title: Spontaneous dyskinesia in subjects with schizophrenia spectrum personality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study of spontaneous dyskinesia in schizophrenia is confounded by the widespread use of neuroleptics. The authors hypothesized that spontaneous dyskinesia would be present in subjects with schizophrenia spectrum personality (schizoid, paranoid, or schizotypal). They also tested the hypothesis that dyskinetic-like movements would increase after repeated dextroamphetamine challenge to the dopaminergic system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dyskinetic-like movements were assessed in 34 spectrum subjects and 22 normal subjects; nine subjects from each group were administered both placebo and repeated dextroamphetamine challenges.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spectrum subjects had more dyskinetic-like movements than normal subjects. Spontaneous dyskinesia was present in 12% of the spectrum subjects but was not seen in the normal subjects. Subjects with schizotypal personality had more dyskinetic-like movements than subjects with schizoid personality or normal subjects. Dyskinesia was present in 24% of the schizotypal subjects but not in the other groups. Dyskinetic movement scores correlated with positive symptom scores. With repeated amphetamine challenge, normal subjects showed a pattern of behavioral sensitization (an increase in dyskinetic-like movements), but spectrum subjects showed an abnormal response (fewer dyskinetic-like movements).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dyskinesia and dyskinetic-like movements are more common in subjects with schizophrenia spectrum personality (primarily schizotypal) than in normal subjects and are related to positive symptoms. A failure of normal behavioral sensitization mechanisms after dextroamphetamine challenge is seen in subjects with schizophrenia spectrum personality.
authors.affiliation: Schizophrenia-Related Disorders Program, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Baltimore 21228, USA.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Cassady
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Adami
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kunkel
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Thaker
mesh_terms: D015897:Comorbidity; D003913:Dextroamphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D010260:Paranoid Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010919:Placebos; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine / Q000187:drug effects; D012557:Schizoid Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012569:Schizotypal Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D010919:Placebos; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine; D003913:Dextroamphetamine