title: Characterization of the cytochrome P450 isoenzymes involved in the in vitro N-dealkylation of haloperidol.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was carried out to identify the cytochrome P450 isoenzyme(s) involved in the N-dealkylation of haloperidol (HAL).
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro studies were performed using human liver microsomes and c-DNA-expressed human P450 isoforms. N-dealkylation of HAL was assessed by measuring the formation of 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine (CPHP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a tenfold variation in the extent of CPHP formation amongst the nine human liver microsomal preparations. The CPHP formation rates as a function of substrate concentration, measured in three livers, followed monophasic enzyme kinetics. Km and Vmax values ranged respectively from 50 to 78 microM and from 180 to 412 pmol mg-1 min-1 CPHP formation rates in the nine liver preparations were significantly correlated with dextromethorphan N-demethylase activity (a marker of CYP3A4 activity), but not with the activity of dextromethorphan O-demethylase (CYP2D6), phenacetin O-deethylase (CYP1A2) or tolbutamide hydroxylase (CYP2C9). Ketoconazole, an inhibitor of CYP3A4, inhibited competitively CPHP formation (Ki=0.1 microM), whereas sulphaphenazole (CYP2C9), furafylline (CYP1A2) and quinidine (CYP2D6) gave only little inhibition (IC50 > 100 microM). CPHP formation was, moreover, enhanced by apha-naphtoflavone, an effect common to CYP3A4 mediated reactions. Anti-CYP3A4 antibodies strongly inhibited CPHP formation, whereas no inhibition was observed in the presence of CYP2D6 antibodies. Among the recombinant human CYP isoforms tested, CYP3A4 exhibited the highest activity with respect to CPHP formation rate, with no detectable effect of other CYP isoforms (CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP2C9). HAL inhibited dextromethorphan O-demethylase (CYP2D6) with IC50 values between 2.7 and 8.5 microM, but not (IC50 > 100 microM) dextromethorphan N-demethylase (CYP3A4), phenacetin O-deethylase (CYP1A2) or tolbutamide hydroxylase (CYP2C9).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results strongly suggest that the N-dealkylation of HAL in human liver microsomal preparations is mediated by CYP3A4.
authors.affiliation: Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, University of Gent Medical School, Belgium.
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wijnant
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Vriendt
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Rosseel
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Belpaire
mesh_terms: D019138:Antibodies, Blocking / Q000494:pharmacology; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002460:Cell Line; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D003640:Dealkylation; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D007700:Kinetics; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019138:Antibodies, Blocking; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007527:Isoenzymes; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D006220:Haloperidol