title: Measuring bias in uncontrolled brain tumor trials--to randomize or not to randomize?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To help investigators decide if new therapies for glioma warrant definitive evaluation in randomized studies we have been developing a method for assessing the degree to which patient selection may have enhanced the results of uncontrolled treatment trials. In this study, we analyzed the impact of case selection on the survival of patients with malignant glioma receiving adjuvant stereotactic radiosurgery, a promising therapy reserved for those with small tumors and good performance status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following published eligibility criteria we simulated the patient selection process for stereotactic radiosurgery given as a boost at the conclusion of conventional radiotherapy. Eligible patients were culled from a pre-existing clinical/imaging database of 101 consecutive conventionally-treated patients with biopsy-proven malignant glioma and known survival times. Median durations of survival and 2- and 3-year survival rates were determined for those judged eligible or ineligible for stereotactic radiosurgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven percent of patients were deemed eligible for stereotactic radiosurgery, eligible patients had more favorable prognostic factors and significantly longer median survival than ineligible patients (23.4 vs. 8.6 months; 2-year rate, 48% vs. 15%; 3-year rate, 30% vs. 7%); eligible patients also had a longer median survival than the entire group of unselected patients (23.4 vs. 11.4 months). Radiosurgery-eligible, conventionally-treated patients with glioblastoma multiforme and a group of radiosurgery-treated patients at a special referral center had similar median survival times (16.4 vs. 19.7 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We provide additional evidence for selection bias in uncontrolled trials of stereotactic radiosurgery and by simulating the selection process accurately have detected a larger bias effect than noted previously. Judging from experience with interstitial radiation and intraarterial chemotherapy where substantial selection bias also occurred and randomized controlled trials proved disappointing, we conclude that a phase III study of stereotactic radiosurgery for malignant glioma is unlikely to yield a positive result and may not be necessary.
authors.affiliation: Pittsburgh Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Irish
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Cairncross
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015982:Bias; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016634:Radiosurgery; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques; D016019:Survival Analysis