title: Nicotinamide as a radiosensitizer in tumours and normal tissues: the importance of drug dose and timing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nicotinamide is a radiation sensitizer currently undergoing clinical testing. This was an experimental study to determine the importance of drug dose and time interval between drug administration and irradiation for radiosensitization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nicotinamide (50-500 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally into CDFI or C3H mice and drug plasma pharmacokinetics were determined by HPLC. Radiosensitization was measured in tumours and normal tissues after local irradiation. The tumours were a C3H mammary carcinoma, the KHT sarcoma and the SCCVII carcinoma. Tumour response was assessed using either growth delay (C3H) or clonogenic survival (KHT/SCCVII). Normal tissue toxicities evaluated included early responding skin (development of moist desquamation of the foot) and late responding bladder (reservoir function estimated by cystometry) and lung (ventilation rate measured by plethysmography).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All nicotinamide peak plasma concentrations were seen within 30 min after injection. Irradiating tumours at peak times resulted in enhancement ratios (ERs) of 1.27 (C3H), 1.75 (KHT) and 1.45 (SCCVII) with high nicotinamide doses and 1.27 (C3H), 1.28 (KHT) and 1.36 (SCCVII) after giving clinically relevant doses (100-200 mg/kg). Lower ERs were observed when the time interval between drug injection and irradiation was increased beyond the peak time. Irradiating normal tissues at peak times after injecting 100-200 mg/kg nicotinamide gave ERs of 1.20 (skin), 0.90 (bladder) and 1.02 (lung).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinically achievable doses of nicotinamide will enhance tumour radiation damage while having minimal effects in normal tissues, but for the best tumour effect radiation should be given at the time of peak plasma drug concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Danish Cancer Society, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Horsman
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Siemann
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Chaplin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Overgaard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D009536:Niacinamide