title: Rapid recovery of spermatogenesis after mitoxantrone, vincristine, vinblastine, and prednisone chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because the effects of mitoxantrone on human male fertility were unknown, we determined prospectively the effects of three courses of mitoxantrone (Novantrone), vincristine (Oncovin), vinblastine, prednisone (NOVP) chemotherapy on the potential for fertility of men with Hodgkin's disease (HD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Semen analyses were performed on 58 patients with stages I-III HD before, during, and after chemotherapy and after the sperm count recovered from the effects of abdominal radiotherapy that was given after chemotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before the initiation of treatment, 84% of the patients were normospermic. Sperm counts declined significantly within 1 month after the start of NOVP chemotherapy. In the month after chemotherapy, 38% of patients were azoospermic, 52% had counts < 1 million/ mL, and 10% had counts between 1 and 3 million/mL. Between 2.6 and 4.5 months after the completion of chemotherapy, sperm counts recovered rapidly to normospermic levels in 63% of patients. In the remaining patients who were followed up for at least 1 year after standard upper abdominal radiotherapy, counts also recovered to normospermic levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NOVP chemotherapy, like most other regimens, produced marked temporary effects or spermatogenesis. However, sperm production recovered very rapidly, within 3 to 4 months after the end of NOVP chemotherapy. This pattern was caused by killing differentiating spermatogenic cells, but there was little cytotoxicity or inhibition of stem cells from mitoxantrone or the other drugs. After the combination of NOVP plus abdominal radiotherapy, sperm counts and motility were restored in most patients to pretreatment levels, which were compatible with normal fertility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA. meistrich@odin.mdacc.tmc.edu
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Meistrich
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mathur
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Fuller
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Romaguera
authors.forename: F F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Cabanillas
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: L I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Lipshultz
authors.forename: F B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hagemeister
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006689:Hodgkin Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008942:Mitoxantrone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011241:Prednisone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013076:Sperm Count; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014747:Vinblastine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014750:Vincristine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D014750:Vincristine; D014747:Vinblastine; D008942:Mitoxantrone; D011241:Prednisone