title: Effector molecules in expression of the antimicrobial activity of macrophages against Mycobacterium avium complex: roles of reactive nitrogen intermediates, reactive oxygen intermediates, and free fatty acids.
abstract: We studied microbicidal activities of reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI), free fatty acids (FFA), and reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) against Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and the mode of macrophage (mphi) production of these effectors. (1) Intracellular growth of MAC in murine peritoneal mphis was accelerated by scavengers for ROI or RNI and inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase or phospholipase A2, indicating roles of ROI, RNI, and FFA in mphi anti-MAC functions. (2) Acidified NaNO2-derived RNI, FFA (linolenic and arachidonic acids), and the H2O2-mediated halogenation system exhibited a significant anti-MAC bactericidal activity. The combination of RNI with FFA showed a synergistic effect. However, the H2O2-halogenation system in combination with either RNI or FFA showed an antagonism. When Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) was used as a target organism, the combinations of RNI + FFA and RNI + H2O2-halogenation gave a synergistic effect, whereas FFA + H2O2-halogenation showed an antagonism in exerting bactericidal activity. In addition, when ROI generated by the xanthine oxidase-acetaldehyde system was combined with RNI, anti-Lm but not anti-MAC activity was potentiated. (3) ROI production by murine peritoneal mphis was observed immediately after contact with MAC organisms (MAC stimulation) and ceased within 2 h. FFA release was seen 1-24 h after MAC stimulation. RNI production was initiated from 3 h and increased during the first 36 h and continued at least for 4 days. These findings suggest that RNI and FFA rather than ROI are important effectors of anti-MAC functions of mphis, and the collaborating action of RNI with FFA temporarily participates in mphi-mediated killing of MAC in the relatively early phase after MAC stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shimane Medical University, Izumo, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akaki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kajitani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dekio
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tomioka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D015269:Mycobacterium avium Complex; D015270:Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection / Q000378:metabolism*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009584:Nitrogen