title: Horizontal and vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 dual infections caused by viruses of subtypes B and C.
abstract: This article describes a case of horizontal (heterosexual) and subsequent vertical (mother to infant) transmission of 2 human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 (HIV-1) subtypes. Dual infection in a husband, his wife, and their child was initially detected by use of a restriction fragment length polymorphism assay of the proviral protease in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The simultaneous presence of highly similar sets of HIV-1 subtypes B and C infecting the 3 family members was confirmed by DNA sequence analysis of pol, gag, and env genes. These data, together with available epidemiologic information, may indicate that the husband's high-risk sexual behavior was the source of dual infections. Because his wife did not report such activities, it was likely that he passed HIV-1 strains to his spouse, who subsequently transmitted them to their child.
authors.affiliation: Division of AIDS, STD, TB Laboratory Research, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Janini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tanuri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schechter
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Peralta
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Vicente
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dela Torre
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Pieniazek
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Soriano
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schochetman
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rayfield
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pieniazek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis*; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious; D010450:Endopeptidases / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D015752:Genes, env; D015750:Genes, gag; D015751:Genes, pol; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000635:transmission*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008297:Male; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D011533:Proviruses / Q000201:enzymology; D012309:Risk-Taking
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D010450:Endopeptidases