title: Modeling fracture risk using bone density, age, and years since menopause.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preventive strategies are essential for reducing the incidence of osteoporosis and its consequences. However, simple algorithms that predict an individual's future risk of fractures are scarce. The purpose of the study was to define a clinical decision aid that enables physicians to project an individual's life-time fracture risk and therefore institute preventive therapies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A predictor equation for bone loss was developed using bone mineral density (BMD), age, years since menopause, and weight. This was applied to normal and osteoporotic women, ages 40-80 years (n = 117) screened for osteoporosis studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A spinal BMD cutoff of 0.86 gm/cm2 had a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 60% for detecting subjects with vertebral fractures and was therefore defined as a high-risk BMD. Using the parameter estimates from the above equation and an individual's clinical data, we derived prediction curves to forecast the age at which that individual would reach the above defined high-risk BMD, and therefore that person's expected number of remaining life-years at high risk for fractures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study proposes a conceptual framework for the development of a clinical decision aid to provide guidelines for the prevention of osteoporosis. A longitudinal study that incorporates other variables such as prevalent fractures and biochemical markers of bone turnover would further validate this model and enhance its application.
authors.affiliation: Endocrine-Hypertension Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Testa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Erat
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: LeBoff
authors.lastname: Fuleihan G el-H
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015519:Bone Density; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications*; D017698:Postmenopause; D012372:ROC Curve; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors