title: Tissue ablation with radiofrequency: effect of probe size, gauge, duration, and temperature on lesion volume.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the parameters affecting the size and distribution of thermal tissue damage produced by radiofrequency electrodes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thermal lesions were produced by electrodes connected to a radiofrequency generator in specimens of liver (n = 143) and muscle (n = 20). Various combinations of probe tip exposure (0.5-8 cm), gauge (12-24 gauge), duration of treatment (0.5-12 min), and temperature (80-90 degrees C) were studied. The resulting volumes of tissue coagulation were measured and compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lesions equal to or less than 1.6 cm in diameter were symmetrically distributed around the electrode. Lesion diameter (but not length) increased with probe gauge and duration of treatment to a maximum of 6 min. However, lesions with mean diameters larger than 1.6 cm could not be produced using a single probe with any technique. Lesion length correlated with probe tip exposure from 1 to 8 cm (r2 = .996). Over the limited range investigated, increased temperature had minimal effects, except for tip exposures greater than 5 cm, in which larger and more uniform lesions resulted. Lesions varied equal to or less than 3 mm in diameter and equal to or less than 5 mm in length for each combination of variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiofrequency ablation can accurately and reproducibly cause coagulative tissue necrosis. Necrosed tissue volume increases with length of exposed probe tip, larger probes, and sessions lasting at least 6 min.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA.
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Gazelle
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Rittman
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D002417:Cattle; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D009336:Necrosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results