title: Paediatric ureteroscopy for ureteric calculi: a 4-year experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the efficacy and safety of ureteroscopy in the management of paediatric ureteric calculi at various levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of 50 ureteroscopic procedures performed on 43 children (age range 6 months-12 years) for primary ureteric calculi or ureteric fragments after electrohydraulic shockwave lithotripsy (EHWL) were analysed retrospectively. The distribution of the calculi was in nine in the upper upper, seven in the mid and 30 in the lower ureter, with a mean stone burden of 1.26 cm. Ureteroscopy was performed with the 8.5/9.5/11.5 F Wolf ureteroscopes, and EHL was used as the primary method of fragmentation. Intravenous urograms were available in 34 children (79%) and micturating cystography (MCUG) was performed in 23 children (54%) during the follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An overall stone-free status was achieved in 40 children (93%) after performing 47 ureteroscopies (94%). Stones were completely cleared in 78%, 100% and 97% of the procedures in the upper, mid and lower ureters, respectively. In three children the procedure failed and they were salvaged by uretero-lithotomy. During the procedures, an upper ureteric perforation occurred in one patient and a lower perforation in another. MCUG revealed low grade vesico-ureteric reflux in 17% of the patients, but close follow-up showed the reflux to be sterile and clinically insignificant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ureteroscopy was safe and effective for the management of mid and lower ureteric calculi but the results for upper ureteric calculi were marginally inferior. Ureteroscopy must be performed judiciously to minimize ureteric injury in children. The incidence of vesico-ureteric reflux after mechanical dilatation of the intramural ureter was infrequent and clinically insignificant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Armed Forces Hospital, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: al Busaidy
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Prem
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Medhat
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008096:Lithotripsy; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000601:surgery*; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000009:adverse effects