title: Comorbidity measures for use with administrative data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study attempts to develop a comprehensive set of comorbidity measures for use with large administrative inpatient datasets.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study involved clinical and empirical review of comorbidity measures, development of a framework that attempts to segregate comorbidities from other aspects of the patient's condition, development of a comorbidity algorithm, and testing on heterogeneous and homogeneous patient groups. Data were drawn from all adult, nonmaternal inpatients from 438 acute care hospitals in California in 1992 (n = 1,779,167). Outcome measures were those commonly available in administrative data: length of stay, hospital charges, and in-hospital death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A comprehensive set of 30 comorbidity measures was developed. The comorbidities were associated with substantial increases in length of stay, hospital charges, and mortality both for heterogeneous and homogeneous disease groups. Several comorbidities are described that are important predictors of outcomes, yet commonly are not measured. These include mental disorders, drug and alcohol abuse, obesity, coagulopathy, weight loss, and fluid and electrolyte disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The comorbidities had independent effects on outcomes and probably should not be simplified as an index because they affect outcomes differently among different patient groups. The present method addresses some of the limitations of previous measures. It is based on a comprehensive approach to identifying comorbidities and separates them from the primary reason for hospitalization, resulting in an expanded set of comorbidities that easily is applied without further refinement to administrative data for a wide range of diseases.
authors.affiliation: MEDTAP International, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20814, USA. elix@medtap.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elixhauser
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Coffey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D002140:California; D015897:Comorbidity; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D003953:Diagnosis-Related Groups; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000379:methods*; D017722:Hospital Charges; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008875:Middle Aged; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D015203:Reproducibility of Results