title: Inflammatory cells in experimental intervertebral disc injury.
abstract: METHODS
  Inflammatory cells were located by immunocytochemistry in areas of experimental intervertebral disc injury in pigs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the occurrence of T lymphocytes and macrophages 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after partial-thickness transverse scalpel injuries in pig lumbar discs.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Inflammatory cells and mediators recently have been observed in disc herniation tissue that was removed at disc prolapse surgery. The prevalence of inflammatory cell infiltrates in such clinical disc tissue material also has been studied. There are no studies, however, that have analyzed, using immunocytochemical methodology, the occurrence of, types of, and time dependence of inflammatory cells in an experimental disc injury model. The role of inflammation in intervertebral disc injury and repair has not been determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transverse scalpel injuries 5-mm long and 4-mm deep were cut in the anterolateral anulus of L5-L6 and L4-L5 discs in 16 pigs. The cuts in the center of the anulus did not reach the nucleus pulposus and never produced a disc prolapse. In every pig, two non-adjacent lumbar discs (L1-L2 and L2-L3) were used as controls. Four discs per animal were studied in parallel by two different complementary immunohistochemical staining protocols. T lymphocytes and macrophages were located immunohistochemically using CD3 and CD68 antibodies, respectively. Discs were removed for analysis from four pigs at 1 week, from six pigs at 1 month, and from six pigs at 3 months. Inflammatory cells were categorized by two independent observers as being entirely absent (-), only few scattered cells (+), and at least one larger cellular infiltrate (+2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In none of the discs could extensive inflammatory cell infiltration be observed. T lymphocytes were present in significantly more sections cut from injured discs than in sections cut from control discs. The difference was highly significant particularly at 1 week and 1 month after disc removal. Only the 1-month-after-injury sections from injured discs exhibited significantly more macrophages than those from control discs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest the presence of only modest inflammatory cell infiltration in experimental intervertebral disc injury at all follow-up times. The inflammatory response in partial-thickness anterior experimental intervertebral disc injury, in the absence of disc prolapse, seems to be dominated by a T lymphocyte response. The macrophage response is apparently strongest at 1 month after such injury. These findings differ from what has been observed in herniated disc tissue.
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory, University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kanerva
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kommonen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grönblad
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tolonen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Habtemariam
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Virri
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karaharju
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000032:analysis; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000032:analysis; D017252:CD3 Complex / Q000032:analysis; D002452:Cell Count; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000473:pathology*; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D013552:Swine; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology*; D000097382:CD68 Molecule
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D017252:CD3 Complex; C067980:CD68 antigen, human; D000097382:CD68 Molecule