title: Assessment of the mutagenicity of dichloroacetic acid in lacI transgenic B6C3F1 mouse liver.
abstract: Dichloroacetic acid (DCA) is a chlorination byproduct found in finished drinking water. When administered in drinking water this chemical has been shown to produce hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas in B6C3F1 mice over the animal's lifetime. In this study, we investigated whether mutant frequencies were increased in mouse liver using treatment protocols that yielded significant tumor induction. DCA was administered continuously at either 1.0 or 3.5 g/l in drinking water to male transgenic B6C3F1 mice harboring the bacterial lacI gene. Groups of five or six animals were killed at 4, 10 or 60 weeks and livers removed. At both 4 and 10 weeks of treatment, there was no significant difference in mutant frequency between the treated and control animals at either dose level. At 60 weeks, mice treated with 1.0 g/l DCA showed a 1.3-fold increase in mutant frequency over concurrent controls (P = 0.05). Mice treated with 3.5 g/l DCA for 60 weeks had a 2.3-fold increase in mutant frequency over the concurrent controls (P = 0.002). The mutation spectrum recovered from mice treated with 3.5 g/l DCA for 60 weeks contained G:C-->A:T transitions (32.79%) and G:C-->T:A transversions (21.31%). In contrast, G:C-->A:T transitions comprised 53.19% of the recovered mutants among control animals. Although only 19.15% of mutations among the controls were at T:A sites, 32.79% of the mutations from DCA-treated animals were at T:A sites. This is consistent with the previous observation that the proportion of mutations at T:A sites in codon 61 of the H-ras gene was increased in DCA-induced liver tumors in B6C3F1 mice. The present study demonstrates DCA-associated mutagenicity in the mouse liver under conditions in which DCA produces hepatic tumors.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Leavitt
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: DeAngelo
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D003999:Dichloroacetic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D005260:Female; D056968:Lac Repressors; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D056968:Lac Repressors; D009153:Mutagens; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D003999:Dichloroacetic Acid