title: Chitooligosaccharides stimulate Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., head kidney leukocytes to enhanced superoxide anion production in vitro.
abstract: Chitosans and chitooligosaccharides stimulated Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., head kidney leukocytes in vitro to produce elevated levels of superoxide anion. Both soluble and insoluble chitooligosaccharides were stimulatory 2 and 7 days after addition. Protein-chitooligosaccharide conjugates were also stimulatory in vitro both at 2 and 7 days after addition. Deacetylation seemed to be of little importance for the stimulatory capacity. High concentrations of the 80% deacetylated chitosan/chitooligosaccharides were toxic to the leukocytes as judged by reduced reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium and morphology.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Steiro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gildberg
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stenberg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bøgwald
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D000818:Animals; D002686:Chitin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D048271:Chitosan; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000187:drug effects; D012474:Salmon / Q000378:metabolism*; D012709:Serum Albumin; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009844:Oligosaccharides; D012709:Serum Albumin; D013481:Superoxides; D002686:Chitin; D048271:Chitosan