title: Effect of phlebotomy technique on serum bicarbonate values.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the following phlebotomy technique factors result in spuriously low serum bicarbonate values: 1) small needle size, 2) prolonged tourniquet time, and 3) underfilling of Vacutainer tubes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight healthy young adult student volunteers from Brown University (mean age = 22 years) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 (24-ga or 20-ga) IV needle size groups. With a tourniquet applied, the subjects had blood sampled initially and then at 3 intervals 1 minute apart. In addition, the initial blood sample was separated into four 4-mL Vacutainer tubes in blood volumes of 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mL. Serum bicarbonate values (mmol/L) were compared using these techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1) Small needle size did not affect serum bicarbonate values (p > 0.60); 2) prolonged tourniquet time resulted in a statistically significant serum bicarbonate elevation (32.0, 32.5, 33.8, and 33.6, respectively; p < 0.01); and 3) underfilling of Vacutainer tubes resulted in significantly lower serum bicarbonate values for all 4 Vacutainer blood volume groups (21.4, 23.0, 25.0, and 26.2, respectively; p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Small needle size does not affect serum bicarbonate values. Prolonged tourniquet time results in a statistically significant elevation of serum bicarbonate, although this elevation may not be clinically meaningful. Underfilling of Vacutainer tubes significantly influences the accuracy of serum bicarbonate values.
authors.affiliation: Brown University School of Medicine, Hasbro Children's Hospital/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, USA. scott_berns@brown.edu
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Berns
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Matchett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000097:blood*; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000379:methods; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009339:Needles; D018962:Phlebotomy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011897:Random Allocation; D013594:Syringes; D013997:Time Factors; D014111:Tourniquets
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates