title: Mood improvement following daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with depression: a placebo-controlled crossover trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Preliminary studies have indicated that daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation might have antidepressant activity. The authors sought to confirm this finding by using a double-blind crossover design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve depressed adults received in random order 2 weeks of active treatment (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, 20 Hz at 80% motor threshold) and 2 weeks of sham treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Changes from the relevant phase baseline in scores on the 21-item Hamilton depression scale showed that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation significantly improved mood over sham treatment. During the active-treatment phase, Hamilton depression scale scores decreased 5 points, while during sham treatment the scores increased or worsened by 3 points. No adverse effects were noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These placebo-controlled results suggest that daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has antidepressant activity when administered at these parameters. Further controlled studies are indicated to explore optimal stimulation characteristics and location, potential clinical applications, and possible mechanisms of action.
authors.affiliation: Biological Psychiatry Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. georgem@musc.edu
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Wassermann
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kimbrell
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Little
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Danielson
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hallett
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Post
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000628:therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011897:Random Allocation; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome