title: (-)-Nornicotine partially substitutes for (+)-amphetamine in a drug discrimination paradigm in rats.
abstract: Rats were trained in a two-lever food-reinforced operant task to discriminate (+)-amphetamine (1 mg/kg) from saline. After discrimination training stabilized, test doses of (+)-amphetamine (0.0625-2.0 mg/kg), (-)-nicotine (0.1-1.0 mg/kg), or (-)-nornicotine (1-10 mg/kg) were assessed for their ability to substitute for the (+)-amphetamine training dose during brief test sessions in which food reinforcement was withheld. As expected, as the test dose of (+)-amphetamine increased, there was a dose-related increase in drug-appropriate responding, with both 1 and 2 mg/kg test doses substituting fully for the (+)-amphetamine training dose. Both (-)-nicotine and (-)-nornicotine showed partial substitution (approximately 50% drug-appropriate responding) for the (+)-amphetamine training dose, with (-)-nicotine being more potent than (-)-nornicotine. Rate suppressant effects prevented the assessment of higher doses of (-)-nicotine or (-)-nornicotine. Thus, while (-)-nicotine and (-)-nornicotine share similar discriminative stimulus properties, the mechanism that mediates this effect appears to differ, at least in part, from that activated by (+)-amphetamine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, USA.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Bardo
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bevins
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Klebaur
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Crooks
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Dwoskin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects; D003463:Cues; D003913:Dextroamphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D009538:Nicotine; C005311:nornicotine; D003913:Dextroamphetamine