title: In vitro growth suppression by adenoviral transduction of p21 and p16 in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a research model for combination gene therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the duration of expression of the cell cycle regulators p21 and p16 and the effect of these 2 genes both alone and in combination on the growth of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck cell lines in vitro. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND DESIGN: Cells were transduced via an adenoviral vector with p21 (Ad5CMV-p21), p16 (Ad5CMV-p16), or both. Western blotting was performed to determine duration of expression of the protein products of the transduced p21 and p16 genes. In vitro growth assays and cell cycle analyses were performed on transduced cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transduced gene products were detected up to day 12 after infection. Western blotting showed high levels of p21 and p16 in transduced cells. Growth suppression was observed in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck cell lines transduced with Ad5CMV-p21, Ad5CMV-p16, or both, but the combination of p21 and p16 did not achieve significantly greater growth suppression than that seen in cells transduced with Ad5CMV-p16 alone. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated that the percentage of cells arrested at G1 stage in the cells transduced with Ad5CMV-p16 was similar to that in the cells transduced with both Ad5CMV-p21 and Ad5CMV-p16. No significant in vivo growth suppression was observed in tumor nodules treated with Ad5CMV-p16.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although p21 and p16 are believed to function as cell cycle regulators of cyclin-dependent kinases, we observed no additive or synergistic effect when using them in combination. The expression of transduced p21 and p16 gene products up to days 9 and 12, respectively, was consistent with the growth suppression and cell cycle arrest observed. This work provides information on the previously uncharacterized duration of p21 and p16 transgene product expression and also lends insight into the interaction of these 2 cell cycle regulators in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
authors.affiliation: Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Mobley
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Clayman
mesh_terms: D000260:Adenoviruses, Human / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000235:genetics; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D019942:Genes, p16; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D014161:Transduction, Genetic; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: C501009:HRAS protein, human; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)