title: Hyperinsulinemia in hypertension: associations with race, abdominal obesity, and hyperlipidemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relative contributions of race, sex, abdominal obesity, and hyperlipidemia to the development of hyperinsulinemia among patients with hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large family practice ambulatory care unit in Winston-Salem, NC.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and forty adult patients with essential hypertension (systolic blood pressure > or = 160 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure at or above 90 mm Hg on 2 or more occasions) or who were receiving antihypertensive treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fasting insulin, lipid, and glucose levels; glycosylated hemoglobin; waist-hip ratio; and resting blood pressure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among 4 patient subgroups (hypertension alone; hypertension and abdominal obesity; hypertension and hyperlipidemia; and hypertension, abdominal obesity, and hyperlipidemia) logistic regression analysis was used to determine correlates of elevated fasting insulin levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Controlling for age and blood pressure, black males had the highest fasting insulin levels (135 +/- 70 pmol/L [18.8 +/- 9.6 microU/mL] and 265 pmol/L [37.0 +/- 0.0 microU/mL] [mean +/- SD] for obese and nonobese black males, respectively); nonobese white males had the lowest fasting insulin levels (23 +/- 22 pmol/L [3.2 +/- 3.0 microU/mL]). Multivariate logistic regression indicated that the addition of abdominal obesity or hyperlipidemia to pure hypertension more than doubled the risk of hyperinsulinemia (adjusted odds ratio, 2.69; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-6.89; and adjusted odds ratio, 2.62; 95% confidence interval, 0.37-8.6, respectively). The combination of abdominal obesity and hyperlipidemia exerted additive effects among patients with hypertension for elevated insulin levels (adjusted odds ratio, 5.1; 95% CI, 1.59-16.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Race, sex, abdominal obesity, and hyperlipidemia interact to produce increases in fasting insulin levels. This knowledge may help physicians prevent sequelae from hyperinsulinemia syndrome among their patients with hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Community Medicine, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Spangler
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Summerson
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Konen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001824:Body Constitution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications*; D044469:Racial Groups
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids