title: Tracheomalacia with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula in fetal rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many patients who have esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula (EA-TEF) have associated tracheomalacia, which is thought to be one of the reasons for respiratory complications after surgical correction of the abnormality.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, tracheas from Adriamycin-induced EA-TEF fetal rats were examined histologically and relevant cross-sectional parameters of the tracheas were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The tracheal lumen in tracheomalacia was small and irregular, losing its normal "D" shape. In most rats, the cartilaginous ring was broken into two to four segments, making the trachea lose its rigid support. The submucosa was thickened with prominent bulging of its membranous part into the tracheal lumen. The ratio of the inner luminal cross-sectional area to the outer tracheal cross-sectional area in EA-TEF rats was 15.7%, compared with a control ratio of 47.2%. In EA-TEF rats, the length of the cartilaginous ring was significantly shortened (P < .001), but not the length of membranous trachea, thus resulting in a cartilaginous/membranous (C/M) ratio of 1.55:1, markedly lower than that of normal rats (4.34:1, P < .001). The reduction of anterior-posterior diameter of the tracheal lumen was more marked than that of the transverse diameter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations suggest that the trachea in EA-TEF rats has a smaller lumen and is more flaccid than normal, making it prone to airway obstruction. The fact that tracheomalacia developed only in fetuses who had EA-TEF indicates that the factors that result in EA-TEF also cause tracheomalacia.
authors.affiliation: F. Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: B Q
authors.initials: BQ
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Merei
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Farmer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hasthorpe
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hutson
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Beasley
mesh_terms: D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D004933:Esophageal Atresia / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014132:Trachea / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000473:pathology; D014133:Tracheal Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D014138:Tracheoesophageal Fistula / Q000473:pathology*