title: In vitro fluence rate effects in photodynamic reactions with AIPcS4 as sensitizer.
abstract: It has been shown previously that the efficiency of photodynamic therapy (PDT) both in vivo and in vitro is dependent on fluence rate. In this study, different in vitro experiments showed that tetrasulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine (AIPcS4) is more efficient in photosensitization if the light is delivered at low fluence rate. Erythrocyte damage, virus inactivation and photooxidation of reduced glutathione (GSH) and histidine were all enhanced if light was delivered at 100 W/m2 as compared to 500 W/m2. Bleaching did not occur under these conditions. Oxygen depletion, shown to be important in fluence rate effects observed in vivo, does not seem to be involved. On theoretical grounds saturation of the triplet state is not likely under these conditions. A possible explantation for the observed fluence rate effects might be found in different reaction pathways, that are favored under high or low fluence rate illuminations. These reactions might involve uni- or bimolecular reactions of intermediate products, resulting in less efficiency at higher fluence rate. It proves to be important, under all circumstances, to monitor fluence rate, because a change in fluence rate, even with similar total fluences, might influence photobiological results in an unexpected way.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University, The Netherlands. A.C.E.Moor@biochemistry.medfac.leidenuniv.nl
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Moor
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lagerberg
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tijssen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Truscott
authors.forename: I E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Kochevar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Dubbelman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: VanSteveninck
mesh_terms: D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007700:Kinetics; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014721:Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; C048577:aluminum tetrasulfophthalocyanine