title: Association of parvovirus B19 genome in children with myocarditis and cardiac allograft rejection: diagnosis using the polymerase chain reaction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inflammatory diseases of the heart, including myocarditis and cardiac transplant rejection, are important causes of morbidity and mortality in children. Although viral infection may be suspected in either of these clinical conditions, the definitive etiology is often difficult to ascertain. Furthermore, the histology is identical for both disorders. Coxsackievirus has long been considered the most common cause of viral myocarditis; however, we previously demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis that many different, and sometimes unexpected, viruses may be responsible for myocarditis and cardiac rejection. In this study, we describe the association of parvovirus genome identified through PCR analysis of cardiac tissue in the clinical setting of myocarditis and cardiac allograft rejection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Myocardial tissue from endomyocardial biopsy, explant, or autopsy was analyzed for parvovirus B19 using primers designed to amplify a 699-base pair PCR product from the VP1 gene region. Samples tested included those obtained from patients with suspected myocarditis (n=360) or transplant rejection (n=200) or control subjects (n=250). Parvoviral genome was identified through PCR in 9 patients (3 myocarditis; 6 transplant) and no control patients. Of the 3 patients with myocarditis, 1 presented with cardiac arrest leading to death, 1 developed dilated cardiomyopathy, and the other gradually improved. Four of the 6 transplant patients had evidence of significant rejection on the basis of endomyocardial biopsy histology. All transplant patients survived the infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parvovirus is associated with myocarditis in a small percentage of children and may be a potential contributor to cardiac transplant rejection. PCR may provide a rapid and sensitive method of diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: K O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Schowengerdt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Denfield
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Gajarski
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Bowles
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Kearney
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Schauer
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Chinnock
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Towbin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016679:Genome, Viral; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009205:Myocarditis / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D010322:Parvoviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis; D016732:Parvovirus B19, Human / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011379:Prognosis