title: Effect of sensory denervation on the structure and physiologic responsiveness of rabbit lacrimal gland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This work was conducted to determine the effects of unilateral trigeminal ganglion ablation on lacrimal gland structure and secretory activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male New Zealand rabbits underwent unilateral thermocoagulation of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal ganglion. Sensory denervation was affirmed by anatomic inspection of the lesion and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the lacrimal gland innervation. Eight to 10 days after the procedure, the intraorbital lacrimal glands were removed from both sides. To compare the physiologic competence of the intact and denervated glands, freshly isolated gland fragments from the paired intact and denervated glands were stimulated with carbachol (100 microM), isoproterenol (10 microM), phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu, 10 microM), forskolin (40 microM), or vehicle. Total secreted protein was measured at 30 or 60 min after the establishment of baseline values. Intact and denervated glands also were examined by light and TEM, and the morphologic appearance of the acinar structures as well as the appearance of nerves innervating the gland after denervation were assessed. Similar experiments were conducted with animals that underwent unilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tissues from sensory denervated glands released significantly more protein than did tissues from innervated glands in response to in vitro stimulation by carbachol or isoproterenol but not in response to PDBu or forskolin. Microscopy showed that the acinar cells that had undergone sensory denervation showed a massive accumulation of secretory granules. The secretory granules filled the entire cytoplasmic space and displaced the ellipsoidal nuclei to the extreme periphery. Examination of segments of nerves revealed numerous unmyelinated axons, a few small-diameter myelinated axons, and a large amount of nerve degeneration after sensory denervation. In contrast to the effects of sensory denervation, sympathetic denervation did not alter either the acinar appearance or secretory responsiveness of the gland.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Loss of the considerable sensory innervation from the trigeminal ganglion has pronounced effects on the pharmacologic responsiveness and the structure of the lacrimal gland. The effects of sensory innervation on the gland may be mediated through two possible pathways: direct input to the gland or control of the preganglionic parasympathetic pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and LSU Eye Center, Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans 70119, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Meneray
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Beuerman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002217:Carbachol / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015171:Ganglionectomy; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology; D007765:Lacrimal Apparatus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D015240:Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate / Q000494:pharmacology; D011817:Rabbits; D013566:Sympathomimetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D012668:Trigeminal Ganglion / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D005136:Eye Proteins; D013566:Sympathomimetics; D005576:Colforsin; D015240:Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate; D002217:Carbachol; D007545:Isoproterenol