title: Can occult metastases be treated by radioimmunotherapy?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tumor lesions in the millimeter (mm) range may escape detection with nuclear medicine imaging methods (including single photon emission computed tomography [SPECT]) using radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs). We hypothesized that these lesions still could receive a potentially therapeutic radiation absorbed dose, and therefore should be treated, despite the lack of detection.
  
  
  METHODS
  To simulate this situation, 2-mm beads (0.004 mL) containing approximately 1.15 microCi of iodine-131 (131I) were used. The beads were placed centrally in a 1200-mL liver phantom containing approximately 3 mCi of 131I. The resultant activity concentration on the beads was approximately 288 microCi/mL compared with approximately 2.5 microCi/mL in the phantom, corresponding to a maximum tumor uptake of approximately 0.3% injected dose per gram (%ID/g) if 100 mCi of 131I-labeled immunoglobulin G were administered. The phantom, containing the beads, was imaged by both planar and SPECT techniques at hypothetical Day 1 (time of maximum tumor uptake) and at hypothetical Day 7 to examine the improved target-to-nontarget ratio over time. In addition to imaging the beads, the radiation absorbed dose to the simulated lesions from the beta component emissions of 131I was calculated using absorbed fractions based on Berger's point kernels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regardless of the conditions used, the beads could not be observed by either planar or SPECT imaging. However, the radiation-absorbed dose to the simulated lesion was calculated to be as high as approximately 6200 centigray (cGy), with an average dose rate of approximately 89.5 cGy/hour.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This simulation demonstrates that a relatively high absorbed dose and dose rate can be delivered to mm-sized lesions not observed by conventional nuclear imaging methods, and that these lesions should be considered for radioimmunotherapy with 1311 MoAbs. However, for micrometastases of <1 mm, other radionuclides with shorter path length beta particles than 131I, Auger electrons, or alpha particles should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Garden State Cancer Center, Belleville, New Jersey 07109, USA.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Juweid
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Sharkey
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Behr
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Goldenberg
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D016499:Radioimmunotherapy; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes