title: Release of proinflammatory cytokines during pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass: heparin-bonded versus nonbonded oxygenators.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heparin bonding of the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuit may be associated with a reduced inflammatory response and improved clinical outcome. The relative contribution of a heparin-bonded oxygenator (ie, >80% of circuit surface area) to these effects was assessed in a group of pediatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one pediatric patients undergoing CPB operations were assigned randomly to receive either a heparin-bonded oxygenator (group H, n = 11) or a nonbonded oxygenator (group C, n = 10) in otherwise nonbonded circuits. The two groups were similar in pathology, age, weight, CPB time, and cross-clamp time. Plasma levels of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8, as well as terminal complement complex, neutrophils, and elastase, were analyzed before, during, and after CPB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha were not detected in either group. Plasma levels of all other markers increased during and after CPB compared with baseline. Plasma levels of interleukin-6 peaked in both groups 2 hours after the administration of protamine but remained significantly higher in group C 24 hours after operation. Plasma concentrations of interleukin-8 peaked at similar levels in both groups 30 minutes after protamine administration and returned to baseline thereafter. Levels of terminal complement complex and elastase peaked in both groups 30 minutes after protamine administration. Plasma levels of terminal complement complex were significantly higher at the end of CPB and after protamine administration in group C. Elastase levels were significantly higher 2 and 24 hours after CPB in group C. The ventilation time of patients in group H was significantly lower than that of patients in group C: 10 (range, 3 to 24) versus 22 (range, 7 to 24) hours, respectively (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study confirms the proinflammatory nature of pediatric operations and demonstrates a lessened systemic inflammatory response with the use of heparin-bonded oxygenators. This is achieved without bonding of the entire circuit, which could have significant cost-benefit implications by negating the need for custom-built heparin-bonded circuitry.
authors.affiliation: Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Killingbeck Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ashraf
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cowan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Entress
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Watterson
mesh_terms: D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015938:Complement Membrane Attack Complex / Q000032:analysis; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase / Q000097:blood; D010106:Oxygenators; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015938:Complement Membrane Attack Complex; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D006493:Heparin; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase