title: Nebulized lidocaine administered to infants and children undergoing flexible bronchoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of nebulized lidocaine hydrochloride as a topical anesthetic for use during flexible bronchoscopy in infants and children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective, randomized, double-blind study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty consecutive patients scheduled for flexible bronchoscopy who were not intubated and had no known cardiac or hepatic disease comprised the study group.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patients were randomized to receive either 8 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg of nebulized 2% lidocaine by face mask prior to bronchoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study took place in a bronchoscopy suite at an academic medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine systemic absorption, serum lidocaine levels were obtained. To assess efficacy of nebulized lidocaine as a topical anesthetic, changes in heart rate and blood pressure were recorded, and the bronchoscopist (who did not know the lidocaine dose used) rated the ease of passage of the bronchoscope through nose, vocal cords, trachea, bronchi, and all sites overall, and the degree of cough.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nebulized lidocaine was safe, was well-tolerated, and provided adequate anesthesia for half of the patients. The serum lidocaine levels were much lower than the levels in the toxic range. There was a trend toward easier passage of the bronchoscope in the high-dose group at all sites noted previously that were evaluated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nebulized lidocaine in doses up to 8 mg/kg appears to be safe and moderately effective as a topical anesthetic for flexible bronchoscopy in infants and children. The serum levels were remarkably low. Fifty percent of the subjects required no supplemental lidocaine.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, New York Medical College, Valhalla 10595, USA. pedspulm@nymc.edu
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Gjonaj
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Lowenthal
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Dozor
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D020680:Bronchoscopes; D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine