title: Morphine pharmacokinetics after pulmonary administration from a novel aerosol delivery system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Successful pharmacotherapy of pain often depends on the mode of drug delivery. A novel, unit dose, aqueous aerosol delivery system (AERx Pulmonary Drug Delivery System) was used to examine the feasibility of the pulmonary route for the noninvasive systemic administration of morphine.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study had two parts: (1) a dose-ranging study in four subjects with three consecutive aerosolized doses of 2.2, 4.4, and 8.8 mg (nominal) morphine sulfate pentahydrate at 40-minute intervals, and (2) a crossover study, on separate days, in six subjects with 4.4 mg (nominal) aerosolized morphine sulfate administered over 2.1 minutes on three occasions and intravenous infusions of 2 and 4 mg over 3 minutes. Subjects were healthy volunteers from 19 to 34 years old. Arterial blood was sampled for a total of 6 hours and plasma morphine concentrations were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In part 1, plasma morphine concentrations were proportional to dose. In part 2, the mean +/- SD peak plasma concentration (Cmax) occurred at 2.7 +/- 0.8 minutes after the aerosol dose, with mean values for Cmax of 109 +/- 85, 165 +/- 22, and 273 +/- 114 ng/ml for the aerosol and 2 and 4 mg intravenous doses, respectively. The bioavailability [AUC(0-360 min)] of aerosol-delivered morphine was approximately 100% relative to intravenous infusion, with similar intersubject variability in AUC for both routes (coefficient of variation < 30%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The time courses of plasma morphine concentrations after pulmonary delivery by the AERx system and by intravenous infusions were similar. This shows the utility of the pulmonary route in providing a noninvasive method for the rapid and reproducible systemic administration of morphine if an appropriate aerosol drug delivery system is used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Woodhouse
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Mather
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Farr
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Okikawa
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Schuster
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Rubsamen
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D000336:Aerosols; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine