title: Early physician notification of patient disability risk and clinical guidelines after low back injury: a randomized, controlled trial.
abstract: METHODS
  Back-injured workers with high disability risk scores on a predictive questionnaire participated in a randomized, controlled trial of physician notification, with outcomes follow-up 3 months after injury.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test whether physician intervention improves return to work and self-assessment outcomes for people at relatively high risk for disability.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Only a small number of back-injured workers suffer significant disability. Quick identification of these people would facilitate more efficient targeting and trials of interventions. Controlling variations in practice through practice guidelines has been recommended as a promising strategy for improving care and reducing disability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Workers filing back injury reports responded to a disability prediction questionnaire. Those with high risk scores were randomly assigned to control or intervention groups. Patient-designated physicians in the intervention group received two letters identifying the patient's risk and making recommendations for care, including the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research's algorithms for acute low back pain. Predictive accuracy of the questionnaire and efficacy of physician intervention were evaluated on the basis of work status and self-assessments 3 months after injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 268 workers completing the questionnaire portion of the study, 32 (12%) were out of work because of back pain 3 months after injury. The questionnaire's predictive accuracy included maximum kappa of 0.277 and a receiver operating curve area of 0.78. Fifty-three people completed the physician intervention trial. The intervention had no significant impact on return to work, self-assessed pain, or satisfaction with health care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stratification of back-injured people according to disability risk can can increase intervention efficiency by identifying those who require treatment and sparing those who do not. The apparent failure of risk notification and practice guidelines to reduce disability in this study may be improved by different application methods in the future.
authors.affiliation: Vermont Back Research Center, Burlington, USA.
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Hazard
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Haugh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McFarlane
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: MacDonald
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019567:Back Injuries / Q000628:therapy*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires