title: Prophylactic effect of dietary glutamine supplementation on interleukin 8 and tumour necrosis factor alpha production in trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid induced colitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is well established that glutamine supplemented elemental diets result in less severe intestinal damage in experimental colitis. However, few studies have examined the mode of action of glutamine in reducing intestinal damage.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of glutamine supplemented elemental diets on the potent inflammatory cytokines interleukin 8 (IL-8) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) induced colitis which presents with both acute and chronic features of ulcerative colitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley rats were randomised into three dietary groups and fed 20% casein (controls), or 20% casein supplemented with either 2% glutamine (2% Gln) or 4% glutamine (4% Gln). After two weeks they received intracolonic TNBS to induce colitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both Gln groups of rats gained more weight than the control group (p < 0.05) which had progressive weight loss. Colon weight, macroscopic, and microscopic damage scores for the Gln groups were lower than in the control group (p < 0.05). IL-8 and TNF-alpha concentrations in inflamed colonic tissues were lower in the Gln groups than in the control group (p < 0.05), and correlated well with disease severity. Bacterial translocation was lower both in incidence (p < 0.05) and in the number of colony forming units (p < 0.05) for the Gln groups, than in the control group. With respect to all indices studied, the 4% Gln group performed better than did the 2% Gln group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prophylactic glutamine supplementation modulates the inflammatory activities of IL-8 and TNF-alpha in TNBS induced colitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Ameho
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Adjei
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeshita
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morioka
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Arakaki
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kawajiri
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D003092:Colitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003106:Colon / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D004032:Diet; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005973:Glutamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014302:Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D016209:Interleukin-8; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D005973:Glutamine; D014302:Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid