title: Pulmonary haemorrhage in Oriental patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: We reviewed the case records of 10 Oriental patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who developed pulmonary haemorrhage (PH) between 1987 and 1996 to determine their clinical presentation and outcome. All the patients had clinical evidence of PH including a sudden onset of dyspnoea, tachycardia, fall in haemoglobin (at least 1.5 gm%) and bilateral diffuse alveolar infiltrates on chest radiographs. At the time of PH, nine patients had a disease duration of 2 years or less and all the patients had clinical and/or laboratory evidence of active lupus disease. Fever and lung crepitations were present in 90% of patients while haemoptysis and chest pain occurred in only three and two patients, respectively. All the patients were treated with high dose intravenous corticosteroids and in addition seven had a combination of pulse methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide, and four had received plasmapheresis. Four patients died as a result of PH. One patient died of pneumonia three years after recovering from PH while the remaining five had no recurrence of PH after a median follow-up of 22 months. Our study suggests that PH in Oriental lupus patients often occurs early in the disease, rarely presents with haemoptysis and has a high mortality despite aggressive immunosuppressive therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thumboo
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Boey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male