title: Consequences of major and minor depression in later life: a study of disability, well-being and service utilization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The consequences of major depression for disability, impaired well-being and service utilization have been studied primarily in younger adults. In all age groups the consequences of minor depression are virtually unknown. In later life, the increased co-morbidity with physical illness may modify the consequences of depression, warranting special study of the elderly. With rising numbers of elderly people, excess service utilization by depressed elderly represents an increasingly important issue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on a large, random community-based sample of older inhabitants of the Netherlands (55-85 years), the associations of major and minor depression with various indicators of disability, well-being and service utilization were assessed, controlling for potential confounding factors. Depression was diagnosed using a two-stage screening design. Diagnosis took place in all subjects with high depressive symptom levels and a random sample of those with low depressive symptom levels. The study sample consists of all participants to diagnostic interviews (N = 646).
  
  
  RESULTS
  As in younger adults, associations of both major and minor depression with disability and well-being remained significant after controlling for chronic disease and functional limitations. Adequate treatment is often not administered, even in subjects with major depression. As the vast majority of those depressed were recently seen by their general practitioners, treatment could have been provided in most cases. Bivariate analyses show that major and minor depression are associated with an excess use of non-mental health services, underscoring the importance of recognition. In multivariate analyses the evidence of excess service utilization was less compelling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both major and minor depression are consequential for well-being and disability, supporting efforts to improve the recognition and treatment in primary care. However, controlled trials are necessary to assess the impact this may have on service utilization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Beekman
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Deeg
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Braam
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Van Tilburg
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015897:Comorbidity; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000145:classification*; D005260:Female; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index