title: Diagnosing anal sphincter injury with transanal ultrasound and manometry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to evaluate how well anorectal manometry and transanal ultrasonography diagnose anal sphincter injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anorectal manometry and transanal ultrasonography were performed in 20 asymptomatic nulliparous women and 20 asymptomatic parous women, and the results were compared with those obtained in 31 incontinent women who subsequently underwent sphincteroplasty and, thus, had operatively verified anal sphincter injury. By using computerized manometry analysis, mean maximum resting and squeeze pressures, sphincter length, and vector symmetry were determined in all women. All transanal ultrasounds were interpreted blinded as to the patient's history, physical examination, and manometry results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Manometric resting and squeeze pressures were significantly higher in the asymptomatic nulliparous women than in the asymptomatic parous women, and both groups had significantly higher pressures than the incontinent women (P < 0.001). Anal sphincter length and vector symmetry index were significantly decreased in incontinent women compared with asymptomatic women (P < 0.01). Decreased resting and squeeze pressures suggestive of possible sphincter injury were found in 90 percent of incontinent women with known anal sphincter injury. Decreased anal sphincter length and vector symmetry were found in only 42 percent of women with known anal sphincter injury. Transanal ultrasound was able to identify 100 percent of the known sphincter injuries but also falsely diagnosed injury in 10 percent of the asymptomatic nulliparous women with intact anal sphincters. False identification of sphincter injury increased when transanal ultrasound scanning was performed proximal to the distal 1.5 cm of the anal canal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although nonspecific, decreased resting and squeeze pressures were found in 90 percent of patients with anal sphincter injury. Decreased anal sphincter length or vector symmetry index were present in only 42 percent of patients with known sphincter injury. When limited to the distal 1.5 cm of the anal canal, transanal ultrasound identified all known sphincter injuries but falsely identified injury in 10 percent of women with intact anal sphincters. Transanal ultrasound in combination with decreased anal pressures correctly identified all intact sphincters and 90 percent of known anal sphincter injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Sentovich
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Blatchford
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Rivela
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Thorson
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Christensen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000009:adverse effects; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D019160:Endosonography / Q000379:methods*; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008365:Manometry / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D013513:Obstetric Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D015203:Reproducibility of Results