title: Moderate wine consumption is associated with decreased odds of developing age-related macular degeneration in NHANES-1.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association between alcohol intake and the risk of developing age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Case control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 3072 adults 45 to 74 years of age with macular changes indicative of AMD who participated in a nationally representative sample of the first National Health Nutrition and Examination Survey (NHANES-1) between 1971 and 1975: (a) the ophthalmology data set and (b) the medical history questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  Alcohol intake and the risk of developing AMD were measured. AMD was determined by staff at the National Eye Institute by fundoscopy examination using standardized protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 184 individuals (6%) had AMD. We observed a statistically significant but negative association between AMD and the type of alcohol consumed in a bivariate model (OR 0.86; 95% CI 0.73, 0.99). In the same model, age maintained a consistently strong association with AMD (OR 1.08; 95% CI 1.06-1.11; P < .001). Among the different types of alcohol consumed in NHANES-1 (beer, wine, and liquor), the effect of wine, either alone (OR 0.66; 95% CI 0.55-0.79) or in combination with beer (OR 0.66; 95% CI 0.55-0.79) or liquor (OR 0.74; 95% CI 0.63-0.86), dominated the negative association observed between AMD and alcohol type. Additionally, a statistically significant and negative association between wine and AMD was noted after adjusting for the effect of age, gender, income, history of congestive heart failure, and hypertension (OR 0.81; 95% CI 0.67-0.99).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate wine consumption is associated with decreased odds of developing AMD. Health promotion and disease prevention activities directed at cardiovascular disease may help reduce the rate of AMD-associated blindness among older people. The nature and pathophysiology of this association warrant further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC 20060, USA.
authors.forename: T O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Obisesan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kosoko
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parrott
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014920:Wine