title: Phrenic nerve dysfunction after cardiac operations: electrophysiologic evaluation of risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Phrenic nerve injury may occur after cardiac surgery; however, its cause has not been extensively investigated with electrophysiology. The purpose of this study was to determine by electrophysiologic means the importance of various possible risk factors in the development of phrenic nerve dysfunction after cardiac surgical operations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study was conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  A tertiary teaching hospital provided the background for the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-three cardiac surgery patients on whom surgical operations were performed by the same surgical team constituted the study group. Mean (+/-SD) age and ejection fraction were 63+/-5 years and 50+/-10%, respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measurement of phrenic nerve conduction latency time after transcutaneous stimulation preoperatively and at 24 h and 7 and 30 days postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen patients had abnormal phrenic nerve function postsurgery, 12 on the left side and one bilaterally. Logistic regression analysis revealed that among the potential risk factors investigated, use of ice slush for myocardial preservation was the only independent risk factor related to phrenic nerve dysfunction (p=0.01), carrying an 8-fold higher incidence for this complication. In contrast, age, ejection fraction of the left ventricle, operative/bypass/aortic cross-clamp time, left internal mammary artery use, and diabetes mellitus were not found to be associated with phrenic neuropathy. The postoperative outcome of patients who received ice slush compared with that of those who had cold saline solution did not differ in terms of early morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among the risk factors investigated, only the use of ice slush was significantly associated with postoperative phrenic nerve dysfunction. Therefore, ice should be avoided in cardiac surgery, since it does not seem to provide additional myocardial protection.
authors.affiliation: Second Cardiac Surgery Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dimopoulou
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Daganou
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Dafni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karakatsani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khoury
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Geroulanos
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jordanoglou
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000601:surgery; D009431:Neural Conduction / Q000502:physiology; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D012307:Risk Factors; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation