title: Critical period of carbon tetrachloride-induced pregnancy loss in Fischer-344 rats, with insights into the detection of resorption sites by ammonium sulfide staining.
abstract: Several low-molecular weight halocarbons have been shown to cause full-litter resorption (FLR), i.e., pregnancy loss, in Fischer-344 rats treated during organogenesis. To determine periods of gestation sensitive to acute exposure, a single dose of 150 mg carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)/kg was administered on gestation day (GD) 6, 7, 8, 10, or 12. Fetuses were delivered by cesarean section on GD 20. Non-gravid uteri were examined for resorption sites, placed in 10% ammonium sulfide, and re-examined for stained resorption sites approximately 1 and 4.5 hr later. FLR was seen in 4% (1/27) of control dams and 36% (4/11), 54% (7/13), 72% (18/25), 54% (7/13), and 0% (0/12) of dams treated on GD 6, 7, 8, 10, and 12, respectively. Ammonium sulfide staining clearly yielded a more accurate account of the incidence of FLR. The technique was most effective when the staining period was extended to 4.5 hr, as two cases of FLR were revealed that had been undetected after 1 hr of staining. For dams with FLR, staining was required to detect resorption sites in all dams treated on GD 6 or 7, most dams treated on GD 8, and one dam treated on GD 10. Fewer implantation sites were detected in the dams treated on GD 6, and the size of the stained resorption sites increased as the day of treatment was delayed. These findings demonstrate a relationship between the time of toxicant exposure and the size and detectability of resorption sites near term, suggesting that the size of the resorption site may reliably reflect the time of embryonic death. Treatment on GD 8 caused the highest incidence of FLR and will be used in subsequent mechanistic research.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Reproductive Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA. narotsky.michael@epamail.epa.gov
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Narotsky
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Brownie
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Kavlock
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride / Q000633:toxicity*; D020964:Embryo Loss / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D008098:Litter Size / Q000187:drug effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods*; D013440:Sulfides
chemical_list: D013440:Sulfides; C027711:ammonium sulfide; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride