Dystonia and dyskinesia.
Dystonia is defined as a syndrome of sustained muscle contractions, frequently causing twisting and repetitive movements, or abnormal postures. Tardive dyskinesia (TD), estimated to occur in 30% of patients treated with neuroleptics, encompasses a broad spectrum of hyperkinesias associated with exposure to these drugs. Dystonia is one of the most common expressions of tardive dyskinesia. This article aims to provide an overview of classification, phenomenology, epidemiology, genetics, pathophysiology, neuropsychologic aspects, and treatment of these two conditions.
Cardoso
F
F
Department of Neurology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Jankovic
J
J
D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D004421:Dystonia / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans
D014150:Antipsychotic Agents