title: Redox active disulfides: the thioredoxin system as a drug target.
abstract: Thioredoxin, and particularly extracellular thioredoxin, presents an attractive target for developing novel agents to treat cancer. Our studies have involved the examination of a series of alkyl 2-imidazolyl disulfides as inhibitors of the growth-stimulatory activity of the thioredoxin system. We originally determined the disulfides to be weak reversible inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase. Subsequently, we have shown that alkyl 2-imidazolyl disulfides interact directly with thioredoxin, thioalkylating critical cysteine residues or causing dimerization of the protein leading to its loss of biological activity. One of the analogues that binds to thioredoxin, 1-methylpropyl 2-imidazolyl disulfide (IV-2), selectively inhibits the thioredoxin-dependent growth of tumor cells in culture and has antitumor activity against MCF-7 and HL-60 tumors in vivo. Our work involves the development of a parallel combinatorial synthetic method to produce a large number of disulfide analogues at one time. These analogues, which differ sterically, electronically, and physically, were produced in a 96-well plate. The biological activity of these analogues was evaluated, also in the 96-well plate format. This rapid method of evaluating biological activity is a means to identify agents with specificity for inhibition of the thioredoxin system, and may provide novel antitumor agents with activity against solid tumor cancers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Regina, Canada. kirkpaly@leroy.cc.uregina.ca
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Kirkpatrick
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ehrmantraut
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stettner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kunkel
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Powis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D004220:Disulfides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018922:HL-60 Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013880:Thioredoxin-Disulfide Reductase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013879:Thioredoxins / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004220:Disulfides; D013879:Thioredoxins; D013880:Thioredoxin-Disulfide Reductase