title: Biological monitoring of triethylamine among cold-box core makers in foundries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of the study were to assess triethylamine (TEA) exposure in cold-box core making and to study the applicability of urinary TEA measurement in exposure evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Air samples were collected by pumping of air through activated-charcoal-filled glass tubes, and pre- and postshift urine samples were collected. The TEA concentrations were determined by gas chromatography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tea was measured in air and urine samples from the same shift. Breathing-zone measurements of 19 workers in 3 foundries were included in the study, and stationary and continuous air measurements were also made in the same foundries. Pre- and postshift urine samples were analyzed for their TEA and triethylamine-N-oxide (TEAO) concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The TEA concentration range was 0.3-23 mg/m3 in the breathing zone of the core makers. The mean 8-h time-weighted average exposure levels were 1.3, 4.0, and 13 mg/m3 for the three foundries. Most of the preshift urinary TEA concentrations were under the detection limit, whereas the postshift urinary TEA concentrations ranged between 5.6 and 171 mmol/mol creatinine. The TEAO concentrations were 4-34% (mean 19%) of the summed TEA + TEAO concentrations. The correlation between air and urine measurements was high (r = 0.96, P < 0.001). A TEA air concentration of 4.1 mg/m3 (the current ACGIH 8-h time-weighted average threshold limit value) corresponded to a urinary concentration of 36 mmol/mol creatinine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TEA exposure levels of foundries and their core makers vary greatly. Stationary air measurements in factories are not sufficient to assess TEA exposure; instead, personal sampling is needed. The biological monitoring of TEA in postshift urine samples provides a practical and accurate method for assessing exposure.
authors.affiliation: Porin Lääkäritalon Työterveys Oy, Pori, Finland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Järvinen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Engström
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005021:Ethylamines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008420:Manufactured Materials; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D005021:Ethylamines; C016162:triethylamine