title: How does interoceptive exposure for panic disorder work? An uncontrolled case study.
abstract: To examine the influence of interoceptive exposure (IE) when used alone in the treatment of Panic Disorder (PD), 17 PD patients were presented with six IE sessions, using 35% CO2 as the exposure medium. The data indicate that IE alone is effective in reducing panic, panic-related fears, and general anxiety. However, the positive effects of IE do not appear to extend to agoraphobia, related fears, or depressed mood. Two distinct within-session patterns of fear response to IE were noted, one indicating habituation and the other indicating a lack of fear reduction. Although both patterns were associated with reductions in panic and anxiety following IE, the Habituators appeared to have a more positive outcome, which occurred more rapidly. These data suggest that IE may operate via two different pathways. Implications for understanding fear reduction are discussed, along with directions for future study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo 14260-4110, USA. jgbeck@acsu.buffalo.edu
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Shipherd
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Zebb
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D000379:Agoraphobia / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis; D005239:Fear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide