title: Types of organic solvents used in small- to medium-scale industries in Japan; a nationwide field survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present survey is to identify organic solvents commonly used in various workplaces in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 24 occupational health service institutions (OHSI) distributed nationwide in Japan offered data on types of solvent workplaces, types of solvents used therein, and the solvent concentrations surveyed in a 2-month period between April and May 1996 to form a data base (OHSI data base, consisting of 1597 cases). Separately, Kyoto Industrial Health Association (KIHA) offered information on 948 cases studied during a 1-year period ranging from April 1995 to March 1996 (KIHA data base). The two data bases were treated in parallel to examine the reproducibility of the results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Detection prevalence was very low (0-1%) for almost half of the 47 legally regulated solvents. Among the solvents in use, toluene was most frequently detected, although the prevalence appeared to be reduced as compared with that recorded for the early 1980s. The most frequently observed solvent combinations comprised toluene, xylenes, and ethyl acetate in the OHSI data base and toluene, xylenes, and methanol in the KIHA data base. Contrary to the case in the 1980s, dichloromethane was used more often than trichloroethylene as a degreasing agent in the present survey. No use was detected for carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethylene, or 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane except for research purposes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Toluene remained the most common solvent and was used in combination with xylenes, ethyl acetate, and methanol. There was an increase in the use of dichloromethane as a degreasing agent.
authors.affiliation: Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ukai
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Inui
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takada
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dendo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Isobe
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ashida
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tabuki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikeda
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000032:analysis; D016208:Databases, Factual; D006306:Health Surveys; D006586:Hexanes / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis; D007221:Industry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007564:Japan; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016272:Occupational Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009790:Occupations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012997:Solvents / Q000032:analysis / Q000145:classification*; D020058:Styrene; D013343:Styrenes / Q000032:analysis; D014050:Toluene / Q000032:analysis; D017132:Workplace / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014992:Xylenes / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D006586:Hexanes; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D012997:Solvents; D013343:Styrenes; D014992:Xylenes; C026385:n-hexane; D014050:Toluene; D020058:Styrene