title: Metabolism of the extracellular matrix formed by intervertebral disc cells cultured in alginate.
abstract: METHODS
  Cells from normal rabbit nucleus pulposus (NP) and anulus fibrosus (AF) were cultured in alginate beads for as long as 14 days to allow them to reform a matrix made up of two compartments: the cell-associated matrix (CM) and further removed matrix (FRM). At different time points, the CM and FRM made by each cell population were analyzed using histologic, biochemical, and immunologic assays.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the metabolism of normal rabbit NP and AF cells in alginate by characterizing the CM and FRM formed by each cell population, and to identify metabolic properties that may shed light on mechanisms at play in disc degeneration.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the metabolism of intervertebral disc cells, in part because of the lack of microculture systems appropriate for the study of these cells in vitro. In recent studies from our laboratories, it was suggested that articular chondrocytes cultured in alginate beads remain phenotypically stable and reform a matrix similar to the one they populate in vivo. This culture system appears ideally suited for the study of intervertebral cells available only in limited numbers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rabbit NP and AF cells released from the matrix by sequential enzyme digestion were encapsulated in alginate beads (20,000 cells/bead) and cultured for as long as 14 days. At selected time points, beads were solubilized with calcium chelating agents, and the CM and FRM were isolated. The rate of 35S-sulfate incorporation into proteoglycans, and the contents of various extracellular matrix molecules (total sulfated proteoglycans, antigenic keratan sulfate, hyaluronan, collagen, and pyridinium crosslinks) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both NP and AF cells remained phenotypically stable in the alginate gel throughout the culture period and reestablished a matrix composed of CM and FRM compartments. The two cell populations exhibited numerous differences in their metabolic activities in vitro. Nucleus pulposus cells synthesized fewer proteoglycan and collagen molecules and were less effective in incorporating these into the CM than AF cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intervertebral disc cells, especially NP cells, are extremely sluggish in reforming a CM, a protective shell rich in proteoglycans and collagen molecules. This may help explain why damage to the NP often is accompanied by progressive degeneration of the disc in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chiba
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Thonar
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates; D000818:Animals; D002455:Cell Division; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D003470:Culture Media; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism*; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008863:Microspheres; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D003470:Culture Media; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D011509:Proteoglycans; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D003094:Collagen