title: Selecting the surgical procedure for simple and complicated esophageal achalasia in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Surgical experience in children who have achalasia is limited. Surgical treatment requires esophagocardiomyotomy and an antireflux procedure. However, when these operations fail, other procedures are needed. To summarize the experience treating children who have this condition, the authors reviewed retrospectively all case histories of patients treated from 1971 to 1996 at their hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three boys and a girl, ranging in age from 18 months to 11 years, were treated. All had multiple previous dilatations. Two then underwent operation using an abdominal approach for a Heller procedure and a posterior fundoplasty (Guarner operation). Two children were previously treated in another hospital. One underwent a Heller operation complicated by perforation of the anterior mucosa. The other had undergone three previous abdominal approaches for esophagocardiomyotomy and a Nissen fundoplication. Symptoms persisted and imaging and endoscopy showed stenosis in both patients. In the first patient an esophagocardioplasty with transverse closure (Wendel procedure) and a posterior fundoplasty was performed. In the second child, the three previous abdominal surgical approaches mandated a transthoracic approach with transdiaphragmatic latero-lateral esophagogastric anastomosis (Heyrowsky operation) and a modified Guarner operation using the remaining fundus and gastric body.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. Follow-up time ranged from 3 months to 17 years. All patients experienced dramatic relief of symptoms and satisfactory weight gain. No recurrence of symptomatology has occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Esophagocardiotomy associated with an antireflux procedure may be the first option in the surgical treatment of children who have achalasia. However, if this fails, esophagocardioplasty and the latero-lateral esophagogastric anastomosis associated with antireflux procedure may be successful alternatives.
authors.affiliation: Unidad Hospitalaria La Paz, Puebla, Mexico.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Porras
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Izundegui
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Porras
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004931:Esophageal Achalasia / Q000601:surgery*; D004944:Esophagoplasty / Q000379:methods; D004947:Esophagus / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D018662:Fundoplication / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013270:Stomach / Q000601:surgery*