title: A double-headed Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro ligand mimics the functions of the E domain of fibrin for promoting the end-to-end crosslinking of gamma chains by factor XIIIa.
abstract: The E domain of fibrinogen represents the central region of the protein that, after the removal of fibrinopeptides from the N-termini of its alpha chains by thrombin, orders the noncovalent assembly of fibrin units into a half-staggered array. This structural organization is accomplished purely through noncovalent binding between the E domain of one molecule and the distal D domains of two others. The process of assembly has a physiologically important up-regulatory effect on the next enzymatic phase of blood coagulation, which is the factor XIIIa-catalyzed end-to-end ligation of the gamma chains at the D domains of the protein. Fibrin assembly, as well as the acceleration of the factor XIIIa reaction, could be prevented by Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro, a homologue of the natural sequence of amino acids at the N termini of alpha chains in the E domain. We have now succeeded with a simple double-headed ligand, bis(Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-amido)polyethylene glycol, in fully replacing the regulatory functions of the large E domains of the native protein.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. l-lorand@nwu.edu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lorand
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Parameswaran
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Murthy
mesh_terms: D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000378:metabolism; D005337:Fibrin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D009842:Oligopeptides; C034585:glycyl-prolyl-arginyl-proline; D005337:Fibrin; D011503:Transglutaminases