title: Diaphragmatic eventration in infants and children: is conservative treatment justified?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to examine the justification of diaphragmatic plication to treat diaphragmatic eventration. A retrospective review of 50 patients who underwent diaphragmatic plication for phrenic nerve injury (PNI) or congenital muscular deficiency (CMD) of the diaphragm was conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  During the last 26 years, 50 patients, aged 4 days to 7 years, were surgically treated for diaphragmatic eventration. Twenty-five patients had iatrogenic PNI and another 25 had CMD. Respiratory distress developed in all patients who had PNI and 10 required mechanical ventilatory support for 13 to 78 days (mean, 41 days) before operation. Respiratory symptoms developed in 17 of 25 patients who had CMD, and four required ventilatory support. In those who were asymptomatic, we justified surgical repair to optimize future lung growth. All patients underwent diaphragmatic plication by a thoracic approach. Reefing mattress sutures on pledgets were used for the plication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients who had PNI, ventilatory support could be discontinued within 0 to 6 days (mean, 3 days) after operation, with a dramatic improvement in their respiratory status. Two patients required reoperation because the plication was not tight enough. Seven patients died in this series, but none because of the diaphragmatic plication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that symptomatic patients who have diaphragmatic eventration should be operated on immediately with an expected dramatic resolution of their respiratory problems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Kobe Children's Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tsugawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nishijima
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Muraji
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
mesh_terms: D003657:Decision Making; D003965:Diaphragmatic Eventration / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009468:Neuromuscular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000151:congenital; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000293:injuries; D012127:Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate