title: Levonorgestrel subdermal implants. Contraception on trial.
abstract: When they were introduced to the world market in the 1980s, levonorgestrel subdermal implants offered the promise of an exciting alternative to traditional hormonal contraception. They provide highly effective, long-acting protection from pregnancy, without the need for user compliance. Broad acceptability of the drug has been reported throughout the world. Recently, however, the implants have met with opposition. The drug is associated with a variety of adverse effects, and removal of implants can be problematic. Serious events have been reported in women using levonorgestrel subdermal implants, although causal relationships have not been demonstrated. Additionally, concerns have been raised over the potential for coercive use of the drug. Numerous law suits have been filed alleging serious problems with implants. As a result, the drug has received considerable negative media attention. Before the controversy over levonorgestrel subdermal implants erupted, contraceptive development had declined, resulting from limitations to profits and funding, legal threats, and changes in the insurance industry. The levonorgestrel subdermal implant experience may serve to accelerate this trend. While the introduction of levonorgestrel subdermal implants offered an alternative to the current array of medical contraception, its experience may serve to dampen future contraceptive development efforts. Costly litigation and much controversy involving the implants have acted to create disincentives to further research and development of new methods of medical contraception.
authors.affiliation: University of New Haven, West Haven, Connecticut, USA. MLFrank@Charger.NewHaven.edu
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: DiMaria
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004343:Drug Implants; D005193:Family Planning Services; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics; D011247:Pregnancy; D011358:Product Surveillance, Postmarketing; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D004343:Drug Implants; D016912:Levonorgestrel