title: Conducting physician mail surveys on a limited budget. A randomized trial comparing $2 bill versus $5 bill incentives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effects of incentive size on physicians' response rates to a mail survey were determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  One thousand US primary care physicians were assigned randomly to receive a survey with either a $5 bill or a $2 bill as an incentive. For each of the two incentive groups, the overall response rate for three mailing waves, the total cost, and the total cost per usable response were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate among those receiving the $5 bill (61%) was 32% higher than the response rate among those receiving the $2 bill (46%); overall costs were slightly higher in the $5 group, but the cost per response for each group was similar ($15.46 versus $14.93). For the same cost, a higher response rate could have been achieved in the $2 group if costs saved from foregoing the third mailing were instead used to increase the incentive for a portion of the subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A $5 bill incentive yielded a higher response rate among the physicians in this study than did a $2 bill incentive. Moreover, the powerful effect of the incentive size, combined with the consequent decline in the costs of subsequent mailing waves, suggests that resources in a fixed survey budget are allocated more efficiently to increasing the initial incentive rather than to providing a third wave to nonresponders.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA. asch@wharton.upenn.edu
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Asch
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Christakis
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Ubel
mesh_terms: D002017:Budgets; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D019538:Health Care Surveys / Q000191:economics*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D009042:Motivation; D010821:Physicians, Family / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000191:economics*; D014481:United States