title: HIV-1 Vpr increases viral expression by manipulation of the cell cycle: a mechanism for selection of Vpr in vivo.
abstract: The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) encodes a protein, called Vpr, that prevents proliferation of infected cells by arresting them in G2 of the cell cycle. This Vpr-mediated cell-cycle arrest is also conserved among highly divergent simian immunodeficiency viruses, suggesting an important role in the virus life cycle. However, it has been unclear how this could be a selective advantage for the virus. Here we provide evidence that expression of the viral genome is optimal in the G2 phase of the cell cycle, and that Vpr increases virus production by delaying cells at the point of the cell cycle where the long terminal repeat (LTR) is most active. Although Vpr is selected against when virus is adapted to tissue culture, we show that selection for Vpr function in vivo occurs in both humans and chimpanzees infected with HIV-1. These results suggest a novel mechanism for maximizing virus production in the face of rapid killing of infected target cells.
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Medicine, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Rogel
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kinsey
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Fultz
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Emerman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D002455:Cell Division; D002460:Cell Line; D016195:G2 Phase; D016336:Gene Products, vpr / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000502:physiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D007700:Kinetics; D008954:Models, Biological; D002679:Pan troglodytes; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011533:Proviruses / Q000502:physiology; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000502:physiology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes; D014162:Transfection; D054325:vpr Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
chemical_list: D016336:Gene Products, vpr; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D054325:vpr Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus