title: A high prevalence of functional inactivation by methylation modification of p16INK4A/CDKN2/MTS1 gene in primary urothelial cancers.
abstract: We analyzed the genetic and epigenetic alterations of p16INK4A/CDKN2/MTS1 gene (MTS1 gene) in 38 primary urothelial cancers. Genetic alterations of the MTS1 gene consisted of one base substitution mutation in exon 2 (2.6%) and 6 homozygous deletions (16.2%). Hypermethylation of the 5' CpG island in exon 1 of the MTS1 gene was observed in 12 tumors (37.5%). Consequently, 19 of 38 tumors (50%) showed genetic alterations or epigenetic hypermethylation of the MTS1 gene. Retention of hypermethylated MTS1 gene(s) in 36% of the tumors showing loss of heterozygosity at the critical region indicates that the methylation modification could be an initial event followed by genomic rearrangements associated with total loss of MTS1 gene function. Immunohistochemical analysis of MTS1 expression revealed that all the tumors with genetic alterations of the MTS1 gene and 9 of 12 highly methylated tumors displayed an absence of MTS1 nuclear antigen. Genetic and epigenetic changes of the MTS1 gene were not correlated with the grade and stage of tumors, indicating that these alterations are early events in urothelial carcinogenesis, in which functional inactivation by hypermethylation is a predominant mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akao
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kakehi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ozdemir
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tachibana
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yoshida
mesh_terms: D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000235:genetics*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007682:Kidney Pelvis / Q000473:pathology; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity; D009154:Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D014516:Ureteral Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm