Should women take part in clinical trials in breast cancer? Issues and some solutions.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this review is to consider the issues for women related to participation in clinical trials that evaluate the management of breast cancer and provide some recommendations for future initiatives to address the identified areas of concern.


METHODS
The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) National Breast Cancer Centre hosted an international workshop to address the question "Clinical Trials in Breast Cancer: Should Women Take Part?" We also reviewed the literature on informed participation in clinical trials that was identified in a broadly based search that covered Medline, PsycLIT, and HealthPlan from 1986 to 1996.


CONCLUSIONS
When women are asked to participate in a clinical trial, they are faced with a number of questions and dilemmas. These include issues related to the conduct and ethical considerations of the trial; the effect of participation or nonparticipation on treatment; the roles of the doctor as clinician and as researcher; the process of informed consent; the timing of the request for participation; and the benefits and costs of participation. A number of steps are identified that could help women decide whether to participate in clinical trials. These include provision of community information about clinical trials; establishment of independent brokers and registers for clinical trials; consumer review of information and protocols and involvement in trials; review of the role of ethics committees; collection of data about the proportion of women currently recruited to clinical trials, their reasons for participating or declining, and their views about the process of recruitment and participation; models for optimal practice in recruiting women to clinical trials and encouraging ongoing participation in trials; evidence-based communication skills training for clinicians to teach skills to inform women adequately of clinical trial participation; and auspicing and promotion of trials by an independent agency.
Cockburn
J
J
Discipline of Behavioural Science in Relation to Medicine, University of Newcastle, Wallsend, Australia. jillc@wallsend.newcastle.edu.au
Redman
S
S
Kricker
A
A
D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D017041:Ethics Committees; D005260:Female; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D010358:Patient Participation; D017712:Peer Review, Research; D010819:Physician's Role; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016312:Treatment Refusal