title: TH2-polarized immunological memory to inhalant allergens in atopics is established during infancy and early childhood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is increasing evidence that the T-cell reactivity to environmental allergens underlying expression of allergic disease in adulthood, develops initially during childhood. However, there is little information available on the kinetics of these early responses, or on the patterns of cytokine production during this period.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was twofold: to obtain further information on the reported differences between responses to food versus inhalant allergens during early childhood, and to ascertain the age-range over which T-cell responses to inhalant allergens become polarized towards the TH2 cytokine profile, in potentially atopic children.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro cytokine responses to house dust mite (HDM) and egg (OVA) were assessed by semiquantitative RT-PCR in panels of 2- and 5-year-old children and adults; lymphoproliferative responses to OVA were subjected to epitope analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At age 2 years IL-4/IL-5 responses to HDM grouped with positive atopic family history, and by age 5 years cytokine responses correlated strongly with individual SPT reactivity to HDM. In contrast, OVA responses were restricted to weak and transient IL-5 signals in the 2-year-old family history positive group. Lymphoproliferation assays performed in parallel indicate a log-scale greater postnatal expansion of T-cell reactivity to the inhalant allergen; preliminary epitope analysis of OVA responses indicate that the number of OVA epitopes recognised decrease during early childhood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhalant allergen-specific in vitro cytokine production associated with positive skin-prick test (SPT) reactions, one of the hallmarks of adult atopy, manifests in children at or before 5 years of age; additionally, cytokine responses in SPT negative 5 year-olds are restricted to IFNgamma, as per normal adults. In contrast, T-cell responses to a typical food allergen appear to be deleted during early childhood.
authors.affiliation: TVW Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, West Perth, Western Australia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yabuhara
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Macaubas
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Prescott
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Venaille
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Habre
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Sly
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Holt
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000485:Allergens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004531:Eggs; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D007223:Infant; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008925:Mites; D012882:Skin Tests; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D016207:Cytokines