title: Use and effect of paediatric advanced life support skills for paediatric arrest in the A&E department.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the use of paediatric advanced life support by the Leicestershire Ambulance and Paramedic Service (LAPS) and the A&E department of a large university teaching hospital; and to identify the outcome and determine the factors that are consistent with a successful outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prehospital, accident and emergency (A&E), and inpatient notes of all patients aged 0-16 years who had been admitted to the resuscitation room at the Leicester Royal Infirmary in cardiac arrest between 1 January 1992 and 31 December 1995 were reviewed. Cardiac arrest was defined according to the Utstein template for reporting of prehospital data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the four year period, 51 cases of paediatric cardiac arrest were identified, with a median age of 3.2 years (range two days to 15 years). In eight patients, resuscitation was not attempted. Of the remaining 43, 15 (37%) were discharged from A&E to the intensive care unit. Five (11.5%) ultimately survived to discharge from hospital. Subsequent neurological development was recorded as normal in four of the five. Of the patients who had a prehospital cardiac arrest and were initially resuscitated by the LAPS there was only one survivor. He was discharged from hospital with severe neurological injury and died three months later.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The outcome for established prehospital paediatric cardiac arrest, in a well defined emergency medical services system, is very poor at present. It does not seem to be affected by the institution of paediatric life support teaching programmes for hospital staff alone. The timing in instituting advanced life support measures remains the most critical factor affecting outcome in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Accident and Emergency Medicine, Leicester Royal Infirmary NHS Trust, UK.
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Hassan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008020:Life Support Care; D008297:Male