title: Esophageal atresia in Osaka: a review of 39 years' experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One hundred fifty-nine patients who had esophageal atresia with or without tracheoesophageal fistula have been treated at Osaka University Medical School and its affiliated hospitals since the initial (Japanese) experience of Dr T. Ueda in 1957.
  
  
  METHODS
  These cases were divided chronologically into three groups. With earlier recognition of surgical neonates and the development of perinatal care, the long-term survival of these patients has steadily improved over 39 years from 28% in the first period (1957 to 1967) to 80% in the third period (1980 to 1995). Of 141 patients treated in the second and third periods (1968 to 1995), 92 (65.2%) had associated anomalies. Cardiovascular and gastrointestinal malformations were the most frequently seen major anomalies. VATER or VACTER association was seen in 12.8% (18 of 141) of these patients. Survival of these cases according to Waterston risk factors was 100% for group A, 100% for group B, and 50% for group C, whereas the new classification proposed by Spitz showed survival of 92% for group 1, 50% for group 2, and 0% for group 3, showing better differentiation among the three groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a long gap between the proximal and distal esophageal ends in seven patients (type A), in all of whom primary anastomosis was possible after 28 to 128 days of elongation by bouginage. Although the survival of esophageal atresia patients dramatically improved in recent years, there is still a high incidence of early and long-term postoperative complications, ie, anastomotic leakage (26.5%), recurrent fistula (7.2%), anastomotic stricture (49.1%), postoperative pneumonia or atelectasis (57.0%), tracheomalacia (25.8%), and gastroesophageal reflux (52.0%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recently, there have been changing patterns in the occurrence of complications, which are mainly attributed to technical improvement, better perinatal care and early recognition of pathophysiologic conditions such as tracheomalacia and gastroesophageal reflux.
authors.affiliation: The Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Medical School and Osaka Prefectural Medical and Research Institute for Mother and Child Health, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Usui
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawahara
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Imura
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamata
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple; D004933:Esophageal Atresia / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D014138:Tracheoesophageal Fistula / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery