title: Human cardiovascular and metabolic response to acute, severe isovolemic anemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although concern over the risks of red blood cell transfusion has resulted in several practice guidelines for transfusion, lack of data regarding the physiological effects of anemia in humans has caused uncertainty regarding the blood hemoglobin (Hb) concentration requiring treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that acute isovolemic reduction of blood Hb concentration to 50 g/L in healthy resting humans would produce inadequate cardiovascular compensation and result in tissue hypoxia secondary to inadequate oxygen transport.
  
  
  METHODS
  Before and after interventional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic tertiary care medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Conscious healthy patients (n =11) prior to anesthesia and surgery and volunteers not undergoing surgery (n=21).
  
  
  METHODS
  Aliquots of blood (450-900 mL) were removed to reduce blood Hb concentration from 131 (2) g/L to 50 (1) g/L [mean (SE)]. Isovolemia was maintained with 5% human albumin and/or autologous plasma. Cardiovascular parameters, arterial and mixed venous oxygen content, oxyhemoglobin saturation, and arterial blood lactate were measured before and after removal of each aliquot of blood. Electrocardiogram and, in a subset, Holter monitor were monitored continuously.
  
  
  METHODS
  "Critical" oxygen delivery (TO2) as assessed by oxygen consumption (VO2), plasma lactate concentration, and ST changes on electrocardiogram.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acute, isovolemic reduction of Hb concentration decreased systemic vascular resistance and TO2 and increased heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac index (each P<.001). We did not find evidence of inadequate oxygenation: VO2 increased slightly from a mean (SD) of 3.07 (0.44) mL of oxygen per kilogram per minute (mL O2 x kg(-1) x min[-1]) to 3.42 (0.54) mL O2 x kg(-1) x min(-1) (P<.001) and plasma lactate concentration did not change (0.81 [0.11] mmol/L to 0.62 [0.19] mmol/L; P=.09). Two subjects developed significant ST changes on Holter monitor: one apparently related to body position or activity, the other to an increase in heart rate (at an Hb concentration of 46-53 g/L); both occurred in young women and resolved without sequelae.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute isovolemic reduction of blood Hb concentration to 50 g/L in conscious healthy resting humans does not produce evidence of inadequate systemic TO2, as assessed by lack of change of VO2 and plasma lactate concentration. Analysis of Holter readings suggests that at this Hb concentration in this resting healthy population, myocardial ischemia would occur infrequently.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0648, USA. weiskopf@jemo.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Weiskopf
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Viele
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feiner
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kelley
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lieberman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noorani
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Toy
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000740:Anemia / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D005260:Female; D006334:Heart Function Tests; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D012146:Rest
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D019344:Lactic Acid