title: Replication of human immunodeficiency virus-1 in primary human T cells is dependent on the autocrine secretion of tumor necrosis factor through the control of nuclear factor-kappa B activation.
abstract: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha controls T-cell activation and is a major inducer of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 replication in chronically infected cells. Therefore, we have investigated its role in primary cultures of HIV-infected human T lymphocytes by using neutralizing anti-TNF-alpha antibodies or TNF-alpha. Primary resting T lymphocytes produced TNF-alpha and supported HIV replication after T-cell receptor activation. Addition of neutralizing anti-TNF-alpha antibodies drastically reduced p24 antigen release and prevented CD4+ cell depletion associated with infection. Anti-TNF-alpha also prevented nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) activation, and a good correlation between this inhibition and inhibition of HIV replication was observed. Moreover, supplementing the cultures with high doses of IL-2 reverted anti-TNF-alpha inhibition of cell proliferation but did not affect the inhibition of HIV p24 antigen release or NF-kappa B activation in the same cultures. Moreover, anti-TNF-alpha inhibited HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR)-driven transcription of a reporter gene in primary T cells in response to activation, either in the presence or the absence of HIV-1 Tat. Our results support an important role for autocrine TNF-alpha secretion in controlling HIV replication in primary T cells because of its ability to maintain NF-kappa B elevated in the nucleus of T cells.
authors.affiliation: Division of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Fernández
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Punzón
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fernández-Cruz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fresno
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016325:HIV Long Terminal Repeat / Q000187:drug effects; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha