title: Effect of the ACE inhibitor lisinopril on mortality in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction: data from the GISSI-3 study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mortality of diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) remains high despite recent improvement in their management. There is a need to evaluate efficacy and safety of novel treatments of MI in this high-risk population. We evaluated whether treatment with an ACE inhibitor begun within 24 hours from the onset of symptoms is able to decrease mortality and morbidity of diabetic patients with acute MI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A retrospective analysis of the data of the GISSI-3 study in patients with and without a history of diabetes was performed. Patients with suspected acute MI were randomized to treatment with lisinopril (2.5 to 5 up to 10 mg/d) with or without nitroglycerin (5 to 20 microg I.V. then 10 mg/d) begun within 24 hours and continued for 6 weeks. The main end point was mortality at 6 weeks, and the secondary end point was a combined evaluation of mortality and severe left ventricular dysfunction. Information on diabetic status was available for 18,131 patients (approximately 94% of the total population enrolled), of whom 2790 patients had a history of diabetes. Treatment with lisinopril was associated with a decreased 6-week mortality in diabetic patients (8.7% versus 12.4%; OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.86; 37+/-12 lives saved per 1000 treated patients), an effect that was significantly (P<.025) higher than that observed in nondiabetic patients. The survival benefit in diabetics was mostly maintained at 6 months despite withdrawal from treatment at 6 weeks (12.9% versus 16.1%; OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.62 to 0.95).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early treatment with the ACE inhibitor lisinopril in diabetic patients with acute MI is associated with a decreased 6-week mortality. This beneficial effect supports a widespread and early use of ACE inhibitors in diabetic patients with acute MI. The burden of mortality plus morbidity for ventricular dysfunction in diabetics remains clinically important and warrants further testing of novel therapeutic approaches.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Mario Negri, Milano, Italy. zuanetti@irfmn.mnegri.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zuanetti
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Latini
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Maggioni
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Franzosi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tognoni
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017706:Lisinopril / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D017706:Lisinopril; D005996:Nitroglycerin