title: Glutamine and intestinal immune cells in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is associated with depletion of intestinal immune cells and increased gut permeability (GP). Adding glutamine (GLN) to TPN preserves GP by an unknown mechanism. Intestinal immune cells situated between the enterocytes (intraepithelial lymphocytes, [IEL]) influence GP in vitro. To obtain insight into the underlying mechanism of GLN on GP, we investigated the effects of GLN-supplemented TPN on IEL, immunoglobulin A (IgA) plasma cells and goblet cells, and enterocyte proliferation in intestinal biopsies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients randomly received GLN-enriched TPN (GT) or isonitrogenous standard TPN (ST). Proliferation and number of immune cells were measured in intestinal biopsies obtained before and after 10 days of TPN.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No change in proliferative activity or in number of IgA plasma cells was observed. Goblet cells increased in the ST group, whereas the change seen in the GT group did not reach significance. In the GT group, IEL decreased, whereas in the ST group, no change in the number of IEL was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TPN was not associated with changes in proliferative activity or with depletion of gut immune cells. The data indicate that GLN-supplemented TPN has a different effect on intestinal immune cells compared with standard TPN.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: van der Hulst
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: von Meyenfeldt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tiebosch
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Buurman
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Soeters
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005973:Glutamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009093:Mucus / Q000378:metabolism; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition; D010950:Plasma Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D005973:Glutamine