title: Lead levels in high-risk and low-risk young children in the Minneapolis-St Paul metropolitan area.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine distribution of lead levels among children in a low-risk area; to validate a prescreening questionnaire; and to determine if universal lead screening is necessary in children in this area.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood lead levels and questionnaires were obtained on eligible patients. Data were analyzed using stepwise regression analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community clinics and a health maintenance organization (HMO) in the Minneapolis-St Paul metropolitan area.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 9603 children at well-child visits, age 6 months to 6 years at community clinics, and 6 months to 3 years at the HMO.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole blood lead levels (WBLs) and questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total sample rate of WBLs at >/=10 microg/dL was 12%, at >/=15 microg/dL was 31/2%, and at >/=20 microg/dL was 1.2%. At both 10 microg/dL and 15 microg/dL, the non-HMO group was at higher risk. For both groups, risk factors included living in the central cities, and living in housing built before 1950. For the non-HMO group a history of the child eating paint chips, or the child or a sibling having previous lead poisoning were also risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Not all children need lead screening. Children living in the central cities, or with the risk factors of living in housing built before 1950 or a previous history of lead poisoning should be screened.
authors.affiliation: HealthPartners, Department of Pediatrics, St Paul, Minnesota 55107, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nordin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rolnick
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ehlinger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arneson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cherney-Stafford
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Griffin
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood*; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008403:Mass Screening; D008910:Minnesota; D011203:Poverty; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D007854:Lead