title: Epidural analgesia compared with combined spinal-epidural analgesia during labor in nulliparous women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Among nulliparous women, there appears to be an association between the use of epidural analgesia during labor and an increased risk of dystocia. We tested the hypothesis that combined spinal-epidural analgesia, which permits ambulation during labor, is associated with a lower incidence of dystocia than continuous lumbar epidural analgesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between July 1995 and September 1996, we randomly assigned 761 nulliparous women in spontaneous labor at term who requested epidural analgesia to receive either continuous lumbar epidural analgesia or a combination of spinal and epidural analgesia. Among the women who received combined spinal-epidural analgesia, some were discouraged from walking and others were encouraged to walk. Maternal and neonatal outcomes, the incidence of dystocia necessitating cesarean section, and measures of patients' satisfaction were compared in the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in the overall rate of cesarean section, the incidence of dystocia, the frequency of maternal or fetal complications, the patients' or nursing staff's assessment of the adequacy of analgesia, or the degree of overall satisfaction between the two groups. Significantly more women receiving combined spinal-epidural analgesia had pruritus (P<0.001) and requested additional epidural bolus doses of local anesthetic (P=0.01). For all the women, dystocia necessitating cesarean section was significantly more likely when analgesia was administered with the fetal vertex at a negative station (odds ratio, 2.5; P<0.001) or at less than 4 cm of cervical dilatation (odds ratio, 2.2; P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As compared with continuous lumbar epidural analgesia, the combination of spinal and epidural analgesia is not associated with an overall decrease in the incidence of cesarean delivery.
authors.affiliation: Women's Hospital, Long Beach, CA, USA.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Nageotte
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Rumney
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sidhu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hollenbach
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects; D016362:Analgesia, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000009:adverse effects; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine; D002585:Cesarean Section; D004420:Dystocia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl; D006801:Humans; D007743:Labor, Obstetric / Q000187:drug effects; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016138:Walking
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D005283:Fentanyl; D002045:Bupivacaine