title: A phase I trial of hepatic arterial bromodeoxyuridine and conformal radiation therapy for patients with primary hepatobiliary cancers or colorectal liver metastases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have previously found that conformal radiation therapy (RT) and hepatic arterial fluorodeoxyuridine was associated with durable responses and long-term survival for patients treated for nondiffuse primary hepatobiliary tumors and colorectal liver metastases. Further improvements in hepatic control may result from the addition of selective radiosensitization using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) infused through the hepatic artery (HA) concurrently with RT. This is a Phase I study of escalating doses of HA BrdU combined with our standard hepatic RT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with unresectable primary hepatobiliary cancer or colorectal liver metastases were treated with concurrent HA BrdU and conformal RT (1.5 Gy per fraction, twice a day). Three-dimensional treatment planning was used to define both the target and normal liver volumes. The total dose of RT (24, 48, or 66 Gy) was determined by the fractional volume of normal liver excluded from the high dose volume. HA BrdU was escalated in standard Phase I fashion with at least three patients receiving each combination of RT dose and BrdU dose. The starting dose of HA BrdU was 10 mg/kg/day, with two potential escalations to a maximum of 25 mg/kg/day (the maximum tolerable dose of HA BrdU when given alone on this same schedule). Grade > or = 3 toxicity was considered dose limiting. Patients receiving 24 Gy had one cycle of HA BrdU, while those receiving either 48 or 66 Gy had two cycles. Patients were followed for toxicity, complications, and response (when evaluable).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 41 patients (18 with colorectal liver metastases, 16 with cholangiocarcinoma and 7 with hepatoma) were treated. Five patients were removed from the protocol (three had HA catheter complications, one developed atrial fibrillation, and one was removed due to recurrent Grade 4 toxicity), although all five are included for toxicity purposes. Dose-limiting toxicity was primarily thrombocytopenia and there was no obvious relationship with the RT dose. Only 2 of 17 cycles given at 25 mg/kg/day had Grade > or = 3 toxicity. Complications developed in four patients, including one patient with radiation-induced liver disease. Response rates were not improved compared to our previous experience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The appropriate dose of HA BrdU for Phase II evaluation is 25 mg/kg/day. Neither the hepatic parenchyma nor the gastrointestinal mucosa appeared to be sensitized by this method of BrdU administration. It is anticipated that these, or still newer methods of therapy, can improve treatment results in the near future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: McGinn
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Marx
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Ensminger
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Lawrence
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006499:Hepatic Artery; D006801:Humans; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine