title: Technical validation of a face mask adapted for dry powder inhalation in the equine species.
abstract: Development of dry powder inhalation (DPI) for horses requires the use of an adapted face mask. In experiment I, 4 masks (A, B, C and D) were tested and factors influencing the delivery of the dry powder were determined. Mask A was one which is commercially available for metered-dose inhalation. Mask B had the same shape as Mask A but an airtight rubber seal was added for the connection between the mask and horse's head. Mask C was a prototype adapted for DPI with connection for the DPI device between the nostrils, airtight expiratory valves in front of each nostril and airtight rubber seal to attach the mask on the horse's head. Mask D was the same as Mask C but the airtight expiratory valve was situated in front of one nostril and the connection for the DPI device was placed in front of the other nostril. Inhalet emptying and peak inspiratory pressure were measured on 5 healthy horses with each face mask. Both Masks A and B gave a low rate of inhalet emptying. Inspiratory pressures created in Masks C and D were negative enough to ensure inhalet emptying rates of mean +/- s.d. 98.28 +/- 1.79% and 100% respectively. In experiment 2, the face masks giving the greatest inhalet emptying were used to test the therapeutic efficacy of ipratropium bromide DPI. This was tested on 6 horses suffering from acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). At a dose of 200 micrograms/100 kg bwt, ipratropium administered with Mask D improved significantly pulmonary function measurements compared to baseline values and placebo inhalation. With Mask C, a double dose of ipratropium (400 micrograms/100 kg bwt) was necessary to improve these parameters compared to baseline values. This indicated the importance of locating the DPI device in front of one nostril. It was concluded that inhalet emptying is correlated to inspiratory pressures measured in the face masks. Secondly, these pressures are in turn dependent on the air-tightness of the mask, i.e. air-tightness of the expiratory valve and close connection between the horse's head and the mask. Thirdly, position of the DPI device in front of a nostril allows bronchodilation at a dose half that required when the device is placed between the nostrils. Finally DPI using Mask D (EquiPoudre) is a rapid, effective and well tolerated inhalation treatment for COPD horses.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Functional Investigation, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium.
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Duvivier
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Votion
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vandenput
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Art
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lekeux
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000403:Airway Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006736:Horses; D007384:Intermittent Positive-Pressure Breathing / Q000662:veterinary; D009241:Ipratropium / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008170:Lung Compliance / Q000502:physiology; D008173:Lung Diseases, Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008397:Masks / Q000662:veterinary*; D011208:Powders; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D011208:Powders; D009241:Ipratropium