Superficial bladder cancer: the role of molecular markers in the treatment of high-risk superficial disease.
The use of molecular markers to guide decision making in the treatment of high-risk superficial disease is in its infancy. At present, p53 expression and epidermal growth factor receptor expression have been studied in greatest depth. The abundance of potential markers and our greater understanding of cellular pathophysiology suggest that molecular markers with significant stratifying power beyond that provided by standard histology shall be identified in the near future.
Malkowicz
S B
SB
Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, USA.
D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*
D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor