title: Use of estrogen therapy in a patient with gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to arteriovenous malformations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a patient with gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding caused by arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) that was treated with estrogen therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 70-year-old white man was diagnosed with multiple AVMs in the cecum, duodenum, and stomach. Pharmacologic management included the use of ferrous sulfate; however, the patient continued to have recurrent bleeding that required multiple transfusions and endoscopic cauterization. Therapy was initiated with ethinyl estradiol 0.05 mg po qd; no further transfusions have been required for 10 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is estimated that AVMs of the GI tract account for 1-8% of upper GI bleeding episodes and up to 6% of lower GI bleeding episodes. Hormonal agents have been reported to decrease bleeding in patients with both hereditary and acquired AVMs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The role of estrogen therapy in treating AVMs of the GI tract is unclear and supported by only one clinical study.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center (119-V), Portland, OR 97207, USA.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Siple
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Pagel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leigh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000150:complications*; D045166:Estradiol Congeners / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D045166:Estradiol Congeners; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol