title: Preoperative metoprolol improves cardiovascular stability and reduces oxygen consumption after thoracotomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased sympathetic activity perioperatively and associated cardiovascular effects play a central role in cardiovascular complications. High thoracic epidural blockade attenuates the sympathetic response, but even with complete pain relief, haemodynamic and endocrine responses are still present. Beta-adrenoceptor blockade is effective in situations with increased sympathetic activity. This study was designed to evaluate the perioperative haemodynamic effect of preoperative beta-blockade and its influence on the haemodynamic aspects of the surgical stress response.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six otherwise healthy patients undergoing elective thoracotomy for lung resection were randomised double-blinded to receive either 100 mg metoprolol or placebo preoperatively. Anaesthesia was combined high thoracic epidural block and general anaesthesia. The epidural analgesia was continued during recovery. Patients were monitored with ECG, pulse oximetry, invasive haemodynamic monitoring, arterial blood gases and electrolytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After induction of anaesthesia the mean arterial pressure (MAP) decreased in both groups, and decreased further in the placebo group after initiation of the epidural block. The heart rate (HR) was slightly less throughout the observation period after metoprolol. Peroperatively, the only difference in measured haemodynamics was a marginally higher MAP after metoprolol. Postoperative cardiac index (CI) was lower with a lower variability and cardiac filling pressures were slightly higher in the metoprolol group. The oxygen consumption index was higher after placebo throughout the observation period, with no difference in the oxygen delivery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that preoperative beta-blockade during combined general anaesthesia and high thoracic epidural blockade stabilised perioperative HR and CI and decreased total oxygen consumption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, Skejby Sygehus, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Jakobsen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bille
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ahlburg
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rybro
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000368:Aged; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008790:Metoprolol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects*; D013908:Thoracotomy; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D006454:Hemoglobins; D008790:Metoprolol