title: Anticholinergic suppression of ovine fetal swallowing activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fetal swallowing contributes importantly to amniotic fluid volume regulation as the primary route of fluid resorption, reaching 500 to 1000 ml/day near term. Near-term ovine fetal swallowing activity occurs predominantly during low-voltage electrocortical activity. In view of the potential to pharmacologically alter electrocortical activity, we hypothesized that fetal administration of a centrally acting cholinergic antagonist may be used to modulate fetal swallowing activity. To explore cholinergic modulation of swallowing activity, we examined fetal swallowing and electrocortical activity in response to central and peripheral cholinergic suppression by atropine sulfate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Singleton ovine fetuses (n = 6) were chronically prepared with vascular catheters and thyrohyoid, nuchal, and thoracic esophageal electromyogram and biparietal electrocortical electrodes. Swallowing and electrocortical activity were monitored for 2 hours before and after intravenous injection (1 ml of 0.15 mol/L sodium chloride) of atropine sulfate (1 mg/kg). On a subsequent day an identical study was performed with use off atropine methyl nitrate (3 mg/kg), an atropine analog that does not cross the blood-brain barrier.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Atropine sulfate decreased low-voltage electrocortical activity (56% +/- 5% to 14% +/- 4%), increased high-voltage electrocortical activity (40% +/- 5% to 81% +/- 5%), and did not change intermediate electrocortical activity (4% +/- 1% to 5% +/- 1%). Fetal swallowing activity decreased from 46 +/- 12 to 12 +/- 2 swallows per hour after atropine sulfate administration. Atropine methyl nitrate had no discernible effect on either fetal electrocortical or swallowing activity. Fetal arterial pressure, plasma osmolality, pH, PCO2, and PO2 did not change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Central cholinergic antagonism suppresses low-voltage fetal electrocortical and swallowing activity in the ovine fetus. Studies exploring spontaneous or induced fetal swallowing should consider the behavioral state of the fetus when conclusions are drawn about changes in the swallowing activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles, Torrance 90502, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nijland
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001285:Atropine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003679:Deglutition / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000502:physiology*; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D001285:Atropine