title: Activated astrocytes induce nitric oxide synthase-2 in cerebral endothelium via tumor necrosis factor alpha.
abstract: Astrocytes under pathological conditions become activated and produce a variety of cytokines and low molecular weight signal molecules. Previously we demonstrated that activated astrocytes release nitric oxide which can downregulate the expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-2 in co-cultured cerebral endothelium, and also release a transcriptionally regulated factor that can induce NOS-2 expression in endothelium (Borgerding and Murphy: J Neurochem 65:1342, 1995). The activity of this NOS-2-inducing factor was impeded by inhibitors of tyrosine kinases and NF-kappaB activation. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha) alone, or in combination with IL-6, induced NOS-2 expression in endothelial cells. A neutralizing antibody against TNF alpha attenuated the NOS-2 expression in endothelial cells exposed to activated astrocytes. These results imply that cytokine-activated astrocytes release TNF alpha which can induce NOS-2 expression in endothelium and suggest that activated astrocytes within the CNS may induce expression of NOS-2 in cells of the adjacent microvasculature. The ensuing alterations in blood-brain barrier properties may be either beneficial or detrimental.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242, USA.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Shafer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murphy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology*; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051381:Rats; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009573:Nitrites; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase