title: Molecular investigation of a multisource outbreak of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in the United Arab Emirates.
abstract: During the investigation of an outbreak of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) between 1994 and 1995, blood samples from suspected CCHF cases and ticks collected from livestock were tested for CCHF virus by antigen-capture ELISA and by a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Phylogenetic analysis of partial small (S) segment nucleotide sequences from four ticks and five human samples showed that with one exception, all the human and tick viruses clustered along with samples from Pakistan and Madagascar in one distinct lineage. Within this lineage, sequences from the UAE patients were identical or closely related to those from three Hyalomma spp. ticks obtained from livestock recently imported from Somalia. Another sequence from a UAE patient was more closely related to a CCHF virus from Nigeria. These data indicate that the 1994-1995 CCHF epidemic in the UAE was a multisource outbreak possibly associated with importation of CCHF virus-infected livestock and ticks.
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30329-4018, USA.
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: G O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Maupin
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Ksiazek
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Rollin
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Lofts
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Noor
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Nichol
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D003225:Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo / Q000145:classification*; D006479:Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D013987:Ticks; D014479:United Arab Emirates / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral