title: Second primary cancers related to smoking and treatment of small-cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer Working Cadre.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An increased risk of second primary cancers has been reported in patients who survive small-cell carcinoma of the lung. The treatment's contribution to the development of second cancers is difficult to assess, in part because the number of long-term survivors seen at any one institution is small. We designed a multi-institution study to investigate the risk among survivors of developing second primary cancers other than small-cell lung carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographic, smoking, and treatment information were obtained from the medical records of 611 patients who had been cancer free for more than 2 years after therapy for histologically proven small-cell lung cancer, and person-years of follow-up were cumulated. Population-based rates of cancer incidence and mortality were used to estimate the expected number of cancers or deaths. The actuarial risk of second cancers was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to the general population, the risk of all second cancers among these patients (mostly non-small-cell cancers of the lung) was increased 3.5-fold. Second lung cancer risk was increased 13-fold among those who received chest irradiation in comparison to a sevenfold increase among nonirradiated patients. It was higher in those who continued smoking, with evidence of an interaction between chest irradiation and continued smoking (relative risk = 21). Patients treated with various forms of combination chemotherapy had comparable increases in risk (9.4- to 13-fold, overall), except for a 19-fold risk increase among those treated with alkylating agents who continued smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of their substantially increased risk, survivors should stop smoking and may consider entering trials of secondary chemoprevention.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. tuckerp@epndce.nci.nih.gov
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Ettinger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mabry
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Feld
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aisner
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000206:Actuarial Analysis; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000209:etiology*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D012306:Risk; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents