Serial MR imaging of intracranial metastases after radiosurgery.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the spatiotemporal evolution of radiosurgical induced changes both in metastases and in normal brain tissue adjacent to the lesions by serial magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.


METHODS
Thirty-five intracranial metastases of different primaries were treated in 25 patients by single high-dose radiosurgery. MR images acquired before radiosurgery were available in all patients. Sixty-three follow-up MR studies were performed in these patients including T2- and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR images. The average follow-up time was 9 +/- 5 months (mean +/- standard deviation [SD]). Based on contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR images, tumor response was radiologically classified in the following four groups: stable disease was assumed if the average tumor diameter after treatment did not show a tumor shrinkage of more than 50% and an increase of more than 25%, partial remission as a shrinkage of tumor size of more than 50%, a disappearance of contrast-enhancing tumor as a complete remission, and an increase of tumor diameter of more than 25% as tumor progress. Moreover, we analysed signal changes on T2-weighted images in brain parenchyma adjacent to the enhancing metastases.


RESULTS
The overall mean survival time was 10.5 +/- 7 months, with a 1-year actuarial survival rate of 40%. Stable disease, partial or complete remission of the metastatic tumor was observed in 22 patients (88%). Central or homogeneous loss of contrast enhancement appeared to be a good prognostic sign for stable disease or partial remission. This association was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Three patients (12%) suffered from tumor progression. In eight patients (32%) with stable disease or partial remission, signal changes on T2-weighted images were observed in tissue adjacent to the contrast enhancing lesions. A progression of the high signal on T2-weighted images was seen in seven of the eight patients between 3 and 6 months after therapy, followed by a signal regression 6-18 months after irradiation.


CONCLUSIONS
MR imaging is a sensitive imaging tool to evaluate tumor response as well as the presence or absence of adjacent parenchymal changes following radiosurgery. Loss of homogeneous or central contrast enhancement on Gd-enhanced MR images appeared to be a good prognostic sign for tumor response. Tumor shrinkage seems not to be dependent on time. In addition, most cases of radiation induced changes in normal brain parenchyma observed on T2-weighted images seem to be self limited.
Hawighorst
H
H
Department of Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Heidelberg. H.Hawighorst@dkfz-heidelberg.de
Essig
M
M
Debus
J
J
Knopp
M V
MV
Engenhart-Cabilic
R
R
Schönberg
S O
SO
Brix
G
G
Zuna
I
I
van Kaick
G
G
D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology* / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000601:surgery; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003287:Contrast Media; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D011379:Prognosis; D016634:Radiosurgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate
D003287:Contrast Media; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA