title: A working cardiac valve phantom for radiographic assessment of prosthetic heart valves.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A working valve phantom (WVP) that both exercises the valve occluder and simulates movements of the mitral annulus is described. It was designed to develop a method for radiographic detection of a single broken leg of the two-legged Björk-Shiley convexo-concave (C/C) heart valve outlet strut.
  
  
  METHODS
  The WVP consists of a pneumatically driven left ventricular assist device immersed in 22 cm of water. Left ventricular assist device annulus movements are generated by systolic turgor and diastolic relaxation of the aortic outflow graft within limits set by the holding fixture design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  WVP images were comparable in attenuation, valve motion, and diagnostic sensitivity to clinical C/C valve images and were effective in assessing leaflet excursions in another valve model. Techniques developed in the WVP have proved successful in the clinical detection of C/C valves that have a single broken leg but that show normal function in all other tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The WVP can be a useful tool for developing refined radiographic assessments of prosthetic heart valves.
authors.affiliation: Shiley Heart Valve Research Center, Irvine, CA, USA.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Leyenaar
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Abolfathi
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Bakalyar
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Conlin
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Wieting
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Chandler
mesh_terms: D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects; D009038:Motion; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011475:Prosthesis Failure