title: High prevalence of anemia after cardiac transplantation in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic anemia is common in adults after successful cardiac transplantation. However, the prevalence of anemia in children after cardiac transplantation is uncertain. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and causes of chronic anemia in well children after cardiac transplantation and in particular to define the role, if any, of iron deficiency, which is important and relatively common in normal children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty children (ages 7 months to 16 years) who were well 4 months to 6 years after cardiac transplantation were studied. Fourteen children (70%) were anemic and enrolled in a prospective trial of iron supplementation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the majority of children, serum iron and erythropoietin levels were low, although serum ferritin and zinc protoporphyrin levels tended to be normal or high. Only one child demonstrated a definite response to iron supplementation, although the hemoglobin level remained low.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anemia is highly prevalent in this population, and, despite the presence of low serum iron and transferrin saturation, anemia is not usually due to iron deficiency. Although the diagnosis of iron deficiency in this group is difficult and must not be missed, inappropriate therapy should be avoided. In the majority of children, there appears to be an anemia of chronic disease which may be secondary to chronic inflammation or an effect of cyclosporine on erythropoietin production.
authors.affiliation: Regional Cardiothoracic Centre, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, England.
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Embleton
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Dark
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Summerfield
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000740:Anemia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004911:Erythrocyte Volume; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006400:Hematocrit; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007223:Infant; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011524:Protoporphyrins / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D011524:Protoporphyrins; D004921:Erythropoietin; C017803:zinc protoporphyrin; D016572:Cyclosporine; D005293:Ferritins; D007501:Iron