title: Pharmacokinetics and penetration of danofloxacin from the blood into the milk of ewes.
abstract: The single-dose disposition kinetics of danofloxacin were determined in clinically normal, lactating ewes after intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration of 1.25 mg/kg. The drug concentration in the blood serum and milk were determined by microbiological assay and the data were subjected to compartmental and non-compartmental kinetic analyses. The i.v. and im elimination half-lives in serum (t1/2 beta and t1/2el) were 125.0 +/- 38.6 min and 209.4 +/- 56.3 min, respectively. The steady-state volume of distribution (Vss) was 1.9 +/- 0.7 L/kg. The drug was quickly absorbed after the i.m. injection and the i.m. availability was 100%. Penetration of danofloxacin from the blood into the milk was rapid and extensive with drug concentrations in milk exceeding those in serum beginning 60-90 min after administration and onwards. Milk danofloxacin concentrations equal to or higher than the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria and Mycoplasma species were maintained over approximately 24 h. Concentrations greater than the MIC for Staphylococcus aureus were maintained in the milk for 12 h.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Agriculture, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet-Dagan, Israel.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shem-Tov
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ziv
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Glickman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saran
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D006207:Half-Life; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D009174:Mycoplasma / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D015363:Quinolones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012756:Sheep / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D015363:Quinolones; C068581:danofloxacin