title: Design and evaluation of a flow phantom.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We constructed a near-anatomically correct large-vessel phantom to perform repeatable flow dynamics research examinations by angiography, magnetic resonance (MR) angiography, and computed tomography (CT) angiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  An internal carotid artery was constructed within a head phantom. The internal carotid artery branches into a middle and an anterior cerebral artery; the former trifurcates and ends in the superior sagittal sinus, and the latter ends in the inferior sagittal sinus. A transverse and sigmoid sinus drains the model. All four vessels connecting the arterial and venous vessels have variable flow-constricting ligatures placed around them. These ligatures are accessible on the skull surface. The skull cavity is filled with a silicone polymer that is isodense to brain on CT scans and isointense on most MR images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The flow in the phantom's vessels may be varied in a repeatable manner. Multiple scan sequences may be performed without the image degradation caused by patient motion. The homogeneity of the filler polymer allows visualization of flow-related artifacts that may be hidden by complex human anatomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preliminary images of each modality show promise for use of the phantom in imaging research on large-vessel flow dynamics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2675, USA.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Creasy
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Crump
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Knox
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Kerber
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Price
mesh_terms: D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed