TGF-beta signalling from cell membrane to nucleus through SMAD proteins.
The recent identification of the SMAD family of signal transducer proteins has unravelled the mechanisms by which transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus. Pathway-restricted SMADs are phosphorylated by specific cell-surface receptors that have serine/threonine kinase activity, then they oligomerize with the common mediator Smad4 and translocate to the nucleus where they direct transcription to effect the cell's response to TGF-beta. Inhibitory SMADs have been identified that block the activation of these pathway-restricted SMADs.
Heldin
C H
CH
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala, Sweden.
Miyazono
K
K
ten Dijke
P
P
D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051898:Smad1 Protein; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*
D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C497399:SMAD1 protein, human; D051898:Smad1 Protein; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta