title: [Parents' coping with a diabetic child].
abstract: The purpose of this study is to describe and understand the process of parental coping with diabetic children in early childhood. The parental coping process was followed for a four-week period after the diagnosis of diabetes. The parents of two girls whose diabetes was diagnosed in early childhood served as study subjects. The data were collected by interviewing and observing the parents over four separate periods, first in hospital and later at home. The data were analyzed by the timeseries and content analysis methods. The main categories were formulated on the basis of coping theories. The subcategories were developed inductively from the data. Six phases of the parental coping were identified, which were named: 1). Disbelief, 2). Lack of information and Guilt, 3). Learning of Care, 4). Normalization, 5). Uncertainty and 6). Reorganization. In the different phases of parental coping the parents' experience of stress, coping strategies and sense of control varied. In the phase of Disbelief, parents tried to explain away the child's diabetes by questioning the diagnosis. The initial information given to the parents regarding their child's diabetes proved to be very important for parental coping. In the second phase of Lacking Information and Guilt, the parents sought for a reason for their child's diabetes and they felt guilty about it. As coping responses, the parents sought support from each other and from people who have undergone the same experience. In the Learning of Care phase, they recognized the demands caused by diabetes and took responsibility for the child's care. The parents responded that supervision based on their problems was the best. In the Normalization phase, the parents prepared to go home with the diabetic child. Getting back to normal life was one of the most effective parental coping responses. In the Uncertainty phase, the care to be given to the diabetic child changed the daily routines of the family. In the Reorganization phase, the parents adapted to the diagnosis of diabetes and the care of the diabetic child. The parents felt that the life of the family became normalized and controlled. The important parental coping responses consisted of concrete models of functioning, which they developed to control the demands caused by the child's diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Oulaisten terveydenhuolto-oppilaitos, Oulainen. salla.seppanen@oulainen.fi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seppänen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kyngäs
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nikkonen
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015400:Clinical Nursing Research; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000451:nursing; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006701:Home Nursing; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology*; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological