title: Hemoglobin and free radicals: implications for the development of a safe blood substitute.
abstract: The two major concerns in the development of cell-free hemoglobin as a blood substitute (i.e. circulatory retention and oxygen delivery) have been resolved successfully by strategic chemical or genetic modification of the protein. However, the redox reactivity of hemoglobin and its impact on the physiological processes has not been fully understood, nor has it been subject to control by design. This article reviews current research into heme-mediated toxicities that potentially constitute serious impediments to the development of a usable blood substitute.
authors.affiliation: Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Alayash@A1.CBER.FDA.GOV
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Alayash
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Cashon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001802:Blood Substitutes / Q000737:chemistry*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction
chemical_list: D001802:Blood Substitutes; D006454:Hemoglobins; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide