title: Nighttime insulin kinetics and glycemic control in type 1 diabetes patients following administration of an intermediate-acting lispro preparation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine insulin kinetics and overnight glycemic control after bedtime administration of a new intermediate-acting insulin preparation called neutral protamine lispro (NPL).
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 12 patients with well-controlled type 1 diabetes. The study had a double-blind, randomized, crossover design. After a lead-in period of 10-14 days two experiments were carried out with an interval of 2-7 days. During these experiments overnight insulin kinetics and fasting blood glucose levels were studied after evening administration of NPH insulin and NPL. Blood glucose levels < 3.8 mmol/l were treated by means of a variable infusion of a 20% glucose solution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A trend toward a shorter time to peak insulin concentration was observed after administration of NPL (P = 0.07). No differences between NPH and NPL were detected in the total area under the curve (AUC) for insulin, in insulin levels before breakfast, or in glucose levels before breakfast (P = 0.5, 0.6, and 0.4, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We detected no major differences between NPH and NPL in the total AUC for insulin, prebreakfast glucose levels, or prebreakfast insulin levels. Therefore, we conclude that NPH and NPL are equally effective in controlling overnight glycemia.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Endocrinology, Reproduction, and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Casteleijn
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Devillé
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Popp-Snijders
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Roach
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Heine
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D061268:Insulin Lispro; D007336:Insulin, Isophane / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011479:Protamines / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D061268:Insulin Lispro; D011479:Protamines; C110077:neutral protamine lispro insulin; D007336:Insulin, Isophane