title: Encephalopathy after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting: analysis of incidence and potential risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to estimate the incidence of encephalopathy after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting (TIPS) related primarily to the diversion of portal vein blood flow and to identify periprocedural factors to predict patients at risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients who underwent TIPS with at least 1 month of clinical observation after the procedure were monitored for clinically evident encephalopathy. Other variables that could individually induce encephalopathy were retrospectively analyzed for interrelationships with spontaneous or worsened encephalopathy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 150 patients, 68 (45%) suffered from encephalopathy after TIPS, but in only 33 (22%) was it new or worse than baseline measurements obtained before TIPS; in 18 of these 33 patients, an underlying medical cause was implicated. Fifteen (10%) of the 150 patients developed mental dysfunction, usually mild and well controlled, thought to be related only to TIPS and not to any underlying morbidity. Low portal vein pressures after TIPS were found to be interrelated with new or worsened spontaneous encephalopathy (p = .04). Like-wise, advanced age (> 59 years old) weakly corresponded to the development of encephalopathy after TIPS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TIPS causes an acceptably low rate of encephalopathy that is usually mild. No specific variables exist for predicting the development or progression of encephalopathy after TIPS.
authors.affiliation: Section of Vascular & Interventional Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Zuckerman
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Darcy
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Bocchini
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Hildebolt
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006975:Hypertension, Portal / Q000601:surgery; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017082:Portal Pressure; D019168:Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors