title: The relationship between therapeutic injections and high prevalence of hepatitis C infection in Hafizabad, Pakistan.
abstract: To determine the prevalence and routes of transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Hafizabad, Pakistan, we collected sera in 1993 from a geographically based random sample of residents, and in 1994 identified 15 HCV-infected individuals (cases) and 67 age and sex matched uninfected individuals (controls). Initially we approached 504 households, and collected serum from a randomly selected household member in 309 (64%). Twenty persons (6.5%) had anti-HCV antibody; 31% percent had hepatitis B core antibodies, and 4.3% had hepatitis B surface antigen. In the case-control study, persons who received more therapeutic injections (categorized as averaging 1, 2-4, 5-9 or > 10 injections per year in the previous 10 years) were more likely to be infected with HCV (odds ratio 0, 1.5, 2.5 and 6.9 respectively, P = 0.008) compared to persons averaging 0 injections per year. Efforts to limit therapeutic injections to only those that are medically indicated and that use sterile equipment are essential in order to prevent transmission of HCV.
authors.affiliation: Community Health Sciences Department, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Luby
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Qamruddin
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Omair
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pahsa
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hoodbhouy
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fisher-Hoch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D006512:Hepatitis B Core Antigens / Q000097:blood; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011897:Random Allocation
chemical_list: D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies; D006512:Hepatitis B Core Antigens; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies