title: Effects of sulfanilamide and methotrexate on 13C fluxes through the glycine decarboxylase/serine hydroxymethyltransferase enzyme system in arabidopsis.
abstract: In C3 plants large amounts of photorespiratory glycine (Gly) are converted to serine by the tetrahydrofolate (THF)-dependent activities of the Gly decarboxylase complex (GDC) and serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT). Using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, we monitored the flux of carbon through the GDC/SHMT enzyme system in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Columbia exposed to inhibitors of THF-synthesizing enzymes. Plants exposed for 96 h to sulfanilamide, a dihydropteroate synthase inhibitor, showed little reduction in flux through GDC/SHMT. Two other sulfonamide analogs were tested with similar results, although all three analogs competitively inhibited the partially purified enzyme. However, methotrexate or aminopterin, which are confirmed inhibitors of Arabidopsis dihydrofolate reductase, decreased the flux through the GDC/SHMT system by 60% after 48 h and by 100% in 96 h. The uptake of [alpha-13C]Gly was not inhibited by either drug class. The specificity of methotrexate action was shown by the ability of 5-formyl-THF to restore flux through the GDC/SHMT pathway in methotrexate-inhibited plants. The experiments with sulfonamides strongly suggest that the mitochondrial THF pool has a long half-life. The studies with methotrexate support the additional, critical role of dihydrofolate reductase in recycling THF oxidized in thymidylate synthesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada. prabhuv@duke.usask.ca
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Prabhu
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Chatson
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lui
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000630:Aminopterin / Q000494:pharmacology; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000201:enzymology*; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005998:Glycine / Q000378:metabolism; D050841:Glycine Dehydrogenase (Decarboxylating); D012696:Glycine Hydroxymethyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism*; D007700:Kinetics; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000378:metabolism*; D013411:Sulfadiazine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077145:Sulfanilamide; D013424:Sulfanilamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013763:Tetrahydrofolates / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D013424:Sulfanilamides; D013763:Tetrahydrofolates; D013411:Sulfadiazine; D000077145:Sulfanilamide; C030371:5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid; D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases; D050841:Glycine Dehydrogenase (Decarboxylating); D012696:Glycine Hydroxymethyltransferase; D000630:Aminopterin; D005998:Glycine; D008727:Methotrexate