title: Blockade of cerebral blood flow response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia by caffeine and glibenclamide in conscious rats.
abstract: The possibility that adenosine and ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP) might be involved in the mechanisms of the increases in cerebral blood flow (CBF) that occur in insulin-induced hypoglycemia was examined. Cerebral blood flow was measured by the [14C]iodoantipyrine method in conscious rats during insulin-induced, moderate hypoglycemia (2 to 3 mmol/L glucose in arterial plasma) after intravenous injections of 10 to 20 mg/kg of caffeine, an adenosine receptor antagonist, or intracisternal infusion of 1 to 2 mumol/L glibenclamide, a KATP channel inhibitor. Cerebral blood flow was also measured in corresponding normoglycemic and drug-free control groups. Cerebral blood flow was 51% higher in untreated hypoglycemic than in untreated normoglycemic rats (P < 0.01). Caffeine had a small, statistically insignificant effect on CBF in normoglycemic rats, but reduced the CBF response to hypoglycemia in a dose-dependent manner, i.e., 27% increase with 10 mg/kg and complete elimination with 20 mg/kg. Chemical determinations by HPLC in extracts of freeze-blown brains showed significant increases in the levels of adenosine and its degradation products, inosine and hypoxanthine, during hypoglycemia (P < 0.05). Intracisternal glibenclamide had little effect on CBF in normoglycemia, but, like caffeine, produced dose-dependent reductions in the magnitude of the increases in CBF during hypoglycemia, i.e., +66% with glibenclamide-free artificial CSF administration, +25% with 1 mumol/L glibenclamide, and almost complete blockade (+5%) with 2 mumol/L glibenclamide. These results suggest that adenosine and KATP channels may play a role in the increases in CBF during hypoglycemia.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cerebral Metabolism, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Horinaka
authors.forename: T Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Kuang
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pak
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jehle
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sokoloff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005905:Glyburide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D015221:Potassium Channels; D002110:Caffeine; D005905:Glyburide