title: Insight in seasonal affective disorder.
abstract: Lack of insight complicates the evaluation and treatment of patients with psychotic and affective disorders. No studies of insight in seasonal affective disorder (SAD) have been reported. Thirty patients with SAD diagnosed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R but no other axis I conditions were treated short-term with light-therapy. Insight was measured with the Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder (SUMD) as modified by the authors to assess the self-report of insight into depressive symptoms. Increasing scores (1 to 5) indicated increasing unawareness of illness (i.e., less insight). SAD patients displayed a moderate amount of insight when depressed (mean SUMD score, 2.5). When recovered, they showed no significant change in insight into past depressive symptoms (mean SUMD score, 2.8). Greater insight into current depressive symptoms correlated with more depressive symptoms on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score ([HRSD] r = .35, P < .05). In conclusion, SAD patients possess a moderate amount of insight into depressive symptoms that does not change after recovery, a result in agreement with studies of insight in psychosis and mania. Further, in SAD, increased severity of illness may be associated with increased insight into depressive symptoms, consistent with the hypothesis of depressive realism.
authors.affiliation: Center on Neuroscience, Medical Progress, and Society, Department of Psychiatry, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Ghaemi
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Baldassano
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Truman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001364:Awareness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory; D010789:Phototherapy; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D016574:Seasonal Affective Disorder / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome