title: Modulation of the immune system by human milk and infant formula containing nucleotides.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether human milk and nucleotides added to infant formula at levels present in human milk enhance development of the immune system during infancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 12-month, controlled, randomized and blinded, multisite feeding trial was conducted on two infant formulas: iron-fortified, milk-based control formula (Control) or the same formula fortified with nucleotides (Nucleotide). The level (72 mg/L) and ratio of individual nucleotides selected were patterned after those available in human milk. A third group fed human milk exclusively for 2 months and then human milk or Similac with iron until 12 months of age also was studied. Response to immunizations was chosen to assess development of the immune system. Infants followed the immunization schedule recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics in 1991.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antibody responses were determined at 6, 7, and 12 months of age to Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide (Hib), to diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, and to oral polio virus (OPV) immunizations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 370 full-term, healthy infants enrolled, 311 completed the study (107 Control, 101 Nucleotide, 103 human milk/Similac with iron). Intake, tolerance, and growth of infants were similar in all three groups. Compared with the Control group 1 month after the third immunization (7 months of age), the Nucleotide group had a significantly higher Hib antibody concentration (geometric mean concentrations of 7.24 vs 4.05 micrograms/mL, respectively), and a significantly higher diphtheria antibody concentration (geometric mean of 1.77 vs 1.38 U/mL). The significantly higher Hib antibody response in the Nucleotide group persisted at 12 months. The antibody responses to tetanus and OPV were not enhanced by nucleotide fortification. There also was an effect of breastfeeding on immune response. Infants who breastfed had significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers to polio virus than either formula-fed group (1:346 vs 1:169 and 1:192 in the Control and Nucleotide groups, respectively) at 6 months of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infant formula fortified with nucleotides enhanced H influenzae type b and diphtheria humoral antibody responses. Feeding human milk enhanced antibody responses to OPV. Dietary factors play a role in the antibody response of infants to immunization.
authors.affiliation: Center for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, USA.
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Pickering
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Granoff
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Masor
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Cordle
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Schaller
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Winship
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Paule
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Hilty
mesh_terms: D001903:Bottle Feeding; D001942:Breast Feeding; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects*; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000032:analysis; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000276:immunology*; D009711:Nucleotides / Q000276:immunology*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014612:Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D007136:Immunoglobulins; D009711:Nucleotides; D014612:Vaccines