title: Comparison of the effects of treatment with intrathecal lidocaine given before and after formalin on both nociception and Fos expression in the spinal cord dorsal horn.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been proposed that the measure of noxious stimulus-induced Fos (the protein product of the immediate early gene c-fos) expression in the spinal cord dorsal horn of laboratory animals may provide an estimate of the potential of specific treatments to produce preemptive analgesia. The present study examined this hypothesis by comparing the effects of intrathecal lidocaine given before and after hindpaw formalin injection on persistent nociceptive responses and Fos expression in spinal cord dorsal horn of rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Formalin-induced nociception and Fos expression in the spinal cord, in response to a 50-microl injection of 2.5% formalin into the hind paw, were assessed in rats given an intrathecal injection of 50 microl 2% lidocaine by lumbar puncture between the L5 and L6 vertebrae, either 3 min before (pretreatment) or 5 min after (post-treatment) formalin injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain behaviors (hindpaw licking, elevation, and favoring) in the second phase of the formalin test were significantly reduced by pretreatment, but were unaffected by post-treatment. The number of immunocytochemically stained Fos-positive cells and the immunoprecipitation of the Fos antibodies were reduced by pretreatment, and were also reduced, to a lesser extent, by post-treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The finding that persistent nociceptive behaviors and Fos expression were suppressed by intrathecal lidocaine pretreatment suggests that nociception in the second phase of the formalin test depends on increases in central hyperexcitability generated during the first phase. On the other hand, the finding that the intrathecal injection of lidocaine after formalin treatment reduced Fos expression but not nociceptive responses indicates an uncoupling of the behavioral and Fos protein responses to formalin and suggests that changes in Fos expression may not be a good predictor of the ability of agents to produce preemptive analgesia.
authors.affiliation: Pain Mechanisms Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yashpal
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: McKenna
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Coderre
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000032:analysis* / Q000276:immunology; D051381:Rats; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D005557:Formaldehyde; D008012:Lidocaine