title: Regulation of hepatic vascular volume: contributions from active and passive mechanisms during catecholamine and sodium nitroprusside infusion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is unclear how the liver contributes to regulation of cardiac filling. The aims of this study were to establish an animal model to quantify hepatic vascular capacitance and to determine the mechanisms whereby catecholamines and sodium nitroprusside modify hepatic blood volume.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 8 anesthetized pigs we measured hepatic and systemic pressures and flows. Liver vascular volume was measured by sonomicrometry calibrated against integrated hepatic inflow during outflow occlusion. Pressure-volume (P-V) curves were constructed during outflow occlusion. Sonomicrometry accurately reflected hepatic blood volume (r=.99+/-.001), and hepatic P-V curves were highly reproducible. Norepinephrine (0.3 and 0.7 microg x kg body weight (bwt)(-1) min(-1) intraportally) significantly reduced hepatic blood volume by 3.3+/-1 and 4.3+/-1 mL x kg bwt(-1), respectively. Nitroprusside (8 and 18 microg x kg bwt(-1) x min(-1) intraportally) increased hepatic blood volume by 1.1+/-0.2 and 1.9+/-0.3 mL x kg bwt(-1), respectively. Norepinephrine and nitroprusside parallel shifted the hepatic P-V curves, indicating reduced and increased unstressed blood volume, respectively. These curve shifts accounted for more than 90% of the respective blood volume changes. Compliance was unchanged. Phenylephrine but not isoprenaline yielded similar results as norepinephrine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pig model used in this study, accurately quantified hepatic capacitance. Alpha-adrenergic stimulation decreased and nitroprusside increased capacitance by changing unstressed blood volume. These changes in capacitance correspond to expulsion of 300 mL and pooling of 130 mL of blood, respectively, in a 70-kg individual, reflecting that the liver is not only a passive blood reservoir but can respond actively and vigorously to pharmacological interventions.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Surgical Research, the National Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kjekshus
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Risoe
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Smiseth
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001810:Blood Volume / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D008102:Liver Circulation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013552:Swine; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009599:Nitroprusside; D009638:Norepinephrine