title: Nicotine and caffeine. Influence on prenatal hemodynamics and behavior in early twin pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of nicotine and caffeine in early multiple pregnancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten women with twin pregnancies volunteered to take part in the study. Five mothers smoking > 5 cigarettes/d were investigated before and after smoking. Five women were investigated before and after drinking coffee. Maternal hemodynamics, umbilical blood flow, fetal heart rate and twin behavior were longitudinally documented during a 30-minute session from 8 to 16 gestational weeks. Fetal behavior was analyzed from videotapes using a one-minute window.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean increase in maternal heart rate after smoking was 10 bpm (P < .005). After drinking coffee, it was 8 bpm (P < .01). The pulsatility index of the umbilical artery showed a significant increase after smoking (P < .01). After coffee the increase was also significant (P < .05). Two of five behavioral parameters (swallowing and breathing) demonstrated significant changes after the consumption of coffee (P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This pilot study demonstrated significant effects of nicotine and caffeine consumption on maternal and fetal hemodynamics. It seems worthwhile to study the influences of smoking and coffee consumption on early twin behavior in larger samples.
authors.affiliation: Clara Angela Foundation, Zwolle, The Netherlands. clara-angela@pi.net
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huisman
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Risseeuw
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Eyck
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Arabin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002110:Caffeine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005324:Fetal Movement / Q000187:drug effects*; D006340:Heart Rate, Fetal / Q000187:drug effects*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011247:Pregnancy; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D014427:Twins; D014469:Umbilical Arteries / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine; D009538:Nicotine