title: Effects of ethanol in an experimental model of combined traumatic brain injury and hemorrhagic shock.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Given that clinical and laboratory studies suggest that ethanol and hemorrhagic shock (HS) potentiate traumatic brain injury (TBI), the authors studied the effects of ethanol in a model of combined TBI and HS.
  
  
  METHODS
  A controlled porcine model of combined TBI and HS was evaluated for the effect of ethanol on survival time, hemodynamic function, and cerebral tissue perfusion. Anesthetized swine (17-24 kg) were instrumented, splenectomized, and subjected to fluid percussion TBI with concurrent 25-mL/kg graded hemorrhage over 30 minutes. Two groups were studied: control (n = 11) and ethanol (n = 11). Ethanol, 3.5 g/kg intragastric, was given 100 minutes prior to TBI/HS. Systemic and cerebral physiologic and metabolic parameters were monitored for 2 hours without resuscitation. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and renal blood flow were measured with dye-labeled microspheres. Data were analyzed with 2-sample t-test and repeated-measures ANOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ethanol levels at the time of injury were 162 +/- 68 mg/dL. Average TBI was 2.65 +/- 0.35 atm. Survival time was significantly shorter in the ethanol group (60 +/- 27 min vs 94 +/- 28 min, p = 0.011). The ethanol group had significantly lower mean arterial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, and cerebral venous O2 saturation in the postinjury period. Cerebral O2 extraction ratios and cerebral venous lactate levels were significantly higher in the ethanol group. A trend toward lower postinjury rCBF in all brain regions was observed in the ethanol group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this TBI/HS model, ethanol administration decreased survival time, impaired the hemodynamic response, and worsened measures of cerebral tissue perfusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA. bzink@umich.edu
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Zink
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chudnofsky
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol