title: Gingival overgrowth in pediatric heart and heart-lung transplant recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gingival overgrowth is a recognized side effect of cyclosporine therapy with cosmetic and functional sequelae. This study examines the incidence and severity of gingival overgrowth in pediatric heart and heart-lung transplant recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one pediatric heart and heart-lung transplant recipients underwent a comprehensive dental evaluation. The severity of gingival overgrowth was scored by use of dental plaster casts. Parameters of dental hygiene in each patient included both a plaque index and a gingival inflammation index. The mean cyclosporine level and daily dose (mg/kg/day) at 3 and 12 months after transplantation and at latest follow-up were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (+/- SD) patient age at transplantation was 10.5 (+/- 5.5) years, and the mean duration of posttransplantation follow-up was 3.2 (+/- 2.1) years. In all 30/31 (97%) of the cohort had some degree of overgrowth, with children aged less than 10 years at time of transplantation the most severely affected. By univariate analysis gingival overgrowth was inversely related to age at time of transplantation (r = -0.67, p < 0.001). With multiple regression analysis, only age at transplantation was significantly related to gingival overgrowth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gingival overgrowth occurs in most pediatric heart and heart-lung transplant recipients treated with cyclosporine and is most severe in the younger patients. Attention to oral hygiene may improve gingival health parameters; however, the daily weight-adjusted dose of cyclosporine is not related to the severity of overgrowth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Kilpatrick
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Weintraub
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shipp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Byrt
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D004955:Esthetics, Dental; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D019214:Gingival Overgrowth / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000145:classification; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000139:chemically induced; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D016041:Heart-Lung Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D003765:Models, Dental; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D010512:Periodontal Index; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine