title: Proton pump inhibitors or histamine-2 receptor antagonists for the prevention of recurrences of erosive reflux esophagitis: a cost-effectiveness analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Erosive esophagitis is a recurring condition for which many patients require preventive therapy. If maintenance therapy must be provided, the most cost-effective treatment strategy should be established. We evaluated the costs and benefits associated with three treatment strategies: 1) maintenance therapy with a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) strategy, 2) maintenance therapy with a high-dose histamine-2 receptor antagonist (H2RA) strategy, and 3) maintenance therapy with a standard-dose H2RA. If patients experience a symptomatic recurrence on the H2RA strategies, they then receive PPI maintenance.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a cost-effectiveness model with a 1-yr time frame; data were obtained from randomized trials of lansoprazole and ranitidine, from case series, and expert opinion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In most situations, the high-dose H2RA strategy is the most costly, yet it is less effective than the PPI strategy. Among the remaining two options, the PPI strategy is more costly and more effective than the standard-dose H2RA strategy, requiring an additional $52-688 per recurrence prevented, depending on drug acquisition costs. The greater the degree to which esophagitis decreases quality of life, the more cost effective is the PPI strategy. For example, with a $50,000 per quality-adjusted life year cost-effectiveness threshold and a market-weighted average of drug costs, the PPI strategy appears cost effective for those patients who report that symptoms of esophagitis cause greater than a 9% decrement in quality of life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high-dose H2RA strategy is not preferred in terms of either costs or benefits. The PPI strategy appears cost effective relative to the standard-dose H2RA strategy in the following situations: when patients are significantly bothered by esophagitis and in institutional settings where the difference in drug costs between PPIs and H2RAs is small.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Research, and Policy, Stanford University, California, USA.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuppermann
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Richter
mesh_terms: D053799:2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D003697:Delphi Technique; D016527:Drug Costs; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004942:Esophagitis, Peptic / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005762:Gastroenterology; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D064747:Lansoprazole; D006278:Medicare / Q000191:economics; D009853:Omeprazole / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011336:Probability; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D011788:Quality of Life; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D011899:Ranitidine / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012008:Recurrence; D015895:Relative Value Scales; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014481:United States; D026712:Value of Life
chemical_list: D053799:2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D064747:Lansoprazole; D011899:Ranitidine; D009853:Omeprazole