title: Variations in transfusion practice in neonatal intensive care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the transfusion practices between two neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) to assess the impact of local practice styles on the timing, number, and total volume of packed red cell transfusions in very low birth weight infants. To derive multivariate models to describe practice and to identify potential areas for improvement in the future.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed phlebotomy losses and transfusion rates between two NICUs (A and B) for 270 consecutive admissions of birth weight < 1500 g. We stratified for birth weight and for illness severity by the Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology (SNAP). Measures of short-term outcome were compared. We derived multivariate models to describe and compare the practices in the two NICUs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients in NICU A had smaller phlebotomy losses than those in NICU B. A lower percentage of the patients in NICU A (65% vs 87%) received transfusions, but they tended to receive a greater total volume per kg per patient (67 mL/kg vs 54.8 mL/kg). Transfusion timing differed between the NICUs; in NICU A only approximately one-half of their transfusions occurred in the first 2 weeks, whereas in NICU B almost 70% of the transfusions were given in this time period. Multivariate models showed that phlebotomy losses were significantly related to lower gestational age (GA) and higher SNAP. Hospitalization in NICU B resulted in 10.7 cc of additional losses relative to NICU A for a comparable GA and illness severity score. The volume of blood transfused per kilogram of body weight was a function of GA, SNAP, and hospital. Care practices in NICU A added an additional 19 cc of transfused volume in the first 14 days of life, and an additional 26 cc thereafter when adjusted for GA and SNAP. These differences in phlebotomy and transfusion were not associated with differences in the days of oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation, the oxygen requirement at 28 days, the incidence of chronic lung disease, or the rate of growth by day 28.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified significant differences in phlebotomy and transfusion practices between two NICUs. We found no differences in short-term outcome, suggesting that the additional use of blood in one of the NICUs was discretionary rather than necessary. Our multivariate models can be used to characterize and quantify transfusion and phlebotomy practices. By predicting which patients are likely to require multiple transfusions, clinicians can target patients for erythropoietin therapy and identify those patients for whom donor exposure can be reduced by a unit of blood for multiple use. The models may help in monitoring changes in practice as they occur.
authors.affiliation: Joint Program in Neonatology (Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ringer
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Sacher
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keszler
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Churchill
mesh_terms: D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015931:Intensive Care, Neonatal; D016014:Linear Models; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D018962:Phlebotomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014481:United States