title: Subtypes of HIV-1 and the impact of dual infections of HIV-1 and measles virus on micronutrient levels of pregnant women in Harare, Zimbabwe.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine subtypes of HIV-1, simultaneous prevalence of HIV-1 and measles virus antibodies and their impact on micronutrient levels of pregnant women in Harare, Zimbabwe.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional.
  
  
  METHODS
  Budiriro and Edith Opperman Antenatal Clinics Harare; Departments of Medical Microbiology, Medical Laboratory Technology and Institute of Food, Nutrition and Family Sciences, University of Zimbabwe.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Harare, Zimbabwe.
  
  
  METHODS
  HIV-1 subtypes, measles virus seropositivities and levels of micronutrients among the pregnant women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed that 101 (22.7%) out of a total of 444 pregnant women screened were HIV-1 positive. A separate group of 238 (inclusive of the 444) were screened for measles antibody and 118 (49.5%) were positive, whereas 41 (17.2%) were HIV-1 positive. Thirty five (29.7%) were seropositive for both HIV-1 and measles virus (simultaneous infection). HIV-1 subtypes revealed subtype C (70.4%) as the predominant subtype. HIV-1 subtypes B, A and D accounted for 40.8%, 39.8% and 22.4% respectively whereas HIV-1 subtypes E and F were not detected. Dual infections showed that 37.7%, 36.7%, 7.1% and 4.4% harboured subtypes A and C; B and C; A and D and B and D respectively. Multiple infections with subtypes A, B, C and D (5.1%) were also recorded whereas 9.2% were non-reactive. Results on micronutrients portrayed that HIV-1 positive pregnant women had significantly lower zinc than the control but co-infection with measles virus did not cause further decrease. Infection by either HIV-1 or measles virus increased serum copper (p < 0.05) but co-infection by the two viruses reduced the copper level significantly (p < 0.05). HIV-1 seropositivity did not affect serum magnesium level but was lower (p < 0.05) in women positive for both HIV-1 and measles virus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is a single report on HIV-1 infection, HIV-1 subtypes, simultaneous prevalence of HIV-1 and measles virus antibodies and their impact on micronutrient levels of pregnant women in Harare, Zimbabwe. The study is of nutritional, clinico-epidemiologic importance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Zimbabwe Medical School, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Obi
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: McAdoo
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Onigbinde
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Tswana
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Moyo
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000821:virology; D015528:HIV Seroprevalence; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening; D008457:Measles / Q000150:complications*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000821:virology; D012703:Serotyping; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000172:deficiency*; D014504:Urban Health; D015030:Zimbabwe
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D014131:Trace Elements