title: Anger expression, age, and blood pressure in modernizing Samoan adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Relationships among anger expression, age, and blood pressure (BP) were studied in a cross-sectional sample of 593 American and Western Samoan adult men and women, 25 to 55 years of age. Prior studies indicated that anger coping is an important psychosocial domain in modernizing Samoans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anger expression was assessed using a modified 24-item version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory composed of anger-in, anger-out, and anger-control, along with 4 Samoan culture-specific anger items. Age and sex stratified analyses were performed. Body-mass adjusted BP was regressed on the anger expression subscales and age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In women < or = 40 years of age, anger-out was significantly (p < 0.01) and negatively related to adjusted diastolic BP. Young women from American and Western Samoa who outwardly expressed anger least frequently had higher adjusted diastolic BP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The significant influence of anger expression on BP in young modernizing Samoan women may be because: a) increased stress from the interaction of traditional gender role-related domestic demands and more opportunities for individual socioeconomic activities; and b) the culturally normative pattern of suppressed emotional expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI 02906, USA.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: McGarvey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000786:Anger; D001143:Arousal; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010552:Personality Assessment; D018947:Samoa; D012922:Social Change; D012951:Socialization