title: Relative renal uptake and transit time measurements using functional factor images and fuzzy regions of interest.
abstract: The aim of the study was a quantitative comparison of relative renal uptake and both the whole-kidney and the parenchymal transit time derived from factor analysis of image sequences and provided by standard clinical procedues. In order to extract the stable, well-interpretable factors, factor analysis was performed locally in the problem-specific time and spatial windows and the resulting factor images either evaluated directly as functional images or used as fuzzy regions of interest (ROIs) for the subsequent extraction of time-activity curves from the analysed data. The values of relative renal uptake of the left kidney measured in the functional factor images, which demonstrate the initial accumulation of activity in renal parenchyma (mean 51.0%), did not differ significantly from the values obtained by a standard method (mean 51.5%, r = 0.98, P<0.001). Whole-kidney transit time calculated using fuzzy ROI curves correlated well with the reference values (r = 0.84, P<0.001); however, both its mean value (336.5 s) and the standard deviation (151.5 s) were substantially greater than those of the values provided by a standard procedure (262.8+/-86.9 s). Parenchymal transit time calculated using ROI curves correlated better with the transit time through a wider corticomedullary region rather than through a narrow cortical region, which is decisive in a differential diagnosis of renal disorders. In general, values of transit times provided by factor analysis correlated well with those provided by reference methods but with a shift towards the higher numerical values. This may have been a consequence of a greater extent of the automatically extracted fuzzy ROIs, or of occasionally delayed accumulation in the upper calyces. Results of the study provide quantitative evidence that the factor analysis of dynamic data, even without the introduction of prior physiological information, may yield clinically relevant information. However, some basic requirements, such as sufficiently high sampling frequency and count rate, adaption of the method to a specific clinical task, and proper selection of time and spatial windows for locally performed analysis, have to be fullfilled if the method is to be successfully applied clinically.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nuclear Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sámal
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Nimmon
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Britton
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bergmann
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D017143:Fuzzy Logic; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008954:Models, Biological; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C104214:technetium-99m-MAG3-dsFV