title: Drug abuse treatment process components that improve retention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Longer retention has been the most consistent predictor of favorable drug abuse treatment outcomes, but key therapeutic and patient engagement indicators of treatment process need to be more clearly established.
  
  
  METHODS
  An integrative model representing treatment dynamics was tested for explaining long-term program retention. It was based on a multisite sample of 527 daily opioid users who remained in methadone maintenance a minimum of 3 months. All had been assigned randomly to a counseling condition at admission (i.e., cognitively enhanced or standard), and information obtained from patient files, as well as periodic assessments completed by patients and their counselors in the first 90 days after admission were the sources of predictors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Counseling enhancements (using node-link mapping, a visual representation tool for improving communication and problem solving) contributed to stronger therapeutic relationships between counselor and patient, which in turn had a positive reciprocal relationship with patient engagement (session attendance). Pretreatment motivation measured at intake was also related to higher engagement. More positive therapeutic relationships (in months 1 and 2) led to lower levels of during-treatment drug use (defined from urinalysis results in months 2 and 3), and better session attendance and therapeutic relationships both predicted longer retention. In addition, lower drug use during treatment was related to longer retention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Major conceptual domains of drug abuse treatment process were identified in community-based programs and their interrelationships with retention specified. As intermediate (during treatment) criteria, they can help guide functional improvements in program effectiveness as illustrated with our counseling enhancements.
authors.affiliation: Institue of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth 76129, USA. Ibr@tcu.edu
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Joe
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Rowan-Szal
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Greener
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D010349:Patient Compliance; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000628:therapy*