title: Spread of HIV infection in married monogamous women in India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in female sex workers (FSWs) and men who attend sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics poses a risk for spread of infection to other populations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine spread of HIV to a low-risk population by comparing prevalence of, and risk factors for, HIV and STDs in FSWs and non-FSWs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women attending STD clinics in Pune, India, were assessed for STDs and HIV from May 13, 1993, to July 11, 1996. Demographic and behavioral information was collected, and clinical and laboratory assessment was performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence and risk determinants of HIV infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 916 women enrolled, 525 were FSWs and 391 were non-FSWs. Prevalence of HIV in FSWs and non-FSWs was 49.9% and 13.6%, respectively (P<.001). In multivariate analysis, inconsistent condom use and genital ulcer disease or genital warts were associated with prevalent HIV in FSWs. History of sexual contact with a partner with an STD was associated with HIV in non-FSWs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infection with HIV is increasing in non-FSWs, previously thought to be at low risk in India. Since history of sexual contact with their only sex partner was the only risk factor significantly associated with HIV infection, it is likely that these women are being infected by their spouses. This underscores the need for strengthening partner-notification strategies and counseling facilities in India.
authors.affiliation: National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Gangakhedkar
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bentley
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Divekar
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gadkari
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Mehendale
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bollinger
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Quinn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008393:Marriage; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases