title: Cost-effectiveness of extending screening mammography guidelines to include women 40 to 49 years of age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Screening mammography is recommended for women 50 to 69 years of age because of its proven efficacy and reasonable cost-effectiveness. Extending screening recommendations to include women 40 to 49 years of age remains controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the cost-effectiveness of screening mammography in women of different age groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost-effectiveness analysis done using Markov and Monte Carlo models.
  
  
  METHODS
  General population of women 40 years of age and older.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biennial screening from 50 to 69 years of age was compared with no screening. Screening done every 18 months from ages 40 to 49 years, followed by biennial screening from ages 50 to 69 years, was compared with biennial screening from ages 50 to 69 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Life-expectancy, costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Screening women from 50 to 69 years of age improved life expectancy by 12 days at a cost of $704 per woman, resulting in a cost-effectiveness ratio of $21,400 per year of life saved. Extending screening to include women 40 to 49 years of age improved life expectancy by 2.5 days at a cost of $676 per woman. The incremental cost-effectiveness of screening women 40 to 49 years of age was $105,000 per year of life saved. On the basis of a multiway sensitivity analysis, there is a 75% chance that screening mammography in women 50 to 69 years of age costs less than $50,000 per year of life saved, compared with a 7% chance in women 40 to 49 years of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cost-effectiveness of screening mammography in women 40 to 49 years of age is almost five times that in older women. When breast cancer screening policies are being set, the incremental cost-effectiveness of extending mammographic screening to younger women should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salzmann
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kerlikowske
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008327:Mammography / Q000191:economics*; D008390:Markov Chains; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity