title: Sindbis virus induces apoptosis through a caspase-dependent, CrmA-sensitive pathway.
abstract: Sindbis virus infection of cultured cells and of neurons in mouse brains leads to programmed cell death exhibiting the classical characteristics of apoptosis. Although the mechanism by which Sindbis virus activates the cell suicide program is not known, we demonstrate here that Sindbis virus activates caspases, a family of death-inducing proteases, resulting in cleavage of several cellular substrates. To study the role of caspases in virus-induced apoptosis, we determined the effects of specific caspase inhibitors on Sindbis virus-induced cell death. CrmA (a serpin from cowpox virus) and zVAD-FMK (N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone) inhibited Sindbis virus-induced cell death, suggesting that cellular caspases facilitate apoptosis induced by Sindbis virus. Furthermore, CrmA significantly increased the rate of survival of infected mice. These inhibitors appear to protect cells by inhibiting the cellular death pathway rather than impairing virus replication or by inhibiting the nsP2 and capsid viral proteases. The specificity of CrmA indicates that the Sindbis virus-induced death pathway is similar to that induced by Fas or tumor necrosis factor alpha rather than being like the death pathway induced by DNA damage. Taken together, these data suggest a central role for caspases in Sindbis virus-induced apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
authors.forename: V E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Nava
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Veliuona
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Clem
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hardwick
mesh_terms: D018354:Alphavirus Infections / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D002460:Cell Line; D006224:Cricetinae; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D015843:Serpins / Q000494:pharmacology; D012845:Sindbis Virus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology; D014764:Viral Proteins; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D015843:Serpins; D014764:Viral Proteins; C096713:benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone; C074641:interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme inhibitor; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; C078306:nsP2 proteinase