title: Lipopolysaccharide binding protein and soluble CD14 receptor protein in amniotic fluid and cord blood in patients at term.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to examine whether lipopolysaccharide binding protein and soluble CD14 are present in amniotic fluid and to determine whether the lipopolysaccharide binding protein and soluble CD14 concentrations are associated with indicators of infection or labor at term. A lipopolysaccharide-lipopolysaccharide binding protein complex activates macrophages through soluble CD14 at lipopolysaccharide concentrations up to 100 times lower than required with lipopolysaccharide alone. Thus lipopolysaccharide binding protein and soluble CD14 in amniotic fluid could explain the high concentrations of cytokines found in amniotic fluid of culture-positive patients and may even explain the presence of cytokines in some culture-negative patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy women at term undergoing cesarean section had amniotic fluid, chorioamnion, decidua, and cord blood obtained. Lipopolysaccharide binding protein was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Amniotic fluid was cultured and assayed for cytokines, and the chorioamnion and decidua were cultured and examined histologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lipopolysaccharide binding protein and soluble CD14 were present in all amniotic fluids and fetal cord blood. An elevated level of lipopolysaccharide binding protein (270 ng/ml/mg of protein) was present in the amniotic fluid of 12 (36%) of the 33 patients. An elevated level was associated with microorganisms in the chorioamnion and decidua, cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8) in amniotic fluid, histologic chorioamnionitis, and labor. Among patients in labor, the concentration of lipopolysaccharide binding protein appeared independent of microorganisms in the amniotic fluid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lipopolysaccharide binding protein and soluble CD14 are present in amniotic fluid, and concentrations of lipopolysaccharide binding protein are elevated in patients in labor with and without evidence of infection. Lipopolysaccharide binding protein and soluble CD14 may mediate intrauterine inflammatory responses at term.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Roos
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Ruzinski
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Leturcq
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hillier
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Patton
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Eschenbach
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D000328:Adult; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000032:analysis*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011247:Pregnancy; D000099231:Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D000099231:Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein