title: U.S. Army soldiers' perceptions of arthropod pests and their effects on military missions.
abstract: A survey was conducted to determine the effects of biting and stinging arthropods on military personnel, operations, and training. Nearly 70% of respondents reported experiencing problems attributable to arthropods. Arthropods obstructed movement and field position, prevented concealment and cover, disrupted maneuvers, and caused panic. Twenty percent of respondents reported attendance at sick call for treatment of bites or stings, and 4% were hospitalized or assigned to quarters. Median lost time was 2 days. Bee, wasp, and ant stings and spider and chigger bites were the most frequent causes of lost time. Additional training on biting and stinging arthropods, use of repellents and other personal protective measures, first aid for bites and stings, and conditions requiring medical attention is needed in field units to enhance mission performance and reduce time lost because of arthropods. Materials for treatment of bites and stings should be included in first-aid kits issued for field use.
authors.affiliation: Letterman Army Institute of Research, Presidio of San Francisco, CA 94129-6800, USA.
authors.forename: Z A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Mehr
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Rutledge
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Echano
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Gupta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001181:Arthropods; D006801:Humans; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings / Q000453:epidemiology; D008887:Military Medicine; D008889:Military Personnel; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States