title: Cholinergic enhancement by pyridostigmine increases the insulin response to glucose load in obese patients but not in normal subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To further investigate the role, if any, of acetylcholine and the parasympathetic nervous system in modulating beta-cell secretion in man.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oral glucose load (OGTT, 100 g p.o. at 0 min) alone and preceded by pyridostigmine (PD, 120 mg p.o., 60 min before OGTT), a cholinesterase inhibitor, were administered on two different occasions, in random order, two or three days apart.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten women with central obesity (OB, body mass index (BMI): 34.2 +/- 2.1 kg/m2, waist to hip ratio (WHR): 0.83 +/- 0.01, aged 39.0 +/- 5.3y) and six normal women (NS, BMI: 22.7 +/- 1.9 kg/m2, WHR: 0.74 +/- 0.01, aged 37.1 +/- 4.8y) were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum insulin, plasma glucose and plasma noradrenaline (NA) were measured at -60, -15 and 0 min, and then every 15 min up to +120 min. Insulin concentrations were measured in duplicate by immunoradiometric assay, glucose by glucose oxidase colorimetric method and NA was assayed after extraction with alumina using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Pulse rate (PR), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were also measured every 15 min during the tests by an automated cuff device.
  
  
  RESULTS
  OGTT raised glucose concentrations in OB and NS (incremental area: 420 +/- 44 vs 288 +/- 70 mmol/l. 2 h, respectively) without significant differences between groups (F = 0.6, P = ns). On the other hand, OB showed an insulin response to OGTT higher than NS (10,120 +/- 1074 vs 6692 +/- 1962 microU ml-1 2 h, respectively P < 0.01). After OGTT alone NA concentrations increased to the same extent in NS (peak vs basal: 1.40 +/- 0.16 vs 1.07 +/- 0.10 nmol/l, P < 0.05) and in OB (peak vs basal: 1.50 +/- 0.14 vs 1.04 +/- 0.18 nmol/l P < 0.05). Both in NS and in OB, PD administration failed to modify basal glucose and insulin (P = ns for both) as well as basal NA concentrations. In NS, the combined administration of PD and OGTT did not modify glucose and insulin responses compared to OGTT alone 335 +/- 65.4 mmol/l. 2h and 6348 +/- 1348 microU ml-1 2h, respectively) while in OB, PD significantly increased the insulin response to OGTT (14640 +/- 3030 microU ml-1 2h, P < 0.03), while the glucose response was not significantly different from OGTT alone (478 +/- 45 mmol/l. 2h). PD administration did not modify the NA response to OGTT, in NS or OB (P = ns). In both groups, pyridostigmine administration did not affect systolic or diastolic blood pressures, but decreased pulse rate to the same extent in NS (74 +/- 2 vs 66 +/- 2 beats/min, P < 0.05) and in OB (72 +/- 1 vs 67 +/- 2 beats/min, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our present data indicate that in man, as in animals, acetylcholine has a stimulatory influence on insulin secretion.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Del Rio
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Procopio
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bondi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marrama
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Menozzi
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Oleandri
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grottoli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maccario
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Velardo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ghigo
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood*; D011729:Pyridostigmine Bromide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D007328:Insulin; D005947:Glucose; D011729:Pyridostigmine Bromide