title: Multicenter clinical comparison of sedative and analgesic effects of medetomidine and xylazine in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate analgesic and sedative effects of medetomidine hydrochloride in dogs and to compare effects with those of xylazine hydrochloride.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  184 dogs that required sedation or analgesia for completion of minor diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dogs were sedated with medetomidine, i.v. (750 micrograms/m2 of body surface area) or i.m. (1,000 micrograms/m2) or with xylazine, i.v. (1.1 mg/kg 10.5 mg/lb] of body weight) or i.m. (2.2 mg/kg [1 mg/lb]). Sedative effects were measured by scoring posture and response to noise. Durations of effects were determined by measuring time intervals between drug administration and changes in posture. Analgesic effects were measured by determining toe-pinch pressure needed to elicit a withdrawal response. Clinicians rated sedative and analgesic effects and ease with which diagnostic or therapeutic procedures could be performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Posture and response to noise scores were significantly higher for dogs given medetomidine, i.m., than for dogs given xylazine, i.m., and for dogs given medetomidine, i.v., than for dogs given xylazine, i.v. Time to regaining sternal recumbency and time to regaining ability to stand were longest after i.m. administration of medetomidine. Toe-pinch pressures were not significantly different among groups. Clinicians rated overall analgesic and sedative effects as excellent significantly more often after administration of medetomidine than after administration of xylazine. Prevalence of adverse effects did not differ among groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medetomidine and xylazine, at doses tested, were effective and safe, but results of subjective measurements indicated that medetomidine provided better sedation and analgesia than did xylazine. Specific alpha 2-adrenergic antagonists (atipamezole, yohimbine) are available for control of adverse cardiovascular effects.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State 39762, USA.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Tyner
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Woody
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Chafetz
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Lederer
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Keefe
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jöchle
mesh_terms: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000662:veterinary; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D020926:Medetomidine; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014991:Xylazine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007093:Imidazoles; D014991:Xylazine; D020926:Medetomidine