title: Evaluation of the effects of a specific alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, atipamezole, on alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor subtype binding, brain neurochemistry and behaviour in comparison with yohimbine.
abstract: In the present study we evaluated the alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor subtype binding, central alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist potency, as well as effects on brain neurochemistry and behavioural pharmacology of two alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists, atipamezole and yohimbine. Atipamezole had higher selectivity for alpha 2- vs. alpha 1-adrenoceptors than yohimbine regardless of the subtypes studied. Both compounds had comparable affinity for the alpha 2A-, alpha 2C- and alpha 2B-adrenoceptors, but yohimbine had significantly lower affinity for the alpha 2D-subtype. This may account for the fact that significantly higher doses of yohimbine than atipamezole were needed for reversal of alpha 2-agonist (medetomidine)-induced effects in rats (mydriasis) and mice (sedation and hypothermia). The effect on central monoaminergic activity was estimated by measuring the concentrations of transmitters and their main metabolites in whole brain homogenate. At equally effective alpha 2-antagonising doses in the rat mydriasis model, both drugs stimulated central noradrenaline turnover (as reflected by increase in metabolite levels) to the same extent. Atipamezole increased dopaminergic activity only slightly, whereas yohimbine elevated central dopamine but decreased central 5-hydroxytryptamine turnover rates. In behavioural tests, atipamezole (0.1-10 mg/kg) did not affect motor activity but stimulated food rewarded operant (FR-10) responding (0.03-3 mg/kg) whereas yohimbine both stimulated (1 mg/kg) and decreased (> or = 3 mg/kg) behaviour in a narrow dose range in these tests. In the staircase test, both antagonists increased neophobia, but in the two compartment test only yohimbine (> or = 3 mg/kg) decreased exploratory behaviour. The dissimilar effects of the antagonists on neurochemistry and behaviour are thought to be caused by non alpha 2-adrenoceptor properties of yohimbine. In conclusion, the alpha 2-antagonist atipamezole blocked all alpha 2-adrenoceptor subtypes at low doses, stimulated central noradrenergic activity and had only slight effects on behaviour under familiar conditions, but increased neophobia. The low affinity for the alpha 2D-adrenoceptor combined with its unspecific effects complicates the use of yohimbine as pharmacological tool to study alpha 2-adrenoceptor physiology and pharmacology.
authors.affiliation: Orion Corporation, Orion Pharma, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haapalinna
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Viitamaa
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Savola
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tuomisto
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Heinonen
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001679:Biogenic Amines / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D020926:Medetomidine; D051379:Mice; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D011224:Prazosin / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011942:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D001679:Biogenic Amines; D007093:Imidazoles; D011942:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha; C050701:atipamezole; D015016:Yohimbine; D012701:Serotonin; D020926:Medetomidine; D011224:Prazosin