title: Facial rejuvenation with botulinum.
abstract: Botulinum toxin type A (Botox) blocks the release of neurotransmitter acetylcholine at the presynaptic neuromuscular junction leading to an irreversible, but temporary muscular paralysis and weakness. This can produce a significant improvement of wrinkling in the upper face caused by the actions of the facial muscles. A prospective clinical study representing a 15-month experience with this new technique is presented. Patient selection and evaluation, classification of animation lines, techniques, results, and complications are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000187:drug effects; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015595:Skin Aging / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A