title: Transcription abnormalities potentiate apoptosis of normal human fibroblasts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Apoptosis is a natural process by which damaged and potentially tumorigenic cells are removed. Induction of apoptosis is important in chemotherapy aimed at eliminating cancer cells. We address the mechanisms by which this process can be triggered in cells that are recalcitrant to cell death induced by DNA-damaging agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Normal human fibroblasts and lymphoblasts, and fibroblasts with defined genetic changes, were treated with DNA-damaging agents and inhibitors of transcription. Western blotting was used to study the expression of some of the key factors involved in the response to DNA damage and the induction of apoptosis, namely, p53, p21WAFI,Cip1, Mdm2, Bax, and CD95 (Fas/APO1). Apoptosis was followed by various criteria, including DNA fragmentation, specific proteolysis, cell morphology, viability, and FACS scan for sub-G1 cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Normal human fibroblasts were more resistant than lymphoblasts to DNA damage-induced apoptosis. The DNA-damaging agents mitomycin C and cisplatin induced rapid apoptosis of fibroblasts with defects in the repair of transcribed DNA, compared with wild-type cells or those with defects in overall genome repair. Short-term treatment with inhibitors of RNA polymerase II transcription, actinomycin D, and alpha-amanitin induced rapid cell death of normal fibroblasts. These results show that there is a link between defective transcription and apoptosis. Treatments and genetic backgrounds that favored apoptosis were associated with efficient and prolonged induction of p53 and often altered or imbalanced expression of its downstream effectors p21WAFI,Cip1 and Mdm2, whereas there were no changes in Bax or CD95 (Fas/APO1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transcription inhibitors increase p53 levels and are better inducers of apoptosis than DNA-damaging agents in some cell types. Apoptosis might be triggered by blocked polymerases and/or faulty expression of downstream effectors.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, INSERM, ULP, Illkirch, France.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Andera
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wasylyk
mesh_terms: D000546:Amanitins / Q000494:pharmacology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D003057:Cockayne Syndrome / Q000235:genetics; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000187:drug effects; D003609:Dactinomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D016685:Mitomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2; D012319:RNA Polymerase II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000546:Amanitins; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016213:Cyclins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D003609:Dactinomycin; D016685:Mitomycin; C497206:MDM2 protein, human; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2; D012319:RNA Polymerase II; D002945:Cisplatin