title: Comparison of real-time virtual and fiberoptic bronchoscopy in patients with bronchial carcinoma: opportunities and limitations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Both helical CT and fiberoptic bronchoscopy are used in the staging of pulmonary tumors for therapeutic decision making. The improved resolution offered by helical CT has led to the clinical use of three-dimensional reconstruction techniques such as virtual bronchoscopy. We tested this new simulated endoscopic view of inner organ surfaces and compared it with corresponding fiberoptic examinations of the tracheobronchial system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients with malignancies of the lung and mediastinum were examined with both virtual bronchoscopy and fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Both examinations were reviewed by radiologists and surgeons familiar with fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Virtual bronchoscopy was calculated and reconstructed from the cross-sectional images on a separate workstation. Stenoses and tumor infiltration were classified from the fiberoptic examination. These results were compared with the virtual bronchoscopy findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Virtual bronchoscopy of diagnostic quality was achieved in 19 of 20 patients. High-grade stenoses were revealed equally well with virtual and fiberoptic techniques. Virtual bronchoscopy offered the advantage of being able to visualize areas beyond even high-grade stenoses. However, on virtual bronchoscopy discrete infiltration or extraluminal impression was not visible in five patients. In another patient, strong heart pulsation produced motion artifacts that prevented evaluation of the reconstruction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Virtual bronchoscopy represents a new noninvasive method for evaluating helical CT findings. In comparison with fiberoptic bronchoscopy, virtual bronchoscopy offers the advantage of being able to visualize areas beyond even high-grade stenoses. In addition to the limited view of fiberoptic bronchoscopy, extraluminal causes of lumen compressions can be analyzed in the cross-sectional images and evaluated together with the virtual representation. However, it was not possible to detect small infiltrations with virtual bronchoscopy. This new representation of helical CT data might be helpful for postoperative follow-up examinations, such as after stent implantation, and can be carried out without additional risk to the patient. Radiologists do need special fiberoptic bronchoscopy knowledge and experience with three-dimensional-reconstructions to differentiate between real stenoses and artificial stenoses that might be caused by pulsation artifacts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University of Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fleiter
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Merkle
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Aschoff
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Görich
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liewald
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rilinger
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sokiranski
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014584:User-Computer Interface