title: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is regulated on a daily basis by the circadian clock.
abstract: Circadian clocks function to govern a wide range of rhythmic activities in organisms. An integral part of rhythmicity is the daily control of target genes by the clock. Here we describe the sequence and analysis of a novel clock-controlled gene, ccg-7, showing similarity to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a glycolytic enzyme widely used as a constitutive control in a variety of systems. That ccg-7 encodes GAPDH was confirmed by demonstrating that in vitro synthesized CCG-7 possesses GAPDH activity. Rhythms in both ccg-7 mRNA accumulation and CCG-7 (GAPDH) activity are observed in a clock wild-type strain where the peak in GAPDH activity lags several hours behind the peak in ccg-7 mRNA accumulation in the late night. Together with our previous observation that ccg-7 mRNA is not developmentally regulated, we show that ccg-7 is not induced by environmental stresses such as glucose or nitrogen deprivation (which also trigger development), heat shock, or osmotic stress. Thus, the finding that GAPDH is clock-regulated points to a specific role for the circadian clock in controlling aspects of general metabolism and provides evidence for circadian regulation of a gene found in most living organisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755-3844, USA.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Shinohara
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Loros
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Dunlap
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000502:physiology*; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009492:Neurospora crassa / Q000201:enzymology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases