title: Prognostic value of plasma catecholamines, plasma renin activity, and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide at rest and during exercise in congestive heart failure: comparison with clinical evaluation, ejection fraction, and exercise capacity.
abstract: Survival in congestive heart failure is related to plasma catecholamines and atrial natriuretic peptide at rest, but the prognostic importance of changes during exercise is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of catecholamines and atrial natriuretic peptide at rest and during maximal exercise in congestive heart failure, and to compare it to clinical and exercise test variables and left ventricular ejection fraction. One hundred ninety consecutive patients (136 men and 54 women; median age, 66 years; range, 42-75 years) with clinically stable congestive heart failure were included. Sixteen patients were in New York Heart Association class I, 87 in class II, 83 in class III, and 4 in class IV. Left ventricular ejection fraction was 0.30 (range, 0.06-0.74). Total survival after 1 year was 79%, after 2 years, it was 68%. Prognostic variables at univariate analysis were: plasma noradrenaline at rest (P < .0001), plasma adrenaline at rest (P = .049), and atrial natriuretic peptide at rest (P = .016). During exercise, plasma catecholamines and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide increased significantly; the change, however, was not related to survival. Six variables carried significant, independent prognostic information in a multivariate analysis: left ventricular ejection fraction (P = .03), plasma noradrenaline at rest (P = .009), New York Heart Association class III + IV (P = .005), increase in heart rate during exercise < or = 35 min-1 (P < .0001), serum creatinine > 121 mumol/L (P = .004), and serum urea > 7.6 mmol/L (P = .007). Patients with congestive heart failure have a poor survival despite intensive medical treatment. Plasma catecholamines and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide are elevated at rest and rises further during exercise; the increase, however, is not related to mortality. Plasma noradrenaline at rest contributes with further prognostic information despite knowledge of clinical and exercise variables and was the only neurohormonal variable with independent, significant prognostic information on survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Christiansen
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Christensen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000097:blood*; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000097:blood*; D017079:Exercise Tolerance; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012083:Renin / Q000097:blood*; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor; D012083:Renin