title: Evaluation of an instructional model for emergency ultrasonography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate a 4-hour ultrasonography course in the setting of an emergency medicine (EM) training program.
  
  
  METHODS
  EM residents and faculty at a large urban center were provided a 4-hour emergency ultrasonography course. Then, during an 18-month period, a nonconsecutive sample of ultrasonographic examinations were videotaped and later reviewed. The interpretations of the emergency, physician examinations were compared with the following reference standards: 1) an official ultrasound performed and interpreted by the departments of radiology or cardiology; 2) an operative report; 3) A CT scan or i.v. pyelogram (IVP); or 4) a cardiologist's or a radiologist's interpretation of the videotaped examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 258 examinations reviewed, 28 (11%) of these were excluded because the cardiologist or radiologist reviewing the videotape determined them to be "technically limited" studies. Of the remaining 230 examinations, there were: 127 gallbladder studies [disease prevalence = 0.58; sensitivity = 0.89; specificity = 0.80; kappa (kappa) = 0.69; 95% CI: 56-82%]; 39 echocardiograms to rule out pericardial effusions [disease prevalence = 0.15; sensitivity = 0.83; specificity = 0.97 kappa = 0.80; 95% CI: 54-100%]; 25 abdominal ultrasounds to rule out free peritoneal fluid [disease prevalence = 0.32; sensitivity = 0.88; specificity = 0.94; kappa = 0.81; 95% CI: 26-95%]; 16 renal ultrasounds to rule out hydronephrosis [disease prevalence = 0.25; sensitivity = 1.0; specificity = 0.92; kappa = 0.84; 95% CI: 56-100%]; 12 pelvic ultrasounds to rule in an intrauterine pregnancy [disease prevalence = 0.67; sensitivity = 1.0; specificity = 0.75; kappa = 0.80; 95% CI: 43-100%]; and 11 abdominal ultrasounds to rule out abdominal aortic aneurysms [disease prevalence = 0.09; sensitivity = 1.0; 95% CI: 2.5-91%; specificity = 1.0; 95% CI: 68-100%].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This 4-hour ultrasonography course has potential to serve as a foundation for an instructional model for ultrasonography training in the setting of an EM residency program.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, New York Medical College, Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center, Bronx, NY, USA. richlanoix@aol.com
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lanoix
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mele
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dharmarajan
mesh_terms: D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing / Q000592:standards; D004635:Emergency Medicine / Q000193:education*; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000592:standards; D017145:Models, Educational; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography