title: Randomised community-based trial of annual single-dose diethylcarbamazine with or without ivermectin against Wuchereria bancrofti infection in human beings and mosquitoes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  WHO has targeted lymphatic filariasis for elimination. Studies of vector-parasite relations of Wuchereria bancrofti suggest that a reduction in the microfilarial reservoir by mass chemotherapy may interrupt transmission and thereby eliminate infection. However, no field data exist on the impact of chemotherapy alone on vector efficiency and transmission intensity of W bancrofti. We compared the impact of an annual community-wide single-dose treatment with diethylcarbamazine alone or with ivermectin on rate and intensity of microfilaraemia, and transmission intensity in an area of Papua New Guinea endemic for intense W bancrofti transmission.
  
  
  METHODS
  We carried out clinical and parasitological surveys in 14 communities in matched pairs. People aged 5 years or older in seven communities received randomly assigned diethylcarbamazine 6 mg/kg and people in the other seven communities received diethylcarbamazine 6 mg/kg plus ivermectin 400 micrograms/kg. We made physical examinations for hydroceles and leg oedema and investigated microfilarial densities by membrane filtration before and after treatment. We selected five communities for monthly entomological surveys between September, 1993, and September, 1995. Mosquitoes were collected in these communities by the all-night landing catch method and were individually dissected to identify rates of infection and infectiveness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  2219 (87.6%) of 2534 eligible people received treatment. Microfilarial rate and density had decreased 1 year after treatment in all 14 communities; this decrease was significantly higher in communities given combined therapy than in those given diethylcarbamazine alone (mean decreases 57.5% and 30.6%, respectively; p = 0.0013). Greater decreases were also seen in community-specific microfilarial intensity with combined therapy (mean reductions 91.1% and 69.8%, respectively; p = 0.0047). The rate of leg oedema was not altered, but the frequency of advanced hydroceles decreased by 47% with combined therapy and 56% with diethylcarbamazine alone. 26,641 Anopheles punctulatus mosquitoes were caught during 499 person-nights of landing catches. Exposure to infective third-stage larvae decreased in all monitored five communities. Annual transmission potential decreased by between 75.7% and 98.8% in combined-therapy communities and between 75.6% and 79.4% in communities given diethylcarbamazine alone. Transmission was almost interrupted in two communities treated with combined therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Annual single-dose community-wide treatment with diethylcarbamazine alone or with ivermectin is effective for the control of lymphatic filariasis in highly endemic areas, but combination therapy brings about greater decreases in rates and intensity of microfilaraemia.
authors.affiliation: Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bockarie
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hyun
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dimber
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bockarie
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ibam
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Alpers
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kazura
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000469:parasitology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004049:Diethylcarbamazine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004605:Elephantiasis, Filarial / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D005260:Female; D005369:Filaricides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000469:parasitology*; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D010219:Papua New Guinea / Q000453:epidemiology; D014958:Wuchereria bancrofti / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D005369:Filaricides; D007559:Ivermectin; D004049:Diethylcarbamazine