title: Lead concentrations in human plasma, urine and whole blood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Blood-lead levels (B-Pb), and to some extent urinary lead (U-Pb), are the most employed measures of lead exposure and risk. However, the small fraction of lead present in plasma (usually below 1% of that in blood) is probably more relevant to lead exposure and toxicity. Nevertheless, the lead content of plasma lead (P-Pb) has only seldom been used, mainly due to analytical limitations, which have now been overcome. We examined P-Pb in occupationally exposed subjects, as well as its relationship with B-Pb and U-Pb.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were obtained from 145 male workers, 110 of whom were employed in lead work. After a simple dilution of plasma, P-Pb was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The detection limit was 0.04 microg/l, and the imprecision was 5%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lead concentration ranges were 0.20-37 microg/l for P-Pb, 0.9-176 microg/l (density adjusted) for U-Pb, and 9-930 microg/l for B-Pb. A close exponential relation was obtained between B-Pb and P-Pb. When B-Pb was plotted versus log P-Pb, a straight line (log P-Pb = 0.00225 x B-Pb - 0.58; r = 0.97) was obtained. Both the relation between U-Pb and P-Pb and that between U-Pb and B-Pb showed a large scattering (r = 0.78 in both cases). The relation to B-Pb appeared to be exponential, while that to P-Pb appeared to be linear.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The low detection limit and good precision of P-Pb determinations make it possible to use P-Pb in assessments of lead exposure and risk. Furthermore, in relative terms, P-Pb is a more sensitive measure than B-Pb, especially at high lead levels. This development is of importance for studies of exposure, possibly also for studies of risks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Sweden.
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Bergdahl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schütz
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gerhardsson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Skerfving
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D007854:Lead