title: Cell-derived microparticles generated in patients during cardiopulmonary bypass are highly procoagulant.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microparticles from platelets and other cells have been extensively studied and characterized in vitro. Although the level of platelet-derived microparticles is elevated in a variety of diseases, including cardiac surgery, virtually nothing is known about their functions in vivo. The aim of the present study was to investigate the procoagulant properties of microparticles generated in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 6 patients at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass, 14.8 x 10(9)/L (median; range, 9.7 to 27.4 x 10(9)/L) platelet-derived microparticles were present in pericardial blood, whereas blood obtained from the systemic circulation contained 1.6 x 10(9)/L (median; range, 0.4 to 8.9 x 10(9)/L) of such microparticles, as determined by flow cytometry. Microparticles stained positively for phosphatidylserine as determined with labeled annexin V. In contrast to systemic blood, pericardial blood contained not only microparticles of platelet origin but also microparticles that originated from erythrocytes, monocytes, or granulocytes, and other hitherto unknown cellular sources. Plasma prepared from pericardial blood and to a lesser extent plasma from systemic blood obtained at the same time, stimulated formation of thrombin in vitro. This activity of pericardial plasma was lost after removal of its microparticles by high-speed centrifugation, whereas the corresponding microparticle pellet was strongly procoagulant. The generation of thrombin in vitro involved a tissue factor/factor VII-dependent and factor XII-independent pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is the first to demonstrate that microparticles generated in vivo can stimulate coagulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Leiden, The Netherlands. nieuwland@Rullf2.Medfac.LeidenUniv.nl
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nieuwland
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Berckmans
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Rotteveel-Eijkman
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Maquelin
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Roozendaal
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: ten Have
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Eijsman
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Hack
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sturk
mesh_terms: D017304:Annexin A5; D001775:Blood Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000502:physiology*; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000502:physiology*; D002498:Centrifugation; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006801:Humans; D010316:Particle Size; D010496:Pericardium / Q000502:physiology; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013917:Thrombin / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D017304:Annexin A5; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D013917:Thrombin; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate