title: Kayexalate (sodium polystyrene sulphonate) in sorbitol associated with intestinal necrosis in uremic patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Kayexalate (sodium polystyrene sulphonate) in sorbitol is commonly used to treat hyperkalemia in patients with renal insufficiency. Isolated case reports and one recent large series have documented intestinal necrosis following administration of kayexalate in sorbitol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two patients with luminal kayexalate crystals associated with intestinal pathology were first identified in the pathology department, and clinicopathological correlation was carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both patients were seriously ill, had prior cardiac surgery and were in renal failure (uremic). Examination of autopsy and colonic resection showed luminal kayexalate crystals associated with underlying mucosal necrosis, submucosal edema and transmural inflammation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although occurring in complex clinical settings, the pathological findings provide additional evidence that kayexalate in sorbitol may be associated with intestinal necrosis and inflammation in uremic patients and that this may be a clinically and pathologically under-recognized iatrogenic bowel injury.
authors.affiliation: St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Pathology, Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Gardiner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002411:Cation Exchange Resins / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003106:Colon / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D004234:Diuretics, Osmotic / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006947:Hyperkalemia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009336:Necrosis; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013012:Sorbitol / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014511:Uremia / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D002411:Cation Exchange Resins; D004234:Diuretics, Osmotic; D011137:Polystyrenes; D013012:Sorbitol; C003321:polystyrene sulfonic acid