title: Tetanus: pathophysiology and management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of tetanus and its complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE and Iowa Drug Information Services databases were searched for literature pertaining to tetanus. Additional literature was obtained from the references of selected articles identified in the search. Information from all articles was considered for inclusion in the manuscript.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles selected were those considered by the authors to assist in providing the reader an understanding of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of tetanus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While the number of tetanus cases has decreased markedly since data reporting for the disease began in 1947, mortality among those who acquire the disease remains high. Elderly patients are particularly susceptible to tetanus and its complications. Prevention of tetanus focuses on primary immunization and scheduled boosters. Management of tetanus involves initial stabilization of the patient and protection of the airway, prevention of tetanospasmin absorption by administration of human tetanus immune globulin 3000-6000 IU, and eradication of Clostridium tetani with antimicrobial therapy (metronidazole 500 mg q8h). Supportive measures include the administration of neuromuscular blocking agents such as pancuronium in patients requiring artificial ventilation, as well as benzodiazepines (midazolam 5-15 mg/h) for sedation and muscle relaxation. Autonomic dysfunction should be managed with beta-adrenergic blockers such as propranolol or labetalol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the relative infrequency of tetanus cases, mortality among untreated patients remains significantly high. Clinicians should become knowledgeable in the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management of this potentially fatal disease.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA. michael-klepser@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ernst
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Klepser
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fouts
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Marangos
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007116:Immunization, Passive; D015994:Incidence; D013742:Tetanus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid
chemical_list: D013745:Tetanus Toxoid