title: Fluoride profiles in dental calculus from Japanese, Chinese and British residents.
abstract: Whether the fluoride concentrations and profiles differ in human dental calculus obtained from different countries was investigated. A total of 203 dental calculus deposits on 203 permanent teeth from residents (mean age, 52.1 years) of Nagoya (Japan), Shanghai (China), Leeds (Great Britain) and the Wuhan mountainous area (China, fluoridated area) were analysed. An abrasive microsampling procedure was used to examine fluoride distribution. There were five types of fluoride profiles in dental calculus in each area/country (designated types L, J, U, T, W). In supragingival calculus, type L (highest in the outermost layers) and type J (highest in the innermost layers) both had significantly higher values than type U (high in the surface and innermost layers) but were relatively identical. In subgingival calculus, type W (high in the outermost, mid and innermost layers) was characteristics. Calculus from the Wuhan mountainous area (fluoridated) had the highest fluoride concentration, followed by Leeds (non-fluoridated), and Nagoya and Shanghai (non-fluoridated) calculus had the lowest. Fluoride concentrations in supragingival calculus were higher in teeth extracted because of periodontal diseases than dental caries. It is concluded that fluoride concentrations and distribution in dental calculus differ from country to country, probably due to different fluoride environments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakagaki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okumura
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hayashizaki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Negoro
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsuge
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pearce
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D002681:China; D003728:Dental Calculus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000378:metabolism; D003739:Dental Cementum / Q000737:chemistry; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005459:Fluorides / Q000032:analysis*; D005881:Gingiva; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008846:Micromanipulation; D008875:Middle Aged; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000378:metabolism; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D012423:Rural Health; D006113:United Kingdom; D014504:Urban Health; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D010758:Phosphorus; D005459:Fluorides