title: Functional anatomy of the thoracic outlet: evaluation with spiral CT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the anatomic characteristics of the thoracic outlet before and after dynamically induced modifications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two volunteers (24 women; 28 men; mean age, 42 years) with no clinical or radiographic indications of thoracic outlet syndrome underwent spiral computed tomography (CT) of the apexes at full inspiration with the arms alongside the body and then with the dominant arm in hyperabduction, with a contralateral rotation of the head.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After elevation of the dominant arm, (a) no statistically significant difference was found in median value of the costosubclavian and costoclavicular distances; (b) the median distance between the posterior border of the smaller pectoral muscle and the anterosuperior chest wall was 12 mm in all subjects; (c) the subclavian artery in 18 (75%) women and in 20 (71%) men and/or the subclavian vein in three (12%) women and in three (11%) men were identified in the costoclavicular space. The median angles of rotation, retraction, and upward displacement of the clavicle were 22 degrees, 32 degrees, and 7 degrees, respectively, in women and 25 degrees, 31 degrees, and 11 degrees, respectively, in men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spiral CT is expected to be useful for determining the complex pathophysiologic processes that underlie thoracic outlet syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Hôpital Calmette, Lille, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Remy-Jardin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Doyen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Remy
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Artaud
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fribourg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duhamel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002968:Clavicle / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012272:Ribs / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013901:Thoracic Outlet Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013909:Thorax / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*