title: Axis II psychopathology as a function of Axis I disorders in childhood and adolescence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the occurrence of elevated personality disorder (PD) dimensional scores in a community sample of young adults as a function of the occurrence of Axis I disorders through age 18 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  299 individuals who had been interviewed regarding Axis I disorders twice while in adolescence (first when 14 through 18 years of age) were carefully assessed regarding Axis I and II psychopathology at age 24.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of PD diagnoses was relatively low (3.8% in participants with a history of Axis I versus 1.7% in participants with no Axis I history). The occurrence of all four Axis I diagnostic categories (major depression, anxiety disorders, disruptive behavior disorders, substance use disorders) in childhood and adolescence was associated with elevated PD dimensional scores. The likelihood of elevated PD dimensional scores increased as a function of the number of Axis I disorders. Elevated PD scores were significantly associated with a negative course of major depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the rates of PDs were low, the findings suggest a substantial degree of association between early-onset Axis I disorders and Axis II psychopathology in young adulthood. More research is needed to develop assessment and treatment recommendations addressing the early manifestations of PDs.
authors.affiliation: Oregon Research Institute, Eugene 97403-1983, USA.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Lewinsohn
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rohde
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Seeley
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D009922:Oregon / Q000453:epidemiology; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology