Regulatory elements in the insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4) gene.
GLUT4, the insulin responsive-glucose transporter, mediates the rate limiting step of glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. GLUT4 expression is up-regulated by exercise training and thyroid hormone treatment and is down-regulated by fasting, streptozotocin-induced diabetes, obesity, high-fat diet, and denervation. Since overexpression of GLUT4 in insulin resistant db/db mice and high-fat diet-fed mice has been observed to dramatically improve glycemic control, increasing GLUT4 expression may be an effective strategy with which to alleviate insulin resistance. This review discusses recent findings on the regulation of the GLUT4 gene and on progress in the identification of regulatory elements in the promoter of the gene.
Ezaki
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Division of Clinical Nutrition, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1, Tokyo, Shinjuku-ku, 162, Japan.
D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D003714:Denervation; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism; D004041:Dietary Fats; D005215:Fasting; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
D004041:Dietary Fats; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; C495692:SLC2A4 protein, human; C495693:Slc2a4 protein, mouse