title: Soluble urinary CD14 after intravesical bacille Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy for carcinoma in situ.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the production of the monocyte activation marker, soluble CD14 (sCD14), after bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy for superficial bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen patients with carcinoma in situ were treated with a standard regimen of intravesical BCG. Urine samples were collected after each instillation and analysed; the levels of soluble CD14 were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the molecular weight confirmed by Western blotting and the possible cell source investigated using immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean levels of sCD14 were higher in patients with persistent carcinoma (designated as failures) than in those who had successful complete responses (responders) to BCG immunotherapy. The differences were statistically significant, with P = 0.034 at instillation 4 and P = 0.027 at instillation 5 for the total mass of sCD14, and P = 0.049 at instillation 4 for the concentration of sCD14. The predominant type of sCD14 in urine was the 48 kDa form, although in most patients there was a minor band of reactivity at 54 kDa. A panel of human bladder cancer cell lines did not react with the anti-CD14 monoclonal antibodies 3C10, 5C5 and BA8, and the antibodies also failed to react with malignant epithelial cells in frozen sections of untreated bladder tumour. Furthermore, sCD14 was not secreted by cultured bladder tumour cells. The source of urinary sCD14 is likely to be the resident and infiltrating macrophages in the bladder wall. Freshly isolated peripheral blood monocytes secreted sCD14 in response to BCG in a manner analogous to stimulation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A soluble form of CD14 is secreted into the urine of patients who receive intravesical BCG. The measurement of soluble urinary CD14 could be of prognostic significance for the response to immunotherapy.
authors.affiliation: ICRF Cancer Medicine Research Unit, University of Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lien
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Alexandroff
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prescott
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Espevik
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Selby
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sundan
mesh_terms: D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000378:metabolism*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology; D011379:Prognosis; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D001500:BCG Vaccine; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors