title: Nitroglycerin enhances the ability of dobutamine stress echocardiography to detect hibernating myocardium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A biphasic response of wall thickening with initial improvement and subsequent deterioration during dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) has been increasingly used for detection of hibernating myocardium. However, the improvement of wall thickening at low-dose DSE may be limited in hibernating myocardium by severe hypoperfusion. Nitroglycerin (NTG) improves myocardial perfusion, reduces oxygen demand, and may enhance low-dose dobutamine to improve wall thickening.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A pig model of myocardial hibernation of 24 hours to 7 days was created through severe left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis with coronary flow reductions of approximately 40%, producing severe regional left ventricular dysfunction but no infarction in seven pigs. Myocardial infarction was produced in five pigs with occlusion of the artery. DSE was performed with incremental doses with and without an NTG infusion of 50 to 100 microg/min. In the hibernating group, NTG alone improved wall thickening in the hibernating region modestly from 11.4+/-7.2% at baseline to 19.1+/-7.0%. The improvement was associated with increased regional coronary flow from 0.46+/-0.12 to 0.55+/-0.13 mL x beat(-1) x 100 g myocardium(-1) (P<.05). There was an additive effect of NTG to low-dose (2.5 to 5 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)) dobutamine on wall thickening in the hibernating region. The improvement of wall thickening of hibernating myocardium with NTG and dobutamine, from 23.7+/-11.1% to 31.1+/-8.9% (P<.001), was associated with an increase in regional coronary flow (P<.01). NTG did not prevent high doses of dobutamine from inducing deterioration of wall thickening in hibernating myocardium. In the infarcted group, no improvement in wall thickening was observed in infarcted regions during NTG infusion, dobutamine infusion, or the combination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NTG enhances the improvement of wall thickening at low-dose dobutamine and does not prevent high-dose dobutamine from inducing ischemia in hibernating myocardium. Thus, NTG augments the biphasic response of wall thickening and improves the accuracy of DSE for detecting viable myocardium.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, University of Connecticut School of Medicine 06102, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gillam
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004280:Dobutamine; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017682:Myocardial Stunning / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012107:Research Design; D013552:Swine; D013566:Sympathomimetics; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D013566:Sympathomimetics; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D004280:Dobutamine; D005996:Nitroglycerin