title: Ischemic and reperfusion injury of cyanotic myocardium in chronic hypoxic rat model: changes in cyanotic myocardial antioxidant system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to evaluate the effect of left ventricular function on cyanotic myocardium after ischemia-reperfusion and to determine the effect of cyanosis on the myocardial antioxidant system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cyanotic hearts (cyanotic group) were obtained from rats housed in a hypoxic chamber (10% oxygen) for 2 weeks and control hearts (control group) from rats maintained in ambient air. Isolated, crystalloid perfused working hearts were subjected to 15 minutes of global normothermic ischemia and 20 minutes of reperfusion, and functional recovery was evaluated in the two groups. Myocardial superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase activity, and reduced glutathione content were measured separately in the cytoplasm and mitochondria at the end of the preischemic, ischemic, and reperfusion periods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean cardiac output/left ventricular weight was not significantly different between the two groups. Percent recovery of cardiac output was significantly lower in the cyanotic group than in the control group (56.1% +/- 5.7% vs 73.0% +/- 3.1%, p = 0.001). Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase, mitochondrial and cytosolic glutathione reductase activity, and cytosolic reduced glutathione were significantly lower in the cyanotic group than in the control group at end-ischemia (superoxide dismutase, 3.7 +/- 1.3 vs 5.9 +/- 1.5 units/mg protein, p = 0.012; mitochondrial glutathione reductase, 43.7 +/- 14.0 vs 71.0 +/- 30.3 munits/mg protein, p = 0.039; cytosolic glutathione reductase, 13.7 +/- 2.0 vs 23.2 +/- 4.2 munits/mg protein, p < 0.001; and reduced glutathione, 0.69 +/- 0.10 vs 0.91 +/- 0.24 microgram/mg protein, p = 0.037).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cyanosis impairs postischemic functional recovery and depresses myocardial antioxidant reserve during ischemia. Reduced antioxidant reserve at end-ischemia may result in impaired postischemic functional recovery of cyanotic myocardium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Okayama University Medical School, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sugawara
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D003490:Cyanosis; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000378:metabolism; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D005978:Glutathione