title: Significance of epidermoid formations in the middle ear in fetuses and children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence, size, and location of epidermoid formations (EFs), which have been suggested to be precursors of congenital cholesteatomas, in temporal bones from fetuses and children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined temporal bones from 226 fetuses and children up to the age of 10 years for the incidence, size, and location of EFs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five EFs were identified in middle ears of 3 fetuses, 7 neonates, 9 infants, and 2 children aged 2 and 3 years. There was a male-female preponderance of 5:4. Generally, we saw EFs between the anterosuperior edge of the eardrum and the anterior limb of the tympanic ring, but 4 were below the level of the handle of the malleus. Their widths ranged from 25 to 300 microns. Keratinization was not observed in any EF. Contrary to previous reports, we found EFs not only in ears of fetuses, but also in ears of infants and children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although EFs may persist in some ears, possibly developing into congenital cholesteatomas, our findings do not provide direct support for this concept.
authors.affiliation: Otitis Media Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
authors.forename: F T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Kayhan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mutlu
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Schachern
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Paparella
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018424:Cholesteatoma, Middle Ear / Q000151:congenital* / Q000473:pathology; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000473:pathology*; D004848:Epithelium / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000473:pathology*