title: Transrectal ultrasonographic examination of the female urogenital tract in nonpregnant and pregnant captive bears (Ursidae).
abstract: The development of reliable methods for monitoring the reproductive cycle of bears is needed to optimise breeding management in captivity. The aim of the present study was to develop non-invasive procedures for obtaining basic data on the reproductive status of nonpregnant and pregnant bears. Eight female captive bears (five Ursus arctos arctos, two Tremarctos ornatus and one Melursus ursinus) were examined using transrectal adaptor ultrasonographic imaging. Plasma concentrations of progesterone and gestagens in faeces were determined simultaneously. The ultrasonographic appearance of the female urogenital tract was assessed during the nonbreeding season and verified in four adult bears post mortem. Pregnant bears were examined twice, as the reproductive physiology of bears is characterized by delayed implantation and pseudopregnancy. During embryonic diapause there was no difference between pseudopregnant and pregnant bears both by ultrasonographic imaging and endocrinological data. After implantation (early December) the pregnancies were visualised by ultrasonographic imaging, whereas plasma concentrations of progesterone and gestagens in faeces had not yet increased. In conclusion, both transrectal ultrasonographic imaging and gestagen monitoring in faeces are efficient methods for obtaining important data on reproduction in bears.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Zoo Biology and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Göritz
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hildebrandt
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jewgenow
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hermes
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Strauss
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Meyer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000097:blood; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010064:Embryo Implantation; D010065:Embryo Implantation, Delayed; D004971:Estrus; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010053:Ovary / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000097:blood; D011374:Progesterone / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000662:veterinary*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014566:Urogenital System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001503:Ursidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000097:blood; D014599:Uterus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014621:Vagina / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
chemical_list: D011374:Progesterone