title: A functional MRI study of subjects recovered from hemiparetic stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stroke recovery mechanisms remain incompletely understood, particularly for subjects with cortical stroke, in whom limited data are available. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare brain activations in normal controls and subjects who recovered from hemiparetic stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed in ten stroke subjects with good recovery, five with deep, and five with cortical infarcts. Brain activation was achieved by index finger-tapping. Statistical parametric activation maps were obtained using a t test and a threshold of P < .001. In five bilateral motor regions, the volume of activated brain for each stroke subject was compared with the distribution of activation volumes among nine controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Control subjects activated several motor regions. During recovered hand finger-tapping, stroke subjects activated the same regions as controls, often in a larger brain volume. In the unaffected hemisphere, sensorimotor cortex activation was increased in six of nine stroke subjects compared with controls. Cerebellar hemisphere contralateral and premotor cortex ipsilateral to this region, as well as supplementary motor areas, also had increased activation. In the stroke hemisphere, activation exceeding controls was uncommon, except that three of five cortical strokes showed peri-infarct activation foci. During unaffected hand finger-tapping, increased activation by stroke subjects compared with controls was uncommon; however, decreased activation was seen in unaffected sensorimotor cortex, suggesting that this region's responsiveness increased to the ipsilateral hand and decreased to contralateral hand movements. Use of a different threshold for defining activation (P < .01) did not change the overall findings (kappa = .75).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recovered finger-tapping by stroke subjects activated the same motor regions as controls but to a larger extent, particularly in the unaffected hemisphere. Increased reliance on these motor areas may represent an important component of motor recovery. Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of subjects who recovered from stroke provide evidence for several processes that may be related to restoration of neurologic function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA. cramers@uwashington.edu
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Cramer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nelles
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Kwong
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Finklestein
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Rosen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000503:physiopathology; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000503:physiopathology; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values