title: Near- and far-fields: source characteristics and the conducting medium in neurophysiology.
abstract: It is possible to appreciate the production of far-field potentials by considering constant current dipolar source voltage distributions in bounded volumes, especially when they are stretched in one direction, e.g., a cylinder. An essentially nondeclining voltage is detected when the recording electrodes are on opposite sides of, and relatively far from, the dipolar source. This voltage maintains its (a) latency, (b) amplitude, (c) morphology, and (d) polarity even if recordings are performed a whole body length away. These four criteria define far-field potentials. A propagating action potential (AP) can be conceptualized as a linear quadrupole or the summation of two dipoles "back-to-back" (+ - - +). The far-field components of the summated dipoles cancel resulting in the anticipated triphasic waveform for APs with only near-field characteristics, not meeting the first three criteria above. Far-field potentials can be transiently generated when any propagating AP constitutes a net "real" or "virtual" dipolar source. "Real" dipolar sources can occur if an AP encounters the termination of excitable tissue, an alteration in conduction velocity, curvature in excitable tissue resulting in a change in propagation direction, or an abrupt change in resistance of the excitable tissue. Virtual dipolar sources may be produced if an AP encounters a change in the size or shape of the extracellular medium or a transition in extracellular conductivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Institute of Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Stegeman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dumitru
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Roeleveld
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D055592:Biophysical Phenomena; D001703:Biophysics; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D006801:Humans; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009142:Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena; D009424:Nervous System Physiological Phenomena; D009431:Neural Conduction; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000502:physiology