title: Magnetic resonance imaging of Achilles tendon xanthomas using a fat-water discrimination technique at 0.1 T.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tendon xanthomas are atherosclerotic plaque like collections of lipids that develop with age in the Achilles tendons of patients having familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). We tested a fat-water discrimination technique for imaging Achilles tendon xanthomatosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the spin-warp imaging technique optimized for low-field magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to obtain separate fat and water images of the Achilles tendon. Seven patients with FH, two patients with normal tendons, and three patients with other tendon pathology were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Normal tendons showed an intensity near or equal to that of the noisy background in all images. Compared with the background, the intensity of the FH tendons was approximately fivefold greater in magnitude images, fourfold in fat images, and 10-fold in water images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The method sensitively detected even subtle xanthomatosis in young patients, but differentiation of xanthomas from other pathologic lesions was possible with this method only when the tendons were significantly thickened.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koivunen-Niemelä
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Komu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Viikari
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alanen
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000473:pathology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000150:complications*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014973:Xanthomatosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology