title: Solution structure and proposed binding mechanism of a novel potassium channel toxin kappa-conotoxin PVIIA.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  kappa-PVIIA is a 27-residue polypeptide isolated from the venom of Conus purpurascens and is the first member of a new class of conotoxins that block potassium channels. By comparison to other ion channels of eukaryotic cell membranes, voltage-sensitive potassium channels are relatively simple and methodology has been developed for mapping their interactions with small-peptide toxins. PVIIA, therefore, is a valuable new probe of potassium channel structure. This study of the solution structure and mode of channel binding of PVIIA forms the basis for mapping the interacting residues at the conotoxin-ion channel interface.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three-dimensional structure of PVIIA resembles the triple-stranded beta sheet/cystine-knot motif formed by a number of toxic and inhibitory peptides. Subtle structural differences, predominantly in loops 2 and 4, are observed between PVIIA and other conotoxins with similar structural frameworks, however. Electrophysiological binding data suggest that PVIIA blocks channel currents by binding in a voltage-sensitive manner to the external vestibule and occluding the pore. Comparison of the electrostatic surface of PVIIA with that of the well-characterised potassium channel blocker charybdotoxin suggests a likely binding orientation for PVIIA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the structure of PVIIA is considerably different to that of the alphaK scorpion toxins, it has a similar mechanism of channel blockade. On the basis of a comparison of the structures of PVIIA and charybdotoxin, we suggest that Lys19 of PVIIA is the residue which is responsible for physically occluding the pore of the potassium channel.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Drug Design and Development, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia. m.scanlon@mailbox.uq.edu.au
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Scanlon
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Naranjo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Alewood
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Craik
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D020916:Conotoxins; D004594:Electrophysiology; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D008978:Mollusk Venoms / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009865:Oocytes / Q000502:physiology; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D011485:Protein Binding; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D012996:Solutions; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D020916:Conotoxins; D008978:Mollusk Venoms; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D015221:Potassium Channels; D012996:Solutions; C108818:kappa-conotoxin PVIIA