title: Prediction of survival with fluorine-18-fluoro-deoxyglucose and PET in head and neck cancer.
abstract: The aim of this prospective study was to investigate if high uptake of 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) is associated with aggressiveness in head and neck cancer and low probability of survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-seven patients with squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck underwent FDG-PET in the fasting state before cancer treatment. FDG uptake in primary tumor was quantitated as the standardized uptake value of FDG normalized to the predicted lean body mass (SUVlean, n = 37) and as the graphically determined metabolic rate for FDG (rMR[FDG], n = 34). Paraffin-embedded tumor samples were used for histologic evaluation, and expression of cytokeratin and Ki-67 antigen were assessed by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interobserver agreement for the determination of quantitative uptake of FDG in tumors was excellent (r2 = 0.996, p < 0.00001), and all 37 primary tumors were visualized. A high uptake of FDG as assessed by SUVlean was associated with a higher than the median mitotic count (p = 0.01), absence of keratinization (p = 0.03), low or moderate histological grade of differentiation (p = 0.046) and advanced stage (p = 0.03), but not with Ki-67 expression (p = 0.11). The overall survival of patients with a SUVlean lower than or equal to the median value (9.0) was clearly better in univariate analysis than that of patients with a SUVlean higher than the median (3-yr survival 73% versus 22%, relative risk of death (RR) 4.2, 1.6-11.0). However, in a multivariate analysis the only independent predictors of survival were the mitotic count (RR 4.0, 1.4-11.7) and stage (3.8, 1.2-12.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High uptake of FDG in untreated head and neck cancer is associated with advanced disease, and may portend poor survival. Aggressive treatment approaches should be considered for patients presenting with a tumor with high uptake of FDG.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Cyclotron-PET Center, University of Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Minn
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lapela
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Klemi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grénman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leskinen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lindholm
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bergman
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eronen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haaparanta
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Joensuu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed
chemical_list: D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18