title: Evidence for a role for both the adenosine A1 and A3 receptors in protection of isolated human atrial muscle against simulated ischaemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adenosine receptor activation has been implicated in the mechanism of ischaemic preconditioning protection. Evidence suggests adenosine A1 receptor involvement, and possibly A3 receptor involvement in the rabbit. This study investigated the roles of these receptors in human preconditioning. Human A1- and A3-selective compounds were chosen based on Ki values for inhibition of N6-(4-amino-3-[125I]iodobenzyl)adenosine (125I-ABA) binding to stably expressed recombinant human A1 and A3 receptors. Cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), a 194-fold selective A1 agonist, and iodobenzylmethylcarboxamidoadenosine (IBMECA), a 10-fold selective A3 agonist were used alone and in combination with dipropylcyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX) a 62-fold selective A1 antagonist.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human atrial trabeculae were superfused with oxygenated Tyrode's solution. After stabilisation, muscles underwent one of 8 protocols (n = 6 per group), followed by 90 min of simulated ischaemia and 120 min of reoxygenation. The experimental endpoint was recovery of contractile function, presented as percentage baseline function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  5 nM CPA (52.2 +/- 3.1%), 30 nM IBMECA (49.7 +/- 3.8%) and preconditioning (55.3 +/- 2.5%) produced similar functional recoveries at 120 min of reoxygenation; significantly different to controls (27.7 +/- 1.0%; P < 0.05, ANOVA). When DPCPX (200 nM) was added prior to 5 nM CPA, protection was lost (31.8 +/- 0.9%), but when added prior to 30 nM IBMECA, muscles continued to be significantly protected (41.5 +/- 2.3%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In human atrium both A1 and A3 receptor stimulation appears to mimic ischaemic preconditioning. This may represent the first evidence for A3 receptor involvement in 'pharmacological' preconditioning of human myocardium.
authors.affiliation: Hatter Institute, Department of Academic and Clinical Cardiology, University College London Hospitals, UK.
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Masamune
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Tracey
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Yellon
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D015226:Dinucleoside Phosphates / Q000494:pharmacology; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; D008954:Models, Biological; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion; D058906:Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D043684:Receptor, Adenosine A3; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1 / Q000502:physiology*; D014970:Xanthines / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D015226:Dinucleoside Phosphates; D058906:Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D043684:Receptor, Adenosine A3; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1; D014970:Xanthines; C084956:N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine; C013907:cytidylyl adenosine; C051360:1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; D000241:Adenosine