title: Parkinson's disease and depression: evidence for an alteration of the basal limbic system detected by transcranial sonography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Depression is a frequent symptom in Parkinson's disease. Compelling evidence suggests a role of the brainstem in the control of mood and cognition. In patients with unipolar depression transcranial sonography (TS) studies have shown structural alteration of the mesencephalic brainstem raphe which could suggest an involvement of the basal limbic system in the pathogenesis of primary mood disorders. The objective of the present study was to evaluate whether a similar alteration could be found in depressed patients with Parkinson's disease using TS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients with Parkinson's disease and 30 age and sex adjusted controls were examined by TS. Raphe echogenicity was rated semiquantitatively. The severity of motor symptoms and depression was rated using standard research instruments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Raphe echogenicity was significantly reduced in depressed patients with Parkinson's disease compared with nondepressed patients with Parkinson's disease and control subjects. Raphe echogenicity correlated negatively with degree of motor impairment, and differences in raphe echo between depressed and non-depressed patients with Parkinson's disease were upheld when motor impairment was controlled for.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These preliminary findings suggest that, as in unipolar depression, a morphological alteration of the brainstem raphe might be involved in the pathogenesis of depression in Parkinson's disease. This raphe alteration may reflect involvement in the basal limbic system in the pathogenesis of secondary depression. This concept is in line with current knowledge on the pathogenesis of both depression in Parkinson's disease and primary depressive disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seufert
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naumann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lindner
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Reichmann
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Riederer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Beckmann
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reiners
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008032:Limbic System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011903:Raphe Nuclei / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014463:Ultrasonography