title: Possible bias from rating behavior when subjects rate both exposure and outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In many epidemiologic studies the subjects rate both the exposure and the outcome, assigning numerical values to the variables according to their perceptions and judgments. Hypothetically, subjects who tend to overestimate, exaggerate, or use high numerical values in rating tasks would rate both exposure and outcome higher than subjects who tend to underestimate, dissimulate, or use low numerical values. A range of such rating behaviors among the subjects would introduce uncontrollable bias to relative risk estimates, in most cases an overestimation. The aim of this study was to assess the possible presence of and effects on relative risk estimates of such high and low rating behavior among subjects in an epidemiologic study of musculoskeletal disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rating behavior was analyzed by intercorrelating the ratings of 19 different stimuli. High positive correlations would indicate the presence of high and low rating behavior.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The correlations were, however, both positive and negative and close to zero. Adjusting for rating behavior did not affect relative risk estimates, based on subjective ratings of both exposure and outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no support in this study for the existence of a range of high and low rating behavior among subjects who rate neutral and nonaffective stimuli, such as time, weight, number and physical exposure, as well as pain and other symptoms. There is therefore no support for the idea of a bias to relative risk estimates from such rating behavior in studies where subjects rate both exposure and outcome variables of this kind.
authors.affiliation: Karolinska Institute, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Sweden.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toomingas
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alfredsson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kilbom
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D015982:Bias; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment