title: 2f1-f2 distortion product otoacoustic emissions in White Leghorn chickens (Gallus domesticus): effects of frequency ratio and relative level.
abstract: The effects of primary tone frequency ratio (f2/f1 ratio) and relative level (L2/L1) on the amplitude of the cubic difference tone (CDT: 2f1-f2) distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) were investigated in adult White Leghorn chickens (Gallus domesticus). In experiment 1, 9 f2/f1 ratios ranging from 1.05 to 1.8 were investigated. Measurements were obtained from both ears of 4 chickens at 7 f1 frequencies ranging from 0.8 to 4.0 kHz. The primary tones were equal in level, and varied from 20 to 80 dB SPL. The mean CDT amplitude increased with increasing primary tone level once the measurement noise floor was exceeded. The input/ output functions assumed one of two shapes: one in which there was a systematic increase in DPOAE amplitude with increasing primary tone level, and the other in which there was a plateau in the input/output function near 65-70 dB SPL. At the highest primary tone level (80 dB SPL), there was a decrease in the CDT amplitude with increasing f2/f1 ratio. At high primary tone levels, the f2/f1 ratio which produced the largest CDT was 1.05 or 1.1, while at lower primary tone levels the largest CDT occurred at f2/f1 ratios of 1.2-1.3. In experiment 2, L2 was held constant at 70 dB SPL, and L1 varied from 50 to 80 dB SPL. For f1 frequencies of 0.8 and 3.2 kHz, there was an increase in the CDT amplitude with increasing L1, followed by an asymptote at higher levels. In contrast, for 1.6 and 2.0 kHz f1 frequencies, the amplitude increased, plateaued and then increased again at higher levels. Informal measurements suggest that spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) are rarely seen in chickens. However, a reliable SOAE was observed in 1 chicken, which could be suppressed by external sounds and anoxia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Burkard
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salvi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000818:Animals; D001306:Auditory Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D002645:Chickens / Q000502:physiology*; D006198:Hair Cells, Auditory / Q000502:physiology; D008144:Loudness Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D017084:Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous / Q000502:physiology*; D010469:Perceptual Distortion / Q000502:physiology*; D010898:Pitch Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D013018:Sound Spectrography