title: Swimming performances and stroking parameters in non skilled grammar school pupils: relation with age, gender and some anthropometric characteristics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It was hypothesized that swimming velocity (V) and stroking parameters such as stroke length (SL), stroke rate (SR) and stroke index (SI) are influenced by age, gender, and some anthropometric characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Grammar school pupils from French schools.
  
  
  METHODS
  One thousand and ninety-seven males and 961 females non skilled swimmers aged from 11 to 17.
  
  
  METHODS
  Usual swimming sessions (6 +/- 2 h.year-1) during a physical education program at school.
  
  
  METHODS
  V, SL, SF and SI (SI = V.SL) were measured or calculated from a 50-m crawl sprint and height, arm span and body mass were measured for all subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that V, SL and SI increased regularly (p < 0.01) in relation to age in both genders. SL was never significantly different between males and females. SF remained unchanged according to age and was significantly higher in males than in females. V, SL and SI were influenced by age and arm span but not SF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As males and females were submitted to the same swimming teaching program at school, a higher increase in muscle power and anaerobic capacity in males could explain the gender differences. These results observed in non skilled swimmers showed that the differences in stroking parameters between genders were the reverse of those of top level swimmers and that they can be used by swimming teachers in order to build some assessment tools and to better understand the improvements in swimming in relation to growth and gender.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Etudes de la Motricité Humaine, Faculté des Sciences du Sport et de l'Education Physique, Université de Lille 2, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pelayo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wille
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sidney
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berthoin
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lavoie
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D015308:Anaerobic Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000886:Anthropometry; D001132:Arm / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D001823:Body Composition; D001827:Body Height; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016552:Ergometry; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006128:Growth; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D010806:Physical Education and Training; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D013550:Swimming / Q000193:education / Q000502:physiology*