title: Cryosurgical ablation of hepatic tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cryosurgical ablation of hepatic tumors relies on nonspecific tissue necrosis due to freezing as well as microvascular thrombosis. Patients with selected primary and metastatic hepatic malignancies who are not candidates for surgical resection are afforded potentially curative benefit using this technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty patients underwent cryosurgery for hepatic malignancy related to colorectal metastasis (n = 27), hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 8), metastatic breast (n = 2), metastatic neuroendocrine (n = 2), and metastatic ovarian carcinoma (n = 1). Intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS) was used in all patients to help locate the tumor and guide the cryosurgical trocar to the lesions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Indications for cryosurgical ablation included bilobar and centrally located disease, poor medical risk, insufficient hepatic reserve, and involved margin after wedge resection. Major complications included hepatic parenchyma cracking requiring transfusion in 5 patients, 1 postoperative biliary stenosis, and 1 inferior vena cava injury. There were 3 postoperative deaths from non-hepatic-related events. Based on Kaplan-Meier analysis the estimated overall survival for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (60% at 18 months) was compared with patients with colorectal metastases (30% at 18 months). Nine patients (23%) are currently free of disease with an average follow-up of 17.7 months. The pattern of failure was identified at the site of cryosurgical ablation in 2 of 88 lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cryosurgical ablation of selected hepatic malignancies is a safe and viable treatment for patients not amenable to surgical resection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas 75246, USA.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Crews
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: McCarty
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Preskitt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D003452:Cryosurgery; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000473:pathology; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional