title: Cytosine methylation enhances DNA damage produced by groove binding and intercalating enediynes: studies with esperamicins A1 and C.
abstract: Methylation of the C5 position of cytosine in CG dinucleotides represents an important element in the control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells. This major groove modification of DNA causes changes in DNA conformation that are recognized by DNA-binding proteins and DNA-damaging chemicals. We have observed that CG methylation affects the DNA damage produced by the enediyne esperamicin A1 and its analog lacking the intercalating anthranilate, esperamicin C. Fragments of the human phosphoglycerate kinase gene (PGK1) and the plasmid pUC19 were methylated with SssI methylase and subjected to damage by esperamicins A1 and C. Damage produced by esperamicin A1 was enhanced 1.5-2-fold near a single CG sequence at position -101 in PGK1 and in a region containing several methylated CG dinucleotides between positions -120 and -131. Esperamicin C-induced damage was enhanced to a similar degree in PGK1 but only at the site that contained multiple CG dinucleotides. There was enhancement of damage for both drugs in the pUC19 fragment at several sites near CG sequences. Analysis of the chemistry of esperamicin-induced DNA damage suggests that cytosine methylation does not affect the identity of drug-abstracted hydrogen atoms. The damage chemistry was also used to identify the DNA binding orientation of the esperamicins. The anthranilate of esperamicin A1 is predicted to intercalate in a CT step four base pairs in a 3'-direction to the CG sequence at -101 in PGK1 and in a CG dinucleotide at the site containing multiple CGs (positions -120 to -131). These observations are consistent with other studies that indicate a long range effect of cytosine methylation on DNA conformation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Toxicology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mathur
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Dedon
mesh_terms: D044503:5-Methylcytosine; D000617:Aminoglycosides; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003596:Cytosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D004249:DNA Damage; D019175:DNA Methylation; D053281:Enediynes; D007364:Intercalating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000617:Aminoglycosides; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D053281:Enediynes; D007364:Intercalating Agents; C061506:esperamicin C; D044503:5-Methylcytosine; D003596:Cytosine; C047543:esperamicin A1