title: Gemcitabine: a promising new agent in the treatment of advanced urothelial cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of gemcitabine (2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine) in previously untreated patients with advanced transitional cell carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one patients with measurable advanced transitional cell carcinoma who had received no prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease were scheduled to receive gemcitabine 1,200 mg/m2 intravenously over 30 minutes on days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28-day cycle. Prior adjuvant or neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced disease was allowed if this was completed greater than 1 year prior to study entry. All patients were treated on an outpatient basis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were three complete responses and six partial responses seen in 37 assessable patients, for an overall response rate of nine of 37 (24.3%; 95% confidence interval, 12 to 41). Four patients remain in remission at 14, 23, 24, and 31 months. The median survival was 8 months with 17% of patients alive at 2 years. Treatment generally was well-tolerated with three patients having > or = grade 3 nonhematologic toxicity, five having grade 3 neutropenia, two having grade 3 thrombocytopenia, and two episodes of febrile neutropenia. Most patients were able to receive the drug as scheduled with the primary reason for dose reduction or dose delay being neutropenia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gemcitabine has promising single-agent activity against urothelial cancer with a favorable toxicity profile. Further studies in combination with other active agents are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. malcolm_moore@pmh.toronto.on.ca
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: I F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Tannock
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Ernst
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huan
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Murray
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014516:Ureteral Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000093542:Gemcitabine