title: Hemodynamic evaluation of the heart with a nonfluoroscopic electromechanical mapping technique.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical cardiac volumetric measurement techniques are essential for assessing cardiac performance but produce significant inaccuracies in extrapolation of the volume of a three-dimensional (3D) object from two-dimensional images and lack the ability to associate cardiac electrical and mechanical activities. In this study, we tested the accuracy of cardiac volumetric measurements using a new catheter-based system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The system uses magnetic technology to accurately locate a special catheter at a frequency of 125 Hz and is currently used in the field of electrophysiology, in which activation maps are superimposed on the 3D geometry of the cardiac chamber. The mapping procedure is based on sequentially acquiring the location of the tip and local electrogram while in contact with the endocardium. The 3D geometry of the chamber is reconstructed in real time, and its volume could be calculated at every time step (8 ms). The volumetric measurements of the system were found to be highly accurate for simple phantoms (mean+/-SEM deviation, 2.3+/-1.1%), left ventricular casts (9.6+/-1.3%), and a dynamic test jig. In addition, left ventricular volumes of 12 swine were measured. Intraobserver and interobserver variabilities were found to be minimal (ejection fraction, 6.5+/-1.9% and 7.1+/-2.0%; stroke volume, 4.5+/-1.0% and 11.3+/-2.4%). Comparison with the thermodilution method for measuring stroke volume showed an average deviation of 8.1+/-2.2%. Typical pressure-volume loops were also obtained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new mapping image provides, for the first time, simultaneous information regarding cardiac mechanics, hemodynamics, and electrical properties. Furthermore, all this information is achieved without the use of fluoroscopy, contrast medium, or complicated image processing.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular System Laboratory, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gepstein
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hayam
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shpun
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ben-Haim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002370:Casts, Surgical; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000379:methods; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D008280:Magnetics; D008297:Male; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013552:Swine; D013815:Thermodilution / Q000379:methods