title: Immunological findings in Kawasaki disease: an evaluation in a cohort of Italian children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Multiple humoral and cellular abnormalities in Kawasaki disease (KD) have already been described. In this study an analysis of immunological findings in a cohort of 34 Italian children affected with KD is reported, and the potential clinical significance of such alterations in predicting the development of coronary aneurysm and the prognosis of the disease is evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Levels of circulating immune complexes (CIC), antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anticardiolipin (aCL), antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), and anti-endothelial cells (AECA) and the T cell profile were determined in both the acute and the convalescent phases, and were compared to febrile, sex- and age-matched children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CIC were present in 66% of the patients, 18 of whom were in the acute phase and 13 in the convalescent phase. In the control group CIC were detected in 47% of the children. ANA were negative in both the KD and in the febrile group. ANCA were present in 8%, AECA in 26%, and aCL in 30% of KD patients (IgG aCL antibodies were found in 14 patients, IgM aCL in, 1 and 1 had both). Among the controls, aCL antibodies were found in 5 patients (22%); in particular 1 (4.4%) had IgG and 4 (17.4%) had IgM aCL. An altered T cell profile, with an inverted CD4/CD8 ratio, was found in all KD children. All of the immune alterations showed a lower incidence in the convalescent than in the acute phase. No significant relationship between any of these immune findings and cardiac involvement or any other clinical manifestations was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data confirms the previously reported immunological anomalies in KD both in the acute and the convalescent phases, with a decreased incidence of such alterations in the convalescent phase. No prognostic significance for the occurrence of aneurysm could be demonstrated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, University of Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Falcini
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Trapani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Turchini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Farsi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ermini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Keser
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khamashta
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Hughes
mesh_terms: D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin / Q000097:blood; D019268:Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic / Q000097:blood; D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear / Q000097:blood; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006322:Heart Aneurysm / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D007223:Infant; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D009080:Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin; D019268:Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic; D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear; D001323:Autoantibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; C087589:anti-endothelial cell antibody