title: Lack of analgesic activity of morphine-6-glucuronide after short-term intravenous administration in healthy volunteers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The analgesic activity of morphine-6-glucuronide (M-6-G) is well recognized for its contribution to the effects of morphine and its possible use as an opioid analgesic with a wider therapeutic range than morphine. The present study attempted to quantify the relative contribution of M-6-G to analgesia observed after systemic administration of morphine.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a placebo-controlled, sixfold crossover study in 20 healthy men, the effects of M-6-G were assessed at steady-state plasma concentrations of M-6-G identical to and two and three times higher than those measured after administration of morphine. Morphine and M-6-G were administered as an intravenous bolus followed by infusion over 4 h. Dosage A was M-6-G-bolus of 0.015 mg/kg plus infusion of 0.0072 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1). Dosage B was M-6-G-bolus of 0.029 mg/kg plus infusion of 0.014 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1). Dosage C was M-6-G-bolus of 0.044 mg/kg plus infusion of 0.022 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1). Dosage D was a morphine bolus of 0.14 mg/kg plus infusion of 0.05 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1) for 4 h. Dosage E was M-6-G combined with morphine (doses A + D). Dosage F was a placebo. The analgesic effects of M-6-G and morphine were measured before administration of the bolus and after 3.5 h using an experimental pain model based on pain-related cortical potentials and pain ratings after specific stimulation of the nasal nociceptor with short pulses of gaseous carbon dioxide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Morphine significantly reduced subjective and objective pain correlates compared with placebo. In contrast, M-6-G produced no statistically significant effects. The addition of M-6-G to morphine did not increase the effects of morphine. Morphine produced significantly more side effects than M-6-G.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After short-term intravenous administration at doses that produce plasma concentrations of M-6-G similar to those seen after administration of morphine, M-6-G had no analgesic effects in the present placebo-controlled study in healthy volunteers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany. jloetsch@pharmako.pharmakologie.uni-erlangen.de
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lötsch
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kobal
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stockmann
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brune
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Geisslinger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000698:Analgesia; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D009022:Morphine Derivatives / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D004338:Drug Combinations; D009022:Morphine Derivatives; C035349:morphine-6-glucuronide; D009020:Morphine