title: Gender-linked brain injury in experimental stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Premenopausal women are at lower risk than men for stroke, but the comparative vulnerability to tissue injury once a cerebrovascular incident occurs is unknown. We hypothesized that female rats sustain less brain damage than males during experimental focal ischemia and that the gender difference in ischemic outcome can be eliminated by ovariectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Age-matched male (M), intact female (F), and ovariectomized female (O; plasma estradiol: 4.1+/-1.6 pg/mL compared with 7.4+/-1.5 in F and 4.0+/-1.1 in M) rats from two different strains, normotensive Wistar and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats, were subjected to 2 hours of intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion, followed by 22 hours of reperfusion. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was monitored throughout the ischemic period by laser-Doppler flowmetry. Infarction volume in the cerebral cortex (Ctx) and caudoputamen (CP) was determined by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. In a separate cohort of M, F, and O Wistar rats, absolute rates of regional CBF were measured at the end of the ischemic period by quantitative autoradiography using [14C]iodoantipyrine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  F rats of either strain had a smaller infarct size in Ctx and CP and a higher laser-Doppler flow during ischemia compared with respective M and O rats. Mean end-ischemic CBF was higher in F compared with M and O rats in CP, but not in Ctx. Cerebrocortical tissue volume with end-ischemic CBF < 10 mL/100 g/min was smaller in F than M rats, but not different from O rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that endogenous estrogen improves stroke outcome during vascular occlusion by exerting both neuroprotective and flow-preserving effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md 21287, USA.
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Alkayed
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Harukuni
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Kimes
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: London
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Traystman
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Hurn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000983:Antipyrine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D001345:Autoradiography; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002539:Cerebral Arterial Diseases / Q000150:complications; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D004967:Estrogens / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D010052:Ovariectomy; D011699:Putamen / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015424:Reperfusion; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004967:Estrogens; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D004958:Estradiol; C009591:triphenyltetrazolium; D000983:Antipyrine; C008135:iodoantipyrine