title: Chemical and toxicological evaluation of pyrotechnically disseminated terephthalic acid smoke.
abstract: The terephthalic acid (TPA) smoke obscurants (M-83 grenade and M-8 smoke pot) were developed by the U.S. Army for training purposes to replace the more toxic hexachloroethane (HC) smoke. Inhalation toxicity testing and chemical characterization of pyrotechnically generated TPA was conducted to assess the health hazard potential of TPA and its combustion products. Fisher 344 rats were subjected to acute and repeated exposures to TPA smoke generated from the M-83 grenade. Acute exposure levels ranged from 150-1,900 mg/m3 for 30 minutes and repeated dose exposures ranged from 128-1,965 mg/m3 for 30 min/day for 5 days. Exposed and control rats were evaluated for toxic signs, and histopathologic changes. During exposure, the rats exhibited slight to moderate lacrimation, rhinorrhea, lethargy and dyspnea, which reversed within 1-hr post-exposure. No deaths occurred, even at the highest smoke concentrations. Histopathological changes were confined to exposure related nasal necrosis and inflammation in both the acute and repeated dose exposures at levels above 900 mg/m3. Chemical characterization of the M-83 grenade and the M-8 smoke pot showed that formaldehyde, benzene and carbon monoxide were the major organic vapor by-products formed. These by-products were above their respective ACGIH threshold limit values at various concentrations, but should not pose a hazard if the smoke is deployed in an open area. Overall, TPA is a safer training smoke to replace the HC smoke.
authors.affiliation: Edgewood Research, Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA.
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Muse
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Anthony
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bergmann
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Burnett
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Crouse
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Gaviola
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Thomson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002704:Chlorates / Q000032:analysis; D005389:Firearms; D005390:Fires; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D008274:Magnesium / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000473:pathology; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D002704:Chlorates; D010795:Phthalic Acids; D012906:Smoke; C005479:magnesium carbonate; C011363:terephthalic acid; D008274:Magnesium; C022842:chloric acid