title: Pedal cycle helmet effectiveness: a field study of pedal cycle accidents.
abstract: The paper describes a study of pedal cycle accidents focussing on helmet effectiveness. Only accidents in which a helmet was worn and received an impact were studied. Cases were collected from hospital accident and emergency units, through the police and via direct contact. Forty-two cases, all helmeted were examined. There were four fatal accidents; all four involved a collision with a motor vehicle. Nine cases experienced a head injury of AIS severity > or = 2, although there were no skull fractures. Helmet impacts tended to be close to the rim anterio-laterally. The majority of non-fatal (AIS > or = 2) head injury cases received a helmet impact to the anterio-lateral rim, which corresponds to the temporal/parietal region of the head. This site received directly only 25% of the impacts, and of these impacts, 75% produced head injuries of at least AIS = 2. Soft-shell helmets tended to disintegrate on impact, and although only a single impact occurred, a helmet should remain intact to provide protection during second impacts. There was a general increase in the percentage of subjects injured or killed in accidents that involved a second vehicle compared to single vehicle accidents, 54% to 44%, respectively. This trend was stronger with cars travelling at greater than 30 km/h.
authors.affiliation: Department of Safety Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia. a.mcintosh@UNSW.EDU.AU
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McIntosh
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dowdell
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Svensson
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001642:Bicycling / Q000293:injuries*; D002648:Child; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000517:prevention & control; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006260:Head Protective Devices / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009517:New South Wales