title: The basis and evidence of a role for the ovarian renin-angiotensin system in health and disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We reviewed the evidence for an intrinsic ovarian renin-angiotensin system (OVRAS), highlighting potential diverse signaling in this system through different bioactive angiotensin peptides, their specific receptors, and second messengers. In addition, sites of action for OVRAS in the regulation of ovarian function in health and disease were reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used published journals and abstracts from national scientific meetings. Current developments in the renin-angiotensin field are historically set.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred referenced articles provided studies on renin-angiotensin systems in mammalian species, including humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interpretation of the reviewed publication was in line with the original authors' conclusions and statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Techniques in molecular biology, biochemistry, and immunohistochemistry have identified an OVRAS in mammalian species. Ovarian tissues contain all the elements for the production of angiotensin, including prorenin/renin, angiotensinogen, and angiotensin-converting enzyme. In addition, angiotensin II is present in ovarian compartments, and receptors for angiotensin II are demonstrated on specific ovarian cells. Angiotensin II is implicated to play a role in ovulation, steroidogenesis, follicular atresia, and hyperandrogenic syndromes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The newly identified OVRAS may have important actions in the ovary that range from regulation of ovulation to ovarian dysfunction, such as hyperandrogenic syndromes in women. In this respect, the OVRAS is a putative paracrine/autocrine regulator in the ovary, and pharmacologic regulation of the OVRAS may provide new methods for the management of fertility and reproduction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-8063, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nemeth
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Pepperell
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palumbo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Naftolin
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D010049:Ovarian Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010053:Ovary / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010060:Ovulation / Q000502:physiology; D011945:Receptors, Angiotensin / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000502:physiology*; D013256:Steroids / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D011945:Receptors, Angiotensin; D013256:Steroids