title: Biodegradation of the pesticide 4,6-dinitro-ortho-cresol by microorganisms in batch cultures and in fixed-bed column reactors.
abstract: A mixed culture of microorganisms able to utilize 4,6-dinitro-ortho-cresol (DNOC) as the sole source of carbon, nitrogen and energy was isolated from soil contaminated with pesticides and from activated sludge. DNOC was decomposed aerobically in batch cultures as well as in fixed-bed column reactors. Between 65% and 84% of the substrate nitrogen was released as nitrate into the medium, and 61% of the carbon from uniformly 14C-labelled DNOC was recovered as 14CO2. The mixed microbial culture also decomposed 4-nitrophenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol but not 2,3-dinitrophenol, 2,6-dinitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid or 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (Dinoseb). Maximal degradation rates for DNOC by the bacterial biofilm immobilized on glass beads in fixed-bed column reactors were 30 mmol day-1 (1 reactor volume)-1, leaving an effluent concentration of less than 5 micrograms l-1 DNOC in the outflowing medium. The apparent Ks value of the immobilized mixed culture for DNOC was 17 microM. Degradation was inhibited at DNOC concentrations above 30 microM and it ceased at 340 microM, possibly because of the uncoupling action of the nitroaromatic compound on the cellular energy-transducing mechanism.
authors.affiliation: University of Zürich, Institute of Plant Biology/Microbiology, Switzerland. dgisi@micro.biol.ethz.ch
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gisi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stucki
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Hanselmann
mesh_terms: D019297:2,4-Dinitrophenol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D019149:Bioreactors; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D002617:Chemical Industry; D003408:Cresols / Q000378:metabolism*; D004136:Dinitrobenzenes / Q000378:metabolism; D004138:Dinitrocresols; D004140:Dinitrophenols / Q000378:metabolism*; D007220:Industrial Waste; D007700:Kinetics; D009579:Nitrobenzoates / Q000378:metabolism; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D010575:Pesticides / Q000378:metabolism*; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003408:Cresols; D004136:Dinitrobenzenes; D004138:Dinitrocresols; D004140:Dinitrophenols; D007220:Industrial Waste; D009579:Nitrobenzoates; D010575:Pesticides; D012722:Sewage; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C024132:4,6-dinitro-o-cresol; C109832:2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid; C016403:2,4-dinitrotoluene; D002244:Carbon; D009584:Nitrogen; D019297:2,4-Dinitrophenol; C018527:dinoseb