title: Varying degradation rates of total nonstructural carbohydrates: effects on nutrient uptake and utilization by the mammary gland in high producing Holstein cows.
abstract: Six ruminally cannulated Holstein cows at 56 to 77 d of lactation were fed three total mixed rations that varied in ruminal degradation rates of total nonstructural carbohydrates (6.04, 6.98, and 7.94%/h). The design was a 3 x 6 Latin square with 21-d experimental periods. Cows were catheterized in the jugular vein and in one of the caudal superficial epigastric veins. Increases in the ruminal degradation rate of total nonstructural carbohydrates 1) elevated mammary blood flow and blood concentrations of nonessential amino acids; 2) decreased arteriovenous differences and extraction rates of essential and most nonessential amino acids, but not of Gln and Glu (analyzed together) and glucose; 3) increased mammary uptake of Gln, Glu, and glucose; milk protein concentrations of Glu, Pro, and Asp; and total nonessential amino acids; and 4) did not alter uptake to output ratios of amino acids in the mammary gland, however, of the nonessential amino acids, only the uptake to output ratios for Glu and Gln increased (19%). Glucose and amino acid arteriovenous differences were not strongly correlated with their arterial concentrations. Increases in the ruminal degradation rate of total nonstructural carbohydrates increased intestinal digestibilities of total nonstructural carbohydrates and protein and increased uptake of energy substrates by the mammary gland, resulting in a 13% improvement in the utilization of nonessential amino acids for milk protein synthesis and in higher milk production and milk protein yields.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dairy and Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16803, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lykos
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Varga
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000097:blood; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle / Q000378:metabolism*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004063:Digestion; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D007774:Lactation; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism*; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D012417:Rumen / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D008894:Milk Proteins; D005973:Glutamine; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005947:Glucose