title: Influences of type and duration of antimicrobial prophylaxis on an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and on the incidence of wound infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify how antibiotic prophylaxis influenced an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and postoperative infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review.
  
  
  METHODS
  University-affiliated teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients (n=1824) undergoing subtotal esophagectomy, gastrectomy, or colorectal surgery during the period 1982 through 1995.
  
  
  METHODS
  Type, timing, and duration of prophylactic antibiotics. Postoperative infection by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definition and the organisms isolated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Third-generation cephalosporins were frequently administered for prophylaxis during the period 1982 through 1990. The rate of isolates of MRSA from the infected site increased, peaking in 1988 to 1990. Since 1991 to 1992, along with a marked decrease in third-generation cephalosporin use, the rates of MRSA isolated have declined dramatically. The timing of administration changed from postoperative to intraoperative. Although the duration was gradually decreased, coverage was still provided until about the fifth postoperative day, even during 1993 to 1995. Prolonged coverage did not reduce the rate of superficial incisional or organ/space surgical site infection or that of pneumonia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overuse of third-generation cephalosporins for long periods caused an MRSA outbreak. Long-term prophylaxis did not lower infection rates. The briefest possible prophylaxis with first- or second-generation cephalosporins should be used in general surgery.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Surgery, University of Tokyo, Japan. FUKATSU-1SU@h.u-tokyo.ac.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukatsu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Furukawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Muto
mesh_terms: D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003106:Colon / Q000601:surgery; D016629:Esophagectomy; D005743:Gastrectomy; D006801:Humans; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D016106:Methicillin Resistance; D012007:Rectum / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects*; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D002511:Cephalosporins