title: Green Fluorescent Protein in the sea urchin: new experimental approaches to transcriptional regulatory analysis in embryos and larvae.
abstract: The use of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) as a reporter for expression transgenes opens the way to several new experimental strategies for the study of gene regulation in sea urchin development. A GFP coding sequence was associated with three different previously studied cis-regulatory systems, viz those of the SM50 gene, expressed in skeletogenic mesenchyme, the CyIIa gene, expressed in archenteron, skeletogenic and secondary mesenchyme, and the Endo16 gene, expressed in vegetal plate, archenteron and midgut. We demonstrate that the sensitivity with which expression can be detected is equal to or greater than that of whole-mount in situ hybridization applied to detection of CAT mRNA synthesized under the control of the same cis-regulatory systems. However, in addition to the important feature that it can be visualized nondestructively in living embryos, GFP has other advantages. First, it freely diffuses even within fine cytoplasmic cables, and thus reveals connections between cells, which in sea urchin embryos is particularly useful for observations on regulatory systems that operate in the syncytial skeletogenic mesenchyme. Second, GFP expression can be dramatically visualized in postembryonic larval tissues. This brings postembryonic larval developmental processes for the first time within the easy range of gene transfer analyses. Third, GFP permits identification and segregation of embryos in which the clonal incorporation of injected DNA has occurred in any particular desired region of the embryo. Thus, we show explicitly that, as expected, GFP transgenes are incorporated in the same nuclei together with other transgenes with which they are co-injected.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biology and Stowers Institute for Medical Research, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, USA.
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Arnone
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Bogarad
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Collazo
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Kirchhamer
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Rast
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gregorians
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Davidson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D001483:Base Sequence; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000235:genetics; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D005819:Genetic Markers; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007814:Larva / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000378:metabolism; D009030:Mosaicism; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012617:Sea Urchins / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D005819:Genetic Markers; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D011506:Proteins; C051691:SM50 protein, sea urchin; C061515:endo16 protein, sea urchin; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase