Urinary cotinine in narguila or chicha tobacco smokers.
Urinary levels of nicotine metabolites were measured in nonsmokers and smokers of tobacco either as cigarettes or as the Middle-Eastern water pipes (narguila). Levels of urinary cotinine were similar for the smokers of cigarettes (median 30 cigarettes per day) and narguila (median 2 pipes per day, or around 40 grams of tobacco). Use of water pipes may remove a small amount of nicotine, but smokers appear to titrate dose to effect. It is unlikely that narguila smoking confers any less risk.
Macaron
C
C
RIA Reference Laboratory, Zahleh, Lebanon.
Macaron
Z
Z
Maalouf
M T
MT
Macaron
N
N
Moore
A
A
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003367:Cotinine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007861:Lebanon; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000652:urine*
C001381:hydroxycotinine; D003367:Cotinine