title: The early historical roots of pediatric and adolescent gynecology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The science of medicine is a constantly evolving process that builds on the experiences and observations of the past. We hypothesized that the issues of pediatric and adolescent gynecology were also of concern to physicians practicing in the 19th century. We sought to determine the extent to which our forebears of over 100 years ago considered, diagnosed, and treated these problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted an exhaustive search through two English-language medical journals, The Obstetrical Journal of Great Britain and Ireland (vol. 1-7, 1873-1880) and The American Journal of Obstetrics (vol. 1-32, 1869-1895), for articles relating to pediatric and adolescent gynecology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most frequently encountered subject was the surgical management of congenital absence or atresia of the vagina and associated anomalies of adjacent organs. By 1881, the opinion expressed by many investigators was that the method used by Thomas Addis Emmet to create an artificial vagina between the bladder and the rectum by a single-stage procedure of blunt dissection and the immediate placement of a glass vaginal dilator gave the best chance of a favorable outcome. The practice of making an artificial opening through the rectum was abandoned. In 1882, a review of published reports noted 43% postoperative mortality in children treated for benign and malignant ovarian tumors. A review article in 1891 reported a 10% mortality rate associated with treatment of the imperforate hymen. A research article in 1870 noted the mean age at menarche in England to be 14.96 years. Additional subjects in the literature included: "Acquired Venereal Disease in Children" warning of the need for "rigid ... scrutiny of the attendants and playmates of children" (1893), the enigmatic occurrence of "Vaginal Hemorrhage in an Infant Five-Days-Old" (1874), the brutal atrocities perpetrated against "The Child Wives of India" (1895), "Early Pregnancy" reviewing childbirth by young adolescents (1874), "Hermaphrodism" (1886), "The ... Hymen and Its Remains ..." (1871), a "Case of Fatal Hemorrhage from the Genital Organs" in which a 17-year-old exsanguinated from a vaginal laceration (1879), and "Primary Sarcoma of the Vagina ... in a Child Three-Years-Old" (1881).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modern pediatric and adolescent gynecology can trace its roots to well over a century ago.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut 06105, USA.
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Yordan
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Yordan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006176:Gynecology / Q000266:history*; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D006924:Hymen / Q000002:abnormalities; D010048:Ovarian Cysts / Q000266:history; D011247:Pregnancy; D011253:Pregnancy in Adolescence; D014621:Vagina / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery; D014625:Vaginal Neoplasms / Q000266:history