title: Laryngotracheoesophageal clefts.
abstract: This article reviews laryngeal cleft anomalies from the Laryngeal Development Laboratory at Children's Memorial Hospital in Chicago and includes a discussion of the classification of laryngotracheoesophageal clefts based on previous work and the information presented herein. Of the 115 laryngeal specimens obtained between 1975 and 1995, 11 have laryngeal cleft anomalies. Eight have a submucous laryngeal cleft. There is 1 laryngotracheoesophageal cleft, type II (partial cricoid cleft); and there are 2 laryngotracheoesophageal clefts, type III (complete cricoid cleft). The histopathologic findings are presented in detail and the literature is reviewed. Photomicrographs and drawings illustrate the pathology and classification. Clinical presentation, diagnosis, evaluation, and management are discussed, as is the embryology.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Memorial Hospital, and Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60614, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Moungthong
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Holinger
mesh_terms: D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000145:classification / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005931:Glottis; D006801:Humans; D007013:Hypopharynx / Q000002:abnormalities*; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007829:Laryngostenosis / Q000209:etiology*; D007830:Larynx / Q000002:abnormalities*; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014138:Tracheoesophageal Fistula / Q000145:classification / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery