title: Regional anesthesia of the infraorbital and inferior alveolar nerves during noninvasive tooth pulp stimulation in halothane-anesthetized dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To document that regional anesthesia of the infraorbital and inferior alveolar nerves would abolish reflex-evoked muscle action potentials (REMP) in the digastricus muscle during noninvasive stimulation of tooth pulp in halothane-anesthetized dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  9 healthy female dogs between 2 and 6 years old.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dogs were anesthetized using halothane. An alligator clip anodal electrode was attached to the tooth to be stimulated, and a platinum needle cathodal electrode was inserted in adjacent gingival mucosa. The cathodal and anodal electrodes were moved to the left upper and lower canine, fourth premolar, and first molar teeth for sequential stimulation. Baseline recording of REMP was made for each tooth. Catheters were inserted percutaneously in the infraorbital and mandibular canals. Saline (0.9% NaCl) solution was injected at each catheterized site in 3 control dogs, and chloroprocaine hydrochloride was injected at each catheterized site in 6 test dogs. Each tooth was stimulated every 10 minutes for 90 minutes (test dogs) or every 10 minutes for 30 minutes and at 90 minutes (control dogs), and REMP was recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  REMP was abolished within 10 minutes in all test dogs, except during stimulation of the lower first molar in 1 dog. In 4 dogs, duration of blockade was less than 90 minutes. The REMP was not restored within 90 minutes for the upper teeth in 1 dog and within 2 hours for all teeth in another dog. At 24 hours, REMP was restored for all teeth except the lower left canine in 1 dog. The REMP was restored for the lower left canine in that dog at 96 hours. The REMP was not abolished at any time in control dogs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regional anesthesia of the infraorbital and inferior alveolar nerves may effectively provide analgesia for dental procedures in dogs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, USA.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Pope
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Dodam
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Polkow-Haight
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000662:veterinary; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology*; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004566:Electrodes; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006221:Halothane; D008334:Mandible / Q000294:innervation*; D008437:Maxilla / Q000294:innervation*; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011343:Procaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013515:Surgery, Oral / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D011343:Procaine; C004616:chloroprocaine; D006221:Halothane