title: Hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy: technical considerations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laparoscopic nephrectomy can be technically difficult and associated with lengthy operative times because of the limitations imposed by working with long instruments rotating about a fixed site on the abdominal wall, and without direct manual contact with the tissue. Hand-assisted laparoscopy is an option that addresses these problems. Herein we report our initial technique for hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  After obtaining pneumoperitoneum and placing a 12-mm cannula lateral to the rectus muscle, a 7- to 8-cm incision is made in the upper midline. A commercially available wound protector and occlusive sleeve are inserted. Once an arm strap has been secured, the surgeon can operate with one hand in the abdomen while maintaining pneumoperitoneum. Using instruments placed through one or two additional laparoscopic ports, the nephrectomy is completed and the specimen is removed through the upper midline incision. Our continued experience with 10 hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomies to date has been favorable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy may facilitate the laparoscopic management of demanding pathologies, such as severely inflamed kidneys and larger tumors. It is particularly advantageous when intact specimens are required. Although more experience is required to define the role of hand-assisted urologic laparoscopy, we are encouraged by our initial technique and results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0330, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Nakada
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D020706:Laparoscopes; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*