title: Fertility regulation in nursing women. IX. Contraceptive performance, duration of lactation, infant growth, and bleeding patterns during use of progesterone vaginal rings, progestin-only pills, Norplant implants, and Copper T 380-A intrauterine devices.
abstract: This study evaluated the performance of progesterone vaginal rings (n = 187), progestin-only pills (n = 117), Norplant implants (n = 120), and Copper T 380-A intrauterine devices (n = 122) in lactating women. Contraceptive efficacy, bleeding pattern, and influence of the method upon breastfeeding duration and infant growth were compared with those of untreated women (n = 236) who relied on lactational infertility. Participants were healthy, 18 to 38 years, had had a normal delivery, and were intending to breastfeed for as long as possible. Contraceptives were initiated at day 57 +/- 3 postpartum. Results are reported for the first year of use. All methods were highly effective, with pregnancy rates below 1%. None affected breastfeeding performance or the rate of infant growth. Users of the progestin-only methods experienced a period of lactational amenorrhea 4 to 5 months longer than did users of Copper T or untreated women. More than half of the women in each contraceptive group reported a bleeding in the first month after treatment initiation, which was not considered in the calculation of the duration of amenorrhea. Prolonged or frequent bleedings were infrequent. The proportion of bleedings lasting more than 10 days ranged from 0 in the progestin-only pills group to 7% in the Norplant implants group. The four methods, initiated around the eighth postpartum week, provided effective contraception with no negative effects upon lactation or infant growth and without the bleeding problems associated with their use in nonlactating women.
authors.affiliation: Consultorio de Planificacion Familiar, Instituto Chileno de Medicina Reproductiva, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Díaz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zepeda
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Maturana
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Casado
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Peralta
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Croxatto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002677:Chile; D003267:Contraception / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D003280:Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004343:Drug Implants; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007435:Intrauterine Devices, Copper / Q000009:adverse effects; D007774:Lactation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008234:Lynestrenol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D010352:Patient Dropouts / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D011374:Progesterone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D012016:Reference Values; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003280:Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic; D004343:Drug Implants; D011374:Progesterone; D016912:Levonorgestrel; D008234:Lynestrenol