title: K-ras mutations in the duodenal fluid of patients with pancreatic carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many patients with carcinoma of the pancreas die because their disease is not detected until late in its course. Methods that detect these cancers earlier will improve patient outcome. Over 80% of pancreatic carcinomas contain mutations in codon 12 of the K-ras gene. Screening duodenal fluid for these mutations may lead to early detection of these cancers and assist in establishing a diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with and without restriction enzyme-mediated mutant enrichment, was performed on DNA isolated from duodenal fluid specimens from 61 patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple's operation) for either periampullary cancer or a benign condition of the pancreas. Representative sections of pancreas pathology (primary carcinoma, benign tumor, or chronic pancreatitis) from the patients with duodenal fluid specimens containing amplifiable DNA were also analyzed for K-ras mutations. Wild-type and mutant K-ras were detected by hybridization of the PCR products with K-ras codon 12 mutant and wild-type specific probes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven of the 61 duodenal fluid specimens contained DNA that did not amplify. Thirteen (24% of the 54 duodenal fluid specimens with amplifiable DNA and 21% of the total of 61 specimens) contained activating point mutations at codon 12 of the K-ras gene. Mutations were detected in 13 of the 51 duodenal fluid specimens from patients with cancer (sensitivity, 25%), whereas mutations were not detected in any of the 9 amplifiable duodenal fluid specimens from patients with benign conditions of the pancreas (specificity, 100%). One duodenal fluid specimen from a patient with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas had two different K-ras mutations. DNA from three of the primary carcinomas did not amplify or was not available. Twenty-nine (69%) of the 42 primary tumors with amplifiable DNA contained K-ras mutations, whereas 3 (30%) of the 10 pancreata with benign conditions harbored mutations. Twenty-two (65%) of 34 ductal adenocarcinomas of the pancreas with amplifiable DNA had K-ras mutations. It is noteworthy that the same mutation was present in both the duodenal fluid and the primary carcinomas of 11 (92%) of the 12 patients who had primary tumors with amplifiable DNA as well as K-ras mutations in their duodenal fluid specimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The identification of genetic alterations in cancer-causing genes in duodenal fluid may form the basis for the development of new approaches to the detection of carcinoma of the pancreas. Some pancreata without cancer, however, may also harbor K-ras mutations, potentially limiting the specificity of K-ras-based tests.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Wilentz
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Sturm
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Musler
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Offerhaus
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Hruban
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Slebos
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D000368:Aged; D014670:Ampulla of Vater / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003062:Codon / Q000235:genetics; D003138:Common Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D015342:DNA Probes; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D004386:Duodenum / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007419:Intestinal Secretions / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D016577:Pancreaticoduodenectomy; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D017354:Point Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003062:Codon; D015342:DNA Probes; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm