title: Tumor necrosis factor, ceramide, transforming growth factor-beta1, and aging reduce Na+/I- symporter messenger ribonucleic acid levels in FRTL-5 cells.
abstract: Iodide uptake, which is necessary for thyroid hormone synthesis, can be inhibited by aging, withdrawal of TSH, or increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 levels resulting from the nonthyroid illness syndrome. TNF induces receptor-mediated activation of sphingomyelinase, which converts sphingomyelin to ceramide, a mediator of TNF actions. Thyroid follicular cells transport iodide from blood into the follicular lumen against an iodide gradient by means of coupled transport of Na+ ions and I- ions via the Na+/I- symporter (NIS). An inward Na+ gradient is maintained by Na+/K+-ATPase. The recent cloning and sequencing of the rat NIS complementary DNA has made possible studies on the mechanism by which TSH, aging, and cytokines regulate I- uptake by thyroid cells. Young (<20 passages) and aged (>40 passages) FRTL-5 cells grown with or without TSH were treated with various concentrations of TNF, TGF-beta1, sphingomyelinase, or ceramide. NIS messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in aged cells were only 2% of those in young cells. Withdrawal of TSH from young cells reduced NIS mRNA levels by more than 90%. TNF reduced NIS mRNA levels in young cells grown with TSH at t1/2 = 0.62 days, a cycloheximide inhibitable effect. Similar treatments with TGF-beta1, sphingomyelinase, or ceramide reduced NIS mRNA by 70-90%. Ceramide reduced 125I(-)-uptake by 50%. The addition of TNF increased both the sphingomyelin and ceramide levels 3- to 5-fold in young and old cells. We conclude that 1) the decline in iodide uptake due to aging, a fall in serum TSH or an increase in TNF or TGF-beta1 is mediated primarily by a reduction in thyroid NIS expression; and 2) that receptor-mediated activation of sphingomyelinase is an important, protein synthesis-dependent, intracellular pathway for inhibition of NIS expression by TNF.
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology Research Laboratory, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, University of California, 90073, USA.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Pekary
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hershman
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D016922:Cellular Senescence / Q000502:physiology; D002518:Ceramides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003513:Cycloheximide / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013108:Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase / Q000494:pharmacology; D027981:Symporters; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000494:pharmacology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000099209:Sodium-Iodide Symporters
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D002518:Ceramides; D003513:Cycloheximide; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013108:Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase; D027981:Symporters; D013972:Thyrotropin; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000099209:Sodium-Iodide Symporters