title: Tricyclic antidepressants and cardiac autonomic control in children and adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the effects of tricyclic antidepressants on sympathetic and vagal modulation of heart rate variability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-five children and adolescents (mean age 10.5 years, SD 2.0) from therapeutic and regular schools underwent challenges of paced breathing and orthostatic postural change, while heart rate was continuously recorded. Teachers completed dimensional ratings of behavior to quantity anxiety and conduct disorder. Spectral analysis of heart rate variability was utilized to decompose the postural (sympathetic) and respiratory (vagal) contributions to beat-to-beat variations in heart rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under conditions in which cardiac vagal effects were expected to predominate, subjects medicated with tricyclic antidepressants (n = 13) showed significantly reduced vagal modulation of heart rate variability (F[5,69] = 5.23, p < .003), higher heart rates (F[5,69] = 5.54, p < .002), and higher relative sympathovagal balance (F[5,69] = 5.51, p < .002) than nonmedicated (n = 42) and medicated comparison groups (n = 20), even after controlling for the effects of age and psychopathology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relative loss of cardiac vagal control in young subjects medicated with tricyclic antidepressants, considered in the context of factors known to be associated with the development of tachyarrhythmias, presents as yet another risk, especially when coupled with factors such as maturational effects and psychopathology.
authors.affiliation: Judge Baker Children's Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mezzacappa
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Steingard
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kindlon
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Saul
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Earls
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000296:Adolescent Psychiatry / Q000379:methods*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects*; D002648:Child; D002665:Child Psychiatry / Q000379:methods*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis
chemical_list: D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic