title: The synergistic effects of vitamin D metabolites and transforming growth factor-beta on costochondral chondrocytes are mediated by increases in protein kinase C activity involving two separate pathways.
abstract: Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta), as well as the vitamin D3 metabolites 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25) and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24,25), regulate chondrocyte differentiation and maturation during endochondral bone formation. Both the growth factor and secosteroids also affect protein kinase C (PKC) activity, although each has its own unique time course of enzyme activation. Vitamin D3 metabolite effects are detected soon after addition to the media, whereas TGFbeta effects occur over a longer term. The present study examines the interrelation between the effects of 1,25, 24,25, and TGFbeta on chondrocyte differentiation, matrix production, and proliferation. We also examined whether the effect is hormone-specific and maturation-dependent and whether the effect of combining hormone and growth factor is mediated by PKC. This study used a chondrocyte culture model developed in our laboratory that allows comparison of chondrocytes at two stages of differentiation: the more mature growth zone (GC) cells and the less mature resting zone chondrocyte (RC) cells. Only the addition of 24,25 with TGFbeta showed synergistic effects on RC alkaline phosphatase-specific activity (ALPase). No similar effect was found when 24,25 plus TGFbeta was added to GC cells or when 1,25 plus TGFbeta were added to GC or RC cells. The addition of 1,25 plus TGFbeta and 24,25 plus TGFbeta to GC and RC cells, respectively, produced a synergistic increase in [35S]sulfate incorporation and had an additive effect on [3H]thymidine incorporation. To examine the signal transduction pathway involved in producing the synergistic effect of 24,25 and TGFbeta on RC cells, the level of PKC activity was examined. Addition of 24,25 and TGFbeta for 12 h produced a synergistic increase in PKC activity. Moreover, a similar effect was found when 24,25 was added for only the last 90 min of a 12-h incubation. However, a synergistic effect could not be found when 24,25 was added for the last 9 min or the first 90 min of incubation. To further understand how 24,25 and TGFbeta may mediate the observed synergistic increase in PKC activity, the pathways potentially leading to activation of PKC were examined. It was found that 24,25 affects PKC activity through production of diacylglycerol, not through activation of G protein, whereas TGFbeta only affected PKC activity through G protein. The results of the present study indicate that vitamin D metabolites and TGFbeta produced a synergistic effect that is maturation-dependent and hormone-specific. Moreover, the synergistic effect between 24,25 and TGFbeta was mediated by activation of PKC through two parallel pathways: 24,25 through diacylglycerol production and TGFbeta through G protein activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 78284-7774, USA.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Sylvia
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Boyan
mesh_terms: D015650:24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002356:Cartilage / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002772:Cholera Toxin / Q000494:pharmacology; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019852:Diacylglycerol Kinase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D011744:Pyrimidinones / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D012272:Ribs / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013431:Sulfates / Q000378:metabolism; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D013936:Thymidine / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010566:Virulence Factors, Bordetella / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011744:Pyrimidinones; D013431:Sulfates; D013844:Thiazoles; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D010566:Virulence Factors, Bordetella; D015650:24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3; D002772:Cholera Toxin; C047505:R 59022; D019852:Diacylglycerol Kinase; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D002117:Calcitriol; D013936:Thymidine