title: Automated discrimination and quantification of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis from normal lung parenchyma using generalized fractal dimensions in high-resolution computed tomography images.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We computed generalized fractal dimensions for high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) images to investigate their value in the discrimination and quantification of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) from normal lung parenchyma.
  
  
  METHODS
  A probability distribution that was based on the pixel value in each image was used to compute capacity, information, and higher fractal dimensions for a series of 52 HRCT slices obtained from four patients. Qualitative classification of normal, mild, moderate, and severe IPF cases was achieved by computing the following parameter: DD = D0 - 2D1 + D2, where D0, D1, and D2 represents the capacity, information, and pair correlation dimensions, respectively. A multiple linear regression analysis using morphometric quantification for the set of 52 slices was tested for all possible combinations of the parameters D0, D1, D2, and D3. The generalizability of the model was tested by predicting the extent of IPF for each patient from a regression model computed with the remaining slices in the database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The best regression results were obtained using the independent parameters D1 and D2 to quantify the extent of diseased lung parenchyma. The technique was tested with 48 slices from 12 new patients. The results indicated that the extent of IPF could be predicted within the confidence limits given by the regression analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The extent of IPF can be predicted well within the 90% confidence interval given by the model. The width of the confidence interval decreases as the number of slices used in the linear regression model increases. This operator-independent quantitative technique may be useful in the follow-up of patients with IPF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Raff
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Rojas
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Moxley
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Newell
mesh_terms: D016001:Confidence Intervals; D017709:Fractals; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D011658:Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*