title: Coordinate expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 genes in uterine tissues of endotoxin-treated pregnant mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to investigate the relationship between expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase genes after labor induction with bacterial lipopolysaccharide in a murine model of preterm parturition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant C57B1/6 mice were given Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (20 micrograms per mouse) by intraperitoneal injection on day 16 of gestation, and the animals were followed up for signs of labor. Control mice received an equivalent volume of 0.9% saline solution. The latency from lipopolysaccharide injections until appearance of the first pup was recorded. Two separate groups of mice were given either aminoguanidine or indomethacin (5 mg/kg intragastric) 24 hours before induction of preterm labor. In a separate set of experiments mice were treated with lipopolysaccharide as described and were killed at intervals from 0.5 to 72 hours and intrauterine tissues (uterus, placenta, and fetal membranes) were removed and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. Total protein and ribonucleic acid were extracted for Western and Northern blot analysis of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase protein and messenger ribonucleic acid, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Northern blots from uterine, placental, and fetal membrane tissues of lipopolysaccharide- and saline solution-treated mice revealed that cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase messenger ribonucleic acid transcripts were rapidly (within 0.5 to 2 hours) up-regulated after lipopolysaccharide administration but were unchanged in mice injected with saline solution. Immunoblot analysis with isoform-specific antibodies revealed that both enzymes were expressed in uterus, placenta, and fetal membranes in a coordinated fashion with peak expression seen at 6 to 8 hours. Although the steady-state accumulation of messenger ribonucleic acid transcripts encoding cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase peaked at 6 hours and declined to baseline by 16 hours after injection with lipopolysaccharide, expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase was sustained through the period when premature delivery was observed. Nitric oxide-dependent cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression was demonstrated by the elimination of accumulation of both messenger ribonucleic acid transcripts in mice pretreated with aminoguanidine before injection with lipopolysaccharide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that nitric oxide synthesis may be a prerequisite for subsequent stimulation of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression. Taken together, the data suggest that cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase are expressed in a coordinated manner in the uterus of endotoxin-challenged pregnant mice and that their enzymatic products may contribute to the signaling of uterine activity or cervical changes culminating in expulsion of the fetus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Swaisgood
authors.forename: H X
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Zu
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Garver
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Iams
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kniss
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics*; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000209:etiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D014599:Uterus / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins; D007527:Isoenzymes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases