title: Case-control study of oral contraceptives and risk of thromboembolic stroke: results from International Study on Oral Contraceptives and Health of Young Women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the influence of oral contraceptives (particularly those containing modern progestins) on the risk for ischaemic stroke in women aged 16-44 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Matched case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  16 Centres in the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Switzerland, and Austria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases were 220 women aged 16-44 who had an incident ischaemic stroke. Controls were 775 women (at least one hospital and one community control per case) unaffected by stroke who were matched with the corresponding case for 5 year age band and for hospital or community setting. Information on exposure and confounding variables were collected in a face to face interview.
  
  
  METHODS
  Odds ratios derived with stratified analysis and unconditional logistic regression to adjust for potential confounding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for ischaemic stroke (unmatched analysis) were 4.4 (2.0 to 9.9), 3.4 (2.1 to 5.5), and 3.9 (2.3 to 6.6) for current use of first, second, and third generation oral contraceptives, respectively. The risk ratio for third versus second generation was 1.1 (0.7 to 2.0) and was similar in the United Kingdom and other European countries. The risk estimates were lower if blood pressure was checked before prescription.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there is a small relative risk of occlusive stroke for women of reproductive age who currently use oral contraceptives, the attributable risk is very small because the incidence in this age range is very low. There is no difference between the risk of oral contraceptives of the third and second generation; only first generation oral contraceptives seem to be associated with a higher risk. This small increase in risk may be further reduced by efforts to control cardiovascular risk factors, particularly high blood pressure.
authors.affiliation: ZEG-Centre for Epidemiology and Health Research Berlin, Zepernick, Germany.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Heinemann
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thorogood
authors.forename: W O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Spitzer
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Guggenmoos-Holzmann
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bruppacher
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral