title: Dose-response tolerance of the visual pathways and cranial nerves of the cavernous sinus to stereotactic radiosurgery.
abstract: As the number of patients treated with stereotactic radiosurgery increases, it becomes particularly important to define with precision adverse effects on distinct structures of the nervous system.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to assess the dose-response tolerance of the visual pathways and cranial nerves after exposure of the cavernous sinus to radiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 66 sites in the visual system and 210 cranial nerves of the middle cranial fossa were investigated in 50 patients who had undergone gamma knife treatment for benign skull base tumors. The mean follow-up period was 40 months (range 24-60 months). Follow-up examinations consisted of neurological, neuroradiological, and neuroophthalmological evaluations. The actuarial incidence of optic neuropathy was zero for patients who received a radiation dose of less than 10 Gy, 26.7% for patients receiving a dose in the range of 10 to less than 15 Gy, and 77.8% for those who received doses of 15 Gy or more (p < 0.0001). Previously impaired vision improved in 25.8% and was unchanged in 51.5% of patients. No sign of neuropathy was seen in patients whose cranial nerves of the cavernous sinus received radiation doses of between 5 and 30 Gy. Because tumor control appeared to have been achieved in 98% of the patients, the deterioration in visual function cannot be attributed to tumor progression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The structures of the visual pathways (the optic nerve, chiasm, and tract) exhibit a much higher sensitivity to single-fraction radiation than other cranial nerves, and their particular dose-response characteristics can be defined. In contrast, the oculomotor and trigeminal nerves have a much higher dose tolerance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Karl Franzens University, School of Medicine, Graz, Austria. klaus.leber@kfunigraz.ac.at
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Leber
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Berglöff
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pendl
mesh_terms: D000206:Actuarial Analysis; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D002426:Cavernous Sinus / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002648:Child; D003391:Cranial Nerves / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D005720:Gamma Rays; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008577:Meningeal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D008579:Meningioma / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*