title: Long-term stability of the bovine block to polyspermy.
abstract: Under most circumstances in eutherian mammals, mating occurs before ovulation and a defense against multiple sperm penetration of the zygote is established rapidly after fertilisation. It is generally assumed that this block to polyspermy is both stable and long-lasting, but these points have not been specifically tested. They assume particular significance in domestic farm animals in which procedures of artificial insemination could mistakenly introduce sperm suspensions into a genital tract already containing a fertilised egg. Bovine blastocysts generated in vitro were further exposed in vitro to new suspensions of capacitated bull spermatozoa containing 1.5 x 10(6) cells per ml on days 7 or 8 of development, that is, shortly before or after hatching from the zona pellucida. Inseminated and control blastocysts were examined by light or electron microscopy. Whereas accessory spermatozoa were frequently bound to the surface of the zona pellucida, non had penetrated into the substance of the zona. Similarly, whilst a few spermatozoa had attached to the trophoblast of hatched blastocysts on day 8, none had penetrated through to the blastocoele. No difference was found in the incidence of hatching or rate of expansion between experimental (re-inseminated) and control groups. Accordingly, it is concluded that the bovine block to polyspermy is both stable and long-lasting when tested in vitro in the presence of freshly capacitated bull spermatozoa. Early embryonic loss, which may reach a level of 30% or more in this species, is thus unlikely to be a consequence of instability in the block to polyspermy and accessory sperm penetration of the zygote.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Studies, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vajta
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hyttel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002417:Cattle; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D007315:Insemination, Artificial; D008297:Male; D009028:Morula / Q000502:physiology*; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D010053:Ovary / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D013075:Sperm Capacitation; D013084:Sperm-Ovum Interactions; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015044:Zona Pellucida / Q000502:physiology; D015053:Zygote / Q000502:physiology