title: In situ end-labeling of human testicular tissue demonstrates increased apoptosis in conditions of abnormal spermatogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine, using an in situ end-labeling technique, whether the frequency of apoptosis is increased in testis biopsy specimens that demonstrate abnormal spermatogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on archived paraffin-embedded testis biopsy specimens. Apoptotic indices, defined as the number of apoptotic bodies per the total number of cells or the number of Sertoli cells, were calculated after counting all the intratubular spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells in 20 tubules.
  
  
  METHODS
  Major academic male factor infertility clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight testis biopsy specimens were obtained for routine clinical purposes from 38 men with azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia.
  
  
  METHODS
  In situ end-labeling was performed on archived paraffin-embedded testis biopsy specimens using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase.
  
  
  METHODS
  Apoptotic indices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly increased apoptotic indices were observed in patients with spermatocyte arrest, spermatid arrest, and hypospermatogenesis compared with patients with normal spermatogenesis and the Sertoli cell-only pattern.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In situ end-labeling of testis biopsy specimens from infertile men demonstrates increased apoptosis in maturation arrest and hypospermatogenesis states compared with normal spermatogenesis and the Sertoli cell-only pattern. This unique observation implicates a prominent role for this form of programmed cell death in the pathophysiology of maturation arrest and hypospermatogenesis states.
authors.affiliation: Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lamb
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: L I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Lipshultz
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis; D001706:Biopsy; D016591:Histocytological Preparation Techniques; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D009845:Oligospermia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013091:Spermatogenesis; D013737:Testis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*