title: Concentration of cadmium in rice and urinary indicators of renal dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (1) To examine the relation between concentrations of cadmium (Cd) in rice and urinary concentrations of indicators of renal dysfunction and the prevalence of abnormalities in urine in areas polluted by Cd. (2) To establish the maximum allowable concentration of Cd in rice from these findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  The target population consisted of 1703 inhabitants (832 men and 871 women) aged over 50 years who consumed home grown rice and had lived in the same hamlet in areas polluted by Cd in the Kakehashi River basin in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan for at least 30 years. The correlation coefficients between concentrations of Cd in rice and several urinary substances, the prevalence of abnormalities in urine and sex in hamlets polluted by Cd were calculated. Finally, regression analysis was performed for significant indicators to calculate the maximum allowable concentration of Cd in rice based on values in a control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant correlations between concentration of Cd in rice and concentrations of urinary beta 2-microglobulin, metallothionein, glucose, and aminonitrogen were established. Similarly, there were significant correlations between concentration of Cd in rice and the prevalence of beta 2-microglobulinuria, metallothioneinuria, glucosuria, proteinuria, proteinuria with glucosuria, and aminonitrogenuria. The highest maximum allowable concentration of Cd in rice calculated for these indicators was 0.34 ppm/l and 0.29 ppm/g creatinine. Both values are lower than 0.4 ppm, the tentative limit prescribed by the Japanese government.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene, School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakashima
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nogawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kido
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Honda
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002104:Cadmium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*; D002105:Cadmium Poisoning / Q000150:complications* / Q000652:urine; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000506:poisoning
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002104:Cadmium