title: A histogram-based algorithm for semiautomated three-dimensional craniofacial modeling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  I conducted a study designed to facilitate thresholding and reduce volume averaging in three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) craniofacial modeling.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional CT reconstructions of orbits from two cadavers and seven clinical cases were generated from paired axial and coronal data. A histogram-based algorithm that was based on preliminary phantom and craniofacial specimen trials was applied to orbital data to identify volume averaged regions of thin bone to be used in conjunction with standard bone thresholds. Region-of-interest measurement of the orbital floors on the original two-dimensional slice data assessed algorithm performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In five of the nine cases (55%), configuration of the superimposed histograms predicted regions of volume averaging. In only one case did such a region localize to the orbital floor. In the remaining four cases, the air-mucosa interface deep to the orbital floor was identified by the histogram method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Operator-dependent editing remains superior to this histogram-based algorithm in reducing volume averaging in 3D craniofacial modeling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Hospitals, Ann Arbor 48109-0030, USA.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Levy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002102:Cadaver; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed