title: Physiological analysis to quantify training load in badminton.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the training load of specific on court training regimens based on the magnitude of variation of heart rate-lactate response during specific training and to determine the magnitude of variation of biochemical parameters (urea, uric acid, and creatine phosphokinase (CPK)) 12 hours after the specific training programme so as to assess training stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted on six national male badminton players. Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2), ventilation (VE), heart rate, and respiratory quotient were measured by a protocol of graded treadmill exercise. Twelve training sessions and 35 singles matches were analysed. Heart rate and blood lactate were monitored during technical training routines and match play. Fasting blood samples collected on two occasions--that is, during off season and 12 hours after specific training--were analysed for serum urea, uric acid, and CPK.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of the on court training regimens showed lactate values of 8-10.5 mmol/l in different phases. The percentage of maximum heart rate ranged from 82% to 100%. Urea, uric acid, and CPK activity showed significant changes from (mean (SD)) 4.93 (0.75) mmol/l to 5.49 (0.84) mmol/l, 0.23 (0.04) to 0.33 (0.06) mmol/l, and 312 (211.8) to 363 (216.4) IU/l respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maximum lactate reported in the literature ranges from 3-6 mmol/l. Comparatively high lactate values and high percentage of maximum heart rate found in on court training show a considerable stress on muscular and cardiovascular system. The training load needs appropriate monitoring to avoid over-training. Workouts that are too intensive may interfere with coordination, a factor that is important in sports requiring highly technical skill such as badminton.
authors.affiliation: Sports Authority of India, Netaji Subhas Southern Centre, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Majumdar
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Khanna
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sachdeva
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arif
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mandal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000886:Anthropometry; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods*; D017079:Exercise Tolerance; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010806:Physical Education and Training; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D015865:Racquet Sports / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid