[Impact of changes in the environment on vector-transmitted diseases].
We have defined the relationship between infectious diseases and environmental conditions and considered the development of this relationship to its current situation, where human intervention is occurring more often and is becoming more aggressive. The increase in the transport of freight and passengers by air has allowed parasite vectors to spread quickly and easily over large distances. Every country can now be reached from any other country within a couple of days. Usually, foreign species are unable to establish themselves and to persist in the new environment; but the recent arrival of Aedes albopictus in Albania, Italy and the Americas is a cause for concern. Demographic pressure has increased the need for land and the exploitation of new areas leads to large changes in the vegetation. The classic example of this man-made damage is the destruction of tropical forest in Western Africa, but the destruction of herbaceous vegetation, such as papyrus, in East Africa, could also have serious epidemiological consequences. Streams and rivers have been managed for power production and irrigation. The use of dams, both large and small, and the culture of rice in paddy-fields produces large expanses of water which are suitable breeding grounds for mosquitoes and snails, the vectors of human diseases such as malaria and schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. They are, however, of lesser importance in Asia and the Americas. Urbanization imposes a set of very similar structures on a specific rural environment. The effect of these two factors on each other determines the pathologies associated with each town. The suburban area is a specific environment where both urban and rural diseases occur and are made worse by poor hygiene conditions (waste, sewage, etc.). However, not all man-made changes to the environment cause a deterioration in public health. Urban and agricultural development projects must consider these issues and should use medical and environmental studies to avoid causing epidemic-prone conditions or spreading endemic diseases. Currently, most studies are limited to listing the specific diseases in the target area and very few attempt to assess the possible consequences of changing the environment. Forecasting the consequences of changes in environmental management is of great importance, but it requires the development of multi-disciplinary teams in the field who must be involved in the planning and implementation of the projects.
Mouchet
J
J
ORSTOM, Paris, France.
Carnevale
P
P
D000330:Aedes; D000349:Africa; D000569:Americas; D000818:Animals; D001208:Asia; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000635:transmission*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control; D004199:Disease Vectors; D017753:Ecosystem; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D004777:Environment; D004782:Environmental Health; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D007303:Insect Vectors; D008288:Malaria / Q000635:transmission; D010272:Parasitic Diseases / Q000635:transmission; D011158:Population Growth; D011634:Public Health; D012552:Schistosomiasis / Q000635:transmission; D014186:Transportation; D014195:Travel; D014197:Trees; D014507:Urbanization; D014871:Water Microbiology