title: Carbon flux via the pentose phosphate pathway regulates the hepatic expression of the glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase genes in conscious rats.
abstract: Hepatic gene expression of P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (Glc-6-Pase) is regulated in response to changes in the availability of substrates, in particular glucose (Glc; Massillon, D., Barzilai, N., Chen, W., Hu, M., and Rossetti, L. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 9871-9874). We investigated the mechanism(s) in conscious rats. Hyperglycemia per se caused a rapid and marked increase in Glc-6-Pase mRNA abundance and protein levels. By contrast, hyperglycemia decreased the abundance of PEPCK mRNA. Importantly, inhibition of glucokinase activity by glucosamine infusion blunted both the stimulation of Glc-6-Pase and the inhibition of PEPCK gene expression by Glc, suggesting that an intrahepatic signal (metabolite) generated by the metabolism of glucose at or beyond Glc-6-P was responsible for the regulatory effect of Glc. The effect of Glc on the L-type pyruvate kinase gene is mediated by xylulose-5-P (Doiron, B., Cuif, M., Chen, R., and Kahn, A. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 5321-5324). Thus, we next investigated whether an isolated increase in the hepatic concentration of this metabolite can also reproduce the effects of Glc on Glc-6-Pase and PEPCK gene expression in vivo. Xylitol, which is directly converted to xylulose-5-P in the liver, was infused to raise the hepatic concentration of xylulose-5-P by approximately 3-fold. Xylitol infusion did not alter the levels of Glc-6-P and of fructose-2,6-biphosphate. However, it replicated the effects of hyperglycemia on Glc-6-Pase and PEPCK gene expression and resulted in a 75% increase in the in vivo flux through Glc-6-Pase (total glucose output).
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research and Training Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Massillon
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Barzilai
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prus-Wertheimer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Taub
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rossetti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D005952:Glucose-6-Phosphatase / Q000235:genetics*; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology*; D008297:Male; D010427:Pentose Phosphate Pathway; D019764:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (ATP) / Q000235:genetics*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014993:Xylitol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D002244:Carbon; D005952:Glucose-6-Phosphatase; D019764:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (ATP); D005947:Glucose; D014993:Xylitol