title: Irritancy of antiseptics tested by repeated open exposures on the human skin, evaluated by non-invasive methods.
abstract: The aim of the study was to test the irritancy of 6 antiseptics in an open exposure model. The following agents were tested in their normal use concentrations using open exposures, 2x daily for 4 days in 20 subjects: chlorhexidine 4% (CH), chlorhexidine 0.5% in ethanol 70% (CE), ethanol 70% (ET), iodine 1% in ethanol 70% (IE), povidone-iodine 10% (PI) and sodium hypochlorite 0.25% (SH). Responses were evaluated by visual scoring, subjective irritancy scoring, stratum corneum hydration (Corneometer), transepidermal water loss and laser Doppler flowmetry. Exposure to SH had to be discontinued after 4 applications because of severe subjective irritation. The same held true for IE (7 applications), whereas the other agents were exposed 8x. All evaluation methods showed SH to be significantly more irritating than IE, which was in turn more irritating than CH, CE, ET and PI. Thus, it can be concluded that CH, CE, ET and PI were non-irritating in this open exposure model.
authors.affiliation: Dermatology Department, University Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Tupker
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schuur
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Coenraads
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017453:Dermatitis, Irritant / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007509:Irritants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D008297:Male; D010328:Patch Tests / Q000379:methods*; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D014870:Water Loss, Insensible / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D007509:Irritants