title: History of syringe sharing in prison and risk of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus infection among injecting drug users in Berlin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Injecting drug users (IDU) are at risk of parenterally transmitted diseases such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We investigated whether a history of syringe sharing in prison is a risk factor for these infections. In the longitudinal part of the study, HBV, HCV, and HIV seroincidence rates were determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were recruited by multisite-sampling at different agencies for IDU. Data on risk behaviour were obtained by a standardized questionnaire. Serological markers for HBV, HCV, and HIV were determined. Logistic regression analysis was performed to adjust for confounding effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A history of syringe sharing in prison was significantly associated with HBV (adjusted prevalence odds ratio [POR] = 3.9, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2-10), HCV (POR = 9.7, 95% CI: 3-33), and HIV infection (POR = 10.4, 95% CI: 4-29). The HIV seroincidence rate was 5.9 per 100 person-years. None of the IDU receiving methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) seroconverted whereas the HIV incidence was 8.5 among IDU not in MMT (P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased risk of HBV, HCV, and HIV infection among IDU who had shared syringes in prison warrants specific preventive action. The longitudinal data suggest that IDU in MMT have a lower risk of HIV infection.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stark
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bienzle
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vonk
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Guggenmoos-Holzmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001604:Berlin / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000032:analysis; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000635:transmission; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000635:transmission; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies / Q000032:analysis; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000635:transmission; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016485:Needle Sharing / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D011330:Prisons; D012307:Risk Factors; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D015483:HIV Antibodies; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies