title: Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of long-term epidural ropivacaine infusion for postoperative analgesia.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of the new local anesthetic ropivacaine when used for epidural infusion for up to 72 h after major orthopedic surgery. Immediately after surgery, an epidural infusion of ropivacaine 2 mg/mL was begun at a rate of 6 mL/h in 11 patients. The infusion rate was then adjusted according to patient analgesic needs or side effects. Blood samples were taken during and after the infusion to determine total and unbound ropivacaine and alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) concentrations. Patients were assessed regularly for sensory and motor block and pain using a visual analog scale (VAS) score (0-100 mm). Ten patients received 63-72 h of infusion. Total plasma concentrations of ropivacaine and binding protein (AAG) increased during the infusion such that free concentrations plateaued or began to fall over time. VAS values during mobilization were less than 40 mm in 93% of patients. The majority of patients had no measurable motor block once the surgical block had regressed. When epidural ropivacaine was titrated to achieve a stable sensory block, there was a low incidence of motor block, and free plasma ropivacaine levels were well below the toxic range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pharmacokinetics of continuous epidural infusions of ropivacaine are described in patients for up to 72 h postoperatively. Clinical efficacy and side effects are also reported. An understanding of the plasma concentrations obtained and modes of elimination during prolonged epidural infusion is important for safe, routine clinical use in postoperative analgesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Emanuelsson
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Mooney
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Junestrand
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000577:Amides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019643:Arthroplasty, Replacement; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009961:Orosomucoid / Q000032:analysis; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000077212:Ropivacaine
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009961:Orosomucoid; D000077212:Ropivacaine