title: Auditory hallucinations and the temporal cortical response to speech in schizophrenia: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors explored whether abnormal functional lateralization of temporal cortical language areas in schizophrenia was associated with a predisposition to auditory hallucinations and whether the auditory hallucinatory state would reduce the temporal cortical response to external speech.
  
  
  METHODS
  Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure the blood-oxygenation-level-dependent signal induced by auditory perception of speech in three groups of male subjects: eight schizophrenic patients with a history of auditory hallucinations (trait-positive), none of whom was currently hallucinating; seven schizophrenic patients without such a history (trait-negative); and eight healthy volunteers. Seven schizophrenic patients were also examined while they were actually experiencing severe auditory verbal hallucinations and again after their hallucinations had diminished.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Voxel-by-voxel comparison of the median power of subjects' responses to periodic external speech revealed that this measure was reduced in the left superior temporal gyrus but increased in the right middle temporal gyrus in the combined schizophrenic groups relative to the healthy comparison group. Comparison of the trait-positive and trait-negative patients revealed no clear difference in the power of temporal cortical activation. Comparison of patients when experiencing severe hallucinations and when hallucinations were mild revealed reduced responsivity of the temporal cortex, especially the right middle temporal gyrus, to external speech during the former state.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that schizophrenia is associated with a reduced left and increased right temporal cortical response to auditory perception of speech, with little distinction between patients who differ in their vulnerability to hallucinations. The auditory hallucinatory state is associated with reduced activity in temporal cortical regions that overlap with those that normally process external speech, possibly because of competition for common neurophysiological resources.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry and King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Woodruff
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Bullmore
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brammer
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shapleske
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rossell
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: David
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: McGuire
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Murray
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*