title: Implementing programs for chronic illness management: the case of hypertension services.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This article describes the process by which HealthSystem Minnesota (a vertically integrated health care organization), functioning in a competitive managed care environment, has been implementing a hypertension services program. The program involves a team approach to care, with emphasis on patient participation in treatment; decentralized care delivery by nurse coordinators at primary care practice sites; ongoing training and education for patients and providers; and the continuous monitoring and evaluation of patient outcomes and satisfaction. JOB-LEVEL ISSUES: A variety of issues, such as the role and responsibilities of the nurse coordinator, became evident as the program moved towards operational status at four primary care practice sites, which prolonged the implementation period. PROCESS-LEVEL ISSUES: Issues relating to work process changes were more complicated to resolve and required, in some cases, changes in the proposed model. The most significant process-level issues related to educating physicians about the program to secure their participation and support. ORGANIZATION-LEVEL ISSUES: Such issues, which were the most difficult for program implementors to anticipate and resolve, included an organizational culture that emphasized decision making autonomy at primary practice sites. In part, the difficulty encountered in resolving organization-level issues reflected the implementors' lack of awareness of the strength or complexity of the environmental pressures facing the organization, as well as a lack of sensitivity to nuances relating to organizational culture.
  Two groups of hypertensive patients--at the implementation and comparison sites--will be compared with respect to satisfaction with care, clinical outcomes, and costs. Expansion of the model to patients with other chronic conditions is under consideration.
authors.affiliation: Division of Health Services Research and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Christianson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pietz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Woolley
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Knutson
mesh_terms: D019090:Case Management / Q000458:organization & administration*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D019033:Delivery of Health Care, Integrated / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000628:therapy*; D008329:Managed Care Programs; D008910:Minnesota; D017146:Models, Organizational; D009718:Nurse Administrators; D019982:Organizational Case Studies; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D010348:Patient Care Team; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D016730:Program Development