title: Arterial baroreflex modulation of heart rate in chronic heart failure: clinical and hemodynamic correlates and prognostic implications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In chronic heart failure (CHF), arterial baroreflex regulation of cardiac function is impaired, leading to a reduction in the tonic restraining influence on the sympathetic nervous system. Because baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), as assessed by the phenylephrine technique, significantly contributes to postinfarction risk stratification, the aim of the present study was to evaluate whether in CHF patients a depressed BRS is associated with a worse clinical hemodynamic status and unfavorable outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BRS was assessed in 282 CHF patients in sinus rhythm receiving stable medical therapy (age, 52+/-9 years; New York Heart Association [NYHA] class, 2.4+/-0.6; left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF], 23+/-6%). The BRS of the entire population averaged 3.9+/-4.0 ms/mm Hg (mean+/-SD) and was significantly related to LVEF and hemodynamic parameters (LVEF, P<.005; cardiac index and pulmonary wedge pressure, P<.001 by regression analysis). Patients in NYHA classes III or IV and those with severe mitral regurgitation had markedly depressed vagal reflexes. The association of BRS with survival was described after its categorization in three groups: below the lowest quartile (<1.3 ms/mm Hg), between the lowest quartile and the median (1.3 to 3 ms/mm Hg), and above the median (>3 ms/mm Hg). During a mean follow-up of 15+/-12 months, 78 primary events (cardiac death, nonfatal cardiac arrest, and status 1 priority transplantation) occurred (27.6%). BRS was significantly related to outcome (log rank, 9.1; P<.01), with a relative risk of 2.7 (95% confidence interval, 1.6 to 4.7) for patients with the major derangement in BRS (<1.3 ms/mm Hg). At multivariate analysis, BRS was an independent predictor of death after adjustment for noninvasive known risk factors but not when hemodynamic indexes were also considered. In CHF patients with severe mitral regurgitation, however, BRS remained a strong prognostic marker independent of hemodynamic function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In moderate to severe CHF, a depressed sensitivity of vagal reflexes parallels the deterioration of clinical and hemodynamic status and is significantly associated with poor survival. Particularly in patients with severe mitral regurgitation the baroreceptor modulation of heart rate provides prognostic information of incremental value to hemodynamic parameters.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Centro Medico di Montescano, S Maugeri Foundation, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mortara
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: La Rovere
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Pinna
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prpa
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maestri
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Febo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pozzoli
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Opasich
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tavazzi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001158:Arteries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017704:Baroreflex / Q000502:physiology*; D002303:Cardiac Output, Low / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D016019:Survival Analysis