title: Causes of death after the modified Norwood procedure: a study of 122 postmortem cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the results of the modified Norwood procedure as palliation for the hypoplastic left heart syndrome have improved considerably, in-hospital mortality remains high (28% to 46%).
  
  
  METHODS
  To establish the causes of death and consider their therapeutic applications, we reviewed our pathology experience from 1980 to 1995, inclusive, regarding 122 patients who died after undergoing the Norwood procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most important causes of death were found to be impairment of coronary perfusion (33 patients, 27%), excessive pulmonary blood flow (23 patients, 19%), obstruction of pulmonary arterial blood flow (21 patients, 17%), neoaortic obstruction (17 patients, 14%), right ventricular failure (16 patients, 13%), bleeding (9 patients, 7%), infection (6 patients, 5%), tricuspid or common atrioventricular valve dysfunction (6 patients, 5%), sudden death from presumed arrhythmias (6 patients, 5%), and necrotizing enterocolitis (3 patients, 3%). In 26 patients (21%), more than one factor appeared responsible for death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The leading causes of death after the Norwood procedure were found to be largely correctable surgical technical problems associated with perfusion of the lungs (36%), of the myocardium (27%), and of the systemic organs (14%).
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bartram
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grünenfelder
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Van Praagh
mesh_terms: D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000401:mortality; D002423:Cause of Death; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007239:Infections / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008722:Methods; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation; D018497:Ventricular Dysfunction, Right / Q000401:mortality