title: Dosimetry of pediatric radiopharmaceuticals: uniformity of effective dose and a simple aid for its estimation.
abstract: Formulae were investigated for predicting the effective dose to children, per unit administered activity of various pediatric radiopharmaceuticals, based only on the weight of the patient. Their influence on the uniformity of effective dose from total administered activity was also examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  The formulae were obtained from calculations of effective dose per unit administered activity (mSv x MBq[-1]) for five anthropomorphic mathematical phantoms applicable for newborn, 1-yr-, 5-yr-, 10-yr- and 15-yr-old children, having body weights of 3.4, 9.8, 19, 32 and 57 kg, respectively, using published biokinetic models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In general, there was good linear correlation between effective dose per unit administered activity and inverse weight but, for some radiopharmaceuticals, logarithmic regression on weight provided a better fit to the data. An administered activity schedule based on body surface area, used with these formulae, resulted in reasonable uniformity of effective dose for children of all ages, with varying degrees of uniformity for different radiopharmaceuticals (coefficient of variation (COV) up to 20%). Individual activity schedules for separate radiopharmaceuticals gave best uniformity (COV < 7%) while a single general schedule, based on the mean results of the present study, yielded acceptable uniformity (COV < or = 10%) over the pediatric range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Effective dose per unit administered activity (mSv x MBq[-1]) of pediatric radiopharmaceuticals can be predicted from body weight alone by using simple formulae, and appropriately choosing the administered activity schedule leads to similar values of effective dose for children of all ages from a given radiopharmaceutical procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust and the Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Lythgoe
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gordon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019783:Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019783:Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid