title: Breast and cervical cancer screening among women with physical disabilities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article reports findings from the National Study of Women with Physical Disabilities about rates of screening for breast and cervical cancer and factors associated with regular screening in a large sample of women with a variety of physical disabilities and a comparison group of women without disabilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-comparison study using written survey. Data were analyzed using measures of central tendency, chi 2 analysis, logistic regression, and risk using odds ratios.
  
  
  METHODS
  General community.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 843 women, 450 with disabilities and 393 of their able-bodied friends, aged 18 to 65, who completed the written questionnaire. The most common primary disability type was spinal cord injury (26%), followed by polio (18%), neuromuscular disorders (12%), cerebral palsy (10%), multiple sclerosis (10%), and joint and connective tissue disorders (8%). Twenty-two percent had severe functional limitations, 52% had moderate disabilities, and 26% had mild disabilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outcomes were measured in terms of frequency of pelvic exams and mammograms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women with disabilities tend to be less likely than women without disabilities to receive pelvic exams on a regular basis, and women with more severe functional limitations are significantly less likely to do so. No significant difference was found between women with and without disabilities, regardless of severity of functional limitation, in receiving mammograms within the past 2 years. Perceived control emerged as a significant enhancement factor for mammograms and marginally for pelvic exams. Severity of disability was a significant risk factor for noncompliance with recommended pelvic exams, but not mammograms. Race was a significant risk factor for not receiving pelvic exams, but not mammograms. Household income and age did not reach significance as risk factors in either analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women with physical disabilities are at a higher risk for delayed diagnosis of breast and cervical cancer, primarily for reasons of environmental, attitudinal, and information barriers. Future research should focus on the subpopulations that were not surveyed adequately in this study, women with disabilities who have low levels of education or income, or who are of minority status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77046, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nosek
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Howland
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016387:Women's Health