title: Identification of medications that cause cognitive impairment in older people: the case of oxybutynin chloride.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the cognitive effects of acute challenges with the antispasmodic agent oxybutynin hydrochloride in normal older volunteers and to compare these effects with those attributable to diphenhydramine, another commonly used medication with anticholinergic (muscarinic-blocking) activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory evaluations of community subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of 12 volunteers, average age 69.17 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline assessment was followed by randomized administration of a placebo, oxybutynin hydrochloride (5 and 10 mg), and diphenhydramine hydrochloride (50 mg) in test sessions separated by 1 week.
  
  
  METHODS
  Evaluation of cognitive performance with a 1-hour battery of pencil and paper, interviewer-administered, and computer-administered tests beginning 90 minutes after drug (or placebo) administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Random regression analyses demonstrated that oxybutynin caused significant cognitive decrements on seven of 15 cognitive measures, and diphenhydramine caused decrements on five measures. The most sensitive measures for detecting the effects of oxybutynin hydrochloride were the Buschke Selective Reminding Test and Reaction Time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that oxybutynin can cause cognitive impairment and suggest that physicians prescribing it should monitor their patients to facilitate the early recognition of those who experience drug-related cognitive deficits. More generally, the findings demonstrate that systematic research with normal volunteers can identify cognitive toxicity not recognized during the process of drug development or postmarketing surveillance.
authors.affiliation: Section of Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia 19104, USA.
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Sands
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bilker
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: DiFilippo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boyce
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: D'Angelo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004155:Diphenhydramine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008333:Mandelic Acids / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D008333:Mandelic Acids; D004155:Diphenhydramine; C005419:oxybutynin