title: PAPNET-assisted rescreening of cervical smears: cost and accuracy compared with a 100% manual rescreening strategy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Food and Drug Administration has recently approved several devices that use computerized image analysis to rescreen Papanicolaou (Pap) smears that have already been examined by cytotechnologists. Physicians and laboratories must decide whether the utility of these devices justifies the cost.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness and cost of PAPNET-assisted rescreening in identifying cervical abnormalities not identified by manual rescreening.
  
  
  METHODS
  PAPNET-assisted rescreening of 5478 Pap smears obtained in 1994 and 1995 previously identified as "within normal limits" or "benign changes" on both initial and random screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female service members and dependents aged 12 to 88 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Air Force clinics in the United States and Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rescreening of Pap smears by PAPNET, followed by reevaluation of abnormal smears by the consensus panel, consisting of 3 cytotechnologists and 3 pathologists.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proportion of Pap smears initially screened as normal identified as abnormal by both PAPNET and consensus panel; costs of rescreening.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PAPNET screening identified 1614 (29%) slides requiring additional microscopic review. On further review, 448 (8% of total) had possibly abnormal cells. Ultimately, 11 of these cases were reviewed by the consensus panel for potentially atypical cells. Of these 11 cases, 5 were reclassified as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) and 1 as atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGUS). No additional squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (SIL) was identified in these smears; the patient with a diagnosis of AGUS on rescreening was diagnosed as having a low-grade SIL (LSIL) on follow-up. Costs were $5825 to $33781 for each additional ASCUS or AGUS diagnosis. A cost of $17475 to $101343 is expected for each case of LSIL identified by PAPNET-assisted rescreening and not by traditional manual rescreening.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PAPNET-assisted rescreening identified a few more cases of ASCUS than did manual rescreening, but at a relatively high cost. The costs of rescreening should be carefully compared with the expected efficacy in reducing cervical cancer mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306-6000, USA. tjo@afip.mil
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: O'Leary
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tellado
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Buckner
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Ollayos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D018795:Device Approval; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D008875:Middle Aged; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011786:Quality Control; D014481:United States; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014626:Vaginal Smears / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards