title: Variation in incidences of tuberculosis in subgroups of South African gold miners.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine risk factors and to identify groups at high risk of tuberculosis (TB) among South African gold miners.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort analysis was carried out with hospital and personnel databases on a random sample of the workforce of Freegold Mines, served by Ernest Oppenheimer Hospital, Welkom, South Africa. The outcome measure of interest was a reported first episode of TB while employed at Freegold. A person-years analysis was carried out to estimate incidence ratios between different categories of age group, period, cumulative service, mining occupation, and silicosis status. A separate analysis was carried out on a subgroup of men (non-random) whose HIV status was known.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main finding of the study was that TB was more strongly associated with age than expected with a rate ratio of reported incidence of 21 for the oldest age group compared with the youngest, after adjustment for period, cumulative service, occupation, and silicosis status. There was also a significant association between TB and occupations such as drilling with a rate ratio of 2.3 compared with low dust surface and maintenance workers, after adjustment for age, period, cumulative service, and silicosis. Analysis of the HIV tested subgroup showed that these results are unlikely to be the result of confounding due to HIV infection. Prevalence of HIV in this group has been rising sharply since 1991, but the increase was slowing towards the end of the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A profile of mineworkers who are at high risk of TB can be defined by age, mining occupation, silicosis status, and HIV infection with predicted rates of 100/1000 person-years. TB screening programmes should take special cognisance of high risk groups of gold miners.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Research Unit, Braamfontein, South Africa.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kleinschmidt
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Churchyard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006046:Gold; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008906:Mining; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012829:Silicosis / Q000150:complications; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D006046:Gold