title: Phospholipase D2, a distinct phospholipase D isoform with novel regulatory properties that provokes cytoskeletal reorganization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Activation of phospholipase D (PLD) is an important but poorly understood component of receptor-mediated signal transduction responses and regulated secretion. We recently reported the cloning of the human gene encoding PLD1; this enzyme has low basal activity and is activated by protein kinase C and the small GTP-binding proteins, ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF), Rho, Rac and Cdc42. Biochemical and cell biological studies suggest, however, that additional and distinct PLD activities exist in cells, so a search was carried out for novel mammalian genes related to PLD1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have cloned the gene for a second PLD family member and characterized the protein product, which appears to be regulated differently from PLD1: PLD2 is constitutively active and may be modulated in vivo by inhibition. Unexpectedly, PLD2 localizes primarily to the plasma membrane, in contrast to PLD1 which localizes solely to peri-nuclear regions (the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and late endosomes), where PLD activity has been shown to promote ARF-mediated coated-vesicle formation. PLD2 provokes cortical reorganization and undergoes redistribution in serum-stimulated cells, suggesting that it may have a role in signal-induced cytoskeletal regulation and/or endocytosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PLD2 is a newly identified mammalian PLD isoform with novel regulatory properties. Our findings suggest that regulated secretion and morphological reorganization, the two most frequently proposed biological roles for PLD, are likely to be effected separately by PLD1 and PLD2.
authors.affiliation: Program in Genetics, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651, USA.
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Colley
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roll
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jenco
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Altshuller
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bar-Sagi
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Frohman
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D002417:Cattle; D002453:Cell Cycle; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D005326:Fetal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D015723:Gene Library; D005796:Genes; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D010739:Phospholipase D / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000201:enzymology
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D005326:Fetal Proteins; D007527:Isoenzymes; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C105606:phospholipase D2; D010739:Phospholipase D