title: IQ and risk for schizophrenia: a population-based cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to quantify the association between low IQ and the later development of psychosis in a population-based cohort study of 18-year-old conscripts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty thousand males conscripted into the Swedish army in 1969-1970 were followed by means of the Swedish National Register of Psychiatric Care up to 1983. Tests of verbal and visuospatial abilities, general and mechanical knowledge and several psychosocial variables were recorded at conscription.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and ninety-five subjects were admitted to hospital with schizophrenia and 192 with a non-schizophrenic psychosis on ICD-8 criteria. The distribution of scores in those later diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia was shifted in a downward direction, with a linear relationship between low IQ and risk. This remained after adjustment for potential confounders. The risk for non-schizophrenic disorders was also higher in those with lower IQ but the effect was less marked and non-linear. Only poorer performance on the verbal tasks and mechanical knowledge test conferred a significantly increased risk for schizophrenia after taking into account general intellectual ability. Low IQ at conscription was not related to age of onset.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results confirm the importance of low intellectual ability as a risk factor for schizophrenia and other psychoses. This is unlikely to be due to prodromal decline or known confounders. The association could be directly causal with cognitive impairment leading to false beliefs and perceptions, or could be indirect with any factors causing lower IQ, such as abnormal brain development increasing the risk for schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry, London.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: David
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malmberg
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Allebeck
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000453:epidemiology; D007360:Intelligence / Q000145:classification*; D007361:Intelligence Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology