Guidelines for the therapeutic use of botulinum toxin in movement disorders. Italian Study Group for Movement Disorders, Italian Society of Neurology.
Since its introduction in the early '80s the use of botulinum toxin has improved the quality of life of the patients affected by movement disorders. Toxin's neuromuscular blocking action allows a symptomatic treatment of those clinical conditions characterised by excessive muscular activity. Although the dosages used are safe and the side-effects are reversible, a correct use of botulinum toxin depends on the knowledge of its clinical pharmacology and of the anatomy of the body segments to be injected. In addition, the treatment of more complex conditions, i.e. laringeal dystonia, imposes an inter-disciplinary approach and specialised injection techniques. In this review, the Italian Study Group on Movement Disorders presents the consensus guidelines for the therapeutic use of botulinum toxin in movement disorders. The main toxin types, their use and administration modalities, and the training guidelines will be presented.
Berardelli
A
A
Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Italy.
Abbruzzese
G
G
Bertolasi
L
L
Cantarella
G
G
Carella
F
F
Currà
A
A
De Grandis
D
D
DeFazio
G
G
Galardi
G
G
Girlanda
P
P
Livrea
P
P
Modugno
N
N
Priori
A
A
Ruoppolo
G
G
Vacca
L
L
Manfredi
M
M
D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*
D001905:Botulinum Toxins