title: Expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) isoforms in osteosarcomas: TGF-beta3 is related to disease progression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a multipotent growth factor affecting development, homeostasis, and tissue repair. In addition, increased expression of TGF-beta has been reported in different malignancies, suggesting a role for this growth factor in tumorigenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using immunohistochemistry, the expression, prevalence, and distribution of TGF-beta isoforms were evaluated in 25 high grade human osteosarcomas. The Cox proportional hazards models and Kaplan-Meier curves were calculated correlating disease free survival with TGF-beta expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of one or more TGF-beta isoforms was found in all the osteosarcomas. Immunoreactivity for TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta3 generally was stronger than for TGF-beta2. The cytoplasm of the tumor cells showed stronger staining than their surrounding extracellular stroma. Most notably, osteoclasts showed strong to intense staining for all three isoforms. In 11 of 25 specimens angiogenic activity was noted with staining of multiple small vessels in the tumor stroma. Expression of TGF-beta3, but not of TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta1, related to disease progression, such that there was a statistically significant decrease in the disease free interval as the immunoreactivity for TGF-beta3 increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All osteosarcomas expressed TGF-beta in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells as well as in their extracellular stroma. The presence of TGF-beta in the endothelial and perivascular layers of small vessels in the tumor stroma suggests angiogenic activity of this growth factor. The expression of TGF-beta3 was correlated strongly with disease progression (P = 0.027). These data suggest that increased expression of TGF-beta isoforms, especially TGF-beta3, may play a role in osteosarcoma progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kloen
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gebhardt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perez-Atayde
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Springfield
authors.forename: L I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Mankin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D018450:Disease Progression; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012516:Osteosarcoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta