title: Human fetal heart rate dishabituation between thirty and thirty-two weeks gestation.
abstract: Few studies of human fetal habituation have included dishabituation procedures (i.e., assessment of the reemergence of a habituated response) to determine if response decrements are the result of reevaluation of information (a brain process) or fatigue of peripheral receptors. The purpose of this study is to describe the ability of the human fetus to learn and recall information with procedures to assess the central nervous system. Fetal heart rate (FHR) of 84 fetuses between 30 and 32 weeks gestational age was examined in response to 3 series of vibroacoustic (VA) stimuli presented at pseudorandom intervals of 25-45 s over the head of the fetus. Responses to the first series of 15 stimuli (S1) were compared with an identical second series of 15 stimuli (S1) presented over the head of the fetus. Between the 2 series, a novel (dishabituating) VA stimulus (S2) was presented, differing from S1 in intensity and frequency. The third series of S1s was applied to the mother's thigh as a control for possible maternal responses to the stimulus. Prestimulus FHR was computed during a 5 s interval before each stimulus, and mean FHR was computed during the intertrial interval (average FHR). The response to S1 during the first series of trials (1-15) produced a sustained rise in both prestimulus and average FHR, r(83) = .90, p < .001. After the novel S2 (trial 16) the rate of change was attenuated for average FHR, r(83) = .12, ns, to S1 for trials 17-31 but not prestimulus FHR, r(83) = .50, p < .001. The decrease in FHR response was reestablished when stimulation was applied to mother's thigh, trials 32-41, r(83) = .92, p < .001. A significant habituation pattern across trials was observed for the first series of S1s when prestimulus HR was subtracted from each preceding average FHR value (delta FHR). After the single novel stimulus (S2), the FHR response to S1 reemerged. All combinations of beginning and ending series slopes were compared, and only the rate of change during the last 4 trials of the initial presentation of S1 and the first 4 trials after the novel stimulus was significant, F(1, 82) = 9.21, p < .003. Uterine contractions collected from the continuous record were not related to the presentation of the novel stimulus, chi 2(1, N = 84) = 0.59, p < .50, ns, or delta FHR slope after the novel stimulus, chi 2(9, N = 84) = 10.52, p < .50, ns. These results established that the 32 week human fetus is capable of detecting, habituating, and dishabituating to an external stimulus and support the premise that areas of the human fetal central nervous system critical for detecting and discriminating information and for learning and memory have developed by the early third trimester.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Irvine, Costa Mesa 92626, USA. casandma@uci.edu
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Sandman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wadhwa
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hetrick
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Porto
authors.forename: H V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Peeke
mesh_terms: D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000502:physiology*; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000196:embryology; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D006340:Heart Rate, Fetal / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third