title: Interaction of muscle and brain sodium channels with multiple members of the syntrophin family of dystrophin-associated proteins.
abstract: Syntrophins are cytoplasmic peripheral membrane proteins of the dystrophin-associated protein complex (DAPC). Three syntrophin isoforms, alpha1, beta1, and beta2, are encoded by distinct genes. Each contains two pleckstrin homology (PH) domains, a syntrophin-unique (SU) domain, and a PDZ domain. The name PDZ comes from the first three proteins found to contain repeats of this domain (PSD-95, Drosophila discs large protein, and the zona occludens protein 1). PDZ domains in other proteins bind to the C termini of ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors containing the consensus sequence (S/T)XV-COOH and mediate the clustering or synaptic localization of these proteins. Two voltage-gated sodium channels (NaChs), SkM1 and SkM2, of skeletal and cardiac muscle, respectively, have this consensus sequence. Because NaChs are sarcolemmal components like syntrophins, we have investigated possible interactions between these proteins. NaChs copurify with syntrophin and dystrophin from extracts of skeletal and cardiac muscle. Peptides corresponding to the C-terminal 10 amino acids of SkM1 and SkM2 are sufficient to bind detergent-solubilized muscle syntrophins, to inhibit the binding of native NaChs to syntrophin PDZ domain fusion proteins, and to bind specifically to PDZ domains from alpha1-, beta1-, and beta2-syntrophin. These peptides also inhibit binding of the syntrophin PDZ domain to the PDZ domain of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, an interaction that is not mediated by C-terminal sequences. Brain NaChs, which lack the (S/T)XV consensus sequence, also copurify with syntrophin and dystrophin, an interaction that does not appear to be mediated by the PDZ domain of syntrophin. Collectively, our data suggest that syntrophins link NaChs to the actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix via dystrophin and the DAPC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7545, USA.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Gee
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Madhavan
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Levinson
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Caldwell
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sealock
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Froehner
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000502:physiology; D003902:Detergents; D016189:Dystrophin / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D049029:Dystrophin-Associated Proteins; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000502:physiology; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D003902:Detergents; D016189:Dystrophin; D049029:Dystrophin-Associated Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D015221:Potassium Channels; D015222:Sodium Channels; C091824:syntrophin; C091825:syntrophin alpha1; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase