title: Endoscopic management of orbital apex lesions.
abstract: Lesions of the orbital apex often present a diagnostic dilemma. Clinical assessment and imaging studies are helpful but a tissue biopsy is often required. The morbidity associated with transcranial approaches to the orbital apex may outweigh the benefits of obtaining a biopsy by these routes. Fine needle aspiration cytology of orbital apex lesions can be performed but there are disadvantages with this method. We describe a transnasal endoscopic technique to biopsy the orbital apex. The technique was used successfully to obtain a tissue diagnosis in six patients with orbital apex lesions. This enabled commencement of definitive treatment. There were no significant complications. The transnasal approach to the orbital apex using the endoscopes is reliable. Endoscopes provide excellent illumination, magnification, and a panoramic view of the operative field.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Sethi
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Lau
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001707:Biopsy, Needle / Q000379:methods*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D019723:Endoscopes; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008029:Lighting; D008221:Lymphoid Tissue / Q000473:pathology; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009880:Ophthalmic Artery / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009915:Orbit / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D009918:Orbital Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012208:Rhabdomyosarcoma / Q000473:pathology; D013101:Sphenoid Sinus / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D013710:Tendons / Q000033:anatomy & histology