title: Effects of beta-adrenergic blockade on survival of patients with chronic heart failure.
abstract: Observations from experimental studies and controlled clinical trials indicate that prolonged activation of the sympathetic nervous system can accelerate the progression of heart failure, and that the risks of such progression can be substantially decreased through the use of pharmacologic agents that interfere with the actions of the sympathetic nervous system on the heart and peripheral blond vessels. Early studies with beta(1)-selective agents such as metoprolol and bisoprolol suggested that treatment with beta blockers could decrease the risk of worsening heart failure, but showed little or equivocal effects on survival. Recent studies using a more complex nonselective beta blocker (e.g., carvedilol) have reported a reduction in mortality as well as in the combined risk of death and hospitalization. This ability to decrease the risk of disease progression led to the recent approval of carvedilol for the treatment of chronic heart failure by the US Food and Drug Administration. However, it is not clear whether these survival effects represent a class effect of beta blockers or a specific effect of carvedilol. Carvedilol antagonizes several biologic mechanisms not blocked by metoprolol or bisoprolol that are thought to mediate the progression of heart failure. In addition, in 3 meta-analyses, the survival effects of nonselective vasodilating beta blockers appeared to be greater than those of beta(1)-selective nonvasodilating beta blockers. Moreover, it is unknown whether survival benefits can be expected only in the patients who were enrolled in the clinical trials (i.e., New York Heart Association class II or III patients) or whether they can also he achieved in patients with less severe or more severe symptoms (class I or IV heart failure). These questions are being addressed in several ongoing large-scale, long-term survival trials that are scheduled for completion within the next 5 years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Packer
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077261:Carvedilol; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D018450:Disease Progression; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D002227:Carbazoles; D011412:Propanolamines; D000077261:Carvedilol