title: A natural immunological adjuvant enhances T cell clonal expansion through a CD28-dependent, interleukin (IL)-2-independent mechanism.
abstract: The adoptive transfer of naive CD4(+) T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic T cells was used to investigate the mechanisms by which the adjuvant lipopolysaccharide (LPS) enhance T cell clonal expansion in vivo. Subcutaneous administration of soluble antigen (Ag) resulted in rapid and transient accumulation of the Ag-specific T cells in the draining lymph nodes (LNs), which was preceded by the production of interleukin (IL)-2. CD28-deficient, Ag-specific T cells produced only small amounts of IL-2 in response to soluble Ag and did not accumulate in the LN to the same extent as wild-type T cells. Injection of Ag and LPS, a natural immunological adjuvant, enhanced IL-2 production and LN accumulation of wild-type, Ag-specific T cells but had no significant effect on CD28-deficient, Ag-specific T cells. Therefore, CD28 is critical for Ag-driven IL-2 production and T cell proliferation in vivo, and is essential for the LPS-mediated enhancement of these events. However, enhancement of IL-2 production could not explain the LPS-dependent increase of T cell accumulation because IL-2-deficient, Ag-specific T cells accumulated to a greater extent in the LN than wild-type T cells in response to Ag plus LPS. These results indicate that adjuvants improve T cell proliferation in vivo via a CD28-dependent signal that can operate in the absence of IL-2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA. khoru001@maroon.tc.umn .edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khoruts
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mondino
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Pape
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Reiner
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Jenkins
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D018122:B7-1 Antigen / Q000502:physiology; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000502:physiology*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000276:immunology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000276:immunology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000276:immunology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002999:Clone Cells; D000939:Epitopes / Q000276:immunology; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D010047:Ovalbumin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012995:Solubility; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D018122:B7-1 Antigen; D018106:CD28 Antigens; D000939:Epitopes; D007376:Interleukin-2; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D010047:Ovalbumin