title: Adenosine receptor blockade and nitric oxide synthase inhibition in the retina: impact upon post-ischemic hyperemia and the electroretinogram.
abstract: We preformed this study to determine the effect on ocular blood flow and the electroretinogram of either nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition, adenosine receptor blockade or the combination of both after 1 hr of ocular ischemia. Thirty-seven cats under general anesthesia were subjected to 1 hr of complete ischemia in one eye by raising the intraocular pressure above systolic blood pressure. The other eye in each animal served as a non-ischemic control. Arterial blood gas tension, systemic arterial pressure, body temperature, hematocrit, and anesthetic level were controlled in each experiment. Cats were divided into four groups. Group 1 received normal saline injections [intravenous (i.v.) and intravitreal], Group 2 adenosine receptor blockade (0.1 ml of 0.01 M 8-sulfophenyltheophylline intravitreal) and saline i.v., Group 3 NOS inhibition (30 mg/kg l-NG-nitroarginine-methyl-ester i.v.) and saline intravitreal, and Group 4 intravitreal adenosine receptor blockade and NOS inhibition i.v. A subset of Group 3 received l-arginine to investigate the reversibility of NOS inhibition, after the blood flow measurements were completed. Five minutes after the end of ischemia, blood flows in retina and choroid were measured using injections of radioactively labeled microspheres. Electroretinographic (ERG) studies were carried out before treatment, before ischemia, during ischemia, and 1, 2, 3, and 4 hr after ischemia ended. NOS inhibition significantly reduced basal blood flow in the choroid, and in the retina when combined with adenosine receptor blockade. Adenosine receptor blockade completely attenuated post-ischemic hyperemia in the retina, but retinal hyperemia reappeared when adenosine receptor blockade and NOS inhibition were combined. Adenosine receptor blockade had no effect on ERG recovery after ischemia. NOS inhibition led to a reduction of ERG a- and b-wave amplitudes in control eyes, that could be reversed by l-arginine. Nitric oxide (NO) appears to be a significant factor in the regulation of basal blood flow in the choroid. Adenosine appears to be a major mediator of retinal hyperemia after 60 min of ischemia. Since NOS inhibition appeared to have direct effects on ERG wave amplitudes, short-term ERG studies may be of limited use in assessing the role of NO in postischemic recovery of the retina. Our observations correlate well with the emerging role of NO as a neurotransmitter in the retina.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ostwald
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: A Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Toledano
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roth
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002415:Cats; D002829:Choroid / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects; D004596:Electroretinography / Q000187:drug effects; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D007511:Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008863:Microspheres; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013806:Theophylline / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; C031433:8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline; D001120:Arginine; D013806:Theophylline; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester