title: [Current status of neurostimulation and neuromodulation for vesicourethral dysfunction].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the current indications, techniques and results of sacral root stimulation in patients with spinal cord lesions as a treatment for patients with high pressure bladders and/or urinary incontinence despite conservative management, as well as sacral root neuromodulation with permanent stimulators for complex bladder dysfunction: vesical instability, sensory urgency, chronic pelvic pain and chronic voiding dysfunction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The literature is reviewed, both techniques are described and the results of the most significant series are discussed, with special reference to the first groups that utilized these techniques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is ample experience in the application of sacral root electrical stimulation. The reported results are comparable with those achieved by other treatments, such as augmentation cystoplasty. Neurostimulation and neuromodulation techniques are simple, the complications are minimal and they do not prelude the use of other therapies.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Urodinámica, Hospital General Universitario, Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: González-Chamorro
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Verdú Tartajo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hernández Fernández
mesh_terms: D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D014521:Urethra / Q000503:physiopathology; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000628:therapy*