title: [Internal hazardous substance burden of persons from various regions of origin--studies of lead, mercury, arsenic and cadmium exposure].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the concentration of metals of environmental-medical relevance in biological materials in persons seeking asylum with regard to their country of origin. COLLECTIVE AND METHOD: During medical examination after entry into Germany of persons seeking asylum, samples were taken for determination of the following biological monitoring parameters: lead in blood, and arsenic, cadmium and mercury in urine. A total of 103 males were investigated (13 from former Yugoslavia, 29 from the former USSR, 33 Africans and 28 Asians) ranging from 16 to 53 years of age (median 27 years). 34 male Germans without occupational exposure to these substances and a similar age structure (age 25-36 years; median 26 years) served as a control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The countries of origin had a significant influence on all the biological monitoring parameters investigated. The mean blood lead concentration in the Asians of 75.4 micrograms/L was the highest level found, while the lowest concentration of 38.0 micrograms/L was measured in the German controls. Also the level of arsenic excreted in the urine was on average much higher in the persons seeking asylum than in the German controls. In the Africans a mean level of 9.7 micrograms/g creatinine was reached. The Germans had the lowest arsenic concentrations in urine of 5.3 micrograms/g creatinine. There were, however, considerable interindividual fluctuations, which are probably due to oral uptake of arsenic compounds as a result of eating seafoods. The highest mean concentration of mercury excreted in urine was found in the German controls. Values of 0.9 microgram/g creatinine were determined. The men seeking asylum from former Yugoslavia had significantly higher values than other groups for cadmium excreted in urine. The median of 0.6 microgram/g creatinine was nearly three times as high as found in the Germans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For all parameters investigated, with the exception of mercury, higher internal exposure was found in the persons seeking asylum than in the German controls. This may be due to individual life style, dietary habits or environmental conditions in the country of origin. For clinical environmental medicine, the 95th percentile, as the upper limit of the reference range, can only be regarded as an orientation aid for classifying the exposure to hazardous substances of an individual compared to other persons from the same environment.
authors.affiliation: Institut mit Poliklinik für Arbeits-, Sozial- und Umweltmedizin, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg. schmid@arbeit-pc.med.uni-erlangen.de
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lederer
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Schaller
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Angerer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Strebl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D020261:Arsenic Poisoning; D002105:Cadmium Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008630:Mercury Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012036:Refugees / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors