title: The alrestatin double-decker: binding of two inhibitor molecules to human aldose reductase reveals a new specificity determinant.
abstract: It is generally expected that only one inhibitor molecule will bind to an enzyme active site. In fact, specific drug design theories depend upon this assumption. Here, we report the binding of two molecules of an inhibitor to the same active site which we observed in the 1.8 A resolution structure of the drug Alrestatin bound to a mutant of human aldose reductase. The two molecules of Alrestatin bind to the active site in a stacked arrangement (a double-decker). This stack positions the carboxylic acid of one drug molecule near the NADP+ cofactor at a previously determined anion binding site and the carboxylic acid of the second drug molecule near the carboxy-terminal tail of the enzyme. We propose that interactions of inhibitors with the carboxy-terminal loop of aldose reductase are critical for the development of inhibitors that are able to discriminate between aldose reductase and other members of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily. This finding suggests a new direction for the introduction of specificity to aldose reductase-targeted drugs.
authors.affiliation: Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02554, USA.
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Bohren
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Petsko
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ringe
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Gabbay
mesh_terms: D000449:Aldehyde Reductase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001665:Binding Sites; D003460:Crystallization; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D015195:Drug Design; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007700:Kinetics; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009249:NADP / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D011487:Protein Conformation; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007546:Isoquinolines; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C016212:alrestatin; D009249:NADP; D000449:Aldehyde Reductase