title: Activation of P2Y2 receptors by UTP and ATP stimulates mitogen-activated kinase activity through a pathway that involves related adhesion focal tyrosine kinase and protein kinase C.
abstract: We examined downstream signaling events that followed the exposure of PC12 cells to extracellular ATP and UTP, and we compared the effects of these P2 receptor agonists with those of growth factors and other stimuli. Based on early findings, we focused particular attention on the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway. ATP and/or UTP produced increases in tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple proteins, including p42 MAP (ERK2) kinase, related adhesion focal tyrosine kinase (RAFTK) (PYK2, CAKbeta), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), Shc, and protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta). MAP (ERK2) kinase activity (quantified by substrate phosphorylation) was increased by UTP, ATP, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, ionomycin, and growth factors. UTP and ATP were equipotent (EC50 approximately 25 microM) in stimulating MAP kinase activity, suggesting that these effects were mediated via the Gi-linked P2Y2 (P2U) receptor. Consistent with this, the UTP- and ATP-promoted activation of MAP kinase was diminished in pertussis toxin-treated cells. Treatment of cells with pertussis toxin also reduced both the UTP-dependent increases in intracellular calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) and the tyrosine phosphorylation of RAFTK. Similarly, when [Ca2+]i elevation was prevented using BAPTA and EGTA, the activation of MAP kinase by UTP and ionomycin was blocked, and the tyrosine phosphorylation of RAFTK was reduced. The UTP-promoted increase in MAP kinase activity was partially reduced in cells in which PKC was down-regulated, suggesting that both PKC-dependent and PKC-independent pathways were involved. PKCdelta, which increases MAP kinase activity in some systems, became tyrosine-phosphorylated within 15 s of exposure of cells to ATP or UTP; but epidermal growth factor, nerve growth factor, and insulin had little effect. UTP also promoted the association of Shc with Grb2. These results suggest that the P2Y2 receptor-initiated activation of MAP kinase was dependent on the elevation of [Ca2+]i, involved the recruitment of Shc and Grb2, and was mediated by RAFTK and PKC.
authors.affiliation: Division of Signal Transduction,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ssoltoff@bidmc.harvard.edu
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Soltoff
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Avraham
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Avraham
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Cantley
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D051418:Focal Adhesion Kinase 2; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D016716:PC12 Cells; D037342:Pertussis Toxin; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D051745:Protein Kinase C-delta; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D018048:Receptors, Purinergic P2 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism; D014544:Uridine Triphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010566:Virulence Factors, Bordetella / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D018048:Receptors, Purinergic P2; D010566:Virulence Factors, Bordetella; D014443:Tyrosine; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D037342:Pertussis Toxin; C497260:Prkcd protein, rat; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D051418:Focal Adhesion Kinase 2; C496054:Ptk2b protein, rat; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D051745:Protein Kinase C-delta; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D014544:Uridine Triphosphate