title: Synthesis and biological activity of novel nonnucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. 2-Aryl-substituted benzimidazoles.
abstract: The development of new nonnucleoside inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) active against the drug-induced mutations in RT continues to be a very important goal of AIDS research. We used a known inhibitor of HIV-1 RT, 1-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-1H,3H-thiazolo[3,4-alpha]benzimidazole (TZB), as the lead structure for drug design with the objective of making more potent inhibitors against both wild-type (WT) and variant RTs. A series of structurally related 1,2-substituted benzimidazoles was synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit in vitro polymerization by HIV-1 WT RT. A structure-activity study was carried out for the series of compounds to determine the optimum groups for substitution of the benzimidazole ring at the N1 and C2 positions. The best inhibitor, 1-(2,6-difluorobenzyl)-2-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4-methylbenzimida zole (35), has an IC50 = 200 nM against HIV-1 WT RT in an in vitro enzyme assay. Cytoprotection assays utilizing HIV-infected MT-4 cells revealed that 35 had strong antiviral activity (EC50 = 440 nM) against wild-type virus while retaining broad activity against many clinically observed HIV-1 strains resistant to nonnucleoside inhibitors. Overall, the activity of 35 against wild-type and resistant strains with amino acid substitution in RT is 4-fold or greater than that of TZB and is comparable to that of other nonnucleoside inhibitors currently undergoing clinical trials, most of which do not have the capacity to inhibit the variant forms of the enzyme.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Aspects of Drug Design Section, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Morningstar
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Boyer
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Buckheit
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Michejda
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects; D015195:Drug Design; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015394:Molecular Structure; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C110193:1-(2,6-difluorobenzyl)-2-arylbenzimidazole; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D013844:Thiazoles; C073244:1-(2',6'-difluorophenyl)-1H,3H-thiazolo(3,4-a)benzimidazole; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase