title: Has psychological distress among UK South Asians been under-estimated? A comparison of three measures in the west of Scotland population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous work has shown low levels of psychological distress among UK South Asians, but some argue that the distress is under-reported. The present paper assesses distress on one clinically validated measure (the 12-item General Health Questionnaire), a psychosomatic measure and a self-report measure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interviews of 159 South Asians in Glasgow aged 30-40 years, mean age 35 years and 319 from the general population, all aged 35 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three distress measures were moderately correlated and at the thresholds chosen there was no hierarchy of severity between them. Distress on the GHQ12 was at similar levels for all the social groups assessed, but distress on the psychosomatic measure and self-assessment was higher for women, Muslims and limited English speakers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical measures may have under-estimated distress in several South Asian groups. The results may be due to a preference for a particular language of emotion in the affected groups or to a higher frequency of stressful situations which provoke distinctive reactions.
authors.affiliation: MRC Medical Sociology Unit, University of Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eley
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhatt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000208:ethnology; D015982:Bias; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000208:ethnology; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D010154:Pakistan / Q000208:ethnology; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012606:Scotland; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*