title: Inhibition of domestic cat spermatozoa acrosome reaction and zona pellucida penetration by tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
abstract: Spermatozoa from teratospermic domestic cats (> 60% morphologically abnormal spermatozoa per ejaculate) consistently exhibit lower levels of oocyte penetration in vitro than their normospermic (< 40% abnormal spermatozoa per ejaculate) counterparts. This could be caused by structural abnormalities or intracellular defects resulting in disruption of normal cellular functions. Spermatozoa from teratospermic cats also are compromised in the ability to capacitate and undergo the acrosome reaction (AR) in vitro. Further, we recently identified two tyrosine phosphorylated proteins (95- and 160-kDa) localized over the acrosome region in domestic cat spermatozoa. Phosphorylation of these proteins is reduced in teratospermic compared with normospermic ejaculates. To begin to understand the relationship between tyrosine phosphorylation and sperm function, we examined the effects of two protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors (tyrphostin RG-50864 and genistein) on (1) sperm motility; (2) protein tyrosine phosphorylation; (3) the ionophore A23187-induced AR; (4) the spontaneous and zona pellucida (ZP)-induced AR, and (5) the ability of spermatozoa from normospermic cats to penetrate conspecific ZP-intact oocytes. Over a wide range of concentrations, neither inhibitor affected sperm percentage motility during incubation (P > 0.05). Preincubation with either inhibitor reduced tyrosine phosphorylation of both (95- and 160-kDa) sperm proteins. Although both inhibitors blocked the ZP-induced AR, neither influenced the spontaneous AR nor the A23187-induced AR, suggesting that tyrosine phosphorylation may be involved in physiologic AR. No differences (P > 0.05) were observed in the ability of control or inhibitor-treated spermatozoa to bind to or penetrate the outer ZP layer. However, percentages of oocytes with treated spermatozoa in the inner ZP (tyrphostin, 8.7%; genistein, 20.4%) and perivitelline space (tyrphostin, 0%; genistein, 2.3%) were less (P < 0.001) than untreated controls (inner ZP, 62.7%; perivitelline space, 10.2%). These results (1) demonstrate that ZP-induced acrosomal exocytosis in domestic cat spermatozoa is regulated via a tyrosine kinase-dependent pathway and (2) suggest that defects in these signaling pathways may represent one of the causes for compromised sperm function in teratospermic males.
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Physiology, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20008, USA.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Pukazhenthi
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Wildt
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ottinger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Howard
mesh_terms: D000177:Acrosome / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D000001:Calcimycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002396:Catechols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002415:Cats; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D019833:Genistein / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007038:Hypotonic Solutions; D007476:Ionophores / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D013075:Sperm Capacitation / Q000187:drug effects; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000187:drug effects; D013084:Sperm-Ovum Interactions / Q000187:drug effects*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology; D020032:Tyrphostins; D015044:Zona Pellucida / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002396:Catechols; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007038:Hypotonic Solutions; D007476:Ionophores; D009570:Nitriles; D020032:Tyrphostins; C060152:tyrphostin 47; D000001:Calcimycin; D019833:Genistein; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases