title: Patterns of intra-familiar distribution of undernutrition: methods and applications for developing societies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To propose a method to assess patterns of intra-familiar distribution of undernutrition and apply it to different socioeconomic strata of the Brazilian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large nationally representative cross-sectional anthropometric survey undertaken in 1989 is the primary source of information. Undernutrition was defined as body mass index (adults) and weight-for-age (children) below the 5th percentile of a healthy and non-malnourished reference population. Log-linear models were used to assess patterns of intra-familiar distribution of nutritional status in four income strata.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two thousand, one hundred and seventy-four families composed by at least one child 6-36 month-old and his/her father and mother.
  
  
  METHODS
  All regions in Brazil.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Undernutrition was significantly associated among household members only for the 25% poorest families (P < 0.0001). In this group, the presence of undernutrition in the mother or the father increased 1.6-1.9 times the risk of undernutrition in the child and the presence of undernutrition in the father made it 2.7 times more frequent in the mother. The relatively small prevalence ratios suggest that even in extremely poor families only a small proportion of undernutrition could be attributed to common household determinants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that in transitional societies undernutrition would appear as a global family problem only for those at the earlier stages of the nutrition transition. Policies and strategies to overcome undernutrition should take this fact into account.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mondini
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: dos Reis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003677:Deficiency Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011203:Poverty; D015995:Prevalence