title: Replacement of conserved cysteines in human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1.
abstract: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) is resistant to extremes of temperature and pH. This is thought to be due in part to the presence of six sulfhydryl bridges presumed to maintain the structural integrity of the molecule. As part of a study looking at structure-function relationships, a number of the conserved cysteine residues in TIMP-1 were targeted for replacement with serine. Single and double replacements of these conserved cysteines, as well as replacements around these cysteines, were expressed using a vaccinia virus system and analyzed for functional and structural competence. Analysis by circular dichroism indicated that these mutants maintained secondary structures similar to those of wild-type TIMP-1. Trypsin susceptibility experiments indicated that the tertiary structure of the mutants had not been drastically changed. Analysis of functional competence demonstrated that there were significant changes in some of these mutants. Assays using collagen fibrils or gelatin as substrates indicated that the double mutant C1S/C70S, but not C3S/C99S, had lost inhibitory activity against human fibroblast-type collagenase (FIB-CL) and at high concentrations only had slight activity against Mr 72,000 gelatinase (Mr 72,000 gelatinase). Kinetic analysis of TIMP-1 inhibition of FIB-CL cleavage of a peptide substrate indicated that mutants C1S/C70S, C3S/C99S, and CEEC --> CQQC retained their ability to inhibit FIB-CL in a manner similar to wild-type TIMP-1, while mutants C1S and C70S showed little inhibitory activity. The mutants C99S and C137S could also inhibit FIB-CL cleavage of the peptide substrate. The results indicated that the degree of inhibition by the TIMP-1 mutants varied somewhat depending on the choice of substrates. Interestingly, replacing both cysteines from a disulfide bond in the wild-type molecule resulted in a more competent inhibitor than either of the single site "parent" mutations. Taken together, these experiments indicate that TIMP-1 can be rendered inactive by the loss of a single cysteine.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Caterina
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Windsor
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Yermovsky
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Bodden
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Birkedal-Hansen
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Engler
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002942:Circular Dichroism; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D003545:Cysteine / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000201:enzymology; D018093:Gelatinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D008970:Molecular Weight; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D011487:Protein Conformation; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D018093:Gelatinases; D003545:Cysteine