title: Prostate-specific antigen levels are higher in African-American than in white patients in a multicenter registration study: results of RTOG 94-12.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in a national sample of African-American and white men with prostate cancer, and to attempt to explain any differences by using self-reported individual-level socioeconomic status adjustments.
  
  
  METHODS
  During 4 1/2 months in 1994-95, 709 patients with nonmetastatic prostate cancer were enrolled in this prospective study; 17.5% were African-American and 82.5% were white. Information about clinical stage, tumor grade, pretreatment PSA, type of insurance, and educational and income status was obtained. Serum PSA levels were measured and racial differences were found; how the differences were influenced by other patient- or tumor-related factors and if the differences could be explained by socioeconomic status disparities were determined. In univariate analyses, factors associated with the mean PSA levels were studied; log-converted values were used to yield a normal distribution. Multivariate analyses were done on log-linear models for description of association patterns among various categorical variables; a perfectly fitted model should have a correlation value (CV) of 1.0.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean PSA level was higher in African-Americans (14.68 ng/ml) than in whites (9.82 ng/ml) (p = 0.001). Clinical stage (p = 0.001), Gleason sum tumor grade (p = 0.0001), educational level (p = 0.001), and household income (p = 0.03) were also associated with mean PSA levels; age, type of biopsy, and insurance status were not. Disease stage (p = 0.0001), grade (p = 0.0001), education (p = 0.07), and income (p = 0.02) were all associated with PSA levels for whites, but none of these factors were important for African-Americans (all p values > 0.1). The best fitted log-linear model (CV = 0.99) contained PSA (< 10, 10-20, and > 20), Gleason sum grade (2-5, 6-7, and 8-10), race, and two interactions: PSA by race (p = 0.0012) and PSA by Gleason sum (p = 0.0001). Models replacing race for either income (CV = 0.82) or education (CV = 0.82) or both (CV = 0.78) did not fit as well.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  African-Americans with nonmetastatic prostate cancer have higher serum PSA levels at diagnosis than whites, implying a higher tumor cell burden. Individual-level household income, education, or insurance status alone or in combination account for racial differences, but only partially.
authors.affiliation: University of Chicago, Center for Radiation Therapy, IL 60616, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vijayakumar
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Winter
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sause
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Michalski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roach
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bondy
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D044383:Black People; D004522:Educational Status; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000473:pathology; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen