title: Endoscopic management of pancreatic pseudocysts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pancreatic pseudocysts may produce pain, or biliary or duodenal obstruction. Those over 6 cm in diameter or associated with chronic pancreatitis are unlikely to resolve and usually require intervention. There are a number of treatment modalities available and this paper reviews the role of endoscopic drainage.
  
  
  METHODS
  All articles and case reports quoted on Medline (National Library of Medicine, Washington DC, USA) containing the text words 'endoscopy' and 'pseudocyst', and citations from these references were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endoscopic drainage is technically feasible in around 50 per cent of pancreatic pseudocysts associated with chronic pancreatitis. Successful drainage occurred in 82-89 percent. The major complication is bleeding which required surgery for control in 5 per cent of procedures. One death attributable to the procedure has been reported. Recurrence rates range from 6 to 18 per cent with up to 4 years' follow-up. As in open surgery, recurrence is highest with drainage via the stomach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic drainage provides a minimally invasive approach to pseudocyst management, with success and recurrence rates similar to those of open surgery but with lower morbidity and mortality rates. It should be considered the treatment of choice for pseudocysts less than 1 cm thick which bulge into the stomach or duodenum, or for those which communicate with the main pancreatic duct.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Beckingham
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Krige
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Bornman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Terblanche
mesh_terms: D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods*; D004385:Duodenostomy / Q000379:methods; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005774:Gastrostomy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D010192:Pancreatic Pseudocyst / Q000601:surgery*; D015607:Stents