title: Lens opacities, demographic factors and nutritional supplements in the Barbados Eye Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study evaluated the association of age-related lens opacities with the use of nutritional supplements and demographic factors among 4314 black participants (> or = 40 years) in the population-based Barbados Eye Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lenses were classified at the slit lamp by the Lens Opacities Classification System II (LOCS II); a score > or = 2 was used to define the presence of gradable lens opacities, by type. Lens changes also included prior cataract surgery or cataract too advanced to grade. Associations with risk factors were evaluated by logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study identified 1800 individuals with lens changes in at least one eye; 229 had nuclear opacities only; 851 had cortical opacities only. Older age and indicators of lower socioeconomic status (low education and/or non-professional occupation), were positively associated with both nuclear (odds ratio [OR] = 1.90) and cortical (OR = 1.47) opacities. Women had an increased risk of cortical opacities (OR = 1.41). Regular users of nutritional supplements were less likely to have lens changes (OR = 0.78) and, specifically, cortical opacities (OR = 0.77). The association with nutritional supplements was present in those < 70 years, but not at older ages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study supports the association of lower socioeconomic status with lens changes, including nuclear and cortical lens opacities. The findings also suggest that regular users of nutritional supplements have a one-fourth lower risk of lens changes and particularly, of cortical opacities; a result seen at ages under 70 years. The associations with potentially modifiable factors indicate the need for further evaluations, given the high prevalence of lens opacities.
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center at Stony Brook, NY, USA.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Leske
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Connell
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hyman
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Schachat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D001460:Barbados / Q000453:epidemiology; D002386:Cataract / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D003710:Demography; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class