title: Glucocorticoids stimulate p21 gene expression by targeting multiple transcriptional elements within a steroid responsive region of the p21waf1/cip1 promoter in rat hepatoma cells.
abstract: Glucocorticoids can induce a G1 arrest in the cell cycle progression of BDS1 rat hepatoma cells. In these cells, dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid, stimulated a rapid and selective increase in expression of the p21 cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor mRNA and protein and virtually abolished CDK2 phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein. Expression of the p27 CDK inhibitor, and other G1-acting cell cycle proteins, remained unaffected. Dexamethasone stimulated p21 promoter activity in a p53-independent manner that required functional glucocorticoid receptors. Transforming growth factor-beta, which also induced a G1 cell cycle arrest of the hepatoma cells, failed to elicit this response. Analysis of 5' deletions of the p21 promoter uncovered a glucocorticoid responsive region between nucleotides -1481 and -1184, which does not contain a canonical glucocorticoid response element but which can confer dexamethasone responsiveness to a heterologous promoter. Fine mapping of this region uncovered three distinct 50-60-base pair transcriptional elements that likely function as targets of glucocorticoid receptor signaling. Finally, ectopic expression of p21 had no effect on hepatoma cell growth in the absence of glucocorticoids but facilitated the ability of dexamethasone to inhibit cell proliferation. Thus, our results have established a direct transcriptional link between glucocorticoid receptor signaling and the regulated promoter activity of a CDK inhibitor gene that is involved in the cell cycle arrest of hepatoma cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA.
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Cram
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Kasler
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Firestone
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins / Q000235:genetics*; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D051381:Rats; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: C493958:Cdkn1a protein, rat; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D003907:Dexamethasone; D008156:Luciferases