title: Dihydroxy bile acids activate the transcription of cyclooxygenase-2.
abstract: Bile acids, endogenous promoters of gastrointestinal cancer, activate protein kinase C (PKC) and the activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor. Because other activators of PKC and AP-1 induce cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), we determined the effects of bile acids on the expression of COX-2 in human esophageal adenocarcinoma cells. Treatment with the dihydroxy bile acids chenodeoxycholate and deoxycholate resulted in an approximately 10-fold increase in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Enhanced synthesis of PGE2 was associated with a marked increase in the levels of COX-2 mRNA and protein, with maximal effects at 8-12 and 12-24 h, respectively. In contrast, neither cholic acid nor conjugated bile acids affected the levels of COX-2 or the synthesis of PGE2. Nuclear run-off assays and transient transfections with a human COX-2 promoter construct showed that induction of COX-2 mRNA by chenodeoxycholate and deoxycholate was due to increased transcription. Bile acid-mediated induction of COX-2 was blocked by inhibitors of PKC activity, including calphostin C and staurosporine. Treatment with bile acid enhanced the phosphorylation of c-Jun and increased binding of AP-1 to DNA. These data are important because dihydroxy bile acid-mediated induction of COX-2 may explain, at least in part, the tumor-promoting effects of bile acids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York, USA.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Subbaramaiah
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Altorki
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Dannenberg
mesh_terms: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D015232:Dinoprostone