title: Adult-onset tics associated with peripheral injury.
abstract: We report the cases of two patients with adult-onset, simple, nonvarying tic disorder that commenced after a peripheral (non-CNS) injury. The first patient is a 38-year-old man who suffered a right facial injury when his car fell off its jack while he was working underneath. Bilateral facial twitching began hours after the trauma and was characterized as a sniffinglike gesture. The movements waxed and waned, were suppressible, and were associated with a premonitory sensation. The tics remitted after 9 months but still recur occasionally under stressful situations. The second patient is a 34-year-old man with a 3-year history of abrupt, rapid head-turning movements that began 12 months after a motor vehicle accident in which he injured his neck. The tics continue to wax and wane, are suppressible, and are associated with an urge. Neither patient suffered a head injury or had a family history of Tourette syndrome. Based on the clinical and historical features of these patients, the temporal relationship between the trauma and onset of tics, and the occurrence of tics only in the traumatized region, a causal relationship is possible. These may represent the first reported cases of tic disorder in association with peripheral injury. The mechanism by which the tic disorder resulted from the peripheral injury is unclear, but these patients might have been susceptible individuals and the trauma acted as a trigger.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Albany Medical College, NY 12208, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Factor
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Molho
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019838:Neck Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D013981:Tic Disorders / Q000209:etiology*