title: Nicotine and caffeine use as confounds in psychiatric studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington 05401-1419, USA.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Howard
mesh_terms: D002110:Caffeine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012107:Research Design; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000523:psychology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D002110:Caffeine; D009538:Nicotine