title: Identification, isolation, and characterization of daintain (allograft inflammatory factor 1), a macrophage polypeptide with effects on insulin secretion and abundantly present in the pancreas of prediabetic BB rats.
abstract: A bioactive macrophage factor, the polypeptide daintain/allograft inflammatory factor 1 (AIF1), has been isolated from porcine intestine. It was discovered when searching for intestinal peptides with effects on insulin release, and its purification was monitored by the influence of the peptide fractions on pancreatic glucose-induced insulin secretion. Daintain/AIF1 is a 146-aa residue polypeptide with a mass of 16,603 Da and an acetylated N terminus. An internal 44-residue segment with the sequence pattern -KR-KK-GKR- has a motif typical of peptide hormone precursors, i.e., dibasic sites for potential activation cleavages and at the sequentially last such site, the structure GKR. The latter is a signal for C-terminal amide formation in the processing of peptide hormones. Daintain/AIF1 is immunohistochemically localized to microglial cells in the central nervous system and to dendritic cells and macrophages in several organs. A particularly dense accumulation of daintain/AIF1-immunoreactive macrophages was observed in the insulitis affecting the pancreatic islets of prediabetic BB rats. When injected intravenously in mice, daintain/AIF1 at 75 pmol/kg inhibited glucose (1 g/kg)-stimulated insulin secretion, with a concomitant impairment of the glucose elimination, whereas at higher doses (7.5 and 75 nmol/kg), daintain/AIF1 potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and enhanced the glucose elimination. Its dual influence on insulin secretion in vivo at different peptide concentrations, and the abundance of macrophages expressing daintain/AIF1 in the pancreatic islets of prediabetic rats, suggest that daintain/AIF1 may have a role in connection with the pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Z W
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ahren
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Ostenson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cintra
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bergman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Möller
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fuxe
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mutt
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jörnvall
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Efendic
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000209:etiology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D007422:Intestines / Q000737:chemistry; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051381:Rats; D011913:Rats, Inbred BB; D013552:Swine; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: C491049:Aif1 protein, mouse; C100745:Aif1 protein, rat; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D007328:Insulin; D008840:Microfilament Proteins