title: Comparison of ring block, dorsal penile nerve block, and topical anesthesia for neonatal circumcision: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Beliefs about the safety and effectiveness of current anesthetics have resulted in many newborns being circumcised without the benefit of anesthesia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare ring block, dorsal penile nerve block, a topical eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA), and topical placebo when used for neonatal circumcision. The placebo represented current practice, with no anesthetic for neonatal circumcision.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antenatal units in 2 tertiary care hospitals in Edmonton, Alberta.
  
  
  METHODS
  A consecutive sample of 52 healthy, full-term, male newborns, aged 1 to 3 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physiological and behavioral monitoring occurred in a series of trials: baseline, drug application, preparation, circumcision, and postcircumcision. Surgical procedures defined the following 4 stages of the circumcision: cleansing, separation, clamp on, and clamp off. Methemoglobin level was assessed 6 hours after surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Heart rate, cry, and methemoglobin level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Newborns in the untreated placebo group exhibited homogeneous responses that consisted of sustained elevation of heart rate and high-pitched cry throughout the circumcision and following. Two newborns in the placebo group became ill following circumcision (choking and apnea). The 3 treatment groups all had significantly less crying and lower heart rates during and following circumcision compared with the untreated group. The ring block was equally effective through all stages of the circumcision, whereas the dorsal penile nerve block and EMLA were not effective during foreskin separation and incision. Methemoglobin levels were highest in the EMLA group, although no newborn required treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most effective anesthetic is the ring block; EMLA is the least effective. It is our recommendation that an anesthetic should be administered to newborns prior to undergoing circumcision.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. janice.lander@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lander
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brady-Fryer
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Metcalfe
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nazarali
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muttitt
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002944:Circumcision, Male / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D003448:Crying; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007267:Injections; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008706:Methemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D009407:Nerve Block; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008706:Methemoglobin; D008012:Lidocaine