title: Digoxin toxicity in chronic renal failure: treatment by multiple dose activated charcoal intestinal dialysis.
abstract: 1. Digoxin toxicity can result from overdose or iatrogenic causes, especially if renal function is impaired. 2. We present a case of digoxin toxicity presenting with severe bradycardia and hypotension in a 66 year old man with chronic renal failure. Regular haemodialysis had, as predicted, failed to reduce his plasma digoxin concentration. Digoxin specific antibody fragments (Fab) were not readily available and their use was probably inappropriate as they are normally renally eliminated. 3. The patient was successfully treated by two prolonged courses of intestinal dialysis with repeated doses of activated charcoal over 48 and 72 h and totaling 400 g and 600 g, respectively. However, the patient found the activated charcoal extremely unpalatable. 4. Multiple dose activated charcoal intestinal dialysis (MDACID) has been recently advocated for use in a wide range of poisonings. The technique takes advantage of the large surface area of the small intestine to eliminate drugs and metabolites, over several days if necessary. The pharmacokinetics of digoxin toxicity in chronic renal failure make intestinal dialysis an appropriate method of treatment but the realisation of the true potential of this technique awaits a more palatable absorbent or formulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Critchley
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Critchley
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000931:Antidotes; D002606:Charcoal; D003956:Dialysis; D004077:Digoxin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D000931:Antidotes; D002606:Charcoal; D004077:Digoxin