title: Using autopsy series to estimate the disease "reservoir" for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: how much more breast cancer can we find?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine how many cases of breast cancer might be found if women not known to have the disease were thoroughly examined (the disease "reservoir").
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE search from 1966 to the present.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital-based and forensic autopsy series examining women not known to have had breast cancer during life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observed prevalence of occult invasive breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in which the number of women who were given a diagnosis was the numerator and the number of women examined was the denominator. For each autopsy series, we attempted to ascertain the level of scrutiny (sampling method, number of slides examined) given to the pathologic specimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among seven autopsy series of women not known to have had breast cancer during life, the median prevalence of invasive breast cancer was 1.3% (range, 0% to 1.8%) and the median prevalence of DCIS was 8.9% (range, 0% to 14.7%). Prevalences were higher among women likely to have been screened (that is, women 40 to 70 years of age). The mean number of slides examined per breast ranged from 9 to 275; series that reported higher levels of scrutiny tended to discover more cases of cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A substantial reservoir of DCIS is undetected during life. How hard pathologists look for the disease and, perhaps, their threshold for making the diagnosis are potentially important factors in determining how many cases of DCIS are diagnosed. The latter has important implications for what it means to have the disease.
authors.affiliation: VA Outcomes Group (111B), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, VT 05009, USA.
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Black
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001344:Autopsy; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence