title: Breast cancer survival and treatment in health maintenance organization and fee-for-service settings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Enrollment in health maintenance organizations (HMOs) has increased rapidly during the past 10 years, reflecting a growing emphasis on health care cost containment. To determine whether there is a difference in the treatment and outcome for female patients with breast cancer enrolled in HMOs versus a fee-for-service setting, we compared the 10-year survival and initial treatment of patients with breast cancer enrolled in both types of plans.
  
  
  METHODS
  With the use of tumor registries covering the greater San Francisco-Oakland and Seattle-Puget Sound areas, respectively, we obtained information on the treatment and outcome for 13,358 female patients with breast cancer, aged 65 years and older, diagnosed between 1985 and 1992. We linked registry information with Medicare data and data from the two large HMOs included in the study. We compared the survival and treatment differences between HMO and fee-for-service care after adjusting for tumor stage, comorbidity, and sociodemographic characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In San Francisco-Oakland, the 10-year adjusted risk ratio for breast cancer deaths among HMO patients compared with fee-for-service patients was 0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.59-0.87) and was comparable for all deaths. In Seattle-Puget Sound, the risk ratio for breast cancer deaths was 1.01 (95% CI = 0.77-1.33) but somewhat lower for all deaths. Women enrolled in HMOs were more likely to receive breast-conserving surgery than women in fee-for-service (odds ratio = 1.55 in San Francisco-Oakland; 3.39 in Seattle). HMO enrollees undergoing breast-conserving surgery were also more likely to receive adjuvant radiotherapy (San Francisco-Oakland odds ratio = 2.49; Seattle odds ratio = 4.62).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term survival outcomes in the two prepaid group practice HMOs in this study were at least equal to, and possibly better than, outcomes in the fee-for-service system. In addition, the use of recommended therapy for early stage breast cancer was more frequent in the two HMOs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-7344, USA. potosky@nih.gov
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Potosky
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Merrill
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Taplin
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Barlow
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Fireman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ballard-Barbash
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D018588:Fee-for-Service Plans; D005260:Female; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006801:Humans; D015412:Mastectomy, Segmental; D016017:Odds Ratio; D009922:Oregon / Q000453:epidemiology; D012306:Risk; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome