title: Comparison of pre- versus post-incision administration of intrathecal bupivacaine and intrathecal morphine in a rat model of postoperative pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preclinical studies in experimental animals suggest that preemptive analgesia may improve postoperative pain management. The beneficial effects of preemptive analgesia appear less remarkable clinically. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of pre- and post-incision administration of intrathecal bupivacaine and intrathecal morphine in a rat model for postoperative pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats with intrathecal catheters were anesthetized with halothane, and the surgical field was prepared. A saline vehicle or the test drug was administered 15 min before an incision was made in the plantar aspect of the hindpaw or after the incision was completed. After recovery, mechanical hyperalgesia to punctate and nonpunctate stimuli was measured. Rats were tested on the day of surgery for the first 5 h and each day for 6 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In saline vehicle-treated rats, the median withdrawal threshold decreased from 522 mN to 54 mN or less, and the response frequency to pressure from application of the plastic disc increased from 0 +/- 0% to 96 +/- 12% or greater after incision. Hyperalgesia was persistent through 2 days after surgery and then gradually returned toward preincision values over the next 4 days. Pre- or postincision administration of either intrathecal morphine or intrathecal bupivacaine reduced hyperalgesia on the day of surgery; at all subsequent times, there were no differences between the saline vehicle groups and the drug treatment groups. There were never any significant differences between pre- and postincision treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early reduction in pain behaviors either by pre- or postincision management had no impact on subsequent measures of hyperalgesia in this model. These results agree with a number of clinical studies and suggest that incisional pain may be initiated and maintained differently than pain in other models.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, The University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242-1079, USA. tim-brennan@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Umali
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Zahn
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000188:drug therapy; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011292:Premedication; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009020:Morphine; D002045:Bupivacaine