title: Determinants of isokinetic and psychophysical lifting strength and static back muscle endurance: a study of male monozygotic twins.
abstract: METHODS
  Retrospective cohort.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relative contributions of anthropometric factors, physical activity, back and neck pain, overall health, and familial aggregation (the combined effects of genetics and childhood environment) to different measurements of adult back muscle function.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Many methods of muscle testing are employed in the attempt to predict, prevent, treat, and rehabilitate low back pain. Poor correlations between the test results suggest that they are measuring different attributes and have different determinants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Muscle function tests, magnetic resonance images, and a detailed interview were obtained in 65 pairs of monozygotic male twins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Familial aggregation was the strongest determinant of isokinetic and psychophysical lifting and static back endurance, explaining 56%, 32%, and 15% of the variances, respectively, beyond that which age alone predicted. Back pain and physical loading in work and leisure explained 2%, 0%, and 23% of the variances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combined effects of genetics and childhood environment play a dominant role in determining adult back muscle function. Physical loading at work and leisure, back and neck pain history, overall health, and anthropometric factors had a comparatively minor role, suggesting that the potential of interventions to increase and sustain back muscle function in healthy adults, measured through these tests, may be limited. The relative contributions of constitutional, behavioral, and environmental factors differ substantially in the three tests, and provide insights into what these commonly used tests actually reflect or measure. This knowledge can be used to guide more appropriate selection and interpretation of results of back muscle function tests.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Gibbons
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Videman
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Battié
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001415:Back / Q000502:physiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D011601:Psychophysics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic; D014891:Weight Lifting / Q000502:physiology*