title: Contrast media-induced ventricular fibrillation: an experimental study of the effects of dimeric contrast media during wedged catheter injection in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the cardiac effects of an ionic dimer, ioxaglate and two nonionic dimers, iotrolan, and iodixanol.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a simulated wedged catheter situation, 22 ml of each contrast medium was injected into the left anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery in seven open-chested, anesthetized dogs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 13 injections with each contrast medium, ioxaglate induced ventricular fibrillation in 11 after 34 +/- 5 sec, iotrolan in 6 after 42 +/- 4 sec, and iodixanol in 3 after 61 +/- 1 sec. Ioxaglate markedly lengthened monophasic action potential duration in contrast medium-perfused myocardium. Iotrolan, and iodixanol induced biphasic changes, first lengthening and then shortening action potential duration. The electrophysiological changes occurred later when using iodixanol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of ventricular fibrillation during long-lasting contrast media exposure to the myocardium, as in a wedged catheter situation, appears to be much lower with iodixanol compared with ioxaglate and also lower than when using iotrolan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Refsum
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004285:Dogs; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects; D004594:Electrophysiology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D007485:Ioxaglic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D014283:Triiodobenzoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D014283:Triiodobenzoic Acids; C044834:iodixanol; D007485:Ioxaglic Acid