceutical products.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Stelfox
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chua
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: O'Rourke
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Detsky
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016265:Conflict of Interest; D030881:Disclosure; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000191:economics; D035081:Editorial Policies; D006801:Humans; D010820:Physicians / Q000191:economics*; D012109:Research Support as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers