title: Gender differences in comorbidly depressed alcohol-dependent outpatients.
abstract: Clinical profiles of alcohol-dependent male and female outpatients were evaluated at treatment entry to compare the level of clinical severity in alcoholics with a coexistent comorbid depressive disorder to alcoholics who have never been depressed. Due to a higher proportion of females than males in the depressed alcoholic population, selected patient groups were oversampled to create a study group with equivalent number of males and females with and without comorbid depression. Clinical severity was assessed by examining both the extent of alcohol problems, and depressive symptomatology at treatment entry with respect to gender differences (unrelated to depression), effects of comorbid depression (unrelated to gender), and effects from the interaction of gender and depression. There were 93 DSM-III-R alcohol-dependent outpatients (50 males, 43 females), half of whom had a current or lifetime DSM-III-R depressive disorder. The amount of drinking in the 90 days before treatment entry, the degree of alcohol severity, and the number of lifetime drinking-related consequences were collected in the first week after detoxification. Diagnoses of lifetime and current depression were determined via the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, and depressive symptoms were evaluated with rating scales 1 week after detoxification. In most cases, a depressive disorder was diagnosed only if sometime in the patient's history depressive symptoms had either predated problem drinking or been present during a 6-month abstinent period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  depressed males had a more severe clinical profile with respect to their alcoholism (i.e., more drinking, drinking-related problems, and alcohol severity than depressed females and never-depressed males). Surprisingly, females who had never been depressed (also no family history of depression) reported drinking the same quantities of alcohol in the 90 days before treatment and had comparable alcohol severity and number of consequences as males who had never been depressed. Depressed females, however, were more severely depressed (i.e., reported more intensive depressive symptoms than depressed male alcoholics). Thus, determining the type and extent of clinical severity at treatment entry in comorbidly depressed alcoholics depends on the gender of the patient The significant interaction between gender and the presence of comorbid depression that was found in this study may have important implications for predicting success in treatment.
authors.affiliation: Center for the Study of Addictions, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6178, USA.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Pettinati
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Pierce
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Rukstalis
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D013695:Temperance