title: Arthroscopic studies of variants of the anterior horn of the medical meniscus.
abstract: The objective of this study was to arthroscopically analyse the morphology and dynamics of variants of the anterior horn of the medial meniscus of the knee (VAMM) and to then consider the pathological significance of these variants. VAMM was defined as knees in which the anterior horn of the medial meniscus is not attached to the tibia. Between April 1992 and March 1995, arthroscopy was performed on 953 knees of 903 patients. At the time of this examination, observation and probing were performed to determine the condition of the synovium, the synovial plica, the cartilage in all compartments, the meniscus, the cruciate ligaments, and the popliteal tendon. In particular, detailed examination was made of the anterior horn of the medial meniscus with regard to the point of insertion to the tibia and the degree of movement in knee flexion/ extension. Cases of VAMM diagnosed on the basis of the arthroscopic findings were classified into the following four categories: the ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) type, where the anterior horn of the medial meniscus was attached to the ACL; the transverse ligament type, where the anterior horn of the medial meniscus was attached to the transverse ligament; the coronary ligament type, where the anterior horn of the medial meniscus was attached to the coronary ligament; and the infrapatellar fold type, where the anterior horn of the medial meniscus was attached to the infrapatellar synovial fold. These patients were then analyzed with regard to the arthroscopic findings and the intra-articular lesions other than VAMM. In 98 (10.9%) of the total patients, 103 knees were classified as VAMM. Classification of those 103 knees using the above criteria showed 39 ACL type knees, 51 transverse ligament type knees, 11 coronary ligament type knees, and 2 infrapatellar fold type knees. The arthroscopic findings indicated that the anterior horn of the medial meniscus was not attached directly to the tibia in any of these knees. Probing and flexion/extension of the knee revealed hypermobility at the anterior horn of the medial meniscus. In this study, anterior knee pain syndrome was diagnosed in 12 (11.7%) of the 103 VAMM knees. In addition, there was no clear history of trauma in 20 of 23 knees found to have an isolated medial meniscus tear. In these cases, even detailed arthroscopic observation proved the causes of the symptoms or injury. On the basis of these findings, we surmised that the anterior portion shows hypermobility at the time of flexion/extension of the knee, regardless of the type of VAMM. In this study, we discussed the possibility that the existence of VAMM may become the cause of pain or injury to the meniscus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hakodate General Central Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohkoshi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shigenobu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamane
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000473:pathology; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D001182:Arthroscopy; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008592:Menisci, Tibial / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010329:Patella / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D016119:Posterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000473:pathology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012422:Rupture, Spontaneous; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D013710:Tendons / Q000473:pathology; D013977:Tibia / Q000473:pathology; D000070600:Tibial Meniscus Injuries