title: Human carotid arteries: correlation of intravascular US with angiographic and histopathologic findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish the intravascular ultrasound (US) morphology of the arterial wall in various segments of the carotid artery and to evaluate atherosclerotic changes correlated with angiographic and in vitro histopathologic findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 67 carotid arteries were imaged with a 3.5-F, 30-MHz intravascular US catheter: Twenty-four arteries were studied in vivo in 22 patients during neuroendovascular interventional procedures, in situ in 10 cadaveric arteries, and in vitro in 33 fresh excised arteries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vivo, none of 10 calcifications and five (29%) of 17 intimal thickenings detected at intravascular US were seen at contrast material-enhanced angiography. At intravascular US, the arterial wall morphology was consistently three layered in the internal carotid artery above the bulb, either vaguely three layered or homogeneous in the bulb and in the carotid bifurcation, and homogeneous in the majority of common carotid arteries. The medial-adventitial interface was distinct in 21 (88%) of 24 arteries in vivo. Histopathologic and intravascular US classifications of the plaque agreed for 31 (82%) of the 38 arterial specimens in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vivo intravascular US was feasible in carotid arteries with mild atherosclerosis and often revealed intimal thickenings and concentric plaques in angiographically normal segments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Manninen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Räsänen
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Vanninen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hippeläinen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saari
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karkola
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Kosma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D002102:Cadaver; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional