title: A study on biliary ductal system and bile fistula in the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis.
abstract: The anomalous arrangement of bile ducts in the Crocodylia has not been fully appreciated. A clear understanding of biliary anatomy is necessary in order to create complete bile drainage in these reptiles. The object of this study was to clarify the anatomy of the bile ductal system and to establish total bile fistulas in the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis. Bile duct anatomy was studied in 104 juvenile alligators, and bile fistulas were constructed in seven alligators. In 93 out of 104 (89%) of the juveniles dissected there was an interconnection between the right and left hepatic duct before the right hepatic duct emptied into the gallbladder. The left hepatic duct then entered the duodenum independently of the cystic duct which drained the gallbladder directly into the duodenum. In 8% of the animals, the left hepatic duct did not enter the duodenum but joined with the right duct, forming a common hepatic duct that emptied into the gallbladder. In 3% of the cases, the right hepatic duct emptied into the gallbladder, while the left duct had no communication with the right hepatic duct and drained separately into the duodenum. This arrangement of bile ducts is similar to that seen in birds and reflects the common ancestry of crocodiles and birds. In other reptiles, the biliary system shows much more variability and is different from the alligator. In five of seven alligators in which total biliary diversion was attempted, the biliary catheter remained in place and stayed patent from 2-7 weeks. Bile flow was extremely low (1.5-2.5 ml/24 h) when compared to that of mammals (80-100 ml/24 h). This study demonstrates the variable nature of the biliary ductal system in Alligator mississippiensis and suggest a method for constructing an effective total bile fistula in these animals.
authors.affiliation: VA Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey 07018, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Elsey
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Lance
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Javors
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Salen
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Tint
mesh_terms: D000489:Alligators and Crocodiles; D000818:Animals; D001646:Bile / Q000378:metabolism; D017734:Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery*; D001658:Biliary Fistula / Q000473:pathology*; D001662:Biliary Tract Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D013045:Species Specificity