title: The effect of codeine on gastrointestinal transit in extensive and poor metabolisers of debrisoquine.
abstract: METHODS
  Codeine (50 mg) was administered to 12 extensive metabolisers (EM) and 12 poor metabolisers (PM) of debrisoquine. The oro-caecal transit time was estimated by the hydrogen breath test. The urinary excretion of codeine and metabolites during a 6-h interval was estimated after simultaneous analysis of codeine, morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G), morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G), morphine (M), normorphine (NM), norcodeine, norcodeine glucuronide and codeine-6-glucuronide using HPLC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean transit times after placebo were 1.3 h in the EM and 1.4 h in the PM. The corresponding figures after ingestion of codeine were 2.2 h and 2.1 h. The differences between the groups were statistically and clinically insignificant. The effect of codeine compared with placebo was significantly different in both groups. As expected, the metabolites of the O-demethylation pathway, M, M6G, M3G and NM were significantly lower in the PM. Interestingly, the recovery of the dose in the form of codeine (> 1.7 times) and norcodeine (> 2.5 times) was significantly higher in the PM, indicating compensatory metabolism via N-demethylation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to the analgesic effect, the prolongation of gastrointestinal transit caused by the drug does not depend on the formation of O-demethylated active metabolites M, M6G or NM.
authors.affiliation: Division of Family Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hasselström
authors.forename: Q Y
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Säwe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001944:Breath Tests; D003061:Codeine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003647:Debrisoquin / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005772:Gastrointestinal Transit / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D009294:Narcotics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010641:Phenotype; D013565:Sympatholytics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D013565:Sympatholytics; D006859:Hydrogen; D003061:Codeine; D003647:Debrisoquin