title: Interpreting cost analyses of clinical interventions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the present era of cost containment, physicians need reliable data about specific interventions. The objectives of this study were to assist practitioners in interpretation of economic analyses and estimation of their own costs of implementing recommended interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE search from 1966 through 1995 using the text words cost or expense and medical subject heading (MeSH) terms costs and cost analysis, cost control, cost of illness, cost savings, or cost-benefit analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 4 eligibility criteria were clinical trial with random assignment; health care quality improvement intervention tested; effects measured on the process or outcome of care; and cost calculation mentioned in the report.
  
  
  METHODS
  After independent abstraction and after consensus development, financial data were entered into a costing protocol to determine which costs related to the intervention were provided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 181 articles, 97 (53.6%) included actual numbers on the costs of the intervention. Of 97 articles analyzed, the most frequently reported cost figures were in the category of operating expenses (direct cost, 61.9%; labor, 42.3%; and supplies, 32.0%). General overhead was not presented in 91 (93.8%) of the 97 studies. Only 14 (14.4%) of the 97 studies mentioned start-up costs. The text word $ in the abstract and the most useful MeSH index term of cost-benefit analysis appeared with nearly equal frequency in the articles that included actual cost data (37.1 % vs 35.1%). Two thirds of articles indexed with the MeSH term cost control did not include cost figures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Statements regarding cost without substantiating data are made habitually in reports of clinical trials. In clinical trial reports presenting data on expenditures, start-up costs and general overhead are frequently disregarded. Practitioners can detect missing information by placing cost data in a standardized protocol. The costing protocol of this study can help bridge care delivery and economic analyses.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, USA.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Balas
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kretschmer
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gnann
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Boren
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Centor
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nerlich
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Soderstrom
mesh_terms: D002985:Clinical Protocols / Q000592:standards; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D016239:MEDLINE; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000191:economics; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000191:economics; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000191:economics; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical / Q000191:economics*