title: The detection of microbial DNA in the blood: a sensitive method for diagnosing bacteremia and/or bacterial translocation in surgical patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose was to determine the sensitivity of detecting microbial DNA in the blood of surgical patients as a measure for diagnosing systemic infection and/or translocation from the gut.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Microbial infections and translocation of intestinal bacteria are thought to contribute to multiple system organ failure, but bacterial cultures are often negative in patients with this complication.
  
  
  METHODS
  DNA was extracted from the blood of 40 surgical patients and 20 healthy controls. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques were used to amplify genes from Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis, and a region of 16S ribosomal RNA found in many gram-positive and -negative bacteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bacterial DNA genes were not detected in healthy volunteers but were found in all patients with positive blood cultures. All eight transplant patients receiving OKT3 therapy had microbial DNA in their blood, possibly indicating translocation from the gut. Sixty-four percent of critically ill patients had microbial DNA detected in their blood, but only 3 (14%) had positive blood cultures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PCR method is more sensitive than blood cultures for detecting bacterial components in the blood of critically ill surgical patients and may detect microbial translocation from the intestine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, and the Shriners Burns Institute, Ohio 45267-0558, USA.
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Kane
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Johannigman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology*; D018988:Bacterial Translocation; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D017931:DNA Primers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000097:blood*; D005334:Fever / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D016853:Muromonab-CD3 / Q000009:adverse effects; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000097:blood; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016853:Muromonab-CD3; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S