title: The effect of intensity windowing on the detection of simulated masses embedded in dense portions of digitized mammograms in a laboratory setting.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine whether intensity windowing (IW) improves detection of simulated masses in dense mammograms. Simulated masses were embedded in dense mammograms digitized at 50 microns/pixel, 12 bits deep. Images were printed with no windowing applied and with nine window width and level combinations applied. A simulated mass was embedded in a realistic background of dense breast tissue, with the position of the mass (against the background) varied. The key variables involved in each trial included the position of the mass, the contrast levels and the IW setting applied to the image. Combining the 10 image processing conditions, 4 contrast levels, and 4 quadrant positions gave 160 combinations. The trials were constructed by pairing 160 combinations of key variables with 160 backgrounds. The entire experiment consisted of 800 trials. Twenty observers were asked to detect the quadrant of the image into which the mass was located. There was a statistically significant improvement in detection performance for masses when the window width was set at 1024 with a level of 3328. IW should be tested in the clinic to determine whether mass detection performance in real mammograms is improved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Pisano
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chandramouli
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Hemminger
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Glueck
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Braeuning
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Puff
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Garrett
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pizer
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008327:Mammography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015588:Observer Variation; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity