title: Current controversies and future directions in basal ganglia research. Integrating basic neuroscience and clinical investigation.
abstract: This article discusses current controversies and future directions in basal ganglia research, detailing behavioral aspects, anatomic models, neurochemistry, pharmacology, and diagnostic methods as well as surgical techniques. A neuroethologic perspective is highlighted. Furthermore, the relevant literature pertaining to contemporary molecular approaches such as brain microinjections of embryonic or genetically modified cells, for therapeutic purposes and the use of transgenic and knockout animals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Brazil.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Garcia-Cairasco
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Miguel
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Rauch
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Leckman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D009488:Neurosciences / Q000639:trends*; D012107:Research Design