title: Pyothorax-associated lymphoma: description of the first two cases detected in Italy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pyothorax-associated lymphoma (PAL) is a rare, but distinct, clinico-pathologic entity which occurs most often in Japanese people; to the best of our knowledge, only six cases of it have been reported in Western countries. The tumour develops several decades following artificial pneumothorax or chronic pleuritis due to tuberculous infection, produces pleural effusion associated with extensive local lymphomatous infiltrates, and is sustained by a polymorphic large B-cell clonal proliferation showing EBV integration in the genoma of the neoplastic cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Herein we describe two cases of PAL observed in Italian patients, both extensively studied on the clinical, pathological, phenotypic, virological, and molecular levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The two cases occurred, respectively, 45 and 50 years after therapeutic pneumothorax because of tuberculous pleuritis and were characterized by a pleural mass extending to the thoracic wall, which on histological examination were seen to consist of large elements with immunoblastic morphology. Immunohistochemistry show monotypic restriction of Ig light chains, as well as the expression of CD45, B-cell markers (CD20, CD79a, CD45RA), bcl-2 oncogene product, EBNA-2 and, partially, LMP-1. The ratio of cycling cells was extremely high as was the number of mitotic figures. In situ hybridization displayed the presence in the neoplastic cells of the EBV-related small RNAs EBER 1 and 2, which in turn, along with the positivity for EBNA-2 and LMP-1, further strengthened the close relationships between PAL and latent viral infection. Molecular studies revealed, on one hand, clonal rearrangement of the Ig heavy chain J region genes, and on the other, negativity for HHV8 in one case and positivity in the other.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These cases of PAL are the first to be documented in Italy; they serve to direct attention to the fact that this condition is not confined to Japanese people, and that its occurrence in Western countries might be underestimated.
authors.affiliation: Service of Pathologic Anatomy and Haematopathology, Institute of Haematology and Clinical Oncology L.& A. Seràgnoli, Bologna University School of Medicine, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ascani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piccioli
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Poggi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Briskomatis
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Bolis
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liberati
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frongillo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caramatti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fraternali-Orcioni
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gamberi
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Zinzani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lazzi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Leoncini
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: O'Leary
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Piccaluga
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Pileri
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D004654:Empyema, Tuberculous / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human; D006801:Humans; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000032:analysis; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007558:Italy; D016403:Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D010641:Phenotype; D010997:Pleural Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D011031:Pneumothorax, Artificial; D014396:Tuberculosis, Pleural / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D007136:Immunoglobulins