title: Ultrastructural analysis of metal particles released from stainless steel and titanium miniplate components in an animal model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy (Ivac SEM) was used to characterize the appearance of metal particles released from stressed and unstressed Champy miniplates placed in dogs and to study the relationship of the debris to the surrounding tissues.
  
  
  METHODS
  Under general endotracheal anesthesia, two Champy miniplates (titanium or stainless steel) were placed on the frontal bone in an animal model. One miniplate was bent to fit the curvature of the frontal bone (unstressed) and another miniplate of the same material was bent in a curve until the midpoint was raised 3 mm above the ends. The latter miniplate adapted to the skull curvature under tension during screw insertion (stressed). The miniplates and surrounding tissues were retrieved after intervals of 4, 12, and 24 weeks. Decalcified sections were prepared and examined by light microscopy and Ivac SEM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under Ivac SEM examination, the titanium particles had a smooth, polygonal outline. Stainless steel particles were typically spherical, with numerous small projections on the surface. Most particles were 1 to 10 microns in diameter. The tissue response to the particles was variable; some particles were covered by fibrous connective tissue or enclosed by bone, and others were intracellular.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The metal particles released from stressed or unstressed Champy miniplates were similar, and this was related to their source of origin and duration within the tissues. The tissue response to the particles appeared to depend on their location.
authors.affiliation: University of Birmingham, School of Dentistry, Oral Surgery Unit, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Matthew
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Frame
mesh_terms: D000770:Anesthesia, Endotracheal; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D001860:Bone Plates; D001863:Bone Screws; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003648:Decalcification Technique; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000473:pathology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005624:Frontal Bone / Q000601:surgery / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016348:Osseointegration; D010858:Pigmentation; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D013193:Stainless Steel; D014025:Titanium