title: Intranucleus accumbens amphetamine infusions enhance responding maintained by a stimulus complex paired with oral ethanol self-administration.
abstract: Six male Long-Evans rats were trained to self-administer 10% ethanol (v/v) during 30 min operant sessions. A licking response on an empty drinking tube resulted in the presentation of reinforcement from an automatic dipper. During the initiation of ethanol self-administration, a tone-light stimulus complex was paired with all ethanol presentations. When 10% ethanol maintained responding, guide cannulae aimed at the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) were implanted into the brain. The ability of the paired stimulus complex to reinforce a new operant response (i.e., a lever press) was then examined. To test for the development of the new response, responding on one lever resulted in presentation of only the paired tone-light stimulus complex (contingency-associated lever) while responding on an alternate lever had no programmed consequences (no contingency-associated lever). Prior to some new response sessions, amphetamine (5-20 microg/microl) was infused into the NAcc to examine the influence of dopamine on responding maintained by the stimulus complex. Ethanol intake during the sessions prior to new response testing averaged 0.49 +/- 0.07 g/g. During new response sessions no significant differences in lever pressure during no-drug conditions (control, sham, injection or vehicle injection) were observed between the contingency-associated and no contingency-associated levers. Intra-NAcc infusion of amphetamine (5-20 microg/microl) resulted in significant increases in lever pressing only on the contingency-associated lever. These data suggest that increasing NAcc dopamine levels with amphetamine enhanced the ability of the stimulus complex to function as a reinforcer. Further studies examining the ability of potentially more salient stimuli (i.e., taste of ethanol) to function as conditioned reinforcers associated with ethanol self-administration are warranted due to the apparent inability of the paired tone-light stimulus complex to function as a reinforcer without amphetamine-induced activation of the NAcc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Slawecki
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Samson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chappell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects*; D003913:Dextroamphetamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008845:Microinjections; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D012646:Self Administration / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D000431:Ethanol; D003913:Dextroamphetamine