Age- and education-specific reference values for the Mini-Mental and modified Mini-Mental State Examinations derived from a non-demented elderly population.
OBJECTIVE
To report age- and education-specific reference values for the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) Examination.


METHODS
Cross-sectional study.


METHODS
Community and institutional settings in five regions across Canada.


METHODS
7754 subjects aged 65 and over randomly chosen to take part in the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Subjects classified as cognitively impaired or demented following a clinical and neuropsychological examination were excluded.


METHODS
Total scores on the MMSE and 3MS, and the degree to which they are influenced by the age, sex, education, mother tongue and living environment of the subject.


RESULTS
Reference values on the two tests are reported through various descriptive statistics for five age groups and four education levels. These values decrease with age and increase with years of schooling. Test scores are also influenced by the subject's sex and mother tongue, albeit to a lesser extent. These observations led to the development of predictive equations of the performance to be expected from a 'normal' elderly subject, given his/her socio-demographic characteristics.


CONCLUSIONS
The use of the reference values and related predictive equations will allow the clinician to interpret a patient's performance on two widely used cognitive tests, in light of the value expected from a group of 'normal' subjects with the same sociodemographic profile.
Bravo
G
G
Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Canada. gbravo@courrier.usherb.ca
Hébert
R
R
D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002170:Canada; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012931:Social Environment