title: Volumetric multiplexed transmission holography of the heart with echocardiographic data.
abstract: Three-dimensional imaging enhances delineation of cardiac anatomy and function. Currently, three-dimensional echocardiography involves complex rendering techniques to imply depth in a given image. Also, display of the final images on a video monitor neutralizes the volume information of the object. A hologram is a true, three-dimensional replica of the original object and does not entail complex data processing. Holography has not been used previously in cardiovascular imaging. In this experiment, 11 excised mammalian whole hearts and five isolated left ventricles were imaged in a water bath. Parallel, tomographic, echocardiographic images comprised the data source from which holograms were obtained by the technique of multiplexed holography. Holograms were mounted on a holographic film and viewed in a special viewing box. High-quality holograms were obtained from every data set. Excellent gray-scale discrimination allowed crisp visualization of cardiac structures and simulated diseases. Electronic sectioning and various projections optimized viewing of the three-dimensional anatomy in surgical orientations. Thus holograms can be produced from tomographic cardiac ultrasound data and could open a new avenue in three-dimensional echocardiography.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Imaging and Hemodynamic Laboratory, New England Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Vannan
authors.forename: Q L
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Pandian
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sugeng
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Dalton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002417:Cattle; D003626:Data Display; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000295:instrumentation; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006696:Holography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012756:Sheep; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013552:Swine; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014741:Video Recording / Q000295:instrumentation