title: Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, especially in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a population-based study.
abstract: A high serum total homocysteine (tHcy) level is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Because it is not known whether the strength of the association between hyperhomocysteinemia and cardiovascular disease is similar for peripheral arterial, coronary artery, and cerebrovascular disease, we compared the three separate risk estimates in an age-, sex-, and glucose tolerance-stratified random sample (n=631) from a 50- to 75-year-old general white population. Furthermore, we investigated the combined effect of hyperhomocysteinemia and diabetes mellitus with regard to cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of fasting hyperhomocysteinemia (>14.0 micromol/L) was 25.8%. After adjustment for age, sex, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and smoking, the odds ratios (ORs; 95% confidence intervals) per 5-micromol/L increment in tHcy were 1.44 (1.10 to 1.87) for peripheral arterial, 1.25 (1.03 to 1.51) for coronary artery, 1.24 (0.97 to 1.58) for cerebrovascular, and 1.39 (1.15 to 1.68) for any cardiovascular disease. After stratification by glucose tolerance category and adjustment for the classic risk factors and serum creatinine, the ORs per 5-micromol/L increment in tHcy for any cardiovascular disease were 1.38 (1.03 to 1.85) in normal glucose tolerance, 1.55 (1.01 to 2.38) in impaired glucose tolerance, and 2.33 (1.11 to 4.90) in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (P=.07 for interaction). We conclude that the magnitude of the association between hyperhomocysteinemia and cardiovascular disease is similar for peripheral arterial, coronary artery, and cerebrovascular disease in a 50- to 75-year-old general population. High serum tHcy may be a stronger (1.6-fold) risk factor for cardiovascular disease in subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus than in nondiabetic subjects.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ellen.hoogeveen@paradigm.nl
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Hoogeveen
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kostense
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Beks
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Mackaay
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jakobs
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bouter
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Heine
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Stehouwer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012306:Risk; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine