title: Serologic and phylogenetic characterization of HIV-1 subtypes in Uganda.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the HIV genetic subtypes present in HIV-1-infected asymptomatic blood donors in Uganda and to evaluate serologic detection of infection by commercial immunoassays; to evaluate samples for HIV-1 group O infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-four HIV-seropositive plasma samples were collected from the Nakasero Blood Bank, Kampala, Uganda. The plasma were evaluated using commercial HIV enzyme immunoassays (EIA) and a research immunoblot. HIV-1 group M and O infections were identified on the basis of discordant seroreactivity in EIA and reactivity to group M and O antigens on the immunoblot. Regions of gag p24 and env gp41 were amplified using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and genetic subtypes were determined by phylogenetic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serologic testing confirmed that 63 out of 64 plasma units were positive for HIV-1 group M infection and showed no evidence of HIV-1 group O infections. Genetic subtyping determined that 25 samples were subtype A, three subtype C, 22 subtype D, and nine were heterogeneous for subtypes A and D.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the sequence variation observed in Uganda, commercial EIA based on HIV-1 subtype B proteins detected all the infections. In contrast, a peptide-based assay failed to detect three infections by subtype D viruses. This emphasizes the negative impact of HIV genetic variation on assays that rely on peptides to detect HIV infections. The number of infections with heterogeneous subtype (due to mixed infections or recombinant viruses) is high and reflects the growing complexity of the HIV epidemic in endemic regions where multiple subtypes are present in the population.
authors.affiliation: Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Golden
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Vallari
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Kataaha
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Devare
mesh_terms: D005838:Genotype; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24 / Q000235:genetics; D015700:HIV Envelope Protein gp41 / Q000235:genetics; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015483:HIV Antibodies; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24; D015700:HIV Envelope Protein gp41