title: Optical and structural development of the crystalline lens in childhood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To document the development of key optical and structural parameters of the crystalline lens throughout childhood and examine possible mechanisms by which lens power remains coordinated with the growth of the eye to maintain emmetropia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using cycloplegic autorefraction, video-based phakometry, and ultrasonography, the authors measured refractive error and crystalline lens parameters in 994 children in the first through eighth grades, who participated in the Orinda Longitudinal Study of Myopia, between one and five times from 1989 through 1993. Polynomial growth curves were fit to the data by maximum likelihood estimation. The average annual rates of change in each parameter from each subject's longitudinal data were also estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lens radii of curvature flattened throughout childhood, yet decreases in lens equivalent power stopped after 10 years of age. This indicates that the refractive index of the lens increased during later childhood. Lens thinning in early childhood also ceased after 10 years of age. The spherical volume of the lens showed no appreciable net increase, but the axial length of the eye continued to grow throughout childhood. The prevalence of myopia in our data increased sharply at age 10 years, reaching 21.3% by the age of 14 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Concurrent thinning and flattening of the crystalline lens imply that the lens is mechanically stretched by the equatorial growth of the eye during childhood. Changes in the patterns of lens development near the age of 10 years, concurrent with the onset of myopia, suggest that forces arise which interfere with equatorial growth. Such forces might diminish the decreases in lens power and amplify axial elongation to promote myopia.
authors.affiliation: School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley 94720-2020, USA.
authors.forename: D O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Mutti
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zadnik
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Fusaro
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Sholtz
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Adams
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development*; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D009216:Myopia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D014463:Ultrasonography