Emotion and aging: experience, expression, and control.
Age differences in emotional experience, expression, and control were investigated in 4 studies. A community sample of 127 African Americans and European Americans (ages 19-96 years) was used in Study 1; a community sample of 82 Chinese Americans and European Americans (ages 20-85 years) was used in Study 2; a community sample of 49 Norwegians drawn from 2 age groups (ages 20-35 years and 70+ years) was used in Study 3; and a sample of 1,080 American nuns (ages 24-101 years) was used in Study 4. Across studies, a consistent pattern of age differences emerged. Compared with younger participants, older participants reported fewer negative emotional experiences and greater emotional control. Findings regarding emotional expressivity were less consistent, but when there were age differences, older participants reported lesser expressivity. Results are interpreted in terms of increasingly competent emotion regulation across the life span.
Gross
J J
JJ
Department of Psychology, Stanford University, California 94305-2130, USA. james@psych.stanford.edu
Carstensen
L L
LL
Pasupathi
M
M
Tsai
J
J
Skorpen
C G
CG
Hsu
A Y
AY
D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015988:Cohort Effect; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D019260:Expressed Emotion / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012927:Social Control, Informal