title: Dissemination in Japanese hospitals of strains of Staphylococcus aureus heterogeneously resistant to vancomycin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since the discovery of the vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) strain Mu50 (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] 8 mg/L), there has been concern about the potential spread of such strains throughout Japanese hospitals. Two important questions need to be answered: (1) what is the prevalence of VRSA, and (2) by what mechanism does vancomycin resistance occur.
  
  
  METHODS
  The vancomycin susceptibilities of three methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) strains (Mu50, Mu3, and H1) and the methicillin-susceptible S aureus type strain FDA209P were compared by MIC determinations and population analysis. Mu3 (MIC 3 mg/L) was isolated from the sputum of a patient with pneumonia after surgery who had failed vancomycin therapy. H1 (MIC 2 mg/L), which is a representative vancomycin-susceptible MRSA strain, was isolated from a patient with pneumonia who responded favourably to vancomycin therapy. Subclones of Mu3 with increased resistance against vancomycin were selected with serial concentrations of vancomycin and their MICs were determined. The prevalence of VRSA and Mu3-like strains in Japanese hospitals was estimated by population analysis from 1149 clinical MRSA isolates obtained from 203 hospitals throughout Japan. The genetic traits of the Mu3 and Mu50 strains were compared with clonotypes of MRSA from around the world.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mu3 and Mu50 had an identical pulsed-field gel electrophoresis banding pattern. When grown in a drug-free medium, Mu3 produced subpopulation of cells with varying degrees of vancomycin resistance, thus demonstrating natural heterogeneity, or variability, in susceptibility to vancomycin. In the presence of vancomycin, Mu3 produced subclones with resistance roughly proportional to the concentrations of vancomycin used. Selection of Mu3 with 8 mg/L or more of vancomycin gave rise to subclones with vancomycin resistance equal to that of Mu50 (MIC 8 mg/L) at a frequency of 1/1,000,000. During screening of Japanese MRSA strains, no strain of VRSA additional to Mu50 was found. The prevalence of MRSA isolates heterogeneously resistant to vancomycin was 20% in Juntendo University Hospital, 9.3% in the other seven university hospitals, and 1.3% in non-university hospitals or clinics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heterogeneously resistant VRSA is a preliminary stage that allows development into VRSA upon exposure to vancomycin. Heterogeneously resistant VRSA was found in hospitals throughout Japan. This finding could explain, at least partly, the frequent therapeutic failure of MRSA infection with vancomycin in Japan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan. hiram@med.juntendo.ac.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hiramatsu
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aritaka
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hanaki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawasaki
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hosoda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hori
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fukuchi
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005838:Genotype; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D016106:Methicillin Resistance; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014640:Vancomycin