title: Radiation enhancement by biochemical modulation and 5-fluorouracil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of biochemical modulation by N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA), 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside (MMPR), and 6-aminonicotinamide (6AN), (PALA + MMPR + 6AN is referred to as PMA) on tumor radiosensitivity, and evaluate the efficacy of the addition of 5-FU to the PMA + XRT regimen for enhancement of tumor response to radiation without exceeding normal tissue tolerance.
  
  
  METHODS
  A first generation transplant of the CD8F1 spontaneous murine tumor was studied. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to determine the interval between chemotherapy and radiation based on energy depletion. PMA was administered three times with fractionated XRT (15 Gy x 3 = 45 Gy) on days 1, 10, or 11, and 21. The addition of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) at maximum tolerated doses was evaluated and intergroup comparisons were made for tumor growth delay, local control, and disproportionate normal tissue damage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The combination of 5-FU + XRT induced a tumor doubling time of 75.4 days (67.4-84.4) (p < 0.0001 compared to XRT), validating that in this tumor model, pretreatment with bolus i.p. 5-FU enhanced XRT. In comparison, mice treated with PMA + XRT had a tumor doubling time (TDT) > 123.2 days (109.4-138.7), (p < 0.0001 compared to 5-FU + XRT). The addition of 5-FU to PMA + XRT induced a doubling time of > 170.8 days (150.7-193.7) (p = 0.0002 compared to PMA + XRT). The doubling time for the PMA + XRT cohort and the PMA + 5-FU + XRT cohorts are underestimates since some of the tumor bearing mice continue to have a complete regression (CR). The CR rate (measured on day 250) for the PMA + 5-FU + XRT cohort was 31.7% compared to 0% for 5-FU + XRT and 10% for PMA + XRT (p < 0.05). Mortality and local effects induced by radiation in the PMA + XRT group were comparable to the toxicity for the PMA + 5-FU + XRT group indicating that the addition of 5-FU at 75 mg/kg to PMA + XRT was tolerated and induced both greater CR and tumor doubling times than XRT alone, 5-FU (150 mg/kg) + XRT, or PMA + XRT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PMA is superior to 5-FU as a radiosensitizer in the schedule studied. The combination of PMA + 5-FU further enhanced XRT without exceeding normal tissue tolerance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Koutcher
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Alfieri
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thaler
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Matei
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D015120:6-Aminonicotinamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D002455:Cell Division; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015674:Mammary Neoplasms, Animal / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008778:Methylthioinosine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051379:Mice; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D015120:6-Aminonicotinamide; D008778:Methylthioinosine; D005472:Fluorouracil